prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: High School Confidential, an eight part documentary followed twelve high school teenagers from a high school in Overland Park, Kansas that ranked what in the 2009 Newsweek ranking of the top 1,500 high schools in the United States?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Patrick Henry High School (Ashland, Virginia)
Patrick Henry High School is a public high school in Ashland, Virginia in Hanover County  Patrick Henry is one of four high schools in Hanover County, and the only High school in the western half of the county  In 1959, after years of deliberation, Patrick Henry High School began with the consolidation of Beaverdam, Henry Clay, Montpelier, and Rockville high schools  The western Hanover County high school enrolled students in grades eight through twelve  The name of the school, as well as the name of its literary publications, The Voice, The Spark, and The Orator, reference the history of American Founding Father Patrick Henry, Hanover County's most illustrious citizen  Even the school colors of red, white, and blue are a patriotic symbol of history 
In 1969, Patrick Henry High and John M  Gandy High School merged to form one integrated student body  Also in 1969, a new junior high school was built, and Patrick Henry opened that school year as a senior high school serving students in grades ten through twelve  When the junior high school was changed to a middle school in 1988, Patrick Henry became a high school, enrolling students in grades nine through twelve  The school campus of West Patrick Henry Road, which consists of a complex of buildings, began as a campus style school  Additions of an auditorium, classrooms, cafeteria, new gymnasium, and renovations to the media center and administrative offices resulted in an all-enclosed facility in 1992  As the population and the needs of the school have changed, so have the dimensions of the school  A new addition/renovation was added to the facility in the fall of 2001, providing state-of-the-art career and technical education opportunities  This addition consisted of a broadcasting studio, a bio-technology lab, a communication technology center, a computer-assisted drafting lab, and three classrooms  Patrick Henry celebrated its 50th anniversary in September 2009  Patrick Henry High has an International Baccalaureate program, as well as a NJROTC program 

Extracurricular Activities
Athletics
Cross Country
Football - won the 1994 Virginia high school football state championship
Golf
Field Hockey
Volleyball
The boys' volleyball program won 7 straight VHSL State titles (2016 5A Championship and 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022 Class 4 Championships ) The 7 titles are tied with James River for the most volleyball championships in VHSL history
Cheerleading
Varsity Girls Competition Cheer
Basketball
Gymnastics
Swimming
Indoor Track
Wrestling
Baseball
Softball
Soccer
Tennis
Track
Lacrosse

Performing Arts
Theatre
Mixed Choir
Show Choirs
Band
Strings

Notable alumni
Erron Kinney, NFL Tight End
Damien Woody, Former NFL offensive lineman  Current ESPN Analyst  
Mickie James, TNA/WWE professional wrestler, country music singer 
Jeff Crowder, Randolph Macon College 1992 ODAC player of the year
Lucas Hall, Actor, guitarist, arts advocate and administrator  
Louise Keeton, actress, model and playwright
Passage 2:
Clarkstown High School South
Clarkstown High School South is a public high school located in West Nyack, New York, United States  The school educates students in grades 9 through 12, and is one of two high schools in the Clarkstown Central School District (CCSD)  It is commonly referred to as Clarkstown South, or simply "South "
In 2013, Clarkstown South was ranked in Newsweek's list of the 2000 best public high schools in the United States In 2016, Clarkstown South was ranked in Newsweek's list of the 500 top high schools in the United States, ranking 167th place 
In 2017, Clarkstown South was a part of State Education Commissioner Elia's list of 185 reward schools In 2018, Clarkstown South was recognized in the National Rankings and earned a silver medal based on their performance on state-required tests and how well they prepare students for college 

School facilities
Clarkstown South building consists of a main lobby, large auditorium, gymnasium (including a wrestling room and a fitness center), music wing, planetarium, two lunchrooms, and three floors of classrooms  In the fall of 2005, a planetarium was built in the rear of the building   A greenhouse was also constructed in 2006  South offers many music ensembles, including chorus, orchestra, concert band, and marching band 

School groups
The Vikings are also known for their success in many of their school groups  Clarkstown South takes pride in Junior Statesmen of America, DECA, National History Day, United Service Organization/Veterans Affairs Club, Mock Trial Team 2016 Westchester/Rockland County Champions, VAASA (Varsity Athletes Against Substance Abuse), and Mu Alpha Theta chapter because of the many awards they bring home to their school The school hosted the Clarkstown Summer Theatre Festival since its inception in 1973 until its last season in 2010  Subsequently, it hosted the Hudson Valley Teen Summer Theatre program 

School activities and clubs
Clarkstown South offers a variety of activities and clubs for the students to enjoy  The clubs at South cater to all kinds of students, whether their interests are art, music, math, science, etc  Some of the clubs they have are the Mural Club, South Beat, TV Club, ASMA, World Language Club, Viking Radio, and more 

Notable alumni
Corey Baker (born 1989), baseball pitcher
Tom Basile (born 1975), businessman and politician
Mat Devine (born 1974), Lead Singer Of Kill Hannah, Actor, Author
Thomas Fitton (Class of 1986), American activist, President of Judicial Watch
Ryan Grant, NFL running back
Allison Hagendorf (born 1979), Television personality, music journalist
Cindy Jebb (Class of 1978), Brigadier General, USA and first female Dean of the United States Military Academy at West Point
Patrick Kivlehan (born 1989), baseball outfielder
Raffi Krikorian (Class of 1996), CTO for the Emerson Collective, Former CTO of the Democratic Party, and Former VP of Platform Engineering at Twitter
Glyph Lefkowitz (Class of 1998) Creator of the Twisted framework for the Python programming language
Jay Leiderman (Class of 1989), American criminal defense lawyer, book author
Joseph Pisani (Class of 1989), artist and photographer
Justin Richardson (Class of 1981), psychiatrist and author
Passage 3:
High School Confidential (TV series)
High School Confidential is an eight-part documentary television series created by Sharon Liese, following twelve high school teenagers from Blue Valley Northwest High  The series airs on WE: Women's Entertainment (WE TV)  The original run began on March 10, 2008, and concluded on April 28, 2008 
Passage 4:
Bonita Vista High School
Bonita Vista High School (BVH) is a public, four-year (grade levels 9–12) high school located in the city of Chula Vista, California   It is part of the Sweetwater Union High School District, and offers both Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate classes  The mascot is a Baron 

History
Bonita Vista High School opened in fall 1966 at a construction cost of $2 5 million  A student committee chose the Baron mascot over a Patriot and a Crusader 

Academics
The school is placed as the number 1 school of the Sweetwater Union High School District, with an Academic Performance Index score of 851 for the 2011 school year, meeting the statewide standard and exceeding amongst other schools in the same district 

Athletics
In 2015, Baron athletic teams won California Interscholastic Federation championships in football and girls' tennis  The football team plays games off-campus at Southwestern College 

Performing arts
BVH has two competitive show choirs, the mixed-gender group "The Music Machine" and the all-female "Sound Unlimited"  The school formerly had an all-male group, "Barontones"  The Music Machine and Sound Unlimited have both advanced to national-level competitions  The Music Machine was one of the most progressive show choirs in the western United States in the late 1900s  The program hosts an annual competition, San Diego Sings!

Notable alumni
Matt Cameron, drummer of Pearl Jam and Soundgarden
Charisma Carpenter, actress
Costa Dillon, writer
Hannah Flippen, softball player
Byron Frisch, football player
David Garza, Paralympic footballer
Shirley Horton, politician
Guido Knudson, MLB player (2015)
Jennifer Lalor, soccer player and coach
John Macaulay, NFL player (1984)
Ramon Martin Del Campo, soccer playerSteve Peace, politician
Raquel Pomplun, Playboy 2013 Playmate of the Year
David Schipper, professional soccer player
Scott Shields, football player
Joel Zumaya, baseball player

See also
List of high schools in San Diego County, California
List of high schools in California
Passage 5:
Eastview High School
Eastview High School is a comprehensive and college preparatory public high school in Apple Valley, Minnesota, United States  Established in 1997, Eastview is the newest of the four high schools serving Independent School District 196  Newsweek ranked the school in their "List of the Top High Schools in America" for the sixth consecutive time (2000, 2002, 2004, and 2006, 2007, 2008)  Eastview has also been recognized by U S  News & World Report as one of America's Best High Schools  In 2013, Eastview was ranked in the top 3% of the most challenging high schools in the United States, as well as a top comprehensive high school in Minnesota   Prior to the 2010–2011 school year, Eastview was a member of the Lake Conference, but then broke off with most of the Lake Conference schools in order to create the South Suburban Conference 

Feeder schools
Students matriculate from three different public middle schools:

Falcon Ridge Middle school (located in Apple Valley, MN)
Scott Highlands Middle School (located in Apple Valley, MN)
Black Hawk Middle School (located in Eagan, MN)

History
Eastview High School, District 196's fourth comprehensive high school, opened on September 2, 1997  Located in Apple Valley, MN, includes a 330,000 square foot facility and 200 acres of recreational facilities  It is home to over 2,000 students in grades 9–12  Eastview uses the quarter system - 10 weeks per quarter  There are four quarters in a full school year  The majority of the courses at Eastview High School are quarter courses  Some courses (School of Environmental Studies at the Minnesota Zoo courses and Career Development courses) will be 12 weeks in length because students from all district high schools will be attending these courses 

Location and facilities
Eastview High School is located in Apple Valley, adjacent to 200 acres (0 81 km2) of playing fields and recreational facilities  The 330,000-square-foot (31,000 m2) facility is built to house 2,000 students in grades 9–12  Eastview High School's students have achieved high honors in academics, athletics, and the arts  Eastview was identified as a ten star school (highest rating) by the Minnesota Department of Education 

Curriculum
Through the Minnesota state Post Secondary Enrollment Options (PSEO) program, students are eligible to take classes at state colleges and universities 

Athletics
Eastview's team name is the Lightning and their mascot is Zapp, an anthropomorphic lightning bolt  In only 13 years of existence, Eastview athletic teams have won 21 state championships, 47 section championships, 44 conference championships, 11 state academic championships, and 30 section academic championships  Students from Eastview join forces with other district schools to form the Dakota Hawks, an adaptive athletic team  The Hawks have won 16 state championships since Eastview joined the team when the school opened in 1997 

Notable alumni
Devin Kelley, class of 2004  Actress on The Chicago Code and in the movie Chernobyl Diaries 
Rhys Lloyd, class of 2001  Former NFL kicker 
Erin Maye Quade, class of 2004  Former member of the Minnesota House of Representatives
Passage 6:
Lake Brantley High School
Lake Brantley High School (LBHS) is located in Altamonte Springs, Florida, a suburban community approximately 13 miles (20 km) north of Orlando  It is a public high school serving grade levels 9–12 in Seminole County, FL, operated by Seminole County Public Schools  The school, which opened in 1972, is ranked 79th on Newsweek magazine's 2005 list of the top 100 high schools in the United States and 424th in the 2009 Newsweek list 

Academics
Offers 27 Advanced Placement courses in a wide variety of academic subjects as well as in elective interests
Received an "A" rating from the Florida Department of Education in 2006
Had 7 National Merit Scholar finalists in the class of 2006 and had 2 in 2007
Highest ACT and SAT scores within the district for 2002 and significantly higher than the state average
Over 2008 AP tests administered in 2017 
1,212 students scored 3 or higher on the 2017 AP tests
In the class of 2017, there were 22 AP National Scholars, 76 Scholars w/Distinction, 45 Scholars w/Honors, 129 AP Scholars 

Notable people
Notes and references
External links
Lake Brantley High School athletics department
Passage 7:
Blue Valley Northwest High School
Blue Valley Northwest High School (BVNW) is a high school in Overland Park, Kansas, United States  Blue Valley Northwest is one of five high schools operated by Blue Valley USD 229 school district 
Blue Valley Northwest is a member of the Kansas State High School Activities Association and offers a variety of sports programs  Athletic teams compete in the 6A division and are known as the "Huskies"  Extracurricular activities are also offered in the form of performing arts, school publications, and clubs 

Academics
Thirteen courses, mainly for motivated freshmen and sophomores, are designated as "Honors" classes  In addition, 17 Advanced Placement courses for college credit are offered  Students taking Honors or Advanced Placement courses receive weighted GPAs In 2010, Blue Valley Northwest was selected as one of the six finalists for the first annual Race to the Top High School Commencement Challenge, sponsored by the Department of Education under the Obama administration In 2015, Blue Valley Northwest students who attempted the tests achieved an average ACT score of 25 3 out of 36 and an average SAT score of 1879 out of 2400  The class of 2015 also had seven National Merit Finalists and 20 National Advanced Placement Scholars 

Extracurricular activities
The Huskies compete in the Eastern Kansas League and are classified as a 6A-5A school according to the KSHSAA  Throughout its history, Blue Valley Northwest has won several state championships in various sports  Many graduates have gone on to participate in Division I, Division II, and Division III athletics 

State championships
Orchestra
BVNW's orchestra has received a 1 (the best) ranking every year the school has been open   Students in the orchestra also have auditioned and represented the BVNW in local, state, and national orchestras 

Yearbook and Newspaper
The school's yearbook is called Horizon, the newspaper is called "The Express", the school broadcast news program is called Husky Headlines and the school's literary magazine is called The Muse 
The Horizon and Husky Headlines have been nominated for several Pacemaker awards, and in 2004, the "Horizon" won the Pacemaker Award  The school newspaper, The Express is a member of the High School National Ad Network  At the April 2007 JEA conference in Denver, "The Express" was voted the number one newsmagazine  At the November 2007 JEA conference in Philadelphia, the newsmagazine was rated sixth  In 2015, The Express was nominated for a Pacemaker, but did not win  It did receive sixth place among the competition that year  On November 12, 2016, in Indianapolis, The Express won a Newspaper Pacemaker Award, the first for the publication 

Notable alumni
Jason Adam, professional baseball player for the Tampa Bay Rays
Christie Ambrosi, member of the 2000 USA Olympic softball team, who won the gold medal
Bol Bol, professional basketball player for the Orlando Magic
Christian Braun, current basketball player for the Denver Nuggets, former Mr  Kansas Basketball and Kansas Gatorade Player of the Year 
Arash Ferdowsi, co-founder of Dropbox file hosting service
Lisa Forbes, Miss Kansas USA 2004 and Miss USA Pageant contestant
Nathaniel Hackett, former head coach of the Denver Broncos
Zach Hadel (Class of 2011), web animator and co-creator of Smiling Friends for Adult Swim 
Michael McMillian (Class of 1997), actor known for his roles as Henry Gibson on What I Like About You and Steve Newlin on True Blood
Dániel Sallói, professional soccer player for Sporting Kansas City

See also
List of high schools in Kansas
List of unified school districts in KansasOther high schools in Blue Valley USD 229 school districtBlue Valley High School in Stilwell
Blue Valley North High School in Overland Park
Blue Valley West High School in Overland Park
Blue Valley Southwest High School in Overland Park
Blue Valley Academy in Overland Park
High School Confidential
Passage 8:
William Fremd High School
William Fremd High School, or Fremd (initially Palatine High School South), is a public four-year high school located in Palatine, Illinois, a northwest suburb of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States  It is part of Township High School District 211, which also includes James B  Conant High School, Hoffman Estates High School, Palatine High School, and Schaumburg High School  The school is known for its academic excellence, and its athletic, drama, visual arts, and music programs have won state championships in recent years  Academically, Fremd High School has also been recognized by Newsweek as one of "America's Best High Schools" and by U S  News & World Report as one of 99 outstanding high schools in the United States with the average AP test taker in the class of 2018 taking 5 4 exams  Fremd serves the portion of Palatine that is southwest of the UP NW Line railroad tracks as well as north Hoffman Estates, west Rolling Meadows, north Schaumburg, east South Barrington and southeast Inverness  Feeder schools include Plum Grove Junior High, Carl Sandburg Junior High, Walter Sundling Junior High and Margaret Mead Junior High  Feeder elementary schools are Pleasant Hill, Paddock, Hunting Ridge, Central Road, Willow Bend, Thomas Jefferson, Marion Jordan, Fairview, and Frank C  Whiteley 

History
Fremd opened in 1961 as Palatine High School South  The school was later named after William Fremd who had been a member of the high school board of education for over 30 years and had served on school boards in the area for a consecutive period of more than 45 years  Fremd donated the land for the school  In the first yearbook the school was said to 'blend and stretch into the cornfields'  The school was the second high school to be built in Palatine, Illinois after Palatine High School  Palatine South and then Fremd originally served as the school for all Palatine freshman and sophomores while Palatine High School was the school for juniors and seniors  This plan was only in effect for three years before Fremd was expanded to serve as a 4 year high school  In the fall of 1966 the first junior class entered, and they became the first Fremd graduating class in 1968  Then Junior Cathy Klep designed the Viking logo, based on the Minnesota Vikings logo  Junior, Colleen McGrath designed the school crest, incorporating the Viking logo and modeled after her family crest  A school motto was adopted in 1995 after a contest for students  Sophomore Jessica Frank won the contest  In 2001, construction began to create a new science wing  The courtyard which stood in the center of the school was demolished  After two years of year-round construction, the new science wing was built along with a heating and ventilation facility on the roof of the building In the early 2000s, Fremd underwent several construction projects, including the replacement of bleachers in the main gymnasium, renovated tiling, and additional classrooms  The music department added a rehearsal room, larger practice rooms with more advanced sound-proof walls, and increased storage space  In the newest addition to the school, a synthetic turf football field was added  In 2016, a new pool facility was added to Fremd 
On November 2, 2015, The New York Times reported that the federal government determined that Fremd's administration violated anti-discrimination laws because "it did not allow a transgender student who identifies as a girl and participates on a girls’ sports team to change and shower in the girls’ locker room without restrictions " The New York Times added that the student in question "identifies as female but was born male "As of 2018, Fremd is one of the largest high schools in the region, with a student body of approximately 2600  The school is also noted for its high operating costs: in the 2016–2017 school year, Fremd's district spent $18,721 per pupil, with the average teacher being paid $99,474 

Academics
In 2018, Fremd had an average SAT score of 1178 5 and a four-year graduation rate of 97 9%  The average class size is 24 7  On the mathematics portion of the SAT, 71 3% of students met or exceeded standards, while on the English/language arts portion, that figure was 68 5%  Additionally, 66 5% of students showed proficiency on the Illinois Science Assessment From April 1998 to September 2019, 75 students from Fremd earned the highest possible composite score on the ACT, a 36  In the same time frame, only six students earned the highest possible score on the SAT, a 1600 In 1987, Fremd was named among the top in the nation in the United States Department of Education's National Secondary School Recognition Program  Fremd High School has also been recognized by Newsweek as one of "America's Best High Schools" and by U S  News & World Report as one of 99 outstanding high schools in the United States  In 2006, Fremd was recognized as the 302nd best high school in the nation by Newsweek, with an average of 1 3 AP tests taken per graduating senior 

