prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Portland International Airport and Gerald R. Ford International Airport both located in Oregon?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Portland International Airport MAX Station
Portland International Airport, or just Airport on station signage, is a light rail station in Portland, Oregon, United States, served by TriMet as part of the MAX Light Rail system  It serves Portland International Airport as the eastern terminus of the Red Line, which connects travelers to downtown Portland and Beaverton  The station is attached to ground floor of the main passenger terminal, near the southern end of the arrivals hall and baggage claim area  It features a wedge-shaped island platform, just beyond which both tracks join because the section approaching the terminal is single-tracked 
Portland International Airport station was built as part of the Airport MAX project; construction began in July 2000, and it opened on September 10, 2001  Trains serve it for 22 hours daily with headways of 15 minutes during most of the day  In late 2018, the station recorded an average of 2,461 weekday boardings 

History
Portland's regional transit agency, TriMet, had served Portland International Airport with bus routes since 1970, notably with route 12–Sandy Boulevard since 1986, the same year planners from Metro (the Portland metropolitan area's regional government) first proposed an airport light rail line  Early plans envisioned a line running from Clackamas to the airport via Interstate 205 (I-205) using rights-of-way provided by the I-205 busway, which was originally built to accommodate a bus rapid transit line that never operated  In 1991, the Port of Portland adopted a multi-phased, $300 million airport master plan to address expected passenger traffic growth through 2010; the plan raised the capacity of the main passenger terminal building, as well as provisioned for a future light rail station outside the terminal's arrivals hall  By 1994, travelers using the airport had risen by 34 percent, far exceeding the Port's projections  Port officials, struggling to meet the surge in demand, moved to accelerate airport light rail plans, which regional planners did not anticipate until the late 2000s  TriMet—which by then was operating the region's light rail system called Metropolitan Area Express (MAX)—also aimed to complete its Westside MAX and the South/North Corridor projects before it would consider extending MAX to the airport In 1996, engineering firm Bechtel approached the Port with an unsolicited proposal to build the airport line  After negotiations between Bechtel, the Port, and local jurisdictions, Bechtel was granted the design–build contract for the light rail extension in exchange for development rights to the 120-acre (48 6 ha) Portland International Center, the largest commercially zoned property in Portland at the time  Bechtel later developed this property and renamed it Cascade Station  The Port projected the airport terminal station to cost $8 4 million and allocated a $3 ticket fee to fund its construction  Delta Airlines, Reno Air, and United Airlines protested the use of ticket fees but the Federal Aviation Administration authorized it in May 1999  Construction of the Airport MAX extension commenced the following month  Hoffman Construction began building the station's platform in July 2000 and by August, Stacy and Witbeck had started to lay the 3,000 ft (914 4 m) of rail along the segment closest to the terminal On September 10, 2001, the station opened along with the entire Airport MAX extension that introduced Red Line service between downtown Portland and the airport  Celebrations planned for the following weekend were canceled following the September 11 attacks, and the airport was closed for three days  Planners projected single-car trains to initially serve Portland International Airport station but TriMet deployed two-car consists on the line after recording 3,800 riders over Thanksgiving weekend in November 2001  In September 2003, TriMet extended Red Line service farther west using the existing Westside MAX tracks to Beaverton Transit Center  This was done in an effort to provide a one-seat ride to the airport for westside riders  In 2006, the station handled more than one million passengers in a single year for the first time TriMet had reintroduced bus service to the airport with the 272–PDX Night Bus route on September 2, 2018  The bus route ran in the late night and early morning hours when the Red Line was not operating  It was indefinitely suspended on April 5, 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic 

Station details
The station's platform is situated at ground level just outside the main passenger terminal, near the southernmost entrance and within 150 ft (45 7 m) of the baggage claim area  It features a wedge-shaped island platform and a glass canopy designed by ZGF Architects, which also designed the airport terminal's main-entrance canopy  An 80-seat station lobby is located inside the terminal and has ticket vending machines and real-time displays showing train departure times  The station occupies the end of a single-track section of the Airport MAX segment; the only other such section on the MAX system is located on another segment of the Airport MAX near Gateway/Northeast 99th Avenue Transit Center 

Public art
Public art pieces commissioned for the Airport MAX Project have a common theme of "flight"  The station houses one art installation as part of TriMet's Public Art Program, which is funded at 1 5 percent of a project's total cost  Time Flies by Christine Bourdette is a large, porcelain enamel mural that is displayed on a wall between the station platform and the baggage claim area  The work is described as "a sequence of images related to time and motion"   Bourdette also installed bronze rails that lead passengers from the escalators to the platform and blue chevrons on the platform pavement to depict movement 

Services
Portland International Airport station is served by TriMet's MAX Red Line, which connects the airport to Northeast Portland, Portland City Center, and central Beaverton  In late 2018, the station recorded an average of 2,461 boardings on weekdays  The day's first train arrives from Beaverton Transit Center  The last three westbound trips travel eastbound to Ruby Junction/East 197th Avenue station as through services of the Blue Line  Headway between trains varies from 15 minutes for most of the day to 30 minutes during the early mornings and late evenings  Services operate on all days of the week and are the most frequent on weekdays  Trains from the station take approximately 40 minutes to reach Pioneer Square in downtown Portland—where transfers to all lines are available—and approximately 65 minutes to reach the other end of the line at Beaverton Transit Center 
Passage 2:
Gerald R  Ford International Airport
Grand Rapids Gerald R  Ford International Airport (IATA: GRR, ICAO: KGRR, FAA LID: GRR) is a commercial airport in Cascade Township approximately 13 miles (21 km) southeast of Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States  The facility is owned by the Kent County Board of Commissioners and managed by an independent authority   The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a small hub primary commercial service facility The facility opened as the Kent County Airport and later became Kent County International Airport  In December 1999, the airport was renamed for Gerald R  Ford, the 40th Vice President and the 38th President of the United States  Ford represented the Grand Rapids area in the United States House of Representatives from 1949 to 1973 
The airport is the largest commercial airport in the West Michigan region and is the second-largest airport in Michigan after Detroit Metropolitan Airport  GRR covers 3,127 acres (1,265 ha) The airport currently has flights to 37 domestic airports 

History
Grand Rapids' first airport broke ground in November 1919, four miles (6 4 km) south of downtown  This was eight years after the area witnessed its first landing, a Wright biplane at Comstock Park State Fairgrounds on September 10, 1911  The airport was operated by the Kent County Board of Supervisors 
The first scheduled air service in the United States was between Grand Rapids and Dearborn on a Ford-Stout monoplane named Miss Grand Rapids, which started July 26, 1926 
In 1938–39, the Works Progress Administration made improvements including new runways and runway widening, fencing, sodding, lighting, remodeling the administration building and construction of a new restaurant Circa 1940, the airport extended between 32nd and 36th Streets, from Jefferson Avenue east to the railroad; the west end was soon expanded south to just north of Himes Street and in the 1950s runway 18/36 was extended to 5700’ and reached south to 44th Street 
In 1959, the county began construction on the present airport in Cascade Township, several miles east of the first airport  The new airport opened November 23, 1963, and was dedicated June 6, 1964; it had a 6,600-foot (2,000 m) runway designated 08/26 and a 3,400-foot (1,000 m) designated 18/36  The first scheduled jet was a United Airlines Boeing 737-200 on April 28, 1968, from Chicago O'Hare  The aircraft, N9003U, was named 'City of Grand Rapids'  In 1968, the only scheduled non-stops beyond Michigan were to Chicago and Green Bay 
On January 27, 1977, the Board of Commissioners renamed Kent County Airport as Kent County International Airport with the opening of a U S  Customs Service Office in the main terminal building 
In 1997, the board added the 8,500-foot (2,600 m) runway 17/35 to allow continued operations during a $32 million reconstruction of runway 8R/26L, completed in 2001  It completed a passenger terminal renovation in 2000 at a cost of approximately $50 million In 2004, the airport served more than 2 million passengers for the first time in a year  In 2010, the airport broke the 2004 record with almost 2 2 million passengers, as increase of over 23% from 2009 
On January 2, 2007, a U S  Air Force jet carried the remains of former president Gerald Ford to his namesake airport as part of funeral services culminating in burial at his presidential museum in Grand Rapids the next day 
From April 2010 through October 2011, the airport was a focus city for Allegiant Air Air Canada operated the airport's only international flights to Toronto Pearson International Airport from July 2008 until September 2013   It was the airline's second attempt at service between the two markets Delta Air Lines operates Boeing 757-200s seasonally between Grand Rapids and Detroit during the summer, making it the largest aircraft to serve GRR Allegiant Air announced in mid-January 2019 that they would be making the airport one of Allegiant's 16 focus cities once again  After dropping GRR as a focus city in 2011, Allegiant is upgrading GRR again to a focus city adding Nashville, Tennessee, and Savannah-Hilton Head, Georgia, as new routes In 2013 the airport began building a natural treatment system to improve stormwater management practices and safeguard the waters of the Thornapple River  The new, innovative system will include a biological treatment system that will improve collection of stormwater runoff and naturally remove sediments and pollutants before sending the water to the Thornapple River, which flows just east of the airfield The airport eliminated the two separate security checkpoints in each concourse and created one consolidated checkpoint in the grand hall area to help traffic flow much faster and to be prepared for future growth  In addition, the grand hall area and the entrance area to the airport was renovated with more shopping and dining options  Work began in late 2015 and completed in June 2017 The airport began construction of a roof over the parking deck in March 2015 to increase close-in, covered, long-term parking  The roof covers most of the fourth floor, though some spaces on the fourth and third floors remain uncovered due to airfield sight-line requirements for the FAA control tower  The garage roof was completed in November 2015 and will allow use of the fourth floor spaces during heavy snow In 2016, the airport partnered with the Cascade Community Foundation on plans to renovate the current outdoor viewing area to make it a larger, more inviting place for people to relax   The renovated park opened in May 2017 In November 2018 the airport began the phase II of the Gateway Transformation Project, reconstructing the baggage claim, check-in, and front of house areas, and have completed the apron reconstruction adding new pavement to the apron and taxiway areas 

Facilities
Gerald R  Ford International Airport has two parallel east–west runways and one north–south runway  Along with cargo and general aviation facilities, the airport has a passenger terminal with two concourses: A has seven gates and B has eight  Runways 08R/26L and runway 17/35 have ILS  The airport also has a 5,000-foot (1,500 m) general aviation runway north of the main 08R/26L runway 
In September 2017, the airport celebrated the opening of phase one of their Gateway Transformation, a 59,000 square foot addition onto the passenger terminal facility that included a consolidated passenger security screening checkpoint, a new Marketplace with expanded retail and food & beverage offerings, new business centers and lounges, and much more  Concourse A's tenants are Allegiant Air, Delta Air Lines, American Airlines and Frontier Airlines  Southwest Airlines and United Airlines occupy Concourse B  All gates have climate-controlled jetways 
The airport is served by Signature Flight Support, which operates an FBO on the field  Besides fuel, the facility provides general maintenance, aircraft parking, courtesy and rental cars, conference rooms, pilot supplies, a crew lounge, snooze rooms, and more When new baggage screening regulations were introduced by the Transportation Security Administration in 2002, the airport was the first in the nation to conduct trials on the new screening machines  The baggage processing areas were too small for the machines so they were placed in the passenger lobby The airport is also home to the West Michigan Aviation Academy, a public charter high school that focuses on aviation, STEM, and robotics educations  The school offers a fleet of Cessna 172 aircraft for flight training, allows students to build a Carbon Cub EX2 plane, and has a Redbird LD flight simulator 

Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Source:

Cargo
Source: Flight Aware

Statistics
Top domestic destinations
Airline market share
Annual traffic
Ground transportation
The airport is at the intersection of 44th Street and Patterson Avenue  It abuts I-96 on the east, M-6 on the south, M-37 on the west, and M-11 on the north 
Metro Cab and Metro Cars provides taxi and luxury sedan service and the airport is served by Avis, Budget, Enterprise, Hertz, and National/Alamo rental car companies on-site Rapid route 17, Woodland/Airport, travels between the airport and Woodland Mall (Kentwood Station) on weekdays between 6:30 a m  and 10:30 p m  From Woodland Mall, passengers can continue on to downtown or parts of the east side of Grand Rapids via routes 5 and 6, or across town to Grandville and Wyoming on routes 24, 28, and 44 

Planned development
In late August 2019, the airport made an announcement about its next focus, Project Elevate  This phase of airport development, consisting of three major projects, includes a $90 million expansion and extension of Concourse A to encompass 8 more gates, a $50 million relocation and construction of a new air traffic control tower as well as a $25 million federal inspection station to facilitate departures and arrivals of direct international flights A $156 million rental car facility was announced in 2023 and is expected to be completed by late 2025 

Accidents & Incidents
On May 9, 2008, a Cessna 208 Caravan operating for Federal Express by CSA Air crashed just north of Grand Rapids  The pilot was injured 
On September 6, 2010, a Cessna 210 Centurion that departed from Grand Rapids made an emergency landing in a field due to an engine failure  The aircraft was on a training flight at the time of impact  The probable cause of the accident was found to be a fatigue failure of the crankshaft due to the loss of engine case through-bold torque 
On October 29, 2012, a Delta Air Lines McDonnell Douglas MD-88 diverted to the airport after an engine issue  The engine was shut off and the plane was able to land safely 
On January 9, 2022, an aircraft returned to the airport due to a landing gear problem  It landed safely back at the airport 
On July 8, 2022, an American Airlines flight en route from Chicago to Buffalo, New York diverted to Grand Rapids due to smoke in the cockpit  The plane landed safely and there were no injuries 
On December 16, 2022, a Delta Air Lines Airbus A320 departed Grand Rapids for Minneapolis–Saint Paul and returned shortly after departure following an engine failure  The aircraft landed safely and the 147 passengers and crew were uninjured 
Passage 3:
Portland International Airport
Portland International Airport (IATA: PDX, ICAO: KPDX, FAA LID: PDX) is a joint civil–military airport and the largest airport in the U S  state of Oregon, accounting for 90% of the state's passenger air travel and more than 95% of its air cargo  It is within Portland's city limits just south of the Columbia River in Multnomah County, 6 miles (10 kilometers) by air and 12 mi (19 km) by highway northeast of downtown Portland  Portland International Airport is often referred to by its IATA airport code, PDX  The airport covers 3,000 acres (1,214 ha) of land Portland International Airport has direct flights and connections to most major airports throughout the United States, and non-stop international flights to Canada, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Iceland and the United Kingdom  The airport is a hub for Alaska Airlines  It also has a maintenance facility for Alaska Air subsidiary Horizon Air  General aviation services are provided at PDX by Atlantic Aviation  The Oregon Air National Guard has a base on the southwest portion of the airport property grounds, and is also the host unit of the 142nd Fighter Wing (142 FW), which operates the F-15 Eagle  Local transportation includes the MAX Red Line light rail, which takes passengers between PDX and downtown Portland, as well as farther west to Beaverton  There is also Interstate 205, which connects to southwestern Washington (north from PDX) along with many suburbs of Portland (south from PDX) 
PDX receives top honors among many polls: Travel + Leisure magazine 2013 readers' poll for best US airport; Condé Nast Traveler in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2010: top airport for business travelers; #1 in 2015, 2016, and 2019 by J D  Power and Associates for U S  "Large Passenger Airports" and overall highest amongst passenger satisfaction; the 2015 ALPA Airport of the Year 

History
Portland's first airport was the Swan Island Municipal Airport, northwest of downtown Portland on the Willamette River  The Port of Portland purchased 256 acres (104 ha) and construction began in 1926  Charles Lindbergh flew in and dedicated the new airfield in 1927 
By 1935 it was becoming apparent to the Port of Portland that the airport was becoming obsolete  The small airfield couldn't easily be expanded, nor could it accommodate the larger aircraft and passenger loads expected to become common to Portland  Plans immediately were conceived to relocate the outdated airfield to a larger site  The Swan Island area is now used by the Port of Portland as an industrial park 

Construction and early operations
The Portland City Council purchased the present PDX site in 1936  It was 700 acres (280 ha) bordered by the Columbia River in the north and the Columbia Slough in the south  The city council issued US$300,000 and asked the Port of Portland to sponsor a US$1 3 million Works Progress Administration (WPA) grant to develop the site into a "super airport"  The project provided badly needed Great Depression-era jobs  Construction of the airport steadily employed over 1,000 men, and was described by historian Neil Barker as "Portland's most significant public works improvement during the New Deal era"  The WPA and Port of Portland faced difficulties in preparing the site for construction because the low-lying area was frequently covered by flood waters from the Columbia River  Workers covered the area with over 4 million cubic yards (3,100,000 m3) of sand to help drain it of water, and constructed a series of dikes to control flooding  Two runways capable of serving the modern aircraft of the time were operational by 1941  The airport was designated Portland–Columbia Airport to distinguish it from then-operating Swan Island Airport  During World War II, the airfield was used by the United States Army Air Forces 
The "super airport" had a terminal on the north side, off Marine Drive, and five runways (NE-SW, NW-SE, and an E-W runway forming an asterisk)  This configuration was adequate until a new terminal and a longer, 8,800-foot (2,700 m) east–west runway were constructed in 1952  View airport diagrams: 1955 and 1965
In 1948 the entire airport grounds were flooded during the Vanport Flood, forcing scheduled airline services to reroute to nearby Troutdale Airport  The grounds were under water for several months 

New terminal (1950s)
A new terminal opened in 1959, which for the most part serves as the present facility  The new terminal is located to the east of the original runways, and north of the then-new 8,800 ft (2,700 m) runway  Construction of a second east–west runway to the north made this a midfield terminal  At this point, all but the NE-SW (3/21) runway in the original "X" were abandoned and turned into taxiways  3/21 was extended for use as a cross-wind runway  "International" was added to the airport's official designation after the 1950s-era improvements 
Plans made in 1968 to add a third runway by means of filling in parts of the Columbia River were met with vocal public opposition and scrapped  The airport switched from screening passengers at individual gates to screening all visitors at concourse entrances in 1973 as new FAA regulations went into effect  In 1974, the south runway was extended to 11,000 feet (3,400 m) to service the newest jumbo jets  The terminal building was renovated and expanded in 1977 By the 1980s, the terminal building began an extensive renovation in order to update PDX to meet future needs  The ticketing and baggage claim areas were renovated and expanded, and a new Concourse D for Alaska Airlines was added in 1986  Concourse E was first to be reconstructed in 1992, and featured PDX's first moving sidewalks  The Oregon Marketplace, a small shopping mall, was added in the former waiting areas behind the ticket counters 
The early 1990s saw a food court and extension added to Concourse C, and the opening of the new Concourse D in 1994  This marked the first concessions inside secured areas, allowing passengers to purchase items without having to be re-screened 
An expanded parking garage, new control tower, and canopy over the curbside were finished in the late 1990s  Although hailed by architectural critics, the canopy blocked views of Mount Hood from the curbside   On July 31, 1997, during construction, the garage addition collapsed due to inadequate bolts holding girders together and inadequate securing of structural members, killing three steelworkers The present H-shape of the PDX terminal, designed by Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership, was completed on September 10, 2001, when the new A, B and C concourses, as well as the light rail line, were finished  Probably the most stunning portion of PDX's interior, the new concourses reflect a Northwest theme, focusing heavily on the nearby Columbia River  A huge celebration was to be held the following weekend, but the events of September 11, 2001, interceded  The new concourses, designed to be public spaces, were closed to non-passengers 
In August 2005, the concourse connector was opened  This is a long hallway on the secure side of the airport that connects the A, B and C concourses to the D and E concourses on the other side of the airport  If there is a long line at the checkpoint at one end of the airport, passengers may use the other checkpoint and walk through the connector to their desired concourse  The connector closed permanently on January 5, 2021, to make room for terminal expansion The airport's carpet, installed in 1987, was designed to stylize the criss-crossing north and south runways  Beginning in 2014, a new design replaced the original pattern  In response, many residents created products to celebrate the carpet as a local icon In December 2016, The Port of Portland renovated the security checkpoints and immigration facilities as part of its PDXNext project  This included the relocation, and wider of the exit lanes by the security checkpoints and upgraded security on both sides of the terminal 

Terminal expansion (2020s)
In the latter half of 2016, the Port of Portland and several airlines at PDX approved a project intended to balance the use of the terminal and concourses at Portland International Airport  The subsequent project extended Concourse E by 750 feet (230 m) and added 6 new gates to the facility  After the project, Southwest Airlines relocated its operations from Concourse C to the newly expanded Concourse E, alongside United Airlines  With the relocation of Southwest Airlines to Concourse E, Alaska Airlines, American Airlines and JetBlue Airways became the primary users of Concourses B and C  Construction on this project began in the spring of 2017 and opened to passengers on July 15, 2020 Concourse A was demolished in November 2019 due to the age and space of the structure and was replaced by an expanded Concourse B  The extension featured 4 jet bridges, 6 ground loading zones, and improved concession stands  All Horizon operations that operated out of Concourse A was temporarily moved to Concourse C until the expanded Concourse B was completed  The new concourse opened on December 8, 2021 In March 2020, the main terminal began a 5-year expansion process to generate more open space in the pre-security area and an expansion of 150 feet toward the west  The Concourse Connector was closed in January 2021 and the Clocktower Plaza closed 3 months later to make room for the expansion  During construction, the remains of the concourse connector will be reused for passengers to bypass the construction zone to get to concourses C and D  Construction of the new main terminal is expected to be complete by 2025 