Athletics
Fremd competes in the Mid-Suburban League (west division), and is a member of the Illinois High School Association (IHSA) which governs most interscholastic sports and competitive activities in the state  Its mascot is the Viking 
Fremd sponsors interscholastic teams for young men and women in basketball, cross country, golf, gymnastics, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track and field, volleyball, chess, and water polo  Men may also compete in baseball, football, and wrestling, while women may compete in badminton, bowling, and softball  While not sponsored by the IHSA, the school also sponsors separate teams for young men and women in lacrosse  Hockey is also a club sport for men The boys basketball team achieved success beginning in the late 1980s  The 1983 team led by BJ Jenkins and Joe Youman made the Sectional for the first time  In 1986, Fremd made it to the Super Sectional for the first time and lost to Kendall Gill led Rich Central, 77-47  The 1988 team was the best ever, led by Jason Joseph and George Poorman  It was upset in the super sectional game by East Aurora and finished with the best record ever, 28-2  The 1989 team led by Todd Leslie returned to the super sectional game and once again lost to East Aurora  The 1993 team was the most successful ever, with a 4th place state finish  They recently celebrated their successful run with a 30 year anniversary get together  Mo Tharp coached the Vikings from 1975–2002 and established Fremd as the premiere basketball program in the northwest suburbs  Tharp was elected into the Illinois Hall of Fame 
The following teams have won their respective IHSA state tournament or meet:

Badminton: 2006–2007, 2008–2009, 2018-2019
Cross Country (boys): 1969–1970
Gymnastics (girls): 1984–1985, 1985–1986, 1986–1987, 1993–1994, 1994–1995, 1995–1996, 1996–1997, 1997–1998, 1998–1999, 2004–2005, 2006–2007, 2007–2008
Hockey: 1990–1991, 1991–1992, 1992–1993  They went 73-1-1 from 1989 to 1993 
Soccer (boys): 1984–1985, 1997–1998
Swimming & Diving (boys): 1993–1994, 1994–1995
Basketball (girls) : 2019-2020The twelve state titles in girls gymnastics is a state record  The girls gymnastics team also holds state records for appearances at the state meet, top three team finishes, sectional titles, and regional titles 

Activities
Fremd sponsors 60 clubs and activities ranging from cultural and artistic to academic and technological  Among the activities which are chapters or affiliates of more nationally notable groups are: BPA, Chess, Robotics, FCCLA, Model UN, Tri-M Music Honor Society, National Honor Society, Vikettes (Colorguard), and National Science Bowl Five activities have won their respective IHSA sponsored state competition:

Debate: 2004–2005 (Lincoln-Douglas)
Drama: 1969–1970
Group Interpretation: 2014–2015
Journalism: 2007–2008, 2011–2012
Scholastic Bowl: 2005–06The Fremd Vikettes have won state titles in Team Dance Illinois, earning a First Place State Championship in 2010, 2011, and 2012, and Second Place State Titles in 2013 and 2014 for their flag/colorguard performances 
Each year, William Fremd High School hosts Writers Week, which has brought more than 200 writers to the Fremd campus since 1995 to share their work and philosophy on the writing process  Distinguished guest presenters have included Billy Collins, Gwendolyn Brooks, Nobel Laureate Leon Lederman; journalists Rick Bragg, Dana Kozlov, Burt Constable, and Eric Zorn; novelists Jane Hamilton, Raymond Benson, Rosellen Brown, Harry Mark Petrakis, and Frederik Pohl; poets Nikki Giovanni, Naomi Shihab Nye, and poetry slam creator Marc Smith; screenwriters Bill Kelly and Craig J  Nevius; and sportswriters Dan Roan and Mike Imrem  Presenters also include selected Fremd students and faculty 

Notable alumni
Born of Osiris is a progressive metalcore/deathcore band whose members Cameron Losch, Austin Krause, Ronnie Canizaro, Joe Buras, David Da Rocha, Lee McKinney, and Matt Pantelis met at and attended Fremd  Their third LP, Tomorrow We Die Alive, peaked at #27 on the Billboard 200 chart 
Eric Bradley is a Los Angeles-based guitarist, singer, and songwriter 
brandUn DeShay is a rapper and record producer, has produced for former Young Money artist Curren$y, Chance the Rapper, Mac Miller and Odd Future Wolf Gang Kill Them All 
Leslie Erganian is an artist and television correspondent for the Hallmark Channel 
Jasen Fisher is a former child actor who co-starred in Parenthood, The Witches, and Hook 
Chris Fleming is an international TV host and paranormal investigator on Dead Famous: Ghostly Encounters, which aired 2004–2007 on The Biography Channel; also co-hosted episodes of A&E Network Psychic Kids 2009–2010 and appeared on such shows as Larry King, Ghost Hunters, Ghost Adventures, The Haunted, and Paranormal Challenge 
Ryan Hartman currently plays for NHL's Minnesota Wild, and previously played for the Chicago Blackhawks 
Todd Hundley, two-time All-Star Major League Baseball catcher (1990–2003), playing most of his career with the New York Mets; briefly held single-season home run record for catchers; graduated Class of 1987 
Eric Leonard is a professional soccer midfielder who currently plays for Forward Madison FC of the USL League One 
Robert Lorenz is an Academy Award-nominated movie producer and assistant director known for his collaborations with Clint Eastwood (Letters from Iwo Jima, Mystic River, Space Cowboys, Changeling, Million Dollar Baby, Gran Torino) 
Ted Nugent is a musician and pro-gun activist with several multi-platinum albums 
Bette Otto-Bliesner named a notable alumni in 2008, climate scientist and one of the lead authors on assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, graduated class of 1968
Kris Myers is a drummer for the rock/jam band Umphrey's McGee 
Chris Perez played professional football in the NFL and Canadian Football League 
Mark Robinson is a drummer and business owner; notable acts include the Jonas Brothers, Kenny Chesney and Keith Urban; owner of Storyboard Records, an independent record label out of Atlanta 
Jim Schwantz is a former NFL linebacker (1992, 1994–98), primarily with the Dallas Cowboys, winning a Super Bowl ring in Super Bowl XXX; in 2009, he was elected mayor of Palatine; graduated Class of 1988 
Mallory Snyder is an actress/model who was featured on The Real World 13 
Mari-Rae Sopper was a gymnastics coach and Judge Advocate General's Corps lawyer who was a victim of the September 11 attacks as a passenger on hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 
Mike Tauchman is an outfielder for the Chicago Cubs in major league baseball  Graduated class of 2009 
Scott Tolzien is a quarterback for the NFL's Indianapolis Colts; led Wisconsin Badgers to 2010 Big Ten Conference co-championship and Rose Bowl; graduated Class of 2006 

Gallery
Passage 9:
Atlantic Community High School
Atlantic Community High School (also known as Atlantic and ATL and formerly called Seacrest High School) is a public high school located in Delray Beach, Florida, United States  It is part of the School District of Palm Beach County   Known for its academics, many students attend due to the school's International Baccalaureate program and its ranking as a top-rated school for many years  In the 2010 Newsweek ranking of America's best high schools, Atlantic High ranked 89th   In 2005, the school moved to its current location and added a freshman academy and a construction-oriented magnet program 

History
Atlantic Community High School, originally named Seacrest High School, was built in 1949 as a racially segregated school for white students in Delray Beach and Boynton Beach, Florida  African-American students living in the area attended Carver High School, which later became Carver Middle School and is now the Delray Beach Full Service Center  The school began the process of desegregation in 1961 when Yvonne Lee entered the school, one of only four African-American students attending otherwise all white schools in Palm Beach County that year  Seacrest remained almost all white, and Carver remained all African-American, until 1970, when Carver High School was closed and its student body merged with that of Seacrest, which was renamed Atlantic High School  The school adopted the colors of Seacrest High School (Green and White) and the mascot of Carver High School (the eagle)  It kept Seacrest High's old location along Seacrest Boulevard  In 1989, the school became an International Baccalaureate World School  In 2005, the school moved to its current location on Atlantic Avenue  In 2011, Kathleen Weigel was promoted from principal of the school to the new district position of Assistant Superintendent of Professional Growth  Weigel, who was principal for more than 10 years was replaced by Bear Lakes Middle School principal Anthony Lockhart 

Student demographics
There were 2324 students enrolled in Atlantic Community High School in the 2015–2016 school year  Fifty-three percent of the students were female  The student body was 56% African-American, 21% white, 13% Hispanic, 6% Asian-American, 3% multiracial, and less than 1% each Native American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 

Academics and magnet programs
School ratings
The school is rated annually by the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test 

International Baccalaureate
Atlantic is home to one of the five International Baccalaureate (also known as IB) high school programs of Palm Beach County (the others being Forest Hill Community High School, Pahokee High School, Suncoast High School, and William T  Dwyer High School) and caters to students living in the southern parts of the district 

Construction Academy
Atlantic's construction academy was added to the school beginning in fall 2005  The students of the academy designed and built a house called the "Eagle's Nest" (after the school mascot) for charity in collaboration with the city of Delray Beach  The groundbreaking ceremony for the project kick-off was held in December 2005  It is a three bedroom, two bath house, 1,500 square feet (140 m2) On October 25, 2010, the Construction Academy broke ground on a new house called "Eagle's Nest 2"  The house is to be a "green" house and the design incorporates aspects of a green building, using green construction material design principles  It too is being done in collaboration with the city of Delray Beach 

Extracurricular activities
Athletics
Atlantic participates in the 8A athletic division of the FHSAA  The school fields teams in 43 sports including football, basketball, baseball, swimming, soccer, softball, tennis, golf, bowling, wrestling, volleyball, cross country, track and field, weightlifting, and flag football among others  The Atlantic Boys' Baseball Team won the 13-7A District Championship against Dwyer on April 24, 2014  The Atlantic Boys' soccer team made it into the 4A state final four in the 2013–14 season  In 2015, Atlantic added a lacrosse team, both Boys and Girls  They ended up playing their inaugural season that year  In the 2015–16 season, the undefeated Eagles football team won the 10-8A District Championship against the undefeated Boca Raton Bobcats on October 30, 2015, in a rivalry matchup, and in 2017 they competed in the state championships 

JROTC
Atlantic is home to the Eagle Battalion of the Army Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps 

Clubs
Atlantic supports a wide variety of clubs, including Mu Alpha Theta, Academic Games, ACE, French National Honors Society, Black Student Union, Literary Club, Art Club, International Culture Club,  Science Club / Science Olympiad, Blood Drive, People for Animal Welfare (PAW), Jewish Forum, Muslim Student Association, Model UN, We the People, Robotics Club, Drama Club, Key Club, and chapters of the National Honor Society, Spanish National Honor Society and Rho Kappa Social Studies Honor Society 

Notable alumni
Bobby Butler after playing at Florida State went on to play for the Atlanta Falcons throughout the eighties and early nineties 
David Clowney, wide receiver played one year for the Carolina Panthers and four years for the New York Jets 
Brandon Flowers, defensive back played for the San Diego Chargers and the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League currently a free agent 
Orlando Franklin, right tackle for the San Diego Chargers started career with the Denver Broncos 
Mandy Freeman, professional soccer player for NY/NJ Gotfham FC and 10th pick overall at the 2017 NWSL College Draft
Jayron Hosley, a cornerback played four years with the New York Giants currently a free agent 
Omar Jacobs, fifth-round draft pick of the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 2006 NFL Draft, and former quarterback for the Berlin Thunder in NFL Europe 
Ricardo Jordan, former MLB player (Toronto Blue Jays, Philadelphia Phillies, New York Mets, Cincinnati Reds)
Preston Parker, wide receiver played for Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the New York Giants currently a free agent 
Rick Rhoden, former MLB player (Los Angeles Dodgers, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Yankees, Houston Astros)
Mike Rumph, former cornerback for the St  Louis Rams of the NFL  Currently the cornerbacks coach for the Miami Hurricanes football team
Passage 10:
Blue Valley West High School
Blue Valley West High School is a fully accredited public high school located in Overland Park, Kansas, United States, and one of five high schools by Blue Valley USD 229 school district, and has a current enrollment of approximately 1,280 students  The principal is Katherine  Bonnema  The school mascot is the Jaguar and the school colors are red, black, and silver  In the 2013 Newsweek rankings of the top high schools in America, Blue Valley West was ranked 1st in the state of Kansas and 439th in the nation Blue Valley West High School opened in August 2001 in order to help educate the increasing population of Overland Park  It was the fourth high school in the Blue Valley Unified School District to open, preceded by Blue Valley Northwest High School in 1993  Blue Valley West is a member of the Kansas State High School Activities Association and offers a variety of sports programs  Athletic teams compete in the 6A division and are known as the "Jaguars"  Extracurricular activities are also offered in the form of performing arts, school publications, and clubs 

History
Blue Valley West High School opened in August 2001 in order to help educate the increasing population of Overland Park  It was the fourth high school in the Blue Valley Unified School District to open, preceded by Blue Valley Northwest High School in 1993, and followed by Blue Valley Southwest High School in 2010 

Academics
The school offers 17 Advanced Placement classes, foreign language in Spanish and French, and performing and visual arts classes, among others  The Journalism department produces The Spotlight(newspaper) and The Illumination(yearbook)  Its broadcasting class produces Jagged Edge TV  The class of 2013 achieved an average score of 1828 on the SAT and 25 on the ACT 

Extracurricular activities
The Jaguars compete in the Eastern Kansas League and are classified as a 6A-5A school according to the KSHSAA  Throughout its history, Blue Valley West has won several state championships in various sports  Many graduates have gone on to participate in collegiate athletics  In the 2006–2007 school year the school won 2 state championships, was runner up for another, and had 4 other teams qualify for the state tournament  In the 2007 calendar year, BV West won the state title in football, boys' basketball, and baseball  This three-peat was the first of its kind in the history of KSHSAA competition 

Athletics
Football
The Blue Valley West Jaguar football team has become a contender in Kansas 6A football  The team's main rivals are Blue Valley High School and Saint Thomas Aquinas High School  Blue Valley West and Blue Valley have also developed a rivalry  Blue Valley West won the 2007 Eastern Kansas League title and went on to win the Kansas 5A State Championship on November 24, 2007, with an undefeated 13–0 season 

Boys' basketball
The boys basketball team won their first state title during the 2006–2007 school year Bishop Miege and Saint Thomas Aquinas are the basketball team's two primary rivals 

Golf
The Jaguars have won three team state titles  In 2002, the team won its first 5A state championship  This was followed by 6A state championships in 2006 and 2013 

Baseball
The baseball team won the Eastern Kansas League (EKL) title every year from the school's opening in 2001 to 2006, and did not lose a single game in conference until 2006  The baseball team won state championships in 2007 and 2022 

Girls' Bowling
The girls' bowling team was established during the 2011-2012 winter sports season to add more sports available to girls in the school 

Performing arts
The school has a theater group that presents three shows a year as part of the school curriculum  Choir programs offered include concert choir, choraliers, chorale and chamber  The last three of which require an audition 

Band
Blue Valley West has a competitive marching band, a concert band, a symphonic band, and a symphonic wind ensemble  The competitive marching band won the Kansas Bandmasters Association Marching Band Championship and also placed top 25 in the Bands of America St  Louis Super Regional Championship in the 2017–18 and 2018-19 school years 

Notable alumni
Matt Besler (Class of 2005), MLS player for Sporting Kansas City
Andrew Gachkar (Class of 2007), former NFL player for several teams
Madison Lilley (Class of 2017), professional volleyball player and member of U S  national team
Shannon Vreeland (Class of 2010), gold medalist in the 200 Freestyle Relay at 2012 Summer Olympics
Andrew Wojtanik (Class of 2008), winner of the 2004 National
Geographic Bee

See also
List of high schools in Kansas
List of unified school districts in KansasOther high schools in Blue Valley USD 229 school districtBlue Valley High School in Stilwell
Blue Valley North High School in Overland Park
Blue Valley Northwest High School in Overland Park
Blue Valley Southwest High School in Overland Park
Blue Valley Academy in Overland Park
Context 2: Passage 1:
Cass Corridor
The Cass Corridor is the name of the neighborhoods on the west end of Midtown Detroit  It includes the Cass Park Historic District, the Cass-Davenport Historic District and Old Chinatown  The corridor's main street, Cass Avenue, runs parallel with M-1 (Woodward Avenue), a main Detroit artery running north toward New Center  Though Cass runs from Congress Street, ending a few miles farther north at West Grand Boulevard, the Cass Corridor generally is defined as between Interstate 75 (I-75) at its southern end and Interstate 94 (I-94) to the north, and stretches from Woodward to the east and to the west: John C  Lodge (M-10 service drive) north of Temple, and Grand River Avenue south of Temple 

History
Significant landmarks of the area include the Detroit Masonic Temple (the world's largest building of its kind), Cass Technical High School, and the Metropolitan Center for High Technology are all located along Cass  Little Caesars Arena, open since September 5, 2017, as the new home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings and the NBA's Detroit Pistons, is on the west side of Woodward Avenue near I-75 
In the 1960s and '70s, the Cass Corridor became an area of cultural significance  Artists began renting cheap studio space in the Cass Corridor, which was near Detroit's Cultural Center Historic District  Artists associated with or influenced by the Cass Corridor artist movement include Brenda Goodman, Gary Grimshaw, Tyree Guyton, Charles McGee, Ann Mikolowski, Jim Pallas, Ellen Phelan, Gilda Snowden, Robert Wilbert, and Theo Wujcik In the 1970s, the Cass Corridor was a poor neighborhood known for drugs, prostitution and sex crimes against children  The area was of significance in the Oakland County Child Killer case Creem, which billed itself as "America's Only Rock 'n' Roll Magazine," had its headquarters in the area  The student population contributes to the bohemian atmosphere in Cass Corridor  The artistic community has produced a number of significant artists, including Sixto Rodriguez, Negative Approach and The White Stripes, who played their first show at the Gold Dollar 
Cass Corridor is also the location of the annual Dally in the Alley arts festival Since the 2000s, Joel Landy, president of the Cass Avenue Development construction company, has renovated and remodelled several buildings in the Cass Corridor  Landy was also featured in the television series American Pickers (season 3 episode "Motor City", September 19, 2011)  Since 1997, Avalon International Breads has been located in the Cass Corridor  In 2015, Jack White of the White Stripes, opened a retail store for his Record Label, Third Man Records at the Corner of Canfield and Cass From 2009, Dr  Alesia Montgomery of Michigan State University conducted a 5-year study visualizing a reinvented Detroit as a green city, with a particular emphasis on the Cass Corridor 

See also
Chinatown Detroit
List of places named for Lewis Cass
Passage 2:
Possessed (roller coaster)
Possessed is an Inverted Impulse launched roller coaster located at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom in Allentown, Pennsylvania  Manufactured by Intamin and designed by Werner Stengel, the roller coaster originally debuted at Six Flags Ohio amusement park as Superman: Ultimate Escape on May 5, 2000  After Cedar Fair purchased the park and renamed it back to Geauga Lake in early 2004, the coaster was immediately renamed Steel Venom  The ride closed in 2006 and was moved to Dorney Park  It reopened in 2008 briefly under the name Voodoo, and was renamed Possessed for the 2009 season  The model is identical to five other impulse coaster installations at other amusement parks  A larger version called Wicked Twister was located at Cedar Point until its closure in September 2021 

History
Geauga Lake era (2000–2006)
The ride opened on May 5, 2000 at Six Flags Ohio as Superman: Ultimate Escape  It was based on the DC Comics character Superman  Following Cedar Fair's acquisition of the park in 2004, in which the original Geauga Lake name was reinstituted to the park, all Looney Tunes and DC Comics branding owned by Six Flags was removed  In the process, the coaster was renamed Steel Venom, while receiving a new logo with a black background featuring a silver and purple snake  Even though Cedar Fair removed any mentions of Superman from the ride, the original blue, red, and yellow color scheme remained intact The coaster was dismantled after the 2006 season and put into storage  At the end of the 2007 season, Cedar Fair announced the amusement park section of the park would close and the park would operate exclusively as Wildwater Kingdom  Many rides at the park were relocated to other parks in the Cedar Fair chain 

Dorney Park era (2007–present)
Steel Venom was relocated to Dorney Park, where it reopened as Voodoo several weeks into the 2008 season on May 17, 2008  Prior to opening at Dorney Park, it was repainted to its current color scheme, as shown in the picture above, the supports were repainted teal and the track was repainted yellow  In 2009, the name was changed to Possessed after Six Flags expressed concerns over the name Voodoo, which it had recently trademarked for another ride  Instead of challenging, Cedar Fair opted to appease Six Flags and rename the coaster  Cedar Fair turned the incident into a marketing opportunity, which focused on a story that the ride was overtaken by evil spirits, fitting in line with the ride's original theme Possessed was closed for the entire 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic  It reopened in 2021 

Design
The coaster's layout consists of two vertical spikes, one twisted and the other straight vertical with a holding brake, connected by a launch and station tract to form a basic "U" layout  The original ride began with riders being launched forward by the use of linear induction motors  After the initial launch, the train heads up the twisted vertical spike that twists the train 180 degrees  The train then falls and is launched backwards up the vertical spike  It shuttles back and forth three times  During the ride's initial years, the holding brake at the top of the vertical rear spike would engage on the final launch, locking the train in place for a very brief moment  This holding brake is no longer operational  Valleyfair's Steel Venom is currently the only Intamin impulse coaster in the United States still operating with its holding brake 
The maximum G-force of the ride is 3 7 Gs, expectantly low for a twisted impulse coaster 

Gallery
Passage 3:
Georgia Depression
The Georgia Depression is a depression in the Pacific Northwest region of western North America  The depression includes the lowland regions of southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington along the shores of the Salish Sea 

Formation
The Georgia Depression was formed out of the collision of continental plates about 150 million years ago  During this period, the depression manifested as a broad valley with various rivers flowing down into it to reach the Pacific Ocean where the mouth of the Strait of Juan de Fuca lies Much of the current topography was formed through the erosion of the depression by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during the Vashon Glaciation, which lasted from about 19,000 – 16,000 BP  The retreat of the ice sheet revealed a scarred landscape that filled in with sea water once it had retreated beyond what is now the Strait of Juan de Fuca, forming the Salish Sea 

Geography
The Georgia Depression is encompassed by the Pacific Ranges to the north, Vancouver Island Ranges and Olympic Mountains to the west, and North Cascades to the east  The depression includes the Fraser Lowland, Nanaimo and Nahwitti lowlands of Vancouver Island, Puget Sound basin, and all the islands and adjoining waterways of the Salish Sea The majority of the population of British Columbia and Washington reside within this depression 

Geology
The landscape features glacially striated tablelands and rolling hills underlain by sedimentary rocks  The majority of soils in the depression are formed from glacial till, glacial outwash, and Lacustrine deposits 

Ecology
Much of the Georgia Depression is dry, flat, and at low elevation relative to the surrounding highlands  As such, a wide diversity of flora and fauna thrive within the depression Human activity has greatly altered much of the natural environment here through industrialization, agriculture, forestry, urbanization, and suburban sprawl 

See also
List of physiogeographic regions of British Columbia
Royal eponyms in Canada
Passage 4:
Steel Venom (Valleyfair)
Steel Venom is an inverted launched roller coaster located at Valleyfair amusement park in Shakopee, Minnesota, United States  The Impulse Coaster model from Intamin, which opened in 2003, reaches a height of 185 feet (56 m) and a maximum speed of 68 mph (109 km/h) 

History
Valleyfair unveiled Steel Venom in September 2002, a new roller coaster for the 2003 season manufactured by Intamin  It is an Impulse Coaster model, compact by design, and is also both Valleyfair’s and Minnesota’s first and only launch coaster  Steel Venom opened to the public on May 17, 2003 

Ride description
The coaster's single seven-car (28-passenger) train runs along a 200 m (656 ft) U-shaped track, incorporating two 185-foot (56 m) vertical spikes   The forward spike incorporates a twisted spiral, and the rearward spike provides a straight freefall   The 20 m (65 ft) train, propelled by linear induction motors (LIMs,) is accelerated in less than four seconds to 68 mph (109 km/h) toward the forward tower before dropping back down through the station house and up the rearward tower   A holding brake is incorporated on the rear straight tower and is able to suspend the train momentarily (usually on the final ascent during each ride) before dropping it back down to the station house 
Passage 5:
Alouette Lake
Alouette Lake, originally Lillooet Lake and not to be confused with the lake of that name farther north, is a lake and reservoir in Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada  It is located at the southeast foot of the mountain group known as the Golden Ears and is about 16 km in length on a northeast–southwest axis   It and the Alouette River, formerly the Lillooet River, were renamed in 1914 to avoid confusion with the larger river and lake farther north, with "Alouette", the French word for "lark", being chosen as being melodious and reminiscent of the original name in tone 
Most of the basin of Alouette Lake has never been logged and its north flank is protected as part of Golden Ears Provincial Park (formerly part of Garibaldi Provincial Park until that park's division)  A small portion of the lake and its largely inaccessible northwestern shore, near its narrows, are actually part of the District of Mission due to the rectangular shape of that district's boundary   North of the portion of the lake that is in Mission, the rest of its northern end is not in either municipality 

Alouette Dam
Originally only 2 km in length, the lake was considerably expanded by the 1928 construction of the Alouette Dam at 49°17′10″N 122°29′12″W, which is 11 5 km (7 mi) along the upper reaches of the South Alouette River  A 1,067 m (3,501 ft) long tunnel connects Alouette Lake and Stave Lake  At the end of the tunnel is a penstock which feeds the small Alouette Powerhouse, an 8 MW power station operated by BC Hydro, which lies midway along the west shore of Stave Lake 49°22′16″N 122°18′47″W There is no powerhouse at the dam, however, as the point of the reservoir is to feed the tunnel through the flank of the ridge between Mounts Crickmer and Robie Reid  A former railway grade leading to the dam along the river was also used as a logging railway 

Facilities
A large public beach, picnic site and campground that are part of the provincial park are located on the lake's western shore 
Passage 6:
Excalibur (Valleyfair)
Excalibur  is a steel roller coaster with a wooden structure located at Valleyfair in Shakopee, Minnesota  It was built in 1989 by Arrow Dynamics, for the cost of $3,000,000  The ride is 105 feet (32 m) tall with a top speed of 54 5 mph (87 7 km/h) and has a minimum height requirement of 48 inches  It follows a customized figure-eight track layout and is rather short for a major roller coaster, with a total ride duration of two minutes and thirteen seconds A few years after the ride was built, trim brakes were added at the top of the first hill  The bottom and first half of the turn were re-profiled in an attempt to reduce roughness  The photo spot and the "Excalibur Photos" booth were also removed  The photo booth was replaced with a Refreshment stand, which has also been removed 

Potential closure
Valleyfair has applied for a permit with the US Army Corps of Engineers that includes the removal of Excalibur to be replaced by a road and parking lot 
"APPLICATION FOR PERMIT TO discharge dredged and fill material into 4 52 acres of wetland for the purpose of constructing a new road around the park for employee access and for the construction of a new parking lot  The Valleyfair expansion project includes a proposed road relocation that will be used by park guests and primarily park employees to access nonpublic areas of the park and two parking areas, one for guests and one for staff "
Passage 7:
Bobo people
The Bobo are a Mande ethnic group living primarily in Burkina Faso, with some living north in Mali  Bobo is also a shortened name of the second-largest city in Burkina Faso, Bobo-Dioulasso 

Background
In much of the literature on African art, the group that lives in the area of Bobo-Dioulasso is called Bobo-Fing, literally "black Bobo"  These people call themselves Bobo and speak the Bobo language, a Mande language  The Bambara people also call another ethnic group "Bobo", the Bobo-Oule/Wule, more precisely called the Bwa  While the Bwa (Bobo-Oule) are a Gur people, speaking Gur languages (the Bwa languages), the true Bobo (Bobo Madare, Bobo Fing) are a Mande people 

Demographics
The Bobo number about 110,000 people, with the great majority in Burkina Faso  The major Bobo community in the south is Bobo-Dioulasso, the second-largest city of Burkina Faso and the old French colonial capital  Further north are large towns, including Fô and Kouka, with Boura in the extreme north in Mali 
The Bobo are far from homogeneous  They are an ancient aggregation of several peoples who have assembled around a number of core clans that do not preserve any oral traditions of immigration into the area  Their language and culture are more closely related to those of their Mandé neighbours to the north and west, the Bamana (as well as the Minianka, also known as Mamara Senoufo, and a Gur people) than to their Voltaic neighbours the Gurunsi and Mossi, but they should be thought of as a southern extension of the Mandé people who live in what is now Burkina Faso, rather than an intrusive Mandé group that has recently penetrated the region  Although over 41% of Bobo lineages claim a foreign origin, they also say that they are autochthonous 

Economy
Farming among the Bobo is of primary importance  Agricultural activity is not merely a way of providing for subsistence among the Bobo, it is the essential component of their day-to-day existence  The major food crops are red sorghum, pearl millet, yams, and maize  They also cultivate cotton, which is sold to textile mills in Koudougou  The imposition of colonial rule and the construction of these mills led to the disintegration of the local co-operative labor systems, which had served to bond the members of Bobo society together 

Political system
The Bobo lineage is the fundamental social building-block  The Bobo are an inherently decentralized group of people  The concept of placing political power in the hands of an individual is foreign to the Bobo  Each village is organized according to the relationship among individual patriline  The lineage unites all descendants of a common ancestor, called the wakoma, a word whose stem, wa-, is a contraction of the Bobo word for house wasa  The Bobo lineage comprises the people who live in a common house  The head of a lineage is called the wakoma or father of the lineage  He may also be called the sapro, which is the term for ancestors  As among other peoples in Burkina, each clan has a totem, so that when a Bobo introduces himself he gives his given name, then his clan name, followed by the totem that he respects 

Religion
The creator god is called Wuro  He cannot be described and is not represented by sculptures  Bobo cosmogony describes the creation of the world by Wuro and the ordering of his creations  He is responsible for the ordering of all things in the world into opposing pairs: man/spirits, male/female, village/bush, culture/nature and so on 
The balances between forces as they were created by Wuro are precarious, and it is easy for men to throw the forces out of balance  Farming, for instance, can unbalance the precarious equilibrium between culture/nature and village/bush when the crops are gathered in the bush and brought into the village 
For the Bobo people there are two important epochs  The time of Wuro, when the universe was created and the historical time, when Wuro gave man his son Dwo 

Sources
Christopher Roy: Art of the Upper Volta Rivers  Traduction et adaptation en francais F Chaffin  Alain et Françoise Chaffin, Meudon, 1987
Guy Le Moal : Les Bobo  Nature et fonction des masques  Musée royale de l'Afrique centrale, Tervuren, 1999 

External links

The Art of Burkina Faso by Christopher D  Roy
Passage 8:
Eureka, Nunavut
Eureka is a small research base on Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Qikiqtaaluk Region, in the Canadian territory of Nunavut  It is located on the north side of Slidre Fiord, which enters Eureka Sound farther west  It is the third-northernmost permanent research community in the world   The only two farther north are Alert, which is also on Ellesmere Island, and Nord, in Greenland   Eureka has the lowest average annual temperature and the lowest amount of precipitation of any weather station in Canada 
Eureka's postal code is X0A 0G0 and the area code is 867 

Divisions
The base consists of three areas:

the Eureka Aerodrome which includes "Fort Eureka" (the quarters for military personnel maintaining the island's communications equipment)
the Environment and Climate Change Canada Weather Station
the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), formerly the Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Observatory (AStrO)PEARL is operated by a consortium of Canadian university researchers and government agencies known as the Canadian Network for Detection of Atmospheric Change



ground_truth: #364

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which is farther north, Steel Venom or Wicked Twister?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  PEARL announced it would cease full-time year-round operation as of April 30, 2012, due to lack of funding, but this decision was reversed in May 2013 with the announcement of new funds 

History
Eureka was founded on April 7, 1947, as part of an initiative to set up a network of Arctic weather stations  On this date, 100 t (98 long tons; 110 short tons) of supplies were airlifted to a promising spot on Ellesmere Island, and five prefabricated Jamesway huts were constructed  Regular weather observations began on January 1, 1948  The station has expanded over the years  At its peak, in the 1970s, at least fifteen staff were on site; in 2005, it reported a permanent population of zero with at least 8 staff on a continuous rotational basis Several generations of buildings have been developed  The latest operations centre, with work areas and staff quarters in one large structure, was completed in 2005 

Location and accessibility
The complex is powered by diesel generators  The station is supplied once every six weeks with fresh food and mail by air, and annually in the late summer, a supply ship from Montreal brings heavy supplies  On July 3, 2009, a Danish Challenger 604 MMA jet landed at Eureka's aerodrome 
The jet is a military observation aircraft based on the Challenger executive jet  This jet visited Eureka on a familiarization trip, in order to prepare for the possibility of Danish aircraft assisting in search and rescue missions over Canadian territory  The Canadian American Strategic Review noted critically that the first jet to fly a mission to Eureka was not Canadian At Eureka's latitude, a geosynchronous communications satellite, if due south, would require an antenna to be pointed nearly horizontally; satellites farther east or west along that orbit would be below the horizon  Telephone access and television broadcasts arrived in 1982 when Operation Hurricane resulted in the establishment of a satellite receiving station at nearby Skull Point, which has an open view to the south  The low-power Channel 9 TV transmitter at Skull Point was the world's most northern TV station at the time  In the 1980s, TV audio was often connected to the telephone to feed CBC-TV news to CHAR-FM in isolated CFS Alert  More recently, CANDAC has installed what is likely the world's most northerly geosynchronous satellite ground-station to provide Internet-based communications to PEARL Other inhabited places on Ellesmere Island include Alert and Grise Fiord 

Flora and fauna
Eureka has been described as "The Garden Spot of the Arctic" due to the flora and fauna abundant around the Eureka area, more so than anywhere else in the High Arctic  Fauna include muskox, Arctic wolves, Arctic foxes, Arctic hares, and lemmings  In addition, summer nesting geese, ducks, owls, loons, ravens, gulls and many other smaller birds nest, raise their young, and return south in August 

Climate
Eureka experiences a polar climate (ET)  The settlement sees the midnight sun between April 10 and August 29, with no sunlight at all between mid-October and late February  Eureka has the lowest average annual temperature and least precipitation of any weather station in Canada with an annual mean temperature of −18 8 °C (−1 8 °F)  Average winter temperatures are almost comparable to those found in northeastern Siberia  However, summers are slightly warmer than other places in the Canadian Arctic because Eureka is somewhat landlocked, being near the centre of Ellesmere Island  Even so, since record keeping began, the temperature has never exceeded 20 9 °C (69 6 °F), first reached on July 14, 2009  Although a polar desert, evaporation is also very low, which allows the limited moisture to be made available for plants and wildlife  Its frost-free  season averages 56 days, much longer than many other places nearby 

See also
List of research stations in the Arctic
Passage 9:
Battle of White Plains
The Battle of White Plains was a battle in the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War, fought on October 28, 1776, near White Plains, New York   Following the retreat of George Washington's Continental Army northward from New York City, British General William Howe landed troops in Westchester County, intending to cut off Washington's escape route   Alerted to this move, Washington retreated farther, establishing a position in the village of White Plains but failed to establish firm control over local high ground   Howe's troops drove Washington's troops from a hill near the village; following this loss, Washington ordered the Americans to retreat farther north 
Later British movements chased Washington across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania   Washington then crossed the Delaware and surprised a brigade of Hessian troops in the December 26 Battle of Trenton 

Background
British General William Howe, after evacuating Boston in March 1776, regrouped in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and embarked in June on a campaign to gain control of New York City   The campaign began with an unopposed landing on Staten Island in early July  British troops made another unopposed landing on Long Island on August 22, south of the areas where General George Washington's Continental Army had organized significant defenses around Brooklyn Heights After losing the Battle of Long Island on August 27, General Washington and his army of 9,000 troops escaped on the night of August 29–30 to York Island (as Manhattan was then called)   General Howe followed up with a landing on Manhattan on September 15, but his advance was checked the next day at Harlem Heights   After an abortive landing at Throg's Neck, he landed troops with some resistance at Pell's Point on October 18 to begin an encircling maneuver that was intended to trap Washington's army between that force, his troops in Manhattan, and the Hudson River, which was dominated by warships of the Royal Navy   Howe established a camp at New Rochelle, but advance elements of his army were near Mamaroneck, only 7 miles (11 km) from White Plains, where there was a lightly defended Continental Army supply depot 

Prelude
On October 20, General Washington sent Colonel Rufus Putnam out on a reconnaissance mission from his camp at Harlem Heights   Putnam discovered the general placement of the British troop locations and recognized the danger to the army and its supplies   When he reported this to Washington that evening, Washington immediately dispatched Putnam with orders to Lord Stirling, whose troops were furthest north, to immediately march to White Plains   They arrived at White Plains at 9 am on October 21, and were followed by other units of the army as the day progressed   Washington decided to withdraw most of the army to White Plains, leaving a garrison of 1,200 men under Nathanael Greene to defend Fort Washington on Manhattan   General Howe's army advanced slowly, with troops from his center and right moving along the road from New Rochelle to White Plains, while a unit of Loyalists occupied Mamaroneck   The latter was attacked that night by a detachment of Lord Stirling's troops under John Haslet, who took more than thirty prisoners as well as supplies, but suffered several killed and 15 wounded   As a result, Howe moved elements of his right wing to occupy Mamaroneck   On October 22, Howe was reinforced by the landing at New Rochelle of an additional 8,000 troops under the command of Wilhelm von Knyphausen 
Washington established his headquarters at the Elijah Miller House in North White Plains on October 23, and chose a defensive position that he fortified with two lines of entrenchments  The trenches were situated on raised terrain, protected on the right by the swampy ground near the Bronx River, with steeper hills further back as a place of retreat  The American defenses were 3 miles (4 8 km) long  Beyond that, on the right, was Chatterton's Hill, which commanded the plain over which the British would have to advance  The hill was initially occupied by militia companies numbering several hundred, probably including John Brooks' Massachusetts militia company On October 24 and 25, Howe's army moved from New Rochelle to Scarsdale, where they established a camp covering the eastern bank of the Bronx River   This move was apparently made in the hopes of catching Charles Lee's column, which had to alter its route toward White Plains and execute a forced march at night to avoid them   Howe remained at Scarsdale until the morning of October 28, when his forces marched toward White Plains, with British troops on the right under General Henry Clinton, and primarily Hessian troops on the left under General von Heister 

Composition of forces
British & Hessians
British
British troops involved included:
16th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons
17th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons
1st Battalion, Guards Brigade
2nd Battalion, Guards Brigade
5th Regiment of Foot (Northumberland Fusiliers)
23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fusiliers)
27th Regiment of Foot
28th Regiment of Foot
35th Regiment of Foot
42nd (Royal Highland, The Black Watch) Regiment of Foot
49th Regiment of Foot
52nd Regiment of Foot
No 1 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery
No 2 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery
No 4 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (Specially thanked in General Orders)
No 5 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (Thanked in General Orders)
No 8 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (Thanked in General Orders)Hessians