Domestic service
The April 1957 OAG shows 38 United departures per day, ten West Coast, eight Northwest and six Western  Alaska had four a week and Pacific Northern had three; Pan Am and Northwest both flew SEA-PDX-HNL and back, Pan Am with five DC-7C round trips a week and Northwest with four DC-6Bs  Portland's first jets were Pan Am 707-321s about October 1959 
In 1966 PDX had nonstop flights to SLC, DEN, ORD and no other cities farther east than Boise; in 1977 nonstops reached LAS–PHX–DEN–DFW–ORD and no others east of Boise  In 1967 United started PDX's first transcon nonstop, to JFK; it ended in 1973 
By 1974, the airport was served by Braniff, Cascade, Continental, Eastern, Hughes Airwest, Northwest Orient, Pan Am, United and Western, and the Seattle route was served by seven airlines with aircraft as large as Boeing 747s Air Oregon started short-haul service from Portland following deregulation in 1978, and by 1979 had routes to seven other cities in Oregon In the 1980s Air California had nonstop flights to Seattle, Reno and the Bay Area; PSA (Pacific Southwest Airlines) had nonstops to San Francisco and one or two to Reno and Sacramento  In 2010 Northwest's former Honolulu service was eliminated by Delta altogether  In 2015, Delta resumed its seasonal service to Honolulu 
United was the dominant carrier at PDX during the regulated era and through the 1980s On May 30, 2022, Alaska Airlines added New Orleans' Armstrong International Airport to its schedule, and in doing so, added the only domestic FAA-designated "large hub" airport missing from the southern airfield's roster  Flights AS142 and AS143 will operate daily, beginning January 5, 2023, between Portland and New Orleans, operated by a Boeing 737-900ER 

International service
The first international nonstop was Western's 720B to Vancouver in 1967 
United Airlines, then the dominant carrier at PDX, used Portland as a once-weekly stop for its Chicago–O'Hare-Tokyo–Narita service from 1983 to 1987  The flight stopped in Seattle/Tacoma six days a week and in Portland once a week  After United Airlines acquired Pan American World Airways' Asian routes in 1986, they were able to use Pan American World Airways' Boeing 747SP aircraft to eliminate the West Coast stop As United Airlines made plans to end Tokyo service from Portland, Delta Air Lines applied to begin Atlanta-Tokyo service via Portland using Lockheed L-1011 aircraft  Like United Airlines, Delta Air Lines lacked aircraft that could fly to Japan nonstop from the eastern United States; Delta Air Lines also lacked a West Coast hub at the time, and saw Portland as favorable international and domestic hub over Seattle, which was dominated by Northwest Airlines  After beginning Tokyo service in 1986, Delta Air Lines added a flight to Seoul in 1988, coinciding with the 1988 Summer Olympics; the Seoul flight was later extended to Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, and Taipei  By 1994, Delta Air Lines had introduced McDonnell Douglas MD-11 aircraft, and added another transpacific flight to Nagoya and domestic flights to New York City, Anchorage, Fairbanks, and other destinations  Delta Air Lines's hub had peaked in 1998, with additional service to Osaka and Fukuoka The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis hurt Delta Air Lines's operation, and international travel decreased even further due to complaints about treatment at the immigration facility in Portland, leading it to be nicknamed "DePortland"  The combination of these factors caused Delta Air Lines to discontinue what was then the last direct flight from Portland to Tokyo and from Portland to Nagoya in March 2001  This change brought local media scrutiny  This then combined with the resulting congressional pressure, caused the officials in charge of the immigration facility to address the problems 
Meanwhile, local travel businesses had begun recruiting other carriers  Lufthansa started direct flights to Frankfurt, Germany, in 2003, but suspended the route in 2009 citing lack of profitability  Northwest Airlines introduced non-stop flights to Tokyo–Narita on June 10, 2004, reviving a route terminated by Delta  Mexicana Airlines also introduced service to Guadalajara and Mexico City; after 5 years of service, Mexicana Airlines withdrew in 2008 due to high fuel prices and change in demand Northwest Airlines added nonstop service to Amsterdam in 2008  The service was reduced that year to a Northwest-operated Delta-flown 767-300, and occasionally a Northwest-operated Delta-flown 767-400  The service has since been fluctuating between 767-300s, 767-400s and A330-300s depending on the season  Air Canada operated seasonal service to Toronto–Pearson from 2010 to 2012 but was then resumed in May 2016  Since 2014, three more foreign carriers have begun service at PDX: Volaris with service to Guadalajara, Condor with seasonal service to Frankfurt, and Icelandair with seasonal service to Reykjavík–Keflavík  British Airways also recently announced service to London–Heathrow beginning in June, 2022 
Following its acquisition of Northwest, Delta Air Lines has maintained Northwest's nonstop flights to Amsterdam and Tokyo  The latter required a one-time $3 5 million subsidy from the Port of Portland to Delta in 2009 to maintain the route On May 31, 2016, Delta Air Lines announced seasonal nonstop service to London–Heathrow in the United Kingdom, which began on May 26, 2017  This service ended the following year  British Airways announced a year-round service to LHR which is scheduled to start in June 2022 
In May 2017, Delta Air Lines and Aeroméxico announced new non-stop service from Portland to Mexico City using Aeroméxico flown Boeing 737-800 aircraft, which began on December 1, 2017, but ended on January 7, 2019 On June 3, 2022, British Airways launched a non-stop flight to London Heathrow 4x a week with a Boeing 787-8  It was the first time in 4 years the two cities were connected via nonstop flights 

Terminal
There is one passenger terminal in the airport, with four concourses split between two sides  From January 5, 2021, until late 2023, the two sides are not connected beyond security  The airport also offers many complimentary services such as free Wi-Fi wireless internet access, a children's play area, and postal services 
The airport has a shopping mall behind its ticketing counters, with all shops and restaurants open every day  Because the state is one of the few in the nation with no sales tax, all stores offer tax-free shopping  The Port of Portland also requires all airport shops and restaurants to practice fair retail pricing—businesses are not allowed to charge more than at off-airport locations  Stores include national stores and Oregon-based ones such as Made in Oregon, Nike, Columbia Sportswear, Powell's Books, and Oregon Pendleton Shop among others   Food services also are a mix of national chains and local options Several local food carts are located within the pre-security concourse 

Concourses and terminals
The two sections of the main terminal (South and North) at Portland International Airport have four concourses (B, C, D, E)  In addition, Portland International Airport handles many operations from a variety of cargo transportation airlines 
The international section of Concourse D was renamed the Governor Victor G  Atiyeh International Concourse to honor the former Oregon governor, who was also known as "Trader Vic" for launching international tourism and trade initiatives during his gubernatorial term 

South TerminalConcourse B has 10 gates (B1–B10)
Concourse C has 23 gates (C1–C23)North TerminalConcourse D has 15 gates (D1–D15)
Concourse E has 12 gates (E2–E13)There are 60 gates within the two passenger terminals 

Airport lounges
South Terminal
Concourse B: None
Concourse C: Alaska Lounge – across from Gate C5North Terminal
Concourse D: Delta Sky Club – across from Gate D6
Concourse E: United Club – across from Gate E2

Airport facilities
Infrastructure
Jet fuel is supplied via the Portland Jet Line, an 8 inches (200 mm) Kinder Morgan fuel pipeline running from the Northwest Industrial area of Portland's Willbridge Terminal to the airport  Willbridge contains 40 tanks, connected to the 14 inches (360 mm) Olympic pipeline and 8 inches (200 mm) Eugene pipeline, BNSF rail, truck, and ships 

Bicycle resources
The lower terminal roadway near the TriMet MAX Red Line station has a work station and assembly for repairing bicycles  The Oregon Welcome Center also has a "Tool check-out" 

Mini-movie theater
In February 2017, the Hollywood Theatre opened a microcinema within the post-security section of concourse C near gate C5  The theater has seventeen seats, with an additional standing only room  The films shown run for approximately fifteen minutes, are free of charge and showcase the work of Portland-based filmmakers, primarily focused on the culture of the Pacific Northwest 

Distillery
Operating at Portland International Airport since the summer of 2013, House Spirits Distillery upgraded and expanded their presence at the airport in 2017 from a mobile kiosk to a larger, permanent retail location within concourse C, across from gate C6  Known for the anchor of Portland's "Distillery Row", House Spirits Distillery was recognized as the nation's "Best New Specialty Retail Concept, Small Operator" as awarded in 2015 by the Airport Revenue News  They were recognized for their immersive retail experience at the airport and its offerings of product tastings, branded apparel and distilled beverages  House Spirits Distillery is currently the first distillery in the world to operate a spirits tasting room within an airport location In addition to selling spirits and other curated items, House Spirits Distillery will also provide mini classes to introduce PDX fliers to their products during airport down time  The new retail experience is inspired by their new facility in Southeast Portland which opened in November 2015 and expanded the company's production capacity sixfold 

Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Cargo
Statistics
Top destinations
Airline market share
Annual traffic
Ground transportation
Public transit service to the airport is provided by TriMet, the metropolitan area's primary transit agency, with its MAX Red Line light rail service  During late nights, service is provided by the 272-PDX Night Bus route  The 1986-opened MAX Light Rail system was extended to the airport in 2001  The Red Line originally provided service as far as downtown Portland only, but in 2003 it was extended west to Beaverton  The light rail station is located only about 150 ft (50 m) from the airport's baggage claim area  Prior to 2001, TriMet service to the airport consisted of bus route 72-82nd Avenue from 1970 to 1986, and route 12-Sandy Blvd  from 1986 to 2001 C-Tran route 67 bus connects the airport to Fisher's Landing Transit Center in east Vancouver, Washington 
By road, the terminal is accessible from exit 24 on Interstate 205 

Accidents and incidents
On October 1, 1966, West Coast Airlines Flight 956 crashed in a desolate section of the Mount Hood National Forest during descent into Portland International Airport  Of the 18 passengers and crew, there were no survivors  The probable cause of the accident was "the descent of the aircraft below its clearance limit and below that of surrounding obstructing terrain, but the Board was unable to determine the cause of such descent " The accident was the first loss of a Douglas DC-9 
On December 28, 1978, United Airlines Flight 173 was en route to Portland International Airport from Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado  On approach to Portland International Airport, the crew lowered the landing gear which caused a loud thump, abnormal vibration, unusual yaw, and the landing gear indicator lights failed to light  The plane circled Portland while the crew investigated the problem  After about an hour, the plane exhausted its fuel supply and crashed into the suburban neighborhood of East Burnside Street and NE 158th Ave  Of the 189 passengers and crew on board, ten died and 24 more were injured  An investigation revealed that the crash was caused by "the failure of the captain to properly monitor the aircraft's fuel state"  This accident's investigation led to substantially improved aviation safety by widespread adoption of crew resource management which emphasizes crew teamwork and communication instead of a command hierarchy 
On February 16, 2008, visibility of 1/8 mile was a possible factor in the fatal accident that took the life of the pilot, Oregon doctor Richard Otoski, a Klamath Falls dermatologist flying his Columbia 400  The accident took place just short of runway 10R at Portland International Airport  Otoski was the only person on board the aircraft, manufactured by the former Lancair Company  "Damn it    we're gonna crash" were the last words PDX controllers heard from N621ER  The aircraft was apparently in the process of making another missed approach in poor visibility following the ILS when it clipped an airport perimeter fence, crashed, and soon caught fire  The aircraft had departed from Klamath Falls 90 minutes earlier 

Airport ratings
Travel + Leisure
In 2013, a Travel + Leisure magazine readers' poll named PDX as the best US airport, based on its on-time record, dining, shopping, and mass transportation into the main parts of the city  In 2015, ten new restaurants opened at PDX, making it a "foodie haven" according to travelers  PDX also got significant recognition for its unique carpet pattern, which was replaced throughout the entire airport with newer carpet that contains a similar design 

Condé Nast Traveler
In 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2010, PDX was identified as the top airport for business travelers in the United States by Condé Nast Traveler magazine  The Condé Nast ranking was based upon criteria including location and access, ease of connections, food, shops, amenities, comfort and design, and perceived safety and security; PDX received the top overall score, and the magazine noted the airport's environmentally friendly initiatives, including the airport's use of solar panels for power, its connection to the MAX Light Rail, and the recycling of its restaurants' used oil and grease 

J  D  Power and Associates
The 2015, 2016, and 2019 J D  Power and Associates rankings for US "Large Passenger Airports" lists PDX at the #1 spot and overall highest among passenger satisfaction criteria 

Air Line Pilots Association, International
In 2015 the Air Line Pilots Association, International, Airport and Ground Environment Group recognized Portland International Airport as the recipient of the Airport of the Year  The award was given as a result of the collaboration and partnering between PDX and ALPA on important on-going airport safety and construction issues 

Gallery
See also
Oregon World War II Army Airfields
Pearson Field
Portland-Mulino Airport
Tourism in Portland, Oregon
Western Air Defense Force
Passage 4:
United Airlines Flight 173
United Airlines Flight 173 was a scheduled flight from John F  Kennedy International Airport in New York City to Portland International Airport in Portland, Oregon, with a scheduled stop in Denver, Colorado  On December 28, 1978, the aircraft flying this route ran out of fuel while troubleshooting a landing gear problem and crashed in a suburban Portland neighborhood near NE 157th Avenue and East Burnside Street, killing 10 on board 

Aircraft
The aircraft involved was a Douglas DC-8 60 series, powered by four Pratt & Whitney JT3D engines and delivered new to United Airlines in May 1968    The aircraft was registered N8082U and was the 357th DC-8 built at the Long Beach assembly plant  The 60 series was a stretched version of the DC-8 that was 36 7 ft (11 2 m) longer than the DC-8 series 10 through 50 

Flight
Flight 173 was piloted by an experienced cockpit crew, consisting of Captain Malburn "Buddy" McBroom (age 52), First Officer Roderick "Rod" Beebe (45), and Flight Engineer Forrest "Frosty" Mendenhall (41)  McBroom had been with United Airlines for 27 years; he was one of the airline's most senior pilots with more than 27,600 hours of flight time, of which about 5,500 hours had been as a DC-8 captain  Beebe had been with the airline for 13 years and had logged more than 5,200 flight hours  Mendenhall had close to 3,900 flight hours and had been with the airline for 11 years  The first officer and flight engineer had over 2,500 hours of flying experience between them in the DC-8 Flight 173 departed from Denver's Stapleton International Airport at 15:47 MST with 189 people on board—eight crew and 181 passengers  The estimated flight time was 2 hours and 26 minutes, and the planned arrival time in Portland was 17:13 PST, about 40 minutes after sunset  According to the automatic flight plan and monitoring system, the total amount of fuel required for the flight to Portland was 31,900 lb (14,500 kg)  About 46,700 lb (21,200 kg) of fuel were on board the aircraft when it departed the gate in Denver 
As the landing gear was being lowered on approach to Portland International Airport, the crew felt an abnormal vibration and yaw of the aircraft and a lack of an indicator light showing the gear was lowered successfully  The crew requested a holding pattern to diagnose the problem, and for about the next hour, the crew flew over southeast Portland and worked to identify the status of the landing gear and prepare for a potential emergency landing  During this time, none of the three cockpit flight crew effectively monitored the fuel levels, which was exacerbated by the fact that the gear was down with the flaps at 15° during the entire hour-long holding maneuver, significantly increasing fuel burn rate  As a result, the number 3 and 4 engines flamed out 
As the crew prepared for a final approach for an emergency landing on runway 28L, they lost the number one and number two engines to a flameout, at which point a mayday was declared  This was the last radio transmission from Flight 173 to air traffic control; it crashed into a wooded section of a populated area of suburban Portland, about six nautical miles (11 km; 7 mi) southeast of the airport Of the crew members, two were killed, flight engineer Mendenhall and lead flight attendant Joan Wheeler; two sustained injuries classified by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) as "serious", and four sustained injuries classified as "minor/none"  Eight passengers died, and 21 had serious injuries The 304th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron of the Air Force Reserve, based at Portland International Airport, was conducting routine training flights in the area that evening  Airborne aircraft from this unit (HH-1H Huey helicopters) were immediately diverted to the crash scene and proceeded to transport many of the survivors to local hospitals 

Crash investigation and report
The NTSB investigation revealed that, when the landing gear was lowered, a loud thump was heard  That unusual sound was accompanied by abnormal vibration and yaw of the aircraft  The right main landing gear retract cylinder assembly had failed due to corrosion, and that allowed the right gear to free fall  Although it was down and locked, the rapid and abnormal free fall of the gear damaged a microswitch so severely that it failed to complete the circuit to the cockpit green light that tells the pilots that gear is down and locked  Those unusual indications (loud noise, vibration, yaw, and no green light) led the captain to abort the landing, so they would have time to diagnose the problem and prepare the passengers for an emergency landing  While the decision to abort the landing was prudent, the accident occurred because the flight crew became so absorbed with diagnosing the problem that they failed to monitor their fuel state and calculate a time when they needed to return to land or risk fuel exhaustion 
 The Safety Board believes that this accident exemplifies a recurring problem—a breakdown in cockpit management and teamwork during a situation involving malfunctions of aircraft systems in flight… Therefore, the Safety Board can only conclude that the flight crew failed to relate the fuel remaining and the rate of fuel flow to the time and distance from the airport, because their attention was directed almost entirely toward diagnosing the landing gear problem 
The NTSB determined the following probable cause:
 The failure of the captain to monitor properly the aircraft's fuel state and to properly respond to the low fuel state and the crewmember's advisories regarding fuel state  This resulted in fuel exhaustion to all engines  His inattention resulted from preoccupation with a landing gear malfunction and preparations for a possible landing emergency 
The NTSB also determined the following contributing factor:
 The failure of the other two flight crewmembers either to fully comprehend the criticality of the fuel state or to successfully communicate their concern to the captain
The fuel situation was known to be on the minds of the pilot and crew to some degree  Transcripts of cockpit recordings confirm this  Media reports at the time suggested that a not widely known problem existed with fuel state gauges on that model aircraft  The problem was not widely known in part because commercial aircraft are expected to fly with no less than a 45-minute reserve of fuel at all times  The gauge problem is addressed, though obliquely, in one of the safety board's recommendations:

 Issue an Operations Alert Bulletin to have FAA inspectors assure that crew training stresses differences in fuel-quantity measuring instruments and that crews flying with the new system are made aware of the possibility of misinterpretation of gauge readings  (Class II, Priority Action, A-79-32)
While the totalizer fuel gauge issue might have contributed to the crew's confusion toward the end of the flight, the NTSB report emphasized that the captain should never have allowed such a situation to develop in the first place  The NTSB made the following recommendation to specifically address that concern:

 Issue an operations bulletin to all air carrier operations inspectors directing them to urge their assigned operators to ensure that their flightcrews are indoctrinated in principles of flight deck resource management, with particular emphasis on the merits of participative management for captains and assertiveness training for other cockpit crewmembers  (Class II, Priority Action, X-79-17)

Aftermath
This last NTSB recommendation following the incident, addressing flight deck resource management problems, was the genesis for major changes in the way airline crewmembers were trained  This new type of training addressed behavioral management challenges such as poor crew coordination, loss of situational awareness, and judgment errors frequently observed in aviation accidents  It is credited with launching the crew resource management (CRM) revolution in airline training  Within weeks of the NTSB recommendation, NASA held a conference to bring government and industry experts together to examine the potential merits of this training United Airlines instituted the industry's first CRM for pilots in 1981  This program is now used throughout the world, prompting some to call the United 173 accident one of the most important in aviation history  The NTSB Air Safety Investigator who wrote the CRM recommendation was aviation psychologist Alan Diehl Assigned to investigate this accident, Diehl realized it was similar to several other major airline accidents including United Airlines Flight 2860, which occurred a little over a year before Flight 173 and under near identical circumstances; Eastern Air Lines Flight 401; and the Tenerife airport disaster  Diehl was familiar with the research being conducted at NASA’s Ames Research Center and believed these training concepts could reduce the likelihood of human error Held responsible for the accident, Captain McBroom lost his pilot's license and retired from United Airlines shortly afterwards  He spent his remaining years battling health problems related to injuries sustained in the crash, as well as lung and prostate cancers  Family members and passengers who spoke to McBroom at a 1998 reunion of crash survivors reported he was "a broken man" plagued by guilt over his role in the accident  He died on October 9, 2004 at age 77 One of the surviving passengers, a three-year-old in 1978, was awarded US$900,000 in damages from the airline by a Portland jury in 1984  She was injured and both her little sisters and her parents were killed Published in February 2018, Crash Course by Julie Whipple focuses on the events of the night of the crash, the investigation, and aftermath of the crash 