Grenadier Regiment von Rahl
Fusilier Regiment von Knyphausen

Americans
American (continental) forces in the battle included:
Spencer's Division
Parson's Brigade under Brigadier General Samuel Holden Parsons
10th Continental Regiment (6th Connecticut)
20th Continental Regiment (20th Connecticut)
21st Continental Regiment (Ward's Militia)
Wadsworth's Brigade under Brigadier General James Wadsworth
Gay's Battalion
Douglas' Battalion
Delaware Regiment
1st New York Regiment
3rd New York Regiment
Maryland Regiment
Connecticut Regiment
Brook's New York Militia
Graham's Massachusetts Militia

Battle
While Washington was inspecting the terrain to determine where it was best to station his troops, messengers alerted him that the British were advancing  Returning to his headquarters, he ordered the 2nd Connecticut Regiment under Joseph Spencer out to slow the British advance, and sent Haslet and the 1st Delaware Regiment, along with Alexander McDougall's brigade (Rudolphus Ritzema's 3rd New York Regiment, Charles Webb's 19th Continental Regiment, William Smallwood's 1st Maryland Regiment, and the 1st New York Regiment and 2nd New York Regiments) to reinforce Chatterton Hill Spencer's force advanced to a position on the old York road at Hart's corners (Hartsdale, New York) and there exchanged fire with the Hessians led by Colonel Johann Rall that were at the head of the British left column   When Clinton's column threatened their flank, these companies were forced into a retreat across the Bronx River that was initially orderly with pauses to fire from behind stone walls while fire from the troops on Chatterton Hill covered their move, but turned into a rout with the appearance of dragoons   Rall's troops attempted to gain the hill, but were repelled by fire from Haslet's troops and the militia, and retreated to a nearby hilltop on the same side of the river   This concerted defense brought the entire British Army, which was maneuvering as if to attack the entire American line, to a stop While Howe and his command conferred, the Hessian artillery on the left opened fire on the hilltop position, where they succeeded in driving the militia into a panicked retreat   The arrival of McDougall and his brigade helped to rally them, and a defensive line was established, with the militia on the right and the Continentals arrayed along the top of the hill   Howe finally issued orders, and while most of his army waited, a detachment of British and Hessian troops was sent to take the hill The British attack was organized with Hessian regiments leading the assault   Rall was to charge the American right, while a Hessian battalion under Colonel Carl von Donop (consisting of the Linsing, Mingerode, Lengereck, and Kochler grenadiers, and Donop's own chasseur regiment) was to attack the center  A British column under General Alexander Leslie (consisting of the 5th, 28th, 35th, and 49th Foot) was to attack the right   Donop's force either had difficulty crossing the river, or was reluctant to do so, and elements of the British force were the first to cross the river   Rall's charge scattered the militia on the American right, leaving the flank of the Maryland and New York regiments exposed as they poured musket fire onto the British attackers, which temporarily halted the British advance   The exposure of their flank caused them to begin a fighting retreat, which progressively forced the remainder of the American line, which had engaged with the other segments of the British force, to give way and retreat   Haslet's Delaware regiment, which anchored the American left, provided covering fire while the remaining troops retreated to the north, and were the last to leave the hill   The fighting was intense, and both sides suffered significant casualties before the Continentals made a disciplined retreat 

Casualties
John Fortescue's History of the British Army says that Howe's casualties numbered 214 British and 99 Hessians  However, Rodney Atwood points out that Fortescue's figure for the Hessians includes the entire Hessian casualties from 19–28 October and that in fact only 53 of these casualties were incurred at the Battle of White Plains  This revised figure would give a total of 267 British and Hessians killed, wounded or missing at White Plains  Henry Dawson, on the other hand, gives Howe's loss as 47 killed, 182 wounded and 4 missing 
The American loss is uncertain  Theodore Savas and J  David Dameron give a range of 150–500 killed, wounded and captured  Samuel Roads numbers the casualties of 47 killed and 70 wounded  Henry Dawson estimates 50 killed, 150 wounded and 17 missing for McDougall's and Spencer's commands but has no information on the losses in Haslet's regiment 

Aftermath
The two generals remained where they were for two days, while Howe reinforced the position on Chatterton Hill, and Washington organized his army for retreat into the hills   With the arrival of additional Hessian and Waldeck troops under Lord Percy on October 30, Howe planned to act against the Americans the following day   However, a heavy rain fell the whole next day, and when Howe was finally prepared to act, he awoke to find that Washington had again eluded his grasp Washington withdrew his army into the hills to the north on the night of October 31, establishing a camp near North Castle   Howe chose not to follow, instead attempting without success to draw Washington out   On November 5, he turned his army south to finish evicting Continental Army troops from Manhattan, a task he accomplished with the November 16 Battle of Fort Washington Washington eventually crossed the Hudson River at Peekskill with most of his army, leaving New England regiments behind to guard supply stores and important river crossings   Later, British movements chased him across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania, and the British established a chain of outposts across New Jersey  Washington, seeing an opportunity for a victory to boost the nation's morale,  crossed the Delaware and surprised Rall's troops in the December 26 Battle of Trenton 

Legacy
Each year on or near the anniversary date, the White Plains Historical Society hosts a commemoration of the event at the Jacob Purdy House in White Plains, New York   Two ships in the United States Navy were named for the Battle of White Plains  CVE-66 was an escort carrier in World War II  AFS-4 was a combat stores ship that was decommissioned in 1995 According to some historians, the Headless Horseman depicted in Washington Irving's short story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" was inspired by a real-life Hessian soldier who lost his head by cannon fire during this battle 

See also
List of American Revolutionary War battles
American Revolutionary War §British New York counter-offensive  The 'Battle of White Plains' placed in overall sequence and strategic context 

Notes
Bibliography
Major Francis Duncan, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Volume II, 1873 London John Murray 
Fischer, David Hackett (2004)  Washington's Crossing  New York: Oxford University Press  ISBN 978-0-19-517034-4  OCLC 186017328 
Digby Smith, Kevin E  Kiley, and Jeremy Black, An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Uniforms of the American War of Independence, 2017 Lorenz Books, London, United Kingdom  ISBN 978-0-7548-1761-1 

External links

The Battle of White Plains
White Plains Historical Society
Passage 10:
Wicked Twister
Wicked Twister was an inverted roller coaster located at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio, United States  Designed by Werner Stengel, it was a second-generation, double-twisting Impulse model manufactured by Intamin  Wicked Twister opened as the tallest and fastest inverted coaster in the world on May 5, 2002  It was retired by the park on September 6, 2021, closed on September 7, and gave over 16 million rides during its lifetime 

History
Construction on Wicked Twister began on October 15, 2001, shortly after Stadium Games, formerly known as the Aquarium, was razed  The new coaster was officially announced the following month, and its media day was held on May 2, 2002 Billed as the tallest and fastest double-twisting impulse coaster ever built, Wicked Twister actually opened as the tallest and fastest inverted coaster in the world on May 5, 2002  It held both records until the opening of Legendary Twin Dragon at Chongqing Sunac Land in China in 2021  Additional supports were added to the ride's structure for the 2003 season  Two yellow supports were added to each spike to connect the track to the top of the main support structure 

In May 2021, park official Tony Clark implied in a series of tweets that Wicked Twister was going to be retired  This was confirmed on August 6, 2021, when Cedar Point officially announced the closure of Wicked Twister, scheduled for September 6, 2021  The ride then closed September 7, and on its last day of operation, park employees handed out "last launch" buttons to riders, sold limited-edition commemorative t-shirts, and gave away 16 "golden tickets" granting winners a spot on the last public train  Wicked Twister had accumulated over 16 million rides in 20 seasons of operation On November 3, 2021, Cedar Point announced that Wicked Twister would be demolished  Demolition and removal was completed on February 8, 2022 

Ride details
Wicked Twister consisted of two 215 feet (66 m) tall spikes  Both ends of the track were designed with 450-degree vertical twists, referred to as the front and rear towers, which differentiated Wicked Twister from other Impulse Coaster models from Intamin  The loading platform and linear induction motor (LIM) propulsion system sat between the two towers along a horizontal track section  The ride was built directly on Cedar Point Beach, and its entrance plaza was located in the former Aquarium location  The track was painted yellow with teal supports The ride featured one train that consisted of eight cars  Riders were arranged two across in two rows for a total of 32 riders  Wicked Twister's theme song was "The Winner" by the Crystal Method 

Layout
Linear induction motors propelled the train forward out of the station at 50 mph (80 km/h) during the first launch, which carried the train approximately halfway up the front tower  After coming to a stop, the train then fell and returned through the station, re-entering the LIM section and accelerating for a second launch to 63 mph (101 km/h) in the opposite direction  After climbing to its peak approximately halfway up the rear tower, the process would repeat a third time accelerating to 69 mph (111 km/h) and climbing to its highest point on the front tower 
A fourth and final LIM launch on the train's return through the station accelerated the train to its maximum speed of 72 mph (116 km/h), reaching a maximum height of 206 ft (63 m) up the rear tower  The train then made one more final pass through the station without any interaction from the LIM launch section and up the front spike  Subsequent passes through the station were met with the brakes being applied to slow the train slightly more each time until finally coming to rest 

See also
The Flash: Vertical Velocity – similar coaster located at Six Flags Great America
Possessed – similar coaster located at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom
Steel Venom – similar coaster located at Valleyfair
Context 3: Passage 1:
Joy S  Burns
Joy S  Burns was the president and CEO of the D C  Burns Realty and Trust Company and the owner of the Burnsley Hotel  She was involved in the Denver, Colorado, community and served on a number of boards, including the Denver Metro Convention and Visitor's Bureau; Sportswomen of Colorado, Inc ; the Denver Center for the Performing Arts; and the Metropolitan Football Stadium District  Burns was also a founder of the Colorado Women's Foundation and of the Colorado Business Bank  She was inducted into the Colorado Business Hall of Fame in 1998, the Colorado Tourism and Travel Hall of Fame in 1999, and the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame in 2000 
Burns' work with the University of Denver started in 1972 when she began volunteering with the Women's Library Association  In 1981, she joined the board of trustees  Nine years later she became chairman of the board, becoming the first woman to hold the post  She has been a trustee for 30 years and supported the Joy Burns Arena at the Ritchie Center and the Joy Burns Plaza in the Newman Center for the Performing Arts  In addition, she supports the Franklin L  Burns School of Real Estate and Construction Management, named after her late husband  Burns was inducted into the University of Denver Athletic Hall of Fame in 1997  She was also the recipient of the 2005 DU Josef Korbel Humanitarian Award and the 2008 award for Distinguished Service to the university 
Burns died in 2020 at age 92 
Passage 2:
Denver Broncos
The Denver Broncos are a professional American football franchise based in Denver, Colorado  The Broncos compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) West division  The team is headquartered in Dove Valley, Colorado 
The team began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL) and joined the NFL as part of the merger in 1970  The Broncos are currently owned by the Walton-Penner group, and play their home games at Empower Field at Mile High; Denver previously played its home games at Mile High Stadium from its inception in 1960 through the 2000 season 
The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10-year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL  They did not have a winning season until 1973 and qualified for their first playoffs in 1977, eventually advancing to Super Bowl XII that season  Since 1975, the Broncos have become one of the NFL's most successful teams, having suffered only eleven losing seasons  They have won eight AFC Championships (1977, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1997, 1998, 2013, 2015), and three Super Bowl championships (1997 (XXXII), 1998 (XXXIII), 2015 (50), and share the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses (5 — tied with the New England Patriots)  The Broncos have eight primary members enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame: John Elway, Floyd Little, Shannon Sharpe, Gary Zimmerman, Terrell Davis, Champ Bailey, and Steve Atwater, along with late club owner Pat Bowlen 

Franchise history
Bob Howsman/Gerald Phipps era (1960–1980)
The Denver Broncos were founded on August 14, 1959, when minor league baseball owner Bob Howsam was awarded an American Football League (AFL) charter franchise  The Broncos won the first-ever AFL game over the Boston Patriots 13–10, on September 9, 1960  Seven years later on August 5, 1967, they became the first-ever AFL team to defeat an NFL team, with a 13–7 win over the Detroit Lions in a preseason game  However, the Broncos were not successful in the 1960s, winning more than five games only once (7–7, 1962), compiling a 39–97–4 ( 293) record during the ten seasons of the AFL Denver came close to losing its franchise in 1965, until a local ownership group took control, and rebuilt the team  The team's first superstar, "Franchise" Floyd Little, was instrumental in keeping the team in Denver, due to his signing in 1967 as well as his Pro Bowl efforts on and off the field  The Broncos were the only original AFL team that never played in the title game, as well as the only original AFL team never to have a winning season while a member of the AFL during the upstart league's 10-year history In 1972, the Broncos hired former Stanford University coach John Ralston as their head coach  In 1973, he was the UPI's AFC Coach of the Year, after Denver achieved its first winning season at 7–5–2  In five seasons with the Broncos, Ralston guided the team to three winning seasons  Though Ralston finished the 1976 season with a 9–5 record, the team, as was the case in Ralston's previous winning seasons, still missed the playoffs  Following the season, several prominent players publicly voiced their discontent with Ralston, which soon led to his resignation 

Red Miller, a long-time assistant coach, was hired and along with the Orange Crush Defense (a nickname originated in 1977, also the brand of the popular orange-flavored soft drink) and aging quarterback Craig Morton, took the Broncos to what was then a record-setting 12–2 regular-season record and their first playoff appearance in 1977, and ultimately made their first Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XII, in which they were defeated by the Dallas Cowboys (Morton's former team), 27–10 

Edgar Kaiser/Pat Bowlen era (1981–2018)
In 1981, Broncos' owner Gerald Phipps, who had purchased the team in May 1961 from the original owner Bob Howsam, sold the team to Canadian financier Edgar Kaiser Jr , grandson of shipbuilding industrialist Henry J  Kaiser  In 1984, the team was purchased by another Canadian, Pat Bowlen, who placed team ownership into a family trust sometime before 2004 and remained in day-to-day control until his battle with Alzheimer's disease forced him to cede the team to Joe Ellis in 2014 

Dan Reeves years (1981–1992)
Dan Reeves became the youngest head coach in the NFL when he joined the Broncos in 1981 as vice president and head coach  Quarterback John Elway, who played college football at Stanford, arrived in 1983 via a trade  Originally drafted by the Baltimore Colts as the first pick of the draft, Elway proclaimed that he would shun football in favor of baseball (he was drafted by the New York Yankees to play center field and was also a pitching prospect), unless he was traded to a selected list of other teams, which included the Broncos  Prior to Elway, the Broncos had over 24 different starting quarterbacks in its 23 seasons to that point 

Reeves and Elway guided the Broncos to six post-season appearances, five AFC West divisional titles, three AFC championships and three Super Bowl appearances (Super Bowl XXI, XXII and XXIV) during their 12-year span together  The Broncos lost Super Bowl XXI to the New York Giants, 39–20; Super Bowl XXII to the Washington Redskins, 42–10; and Super Bowl XXIV to the San Francisco 49ers, 55–10; the latter score remains the most lopsided scoring differential in Super Bowl history  The last year of the Reeves-Elway era were marked by feuding, due to Reeves taking on play-calling duties after ousting Elway's favorite offensive coordinator Mike Shanahan after the 1991 season, as well as Reeves drafting quarterback Tommy Maddox out of UCLA instead of going with a wide receiver to help Elway  Reeves was fired after the 1992 season and replaced by his protégé and friend Wade Phillips, who had been serving as the Broncos' defensive coordinator  Phillips was fired after a mediocre 1994 season, in which management felt he lost control of the team 

Mike Shanahan years (1995–2008)
In 1995, Mike Shanahan, who had formerly served under Reeves as the Broncos' offensive coordinator, returned as head coach  Shanahan drafted rookie running back Terrell Davis  In 1996, the Broncos were the top seed in the AFC with a 13–3 record, dominating most of the teams that year  The fifth-seeded Jacksonville Jaguars, however, upset the Broncos 30–27 in the divisional round of the playoffs, ending the Broncos' 1996 run 

Super Bowl XXXII champions (1997)
During the 1997 season, Elway and Davis helped guide the Broncos to their first Super Bowl victory, a 31–24 win over the defending champion Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII  Though Elway completed only 13 of 22 passes, throwing one interception and no touchdowns (he did, however, have a rushing touchdown), Davis rushed for 157 yards and a Super Bowl-record three touchdowns to earn the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award—this while overcoming a severe migraine headache that caused him blurred vision 

Super Bowl XXXIII champions (1998)
The Broncos repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season, defeating the Atlanta Falcons (led by Elway's longtime head coach Dan Reeves) in Super Bowl XXXIII, 34–19  Elway was named Super Bowl MVP, completing 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards, with an 80-yard touchdown to wide receiver Rod Smith and one interception 
John Elway retired following the 1998 season, and Brian Griese started at quarterback for the next four seasons  After a 6–10 record in 1999, mostly due to a season-ending injury to Terrell Davis, the Broncos recovered in 2000, earning a Wild Card playoff berth, but losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens  After missing the playoffs the following two seasons, former Arizona Cardinals' quarterback Jake Plummer replaced Griese in 2003, and led the Broncos to two straight 10–6 seasons, earning Wild Card playoff berths both years  However, the Broncos went on the road to face the Indianapolis Colts in back-to-back seasons and were blown out by more than 20 points in each game, allowing a combined 90 points In the years following the back-to-back championships, a league investigation revealed that the team had cheated the salary cap in both seasons and the 1996 season by deferring additional money to Elway and Davis outside of the salary cap  In addition, they purposefully avoided waiving certain players before a certain date  Denver claimed the moves did not give them additional competitive avantage  Between two separate punishments, they were stripped of their third-round picks in both the 2002 and 2005 drafts and fined nearly $2 million combined Plummer led the Broncos to a 13–3 record in 2005 and their first AFC West division title since 1998  After a first-round bye, the Broncos defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots, 27–13, denying New England from becoming the first NFL team ever to win three consecutive Super Bowl championships  They were the first team to beat the Patriots in the playoffs during the Tom Brady era  The Broncos' playoff run came to an end the next week, after losing at home to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship game, 34–17  The Steelers went on to win Super Bowl XL 
The Broncos' defense began the first five games of the 2006 season allowing only one touchdown - an NFL record that still stands  ESPN commentator and Super Bowl-winning QB Joe Theismann gave the 2006 defense the name “Bad Blue” on Monday Night Football as they played the Ravens  However, the team struggled down the season stretch  Plummer led the team to a 7–2 record, but struggled individually with inconsistent performance and more interceptions than touchdown passes  As a result, he would be replaced by rookie quarterback Jay Cutler  Cutler went 2–3 as a starter, and the Broncos finished with a 9–7 record, losing the tiebreaker to the Kansas City Chiefs for the final playoff spot  Cutler's first full season as a starter in 2007 became the Broncos' first losing season since 1999, with a 7–9 record 
The 2008 season ended in a 52–21 loss at the San Diego Chargers, giving the Broncos an 8–8 record and their third straight season out of the playoffs  Mike Shanahan, the longest-tenured and most successful head coach in Broncos' franchise history, was fired after 14 seasons 

Josh McDaniels years (2009–2010)
On January 11, 2009, two weeks after Shanahan was fired, the Broncos hired former New England Patriots' offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels as the team's new head coach  Three months later, the team acquired quarterback Kyle Orton as part of a trade that sent Jay Cutler to the Chicago Bears 
Under McDaniels and Orton, the Broncos jumped out to a surprising 6–0 start in 2009  However, the team lost eight of their next ten games, finishing 8–8 for a second consecutive season and missing the playoffs  The next season (2010), the Broncos set a new franchise record for losses in a single season, with a 4–12 record  McDaniels was fired before the end of the 2010 season following a combination of the team's poor record and the fallout from a highly publicized videotaping scandal  Running backs coach Eric Studesville was named interim coach for the final four games of the 2010 season  He chose to start rookie first-round draft choice Tim Tebow at quarterback for the final three games 

John Fox years (2011–2014)
Following the 2010 season, Joe Ellis was promoted from Chief Operating Officer to team president, while John Elway returned to the organization as the team's Executive Vice President of Football Operations  In addition, the Broncos hired John Fox as the team's 14th head coach  Fox previously served as the Carolina Panthers' head coach from 2002 to 2010 Following a 1–4 start to the 2011 season, Tim Tebow replaced Kyle Orton as the Broncos' starting quarterback, and “Tebow Time” was born  Tebow led the Broncos with toughness, determination and miraculous come-from-behind victories which gave the Broncos hope and were the catalyst for better things to come  Tebow led the Broncos to an 8–8 record and garnered the team's first playoff berth and division title since 2005  The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Wild Card round on a memorable 80-yard touchdown pass from Tebow to wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on the first play of overtime, setting a record for the fastest overtime in NFL history  However, the Broncos lost to the New England Patriots in the Divisional round In March 2012, the Broncos reached an agreement on a five-year, $96 million contract with former longtime Indianapolis Colts' quarterback Peyton Manning, who had recently missed the entire 2011 season following multiple neck surgeries  This resulted in the Broncos subsequently trading incumbent quarterback Tim Tebow to the New York Jets  The Broncos finished with a 13–3 record and the AFC's No  1 seed in the 2012 playoffs, but were defeated by the Baltimore Ravens in the Divisional round Like in 2012, the 2013 Broncos finished with a 13–3 record and the AFC's No  1 seed  The Broncos broke all offensive records and QB Peyton Manning shattered many QB records that season as well  In the 2013 playoffs, they defeated the San Diego Chargers in the Divisional round and the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship  However, the Broncos lost to the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII by a score of 43–8, the Broncos' first Super Bowl berth since winning back-to-back Super Bowls in 1997 and 1998 
Prior to the start of the 2014 season, the Broncos announced that Pat Bowlen, the team's owner since 1984, relinquished control of the team due to his battle with Alzheimer's disease, resulting in team president Joe Ellis and general manager John Elway assuming control of the team  The Broncos finished the 2014 season with a 12–4 record and the AFC's No  2 seed  However, the Broncos were defeated by the Indianapolis Colts in the Divisional round of the 2014 playoffs, marking the third time in four seasons that the Broncos lost in the Divisional round of the playoffs  Quarterback Peyton Manning had been playing with strained quadriceps for the final month of the 2014 season 

Gary Kubiak years (2015–2016)
On January 12, 2015, one day after the divisional playoff loss to the Colts, the Broncos and head coach John Fox mutually agreed to part ways  Fox left the Broncos with a  719 winning percentage in his four seasons as the Broncos' head coach—the highest in franchise history  One week later, the Broncos hired Gary Kubiak as the team's 15th head coach  Kubiak served as a backup quarterback to executive vice president/general manager John Elway from 1983 to 1991, as well as the Broncos' offensive coordinator from 1995 to 2005 

Super Bowl 50 champions (2015)
Shortly after Kubiak became head coach, the Broncos underwent numerous changes to their coaching staff and players, including the hiring of defensive coordinator, defensive mastermind Wade Phillips, under whom the Broncos' defense went from middle of the road to being ranked No  1 in the NFL  By the 2015 season, it would go on to be considered one of the greatest NFL defenses of all time - along with the 1985 Bears, 2000 Ravens and 2002 Buccaneers  The Broncos finished with a 12–4 record and the AFC's No  1 seed, despite Peyton Manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts in 1998  Backup quarterback Brock Osweiler started the last six games of the regular season due to Manning suffering from a foot injury  Manning led the Broncos throughout the playoffs  The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 23–16 in the Divisional Round and the New England Patriots 20–18 in the AFC Championship  They were victorious against the Carolina Panthers 24–10 in Super Bowl 50 for their third Super Bowl title On March 7, 2016, quarterback Peyton Manning retired after 18 NFL seasons during a press conference at the team's Dove Valley headquarters Following Manning's retirement, the Broncos scrambled to find the team's next starting quarterback after backup quarterback Brock Osweiler departed on a four-year contract to the Houston Texans  The Broncos acquired Mark Sanchez from the Philadelphia Eagles and selected Paxton Lynch during the 2016 draft  Sanchez, Lynch and second-year quarterback Trevor Siemian competed for the starting quarterback spot during the off-season and preseason  Prior to the regular season, Sanchez was released and Siemian was named the starter  The Broncos finished the season 9–7 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2010 
On January 2, 2017, coach Gary Kubiak announced his retirement, citing health as the main reason for retiring  The Broncos hired Miami Dolphins defensive coordinator Vance Joseph as head coach on January 11, 2017  The Broncos finished 5–11 in 2017 as a result of an unimpressive offense led by a quarterback committee of Trevor Siemian, Brock Osweiler, and Paxton Lynch 
In an effort to address poor production from the offense, the Broncos signed quarterback Case Keenum on March 14, 2018, and traded away Trevor Siemian to the Minnesota Vikings on March 19, 2018 
On May 1, 2018, the Broncos signed local undrafted free agent running back Phillip Lindsay, who became a fan favorite due to his underdog mentality, explosive play style and local roots  Lindsay became the first undrafted player in NFL history with 100+ scrimmage yards in each of their first two games and on December 18, 2018, Lindsay was voted to the 2019 Pro Bowl, making him the first undrafted offensive rookie in NFL history to be voted to a Pro Bowl After getting off to a strong start, their 2018 season was up and down, eventually finishing with a 6–10 record and placing third in the AFC West  Coupled with the 5–11 season in 2017, the Broncos had back-to-back losing seasons for the first time since 1971–1972  Shortly after the conclusion of the regular season, head coach Vance Joseph was fired after recording a poor 11–21 record in two seasons 

Vic Fangio years (2019–2021)
On January 10, 2019, the Broncos hired Chicago Bears defensive coordinator Vic Fangio to become the 17th head coach in franchise history  Fangio was chosen over Mike Munchak, the Broncos' offensive line coach  Fangio received a four-year contract with a team option for an additional season On February 13, 2019, Joe Flacco was announced as the new starting quarterback  On October 6, 2019, the Broncos defeated the Los Angeles Chargers for their 500th win, bringing their win–loss record to 500–432 On December 1, 2019, the Broncos started Mizzou rookie quarterback Drew Lock for the first time  He led the Broncos to a 4–1 record to end the 2019 season  The Broncos finished 2nd place in the AFC West Division at 7–9, missing the playoffs for a fourth consecutive year  In five games, Lock finished with 1,020 passing yards, seven touchdowns, and three interceptions 
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 NFL season did not have a preseason or full training camps, which likely contributed to an abnormally large amount of injuries that plagued the Broncos and other NFL teams  Star linebacker Von Miller suffered a season-ending ankle tendon injury before the regular season started, and starting wide receiver Courtland Sutton suffered a season-ending torn ACL during a week two game 
On November 29, 2020, after all three of the Broncos' quarterbacks were placed in COVID-19 protocol, the Broncos were forced to turn to undrafted wide receiver and former college quarterback Kendall Hinton as the emergency quarterback  Hinton completed only one pass for 13 yards in 9 attempts—the fewest pass completions in a single game in franchise history—and was intercepted twice  The Broncos' only scoring play was a 58-yard field goal by placekicker Brandon McManus in a 31–3 loss to the New Orleans Saints  In July 2021, the Pro Football Hall of Fame announced that Hinton's quarterback wristband would be added to the Hall of Fame as part of a display The Broncos finished the 2020 season with a record of 5–11, last in the AFC West, and missed the playoffs for the fifth consecutive year 
Following another season of uninspiring quarterback performances, the Broncos were the subject of multiple quarterback trade rumors during the 2021 offseason  Aaron Rodgers and Deshaun Watson were two names rumored to be of interest for the Broncos, but ultimately the Broncos traded for quarterback Teddy Bridgewater on April 28, 2021  Bridgewater won the subsequent quarterback competition between himself and Drew Lock during the preseason, and he was named the Broncos' starting quarterback on August 25, 2021 
The Broncos also made notable improvements in the defensive secondary, signing former All-Pro cornerback Kyle Fuller and cornerback Ronald Darby, as well as drafting Alabama cornerback Patrick Surtain II with the ninth overall pick in the 2021 NFL Draft  Running back Phillip Lindsay was replaced by UNC rookie running back Javonte Williams, who was drafted in the second round of the 2021 NFL Draft by the Broncos 
On October 31, 2021, Peyton Manning (who won two AFC Championships, Super Bowl 50, and an NFL MVP during his four seasons as a Bronco) was inducted to the Broncos' Ring of Fame during a game against Washington On November 1, 2021, the Broncos traded franchise legend Von Miller to the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for a 2nd and 3rd round pick in the 2022 NFL Draft  At the time of the trade, Miller was the longest-tenured Bronco on the team, and the only remaining non-special teams player from Denver's Super Bowl 50 roster 
After another mediocre performance in the 2021 season with the Broncos going 7–10, head coach Vic Fangio was dismissed on January 8, 2022, after losing to the Kansas City Chiefs  The Broncos announced the hiring of Green Bay Packers offensive coordinator Nathaniel Hackett as head coach on January 27, 2022 The Broncos then announced on February 1, 2022, that they were now up for sale and that they would be parting ways with the Bowlen family, the former owners of the franchise Hackett's first hire as head coach was Justin Outten as offensive coordinator  He was hired on February 2, 2022 
On March 16, 2022, the Broncos traded Drew Lock, Noah Fant, Shelby Harris, Denver's 2022 first-round pick (No  9), its 2022 second-round pick (No  40), its 2023 first- and second-round picks, and its 2022 fifth-round round pick for Russell Wilson and the Seattle Seahawks' 2022 fourth-round pick 

Walton-Penner Era (2022–present)
On June 7, 2022, the Broncos announced that the Walton-Penner family, led by Rob Walton, had entered in an agreement to acquire the Denver Broncos for $4 65 billion (a North American record) subject to approval by the NFL Finance Committee and 3/4 of the league's team owners  The Broncos announced that Condoleezza Rice would join the ownership group on July 11, 2022 On August 10, 2022, the Broncos formally introduced the new ownership group to the media and Denver community  The full group comprises Rob Walton, Carrie Walton Penner, Greg Penner, Mellody Hobson, Condoleezza Rice and Lewis Hamilton On December 26, with the Broncos sitting at 4–11 following a 51–14 Christmas Day loss to the Los Angeles Rams, Hackett was fired and replaced by interim head coach Jerry Rosburg  He became the fifth head coach to not finish his first season after Lou Holtz in 1976, Pete McCulley in 1978, Bobby Petrino in 2007, and Urban Meyer in 2021  Jerry Rosburg was released from the staff on January 25 

Rivalries
Divisional
The Denver Broncos have three AFC West rivals—the Kansas City Chiefs, Las Vegas Raiders and Los Angeles Chargers  All teams, along with the Broncos, were charter members of the American Football League (AFL), with each team placed in the AFL Western Division  The Broncos were barely competitive during the AFL years (1960–69), going a combined 10–49–1 against the Chiefs, Chargers and Raiders 

Kansas City Chiefs
The Broncos have had several memorable matchups with the Chiefs, particularly during the years in which John Elway was the Broncos' starting quarterback (1983–98)  The Broncos defeated the Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium in the divisional round of the 1997 NFL playoffs, en route to their first Super Bowl victory  The Chiefs currently hold a 69–55 series lead over the Broncos, including the aforementioned 1997 divisional playoff game 

Las Vegas Raiders
The rivalry with the Raiders was ignited in 1977, when the Broncos advanced to their first Super Bowl by defeating the defending champion Raiders in the 1977 AFC Championship  The rivalry intensified in the mid-1990s, when Mike Shanahan was hired as the Broncos' head coach in 1995  Shanahan coached the Raiders in 1988 before being fired four games into the 1989 season  The Raiders currently hold a 70–54–2 series lead over the Broncos, including 1–1 in the playoffs 

Los Angeles Chargers
Unlike their records against the Chiefs and Raiders, the Broncos currently have a winning record against the Chargers, with a 70–54–1 series lead, including 1–0 in the playoffs  The Broncos pulled off one of the largest comebacks in Monday Night Football history, when Peyton Manning led the Broncos from a 24–0 halftime deficit to a 35–24 win at San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium during the 2012 season  The two teams met in the playoffs for the first time on January 12, 2014, at Denver's Sports Authority Field at Mile High, with the Broncos winning 24–17 

Historical
Aside from the aforementioned AFC West teams, the Broncos have had intra-conference rivalries over the years with the Cleveland Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots   The Broncos and Seattle Seahawks were also former AFC West rivals from 1977 to 2001, after which Seattle was realigned to the NFC West 

Cleveland Browns
The Broncos had a brief rivalry with the Browns that arose from three AFC championship matches in 1986, 1987 and 1989  In the 1986 AFC Championship, quarterback John Elway led The Drive to secure a tie in the waning moments at Cleveland Municipal Stadium; the Broncos went on to win in 23–20 in overtime  One year later, the two teams met again in the 1987 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium  Denver took a 21–3 lead, but Browns' quarterback Bernie Kosar threw four touchdown passes to tie the game at 31–31 halfway through the 4th quarter  After a long drive, John Elway threw a 20-yard touchdown pass to running back Sammy Winder to give Denver a 38–31 lead  Cleveland advanced to Denver's 8-yard line with 1:12 left, but Broncos' safety Jeremiah Castille stripped Browns' running back Earnest Byner of the football at the 2-yard line—a play that has been called The Fumble by Browns' fans  The Broncos recovered it, gave Cleveland an intentional safety, and went on to win 38–33  The two teams met yet again in the 1989 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium, which the Broncos easily won by a score of 37–21  The Broncos did not win the Super Bowl after any of the championship games where they defeated the Browns, losing by an aggregate of 136–40 

Pittsburgh Steelers
As of the end of the 2015 season, the Broncos and Steelers have met in postseason play eight times, tied with five other pairings for the second–most frequent playoff matchups in NFL playoff history  The Broncos currently own a 5–3 playoff record vs  the Steelers  Perhaps the most memorable postseason matchup occurred in the 1997 AFC Championship, in which the Broncos defeated the Steelers 24–21 at Three Rivers Stadium, en route to their first Super Bowl victory  Eight years later, the Steelers returned the favor at INVESCO Field at Mile High, defeating the Broncos 34–17 in the 2005 AFC Championship, and subsequently won Super Bowl XL  In the Wild Card round of the 2011 playoffs, in a game dubbed The 3:16 game, the Broncos stunned the Steelers 29–23 on the first play of overtime, when quarterback Tim Tebow connected with wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on an 80-yard game-winning touchdown pass  The teams met again in the Divisional round of the 2015 playoffs at Denver, where the Broncos defeated the Steelers 23–16 on their way to a victory in Super Bowl 50 

New England Patriots
The Broncos and Patriots met twice annually during the American Football League (AFL) years from 1960 to 1969, and played in the first-ever AFL game on September 9, 1960  Since 1995, the two teams have met frequently during the regular season, including nine consecutive seasons from 1995 to 2003  As of the end of the 2015 season, the two teams have met in the playoffs five times, with the Broncos owning a 4–1 record  The teams' first playoff match on January 4, 1987, was John Elway's first career playoff win, while the teams' second playoff match on January 14, 2006, game was the Broncos' first playoff win since Elway's retirement after the 1998 season  The game was also notable for Champ Bailey's 100-yard interception that resulted in a touchdown-saving tackle by Benjamin Watson at the 1-yard line  On October 11, 2009, the two teams met with former Patriots' offensive coordinator, Josh McDaniels as the Broncos' head coach  Both teams wore their AFL 50th anniversary jerseys  The game featured a 98-yard drive in the fourth quarter, with a game-tying touchdown pass from Kyle Orton to Brandon Marshall, followed by an overtime drive led by Orton that resulted in a 41-yard game-winning field goal by Matt Prater  The two teams met in the Divisional round of the 2011 playoffs, with the Patriots blowing out Tim Tebow and the Broncos by a score of 45–10  The Broncos' rivalry with the Patriots later intensified when longtime Indianapolis Colts' quarterback Peyton Manning became the Broncos' starting quarterback from 2012 to 2015  Manning and Patriots' quarterback Tom Brady maintained a legendary rivalry from 2001 until Manning's retirement after the 2015 season  Though Brady dominated Manning in regular season play, winning nine of twelve meetings, Manning won three of five playoff meetings, including the Broncos' 26–16 win in the 2013 AFC Championship and the Broncos' 20–18 win in the 2015 AFC Championship 

Seattle Seahawks
The Broncos had an old rivalry with the Seattle Seahawks, who were members of the AFC West from 1977 to 2001, prior to the Seahawks' move to the NFC West as part of the NFL's 2002 re-alignment  During the 25 years in which the Seahawks resided in the AFC West, the Broncos went 32–18 against the Seahawks, including a loss at Seattle in the 1983 NFL playoffs  Since 2002, the Broncos have won three of five interconference meetings, and the two teams met in Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2, 2014, with the Seahawks winning by a score of 43–8 

Facilities
For most of their history, the Denver Broncos played in Mile High Stadium  The AFL Broncos played at the University of Denver's Hilltop Stadium from time to time, including the first victory of an AFL team over an NFL team: The Broncos beat the Detroit Lions on August 5, 1967, in a preseason game  The team has sold out every home game (including post-season games) since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970, with the exception of two replacement games during the 1987 strike (but both were sold out before the strike) 
During home games, the attendance is announced to the crowd, along with the number of no-shows (the fans subsequently boo the no-shows)  The fans are also known to chant "IN-COM-PLETE!" every time the visiting team throws an incomplete pass  The stadium's legendary home-field advantage is regarded as one of the best in the NFL, especially during the playoffs  The Broncos had the best home record in pro football over a 32-year span from 1974 to 2006 (191–65–1)  Mile High Stadium was one of the NFL's loudest stadiums, with steel flooring instead of concrete, which may have given the Broncos an advantage over opponents, plus the advantage of altitude conditioning for the Broncos  In 2001, the team moved into then-named Invesco Field at Mile High, built next to the former site of the since-demolished Mile High Stadium  Sportswriter Woody Paige, along with many of Denver's fans, however, often refused to call the stadium by its full name, preferring to use "Mile High Stadium" because of its storied history and sentimental import  Additionally, The Denver Post had an official policy of referring to the stadium as simply "Mile High Stadium" in protest, but dropped this policy in 2004 

Prior to the 2011 season, Englewood-based sporting goods retailer Sports Authority claimed the naming rights of Invesco Field, which became known as Sports Authority Field at Mile High  However, in the summer of 2016, Sports Authority went bankrupt, the stadium was renamed Broncos Stadium at Mile High, and the Broncos sought out a naming rights sponsor until September 2019 when they agreed to rename the stadium Empower Field at Mile High The altitude has also been attributed as part of the team's home success  The stadium displays multiple references to the stadium's location of 5,280 feet (1 000 mi) above sea level, including a prominent mural just outside the visiting team's locker room  The team training facility, the UCHealth Training Center (formerly known as the Paul D  Bowlen Memorial Broncos Centre), is a state-of-the-art facility located in Dove Valley  With 13 5 acres (5 5 ha) of property, the facility hosts three full-size fields, a complete weight and training facility, and a cafeteria In their more than half-century of existence, the Broncos have never been shut out at home, a streak of over 400 games as of the 2016 season In late 2012, the Broncos announced that the stadium would receive $30 million upgrades including a new video board in the south end zone three times larger than the previous display  The renovations were finished before kickoff of the 2013 season 