In popular culture
The events of Flight 173 were featured in "Focused on Failure" (also known as "Fatal Fixation"), a season-12 (2012) episode of the Canadian TV series Mayday (called Air Emergency in the US and Air Crash Investigation in the UK and elsewhere around the world) 
It is featured in season 2, episode 1, of the TV show Why Planes Crash, in an episode called "Crisis in the Sky" 
"One Against the Storm" By Stanley C  Mann 1980 ISBN 0938662007 Paperback Bailey/sullivan "About Joan Wheeler"

See also
Aviation safety
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
List of airline flights that required gliding
Passage 5:
Portland International Airport carpet
The carpet at Portland International Airport (PDX) in Portland, Oregon, featured geometric shapes on a teal background, representing the intersection of the north and south runways seen by air traffic controllers from the airport's tower at night  SRG Partnership designed it in 1987, and since then, the carpet has received much media attention 
In 2013, the Port of Portland announced the carpet's replacement with a new pattern conceptualized by the Portland-based firm Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Architects  The announcement generated a social media "phenomenon" and gained attention from local and national news outlets  Removal of the original carpet began in January 2015, with the airport recycling worn portions and making remaining pieces available for sale by local retail vendors 
In 2015,  Portland Trail Blazers point guard Damian Lillard released his first PDX carpet colorway on the Adidas D Lillard 1 sneaker  In 2016, Lillard released the colorway on the D Lillard 2, also inspired by the carpet 
In February 2022, it was announced that the iconic carpet would be returning to the airport when a new terminal opens in 2024 On November 14, 2022, the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA introduced their City Edition uniforms   The uniform pays homage to the airport carpet with a sash design that mimics the geometric pattern of the carpet 

Background
To reduce the amount of noise created by people walking across hard terminal floors, the Port of Portland contracted SRG Partnership to design new carpeting for PDX in 1987  The SRG principal and co-designer of the carpet, John Schleuning, visited several airports before deciding what to create for the carpet at Portland International Airport  SRG steered away from the earth tones traditionally used by airports in the 1980s, incorporating blue and green into their design early on and hoping to evoke "northwest to the core " Its pattern featured geometric shapes on a teal background, an abstract depiction of the intersecting north and south runways seen by air traffic controllers from the airport's tower at night  Several acres of the carpet were installed by the early 1990s Over time, the carpet gained a cult following  Multiple social media accounts were dedicated to it and more than 20,000 pictures were posted to its official Instagram hashtag, #pdxcarpet  Airport visitors often took pictures of their feet on the carpet The original carpet design received a positive reception by Portland residents and airport visitors, eventually reaching "local icon" status  Its pattern was used on a variety of products, including bicycle helmets, socks and T-shirts  In 2013, Portland Monthly published "Ode on a Carpet", a poem inspired by T  S  Eliot's "The Hollow Men" (1925)  In September 2014, PDX installed an 11 ft × 16 ft (3 4 m × 4 9 m) collage made of the carpet 

Replacement
A $13 million replacement of the airport's carpet was announced in 2013, sparking social media attention that was picked up by local and national media outlets  The Port of Portland received a large number of comments from local residents who were concerned about the original carpet's future  Annie Linstrom, a spokesperson for the port district, confirmed they were investigating recycling options and considering giving away portions to locals as keepsakes  She also said that the Port of Portland "understand[s] that people have an emotional connection to the carpet " In December 2013, Portland Monthly published a preview of the redesign, which was conceptualized by Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Architects of Portland  The magazine reported that the new design included "mood-enhancing colors and a new repeating pattern, while clearly preserving key elements" from the original carpet  Linstrom said, "The Port hopes that travelers will grow to appreciate elements of the new carpet design over time, just as much as the old "
In January 2015, removal of the nearly-30-year-old carpet began in front of a crowd of airport employees and media  The Port of Portland's chief operating officer said: "Normally we do these ribbon cuttings when we’re introducing a new thing, but it’s actually the reverse of that in removing the old carpet  We’re going to miss the carpet and we appreciate the community and the love of this carpet " Any businesses that were able to receive, stockpile, and redistribute carpet could request 1,000 square yards (840 m2) from the Port of Portland The airport's new carpet design features natural and man-made shapes found around the airport—referencing flight, nature, and structures such as airplane wings, hiking trails, leaves, runways, and waterways  According to Oregon Public Broadcasting, the old and new carpet designs are similar in appearance "to the untrained, out-of-towner eye " Installation was scheduled to continue through November 2015  Local firm Hennebery Eddy Architects is overseeing its installation, having been contracted in June 2013 to select materials and manage logistics  The new carpet is made of materials from recycled carpet and plastic bottles and jars 
Passage 6:
PenAir
Peninsula Airways, operated as PenAir, was a U S -based regional airline headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska  It was Alaska's second-largest commuter airline operating scheduled passenger service, as well as charter and medevac services throughout the state  Its main base was Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport  PenAir had a code sharing agreement in place with Alaska Airlines with its flights operated in the state of Alaska 

History
Peninsula Airways was founded by Orin Seybert in 1955  Seybert was 19 years old, living in Pilot Point, Alaska, and owned a 1946 two-seat Taylorcraft  In 1956, a four-seat Piper Tri-Pacer was added  On March 1, 1965, Peninsula Airways became incorporated and purchased the fixed base operation (FBO) in King Salmon 
In 1967, Peninsula Airways became a full-time subcontractor to Reeve Aleutian Airways, meeting Reeve's certificate obligations to Chignik, Perryville and Ivanoff Bay 
In 1969, Peninsula Airways acquired all assets of Tibbetts-Herre Airmotive, which had operated from Naknek since 1950  By 1973, regular service was provided between King Salmon and the Pribilof Island communities, St  Paul and St  George  Charter service was also extended into the Aleutian Islands, Dutch Harbor, Atka and Adak with Grumman G-44 Widgeon amphibious aircraft 
In 1977, two Grumman Goose amphibious aircraft were purchased from Reeve Aleutian Airways, and the sub-contract was expanded to cover all locations certificated to Reeve throughout the Alaskan Peninsula and Aleutian Islands  This required setting up an operating base at Cold Bay, with hangars, offices and employee housing 
In 1980, the Civil Aeronautics Board awarded a Part 401 Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity to Peninsula Airways, and all aircraft operations were conducted under Part 135 of the Federal Air Regulations 
In 1983, Peninsula Airways acquired its first turboprop: a Cessna Conquest operated out of Cold Bay  Peninsula Airways was the first Alaskan air carrier to qualify for CAB Part 419 subsidy, allowing the airline to operate Essential Air Service (EAS) routes to Atka, St  George and Kodiak Island 

In 1985, Peninsula Airways acquired all assets of Air Transport Services, Inc , based in Kodiak  Included in the deal was a hangar and office facility with approximately six aircraft and scheduled year-round service to all points on the Island  A base was established in Anchorage with two Cessna Conquest turboprops offering charter service from Anchorage to the Pribilof Islands  Scheduled service from Anchorage to King Salmon and Dillingham was added a year later 
The first Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner propjet was placed into service in 1987 and Metro aircraft remained in the fleet until 2011 
In 1988, several bush operators in Dillingham had their certificates revoked by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), prompting Peninsula Airways to set up an operation there  A hangar and aircraft were purchased and service to the surrounding communities began 
In 1989, Peninsula Airways was contracted by Exxon to support the Exxon Valdez oil spill cleanup  At the same time, a contract was awarded to Peninsula Airways by Alaska Regional Hospital to provide 24-hour medevac service  Peninsula Airways' operations were inspected and approved by Exxon Corporation, U S  Department of the Interior Office of Aviation Services (OAS), U S  Department of Defense, and two (FAA) NASIP "white glove" inspections 
In 1991, Peninsula Airways began doing business as PenAir and became a code sharing and Mileage Plan partner with Alaska Airlines  PenAir transitioned to FAA Part 121 regulations in 1996, operating under both Part 135 and 121  PenAir was the first regional airline in the United States to make the 10-19 seat required conversion, including a dispatch department 
In 1997, PenAir acquired two Saab 340B aircraft and, in 1998, moved its headquarters into a new hangar/office complex in Anchorage, Alaska The airline expanded its operations outside of Alaska in 2012 after bidding on and being awarded Essential Air Service routes in the Northeastern United States  It established a hub at Boston's Logan International Airport and started operating service to Presque Isle, Maine and Plattsburgh, New York, with additional seasonal service to  Bar Harbor, Maine PenAir's presence in the continental United States greatly expanded in 2016 when the airline was awarded multiple Essential Air Service routes in the Midwestern and Western United States  The airline established its third and fourth hubs at Denver International Airport and Portland International Airport  From Denver, PenAir operated service to Dodge City and Liberal, Kansas and Kearney, North Platte, and Scottsbluff, Nebraska  From Portland, PenAir operated Essential Air Service to Crescent City, California and also began service to Arcata/Eureka and Redding, California and Klamath Falls and North Bend/Coos Bay, Oregon 
On August 7, 2017, PenAir filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy  PenAir made the decision to end all flights out of its Denver and Portland hubs  Routes in California and Oregon that were not funded by Essential Air Service subsidies were terminated within days  The terms of the Essential Air Service contract required that PenAir continue to operate those routes until a new airline could be awarded the contract, a process expected to be completed within 90 days  On August 30, 2017, PenAir announced it would cease all Denver operations effective after September 10, 2017 due to a mass resignation involving 17 crew members On November 30, 2017, PenAir announced it would end its service to Crescent City, California as of December 15  The city has chosen Contour Airlines to operate the Essential Air Service route, but PenAir stated it would be unable to continue the service until Contour begins operating On May 30, 2018, PenAir cancelled service via Boston to and from Plattsburgh, Bar Harbor and Presque Isle a month early, citing staffing issues, breaking their Essential Air Services contract with the Department of Transportation On June 1, 2019, PenAir ceased direct ticket sales under its own brand  From that day, all PenAir flights are marketed and sold using Ravn Alaska (7H) flight numbers 

Fleet
As of March 2019 the PenAir fleet consisted of the following aircraft:

PenAir was the only air carrier in the U S  operating the Saab 2000 regional turboprop in scheduled passenger airline service 
PenAir was among the last airlines in the world to operate the Grumman G-21A Goose seaplane on scheduled flights  This piston-powered amphibious aircraft was used to resupply remote coastal locations where no land-based airstrip existed  On December 21, 2012, the Grumman Goose made its final commercial flight from Unalaska to Anchorage   PenAir also previously operated another piston-powered amphibious aircraft type being the Grumman G-44 Widgeon 
The airline also previously operated several turboprop-powered aircraft types including the Cessna 208B Grand Caravan, Cessna 441 Conquest, as well as the Metro II, Metro III and Metro 23 variants of the Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner    

Previously operated piston-powered landplane aircraft included the Piper Navajo Chieftain and Piper Saratoga According to the July 1, 2016 Alaska Airlines system timetable, PenAir was then operating all of its code sharing flights in the state of Alaska on behalf of Alaska Airlines with Saab 340B and Saab 2000 turboprop aircraft   The Saab 2000 is a larger, high-speed version of the Saab 340B  All Alaska Airlines code sharing flights in the lower 48 states in the U S  were operated by PenAir with the Saab 340B 

Destinations
Using Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport as an operating base, PenAir operated scheduled service to the following destinations in Alaska as of June 2019 
Anchorage (ANC) – Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (to Cold Bay, Dillingham, Dutch Harbor, King Salmon, Kodiak, Fairbanks, and Sand Point)
Cold Bay (CDB) – Cold Bay Airport (to Anchorage)
Dillingham (DLG) – Dillingham Airport (to Anchorage)
Dutch Harbor / Unalaska (DUT) – Unalaska Airport (to Anchorage) (marketed and sold by Alaska Airlines)
King Salmon (AKN) – King Salmon Airport (to Anchorage)
Kodiak (ADQ) – Kodiak Airport (to Anchorage)
Fairbanks (FAI) – Fairbanks International Airport (to Anchorage)
Sand Point (SDP) – Sand Point Airport (to Anchorage)All flights in the state of Alaska were operated as code sharing service with Ravn Alaska, with the exception of service to Dutch Harbor / Unalaska which was operated under a capacity purchase agreement, where flights were marketed and sold by Alaska Airlines and operated by PenAir 

Community awareness
PenAir, along with Bering Air, Frontier Flying Service, Grant Aviation, Northern Air Cargo, and Ryan Air Services all participate in the Flying Can service, which allows rural Alaskan communities to recycle aluminum cans and number 1 PET bottles in cooperation with Alaskans for Litter Prevention and Recycling 

Accidents and incidents
On October 10, 2001, Peninsula Airways (PenAir) Flight 350, a Cessna 208 Caravan (N9530F) on a scheduled flight from Dillingham, Alaska to King Salmon, Alaska, crashed shortly after takeoff from Dillingham Airport  The pilot and all nine passengers were fatally injured, and the airplane was destroyed on impact  There was no fire 
On October 17, 2019, PenAir Flight 3296, a Saab 2000 (N686PA) on a scheduled flight from Anchorage, Alaska to Unalaska, Alaska, went off the runway after landing at the Unalaska Airport, teetering over a bank toward a nearby body of water  The left propeller was destroyed and at least part of one blade entered the passenger cabin  An eyewitness reported high winds at the time of the accident  There were 39 passengers, including a high school swim team from Cordova, Alaska, and 3 flight crew aboard the flight  One passenger was fatally injured, two passengers were critically injured, and 10 more received medical care at a local hospital  There was no fire 

See also
List of seaplane operators
Passage 7:
Pan Am Flight 845/26
Pan Am Flight 845/26 was a four-engined Boeing 377 Stratocruiser named Clipper United States and registered as N1032V  It departed Portland International Airport in Oregon on a flight to Honolulu International Airport in Hawaii on March 26, 1955  The aircraft was en route and about 35 miles (56 km) off the Oregon coast when at 11:12 Pacific Standard Time the No  3 engine and propeller tore loose from the wing causing a loss of control  The aircraft was ditched  
The aircraft floated for twenty minutes before sinking in 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) of water  Approximately two hours after the aircraft ditched, the United States Navy attack transport USS Bayfield (APA-33) arrived on the scene and rescued the 19 survivors  Four people died The probable cause was failure of No  3 propeller which caused the engine to detach and the aircraft to become uncontrollable 
The experience provided lessons that helped prevent any casualties in another ditching the following year, when Pan Am Flight 6 sank between Honolulu and San Francisco 
Passage 8:
Pre-Commissioning Unit
Pre-commissioning unit (PRECOMUNIT or PCU) is a designation used by the United States Navy to describe vessels under construction prior to their official commissioning  For example, prior to her commissioning, USS Gerald R  Ford (CVN 78) had been described by the Navy as " PCU Gerald R  Ford (CVN 78)"  Such descriptions can appear in the media as well 
"PCU" is a temporary, descriptive term, and is not a ship prefix or a part of the ship's official name  Until they are commissioned, U S  Navy vessels are officially identified by their given name and hull number, such as Gerald R  Ford (CVN 78) A "PCU" is also the entity that the ships staff is assigned to for training while the ship is being constructed and fitted-out  Prior to reporting to the ship, sailors will report to a PCU at one of two fleet training centers, located at either Naval Station Norfolk or Naval Base San Diego 

See also
List of current United States Navy ships
Passage 9:
Twin Cities Air Service
Twin Cities Air Service was an American fixed-base operator and charter airline based at Auburn, Maine and operated from Auburn/Lewiston Municipal Airport and the Portland International Jetport  The airline was a certified Part 135 operator, provided on demand and commuter service, while the FBO provided standard aircraft services and maintenance, specializing in overhauls of the Cessna 400 series aircraft   Beginning in March 2010, Twin Cities Air Service began a scheduled commuter route between Portland, Maine, and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia   At the time of the initiation of this route, Twin Cities was the only scheduled carrier into the Yarmouth Airport, and was the only scheduled international service into the Portland International Jetport 

History
Twin Cities Air Service was founded in 1992 as a fixed-base operator at the Auburn airport   The company has since expanded to include on demand air charter services, airframe maintenance and support, and scheduled international air service 
Ch-aviation stated "Out of Business", the last change on the Website was 2012, it seems the company has ceased 

Fleet
Twin Cities Air Service currently operated a fleet of five aircraft  The majority of these aircraft are available for on-demand charter operations throughout the Northeastern United States, although the aircraft are certified to operate in Canada, Bermuda, and parts of The Caribbean and Central America   A single Cessna aircraft is devoted to the scheduled service between Portland, Maine and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia 
As of March 2010 the Twin Cities fleet includes:
1 Beechcraft King Air 200
1 Cessna 310
3 Cessna 402 Utililiner
1 Gates Learjet 35A
Context 2: Passage 1:
Pamela Adlon
Pamela Fionna Adlon (; née Segall) (born July 6, 1966) is an American actress  She is known for voicing Bobby Hill in the animated comedy series King of the Hill (1997–2010), for which she won a Primetime Emmy Award  She also voiced Baloo in Jungle Cubs (1996–1998), the title role in the Pajama Sam video game series (1996–2001), Lucky in 101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997–1998), Ashley Spinelli in Recess (1997–2001), Otto Osworth in Time Squad (2001–2003), and Brigette Murphy in Milo Murphy's Law (2016–2019), among numerous others 
Adlon is also known for her roles in the comedy-drama series Californication (2007–2014) and Louie (2010–2015), the latter of which she additionally wrote and produced alongside Louis C K  Her work on Louie garnered her four Primetime Emmy Award nominations  From 2016 to 2022, Adlon starred as Sam Fox on the acclaimed FX comedy-drama series Better Things, which she also co-created, wrote, produced, and directed  The series won a Peabody Award, and she was nominated twice for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series  She also starred alongside Redd Foxx on The Redd Foxx Show as 'Toni' in 1986 
Adlon was featured in numerous films since making her acting debut in Grease 2 (1982)  Her most notable films include Say Anything    (1989), Bed of Roses (1996), Lucky 13 (2005), Conception (2011), I Love You, Daddy (2017), All Square (2018), and Holler (2020) 

Early life
Adlon was born in New York City  She is the daughter of Marina Lucy (Leece) and Donald Maxwell "Don" Segall, who was a television comedy writer-producer and author of comic books and science fiction pulp novels  Her father produced The Dave Garroway Show, which became AM New York and then The Today Show  He was a page at NBC with Gil Cates and wrote erotic fiction under various pseudonyms, including Troy Conway  Adlon's mother is English, while her father, an American, was from Boston  Her father was born to a Jewish family of Russian-Jewish and Ukrainian-Jewish descent and her mother, originally an Anglican, converted to Judaism  Adlon has said that her parents met at the USO event in Paris As a child, Adlon lived in the Carnegie House at 100 West 57th Street  She has said that she and her family lived bi-coastally, moving between Los Angeles and New York because her father was a journeyman writer and producer for TV  She began performing at age nine; one of her father's friends had a radio studio, so she would do voice-over work there  While in Los Angeles she did TV and film acting work  She attended Sarah Lawrence College for a semester  After moving to Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles, she shared a house with Anna Gunn 

Career
Adlon made her acting debut as Dolores Rebchuck in the 1982 musical sequel film Grease 2  She had a recurring role as Kelly Affinado in the sitcom The Facts of Life (1983–1984)  This was followed by appearances in Bad Manners (1984), Night Court (1984), Willy/Milly (1986), Star Trek: The Next Generation (1989), Say Anything    (1989), Sgt  Bilko (1996), and Plump Fiction (1997)  Although she was successful as a child actress she struggled to find parts in her 20s  It led her to develop a substantial voice-over career which she cited as saving her career Adlon gained further acclaim and recognition for voicing the starring role of Bobby Hill in the animated comedy series King of the Hill (1997–2010), for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance in 2002  Adlon also gained recognition for voicing Margaret "Moose" Pearson in Pepper Ann (1997–2000), Ashley Spinelli in Recess (1997–2001), Brigette Murphy in Milo Murphy's Law (2016–2019), and the voice of newborn Halley Wolowitz in The Big Bang Theory 
Adlon is recognizable for her husky voice, which led to her voicing young boys in numerous animated series and films  She voiced Baloo in Jungle Cubs (1996–1998), the title role in the video game series Pajama Sam (1996–2001), Lucky in 101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997–1998), Hector McBadger in Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks (2003–2007), and Andy in Squirrel Boy (2006–2007), among numerous others  She was nominated for an Annie Award for her role as Otto Osworth in the Cartoon Network animated comedy series Time Squad (2001–2003)  She continued to voice characters in films, such as The Animatrix (2003) and as Vidia in the Tinker Bell film series (2008–2015) 
Adlon had notable live-action roles as Emma Path in the ABC legal drama series Boston Legal (2007–2008), Marcy Runkle in the Showtime comedy-drama series Californication (2007–2014), and as Pamela in the FX comedy series Louie (2010–2015)  She was also a writer and consulting producer for the lattermost series 
Adlon's professional relationship with Louis C K  began in 2006 when she played his wife in the short-lived HBO sitcom Lucky Louie  She appeared as the friend of Louie (a fictional character based on C K ) in his FX single-camera series Louie  She appeared in every season but the third  Adlon co-wrote seven episodes of the series and became a consulting producer  She earned a total of four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for her work on Louie  She earned two nominations as a producer for Best Comedy Series, one nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for co-writing the episode "Daddy's Girlfriend Part 1", and one nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series In 2015, FX gave a pilot order to Better Things, a comedy created by and starring Adlon  She plays an actress raising three daughters  The pilot was written by Adlon and Louis C K , who also directed it  It was picked up for a 10-episode series on August 7, 2015  The show, which premiered on September 8, 2016, is semi-autobiographical  C K  served as a co-writer and occasional director for the first two seasons, while Adlon has served as director and writer throughout the series' run 
The series received widespread critical acclaim and was honored with a Peabody Award  Adlon received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for the first two seasons of Better Things  She also received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy, and four nominations for the TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy  Adlon was represented by manager Dave Becky until November 2017, when she fired him following his involvement in the Louis C K  sexual harassment scandal Adlon had recent live-action roles in the romantic drama film First Girl I Loved (2016), the science fiction action film Bumblebee (2018), and the comedy-drama film The King of Staten Island (2020)  She had a guest role as Mrs  Wolowitz in the CBS sitcom Young Sheldon (2017) and a recurring role as Dr  Leigh in the acclaimed NBC drama series This Is Us (2020) 

Personal life
In 1996, Adlon married Felix O  Adlon, the son of German director Percy Adlon  Felix O  Adlon directed Pamela in Eat Your Heart Out (1997)  They divorced in 2010, and he then moved to Germany  They have three daughters who are actresses: Gideon, Odessa, and Valentine "Rocky" Adlon Adlon was the inspiration for Toto's song, Pamela (song)   She was in a short-lived relationship with Toto vocalist Joseph Williams in the 1980s 
Adlon splits her time between the Upper West Side of Manhattan and Los Angeles In January 2020, Adlon became a citizen of the United Kingdom 

Filmography
Adlon is known for her collaborations with Louis C K and her performances in Lucky Louie (2006), Louie (2010–2015), and Better Things (2016–2022)  She has had major performances in The Facts of Life (1983–1984) and Californication (2007–2014) as well as making guest appearances in The Jeffersons (1984), Boston Legal (2007–2008), Parenthood (2012), and This is Us (2020)  She is also a well known voice artist  Her voice credits include the animated programs Kiki's Delivery Service (1989), Bobby's World (1992–1998), Rugrats (1992–2004), Recess (1997–2001), King of the Hill (1997–2010), and Bob's Burgers (2012–2020) 

Awards and nominations
Passage 2:
Drea de Matteo
Andrea Donna de Matteo (born January 19, 1972) is an American actress  She is best known for her role as Adriana La Cerva on the HBO television drama The Sopranos (1999–2006), for which she received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2004  Other notable roles include Gina Tribbiani on Joey (2004–2006), Wendy Case on Sons of Anarchy (2008–2014), Angie Bolen on Desperate Housewives (2009–2010), and Detective Tess Nazario on Shades of Blue (2016–2018) 

Early life
De Matteo was born in Whitestone, Queens, New York City  Her mother, Donna, is a playwright and playwriting teacher who has been on faculty at HB Studio, and her father, Albert, was a furniture manufacturer who was owner and CEO of Avery Boardman and Carlyle  She is of Italian descent, and grew up in a Catholic family After graduating from the Loyola School, de Matteo earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in film production from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, intending to become a film director  She additionally studied acting at the HB Studio 

Career
De Matteo's role in The Sopranos was one of her earliest, helping to launch her career  She has appeared in several films including Swordfish, Deuces Wild, The Perfect You, Prey for Rock & Roll and the 2005 remake of John Carpenter's 1976 action film Assault on Precinct 13  She had the starring role in Abel Ferrara's R Xmas for which she received some very positive reviews In 2004, de Matteo won an Emmy for Best Supporting Actress (Drama) for her role as Adriana on The Sopranos (season 5) and was nominated for a Golden Globe the same year, for the same role From 2004 to 2006, de Matteo portrayed Joey Tribbiani's sister Gina in the Friends spin-off Joey  The show was cancelled after two seasons De Matteo played the role of Wendy Case in the FX original series Sons of Anarchy  The pilot episode aired September 3, 2008, and De Matteo continued making regular appearances into the series' sixth season  She was promoted to a series regular for the seventh and final season 
De Matteo played Angie Bolen, the mother of the Bolen family, on season 6 of the ABC show Desperate Housewives  She left Desperate Housewives at the season 6 finale in 2010, due to personal reasons In 2012, she guest starred in Showtime's Californication 
De Matteo played the stepmother of Steve Wilde, the main character of the FOX comedy Running Wilde, appearing in season 1, episode 9  De Matteo co-starred as Krissi Cates in the film adaptation of Dark Places (2015), with Charlize Theron, Chloë Grace Moretz, and Nicholas Hoult  In 2015, she was cast as Det  Tess Nazario in the NBC drama series Shades of Blue, starring alongside Jennifer Lopez and Ray Liotta 
De Matteo and Chris Kushner began hosting a rewatch podcast of The Sopranos on March 13, 2020, called Made Women; in July, the podcast was retooled and renamed Gangster Goddess Broad-Cast 

Personal life
In 1997, de Matteo opened Filth Mart, an East Village clothing store with her then-boyfriend Michael Sportes  They closed the store in 2004 De Matteo started dating musician Shooter Jennings in 2001  They became engaged on June 11, 2009, when Jennings proposed onstage at the Stanley Theater during a show in Utica, New York  They have two children together, daughter Alabama Gypsyrose Jennings and son Waylon Albert "Blackjack" Jennings  Jennings and de Matteo eventually ended their relationship without marrying  In July 2015, de Matteo became engaged to Whitesnake bass guitarist Michael Devin De Matteo lost her apartment home of 22 years, as did dozens of other residents, when a gas explosion and raging fire destroyed three East Village, Manhattan buildings on March 26, 2015 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 3:
Shari Shattuck
Shari Shattuck (born November 18, 1960) is an American actress and author 
Shattuck was born in Atlanta, Georgia  She has appeared in hundreds of commercials, TV, film, and stage productions  Some roles include "Dallas", "Life Goes On", "On Deadly Ground" as well as multiple Shakespearean roles  She appeared in both nighttime and daytime soaps, sitcoms, mini-series and starred in multiple films  As a model, she appeared on the cover of Playboy in April 1980, and numerous other magazines  In 1982, while working as a model in Atlanta, she was cast in the music video of the  38 Special song "Caught Up in You" 

Personal life
Shattuck was married to actor Ronn Moss (with whom she has two daughters — Creason  and Calee) from January 1990 to July 2002   She later married Joseph Paul Stachura, the owner and managing artistic director of the Knightsbridge Theatre, The National American Shakespeare Company, as well as the Director of Knightsbridge Theatre Films  The couple has produced two movies together, "Redemption" and "Scream at the Devil "In addition to acting, Shattuck has written for the stage and directed multiple productions  Her play, In Progress, was produced at the Matrix Theatre Shattuck is also a fiction writer who has written four mystery novels featuring Callaway Wilde, a wealthy Los Angeles socialite, the first of which, Loaded, was picked as one of the best of 2003 by Publishers Weekly  Other titles in the Callaway Wilde series are Lethal, Liar, and Legacy  She also wrote a psychic series featuring Greer Sands, Eye of the Beholder and Speak of the Devil and two hardcover literary fiction novels, Invisible Ellen and the sequel, Becoming Ellen 

Filmography
Passage 4:
Tainted
Taint or tainted may refer to:

Impurities
Contamination, the presence of a minor and unwanted element (a contaminant)
a wine fault, such as cork taint, ladybird taint, or phenolic taint, producing undesirable odors or tastes in bottled wine
Infection, the colonization of a host organism by parasites
Taint (legal), the quality of illegally obtained court evidence
Taint checking, a feature of some programming languages that prevents unauthorized users from remotely executing commands on a computer

Titles
The Taint (novel) (or Doctor Who and the Taint), a novel written by Michael Collier and based on the British television series Doctor Who
Taint (band), a sludge-metal band from Wales
The Taint (film), a 1915 American silent film
Tainted (film), a 1987 American film

Other uses
Taint (anatomy), colloquial name for the space between the anus and genitals
Tint, an archaic form, referring to a color mixed with white
Tainted kernel, when proprietary modules are loaded into Linux
Passage 5:
Robin Wright
Robin Gayle Wright (born April 8, 1966) is an American actress and director  She has received various accolades, including a Golden Globe Award, and nominations for eight Primetime Emmy Awards 
Wright first gained attention for her role as Kelly Capwell in the NBC Daytime soap opera Santa Barbara  from 1984 to 1988  She transitioned to film with a starring role in the fantasy film The Princess Bride (1987), and she gained a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the top-grossing drama Forrest Gump (1994)  She had further starring roles in the romantic drama Message in a Bottle (1999) and the thriller Unbreakable (2000), as she gained praise for her performances in the independent films Loved (1997), She's So Lovely (1997), Nine Lives (2005) and Sorry, Haters (2006)  She has since taken on supporting roles in the sports drama Moneyball (2011), the thriller The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), the adventure film Everest (2015), the superhero film Wonder Woman (2017), and the science fiction film Blade Runner 2049 (2017) 
On television, Wright starred in the HBO miniseries Empire Falls in 2005  From 2013 to 2018, she starred as Claire Underwood in the Netflix political drama series House of Cards  Her performance earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress and six nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress  In 2016, Wright was named one of the highest paid actresses in the United States, earning US$420,000 per episode for House of Cards  She has also directed ten episodes of the series as well as two episodes of the Netflix crime series Ozark in 2022 

Early life
Wright was born April 8, 1966, in Dallas to Gayle Wright (née Gaston), a cosmetics saleswoman for Mary Kay, and Fred Wright, a pharmaceutical company employee  She has an elder brother, Richard (b  1962), who is a photographer  Her parents divorced when she was two, which led to her relocating to San Diego, California with her mother  She grew up in Southern California, attending La Jolla High School in La Jolla and Taft High School in Los Angeles 

Career
Wright began her career as a model, when she was 14  At the age of 18, she played Kelly Capwell in the NBC Daytime soap opera Santa Barbara, for which she received several Daytime Emmy Award nominations 

1980s–2000s: Transition into feature films
Wright transitioned into feature film work with a role in Hollywood Vice Squad in 1986, followed by her breakthrough role as Princess Buttercup in the cult film The Princess Bride in 1987  She gained critical acclaim in her role as Jenny Curran in Forrest Gump (1994), receiving Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild nominations for Best Supporting Actress 
In 1996, she starred in the lead role of the film adaptation of Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders (1996), for which she received a Satellite Award nomination for Best Actress in a Drama  She was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress for her role in She's So Lovely (1997), a film in which she co-starred with her then-husband Sean Penn  Wright received her third Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for her role in the television film Empire Falls (2005) 

2013–2018: House of Cards
From 2013 to 2018, Wright appeared in the Netflix political drama streaming television series House of Cards in the role of Claire Underwood, the ruthless wife of political mastermind Frank Underwood  On January 12, 2014, she won a Golden Globe for the role, becoming the first actress to win the award for a streaming television series; she was nominated for the same award the following year  She also received nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award in 2013 and 2014 for the same role  Following Season 4 in 2016, Wright stated that she felt Claire Underwood was the equal of Frank Underwood and demanded equal pay for her performance as her co-star Kevin Spacey; Netflix acquiesced  In 2017, for her performance in the fifth season, Wright was nominated for her fifth consecutive Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series  For the years 2014, 2016, and 2017, Wright received Best Actress in a Drama Series nominations for the Critics' Choice Television Awards, with her being the only nomination for the show in December 2017 
In October 2017, she was set as the show's new lead for the final season, following the firing of Kevin Spacey due to sexual misconduct allegations against Spacey  For her last appearance as Underwood, her performance was acclaimed - described as a "commanding performance [that] is more than enough to keep [the final season] standing strong"  - earning her her final nominations for the role at the Screen Actors Guild and Primetime Emmy Awards in 2019  For the latter, she became one of seven women to be nominated for the category six or more times for the same show (the first in 10 years since Mariska Hargitay for Law & Order: Special Victims Unit) 

Further film and directorial work
In 2017, Wright directed a short film, The Dark of Night, which starred Sam Rockwell and premiered at the Cannes Film Festival  Additionally, Wright played General Antiope in Wonder Woman (2017) and its 2020 sequel alongside Gal Gadot and Chris Pine  The film earned positive reviews and emerged as a financial success, grossing $822 8 million at the box office  She appears in the Blade Runner sequel Blade Runner 2049 alongside Ryan Gosling, Harrison Ford, and Jared Leto, directed by Denis Villeneuve 
In April 2019, it was announced that she would make her feature film directorial debut in the film Land  Wright would also be starring as its lead, Edee Mathis, a lawyer who retreats in grief to the Shoshone National Forest in Wyoming  Sales for the film would start at Cannes the following month  Filming began by October that year and the movie was picked up by distributor Focus Features  Land premiered in January 2021 at the Sundance Film Festival to generally positive reviews, with specific praise towards the direction and the performances  Peter Debruge in a review for Variety wrote: "So bless Wright for paring “Land” down to a beautiful haiku, and for delivering a performance that’s ambiguous and understated in all the right ways," and "in a directorial debut so pure and simple it speaks to enormous self-confidence, has better instincts than to reveal outright "In 2022, Wright directed the final two episodes of the first part of season 4 of the Netflix show, Ozark; the episodes being entitled: "Sangre Sobre Todo" and "Sanctified"  Kayla Cobb for Decider praised Wright's direction in the latter episode as "powerful" with the pairing of her direction, the script and actress Julia Garner's performance as a "masterful collaboration "Wright will next star in and produce Ben Young's thriller Where All Light Tends to Go, an adaptation of the book of the same name by David Joy  In April 2022, Wright joined the cast of Netflix's fantasy film Damsel directed by Juan Carlos Fresnadillo  Wright will additionally star in a Sony Pictures Classics and Miramax adaptation of Richard McGuire's Here in a Forrest Gump reteam with director Robert Zemeckis, actor Tom Hanks and writer Eric Roth for a 2023 release 

Personal life
From 1986 to 1988, Wright was married to actor Dane Witherspoon, whom she met in 1984 on the set of the soap opera Santa Barbara In 1989, Wright became involved with actor Sean Penn following his divorce from Madonna  Wright was offered the role of Maid Marian in the film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, but turned it down because she was pregnant  Their daughter, Dylan Frances, was born in April 1991  She backed out of the role of Abby McDeere in The Firm (1993) due to her pregnancy with her second child, and their son, Hopper Jack, was born in August 1993 After breaking up and getting back together, Wright and Penn married in 1996  Their on-and-off relationship seemingly ended in divorce plans, announced in December 2007, but the divorce petition was withdrawn four months later at the couple's request  In February 2009, Wright and Penn attended the 81st Academy Awards together, at which Penn won the Best Actor award  Penn filed for legal separation in April 2009, but withdrew the petition in May  On August 12, 2009, Wright filed for divorce, declaring she had no plans to reconcile  The divorce was finalized on July 22, 2010 In February 2012, Wright began dating actor Ben Foster, and their engagement was announced in January 2014  The couple called off their engagement in November 2014, but reunited in January 2015  On August 29, 2015, they announced they were ending their second engagement  In 2017, Wright began dating Clément Giraudet, a Saint Laurent executive, and they secretly wed in August 2018 in La Roche-sur-le-Buis, France  Wright filed for divorce from Giraudet in September 2022 

Philanthropy and activism
Wright is the honorary spokesperson for the Dallas, Texas-based non-profit The Gordie Foundation In 2014, she co-partnered with two California-based companies; Pour Les Femmes and The SunnyLion  The SunnyLion donates a portion of its profits to the Raise Hope For Congo movement 
Wright is an activist for human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  She is the narrator and executive producer of the documentary When Elephants Fight which highlights how multinational mining corporations and politicians in the Democratic Republic of Congo threaten human rights, and perpetuate conflict in the region  She also is a supporter of Stand With Congo, the human rights campaign behind the film  In 2016, Wright spoke publicly in support of the campaign at a film screening at the TriBeCa Film Institute in New York City, in media interviews, with journalists, and across her social media accounts 

Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
Passage 6:
Faye Dunaway filmography
Faye Dunaway is an American actress who appeared in over seventy films, thirty television shows, thirteen plays and two music videos  Regarded as one of the greatest actresses of her generation, she was one of the leading actresses during the golden age of New Hollywood  After her film debut  The Happening, she starred in the gangster film Bonnie and Clyde, in which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress  She starred with Steve McQueen in The Thomas Crown Affair (1968)   In 1969, she co-starred with Kirk Douglas in Elia Kazan's drama The Arrangement  The following year, she starred with Dustin Hoffman in Little Big Man  In 1970, her performance in Jerry Schatzberg's experimental drama Puzzle of a Downfall Child earned her a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama  She portrayed Milady de Winter in Richard Lester's The Three Musketeers (1973) and The Four Musketeers (1974) 
In 1974, Dunaway starred in Roman Polanski's crime film Chinatown, in which she was nominated for the Academy Award, a Golden Globe and a BAFTA for her performance  That same year, she appeared in the all-star disaster epic The Towering Inferno  In 1975, her role in Sydney Pollack's political thriller Three Days of the Condor earned her a fourth Golden Globe nomination  Dunaway received the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama for her performance in Sidney Lumet's satire Network (1976)  She then starred in the thriller Eyes of Laura Mars (1978) and the drama The Champ (1979)  Her controversial portrayal of Joan Crawford in the 1981 film Mommie Dearest became one of her most famous roles, but she later blamed the film for hurting her career 
She won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for her work in the miniseries Ellis Island (1985) and received critical acclaim for her performance in Barbet Schroeder's drama Barfly (1987), opposite Mickey Rourke  Her role in a 1993 episode of Columbo earned her a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series  She co-starred with Johnny Depp twice, in the surrealist comedy-drama Arizona Dream (1993) and the romantic comedy Don Juan DeMarco (1995)
Context 3: Passage 1:
CNN World News
CNN World News, a program that airs on CNN International and CNN International Asia Pacific  It is supplemented by CNN World News Asia and CNN World News Europe The show's traditional time run is 24-hours if it is followed by CNN World News Middle East The show's regular presenters include Errol Barnett  Its main role is to update viewers of the latest news in the world  It contains a weather update from the CNN World Weather Forecast News  CNN World News can usually air up to three times on weekends, and is known to be bringing the latest on a story 

Regular presenters
Errol Barnett

Schedule
Daily:
24-hours (all times EST) – Errol Barnett (North America)
24-hours (all times HKT) – Errol Barnett (Asia Pacific)
24-hours (all times UTC) – Paula Hancocks (Europe)

International broadcasts outside United States
In Singapore, it is broadcast live on MediaCorp TV Channel 5 daily at 6:00–6:30 am 
In Hong Kong, it is broadcast live on ATV World and TVB Pearl daily at 7:30–8:00 am 
In Indonesia, it is broadcast live on RCTI (relayed on RCTI; recorded on SCTV (simulcast on RCTI)) and SCTV (relayed on RCTI; recorded on RCTI (simulcast on SCTV)); carrying simulcast relayed and recorded network on RCTI daily at 05:30–06:00 am 

Simulcast in the International
International simulcast relay network Radio and Television on CNN International News Asia Pacific such : 

Television Indonesia : RCTI (recorded on SCTV in 1997 and now recorded on JakTV and MNC International)/SCTV (recorded on RCTI in 1997)/JakTV (recorded on RCTI and MNC International)/CNN Indonesia
 Malaysia : TV1/TV Kuala Lumpur/TV Selangor
 Singapore : MediaCorp TV Channel 5/MediaCorp HD5
 Brunei : RTB TV2
 Philippines : DZKB-TV
 China : Shanghai International Television
 Hong Kong : ViuTVsix
 Thailand : TrueVisions
 United States : CNNRadio:

 Indonesia : Radio Elshinta News and Talk
 Malaysia : Klasik Nasional FM/Kuala Lumpur FM/Selangor FM/Suara Malaysia/Radio24
 Singapore : CNA938
 Brunei : Radio News in English
 China : China English International News Radio
 Hong Kong : Radio Hong Kong National News in English/Radio Hong Kong International News in English
 United States : IRN/USA Radio Network
Passage 2:
Foil bearing
A foil bearing, also known as a foil-air bearing, is a type of air bearing  A shaft is supported by a compliant, spring-loaded foil journal lining  Once the shaft is spinning fast enough, the working fluid (usually air) pushes the foil away from the shaft so that no contact occurs  The shaft and foil are separated by the air's high pressure, which is generated by the rotation that pulls gas into the bearing via viscosity effects  The high speed of the shaft with respect to the foil is required to initiate the air gap, and once this has been achieved, no wear occurs  Unlike aerostatic or hydrostatic bearings, foil bearings require no external pressurisation system for the working fluid, so the hydrodynamic bearing is self-starting 