Logos and uniforms
1968–1996
When the Broncos debuted in 1960, their original uniforms drew as much attention as their play on the field  They featured white and mustard yellow jerseys, with contrasting brown helmets, brown pants and vertically striped socks  Two years later, the team unveiled a new logo featuring a bucking horse, and changed their team colors to orange, royal blue and white  The 1962 uniform consisted of white pants, orange helmets, and either orange or white jerseys In 1968, the Broncos debuted a design that became known as the "Orange Crush"  Their logo was redesigned so that the horse was coming out of a "D " Additionally, the helmets were changed to royal blue, with thin stripes placed onto the sleeves, and other minor modifications were added  From 1969 to 1971, and again from 1978 to 1979, the team wore orange pants with their white jerseys  The facemasks became white (from grey) in 1975 
The Broncos wore their white jerseys at home throughout the 1971 season, as well as for 1980 home games vs  the San Diego Chargers and Dallas Cowboys, the latter in hopes to bring out the "blue jersey jinx" which has followed the Cowboys for decades (it worked, the Broncos won 41–20)  The Broncos wore their white jerseys for 1983 home games vs  the Philadelphia Eagles, Los Angeles Raiders and Cincinnati Bengals, but did not wear white at home again for two decades — see next section In 1994, in honor of the 75th anniversary season of the NFL, the Broncos wore their 1965 throwback uniforms for two games—a Week 3 home game against the Raiders, as well a road game at the Buffalo Bills the following week 

1997–2011
The Broncos radically changed their logo and uniforms in 1997, a design that the team continues to use to this day  The new logos and uniforms were unveiled on February 4, 1997  Navy blue replaced royal blue on the team's color scheme  The current logo is a profile of a horse's head, with an orange mane and navy blue outlines  The Broncos' popular live animal mascot Thunder was the inspiration to incorporate a horse-head profile as part of the logo on the team's helmets  During a February 4, 1997, press conference introducing the new logo, the team president and the art director for Nike, who were the creators of the new design, described it as "a powerful horse with a fiery eye and mane "The Broncos began wearing navy blue jerseys, replacing their longtime orange jerseys that had been the team's predominant home jersey color since 1962  This new uniform design features a new word mark, numbering font and a streak that runs up and down the sides of both the jerseys and the pants  On the navy blue jerseys, the streak is orange, with an orange collar and white numerals trimmed in orange, while on the road white jerseys, the streak is navy blue, with a thin orange accent strip on both sides, a navy collar and navy numerals trimmed in orange; the helmet facemasks became navy blue  When they debuted, these uniforms were vilified by the press and fans, until the Broncos won their first-ever Super Bowl in the new design that same season  The navy blue jerseys served as the team's primary home jersey until the end of the 2011 season — see next section In 2002, the Broncos introduced an alternate orange jersey that is a mirror image of the aforementioned navy blue jerseys, but with orange and navy trading places  Like the road white jerseys, the white pants with the navy blue streaks running down the sides are worn with this uniform  This jersey was used only once in the 2002 and 2004 seasons, and were used twice per season from 2008 to 2011  Mike Shanahan, the team's head coach from 1995 to 2008, was not a big fan of the alternate orange jerseys  The Broncos previously wore orange jerseys as a throwback uniform in a Thanksgiving Day game at the Dallas Cowboys in 2001 The team also introduced navy blue pants in 2003, with orange side streaks to match with the navy blue jerseys  Though they were part of the uniform change in 1997 (in fact, they were worn for a couple of 1997 preseason games) and most players wanted to wear them, the only player who vetoed wearing them was John Elway, thereby delaying their eventual introduction  From 2003 to 2011, these pants were primarily used for select prime-time and late-season home games (excluding the 2008 season), and since 2012, are used exclusively with the now-alternate navy blue jerseys — see next section 
On November 16, 2003, the Broncos wore their white jerseys at home for the first time since 1983, in a game vs  the San Diego Chargers  This was compensation for a uniform mix-up, after the teams' first meeting at San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium in Week 2 earlier that season, when the Chargers were the team that was supposed to declare their uniform color  The Chargers were planning to wear their white jerseys, but the visiting Broncos came to the stadium in white, and were fined $25,000 by the NFL as a result  When the two teams met at INVESCO Field at Mile High later that season (Week 11), the NFL allowed the visiting Chargers to choose their uniform color in advance, and they chose navy blue, forcing the Broncos to wear their white jerseys at home In 2009, in honor of their 50th anniversary season as one of the eight original American Football League teams, the Broncos wore their 1960 throwback uniforms (brown helmets, mustard yellow and brown jerseys) for games against two fellow AFL rivals—a Week 5 home game vs  the New England Patriots, as well as the following week at the San Diego Chargers 

2012–present
Beginning in 2012, the orange jerseys that served as the alternate colored jerseys from 2002 to 2011 became the primary home jersey, while the navy blue jerseys that served as the primary home jersey from 1997 to 2011 switched to alternate designation  The change was made due to overwhelming popularity with the fans, who pressured the Broncos to return to orange as the team's primary home jersey color  Since the 2012 uniform change, the team has worn the alternate navy blue jerseys for at least one home game per season, with the exception of 2013, in which the Broncos wore their alternate navy blue uniforms for an October 6, 2013, road game at the Dallas Cowboys, which the Broncos won in a shootout, 51–48  The team will either wear the navy blue or the white pants — with the orange side stripes — to match with the alternate navy blue jerseys  The team initially did not wear the white pants with the orange side stripes, until a November 1, 2015, game vs  the Green Bay Packers, in which the Broncos wore said design in order to match the uniform ensemble that was used during the team's Super Bowl XXXII win over the Packers  On October 30, 2022, the Broncos debuted a new combination of white jerseys and alternate navy blue pants in an NFL London Game at the Jacksonville Jaguars, with mismatched side stripes of navy blue (white jersey) and orange (navy blue pants) As the designated home team in Super Bowl 50, the Broncos — who have a 0–4 Super Bowl record when using their standard orange jerseys — chose to wear their white jerseys as the designated "home" team In 2016, the Broncos' unveiled a new Color Rush uniform, which the team wore for a Thursday Night game at the San Diego Chargers on October 13, 2016  The uniform kit contained the following features: orange pants, which the team wore for the first time since 1979, orange socks and shoes, along with block-style numerals trimmed in navy blue that mirrored the team's 1968–1996 uniform style  Due to the NFL's one-helmet rule implemented in 2013, the helmets remained the same, with the team temporarily replacing the modern primary logo with the throwback "D-horse" logo  The same uniform was used for a Thursday night game against the Indianapolis Colts during the 2017 season and again during a 2018 game against the Pittsburgh Steelers 

Statistics and records
Season-by-season records
Players of note
Current roster
50th Anniversary Team (2009)
The Denver Broncos announced the club's 50th anniversary team on September 15, 2009  The anniversary team was voted on by users at DenverBroncos com from June 6 – September 4, 2009 

Retired numbers
† Note: No  18 was re-issued for Peyton Manning after Tripucka gave his approval; it was used by Manning from the 2012 season until his retirement after the 2015 season  Manning's name was added to the retired number's banner as an honorable mention 

Pro Football Hall of Famers
Ring of Fame
The Broncos have a Ring of Fame on the Level 5 facade of Empower Field at Mile High, which honors the following:

Super Bowl MVPs
Colorado Sports Hall of Fame
Staff and head coaches
Head coaches
The most recent head coach of the Broncos was Nathaniel Hackett  On December 26, 2022, ownership announced that Hackett had been fired after he led the team to a disappointing 4–11 record despite entering the season with high expectations 

Current staff
In the media and popular culture
Tim McKernan, a k a  Barrel Man, began wearing a barrel in 1977 after making a $10 (equivalent to $50 in 2022) bet with his brother, Scott, that by wearing one he could get on television  McKernan won the bet, and the barrel he had painted to look like an Orange Crush soda can became his signature costume, and resulted in him becoming one of the Broncos' most recognized fans and a popular mascot  McKernan died on December 5, 2009 
The animated television show South Park, set in Park County, often mentions the Denver Broncos; show creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone both grew up in Colorado as devout Broncos fans 
In The Simpsons season 5 episode Cape Feare, when the family are to be given new identities, Homer imagines himself as John Elway, scoring a (consolation) touchdown against San Francisco  Conversely, in the 1996 episode "You Only Move Twice", Hank Scorpio gives Homer Simpson the Denver Broncos as a thank-you gift for helping him  However, Homer complains that he wanted to own the Dallas Cowboys, as the Broncos team that just arrived are playing very sloppy football on his front lawn (a reference to the team losing four Super Bowl appearances, three by significant margins including Super Bowl XII against Dallas)  Incidentally, the Broncos were 13–3 in the 1996 season, and won the Super Bowl the next two seasons  Only two seasons later in the Super Bowl-centric episode "Sunday, Cruddy Sunday", Homer chooses Denver as his Super Bowl XXXIII pick over Moe's choice of the Atlanta Falcons  In the episode, "The Bonfire of the Manatees", Homer picks the Broncos to win the Super Bowl over the Seattle Seahawks  The two teams later did play against each other in Super Bowl XLVIII which aired on Fox, the U S  home of The Simpsons; but the result was a Seahawks victory instead 
In the 1979 Mork & Mindy episode "Hold That Mork", Mork's character, played by Robin Williams, became the first male cheerleader in Broncos' history  As a member of the "Pony Express", he trotted out on the field at Mile High Stadium during an actual Broncos' game vs  the New England Patriots on November 11, 1979  The episode aired exactly two weeks later 
Many former Broncos are now in broadcasting, including Shannon Sharpe, Mark Schlereth, Alfred Williams, Tom Jackson, Ed McCaffrey, Brian Griese, David Diaz-Infante, Terrell Davis and Brandon Stokley  Some former Broncos work in radio, KKFN and KDFD in Denver, Colorado 
Former tight end and wide receiver Nate Jackson has written and published two nonfiction books, Slow Getting Up and Fantasy Man  His writing about the NFL has appeared in Slate, Deadspin, The Daily Beast, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and BuzzFeed, among others  Jackson also co-hosts the Caveman Poet Society 

Radio and television
The Broncos' flagship radio station is currently KOA, 850AM, a 50,000-watt station owned by iHeartMedia  Dave Logan is the play-by-play announcer, with former Broncos' wide receiver Ed McCaffrey serving as the color commentator beginning in 2012, replacing Brian Griese  Ed McCaffrey was replaced by Rick Lewis  Until 2010, preseason games not selected for airing on national television were shown on KCNC, channel 4, which is a CBS owned-and-operated station, as well as other CBS affiliates around the Rocky Mountain region  On May 26, 2011, the Broncos announced that KUSA channel 9, an NBC affiliate also known as 9NEWS in the Rocky Mountain region, will be the team's new television partner for preseason games In 2011, the Broncos began a partnership with KJMN, 92 1 FM, a leading Spanish language radio station owned by Entravision Communications (EVC)  The partnership also includes broadcasting rights for a half-hour weekly TV show on KCEC, the local Univision affiliate operated by Entravision Communications 
Passage 3:
List of Denver Broncos first-round draft picks
The Denver Broncos are a professional American football team based in Denver, Colorado  They are members of the American Football Conference West Division in the National Football League (NFL)  The franchise was formed on August 14, 1959, to compete in the American Football League (AFL)  The first AFL Draft was held three months later  The last AFL draft the Broncos participated in was the 1966 draft, due to them joining the NFL as part of the AFL–NFL merger on June 8, 1966 The Broncos first participated in the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting, more commonly known as the NFL Draft, in 1967  In the NFL Draft, each NFL franchise annually seeks to add new players to its roster  Teams are ranked in reverse order based on the previous season's record; the worst record picks first, the second-worst picking second and so on  The two exceptions to this order are made for teams that appeared in the previous Super Bowl; the Super Bowl champion always picks 32nd, and the Super Bowl loser always picks 31st   Teams have the option of trading away their picks to other teams for different picks, players, cash, or a combination thereof   Thus, it is not uncommon for a team's actual draft pick to differ from their assigned draft pick, or for a team to have extra or no draft picks in any round due to these trades The Broncos selected Roger LeClerc, a placekicker from Trinity College, in the 1960 AFL Draft  In their first NFL Draft, the Broncos selected Floyd Little, a running back from Syracuse University  The Broncos have selected players from the University of Nebraska, University of Florida, and University of Tennessee three times each, the most from any university in the first-round  The team's most recent selections were Tim Tebow, a quarterback from Florida University and Demaryius Thomas, wide receiver from Georgia Tech  Three selections, Floyd Little, Merlin Olsen and Bob Brown, were enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1982 and 2004, respectively  In 1991, Mike Croel became the first Bronco to win the Defensive Rookie of the Year award, receiving 68 out of 82 votes The Broncos' latest first-round pick is University of Alabama cornerback Patrick Surtain II, who they picked 9th overall in the 2021 NFL Draft 

Key
Player selections
Footnotes
a  The Broncos traded their 1965 first-round pick along with defensive tackle Bud McFadin to the Houston Oilers for quarterback Jacky Lee 
b 1 2  On August 15, 1967, the Broncos traded their No  4 overall pick in the 1968 Draft and No  9 overall pick in the 1969 Draft to the San Diego Chargers for quarterback Steve Tensi 
c  On January 28, 1971, the Broncos traded their No  9 overall pick in the 1971 Draft and defensive end Alden Roche to the Green Bay Packers for the No  12 overall pick in the 1971 Draft and quarterback Don Horn 
d  On February 1, 1980, the Broncos traded their No  20 overall pick and a second-round pick in the 1980 Draft along with quarterback Craig Penrose to the New York Jets for quarterback Matt Robinson 
e  The Broncos traded their No  19 overall pick in the 1982 Draft to the Buffalo Bills for the No  21 overall pick and a fourth-round pick in the 1982 Draft 
f  On May 2, 1983, the Broncos traded their No  19 overall pick in the 1984 Draft along with quarterback Mark Herrmann and guard Chris Hinton to the Baltimore Colts for quarterback John Elway 
g  On October 9, 1984, the Broncos traded their No  21 overall pick and third-round pick in 1986 Draft and fifth-round pick in 1987 Draft to the Cincinnati Bengals for the draft rights of Ricky Hunley 
h  On April 23, 1989, the Broncos traded their No  13 overall pick in the 1989 Draft to the Cleveland Browns for the No  20 overall, second, fifth, and ninth-round picks in the 1989 Draft 
i  On July 7, 1989, the Broncos selected Bobby Humphrey in the 1989 Supplemental Draft; as a result, they forfeited their rights to a first-round pick in 1990 Draft 
j  The Broncos traded their No  14 overall pick and a third-round pick in the 1993 Draft to the Cleveland Browns for the No  11 overall pick 
k  On August 23, 1993, the Broncos traded their No  18 overall pick and sixth-round pick in the 1994 draft and a second-round pick in the 1995 draft to the Minnesota Vikings for offensive tackle Gary Zimmerman 
l  On April 24, 1994, the Broncos traded a third-round selection in the 1994 Draft and a first-round pick in the 1995 Draft to the Atlanta Falcons for wide receiver Mike Pritchard and a seventh-round pick in the 1995 Draft 
m  On April 12, 2000, the Broncos traded their No  10 overall pick in the 2000 Draft to the Baltimore Ravens for the No  15 overall pick and a second-round pick in the 2000 Draft 
n  On April 9, 2004, the Broncos traded No  24 overall pick in the 2004 Draft along with cornerback Deltha O'Neal and a fourth-round pick to the Cincinnati Bengals for the No  17 overall pick 
o  On April 19, 2005, the Broncos traded their No  25 overall pick in the 2005 Draft to the Washington Redskins for a third-round pick in the 2005 Draft, No  22 overall and fourth-round picks in the 2006 Draft 
p  On March 21, 2006, the Broncos traded their No  29 overall pick along with a third-round pick in the 2006 Draft and fourth-round pick in the 2007 Draft to the Atlanta Falcons for the No  15 overall pick On April 19, 2006, the Broncos traded their No  22 overall pick to the San Francisco 49ers for second and third-round picks On April 29, 2006, the Broncos traded their No  15 overall pick to the St  Louis Rams for the No  11 overall pick and a third-round pick in the 2006 Draft 
q  On April 28, 2007, the Broncos traded their No  21 overall pick along with a third and sixth-round picks to the Jacksonville Jaguars for the No  17 overall pick 
r  On April 2, 2009, the Broncos traded quarterback Jay Cutler and a fifth-round pick in the 2009 Draft to the Chicago Bears for the No  18 overall pick in the 2009 Draft along with a third-round pick in the 2009 Draft and a first-round pick in the 2010 Draft 
s  On April 22, 2010, the Patriots traded this selection to the Broncos for a first-round selection (24th overall; traded to Dallas, who selected Dez Bryant) and a fourth-round selection it acquired from San Francisco (113th overall; New England selected Aaron Hernandez) 
t  On April 22, 2010, the Ravens traded this selection to the Broncos for a second-round selection it acquired from Miami (43rd overall; Baltimore selected Sergio Kindle), a third-round selection it acquired from Philadelphia (70th overall; Baltimore selected Ed Dickson), and a fourth-round selection (114th overall; Baltimore selected Dennis Pitta) 
Passage 4:
Campbell Field (Colorado)
Campbell Field, officially Marv Kay Stadium at Harry D  Campbell Field, is an American college football stadium located in Golden, Colorado  The stadium serves as the home field of the Colorado Mines Orediggers football team representing the Colorado School of Mines  Campbell Field is one of the oldest football fields in existence, the oldest west of the Mississippi River and the oldest in NCAA Division II   Originally it was a dirt surface all-purpose athletic field in exactly its current configuration, built within a clay pit, a fitting mined-out home for the Orediggers   Its first athletic contest, held on May 20, 1893, was the first annual Colorado Inter-Collegiate Athletic Association Field Day, featuring many athletic contests between the University of Colorado, Colorado A&M, Colorado School of Mines, and the University of Denver, in which Mines claimed the most medals   Its first football game took place on October 7, 1893, a 6-0 Mines victory over the University of Denver   It has been home to the football Orediggers through all but the first five seasons of their existence (their previous home were the now-destroyed grounds at the southeast corner of 19th and Illinois streets in Golden), and has been renovated several times throughout its existence   The field was originally called Athletic Park, renamed Brooks Field after Mines trustee and benefactor Ralph D  Brooks in 1922, and renamed Campbell Field after 1939 undefeated team member and benefactor Harry D  Campbell in 2010   Campbell Field is the oldest football field in the west, the oldest in NCAA Division II football and the 5th oldest college football field in the nation 

Renovations
Historic photographs show Brooks Field as a dirt surface, without grandstands and surrounded by a board fence   Despite such conditions it is known to have hosted crowds of spectators, who could have used nearby slopes to view games from   Later early wooden grandstands were added to the park   In 1922 and 1924 the current grandstands were built by noted local builder William "Cement Bill" Williams   This featured wooden bench seats upon a steel superstructure, with home and visiting locker rooms, public restrooms and refreshment stand beneath   In 1922 the dirt surface was converted to natural grass, part of which was scraped back to dirt surface for a baseball diamond during season each year   Originally home also to the CSM baseball team, it became a primarily football facility in 1937 after baseball was moved to Darden Field just to the west   During the 1930s a Federal Emergency Relief Administration project scooped out the slopes at the west side of Brooks Field to make room to construct a track around the surface, and it has hosted track and field events since   Around the 1980s the grandstands were renovated to cover most wooden benches with metal surfaces and create a central concourse, along with steps down to the field level   In 2010, the field was converted to its third surface, synthetic turf   Plans are underway to replace the 90-year-old grandstands and update the historic field to a state-of-the-art Division II athletic facility, expanding its capacity to 5,000, to be rechristened Marv Kay Stadium at Campbell Field 

Notable Events
Campbell Field has hosted many notable athletes and teams over its many years of play   Although missing out on the legendary 103-0 victory of the Orediggers over the University of Colorado in 1890 as well as their first Colorado Football Association championship in 1891, it has hosted 14 championship football teams and more:

Campbell Field hosted the latter part of the Orediggers' 18-game football winning streak against collegiate teams that spanned from 1888–1894 
The 3rd perfect and 4th unbeaten season of the football Orediggers took place here in its inaugural season in 1893 (5-0-0, CFA Champions) 
Campbell Field hosted the latter half of the football Orediggers' streak of 6 winning seasons from 1888–1894 
CSM's earliest known football loss at Campbell Field took place in 1894 to the University of Colorado (a 20-0 shutout) 
The first live televised football game in the Rocky Mountain region took place here on November 1, 1952, a game between the Orediggers and Idaho State University 
The first live nationally televised football game in the Rocky Mountain region took place here on November 15, 1952, a game between the Orediggers and Colorado College 
The first football playoff game at Campbell Field took place on November 13, 2004 as the Orediggers beat Midwestern State University 

Notable people
Baltimore Colts (held training camp here in 1970)
Leroy Taylor Brown, Olympic silver medalist, men's high jump, Paris 1924 (trained here as Mines graduate student prior to Olympics)
Dutch Clark, Pro football hall of fame (football coach at Mines in 1933)
Dallas Cowboys (held training camp here in the 1970s)
Denver Broncos (held training camp here from 1960–1963)
Chad Friehauf, 2004 Harlon Hill Trophy winner (Mines quarterback)
Roy Hartzell, Major League Baseball utility player, St  Louis Browns, New York Highlanders/Yankees (played semipro ball for Golden Reds here)
Albert E  Jones, Major League Baseball pitcher, Cleveland Spiders, St  Louis Perfectos/Cardinals (played semipro ball for Golden Reds here)
Jack Liddle, Olympic runner, Berlin 1936 (trained here as Mines student prior to Olympics)
Lloyd Madden, National Football League player, Chicago Cardinals (played here as Mines student)
Mark Melancon, Major League Baseball pitcher, New York Yankees, Houston Astros, Boston Red Sox (played here as Golden High School football player)
Elwood Romney, Brigham Young University hall of fame basketball player and All-American, cousin of Mitt Romney (coached freshman football 1936–1939)

Championship Football Teams
The Orediggers have fielded 16 football champion teams within over a century of play:
1891 – Colorado Football Association Champions^1892 – Colorado Football Association Champions^1893 – Colorado Football Association Champions1897 – State Inter-Collegiate League Champions1898 – Colorado Football Association Champions1904 – Colorado Football Association Champions1906 – Colorado Football Association Champions1907 – Colorado Football Association Champions1912 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1914 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1918 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1939 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1942 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1951 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1958 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Co-Champions2004 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions2010 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Co-Champions
^Orediggers played at original grounds south of the Mines campus in these seasons
Passage 5:
Rocky Mountain Thunder
The Indoor Professional Football League (IPFL) was the new incarnation of the Professional Indoor Football League (PIFL), which started in 1998   Two of its teams (the Madison Mad Dogs and the Green Bay Bombers) left the league and their owner, Kerry Ecklund, founded the Indoor Football League in 1999   The IPFL led a troubled three-year existence, and died after its 2001 season, with its most successful teams joining up with the National Indoor Football League 
The IPFL was unique among indoor football leagues in that it sanctioned the use of a white football, manufactured by Rawlings, which was easier to see in the artificial lighting conditions  The league's slogan was "Great Football, No Gimmicks" 
In 1999, IPFL was headed by a new commissioner, Mike Storen, and the league offices were moved to Atlanta 

IPFL 1999 teams
Before the Pro Indoor Football League folded, the league was looking into replacing the two folded franchises of Minnesota and Texas and expanding the league back to 8 teams, or even beyond, to 10 or 12, for what was supposed to be its second season   However, the league took a major hit when Madison and Green Bay left the league to form a new league called the Indoor Football League  This left the league with only four teams: Honolulu, Utah, Colorado and Louisiana  The Utah Catzz soon folded as well, leading to the demise of the Pro Indoor Football League  The Pro Indoor Football League was re-formed as the Indoor Professional Football League and the three remaining clubs from the old league; the Hawaii Hammerheads (formerly Honolulu Hurricanes), the Rocky Mountain (Colorado Springs) Thunder (formerly Colorado (Denver) Wildcats) and the Louisiana Bayou Beast were joined by three new franchises in Boise, Idaho; Biloxi, Mississippi; and Austin, Texas  The league was going to have 8 clubs, but the Arizona (Tucson) Mirage and the Syracuse Blitz folded 
Texas Terminators, 12-4
Hawaii Hammerheads, 10-6
Mississippi Fire Dogs, 9-7
Idaho Stallions, 6-10
Louisiana Bayou Beast, 6-10
Rocky Mountain Thunder, 5-11

IPFL 2000 teams
During the off season, the Indoor Professional Football League saw major changes with the loss of three of its charter franchises: Rocky Mountain, Hawaii and Texas  However, the league saw the addition of four new franchises with the fourth new addition expanding the league beyond six franchises  The new clubs were Shreveport-Bossier City, Portland (OR), Omaha and Mobile  The Indoor Professional Football League approved the relocation of the Baton Rouge-based Louisiana Bayou Beast to Alexandria, Louisiana and announced the team would be known as the Louisiana Rangers  The Bayou Beast's relocation to Alexandria left the league with no club still remaining in its city that it started operations in  Mississippi defeated Portland in the championship 
Portland Prowlers, 11-5
Mississippi Fire Dogs, 11-5
Omaha Beef, 8-8
Mobile Seagulls, 8-8
Louisiana Rangers, 9-7
Idaho Stallions, 5-11
Shreveport-Bossier Bombers, 5-11The Fort Wayne Safari was announced as an expansion team for the 2002 season, which never occurred 

IPFL 2001 teams
Championships
By year
By team
Passage 6:
Pat Bowlen
Patrick Dennis Bowlen (February 18, 1944 – June 13, 2019) was a Canadian–American lawyer, executive and the majority owner of the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL), winning three Super Bowls  He was inducted in the Pro Football Hall of Fame for the class of 2019  Bowlen owned other professional sports franchises in the Denver Colorado Area  Bowlen served as the Broncos CEO from 1984 until July 2014, when he stepped down as Broncos' CEO due to the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease 

Early life
Bowlen was born in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin to American mother Arvella (née Woods) and Canadian father Paul Dennis Bowlen, who became a millionaire in the Canadian oil business, founding Regent Drilling as a wildcatter  The oil company is now owned by his brother John  Bowlen was Catholic and spent his childhood in Alberta  He then attended Campion High School, a Catholic Jesuit boarding school in his native Wisconsin  Bowlen later earned degrees in business (1965) and law (1968) from the University of Oklahoma  During his time at Oklahoma he played for the Oklahoma Sooners freshman football team as a wide receiver, as well as for the Edmonton Huskies junior football team, where he was part of three Canadian Junior Football League Championship teams from 1962 to 1964 The younger Bowlen became wealthier by becoming a successful lawyer in Edmonton, Alberta  Bowlen also worked as an executive for his father's company and as a real estate developer and had major investments in the mining industry  During his business career in Edmonton his construction company, Batoni-Bowlen Enterprises, built the Northlands Coliseum, which would become home to the WHA/NHL's Edmonton Oilers for 42 years 
Bowlen was an initiated member of the Pi Kappa Alpha International Fraternity  Bowlen was initiated by the University of Oklahoma, Beta Omicron chapter in 1963  Bowlen received bar admission in 1969 and was a member of the Law Society of Alberta and the Canadian Bar Association 

Denver Broncos ownership
Bowlen bought a majority interest in the Denver Broncos of the National Football League in March of 1984 from Vancouver industrialist Edgar Kaiser Jr  The purchase price was said to be $70 million, making the Broncos the highest-priced franchise in the league at the time From 1999 to 2008, Bowlen and the Broncos were involved in several legal battles against former owner Edgar Kaiser Jr  In 1998, Bowlen agreed to sell retired football legend John Elway a share in the team  When Bowlen let the existence of the offer slip out to Kaiser while both were at the 1999 Bohemian Grove, Kaiser sued, claiming a breach of contract  Kaiser asserted that he had the right of first refusal if any deal was made involving franchise ownership  In 2004, a jury ruled in favor of Kaiser and a federal judge decreed that Kaiser was entitled to purchase back 10% of the Broncos using the identical purchase terms offered to Elway  Bowlen appealed the original verdict that ruled in favor of Kaiser and won in 2008, as the appellate court ruled that the structure of the Bowlen-Elway deal did not violate the original right of first refusal agreement On December 30, 2008, Broncos head coach and Vice President of Football Operations Mike Shanahan was fired by Bowlen after a 14-year tenure as the head coach  Bowlen stated he wanted his team to go in a different direction  Bowlen searched for a new head coach over a two-week period and eventually chose Josh McDaniels, who at the time was the offensive coordinator of the New England Patriots  Subsequently, after a losing streak in the 2010 season, McDaniels was fired as head coach of the Broncos  On February 12, 2009, Bowlen appointed Brian Xanders as the team's sole general manager and fired Jim and Jeff Goodman 
Within two weeks of the end of the 2010-11 regular season, Bowlen and the Broncos had hired former Carolina Panthers' coach John Fox to be their new head coach  Although Bowlen had discussions with Fox before the hiring, new front-office executive John Elway was mostly responsible for the hiring  By late 2009, rumors had begun to emerge that Bowlen had stepped out of the spotlight because of short-term memory loss  He told The Denver Post columnist Woody Paige that his memory wasn't what it used to be and that he couldn't recall details of the Broncos back-to-back Super Bowl titles in the late 1990s  Starting in 2010, Bowlen no longer played a major role in the Broncos' decision making, and Executive VP John Elway and President Joe Ellis assumed control  On July 23, 2014, due to complications with Alzheimer's disease, he officially relinquished control of the team to Joe Ellis On November 1, 2015, Bowlen was inducted into the Broncos' Ring of Fame, earning him a bronze plaque that stands on the south side of Empower Field at Mile High After Bowlen acquired the team in 1984, the Broncos briefly held the highest winning percentage of any franchise in the National Football League (334 wins, 212 losses, and 1 tie, for a  612 winning percentage), passing the San Francisco 49ers after the 2015 season  At the time of Bowlen's death, the New England Patriots had surpassed that figure 

Colorado Crush ownership
Besides being owner and CEO of the Broncos, Bowlen was also part-owner of the Arena Football League's Colorado Crush  He shared ownership with Denver-based sports mogul Stan Kroenke and legendary Broncos quarterback John Elway  The Crush entered the AFL as an expansion franchise in 2003  After going through a 2–14 season in 2003, the team became a perennial playoff contender and one of the league's top franchises  The Crush won the Arena Football League Championship in 2005 

Denver Outlaws ownership
In 2006, Major League Lacrosse decided to expand adding the Denver Outlaws to its league of teams  The Denver Outlaws have been the most winning franchise that Bowlen has ever owned, boasting a regular-season win percentage of 69 0% since their creation  The Outlaws have been to the playoffs every year of their existence except one (2015) and advanced to the championship game eight times (2006, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2018), winning the championship in 2014, 2016, and 2018 

Philanthropy
Bowlen was a member of the University of Denver Board of Trustees and contributed to the funding of the Pat Bowlen Athletic Training Center located on the school's campus  He also contributed significantly to the local Denver Boys & Girls Club chapters 

Awards and honors
Inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame (class of 2019)
Three-time Super Bowl champion (as owner of the Denver Broncos)
ArenaBowl XIX champion (as part owner of the Colorado Crush)
Three-time Steinfeld Cup champion (as owner of the Denver Outlaws)
Broncos Ring of Fame (class of 2015)
Colorado Business Hall of Fame (class of 2015)

Death
On June 13, 2019, Bowlen died of a pulmonary embolism  Under terms set prior to Bowlen's death, Joe Ellis led a three-person trust representing his estate  Bowlen's intent was for his seven children to inherit the franchise, though he did not specify which of them would have first right 



ground_truth: Wicked Twister

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Why did the CEO of the football team based in Denver, Colorado step down in 2014?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 5 stars out of 5 in its first week, stating "perhaps the hosts and the judges could keep their clothes on and refrain from excessive flirting since Nach Baliye does happen to be a 'family show' "

Contestants
Rithvik Dhanjani and Asha Negi, winners on 1 February 2014
Gurmeet Chaudhary and Debina Bonnerjee, first runners-up on 1 February 2014
Ripudaman Handa and Shivangi Verma, second runners-up on 1 February 2014
Vinod Thakur and Raksha Thakur, third runners-up on 1 February 2014
Kiku Sharda and Priyanka Sharda (5th position), eliminated on 25 January 2014
Raqesh Bapat  and Ridhi Dogra (6th position), eliminated
Kanika Maheshwari and Ankur Ghai (7th position), quit on 11 January 2014
Bruna Abdullah and Omar Herror (8th position), eliminated on 8 December 2013; re-entered as wild card entrants, eliminated on 4 January 2014
Raju Srivastav and Shikha Raju (9th position), eliminated on 15 December 2013
Amrapali Gupta and Yash Sinha (10th position), eliminated on 1 December 2013
Sanjeev Seth and Lata Sabharwal (11th position), eliminated on 24 November 2013

Guests
Hina Khan
Barun Sobti
Deepika Singh
Rucha Hasabnis
Vishal Singh
Ishita Dutta
Mouni Roy
Mahek Chahal
Dharmesh Yelande
Sayantani Ghosh
Rashami Desai

Scoring chart
In this season, the scores per judge are out of 10 with the highest possible score of 30 
Red number indicates the lowest score 
Green number indicates the highest score 
  indicates the couple eliminated that week 
  indicates the returning couple that finished in the bottom three 
  indicates the returning couple that finished in the bottom two 
  indicates the winning couple 
  indicates the runner-up couple 
  indicates the third-place couple 

Season 7
Nach Baliye 7 is the seventh season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It premiered on 26 April 2015 on Star Plus  The series was produced by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor under their banner Balaji Telefilms  The series aired from Monday to Saturday nights and on Sunday evenings  The season ended on 19 July 2015 
It was hosted by Rithvik Dhanjani and Karan Patel  Marzi Pestonji, Preity Zinta  and Chetan Bhagat were the judges Kunwar Amar, Karanvir Bohra, Mukti Mohan, Sargun Mehta and Salman Yusuf Khan also appeared in a special episode 

Contestants
Scoring chart
In this season, the scores per judge are out of 10 with the highest possible score of 30 
Red number indicates the lowest score 
Green number indicates the highest score 
  Eliminated
  Bottom three
  Bottom two
  Winning couple
  Runner-up couple
  Second runner-up couple

Season 8
Nach Baliye 8 is the eighth season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It premiered on 2 April 2017 on Star Plus  The show was produced by BBC Worldwide  Sonakshi Sinha, Terence Lewis and Mohit Suri were the judges  Karan Tacker and Upasana Singh were the hosts for the show  Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya and Vivek Dahiya were declared as the winners 

Contestants
Guests
Salman Khan and Sohail Khan
Ranbir Kapoor
Arjun Kapoor and Shraddha Kapoor
Arjun Kapoor and Anil Kapoor
Sridevi
Hrithik Roshan
Diljit Dosanjh
Parineeti Chopra
Remo D'souza
Karan Patel

Scoring chart
Red number Lowest score
Green number Highest score
  Eliminated
  Bottom two
  Winning couple
  Runner-up couple
  Second runner-upThe scores per judge were out of 10 with the highest possible score of 30 
The elimination was based on public votes plus the score given by judges in the previous week 

Notes
Season 9
Nach Baliye 9 is the ninth season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It premiered on 19 July 2019  Produced by Salman Khan, it was judged by Raveena Tandon & Ahmed Khan and hosted by Manish Paul & Waluscha De Sousa 
Vighnesh Pande and his puppet character 'Anna' appeared as a comic relief for episodes featuring South Indian Megastar Prabhas and another with the Bollywood celebrity Sanjay Dutt 
The season was won by Prince Narula and Yuvika Chaudhary on 3 November 2019 

Contestants
Scoring chart
Current Couple
  Former CoupleRed number Lowest score
Green number Highest score
  Eliminated
  Bottom Two
  Winners
  Runner-ups
  Second runner-ups
  Hi5
  UnwellThe scores per judge were out of 100  Then the average score is calculated from the scores of both judges 
The elimination was based on public votes and the score given by judges 
In Week 2, Rohit and Anita did not perform as Rohit was down with Jaundice so the doctor had advised rest to him  Ahmed and Raveena saved them and they advanced to the next week without nomination 
In Week 7, Faisal & Muskaan had to quit the show as Faisal got injured 
In Week 9, Pooja & Sandeep had to quit the show as Pooja got injured 
In Week 11, The couples had to perform solo  Ridhima, Prince, Anuj, Shraddha and Vishal got a High 5, however both the partners had to score 50/50 to receive a High 5 
In week 12, every couple has to perform twice  In the first round they are getting marks out of 90  And the second round is battle between two couple  Whoever wins will get 10 marks & other get zero 
In Quarter Finale (Week 13) also, the couples had to perform twice  In first round, they performed with different  dance groups and got marks out of 100  The couples who received a High 5 were RoNita, NiShaan and ShAlam  In second round, they performed their usual performances (Theme-Retro )and got marks out of 100 The average of both the rounds was taken as their final score 
In Semi Finale (Week 14) also, the couples had to perform twice 
Passage 9:
Christian Clarke
Christian Clarke is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, portrayed by John Partridge  He first appeared in the show's 3,509th episode, originally broadcast in the United Kingdom on 17 January 2008, and was introduced as the brother of established character Jane Beale (Laurie Brett)  He was introduced as a new homosexual character for the show, following the popularity of Coronation Street's Sean Tully (Antony Cotton)  Christian and Partridge's casting were announced on 20 November 2007 Christian's storylines have mostly revolved around his relationship with Syed Masood (Marc Elliott), but his other storylines have included a friendship with Roxy Mitchell (Rita Simons) and being involved in the coming out storylines of  Ben Mitchell (Joshua Pascoe)  On 17 September 2012, it was announced that Partridge would be leaving his role, following Elliott's decision to leave the show  They left together in the 4,532nd episode, originally broadcast on 15 November 2012 Partridge returned to the show for two episodes in May 2014 which saw Christian attend the funeral of Lucy Beale (Hetti Bywater)  Christian appeared in two episodes on 19 and 20 May 2014   In January 2015, it was confirmed that Partridge would be returning for the show's 30th anniversary celebrations in February 2015  Partridge appeared in four episodes between 17 and 20 February 2015, including a fully live episode, which saw Christian attend Jane's wedding to Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt)  On 8 April 2016, it was reported that Partridge would reprise the role again in "early summer" 2016  Christian returned on 26 May 2016 and departed again on 30 May 