Development
Foil bearings were first developed in the late 1950s by AiResearch Mfg  Co  of the Garrett Corporation using independent R&D funds to serve military and space applications  They were first tested for commercial use in United Airlines Boeing 727 and Boeing 737 cooling turbines in the early and mid-1960s  Garrett AiResearch air cycle machine foil bearings were first installed as original equipment in 1969 in the DC-10's environmental control systems  Garrett AiResearch foil bearings were installed on all US military aircraft to replace existing oil-lubricated rolling-contact bearings   The ability to operate at cryogenic gas temperatures and at very high temperatures gave foil bearings many other potential applications Current-generation foil bearings with advanced coatings have greatly exceeded the limitations of earlier designs  Antiwear coatings exist that allow over 100,000 start/stop cycles for typical applications 

Applications
Turbomachinery is the most common application because foil bearings operate at high speed  
Commercial applications in production include microturbines, fuel cell blowers, and air cycle machines   The main advantage of foil bearings is the elimination of the oil systems required by traditional bearing designs  Other advantages are:

Higher efficiency, due to a lower heat loss to friction; instead of fluid friction, the main source of heat is parasitic drag
Increased reliability
Higher speed capability
Quieter operation
Wider operating temperature range (40–2,500 K)
High vibration and shock load capacity
No scheduled maintenance
No external support system
Truly oil free where contamination is an issue
Capable of operating above critical speedAreas of current research are:

Higher load capacity
Improved damping
Improved coatingsThe main disadvantages are:

Lower capacity than roller or oil bearings
Wear during start-up and stopping
High speed required for operation

See also
Fluid bearing – Type of bearings which use pressurized liquid or gas between the bearing surfaces
Tribology – Science and engineering of interacting surfaces in relative motion
Passage 3:
Gordon Burns (footballer)
Gordon Burns (born 2 December 1978) is a Scottish former professional footballer who played in the Scottish First Division for Ayr United 

Playing career
Burns began his footballing career with local boys club Troon Thistle, and also spent time playing with Prestwick Boys Club & Coylton Boys Club, before joining Ayr United Boys Club  He was scouted by several senior teams and trained with Motherwell, Dundee United, Hearts and Celtic before deciding to sign 'S' forms with Ayr United under Manager George Burley  He left Marr College at 16 to sign a 2-year YTS contract at Somerset Park with Manager Simon Stainrod, before signing his first professional contract at Ayr United at the age of 18 

Ayr United
"Burnsie" began his professional career with his local senior club Ayr United in July 1995 and made an early impact when he made his first team debut at the age of 17 against Berwick Rangers at Shielfield Park  He didn't have to wait long for his first start either, which came at Somerset Park against Raith Rovers when he was just 18 
In 1997, along with fellow starlets Keith Hogg, Neil Scally, Gareth "Bo" Armstrong and Joe Carruth, he enjoyed a spell on loan at Glenafton Athletic under Alan Rough which prepared him for the rough and tumble of Scottish football 
Next season, in February 1998, he was thrown in at the deep end by manager Gordon Dalziel as a versatile youngster in an Ayrshire derby match against Kilmarnock at Somerset Park, with the home side recording a famous 2-0 victory courtesy of an 83rd minute headed goal from Jim Dick & a beautiful lob from Ian Ferguson over the head of Killie keeper Gordon Marshall 
A period of vast investment in the playing squad at Ayr from millionaire Chairman Bill Barr saw the arrivals of high-calibre players such as Neil Duffy, Pat McGinlay, Eddie Annand, John Hughes, James Grady, Andy Walker, Glynn Hurst and Gary Teale  This left youngsters like Burns sidelined, and in 1999 he was signed by legendary Manager John Lambie (footballer, born 1941) for Partick Thistle on loan with a view to a permanent move  He made 6 appearances in an impressive spell, but chances of a permanent move were scuppered when Ayr demanded a transfer fee and he was recalled to Somerset Park 
Burns enjoyed a brief spell at his hometown club Troon F C  under Manager John Redmond during his rehabilitation from injury in 2000 
After making 28 league appearances for the club, he was released in December 2001 seeking regular first-team football 

Queen of the South
Burns was signed for Queen of the South by Manager John Connolly (Scottish footballer) in December 2001 to supplement a title-chasing squad 
The club won the 2001–02 Scottish Second Division, finishing 8 points clear of Alloa Athletic in 2nd place, but it was a frustrating period for Burns who only made a solitary appearance 

Peterhead
After completing a pre-season campaign with Forfar Athletic in the summer of 2002, Manager Neil Cooper decided against signing Burns permanently, but recommended him to Peterhead Manager Ian Wilson who was delighted to sign him up for the 2002-03 season  This was a hugely enjoyable season for Burns, as he was an integral part of the team who were chasing the Balmoor side's first ever promotion, with the season ending in spectacular fashion as an incredible four sides went into the final day chasing the title  A 1–0 defeat away to Greenock Morton at a packed Cappielow saw Morton crowned champions and East Fife narrowly pip Peterhead to promotion 
Despite enjoying being a first team regular, the travelling from Burns' home in Troon to Peterhead was taking its toll and Burns rejected the offer of a new contract with the club in search for something closer to home 

Kilwinning Rangers
Burns joined the all-conquering Buffs side in July 2003, becoming a key member of the side that went on to win the West of Scotland Super League Premier Division in season 2003-04  The departure of the Management team led by Mark Shanks sparked a remarkable change of fortunes which saw the Abbey Park side relegated the following season to the West of Scotland Super League First Division under new manager Paul Wright 
Burns rejected the offer of a new contract in order to concentrate on a new career, and left Abbey park in the summer of 2005 

Troon
After 2 years out of the game due to work demands, Burns signed for his home-town team Troon in June 2007  Signed by Manager Michael O'Neill, it wasn't long before Burnsie was named Club Captain as he enjoyed some of the best years of his career at Portland Park 
Niggling injuries and work commitments forced an early retirement from playing at the age of 31, although returning Manager John Redmond was keen to utilise Burns's knowledge in a coaching capacity 

Coaching career
After serving on the coaching staff under John Redmond following his retirement from playing, Burns formed part of the new management team with Jimmy Kirkwood when Redmond stepped down in March 2011 and the two oversaw a dramatic overhaul of the club and the playing staff with an emphasis on youth development & attractive football  Results were erratic to begin with, but the improvement was remarkable and a title push was well underway in season 2011-12 with the team narrowly missing out on the second promotion spot by one point  The club went one better in 2012-13, securing second place with weeks to spare after a season long title battle with Kilwinning Rangers and promotion back to the Super League was assured 
Season 2013-14 saw unprecedented success, as the club were crowned the Super League First Division Champions, Ayrshire Cup winners and were also West of Scotland Cup finalists 
Burns became manager of Troon in the summer of 2015, after Jimmy Kirkwood stepped aside due to work pressures, and he led them to their highest ever league finish in his first season in charge as well as an appearance in the Final of the Ardagh Cup  Following the club's relegation from the West of Scotland Super League Premier Division, Burns stood down in May 2017 after 10 years at the club to spend more time with his family 
Passage 4:
The Krypton Factor
The Krypton Factor is a British game show produced by Granada Television for broadcast on ITV  The show originally ran from 7 September 1977 to 20 November 1995, and was hosted by Gordon Burns and usually broadcast on the ITV network on Mondays at 7 00pm 
Contestants from across the United Kingdom and Ireland competed in a series of rounds that tested their physical stamina and mental attributes  The title of the show is a reference to Superman's home planet Krypton, the title perceiving that the contestants had strong superhuman "powers" for taking part in the challenges they were set  The contestants, from 1986 onwards, all had their own corresponding colour, either red, green, yellow or blue  The points contestants earned through the game were not referred to as their score, but as their "Krypton Factor", e g  "The winner, with a Krypton Factor of 46, is the technical specialist from Birmingham, Caroline White"  The 1987 series won the prestigious Premios Ondas – Spanish Television Award for Entertainment 
The show was revived for two series which aired in 2009 and 2010, presented by Ben Shephard 

History
Original series
The first series of the show was shown on Wednesdays, presented by Gordon Burns and ran for eleven weeks, consisting of eight heats, two semi-finals and the final  It was then on Fridays for two years before arriving on Mondays in 1980  Up to and including the 1979 series, Gordon Burns would be seen standing next to the master scoreboard before being given a desk at which to sit from 1980 onwards (he would be seen sitting next to the master scoreboard for the 1980 and 1981 series before taking his traditional place in front of the audience and facing the contestants for the series which followed)  In the first few series, there were no groups and eight heats, the winner of each advancing to a semi-final  The top two of each semi-final qualified for the Grand Final 
From 1981 to 1985, each series had twelve heats, from which each winner along with the top four runners-up progressed to the four semi-finals, the winners of which competed in the Grand Final  In 1986 and in 1987, the series was divided into four groups (A, B, C, and D)  Each group consisted of three heats, with the winner of each heat and the highest scoring runner up of the heats within a group making it to the group final  The winner of each group final would qualify for the grand final  From 1988 to 1995, the series had 13 episodes, and only had three groups (A, B, and C)  The highest scoring runner-up from the group finals would then go through to the Grand Final 
In 2009 and 2010, each series has seven heats and the winners of which in addition to the highest runner-up of the heats would qualify for the two semi-finals, the winners of which in addition to the top two overall runners-up advancing to the Grand Final  The overall winner of the Grand Final would receive a bronze trophy and would traditionally be titled as Superperson of the Year  Unusually and possibly uniquely for the time, until 1993, the series had no advert break in the middle even though it was on ITV in a primetime 7 00pm slot  This explains why some of the elements (most notably, the time for the quiz) were shortened in later series 
In the 1991 series, for two weeks in a row, contestants Tony Hetherington and Paul Evans won all of the first five rounds in their heats, scoring 50 points; in addition, Hetherington set an all-time record of 62 points  They both later met in the same Group Final, in which Evans won and Hetherington qualified as the Highest Scoring Runner-up, and went on to win the Grand Final 
In 1995, the show was heavily revamped, including the introduction of co-host Penny Smith  In that series, the intelligence round was dropped, first round being physical ability with the rules in each round changed dramatically, with the exception of General Knowledge  The second half of the show was a "super round" which included a 3D maze, code cracking and a race up Mount Krypton, with points accumulated being exchanged for equipment to assist the contestants with the challenge  While some viewers liked the changes, others felt that scrapping the Intelligence round was a sign of dumbing down and that changing the format so dramatically was a mistake 

Revival
Since its cancellation in 1995, there had been persistent rumours of a revival on the BBC  In April 2005, it was widely reported that the BBC would be going ahead with a revival  However, the source of this story turned out to be a misinterpretation of comments by Wayne Garvie, head of BBC's Entertainment Group (and previously the last producer on The Krypton Factor) naming it as the next "TV gem" that "should" (rather than would) be revived On 24 September 2008, Broadcast reported that ITV was expected to commission a new series within weeks  As part of their wider Business Brains campaign, The Sage Group funded the return of the show, and in November it was confirmed that it would be hosted by Ben Shephard  The first episode was shown on Thursday 1 January 2009 at 7 30pm and ran for 10 consecutive weeks  The new series is based on the original five-round format of the show with every round being "brought bang up-to-date" and features "state-of-the-art" technology, although The Guardian described the rounds as having "irritating bleeping noises and confusing graphics"  The series was recorded at Granada Studios in Manchester from 7–10 December 2008  It was filmed in London for the 2010 series, which used a four-round format, as the Intelligence round was dropped again 
Critical reception to the revival were poor, with UKGameshows stating "it's hard to think of anything they've done differently this time where the change is an improvement" and The Guardian ultimately describing it as "like getting back together with an ex (drunkenly, on New Year's Eve)  And then sobering up quickly and realising why you split up in the first place " The launch episode of the revival was watched by only half as many viewers as a repeat of Wallace and Gromit: A Matter of Loaf and Death 

Rounds
During the original series, the rounds were usually in the same order as below, with exception of the 1995 series  However, in the earlier series, there were only five rounds, as Response had yet to be introduced; this round was also dropped for the 2009 revival 
In all rounds except the final round, 10 points were awarded to the winner, then 6 (8 in early series), 4 and 2 to the remaining contestants  In the event of a tie, all tied players would receive the score for the higher place – in an extreme case, if three contestants tied with the highest score, they would all receive 10 points, with just 2 points for the unlucky fourth contestant  In the Mental Agility and Observation rounds, the contestant who answered faster would sometimes be awarded the higher place; in other cases, a tiebreaker question was used  On rare occasions, an Observation round would have the players answer a five-part question, such as "Name the five continuity errors in the film clip," and players would receive 2 points for each correct answer 
From 1986 to 1991, each round was introduced by the distinctive K logo, which would morph into a symbol for the round  A similar version of this was used in the 2009 revival 

Personality (1977)
This round only took place in the first series, where it was third  In it, the contestants were sequestered where they had to write a 30-second script on a subject given to them like a destination brochure, a letter of complaint, etc , which they had one chance to perform  The performances were filmed and a focus group taken in twenty cities and towns across Great Britain voted on the best effort 

Mental agility (1978–1995, 2009–2010)
First played in the second series, this often took the form of a memory test (though other versions would require mental computation of time and date differences, or to add up a sequence of numbers and return the number which, when added to that sum, gave a pre-determined answer)  The contestants frequently had to memorise a sequence and then answer a series of progressively more complicated questions  For instance, if the sequence to be memorised was a series of coloured blocks, the questions might start as "What is the colour of the third block from the left?" and progress to "What is the colour of the block two to the left of the block to the right of the green block?"  Other forms of memory test might require contestants to remember a phrase or proverb and answer a series of questions about it (e g  "What was the fifth letter of the fourth word?" or "Spell the last word backwards") 
Originally the round consisted of a "knock-out" format, where contestants were asked increasingly difficult questions in turn and eliminated for wrong answers  If two or more players were eliminated on the same turn, ties were broken based on who had answered the most parts of their question correctly  Later, the contestants were shown 9 images along with a statement read to them by Charles Foster and the contestants had to pick which 4 images were correct and they scored 2 points for each correctly identified image, with a maximum ten points for all four  In the semi-finals and final, this would change to showing two sequences in turn and asking each player a 3-point question about each sequence  A third sequence was then shown to all players at once and one toss-up question, worth four points, was open to all players on the buzzer  If a player jumped in with the incorrect answer, that player was not penalized and any other player could jump in  Then, until 1987, the Mental Agility round alternated between the knock-out format (without tiebreaks) and a 45 or 50-second "speed test" where each player had to come up with as many correct answers as possible before time expired, and could pass on any of them  Only if they answered incorrectly would they be informed of it, possibly as to discourage guesswork 
From 1988 onwards, the Mental Agility round consisted entirely of 40-second speed tests, and from 1991 to 1993, ties were broken by the amount of time it took each player to achieve their score  In the 1995 series, a set of four images (such as numbers, letters, or dates) were shown to the players, who were all read a statement pertaining to one or two of the images, and the contestants had to touch the correct image(s) on their screen  The monitors were placed on a rotating turntable, in order to increase the difficulty of being the first to answer  This round lasted for two minutes, with the set of images changing every eight questions  Only the first player to provide a correct answer would score for that answer, with answering time used to break ties 
This round was originally conducted with all contestants wearing headphones to prevent the other participants from hearing their competitors' answers  However, from the 1991 series, each contestant came on individually to perform their test in front of the audience before sitting down in their respective places behind them, no headphones were worn  By the end of the round, all 4 contestants would be seated  In the 2009 revival, the Mental Agility round followed the 1988 format, only using the tiebreaker rules when there is a tie for first place  Contestants individually complete this round in an isolation booth referred to as "The Kube", and their heart rates were also measured while they took the test  The time each contestant had was increased from 40 to 45 seconds for the 2010 version, and the tiebreak rule from 1991 returned 

Response (1986–1995)
The Response round was introduced by new producer Geoff Moore for the 1986 and 1987 series  In 1987, the Response round in the initial heats was a combination of a race between the contestants using double-odometer bicycles, and a video wall which would display random numbers of coloured blocks; the contestants were required to press one of four coloured buttons corresponding to the highest number of blocks of any one colour being displayed  This alternated with a test in which the contestants had to walk a balance beam to the first challenge - placing coloured wooden blocks into frames either side of them, swinging from side to side in doing so (this was known as the Fleischmann Flexibility Tests)  They then had to run across a balance beam linked to the Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test, where they had to take a shape and place it into a corresponding space  After a final balance beam, they jump onto their respective mat to finish the race  The 1986 series consisted of the contestants competing in twos to perform first the Minnesota Manual Dexterity test (moving differently coloured cylinders from one side to the other), then running over to perform the Fleischmann Flexibility Test and then the final test, which involved hitting the relevant button whenever a colour flashed up on the screen (only one colour at a time in this case) 
In the Group and Grand Finals in the 1986 and 1987 series, this consisted of each player taking turns on a flight simulator and being marked by an actual flight instructor  From 1988 onward the Response round consisted entirely of flight simulator tests   In 1988, the contestants had to land a BAe 146 in the heats, a Harrier jump jet in the Group Finals and a Sea King on an aircraft carrier in the Grand Final (recorded at Culdrose Navy base in Helston, Cornwall)  In 1989, the heats used three different simulators  The first heat in each group required the contestants to land Concorde, the second heat required the contestants to land a Red Arrow, and the third heat required them to land a Boeing 737  The group finals required the contestants to land the Sea King on an aircraft carrier  The Grand Final of the 1989 series saw the contestants use a Space Shuttle simulator in California 
In 1990, the contestants landed Concorde in the heats, the Sea King on an aircraft carrier in the group final and in the Grand Final, the contestants were in the Sea King again, but this time they used the simulator in a rescue mission  They started from an oil rig (carrying an injured passenger), and had to take off from the oil rig and land on the aircraft carrier  From 1991 to 1993, the heats and group finals were the same; Boeing 737 in the heats and the Sea King in the group finals  The 1991 Grand Final involved the contestants using a Nimrod simulator in a refuelling mission involving a Hercules aircraft  The 1992 and 1993 grand finals required the contestants to land a real plane  In 1995, all tests involved the Red Arrows flight simulator and the simulator scored each player automatically, with losses based on their overall flight time prior to either crashing or losing contact with the lead plane for too long  The 2009 revival of the show did not include this round 

Observation (1977–1995, 2009–2010)
This round often involved watching a specially made clip that was being broadcast at the time, with an edited together clip from a feature film or a television programme which was out in that particular year



ground_truth: no

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What American actress stars in Tainted?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Her portrayal of Wilhelmina Cooper in the drama Gia (1998) with Angelina Jolie earned her a third Golden Globe Award, for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television  Dunaway also appeared in the James Gray-directed crime film The Yards (2000) and Roger Avary's satirical black comedy The Rules of Attraction (2002) 
Dunaway started her acting career on Broadway and appeared in several plays throughout her career, including A Man for All Seasons (1961–63), After the Fall (1964), Hogan's Goat (1965–67) and A Streetcar Named Desire (1973)  She was awarded the Sarah Siddons Award for her portrayal of opera singer Maria Callas in Master Class (1996)  Dunaway also appeared in two music videos, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers' Into the Great Wide Open in 1991 and Hill Zaini's I Heard in 2010 

Film
Television
Theatre
Music video appearances
Passage 7:
Rozie Curtis
Rozanne Damone "Rozie" Curtis is an American choreographer and voice actress  She is mostly known for doing voiceovers in English dubs for Japanese anime and works with ADV Films and Seraphim Digital  Currently, she is the manager of community outreach for Theatre Under the Stars and associate director for Crosswind Productions 

Filmography
Voice Roles
AD Police - Kyoko Miyano
All Purpose Cultural Cat Girl Nuku Nuku - Maho
Clannad - Rie Nishima
Clannad After Story - Rie Nishima (episode 13-14), Yagi (eps 15-16, 22), Additional Voices
Compiler - Interpreter (as Rozanne Curtis)
Cyber Team in Akihabara - Kamome's Mom (eps 7, 16), Magazine Stand Lady (ep 9)
Demon King Daimao - Mitsuko Torii
Generator Gawl - Masami
Girls und Panzer - Anzu Kadotani
Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere - Musashi
Kill Me Baby - Agiri Goshiki
Le Chevalier d'Eon - Additional Voices
Legend of the Mystical Ninja - Rumie Himuro
Mystical Detective Loki Ragnarok - Hel (ep 14)
Needless - Kasumi Ogiha
Pani Poni Dash - Behomi
Saiyuki - Huang
Samurai Girls - Kanetsugu Naoe (as Vestal Vee)
Steel Angel Kurumi 2 - Uruka Sumeragi
Street Fighter II V - Party Guest, Receptionist (ADV dub)
Those Who Hunt Elves - Ritsuko Inoue

Live-Action Roles
Paradise, Texas - Records Clerk, Choreographer (staff role)
Passage 8:
Laura Dern
Laura Elizabeth Dern (born February 10, 1967) is an American actress  She is the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, a BAFTA Award, and five Golden Globe Awards 
Born to actors Bruce Dern and Diane Ladd, Dern embarked on an acting career in the 1980s and rose to prominence for her performances in Mask (1985) and the David Lynch films Blue Velvet (1986) and Wild at Heart (1990)  She received her first Academy Award nomination for her portrayal of the titular orphan in the drama film Rambling Rose (1991), and achieved international recognition for her role as Ellie Sattler in Steven Spielberg's adventure film Jurassic Park (1993), a role that she reprised in the sequels Jurassic Park III (2001) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022) 
After winning two Golden Globe Awards for her performances as Katherine Harris in the television film Recount (2008), and Amy Jellicoe on the comedy drama series Enlightened (2011–2013), Dern garnered her second Academy Award nomination for her performance as the mother of Cheryl Strayed in the biopic Wild (2014)  In 2017, she began starring as Renata Klein on the drama series Big Little Lies, winning a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award, and reunited with David Lynch for Twin Peaks: The Return  She had supporting roles in the films Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), Little Women (2019), and Marriage Story (2019)  Her performance in the last won her numerous accolades, including an Academy Award and her fifth Golden Globe Award 

Early life
Laura Elizabeth Dern was born on February 10, 1967, in Los Angeles, California  The daughter of actors Diane Ladd and Bruce Dern and great-granddaughter of former Utah governor and Secretary of War George Dern, she was conceived while her parents were filming The Wild Angels  Poet, writer, and Librarian of Congress Archibald MacLeish was her great-great-uncle  After her parents divorced when she was two years old, Dern was largely brought up by her mother and maternal grandmother, Mary, who had Norwegian ancestry, from Oslo  She was raised Catholic  Her godmother was actress Shelley Winters  She developed scoliosis as a child Her first film foray was an appearance as an extra in White Lightning (1973), a film in which her mother starred  Her official film debut was an appearance in Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974), opposite her mother  In 1982, Dern served as Miss Golden Globe at 15 years old  In the same year, she portrayed a rebellious rock band member in the cult film Ladies and Gentlemen, The Fabulous Stains  At 16, after doubling on her classes to graduate high school a semester early, she sought and attained emancipation, which allowed her to work the same amount of hours as an adult on films  After moving out of her home at the age of 17, Dern became roommates with Marianne Williamson, and enrolled at UCLA intending to double major in psychology and journalism, but withdrew two days into the semester to film Blue Velvet 

Career
1980–1999: Career beginnings and breakthrough
Dern got her first credited role, Debbie, appearing alongside Jodie Foster in the 1980 coming-of-age film Foxes  At the age of 11, she had originally auditioned for a different role after telling casting directors that she was 14  In 1985, she was cast two weeks before production began as the protagonist, a carefree 15-year-old girl, Connie Wyatt, who grabs the attention of a predatory stranger, in the film Smooth Talk  The film won the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival in the Dramatic category in 1986 and received largely favorable reviews  It is seen as the film that launched Dern's career Between 1985 and 1990, Dern gained critical acclaim for her performances in Mask, Blue Velvet, and Wild at Heart–the latter two of which were directed by David Lynch–which began a longstanding collaboration between Dern and Lynch  In the biographical drama film, Mask, she played the role of Diana Adams, a blind girl who becomes Rocky Dennis' love interest, starring alongside Eric Stoltz and Cher  At the age of 16, Dern was cast as Sandy Williams, one of the starring roles alongside Kyle MacLachlan and Isabella Rossellini in the critically successful mystery thriller film Blue Velvet  It is widely regarded as Dern's breakthrough performance In 1990, Dern once again collaborated with Lynch, starring as Lula Fortune alongside Nicolas Cage in the black comedy crime film Wild At Heart, where she portrays a vastly different character from her previous role in Blue Velvet  Dern called the role an opportunity 'to play not only a very sexual person, but also someone who was, in her own way, incredibly comfortable with herself'  The film, which had won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, was met with generally positive reviews from critics but polarized some audiences at the time  Lynch cast Dern's mother, Diane Ladd, to play Lula's overbearing mother in the film Dern auditioned for the role of Clarice Starling in The Silence of the Lambs (1991), but lost the role due to studio's skepticism about her level of fame at the time  In 1992, Dern and her mother, Diane Ladd, became the first mother and daughter to be nominated for Academy Awards for acting in the same film for their performances in Rambling Rose–Ladd received a Best Supporting Actress nomination, while Dern received one for Best Actress  The following year, she won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film and received her first Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Television Movie for her performance in the 1992 television film Afterburn Dern starred as Dr  Ellie Sattler in Steven Spielberg's 1993 film Jurassic Park, achieving international recognition with the role  Dern, who had been more focused on independent films prior to the film, was Spielberg’s first choice for the role of Ellie Sattler after having been impressed with her work in Smooth Talk and Rambling Rose  She was influenced by Wild At Heart costar Nicolas Cage to take the role and called the decision an "easy yes", recalling how Spielberg and producer Kathleen Kennedy made sure the character was a "no-nonsense feminist who had her own independent spirit and was brilliant in her craft" and wasn't an "oversexualized action heroine" while describing filming to be similar to an independent film That same year, Clint Eastwood contacted the actress for his film A Perfect World  After the release of Jurassic Park, Dern was offered many roles in blockbuster films and ultimately chose to star in Alexander Payne's directorial debut black comedy film Citizen Ruth to avoid typecasting as the character Ruth Stoops, a pregnant drug addict who unexpectedly attracts national attention from those involved in the abortion debate  The film debuted at Sundance Film Festival to critical acclaim for the film and for Dern's performance but only received a limited release from Miramax likely due to its controversial topic  Ladd made a cameo appearance, playing Dern's character's mother for the third time following Rambling Rose and Wild At Heart, with Dern's character screaming a torrent of abuse at her 
In 1997, Dern was asked by Ellen DeGeneres to guest star as Susan Richmond, a lesbian who helps Degeneres' character, Ellen Morgan, come out of the closet in "The Puppy Episode" of the sitcom Ellen, while DeGeneres herself came out at the same time offscreen  Despite protests from people around her, she shrugged off concerns and immediately accepted the role where she received her third Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress In A Comedy Series  The decision significantly impacted her career in the following years with Dern revealing in an April 2007 airing of The Ellen DeGeneres Show that she did not work for more than a year and that she needed a "full security detail" following her appearance in the historic episode due to the resulting backlash at the time, but nevertheless called it an "extraordinary experience and opportunity" and "an incredible honor"  The following year, Dern co-starred in the television film The Baby Dance, for which she received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film  While dating Billy Bob Thornton in 1999, she was cast as his love interest in his film Daddy and Them, which also includes Diane Ladd  Dern appeared in Joe Johnston's biographical drama film October Sky alongside Jake Gyllenhaal portraying his character's teacher Miss Riley 

2000–2011: Further film and television career
In 2000, Robert Altman cast Dern in his comedy Dr  T & the Women  In 2001, Dern reprised her role as Dr  Ellie Sattler in Jurassic Park III, which was directed by Joe Johnston whom she had worked with in October Sky  Originally hesitant to return for a cameo, Dern was convinced when it was suggested by executive producer Steven Spielberg to the writers, Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor who had previously collaborated with Dern for Citizen Ruth, to have the character play an important role by saving the other characters  That same year, she co-starred in Within These Walls and Arthur Miller's Focus  She starred in the film I Am Sam as Randy Carpenter, a woman running a foster home  In 2002, she starred in the film Damaged Care  In 2004, she starred in the film We Don't Live Here Anymore  Dern starred in the 2005 film Happy Endings, and in the same year, she appeared in the film The Prize Winner of Defiance, Ohio 
In 2006, Dern reunited with director David Lynch for the third time after Blue Velvet and Wild At Heart in the experimental film Inland Empire which was largely shot on a hand-held Sony DSR-PD150 by Lynch himself and without a complete screenplay  Dern portrays an actress, Nikki Grace, who starts to take on the personality of the character she plays  The film debuted at the Venice Film Festival to polarized reviews, the majority being positive, where Dern admitted that she was not sure what the film was about, but has said she would sign up for any project with Lynch  In the same year, Dern portrayed a supporting role in Lonely Hearts  Mike White, known for writing School of Rock and The Good Girl, hired Dern for his directorial debut in 2007, the comedy titled Year of the Dog, and starring Molly Shannon, John C  Reilly and Peter Sarsgaard  In 2008, Dern starred as Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris in Recount, for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film  The following year, Dern appeared in the independent drama Tenderness, and in 2010, she appeared in Little Fockers, portraying Prudence, an elementary school principal In November 2010, Dern and her parents Diane Ladd and Bruce Dern were presented with stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, becoming the first family to do so  In October 2011, she starred in a new HBO comedy-drama television series titled Enlightened in which she also served as co-creator and executive producer  Dern played Amy Jellicoe, a "health and beauty executive who returns from a post-meltdown retreat to pick up the pieces of her broken life " Dern brought screenwriter Mike White, whom she collaborated with on Year of the Dog, back into television work after he had suffered an on-the-job meltdown of his own  The series received critical acclaim and lasted two seasons  Dern's mother Diane Ladd plays the major supporting role of Helen Jellicoe, Dern's character's mother in the series  Dern received her third Golden Globe Award and fifth nomination, her first in the Best Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy category for her performance  She was also nominated for her fifth Primetime Emmy Award, her first in the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series category 

2012–present: Later career and acclaim
In 2012, Dern starred in Paul Thomas Anderson's psychological drama film The Master  In 2014, she co-starred alongside Reese Witherspoon in Jean-Marc Vallée's biographical drama film Wild portraying the character of Bobbi, mother of Cheryl Strayed in flashback scenes, for which she received her second Academy Award nomination and her first in the Best Supporting Actress category  That same year, she portrayed Frannie Lancaster in the coming-of-age romance film The Fault In Our Stars and she portrays Beverly Ladouceur in the sports drama film When the Game Stands Tall directed by Thomas Carter, starring Jim Caviezel and produced by David Zelon for Mandalay Pictures  She portrayed Lynn Nash, a widowed mother and grandmother who gets evicted with her family, in 2014's 99 Homes alongside Andrew Garfield In 2017, Dern reteamed with both Witherspoon and Vallée from Wild and The Fault In Our Stars co-star Shailene Woodley for the 2017 HBO miniseries Big Little Lies, the latter who Dern had helped convince to join the cast  For her portrayal as Renata Klein in the series, Dern won her first Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie and her fourth Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries, or Motion Picture Made for Television  That same year, she collaborated for the fourth time with David Lynch, appearing as Diane Evans in the third season of the mystery serial drama television series Twin Peaks and joined the Star Wars franchise portraying Vice-Admiral Amilyn Holdo in Rian Johnson's space opera film Star Wars: The Last Jedi In 2018, Dern starred as professor and documentary filmmaker Jennifer Fox, recalling her traumatic past in the autobiographical feature film The Tale, written and directed by Fox  The film premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2018 to a standing ovation, and later on HBO on May 26, 2018  Dern received her seventh Primetime Emmy nomination for the role in the category Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Series Or Movie  That same year, she starred in two biographical drama films, Trial By Fire and JT LeRoy as the author Laura Albert 
In 2019, Dern reprised her role of Renata Klein in Big Little Lies after the series was renewed for a second season where she once again received critical acclaim and received her eighth Primetime Emmy Award nomination, her first in the Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series category  In the same year, Dern starred in two films nominated for Best Picture at the Academy Awards  The first is Noah Baumbach's Marriage Story, portraying the character Nora Fanshaw, a divorce lawyer which was written by Baumbach with Dern in mind for the role  For her performance, Dern received major awards including earning her first Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress from three nominations, winning the first and only Oscar in an acting category for Netflix, and also received the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, the SAG Award for Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture  The second is Greta Gerwig's film adaptation of Little Women, where she portrayed Marmee March  In 2020, she served as an executive producer on the animated short film If Anything Happens I Love You which was released on Netflix and was a producer on the documentary film The Way I See It In 2022, Dern reprised her role as Dr  Ellie Sattler in Jurassic World Dominion  Due to the character's fan influence, Dern and director Colin Trevorrow felt protective of the character and her legacy, and were in agreement to have the character play a major role  With Neill and Goldblum having led in their own Jurassic Park sequel, Trevorrow wanted Dominion to be Dern's film explaining, "It was important for the plot to be driven by Ellie  She's the only one of those three characters that hasn't had her own movie " She is set to star in Florian Zeller's adaptation of his stage play, The Son  Dern appeared in the music video for Taylor Swift's "Bejeweled" from her tenth studio album Midnights (2022) Dern will star and serve as executive producer for the science fiction drama film Morning directed by Justin Kurzel  She is set to star in the Netflix film Lonely Planet, and will serve as executive producer and star in the upcoming Apple TV+ comedy series Mrs  American Pie  Dern is set to reunite with Wild author Cheryl Strayed and co-star Reese Witherspoon as executive producers for the upcoming Hulu television series Tiny Beautiful Things based on Strayed's book  She and Amy Adams signed on to executive produce a HBO adaptation of Claire Lombardo's The Most Fun We Ever Had 

Personal life
Relationships and family
Dern began dating musician Ben Harper after they met at one of his concerts in fall 2000  Harper and Dern married on December 23, 2005, at their home in Los Angeles  They have two children together, son Ellery Walker (born August 21, 2001) and daughter Jaya (born November 2004)  Through this marriage, Dern became a stepmother and is close with Harper's children from his first marriage, his son, Charles, and daughter, Harris  The two finalised their divorce in 2013 On October 18, 2017, in the wake of the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse scandal, Dern appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and revealed that she had been sexually assaulted at age 14 

Political views and activism
During the 66th Golden Globe Awards, on January 11, 2009, Dern expressed support for the incoming administration of Barack Obama during her acceptance speech for her Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film win, stating: "I will cherish this as a reminder of the extraordinary, incredible outpouring of people who demanded their voice be heard in this last election so we can look forward to amazing change in this country  Thank you so much!"An activist and supporter of various charities, Dern advocated Down syndrome awareness in a cover story for Ability Magazine  In 2018, Dern brought activist Mónica Ramírez to the 75th Golden Globe Awards as a guest  In the same year, she attended a Families Belong Together event and expressed her support for immigrants' rights  She is also an advocate for women's rights, gender pay parity, as well as combating gun violence and climate change  In 2019, she became a board member of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures  Dern is an ambassador for the American Lung Association and serves as an Advisor to the group's National Board of Directors 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Music videos
Awards and nominations
Passage 9:
All the Way to the Ocean
All the Way to the Ocean is a 2016 computer animated short film based on the children's book of the same name by Joel Harper  The screenplay was written by Joel Harper, Pete Michels, and Doug Rowell  The film was directed by Doug Rowell and produced by Joel Harper  The film is narrated by American actress Marcia Cross and features the song With My Own Two Hands by Ben Harper (brother of) Joel Harper  This is an alternate version of the original song featuring Jack Johnson and is also featured on the Curious George film soundtrack Sing-A-Longs and Lullabies for the Film Curious George  The lyrics focus on how changes in the world can come about when a single person decides to take action  The song's popularity in Europe was such that Ben Harper was awarded French Rolling Stone Magazine's "Artist of the Year" (Artiste De L'Année) in 2003  The film also features music by Joel Harper and Burning Spear with their collaboration on the song The Time is Now  The film stars voice-overs by actress and activist Amy Smart and Australian musician Xavier Rudd 

Plot
A story about two best friends, Isaac and James (voiced by Katie Leigh), and their discovery of the cause and effect relationship between our cities' storm drains and the world's oceans, lakes and rivers  In the story James throws a wrapper and plastic bottle in the gutter and doesn't believe that it will go all the way to the ocean  His friend Isaac warns James about the consequences of his littering  There begins the adventures of James and Isaac as they learn about the harmful effects of storm drain pollution, and in turn, spread the word to their friends and the rest of their school  Helping the kids along this journey are a concerned Crane (voiced by Xavier Rudd) from the coast line, a surprisingly insightful Surfer Dude and James' Mom (voiced by Amy Smart) 

Awards
2022 Sylvia Earle OCEAN CONSERVATION AWARD - Inspiring the Future (My Hero in Partnership with One World One Ocean) https://myhero com/winner-of-the-inspiring-the-future-2022-sylvia-earle-ocean-conservation-award-all-the-way-to-the-ocean
2017 Official Selection - Wild & Scenic Film Festival 
Passage 10:
Jennifer Grey
Jennifer Grey (born March 26, 1960) is an American actress  She made her acting debut with the film Reckless (1984), and had her breakthrough with the teen comedy film Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986)  She subsequently earned worldwide fame for starring as Frances "Baby" Houseman in the romantic drama film Dirty Dancing (1987), which earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination  Her other feature films include Red Dawn (1984), The Cotton Club (1984), Bloodhounds of Broadway (1989), Bounce (2000), Redbelt (2008), The Wind Rises (2013), In Your Eyes (2014), Duck Duck Goose (2018), and Bittersweet Symphony (2019) 
Grey's early television work includes the made-for-TV films Murder in Mississippi (1990), Criminal Justice (1990), and If the Shoe Fits as Kelly Carter / Prudence (1990)  She starred as herself in the series It's Like, You Know    (1999–2001), won season eleven of the dancing competition series Dancing with the Stars (2010) and starred as Judy Meyers in the Amazon Prime Video comedy Red Oaks (2014–2017)  She has done voice work in film and television, providing her voice in the 2018 film Duck Duck Goose and the 2008–2014 animated television series Phineas and Ferb 

Early life
Jennifer Grey was born on March 26, 1960, in New York City, the daughter of stage and Academy Award-winning screen actor Joel Grey and former actress/singer Jo Wilder (née Brower)  Her paternal grandfather was comedian and musician Mickey Katz  Grey's parents both came from Jewish families Grey attended the Dalton School, a private school in Manhattan where she studied dance and acting, and where she met her best friend, actress Tracy Pollan  After graduating in 1978, Grey enrolled at Manhattan's Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre for two years of training as an actress  While waiting for roles, she supported herself waitressing 

Career
Grey's commercial debut was at the age of 19, in an ad for Dr Pepper, before making her film debut in Reckless (1984), in a small role  She appeared in a small role in Francis Ford Coppola's The Cotton Club (1984)  That year she starred in the war film Red Dawn  She then appeared in the 1985 John Badham project American Flyers 
In 1986 she played the role of jealous sister Jeannie Bueller in the John Hughes comedy film Ferris Bueller's Day Off, opposite Matthew Broderick  The film was commercially successful and received a positive critical reception The following year, she reunited with Patrick Swayze, her co-star in Red Dawn, to play Frances "Baby" Houseman in Dirty Dancing  The story is a coming of age love story: spending the summer at a Catskills resort with her family, Frances "Baby" Houseman falls in love with the resort's dance instructor, Johnny Castle  The low-budget film was a surprise hit, was the first film to sell one million copies on video, and is considered a classic  Paid $50,000 for her role, the film came to define Grey's career, and she was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the role Grey's sole Broadway theatre credit is her 1993 appearance in The Twilight of the Golds 
Despite the success of Dirty Dancing, Grey felt that her looks would place restrictions on the type of future roles she would be considered for  After consulting her mother and three plastic surgeons in the early 1990s, she underwent two rhinoplasty procedures  The second was necessary to correct an irregularity caused by the first operation and ended up more extensive than what Grey had expected  This resulted in a nose that caused even close friends to fail to recognize her, and the major change in her appearance affected her career  Of the experience she said, "I went in the operating room a celebrity—and came out anonymous  It was like being in a witness protection program or being invisible " Grey recalled in a 2020 interview that an airline employee who checked her identity refused to believe that she and the actress the employee knew from Dirty Dancing were one and the same  Grey briefly considered changing her name in order to start her career anew, but ultimately decided against this From March 1999 until January 2000, Grey starred as herself in the short-lived ABC sitcom It's Like, You Know   , which satirized her much-publicized nose job as a running gag Grey appeared with Shirley MacLaine, Liza Minnelli, and Kathy Bates in the CBS television movie The West Side Waltz, adapted by Ernest Thompson from his play  She appeared in one episode of Friends as Mindy, a high school friend of Jennifer Aniston's character Rachel  She had a small role in the 2000 film Bounce with Gwyneth Paltrow and Ben Affleck  In 2007, Grey portrayed Daphne on the HBO series John from Cincinnati  In 2010, she played Abbey, the mother of a sick child in the season seven House episode "Unplanned Parenthood" Grey was a contestant on season eleven of Dancing With the Stars  She was partnered with professional dancer Derek Hough  She came out very strong at first, frequently topping the leaderboard  However, injuries, stress, and exhaustion took their toll on Grey, and for a couple of weeks she fell behind  In week seven, however, she improved, tying with previous frontrunner Brandy Norwood  On November 23, 2010, Grey and her partner Hough won the competition 
In September 2011 Grey appeared in the Lifetime movie Bling Ring as Iris Garvey, the mother of Zack Garvey  On November 5 and 6, 2011, Grey stood in for head judge Len Goodman on the BBC One TV show Strictly Come Dancing Grey voiced Mrs  Kurokawa in the English dub version of Hayao Miyazaki's film The Wind Rises From 2014 to 2017, Grey portrayed Judy Meyers on Red Oaks  In 2018, Grey co-starred in the film Untogether; the film was released on February 8, 2019 Grey also appeared at the 2015 Tony Awards alongside her father Joel, presenting a performance from the musical Fun Home 
Ballantine Books published Grey's memoir, Out of the Corner, on May 3, 2022 

Personal life
On August 5, 1987, Grey suffered severe whiplash in a car collision in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland, while vacationing with actor Matthew Broderick, whom she had begun dating in semi-secrecy during the filming of Ferris Bueller's Day Off  The crash, the event through which their relationship became public, occurred when Broderick, at the wheel of a rented BMW, crossed into the wrong lane and collided head-on with a Volvo driven by a local mother and daughter, Margaret Doherty, 63, and Anna Gallagher, 28, who were killed instantly  Broderick was convicted of careless driving and fined $175  Dirty Dancing was released a few weeks after the collision, catapulting Grey to fame  But she has said that her grief and survivor's guilt over the crash prevented her from enjoying the film's success, and led her to withdraw from acting for some time Grey was also romantically involved with actors Michael J  Fox, Johnny Depp, William Baldwin and then-aide to President Clinton, George Stephanopoulos  She married actor/director Clark Gregg on July 21, 2001  They have a daughter  They lived in Venice, California  The couple co-starred in the Lifetime movie The Road to Christmas in 2006  On July 3, 2020, Grey and Gregg announced they had separated amicably in January, and were in the process of divorcing  Their divorce became final on February 16, 2021 According to a September 2015 Grey profile in Jewish Journal, Grey had recently reconnected with Judaism, saying, "I love being a Jew  I've gotten a lot more Jewish in the last five years because of my daughter's bat mitzvah, and I realized I really care about being a Jew "Prior to her 2010 appearances on Dancing with the Stars, Grey had a physical examination to ensure that she was fit enough to compete and saw a doctor to address chronic neck problems caused by the car crash decades earlier  Her spinal cord was compressed and her surgeon placed a titanium plate in her neck to stabilize it  He also found a cancerous nodule on her thyroid that he removed in 2009  Grey said she believed the cancer was caught before it could metastasize and that she was now cancer-free In January 2017, Grey participated in the Los Angeles 2017 Women's March 

Filmography
Film
Television
Dancing with the Stars performances
Book
Grey, Jennifer (May 3, 2022)  Out of the Corner: A Memoir  Ballantine Books  ISBN 978-0-593-35670-8 

Awards and nominations
Notes
^ a: Contrary to previous versions of this article, and some of the sources cited in it, Grey indicated in a February 8, 2012 tweet on her verified Twitter account that she does not have a middle name 
Context 3:  In the earliest series, contestants were each asked three two-point questions (the first was an either or question, the second was visual and the third pertained to dialogue) on the clip in turn, followed by an identity parade where they were shown nine similar-looking actors, one of whom appeared in the clip  Each player who identified the correct actor earned four points  This was later changed so that each contestant was asked two two-point questions in turn, followed by a series of four one-point toss-up questions open to all players with no penalty for a wrong answer, and the identity parade was worth two points 
From 1986 to 1988, contestants were shown a clip twice and asked to spot five differences between two similar clips (six differences in 1988) and in 1986 and 1987, each player earned two points for each correctly identified difference  Many of the sequences recorded for the 1988 series were written by, and featured, Andrew O'Connor  From the 1989 and 1990 series, contestants were invited to spot six deliberate continuity errors (five in the 1990 series) contained in one single clip  Steve Coogan, in some of his earliest television appearances, starred in many of the sequences featured in the 1989 series  From 1991 to 1993, contestants answered six multiple-choice questions (five in the 1993 series) relating to the clip (e g  "What did he say when he entered the room?" or "What was on the table?"), and the time used to provide the correct answers was used to break ties 
Sometimes, original serials specially produced for the show were used; such as 1990's Sam Smith: Private Detective (starring Gwyneth Strong), which saw the female detective investigating rather silly cases (which often featured her young chubby nephew, Wallace)  Some guests in then Sam Smith stories included Derek Griffiths, Matthew Kelly and Keith Chegwin, who all appeared in the final instalment of the series  The 1991 series featured the saga Where is Don Day? starring Tony Robinson and Michelle Collins, about a bank manager whose dull life is suddenly changed when he accidentally becomes involved in a robbery from his own bank  1992 saw Dead Ringer starring Tony Slattery; a thriller about a man suffering from amnesia trying to discover who he really is, whilst being hunted down by a hitman named Preston, played by Roger Lloyd-Pack  In 1993, the round featured Roy Barraclough and Annabel Giles in a collection of investigative police stories, with Barraclough playing a retired police detective 
In 1995, short computer-animated segments commissioned from Bournemouth University's Department of Media Production were used for the test, and only five questions were asked  As with Mental Agility round, answers were provided via touch screen monitors, placed on a rotating turntable with Penny walking around the turntable asking the questions 
In the 2009 revival, each contestant was asked one individual question, then four further questions were asked on the buzzer  If a player answers incorrectly, one more player can buzz in, but there are no penalties for a wrong answer  Contestants are ranked on how many correct answers, and if two or more players are tied they each receive the same number of points  The exception to this is when there is a tie for the most correct answers  In this case, an extra question is asked to break the tie  In the 2010 version, each player is asked two questions in turn, and the contestants are awarded two points for a correct answer; however, like General Knowledge, one point is deducted away for a wrong answer, and the next player to jump in has a chance to steal  The point totals for this round are then used to rank each player 

Physical ability (1977–1995, 2009–2010)
In the original series, this pre-recorded segment involved the contestants racing to complete an army assault course located at Holcombe Moor in Bury  This round typically included 20 obstacles including vertical and flat cargo nets, rope swings, water jumps, Burma rope bridges, and a rope slide into water  Gordon Burns stated in some of the episodes that the contestants trained for the assault course in the physical ability round for up to five weeks in advance  In the first series, the assault course was done as an athletics track type with all of the contestants starting at the same time from different starting points, handicapped by age and sex  The second series onwards featured the more recognised assault course, but didn't feature the aerial slide until the early 1980s; instead the contestants would jump from a high platform onto a mat below to end their run of the course 
In this round, female contestants were allowed a head start over their male competitors, and in early series, contestants were given staggered starts to the assault course; following practice sessions with army personnel, the contestant of the weakest physical ability would set off first  The physical ability criteria were established from a simple formula derived from age of the contestant and the gender  Typically, in 1980, this meant two seconds per year of age difference and a 40-second advantage for female competitors  In the 1980 semi-final, the youngest competitor, Ted Stockton, (a taxi driver, aged 25) started 56 seconds after the only female semi-finalist who was 33  The age-based calculation was abolished in 1988  In 1995, the Physical Ability round was moved to the start of the show as the first round and all contestants started at the same time, and were ranked according to how far ahead each had come of an individual "par time" based on age and sex 
The 1990 series saw many of the metal obstacles on the course replaced by wooden substitutes, including a wooden S-bend frame contestants had to descend   In the first episode of the 1978 series, one female contestant (Diane Lindsay) injured her arm while practising for the long drop at the end of the course, but later ran and completed the course, and was found to have broken her arm in the practice run   Another female contestant (Judith Stafford) in 1989 broke her ankle after landing badly on one of the obstacles (near the end of the course), but managed to complete the rest of the course and finish in third place   Another female contestant (this time in 1987), Sue Dandy completed the course despite having torn ligaments in her leg while coming out of a narrow, upward-sloping tunnel   (In 1982, a male contestant cut his forehead on this obstacle)   A male contestant (Paul Evans) in 1991 who fell from the top of the A-frame net managed to not only complete the course but actually win the round despite suffering from shock as a result of his fall   Another male contestant (Jackie Harte), this time in 1992, broke the safety rules when he went down the aerial slide not placing his feet in the water   Another male contestant (Jon Johnson), this time in 1993, fell off the Burma rope bridge towards the end of the course, but luckily, he landed in the net below and was able to finish in second place   For at least some series (around 1986–88), the fastest man and fastest woman on the assault course both received a special trophy   Winners include: Barbara Murray and Stuart Worthington (1986), Marian Chanter and Ted Daszkiewicz (1987), Elizabeth Hayward and Alan Robbie (1988) 
The 2009 revival used a new assault course which only has room for two contestants at a time  The time it took each contestant to complete the course was recorded, and revealed when the main part of the show was recorded  Female contestants had 45 seconds deducted from their time  The assault course was once again changed for the 2010 version, with all four contestants competing at the same time 

Intelligence (1977–1993, 2009)
A two or three-dimensional puzzle where shapes had to be put together to fill a rectangular grid or make a bigger shape was the basis for this round  Most of these were devised by Dr  Gerry Wickham of the University of Manchester's School of Mathematics  As the contestants performed the task, presenter Gordon Burns provided a commentary to viewers at home on the contestant's progress and advice on how to solve the puzzle  The contestants do not see beforehand what the completed puzzle should look like  In the first series this round was first, and tests varied, often taking the form of what would later be Mental Agility tests 
In the event a contestant is injured and unable to physically participate in this round (as happened to Diane Lindsay in the first episode of the 1978 series), an assistant may be brought in to complete the task under the contestant's instructions, but the assistant may not speak back or otherwise interfere with the task 
It is reputed that some of the intelligence tests featured took contestants hours to solve, with edited highlights of their performance in the round shown on the programme  At least one contestant was moved to tears by the difficulty of the puzzles  In 1990, Gordon Burns told contestants that over the years, some of the tests had taken 15 or 20 minutes to complete, but that in one programme in the 1980 series, when the competitors' tables had been placed too close together for this round, two competitors accidentally picked up pieces from each other's table, making it impossible to complete the puzzle, and nearly an hour went by as they vainly attempted to finish, before the problem was realised  This round was eliminated from the 1995 series 
In the early series, as well as the 2009 revival, a time limit was placed for completion and after the time runs out, the contestants who have not finished are ranked according to the progress they have made on the puzzle  This round was removed (again) in the 2010 series 

General knowledge (1977–1995, 2009–2010)
A quick-fire question round with a varied time limit (which depended on the year) and only one player could answer each question  For most of the run this final round was conducted in darkness using a side shot of the four contestants lit in profile – when a contestant buzzed in, the remaining three players' spotlights would go out  A feature of this round was that, as each question was answered, the next question contained either the answer to the last question, a word from the last answer, or a word that sounded like it  Originally players were asked as many toss-up questions as time allowed, with two points added for a correct answer and two points deducted for an incorrect response or none at all (+/- 1 in the first series) 
Later the round was in two stages: the first stage had the contestants answering three general knowledge questions each from the same set of categories with 2 points for each correct answer, then it was on to stage 2 which was the quick-fire stage, which lasted 90 seconds, with each question worth +/- 1  Starting in 1986, the round consisted solely of a quick-fire round  Until 1987, the round lasted 100 seconds and each question worth +/- 1  In 1988 the values changed to +/- 2 points, and the time was reduced to 90 seconds (100 in 1989, and 75 in 1993 and 1995)  In 2009, the round lasted 70 seconds, and a correct answer was worth two points while an incorrect answer cost one point  In the 2010 series, time was increased from 70 seconds to 90 seconds  The player with the highest Krypton Factor won the game, and in the event of a tie, the tied players were asked further questions until the tie was broken 

Super Round (1995)
In 1995, the game was decided by a "Super Round," a race that encompassed all abilities from the previous rounds  At the start of the round, players were shown five coloured circles, each with a letter or number, and the players had to memorize the sequence before making a parachute jump down 50 feet to the floor  They then entered the Kryptic Rings, a three-dimensional maze of interlocking rings with numbered and lettered junctions where following and correctly interpreting the sequence (by following the circles clockwise, starting with the circle of their colour) would lead each player to their correct exit  Each exit was marked with a letter, which they would memorize on their way to the next part of the race, the Laser Matrix, preceded by a computer where each player had to log in by hitting the letter key matching their exit  Each player then had to type in four words with a common thread, however each key corresponded to a different letter according to a code (such as each key giving the preceding letter) 
After cracking the code and typing in the four words, each player had to cross a corridor of shifting laser beams, where breaking each beam resulted in a seven-second penalty  Once out, the players entered the Response Revolve, a rotating cylinder where each player had to collect six batons of their colour from their holds, however, each baton could only be removed when a light by the baton flashed, and all lights flashed according to a sequence  Once all six batons were out and placed in the player's pedestal, each player had to run to the Krypton Mountain, where they first had to build a four-piece ladder, which they ascended before making a vertical climb up the Krypton Mountain, completing the race by grabbing a letter K of their colour at the top of the Krypton Mountain 
The players started at the same time and place, and used their points from the first five rounds to buy advantages, such as directional arrows in the Rings, completed words at the computer (in Heat 2 of Group C, an easier path through the Laser Matrix), batons already removed from the Response Revolve, or ladder pieces already built  The value of each advantage varied with the heats, group finals and final  The player who won the Super Round won the game, and completion time was used to determine who held the wild card spot 
The Super Round was also notable for a few incidents regarding cheating; in Group B, two contestants (both wearing yellow) were disqualified for unknowingly breaking the rules of the Super Round  Heat 1 contestant Simon Evans was disqualified as he had not completely finished all four words at the Laser Matrix computer (having produced a "j" instead of an "h" in the third word) yet continuing through the rest of the round regardless (Penny told him about his disqualification at the top of the Krypton Mountain) and in Heat 2 the following week, contestant Alison Riley was disqualified as she had forcibly pulled out batons from the Response Revolve when their adjacent lights weren't flashing and unlike Evans, she was edited out of the remainder of the round after she had begun her ascent on the ladder and a replay was shown of her illegal move  As a result of their actions, Simon Evans and Alison Riley were the only two contestants in Krypton Factor history to be disqualified 

Young Krypton
A spin-off series was produced for children, Young Krypton, and was presented by Ross King  The series was based on a similar structure to the adult version, but with simpler intelligence tasks and a shorter obstacle course (located at The American Adventure Theme Park near Nottingham, owned by the Granada Group at the time) in place of the Physical Ability round 
The 1988 series, which had only five rounds (Mental Agility, Response, Observation, Physical Ability and General Knowledge, with Intelligence in place of Response in the Group and Grand Finals) followed the tournament format of the regular series, while the 1989 series, which only ran 8 episodes, consisted of five heats, two semi-finals, and the Grand Final  The five heat winners plus the three highest runners-up advanced to the semis, the winners of which along with the top two runners-up from both matches qualifying for the Grand Final 
At the end of both series, Gordon Burns appeared to present the trophy to the winner  Also in the 1988 Grand Final, Ross King presented a special trophy to Phillip Westwick, who completed the adventure course in the fastest time 

Special episodes
The Krypton Factor had several Champion of Champions episodes; the first edition aired on 22 December 1980, featuring the winners of the first four series which was won by Philip Bradley (1980) and the trophy was presented by Ian Botham  This was followed by another Champion of Champions edition of the show on 22 July 1985, featuring the winners from the previous four years: John McAllister (1981), John Webley (1982), Chris Topham (1983) and Paul Smith (1984), with McAllister winning the game and trophy  The next Champion of Champions episode aired on 27 March 1989, featuring four star contestants: Marian Chanter and Alison Heath (1987), David Lee (1988) and Andrew Gillam (1985)  This match was won by Alison Heath On 28 March 1988, an International special was broadcast in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand as part of Australia's bi-centennial celebrations  Made in the UK and presented by Gordon Burns, the episode featured Marian Chanter and Alison Heath, winner and runner-up respectively of the UK Krypton Factor Grand Final 1987 and John Cargill and Christopher Connolly, winner and runner-up respectively of the Australia & New Zealand Krypton Factor 1987 final  The International title was won by Alison Heath, and the trophy was presented by Fatima Whitbread 

Theme tune
During the original series of The Krypton Factor, four different theme tunes for the programme were used  The first two theme tunes (the first from 1977 to 1982, and the second from 1983 to 1985) were written by Mike Moran  The theme tune used between 1986 and 1993 was performed by Art of Noise, and is perhaps the programme's best-known theme  It was written by band members Anne Dudley and J  J  Jeczalik  The exact version of this theme tune varied in some episodes/series-for example, the drum beats in the music in some episodes/series were more emphasised, as was the synthesizer melody, but generally it remained the same  Mistakenly referred to as "Beat Box", the track which appeared on their debut album Who's Afraid of the Art of Noise?, it is in fact an original composition, and was reworked as "Crusoe" in 1987  A version of the Art of Noise theme, first heard in 1986, was released on the compilation album Influence in 2010  For the 1995 series, the theme tune was a reworked version of the 1986–93 theme tune, but was performed by Dudley alone with the incidental music composed by Mike Woolmans The music used during the scoring at the end of the Response round in 1988 was "Forgotten Town" by The Christians  In the 1989 series, "Left to My Own Devices" by the Pet Shop Boys was used 
Generally, during the opening title sequence, the contestants were introduced by former Granada Television continuity announcer Charles Foster The music to the 2009 revival was created by Paul Farrer  In their review, UKGameshows asked "can anyone actually remember the new theme "tune"?" 

Merchandise and commercial representations
The Krypton Factor had a number of clothing merchandises, including a pair of black trainers bearing the Krypton K on the sides and the tongue  A Krypton Factor sports bag, mug and teatowel was also produced  Although, not mentioned on the air, all the contestants were given a Sports bag and some clothing with the Krypton Factor logo on them as gifts for appearing on the programme 
A computer game version of The Krypton Factor was published by TV Games and released in 1987 for the home computers of the era  A Krypton Factor Quizbook was published in 1989 
ITV released The Krypton Factor interactive DVD board game via their website in 2010, and then again in 2011  The DVD game is hosted by Ben Shephard Adrenalin in North Yorkshire markets itself as the home of the obstacle course from the TV series, which offers paying public a chance to take on the Assault course Demon Wheelers have developed a team-building event based around the rounds from The Krypton Factor TV series and incorporating an inflatable assault course 
There have also been several Krypton Factor tie-in books published 

Other versions
The Krypton Factor was later exported to the United States  Two short-lived United States versions of The Krypton Factor aired  In 1981, Dick Clark hosted a 5-week summer series on ABC  In 1990, Willie Aames hosted a syndicated version for children  In 2000, a version hosted by Pat O'Brien in production by Fox TV was never shown to the public  In 2015, another version in production for Syfy was also never shown to the public The New Zealand version of The Krypton Factor ran from 1987 to 1991 on TVNZ on TV2 and was hosted by veteran presenter Dougal Stevenson  There was no Response round in the New Zealand version, and the video clips used for the Observation test were taken from the United Kingdom version  The Physical Ability test was done at Burnham Military Camp, just south of Christchurch  The first season in 1987 consisted of a challenge between Australian and New Zealand contestants, with all of the series hosted in New Zealand and aired on ABC in Australia during that time  The winners of the 1987 series competed against the winners of the 1987 series in the United Kingdom  Reruns of The Krypton Factor were screened on TVNZ 6 
A German version of the show called Krypton Faktor presented by Jörg Draeger aired in 1991, with 13 episodes shown on Sat 1 before the show was cancelled 

In popular culture
The series was parodied, in darkly comic form on BBC1's The Armstrong and Miller Show as "The Critical Factor"  Here, the contestant coming last in each event is brutally killed in the background by two figures dressed in black  Plus, the three male contestants are all 'consultant civil engineers', a reference to the number of contestants in the actual show that came from 'white collar' middle-class backgrounds, with the winner, Susan Small, referred to as a 'housewife' A 1990 sketch in series 2 of A Bit of Fry and Laurie depicts a scene in which a representative of an unnamed organisation (Stephen Fry) holds a clandestine meeting in an underground car park with a gruff, vaguely criminal type with an extensive record of adventures (Hugh Laurie)  The "impossible" task that the organisation wants this man to attempt: to watch a full episode of The Krypton Factor, a feat which, according to the organisation's representative, has never been done before 
Even after the axing of the 2009 revival (due to lack of funding), there were plenty of references to The Krypton Factor, especially as one of the prizes on The All-New Blockbusters (hosted by Simon Mayo)  Ironically, in the same year, the "1" and the "2" in the logo for the London 2012 Olympics had accidentally made a reference to the show, as fans pointed out its similarities to the very first Krypton Factor "K" from the early 1980s 
A deleted scene from the ITV variety series It'll Be Alright on the Night made it to many compilations; it showed Ben Shephard biting his tongue, after he accidentally said "two points for second", instead of fourth  It was subsequently referenced on the game show Tipping Point (which Shephard also presented) as a question 
The series was also referenced in the ITV documentary Come On Down: The Game Show Story, with current Krypton Factor presenter Ben Shephard and former presenter Gordon Burns both hinting that it was a mistake on ITV's part to end the programme 

Transmissions
United Kingdom Superperson of the Year
This is a complete list of all winners (include one female and 19 male contestants) from 20 series of the show:
Passage 5:
A Word in Your Ear
A Word in Your Ear is a game show that originally aired BBC1 from 19 April 1993 to 14 October 1994 then on The Family Channel from 1995  
The programme originated on ITV Tyne Tees in 1990 and ran for two series locally, on Fridays at 6:30pm, also hosted by Burns as seen in this TV guide from the time  https://transdiffusion org/2014/10/18/tonights-tv-in-1991/
It was hosted by Gordon Burns, best known for hosting ITV's The Krypton Factor (1977-1995)  The host presided over male and female pairs of celebrities as they participate in a few rounds of communication games  Celebrities appearing included Lynsey De Paul, Nick Owen, Philippa Kennedy and Bob Holness 

Transmissions
Passage 6:
Krypto the Superdog
Krypto the Superdog is an American animated television series produced by Warner Bros  Animation, based on Superman's canine companion Krypto, which premiered on Cartoon Network on March 25, 2005 (exactly 50 years after his comic debut), and aired on The CW's Saturday morning block Kids' WB from September 23, 2006 until September 15, 2007  39 episodes were produced A comic book series (based on the TV show) was published by DC Comics under the Johnny DC imprint, which lasted 6 issues, from 2006 to 2007 
The show was developed by producers Alan Burnett and Paul Dini, who had produced the successful Batman: The Animated Series and Superman: The Animated Series  Instead of continuing in that style, Krypto was produced in a manner reminiscent of the Hanna-Barbera shows of the 1960s to the 1980s, from the sound effects down to the animation style (veteran Hanna-Barbera designer Iwao Takamoto served as a creative consultant) 

Plot
As the planet Krypton is about to be destroyed, Superman's father Jor-El makes a ship and puts a white puppy named Krypto into it for a test flight to see if it is safe enough for interstellar travel  While aboard the ship, Krypto was playing with his ball when he accidentally destroyed several wires and causes the ship to release a sleeping gas to put him into a deep sleep while it heads on to Earth



ground_truth: Shari Shattuck

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What time did the show, in which Gordon Burns was the host, usually air on Monday?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  When he arrived in Earth's solar system he woke up and found himself fully grown  The rocket's computer system gave him a collar and an ID with an intergalactic communicator 
Upon landing on Earth, Krypto is a full-grown dog, possessed of superpowers similar to those of Superman's (since all Kryptonian life-forms gain superpowers from exposure to a yellow sun, such as Earth's sun)  Later, he is adopted by Kevin Whitney, a 9-year-old boy, with whom Superman arranges for him to stay (as Superman himself is often too busy saving the world to take care of him)  Krypto poses as an ordinary dog while living with Kevin's family, but adopts the secret identity of Krypto the Superdog for his superheroic deeds; Kevin is aware of Krypto's dual identity, but the rest of Kevin's family is not (excluding Kevin's spoiled cousin Bailey, who found out accidentally)  Kevin lives next door to Andrea, a girl who takes care of Krypto's best friend, Streaky 
In the series, the various animals, including Krypto, all are capable of speaking to each other, but not to humans, except for Kevin and later Andrea (they are able to communicate with Krypto and the other animals thanks to a universal translator that they wear, known as an intergalactic communicator)  The viewers can understand them, though, especially when Krypto and Streaky talk to the camera 
With his allies Streaky the Supercat, Ace the Bat-Hound, and Stretch-O-Mutt, Krypto fights the plots of Lex Luthor's pet iguana Ignatius, Joker's pet hyenas Bud and Lou, Penguin's trained birds called the Bad News Birds, and Catwoman's cat Isis  When working either alone or with a group of alien dog superheroes known as the Dog Star Patrol, Krypto faces off against the evil Mechanikat and his agents Snooky Wookums and Delilah 

Episodes
Characters
Main
Krypto the Superdog (voiced by Samuel Vincent) is the main protagonist of the show, formerly Superman's pet on Krypton before it was destroyed  Krypto came to Earth in a rocket when it malfunctioned  He is a white Labrador Retriever and has all of the powers of Superman, though some are heightened due to being a dog, such as his super hearing and sense of smell  Krypto also shares Superman's moral values and feelings 
Streaky the Supercat (voiced by Brian Drummond), Krypto's best friend and sidekick, is an orange Somali cat with a yellow streak along his back who lives next door to Krypto and Kevin's family  He gained Kryptonian-like powers and weaknesses after an accident involving a duplicating ray that was aimed at Krypto, but deflected off him and hit Streaky instead  Unlike Krypto, Streaky is less serious about his superhero activities, and sometimes needs prodding to perform heroic deeds, but usually is dependable  He also has a nephew named Squeaky who is the leader of the Supercat Fan Club  Streaky often refers to Krypto as "K-Dog" 
Ace the Bat-Hound (voiced by Scott McNeil) is Batman's pet Great Dane (though Ace says that he is Batman's partner) who is the mentor of Krypto, Streaky and the Dog Star Patrol  Ace fights crime utilizing various detective skills and gadgetry built into his collar (an analogue of Batman's utility belt); he also uses a rocket sled for traveling long distances  Ace wears a dark-colored cape and collar similar to Batman's, and (like Batman) possesses a stoic personality  However, Ace does occasionally work alongside Krypto and considers him an ally  Ace's nemeses are Catwoman's pet cat, Isis, the Joker's two pet hyenas Bud and Lou, and the Penguin's three trained pet birds Artie, Griff, and Waddles 
Kevin Whitney (voiced by Alberto Ghisi) is the 9-year-old young boy who Krypto lives with in the series, with Superman's permission  Kevin enjoys Krypto's company greatly, and is able to communicate with him and the other animals in the series thanks to a universal translator device  Kevin has a bratty cousin named Bailey who finds out Krypto's secret, but fortunately, he is such a notorious liar that no adult believes him 
Andrea Sussman (voiced by Tabitha St  Germain) is Kevin's next-door neighbor and the owner of Streaky  Andrea enjoys making Streaky play dress-up, but was unaware of his (or Krypto's) superheroic identity until later in the series, when she accidentally stumbles upon Krypto's spaceship  In "Iguanikkah", it is revealed that Andrea is Jewish and celebrates Hanukkah  She loves to play and dress up Streaky, and she treats him like a baby The Dog Star Patrol are a superpowered group of canines who each possess a unique superpower, and fight crime across the galaxy  Krypto joined the Dog Star Patrol by helping the group out on a mission  Ace the Bat-Hound and Streaky the Supercat also helped them out on different occasions  The group is based on DC Comics' Space Canine Patrol Agents with elements of the Legion of Super-Heroes  Members of the Dog Star Patrol include:

Brainy Barker (voiced by Ellen Kennedy) - A purple Saluki and leader of the Dog Star Patrol  Brainy Barker possesses telepathic/telekinetic powers, allowing her to read minds, project force fields, and levitate objects 
Mammoth Mutt (voiced by Kelly Sheridan) - A pink Chihuahua with the ability to inflate her body to an enormous ball-shaped size, allowing her to use her size to attack foes  She can also expand other parts of her body 
Bull Dog (voiced by Michael Dobson) - A lavender Bulldog with a stereotypical British accent and two retractable, bull-like horns that can be used for attacking foes and breaking objects 
Paw Pooch (voiced by Dale Wilson) - A yellow and brown Basset Hound with eight legs that enable him to dig and run quickly  They can also grow in size, as seen in "Puss In Space Boots" 
Tail Terrier (voiced by Peter Kelamis) - A green Scottish Terrier with the ability to stretch his tail and use it like a lasso  He also has a stereotypical Texas accent 
Tusky Husky (voiced by Terry Klassen) - A sky blue Alaskan Malamute with a stereotypical French-Canadian accent and a giant front tooth which is incredibly durable and can be used as a drill 
Hot Dog (voiced by Trevor Devall) - A red Dachshund with the ability to generate tremendous heat from his body and breathe fire  He also has a short temper, but started to control his anger in "Bones Of Contention" 
Drooly (voiced by Ty Olsson): An Old English Sheepdog who can use his drool as a weapon in various ways, such as grabbing objects, creating bubbles, and using it as projectiles  Appeared only in "The New Recruit" and was made a reserve member after defeating Mechanikat's forces 

Supporting
Superman (voiced by Michael Daingerfield) - The main superhero of Metropolis and Krypto's original owner  He was only seen in "Krypto's Scrypto", allowing Kevin to watch over Krypto because of how busy he is 
Stretch-O-Mutt (voiced by Lee Tockar): Buddy, a Bloodhound at S T A R  Labs, accidentally fell into a vat of chemicals and developed shape-changing powers similar to Plastic Man and Elongated Man  Sometimes he can be too silly for his own good 
Thundermutt (voiced by Phil Hayes) - An egotistical, world-famous canine actor who was somewhat jealous of Krypto when he "stole" the limelight at one of his movie premieres (Thundermutt II: Scratch And Sniff)  Though he is cowardly, he is also mostly good at heart  The films he has appeared in, that are mentioned in the show, are Thundermutt II: Scratch And Sniff, Invasion of the Alien Cats, K-9 Krusader and Harry Rottweiler and the Doghouse of Doom (a parody of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom) 
Jimmy the Rat (voiced by Phil Hayes) - A rat and informant for Krypto and Ace 
Robbie the Bird Wonder (voiced by David Paul Grove) - An American robin whose life was saved after he witnessed an encounter between Ace and the Joker's hyenas  After that, he decides to be Ace's sidekick, much to Ace's dismay  Robbie was based on Robin  Like Ace, he has gadgets like a glider, birdarangs, and egg bombs and he also came back to Gotham to be partners with Ace 
The Supercat Fan Club - A group of kittens who are fans of Streaky, and occasionally assist him in crime-fighting despite not having powers  They consist of Streaky's nephew Squeaky (voiced by Lee Tockar), Nikki (voiced by Kathleen Barr), Puff (voiced by Samuel Vincent), and Ramone (voiced by Brian Drummond) 
Melanie Whitney (voiced by Tabitha St  Germain) - Kevin's 2-year-old baby sister  She knows that Krypto ("Kippo" as she puts it) is Superdog, but being a baby, her parents do not take her seriously 
Smokey (voiced by Phil Hayes) - A Dalmatian who appears in "Old Dog, New Tricks"  He believes that the firemen are going to replace him with a new puppy  So Streaky paints spots on Krypto to prove that Smokey is still up to the job, though at the end of the episode, he is still in the Fire Service working with Blaze 
Blaze - The Dalmatian puppy in "Old Dog, New Tricks"  Streaky thought Blaze was intended to be Smokey's replacement, but Smokey explained that Blaze is his new trainee  The firemen believe that Smokey can teach Blaze the ropes until the time he helps in fire emergencies 
Dooley (voiced by Brad Swaile) - A dolphin who befriends Krypto and Streaky when they were turned into fish in "Furry Fish" 
Dogbot (voiced by Scott McNeil) - A robot dog built by Jor-El to keep Krypto company while he was in space, he appears in the episode of the same name and Dogbot to the rescue 

Antagonists
Mechanikat (voiced by Mark Oliver) is the main antagonist of the series, he is based on Metallo  Mechanikat is a cyborg feline, who constantly plots to conquer Earth  He usually keeps a bit of green Kryptonite on hand to use against Krypto, or to power up his machines with so they can affect Krypto  He is also a member of the Intergalactic Villains Club (a spoof of the Legion of Doom) who gather in a base similar to the Hall of Doom  Due to Mechanicat's repeated failure to defeat Krypto, he has been unable to get elected as leader with the recent election having the members voting for Glorg to be the leader of the Intergalactic Villains Club Snooky Wookums (voiced by Nicole Bouma) is Mechanikat's sidekick and secret agent  Snooky is a blue kitten mastermind who uses his cuteness and intelligence to cause trouble  He later became part of the Supercat Fan Club 
Delilah (voiced by Kathleen Barr) is another feline agent of Mechanikat  She helped make the Katbots, and is skilled in kung fu 
The Katbots are the foot soldiers of Mechanikat 
Ignatius (voiced by Scott McNeil) is the pet green iguana of Superman's archenemy, Lex Luthor  Like Luthor, Ignatius is very intelligent, vain and is morally ambivalent; however, he is effete, selfish and tends to behave in a much less dignified manner than Luthor  He is also more prone to engaging in frivolous (and dangerous) personal whims, such as employing a growth ray to enlarge a caterpillar for food or using a wind tunnel to harvest one of Krypto's hairs as part of a scheme to grow a lovely fur coat  Notable is that on occasion, he shows basic morals and honor 

Other antagonists
Lex Luthor (voiced by Brian Dobson) - An evil genius and the owner of Ignatius, who is very intelligent and uses technology to take over the city  He is Superman's archnemesis that is always causing chaos and is the CEO of LexCorp where he makes his own top secret gadgets 
Bud and Lou (voiced by Peter Kelamis and Lee Tockar) - A pair of spotted hyenas who serve the Joker, previously having been created for Batman: The Animated Series  Their names are references to comedians Abbott and Costello  Additionally, they are depicted with red fur and are practically identical in appearance, only being distinguished by their collar colors - Bud purple and Lou green 
Isis (voiced by Kathleen Barr) - Catwoman's cat, originally created for Batman: The Animated Series, who like her is seductive, and a master thief  In Batman: The Animated Series she was a black or dark gray cat - possibly a Russian Blue; here, she is a Siamese 
The Bad News Birds - Three trained birds who work with the Penguin and are usually up to some elaborate caper  They consist of the puffin Artie (voiced by Dale Wilson), vulture Griff (voiced by Matt Hill), and penguin Waddles (voiced by Terry Klassen),
Dogwood (voiced by Louis Chirillo) - A half-dog, half-plant hybrid who can bring plants to life  He bears a striking resemblance to another cartoon canine, Muttley 
Mertin the Magnificent (voiced by Scott McNeil) - A magician's rabbit who wields a magic wand that he stole from his master  His only real intentions are stealing carrots, but he can hold his own against Krypto and Ace if confronted by them  His name is a reference to the famous wizard, Merlin 
Superflea (voiced by Scott McNeil) - A Kryptonian flea who stowed away on Krypto's ship  Like all Kryptonian creatures, it gained a multitude of powers under Earth's yellow sun  It was ultimately driven off by a spray can, and stowed away on a plane 
The Junkyard Dogs - A group of never-do-well stray dogs  At best small-time hoods, they do periodically menace the heroes, and once took advantage of Krypto when he lost his memory due to Red Kryptonite  They consist of Mutsy (voiced by Lee Tockar), Beazel (voiced by Brian Drummond), and Beane (voiced by Samuel Vincent)  Additionally, Rosie (voiced by Janyse Jaud) was formerly part of the group and Mutsy's girlfriend, but later left and was adopted by flower saleswoman Mrs  Fritch 
Krypto's Tail (voiced by Samuel Vincent) - Once, when Krypto was exposed to Red Kryptonite, his tail became sentient, separated from him and caused havoc in Metropolis  After Krypto and the Dog Star Patrol defeated it, they learned that it only wanted freedom, and brought it to an island to roam until the Kryptonite's effects wore off 
Bailey Whitney (voiced by Reece Thompson in Season 1 and Noel Callahan in Season 2) - Kevin and Melanie's bratty cousin, who bullies Kevin and Krypto  Bailey too discovered Krypto's secret and has unsuccessfully tried to reveal it 
Blackbeak (voiced by Brian Drummond): A thorn on Stretch-O-Mutt's side  Blackbeak is a parrot who leads a pirate crew called the Pi-Rats, who steal cheese and crackers  He additionally wears a Kryptonite necklace and hates cats 
Barrump Barrump (voiced by Phil Hayes) - A sinister space monkey who pulls pranks all around the galaxy  In his self-titled episode, he steals a device that freezes time so that he can pull pranks on everyone on Earth  He is known as the "Primate Prankster" and is one of the galaxy's most dangerous criminals 

Voice cast
Samuel Vincent as Krypto the Superdog
Brian Drummond as Streaky the Supercat and Edward 'Eddy' Whitney (Kevin's father)
Scott McNeil as Ace the Bat-Hound, Ignatius, Mertin the Magnificent and Super-Flea
Ellen Kennedy as Brainy Barker
Kelly Sheridan as Mammoth Mutt
Michael Dobson as Bull Dog
Dale Wilson as Paw Pooch and Artie
Peter Kelamis as Tail Terrier
Terry Klassen as Tusky Husky and Waddles
Trevor Devall as Hot Dog
Lee Tockar as Stretch-O-Mutt
David Paul Grove as Robbie the Robin
Mark Oliver as Mechanikat
Nicole Bouma as Snooky Wookums
Alberto Ghisi as Kevin Whitney
Tabitha St  Germain as Andrea Sussman and Melanie Whitney
Nicole Oliver as Mary Whitney (Kevin's mother)
Michael Daingerfield as Kal-El / Clark Kent / Superman
Brian Dobson as Lex Luthor
Kathleen Barr as Isis and Delilah
Matt Hill as Griff
Ty Olsson as Drooly

Additional voices
Ending and broadcast reruns
On December 15, 2006, the series ended  Reruns were shown on Kids' WB as part of the then-new CW network's E/I requirement, but stopped airing due to Kids' WB opting to use Cookie Jar Entertainment's shows Will & Dewitt and Magi-Nation  Krypto was aired on Boomerang from February 5, 2007 for a duration of 7 years until January 3, 2014  The two-part holiday special, "Iguanukkah", aired on Cartoon Network, December 21, 2008 (as well as Christmas Eve and Christmas Day), as part of the all-day holiday specials marathon  It was shown on Boomerang 
Overseas, the show currently airs on Boomerang in Australia and on France 3 (as part of Ludo) in France  The show began airing on Boomerang Latin America in 2014  In the UK & Ireland, the series, upon starting, aired on the CBBC Channel before later moving to Cartoonito  However, as of November 2017, it appears to be no longer broadcast on that channel  Since September 2018, It started airing reruns on Tooncast in Latin America 

Home media
Warner Home Video released two DVD volumes in 2006 - each featured a few episodes from the first season; no further releases took place until it was announced that the complete series would be released on DVD on September 27, 2022  The series was recently added alongside other DC animated shows onto HBO Max, but currently only in Latin America 
Passage 7:
Gordon Burns
Gordon Henry Burns (born 10 June 1942) is a Northern Irish journalist and broadcaster  He was the host of The Krypton Factor for its original 18-year run (1977–1995) and was the chief anchorman for the BBC regional news programme North West Tonight from January 1997 to October 2011  In November 2011, Burns moved back to Belfast where he was born 
Due to his work commitments with Granada Television on programmes such as World in Action and Granada Reports and later BBC Manchester for North West Tonight, he resided in Manchester for over thirty years  Burns most recently hosted a Sunday morning radio show for BBC Radio Manchester and BBC Radio Lancashire  He is known for a bona fide style of presenting which has made him popular with his audience 

Early life
Burns was born in Wellington Park, in Belfast  When he was a child his family moved to Kent where he attended the local primary school and then went to Dulwich College in London  The family then returned to live at Belfast's Belmont Road, where Gordon attended Campbell College 

Career
He began his journalism career working on the Belfast Telegraph and worked on BBC radio's long-running Sports Report before joining Ulster Television as a sports editor and programme producer in 1967  Two years later, Burns began presenting the nightly news programme UTV Reports, first as a stand-in for regular frontman David Mahlowe and later as a chief anchor, during the early stages of The Troubles  In 1973, Burns joined Granada Television to anchor their nightly news programme Granada Reports and to work on the station's current affairs output, including World in Action 
In September 1976 he presented a edition of the North West Friday night Football preview programme Kick Off covering for the regular presenter  Gerald Sinstadt who that weekend was covering for Dickie Davies on World of Sport and was also covering the presenter and commentator roles for the Sunday Afternoon match highlights based version The Kick Off Match where he presented the programme and commentated on Sunderland v Manchester City at Roker Park which was being covered by Tyne Tees cameras for Granada viewers which was the main match that weekend at the time he was the producer of both Kick Off and The Kick Off Match but this stint as presenter and commentator was a one-off
Burns' national profile began with his association of ITV's game show The Krypton Factor which he presented for eighteen years from 1977 to 1995  He was the presenter of Password for Ulster, one of their few programmes shown throughout the ITV network, and also hosted a segment in several series of LWT's Surprise Surprise  During the 1980s, Burns also continued reporting from the political party conferences for the ITV network and presenting the Channel 4 current affairs series Irish Angle  In the early 90s, he also presented two parlour game shows for the BBC – A Word in Your Ear and Relatively Speaking  He has also appeared as a guest on Noel's House Party, and on Shooting Stars as a member of Ulrika Jonsson's team 
From 1997 to 2011, Burns presented North West Tonight, alongside its shorter lunchtime version, North West Today  In 2007, Ranvir Singh joined as co-anchor of the previously single-headed main evening programme  Burns announced in April 2011 that he would be retiring from the role but would move on to present a Sunday morning show on BBC Radio Manchester and BBC Radio Lancashire in September 2011 with his last TV bulletin broadcast on 30 September 
He was the voice of "The Chain" feature and other features on the Radcliffe & Maconie show on BBC Radio 6 Music  He appears as a guest on the show when The Chain reaches a significant milestone, for example, for the 5,000th (musically based) item on 3 March 2015 which was the single "Dancing Queen" by ABBA 
In 2013, Burns retired properly after stepping down from his radio show 

Personal life
Burns is the second cousin of British singer/songwriter Ed Sheeran  Burns is married and has two adult children 



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