Storylines
2008–2012
Christian is first mentioned when his older sister Jane Beale (Laurie Brett) receives an invitation to his civil ceremony with partner Ashley Jennings (Tony Boncza)  Jane throws the invitation away but it is later found by Jane's husband Ian (Adam Woodyatt)  Jane refuses to tell Ian why she does not want to go to the ceremony but Ian wants to meet Christian, and invites him and Ashley to dinner at Fargo's Restaurant  Christian reveals that he was once in love with Jane's first husband David Collins (Dan Milne)  Ashley storms out of the restaurant and the couple end their relationship  Christian is tricked by Ian's daughter Lucy (Melissa Suffield) into letting her use his flat so she can spend some "quality time" with her boyfriend, Olly Greenwood (Bart Edwards)  Christian walks in on them about to have sex and stops them  Ian punches Christian over what happened with Lucy and Olly, but when he catches Lucy attempting to leave with Olly, he insists she move in with Christian again 
Christian is surprised to see his mother Linda (Lynda Baron) after having lost contact with her for nearly 20 years  At first, Christian dislikes her because she still disapproves of his sexuality, but when Ian's son Peter (Thomas Law) tells him how he lost his mother Cindy (Michelle Collins), Christian makes amends with her  Roxy unexpectedly goes into premature labour, and Christian offers to help raise the baby, Amy, as her marriage to Sean Slater (Robert Kazinsky) has ended  However, Roxy leaves Christian heartbroken when she gets back with Sean  She later tells Christian that he is to be Amy's godfather  Roxy gives her daughter the middle name Christina, after Christian  Christian's colleague at Masala Queen, Syed Masood (Marc Elliott), argues with him over his sexuality, saying that homosexuality goes against his God's will, but then unexpectedly kisses and has sex with Christian  Syed tries to avoid Christian, although Christian wants to begin a relationship with him  Syed refuses him although they continue with their affair, Syed eventually denies that he is gay and proposes to his girlfriend Amira Shah (Preeya Kalidas)  On the day of Syed and Amira's engagement party, Christian takes a man called Luke back to his flat, but Luke beats Christian up after revealing he is not gay and hates gay men cottaging in public places  Following this, Christian becomes agoraphobic, but Syed helps Christian return to a normal life  Christian's friend James Mackie (Paul Keating) turns up, and Syed sees them together and is jealous  After James admits that he has feelings for Christian, Syed tries to put him off  Christian finds out and tells Syed that he will be with him but he must break up with Amira, but Syed cannot go through with it, so Christian starts a relationship with James  However, one day Christian takes Syed down an alleyway and kisses him, not realising they have been seen  Christian then breaks off his romance with James and restarts his secret affair with Syed  Christian and Syed are photographed looking cosy in an alleyway  Syed is blackmailed and Christian discovers it is Lucy  Syed soon breaks off the affair, and Christian tells Syed he cannot help arrange his wedding any more 
On the wedding day, Syed admits to Christian that he is gay but cannot come out because he is not just gay, but a son, a brother and a Muslim  When he runs away, distressed, Syed's mother Zainab (Nina Wadia) sees and confronts Christian who tells her everything, but she does not believe him and attacks him verbally and physically  She then goes to the wedding and confronts Syed who eventually confesses, and she tells him to marry Amira  When Syed and Amira return from their honeymoon, Christian introduces a man called Leyton (Daniel Crowder) as his boyfriend to make Syed jealous, which works as Syed is clearly upset  However, after Syed and Amira consummate their marriage, Syed tells Christian that they are planning a baby, and says he and Christian can both move on as Christian has Leyton and Syed has Amira  However, Christian tells Syed he has broken up with Leyton and was only with him to make Syed jealous  At Syed's and Amira's flat, Christian and Syed argue, but are then seen kissing on floor of the flat by Syed's father, Masood (Nitin Ganatra)  This leads to the exposure of their affair, and Syed comes out to his family and friends, and Amira leaves Walford  However Syed rejects Christian again  Amira's father Qadim (Ramon Tikaram) and his associates track down Christian, wanting to know where Syed is  Christian says he does not know, so they beat him and leave him outside on the pavement  When Syed returns, he apologises to Christian but Christian calls him a coward, saying he never wants to see him again  Syed has therapy to attempt to cure his same-sex attraction, and he tells Christian he no longer feels anything for him  However, Syed soon admits to Christian that his therapy has not worked and he wants to admit his true feelings  Christian pushes him away, but the next day he accepts Syed when he says he chooses Christian and turns his back on his family  The pair then move in with each other  On New Year's Eve, Christian attends a party at The Queen Victoria pub, and shares a kiss with a man  Christian tells Syed, and Syed is angry, but later forgives him  They decide they would like a child and a drunken Roxy offers to be the surrogate mother  However, despite their attempt, she does not become pregnant  Syed and Christian decide to adopt, and Christian later proposes to Syed, and Syed agrees  They continue with their plans to adopt and Christian finds a new flat for them  However, Syed almost changes his mind and the couple split up until Syed realises that he does want children 
Christian starts working at the local boxing club, and whilst there, 15-year-old Ben Mitchell (Joshua Pascoe) confides to him that he is gay  Christian gives advice to the teenager, but Ben develops a crush on Christian, which he discourages  Amira returns to Walford with hers and Syed's baby, Yasmin  She promptly tells Syed that she wants him to be a part of their baby's life but bans Christian from seeing her  Syed starts to secretly see Amira and Yasmin, and Ben reports this to Christian  Christian confronts Syed and declares that Syed has to choose between him and the baby  However, he relents and gives Syed his blessing to see his child  However, Yusef Khan (Ace Bhatti) suggests to Christian that Yasmin may not be Syed's child, casting doubt in Christian's mind  Christian then asks Yusef to perform a secret paternity test on Yasmin  The results of the test state that Syed is not the father of Yasmin, and Christian reveals this to Syed and Amira  Syed is devastated, but Amira continues to claim that he is the father  Syed doubts Christian, believing that he may have falsified the test  However, it emerges that it was Yusef who falsified the paternity test  Christian feels hurt that Syed suspected him of lying, but he reluctantly agrees to let Amira and Yasmin stay with him and Syed as they have nowhere else to go  Christian is annoyed to discover that Syed is helping Amira get a home in Walford  When Christian and Ben watch a film together, they talk about Christian and Syed's relationship and Ben misreads the signals, and tries to kiss Christian  Christian is horrified and Ben runs out of the flat, seen by Zainab and Yusef  Ben later lies to Yusef that Christian touched him inappropriately, and Yusef takes Ben to tell his father, Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden)  Phil confronts Christian in the pub, and Christian punches Phil when he calls him a "nonce"  Phil leaves but later turns up at Christian's flat, smashing it up and hitting Christian with a baseball bat  Ben is forced to tell the truth so Phil leaves  However, Christian is upset with Syed for not trusting him, and when Amira tells Christian that he will be judged by the community, Christian decides to break up with Syed and leave Walford  Christian returns to Albert Square to spend Christmas with Jane  When he sees Syed and Amira, he mocks them for behaving like a couple  Syed is determined to win Christian back and asks Amira for a divorce  Christian and Syed reunite, but Amira vows to stay around  Amira later teases Christian that he will never be invited to Masood family occasions, and he tells her that her business with Syed is a smokescreen and she really wants him back   However, Amira soon tires of Walford without a husband, and leaves her daughter Yasmin in the care of Syed and Christian 
During a Masood family crisis, Christian is asked to look after Zainab on her own, and they talk  She tells him about how she lied to Yusef so that he would be killed (Zainab told him that his daughter Afia (Meryl Fernandes) was trapped in a burning building)  She wonders who will forgive her, and Christian tells her that he does  He explains that they never chose to be the people they are, and she asks if he loves Syed  He says that he does and she realises that when he said it before, she never really listened  They make amends and Zainab invites Christian to a family dinner and to the mosque  When Christian decides to enter Yasmin into a "beautiful baby" competition, Syed is angry, and refers to Yasmin as his daughter, not his and Christian's, leading to an argument between them  Before their wedding, Syed reveals to Christian that he kissed Danny Pennant (Gary Lucy), but Christian says it was just a kiss and they marry  However, Syed is in debt to Danny, who texts him  Christian sees the texts and meets Danny, who reveals that he had sex with Syed  Christian punches Danny and Syed then finds Christian badly beaten  Christian lies that he was the victim of a homophobic attack, and refuses to give Syed any details  Syed calls the police to report the assault  However, Christian is arrested for the assault on Danny  Danny tells Syed he will only retract his police statement if Syed returns £500 he owes  However, Masood threatens to tell the police about Danny's dodgy investments, so Danny withdraws the allegations  Christian asks Syed for his reassurance of their love and marriage or he will end their relationship  Syed cannot give it, so Christian moves out  Amira returns, wanting to take Yasmin to live with her and her new fiancé in Birmingham  Syed allows Amira to take her, not telling Christian, who is angry when he finds out  He plans to move to America to live with Jane  Syed discovers this through Masood, and brands Christian a hypocrite  Zainab and Lucy lock the pair in the Masoods' restaurant where they reunite  Refusing to leave without Syed, Christian has Jane book them both tickets and they leave together to go to America, planning to live closer to Amira and Yasmin once they return to the UK 

2014–2016
In May 2014, Ian visits Christian at his home in Birmingham following Lucy's death, where Jane is also staying  Christian comforts Ian and expresses his condolences  Ian asks after his son Bobby (Rory Stroud/Eliot Carrington), who is also staying with them and meets Yasmin, who Christian is babysitting whilst Syed is at work  Christian promises to attend the funeral and after Ian has left, Jane returns home and tells Christian that she won't be attending the funeral  Christian is disappointed by her behaviour  The following day, Christian returns to Walford with Bobby to attend the funeral, travelling in the family car to the church with Ian, Peter and Bobby  Following the service, Christian catches up with Roxy and asks after Amy  He then returns to Birmingham with Jane and Bobby  In February 2015, Christian returns for Jane's wedding  He calls Jane pretending that he has to work, but he arrives in the salon where Jane is getting ready moments later to surprise her 
In May 2016, Christian returns after Jane is attacked by Bobby with a hockey stick  While Jane is comatose, Ian tells Christian that Bobby killed Lucy and Jane covered it up   The next day, Linda reveals that Christian has gone back to Birmingham 

Creation
In November 2007, it was announced that a new gay character was to join the cast of EastEnders, as the show's bosses had seen how popular Antony Cotton was in the role of Sean Tully in Coronation Street  However, Partridge's character is not as camp as Cotton's, and is described as "very suave and a real charmer" and a "savvy, bright character [who is] very fun " Partridge commented that it would be "stupid" to copy Cotton's character, adding that "it's about time EastEnders had a gay character in the show " He later told Attitude that Cotton's character in Coronation Street is the reason Christian is in EastEnders due to his popularity, and that Christian was created to be the opposite of Sean  Partridge said of his character, "I think he's going to upset the apple cart at the Beales'" and "Christian, like me, is an openly proud gay man and he is certainly going to ruffle a few feathers when he arrives "
Christian 'kiss-my-guns' Clarke has the biceps of a god, and an innate inability to live a quiet life  It’s no surprise that he's Roxy Mitchell’s best mate, then  His put-downs are legendary, but Christian's brash exterior is very much that  The Christian that his friends and family know is sensitive, generous and fiercely loyal  If you're feeling down, he'll take you out for the best night of your life and provide a shoulder to cry on in the taxi home 
Talking about his casting in the role of Christian, Partridge has disclosed: "I'm slightly terrified when I come into work every day  It's an enormous machine  Plus, the actors I work with the most, Adam Woodyatt (Ian) and Laurie Brett (Jane), are such consummate professionals that I don't want to weaken the Beale family or bring anyone down   I want to stand up there with them and be seen as a good team player "

Development
Partridge has commented that one aspect of his character he most enjoys is "that he weaves in and out of lots of characters' stories, so I have interaction with loads of different people   Take his friendship with Roxy, for example — I absolutely love it, and working with Rita Simons, who plays her, is such a pleasure   We're very natural in that set-up " In turn, Simons has commented that her own character, Roxy, would be "really lost without (Christian)  He's her rock"  Partridge has also denied that Christian is a stereotypical gay man, saying "Christian wears slightly brighter colours than I would normally wear but you know it is a BBC show and we have to show that I am gay you know? I don't think it's stereotypical at all because there are what I call seven shades of gay and that goes from real straight acting to camp and I like to think that Christian has all of those elements as I do as a gay man "In June 2009, Christian begins an affair with Muslim character Syed Masood, played by Marc Elliott  The storyline is said to be controversial, as homosexuality is strictly forbidden according to mainstream interpretations of Islam  However, the show's executive producer Diederick Santer explained that the storyline will not be a moral tale, but one of human interest, adding: "[Syed] struggles with his sexuality when he finds himself drawn to Christian and he believes this goes against his faith  This is not a story about Syed and Christian's physical relationship — we don't see anything beyond one kiss " Santer also said that EastEnders always tries to "reflect modern life in multicultural Britain and [tell] social issue stories relevant to [its] diverse audience " Partridge commented on the storyline, saying: "I'm thrilled this storyline is being done  People fall in love in impossible circumstances all the time  Why are Christian and Syed any different?"Partridge told entertainment website Digital Spy that lessons were learnt after a kiss between Christian and his then-boyfriend Lee Thompson in 2008 prompted 145 complaints from viewers, saying: "Even after [the gay kiss] story, Diederick [Santer, executive producer], Dominic Treadwell-Collins, series story producer] and the BBC were brave enough to push forward with this current storyline  Everybody learned lessons from that [gay kiss] as to how to tell this story    so as not to offend people, not to be gratuitous and not to let something like a kiss be something that overshadows the story we're trying to tell  I'm immensely proud of that and immensely proud of this storyline  I'm honoured that they've allowed me to be a face for it "In December 2009, Santer was asked what his favourite storyline of the year had been  He replied "I'm really pleased with the Christian/Syed storyline  It's bold and we thought long and hard before we did it to make sure we got it right and I'm really proud with what we've done  Marc [Elliott] and John [Partridge] have absolutely stepped up to the plate and like all good EastEnders stories, we're not even half done with it yet  There's miles to go "In 2010, Christian will get a beating once his and Syed's secret is revealed  A source explained: "It seems that Christian is going to take the brunt of Syed's problems  Syed and Amira's wedding achieved one of the highest ratings of the year, so we're expecting viewers to again be gripped when this storyline reaches its dramatic climax  "There will be lots of twists and turns along the way  And sadly for poor Christian, he'll be the one who ends up taking a battering  There will also be lots of complaints " Tahir Shah from the Muslim Public Affairs Committee criticised the storyline as soon as it was reported for portraying Muslims in a negative light "EastEnders is known for its gritty and realistic storylines but we cannot condone such violence from a Muslim character," he explained  However, gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell described the plot as "groundbreaking", adding: "No storyline in any drama will ever reflect the totality of the many diverse gay lifestyles and experiences  Full credit to the BBC for having a gay Muslim character  The lives of gay Muslims are very rarely in the media "

Departure (2012)
On 7 September 2012, it was announced that Syed and Christian would be departing in November 2012 in an explosive storyline that bosses did not reveal at the time  Executive producer, Lorraine Newman said: "Marc and John have been a fantastic part of the show and their characters have been a huge success  Their storylines have broken boundaries that have not been seen in a soap before and the love for them by the viewers can be seen in their 'Chryed' fans  When Marc announced he had decided to move on, we had a tough decision to make  After numerous conversations, which included John, it was decided that there is only one outcome for Syed and Christian  We wish them both all the best for the future " Syed and Christian left together on 15 November 2012 

Returns (2014–2016)
On 7 April 2014, it was announced that Christian would be returning in May 2014 for the funeral of Lucy Beale (Hetti Bywater), who was to be killed as part of a new storyline (see Who Killed Lucy Beale?)   It was revealed on 11 May 2014 that Christian would return when Jane's ex-husband, Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) visited him "in search of Jane"  Christian returned for two episodes on 19 and 20 May 2014  On 17 January 2015, it was announced that Partridge would be returning again, this time for the show's thirtieth anniversary which would see Christian return for Ian and Jane's wedding  Of his return, Partridge said, "I am honoured to be returning to EastEnders at this most exciting time to celebrate 30 years of the show, and more importantly to find out who killed Lucy!" The show's executive producer, Dominic Treadwell-Collins, joked that Jane could not get married without having her brother at the occasion and said that the EastEnders team were "thrilled to have him [Partridge] back" for the anniversary  Treadwell-Collins then promised that Partridge's "extensive theatre experience" would be utilised as he "is plunged into EastEnders' live week " Spoiler images released on 10 February 2015 teased Partridge's return to the show, revealing that Christian would surprise Jane by initially telling her that he is unable to attend the wedding, before revealing himself to her  Partridge later teased another return to the show, saying, "I can always be lured back!"On 8 April 2016, it was announced that Partridge would be "briefly" returning for a third guest stint in "early summer" 2016, alongside Lynda Baron who plays his on-screen mother, Linda Clarke  Their return storyline was billed as "explosive" for the Beale family, "unmissable", and something that would see "change in the Beale family forever"  Partridge was confirmed to be filming EastEnders as well as touring with the production of Chicago The Musical  Of his return, Partridge said, "I am thrilled to be able to return to EastEnders whilst touring the UK with Chicago  Christian is never far from my mind – I turn my back for five minutes and look what happens " Partridge returned to filming on 14 April 2016, filming scenes which he believed would air "around June"  He described returning to filming as "wonderful" and compared to "putting on a nice, comfortable pair of shoes " He also praised the EastEnders team for being "very welcoming", adding that it "seemed so natural to be back" and felt like he had "never been away"  Partridge confirmed that he would feature in a lot of scenes with Brett as Christian will return to "look after Jane Beale"  He teased that his return may involve the 'Who Killed Lucy Beale?' storyline and would be part of a "big year" for the Beale family 

Reception
The character's introduction to EastEnders was welcomed by critics, with the Pink News deeming him to be "a realistic portrayal of a London-based, slightly older gay man " Gareth McLean of The Guardian praised the character, saying "he brings EastEnders a step closer to more accurately resembling London "In October 2008, a kiss between Christian and new love interest Lee prompted 145 complaints from viewers who were displeased that homosexual kissing had been broadcast before the 9pm watershed  The BBC released a statement defending the incident, stating: "EastEnders aims to reflect real life, and this means including and telling stories about characters from many different backgrounds, faiths, religions and sexualities  We approach our portrayal of homosexual relationships in the same way as we do heterosexual relationships  In this instance, Christian is enjoying the first flush of romance and we've shown him being affectionate with his new boyfriend in the same way any couple would  We also aim to ensure that depictions of affection or sexuality between couples are suitable for pre-watershed viewing  We believe that the general tone and content of EastEnders is now widely recognised, meaning that parents can make an informed decision as to whether they want their children to watch "

See also
List of EastEnders characters (2008)
List of LGBT characters in television and radio
List of soap operas with LGBT characters



ground_truth: due to the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease