prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which utility holding company did Alfred A. Marcus work as a consultant?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
North American Light and Power Company
The North American Light and Power Company was a utility holding company formed in South Bend, Indiana and run since 1916 by its president, Clement Studebaker, Jr , of the family famous for the Studebaker automobiles  The utility company remained a major subsidiary of the North American Company, until that conglomerate's 1940s breakup by the U S  Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 

History
Clement Studebaker, Jr  (1871–1932) was born the son of Clement Studebaker (1831–1901), the carriage and automobile manufacturer of South Bend, Indiana In 1911, the company founded by the Studebaker brothers joined forces with Everitt-Metzker-Flanders Company of Detroit to form the Studebaker Corporation  In one of his several executive positions, Clement Studebaker, Jr  served as Vice President of the E-M-F Company By 1916 Clement Studebaker, Jr  had formed the publicly traded North American Light and Power Company, and issued stock, with certificates  printed by the American Banknote Company Clement Studebaker, Jr  also served as President and Chairman of the Board of the Illinois Power and Light Company (and of its subsidiary, the Illinois Traction Company), the South Bend Watch Company, and as Treasurer of the Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad 

North American Company
North American Company had once been one of the original stocks in the Dow Jones Industrial Average North American Light and Power remained under the ownership of North American Company for the next decade after Clement's death, as a major subsidiary holding company of other lines  
By 1940, North American Company had become a US$2 3 billion holding company heading up a pyramid of by then 80 companies  It controlled ten major direct subsidiaries in eight of which it owned at least 79%  North American Light and Power Company was by then one of the three major holding companies among the ten direct subsidiaries North American Company was broken up by the SEC, following the United States Supreme Court decision of April 1, 1946 
Passage 2:
Southern Company
Southern Company is an American gas and electric utility holding company based in the southern United States  It is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, with executive offices also located in Birmingham, Alabama  The company is the second largest utility company in the U S  in terms of customer base, as of 2021  Through its subsidiaries it serves 9 million gas and electric utility customers in 6 states  Southern Company's regulated regional electric utilities serve a 120,000-square-mile (310,000 km2) territory with 27,000 miles (43,000 km) of distribution lines 

Overview
Southern Company is one of the largest energy providers in the United States and is ranked 126th on the Fortune 500 listing of the largest U S  corporations  The company has approximately 31,300 employees  It has more than 500,000 shareholders (NYSE: SO) and has been traded since September 30, 1949 
Southern Company subsidiaries are operating or developing renewable: solar, wind, and biomass facilities across the U S , as well as the first new nuclear units in the U S  in 30 years at Plant Vogtle near Augusta, Georgia 
Southern Company's three retail operating companies—Alabama Power, Georgia Power, and Mississippi Power—serve 120,000 square miles (310,000 km2) in three states  Southern Power serves wholesale electricity customers across the U S  Southern Company Gas serves utility customers in seven states 
Southern Company owns the following companies:

Alabama Power - operating company, based in Birmingham, Alabama  Serves the southern two-thirds of Alabama 
Georgia Power - operating company, based in Atlanta  Serves all of Georgia, except for mostly rural counties 
Mississippi Power - operating company, based in Gulfport, Mississippi  Serves the Mississippi Gulf Coast 
Southern Company Services (originally named Southern Services, Inc ) - Birmingham, Alabama - Common Services
Southern Linc - cellular telephone provider - Atlanta, Georgia
Southern Nuclear - engineering and operations for nuclear power plants - Birmingham, Alabama  (Southern Company is the majority owner and operator of the Farley, Hatch, and Vogtle nuclear power plants )
Southern Company Generation - fossil fuels and hydro operations - Birmingham, Alabama 
Southern Power - wholesale power generation - Birmingham, Alabama 
Southern Telecom - wholesale fiber optic communications and data services - Atlanta, Georgia 
Southern Company Gas - serves gas utility customers and operates natural gas pipelines - Atlanta, Georgia 
PowerSecure - distributed infrastructure technologies - Wake Forest, North Carolina 
Atlanta Gas Light - provides natural gas delivery service to more than 1 6 million customers in Georgia 
Chattanooga Gas - provides retail natural gas sales and transportation services to approximately 66,000 customers in Hamilton and Bradley counties in southeast Tennessee 
Nicor Gas - Provider of natural gas throughout northern Illinois 
Virginia Natural Gas - Provider of Natural Gas in southeastern Virginia 
Sequent Energy Management - optimizes natural gas assets and effectively utilize transportation and storage services 
Southern Wholesale Energy - markets the retail operating companies' surplus generating capacity to the wholesale market 
Southern Company Transmission - conducts transmission business in accordance with the Southern Companies Open Access Transmission Tariff approved by FERC Prior to 2019, Southern Company also owned Gulf Power, an electric utility based in Pensacola, Florida that serves most of the Florida Panhandle  An agreement was reached in May 2018 to sell Gulf Power to rival utility company NextEra Energy  The sale was completed on January 1, 2019  Gulf Power would become the Northwest Florida division of Florida Power & Light (FPL) in 2021, with the Gulf Power name retired in favor of FPL in 2022 

History
Southern Company can be traced back to 1924, when Southeastern Power & Light was formed as a holding company for Alabama Traction, Light and Power (formed 1906), the immediate forerunner of Alabama Power  Later that year, it formed Mississippi Power as a subsidiary, with Gulf Power following in 1925  In 1926, it merged with Georgia Power (formed 1902)  In 1930, Southeastern Power & Light merged into the Commonwealth & Southern Corporation  The new system included five Northern companies and six Southern companies  However, in the late 1940s Commonwealth & Southern was dissolved to meet the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935  Four of Commonwealth & Southern's Deep South operating companies—Alabama Power, Georgia Power, Gulf Power, and Mississippi Power—were deemed to be an integrated system and thus were allowed to remain under common ownership  A new holding company, Southern Company, was incorporated in Delaware on November 9, 1945  It commenced operation in 1949, and moved to Georgia in 1950  In 1954–55, the company was involved in the Dixon-Yates contract with the Atomic Energy Commission, and the associated political controversy In 1981, Southern Company became the first electric utility holding company in 46 years to diversify its operations by forming an unregulated subsidiary  In January 1982, Southern Energy, Inc , began official operations as a global energy company, growing to serve 10 countries on four continents  On April 2, 2001, Southern Company completed the spinoff of Southern Energy as Mirant Corporation 
Another Southern Company subsidiary—Southern Nuclear—began providing services in 1991 to the system's nuclear power plants 
In 1996, Southern Communications Services began providing digital wireless communications services to Southern Company's subsidiaries and also began marketing these services to the public within the Southeast as Southern Linc  Southern Telecom, a telecommunications subsidiary of Southern Company, was founded in 1997  Southern Telecom provides colocation and dark fiber optic lines to network businesses On January 9, 2001, Southern Company received final approval from the Securities and Exchange Commission to form Southern Power, a subsidiary to own, manage and finance wholesale generating assets in the Southeast  The new subsidiary targets wholesale customers 
On July 19, 2002, Southern Company Gas received certification from the Georgia Public Service Commission to enter the retail gas market  After nearly four years of operations, the company was sold and customers transferred to Cobb EMC's newly formed affiliate, Gas South 
In 2011, Southern Company and Turner Renewable Energy purchased a 30 MW solar project from First Solar  Located in Cimarron, New Mexico, it began generating electricity in 2011 In June 2012, the Nacogdoches Generating Facility began its commercial operation  The facility is a 115 MW biomass-fueled electric generating plant, located near Sacul in Nacogdoches County, Texas 
In 2016, Southern Company acquired PowerSecure, a distributed energy infrastructure technologies company, and AGL Resources (which was renamed Southern Company Gas)  As a result of the AGL Resources merger, Southern Company doubled its customer base, expanded its footprint and broadened the scope of its business by increasing its natural gas presence 

Plant Vogtle
Southern Company subsidiaries operate hydroelectric, gas, coal, and nuclear generation sources to generate approximately 200 terawatt-hours of electricity  In 2009, coal represented 57 percent of the company's output, followed by nuclear (23%) and natural gas (16%)  Renewable hydroelectric power represented 4 percent of Southern's generation  Coal-based generation dropped significantly in 2009 from an average of 70% between 2005 and 2008  As of 2017 Coal-based generation had dropped to 30% In June 2010, the United States Department of Energy awarded an $8 3 billion loan guarantee to facilitate the construction of two new nuclear reactors at Plant Vogtle, near Augusta, Georgia  A Southern Company subsidiary, Georgia Power, owns 45 7% of the current 2,430 MW facility, with co-owners Oglethorpe Power (30%) Municipal Electric Authority of Georgia (22 7%) and the City of Dalton (1 6%)  The plant is operated by Georgia Power  The $14 billion construction project is scheduled to be completed by 2022 and would double the plant's capacity The construction of two 1,154 MW reactors has been hailed by Energy Secretary Steven Chu as "the first new nuclear power plant to break ground in decades"  It is expected to create up to 3,500 jobs during the construction phase, and 800 once operational  However, in March 2017 Westinghouse Electric Company, who were building the plant, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy because of $9 billion of losses from its two U S  nuclear construction projects  The U S  government had given $8 3 billion of loan guarantees on the financing of the four nuclear reactors being built in the U S , and it is expected a way forward to completing the plant can be agreed 

Plant Ratcliffe
In September 2013 the EPA introduced new provisions regarding output of carbon emissions in new power facilities  The proposed emission limit for new energy sources will be 1,100lbs of carbon dioxide per megawatt hour of electricity  Preemptively recognizing the need for these changes, Southern Company broke ground on its 21st-century clean coal facility in June 2010  Southern's subsidiary, Mississippi Power will operate the plant  The Kemper County Energy Facility, or Kemper Project, takes advantage of the abundant lignite, or poor quality coal, available in Mississippi  Additionally, it employs Transport Gasifier (TRIG) technology  TRIG technology is built on the idea of dry-feed, non-slag gasifiers, which operate at lower temperatures than other coal gasifiers  This dry-feed is crushed, heated, and circulated in the gasifier, producing a flammable synthetic gas, syngas  Syngas can generate electricity with fewer emissions  Of course, other byproducts are produced, like ammonia and sulphuric acid  These particular products are sold for commercial use The EPA considers the Kemper Coal Project and other planned facilities like it, to be a lifeline for the coal industry in the wake of the new climate change plan  Between 2010 and 2014, approximately 150 coal plants were shut down As of April 2014, the US Department of Energy had invested $270m in this project  Southern Company, and its subsidiary, Mississippi Power anticipate that the Kemper Coal Plant will generate enough energy to serve more than 187,000 customers  Upon opening, the Kemper Coal Project is expected to be capable of stripping out at least 65% of the carbon dioxide, significantly exceeding the EPA's proposed requirement of 40% 

Partnerships
Southern Company works with the US Department of Energy on a variety of projects including transmission and distribution of infrastructure and smart grid initiatives, environmental research programs, and nuclear generation  One of the more significant joint efforts, the DOE's National Carbon Capture Center, is managed by Southern Company and represents national efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from coal-based power generation  At this location, Southern Company has been working with scientists and technology developers from government, industry, and universities who are creating the next generation of carbon capture technologies Along with the DOE, Southern Company has been working with KBR, another technology partner, to perfect its TRIG advanced coal gasification technology  This process of breaking down "dirty coal", or lignite, into its chemical components is not only cleaner, but it is also less expensive and more reliable  This technology is currently being implemented at Southern Company's Kemper County power plant, one of the few new coal facilities working to keep the US coal industry alive  This new facility will be built on a lignite seam, is expected to strip out two-thirds of carbon dioxide emissions, leaving emissions at about the same level as natural gas  The Kemper Coal Plant is expected to fall well under new regulations implemented by the EPA, which limits coal plants to 1,100lbs of carbon dioxide emissions per megawatt hour of electricity In an effort to make this technology more attainable, Southern Company has partnered with China's Shenhua Group to collaborate on further research, development, and deployment of clean coal technologies in the US, China, and around the world  This partnership with Shenhua, who is currently expected to add more than 400,000 megawatts of coal-fired capacity by 2035, could lead to wide deployment of TRIG-equipped power plants across Asia  TRIG technology has the potential to not only assist China with their growing carbon issue, but also enable the country to tap into their own low quality coal In 2009, the U S  Department of Energy granted Southern Company a $165 million Smart Grid Investment Grant to implement a smart grid and to make the grid more reliable  Through matching funds and other investments, the company spent $363 million on the initiative, which it completed in 2014  The upgraded smart grid allows Southern Company the ability to monitor and control its electric infrastructure in real time and respond to problems 

Financial data
Carbon footprint
Southern Company reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending 31 December 2020 at 75,300 Kt (-13,100 /-14 8% y-o-y) and aims to reach net zero emissions by 2050 

Political donations
In May 2018, it was reported that Southern Company had donated $1 million to America First Policies, a pro-Donald Trump advocacy group 

Controversies
Environmental impact
Southern Company is the third-largest producer of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, emitting 86,244,286 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2019 In 2005, the company announced it would open a Mercury Research Center at Plant Crist Pensacola, Florida, hoping to find new ways to reduce mercury emissions On April 25, 2006, Alabama Power, a subsidiary of Southern Company, agreed to pay $200M to settle allegations that its coal-fired James H  Miller, Jr  Plant near West Jefferson, Alabama emitted harmful amounts of SO2 and NOx In response to growing public and financial community interest, the company has enacted assorted environmental measures  Southern Company participates in Renew Our Rivers, a volunteer program to remove debris from rivers and other waterways throughout the Southeast, which claims over 11 million pounds of trash removed or recycled in Renew Our Rivers events  The company also manages and operates the National Carbon Capture Center, a focal point of the US Department of Energy's efforts to develop carbon capture and greenhouse gas reduction technologies, under which various projects to test geologic sequestration are in progress at Plant Gorgas in Alabama, Plant Daniel in Mississippi and other company sites  However, critics have argued that CCS seldom works and prolongs the life of fossil fuels 

Climate change denial
Southern Company has a long history of funding climate change denial and has been a "driving force behind climate disinformation," sponsoring campaigns in opposition to climate science, against limiting greenhouse gas emissions, and slowing the transition to renewable energy sources Between 1993 and 2004 Southern Company paid over $62 million to organizations that spread disinformation about climate change  The utility paid for advertising claiming that climate change was not real and made payments to public relations companies, industry groups, law firms and thinktanks to dispute the scientific consensus for climate change and attack legislative solutions  The utility paid $20 million to the trade group Edison Electric Institute, which creates media campaigns to attack proponents of global warming  In the 1990s, Southern Company and the Center for Energy and Economic Development hosted energy workshops broadcast to schoolteachers through the company's satellite network to promote pro-coal messages about climate change and the environment 

Kemper Project controversies
In February 2015, the Mississippi Supreme Court ordered Southern Company's subsidiary Mississippi Power to restore $377 million to South Mississippi ratepayers for rate increases related to the Kemper Project, a "clean" coal plant  These fees were derived from Mississippi's Baseload Act, allowing Mississippi Power to charge ratepayers for powerplants under construction 
In May 2016, Southern Company and its subsidiary Mississippi Power announced they were being investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission related to overruns at the Kemper Project  The project had been repeatedly delayed and costs increased from $2 88 billion to $6 58 billion  In recorded conversations, at least six engineers from the Kemper Project claimed that delays, cost overruns, safety violations, and shoddy work, were in part due to mismanagement or fraud 
In June 2016, Mississippi Power was sued by Treetop Midstream Services over the cancellation of a contract to receive carbon dioxide from the Kemper Project as part of the carbon capture and storage design  Treetop had contracted to buy carbon dioxide from the Kemper plant and had built a pipeline in preparation to receive the gas  Treetop alleged Mississippi Power had fraudulently and "intentionally misrepresenting and concealing the start date" for the Kemper Project, though Mississippi Power stated the suit was without merit 
The company was also found to have unlawfully fired a whistle-blower who had criticized alleged false statements by company management 

Vogtle nuclear power plant
In June 2021, Georgia Power, a subsidiary of Southern Company, was scrutinized by the Georgia Public Service Commission over the lengthy delays and ballooning costs of its new Vogtle nuclear plant in Burke County, Georgia 

Willie Soon
In February 2015, it was revealed that climate change denier Willie Soon had been paid by Southern Company and several other fossil fuel interest groups  Over the course of 14 years, Soon received a total of $1 25m from Southern Company, Exxon Mobil, the American Petroleum Institute (API) and a foundation run by the Koch brothers, the documents obtained by Greenpeace show  At $410,000, Southern Company was the largest donor  The scientist described his studies to fossil fuel executives as "deliverables", and permitted anonymous pre-publication reviews  Soon advanced the widely discredited theory that changes in solar activity are to blame for climate change, and called into question the severity and extent of climate change in all his studies, never revealing his backers 

See also
Jacob Horton
List of United States electric companies
Electric utility

Notes
External links
Business data for Southern Company: 
DOE guarantee press info
PR Newswire release
Southern Company Media Room
Official website
Forbes Global 2000 Biggest Companies Utility Industry
Passage 3:
TECO Energy
TECO Energy Inc  is an energy-related holding company based in Tampa, Florida, and a subsidiary of Emera Incorporated  TECO Energy has several subsidiaries: Tampa Electric, which provides electricity to the Tampa Bay Area and parts of Central Florida; Peoples Gas Company, which provides natural gas throughout Florida; and TECO Services, which provides IT, HR, legal, facilities, and other services to current and former TECO subsidiaries  Previously the company was in the S&P 500 before it became private due its acquisition by Emera 
TECO Energy businesses include New Mexico Gas Company  TECO's three utilities serve a total of 1 6 million customers in Florida and New Mexico  In 2012, TECO exited its business in Guatemala 

History
Tampa Electric began in 1899 to manage electric trolley systems in the city of Tampa  On September 4, 2015, Emera, a utility holding company based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, announced the pending acquisition of TECO Energy  That purchase closed on July 1, 2016, and TECO Energy, Inc  became a wholly owned subsidiary of Emera, Inc 

Environmental record
Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 2006 identified TECO Energy as the 37th-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States in 2002, with roughly 11 million pounds of toxic chemicals released annually into the air  Major pollutants indicated by the study included hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, chromium compounds, arsenic compounds, and nickel compounds In 2000, TECO Energy was fined $3 5 million for making changes to emissions producing facilities without installing new updated pollution controls  This led to the switch from coal to natural gas in one of its plants by 2004 and optimization of pollution controls in another  These changes were enacted to drastically cut emissions, notably sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions On July 6, 2019 People’s Gas a Division of Tampa Electric Company, caused an explosion of a shopping center in Plantation, Florida known as the Market on University because People’s Gas failed to close and lock a gas line after a customer request dating back to December 2018  The failure to close and lock the gas line is a violation of Federal law and Florida law  Peoples/TECO claims that a computer program cancelled the shutoff order unbeknownst to the utility  TECO/Peoples hid the claimed computer error from state investigators  The computer error caused hundreds of gas line shutoff orders to be cancelled system wide  TECO/Peoples also blame the owner of the shopping center for not capping the gas line when the tenant removed a gas pizza oven  Over 60 lawsuits were filed in response to the explosion many of which remain pending 
In 2017, TECO had an explosion at its Big Bend power plant near Tampa, Florida killing 5 workers who were performing a dangerous procedure water jetting molten slag in a coal fired furnace  The workers were killed because an explosion occurred  TECO experienced the same type of accident 10 years prior and developed a policy to prevent future accidents but failed to train workers on the safety policy  In May 2022, TECO pleaded guilty to violating an OSHA safety regulation requiring a meeting to ensure workers are properly trained that would have prevented the deaths of the 5 workers  In August 2022 TECO was sentenced to a $500,000 fine and 3 years of probation  TECO admitted that it willfully violated an OSHA safety regulation as part of its guilty plea  
On September 28, 2017, TECO announced it was adding 600 MW of solar to its electricity-producing portfolio 

See also
List of power stations in Florida
TECO Line Streetcar (No longer operated by TECO)
Tampa Electric Co  v  Nashville Coal Co 
Passage 4:
Xcel Energy
Xcel Energy Inc  is a U S  regulated electric utility and natural gas delivery company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, serving more than 3 7 million electric customers and 2 1 million natural gas customers across parts of eight states (Colorado, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas and New Mexico)  It consists of four operating subsidiaries: Northern States Power-Minnesota, Northern States Power-Wisconsin, Public Service Company of Colorado, and Southwestern Public Service Co In December 2018, Xcel Energy announced it would deliver 100 percent clean, carbon-free electricity by 2050, with an 80 percent carbon reduction by 2035 (from 2005 levels)  This makes Xcel the first major US utility to set such a goal 

History
Xcel Energy was built on three companies: Minneapolis-based Northern States Power Company (NSP), Denver-based Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo), and Amarillo-based Southwestern Public Service (SPS)  Southwestern Public Service Co  (SPS) dates its origins to 1904 and the Pecos Valley in New Mexico when Maynard Gunsell received an electricity franchise for the city of Roswell, New Mexico and its 2,000 residents  The financial strain of creating this new enterprise soon overwhelmed him and he sold the franchise to W H  Gillenwater, who named his utility the Roswell Electric Light Co  He later sold the company to an investment firm in Cleveland, Ohio, which already owned the Roswell Gas Co Northern States Power Company's timeline begins with the organization of the Washington County Light & Power Co  in 1909  When H  M  Byllesby began building his utility holding company across the Northwestern region of the US, he renamed it the Consumers Power Co  in 1910 and which was renamed the Northern States Power Co  in 1916  While the bulk of NSP's territory grew across central and southern Minnesota (starting from the Twin Cities), it acquired territory in North Dakota (centering on Fargo, Grand Forks, and Minot) and extended southwest into South Dakota (centering on Sioux Falls)  NSP's system also extended east into Wisconsin, but because of utility ownership laws in that state, it was operated as an entity separate from the rest of the company 
Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo) was formed in 1923 to provide an electric generating station for the Denver area   By 1924, it had acquired most of the electric companies in northern and central Colorado  Originally a subsidiary of Cities Service Company, it became an independent autonomous operation in November 1943   By this time, it served 80 percent of Colorado's gas and electricity needs  As demand for energy continued to grow, so did PSCo   Eventually, the company merged with SPS to form New Century Energies (NCE) in 1995 Northern States Power and Wisconsin Energy Corporation had planned to merge into a new outfit that was to be called Primergy - but in 1997, the merger fell through because of the time it was taking to gain the required approvals from state and federal agencies  After the failed Primergy merger, NSP (both the Minnesota and Wisconsin companies) merged with New Century Energies to form Xcel Energy   In 2005, Xcel sold Cheyenne Light, Fuel and Power to Black Hills Corporation   Cheyenne Light, Fuel and Power had been a subsidiary of PSCo since the 1920s, and had become an operating company of NCE after the merger with SPS 
In December 2018, Xcel Energy became the first major US utility to pledge to go carbon-free, aiming for 80% carbon reduction by 2030, and 100% reduction by 2050 Utility industry magazine Utility Dive awarded Xcel Energy its 2018 "Utility of the Year" award for its plans for add 12 wind farms, its project with Google to develop new ways for customers to personalize energy management, and its plan to retire 50 percent of its coal-powered capacity by 2026 (and replacing it with a combination of renewable energy, efficiency, and natural gas) On May 20, 2019, Xcel Energy announced its intent to close all of its remaining coal-fired plants in Minnesota by 2030 while compensating by increasing solar production capacity by 1,400%  It also declared its plans to continue operating its Monticello nuclear plant near Monticello, Minnesota until at least 2040 On March 16, 2023, Xcel Energy announced that a significant unplanned release of radioactive water from its Monticello nuclear power plant took place on November 21, 2022, which was reported only to state and federal authorities but was concealed from the public until now  Xcel estimated the leak to be 400 thousand gallons of contaminated water containing radioactive tritium  The leak occurred in a water pipe that runs between two buildings 

Generation portfolio
Across Xcel Energy's eight-state service area, 49% of the power provided in 2021 came from carbon-free sources: biomass, hydroelectric and nuclear plants, solar panels and wind turbines Xcel Energy currently has 13 coal plants with a capacity of 7,697 MW  Seven of those plants are operated in Colorado  Xcel Energy owns and operates three wind farms  In October 2011, Xcel Energy set a world record for electricity from wind power, with an hourly penetration of 55 6% of production from wind Xcel Energy generates over 500 megawatts of hydroelectric power from 27 plants in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Colorado  This accounts for only four percent of their electricity generation  They also purchase large amounts of hydro-generated electricity from Manitoba Hydro 

Biomass electricity comes from organic fuel sources  Xcel Energy has contracts for about 110 megawatts of electricity from biomass generators  Two in northern Minnesota are fueled by forest harvest residue, such as treetops and limbs  A third facility, brought on line in 2007 in western Minnesota, generates power using turkey litter Xcel Energy's Bay Front plant in Ashland, Wisconsin, is a three-unit generating station that has become a model for the creative use of fuels: coal, waste wood, railroad ties, discarded tires, natural gas, and petroleum coke   Two of the three Bay Front operating units already use biomass as their primary fuel   Xcel Energy recently proposed a plan to install biomass gasification technology at Bay Front  The waste-to-energy facilities use waste that would otherwise end up in landfills  The Wisconsin waste-to-energy plant burns wood waste in combination with refuse-derived fuel (RDF) Xcel Energy owns and operates two nuclear power plants: 

Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant near Monticello, Minnesota
Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant near Red Wing, Minnesotaand stores the spent fuel from these nuclear plants on site in independent spent fuel storage installations  (ISFSIs) 

System information and transmission
Xcel Energy operates the fourth largest transmission system in the United States, spanning 10 states  In 2011, Xcel Energy's transmission system was worth $3 3 billion The transmission system is operated on a non-discriminatory basis under the open access requirements of the Federal Government  This means that all wholesale buyers and sellers of electricity can use the transmission system under the same terms and conditions used to serve Xcel Energy's own retail customers   The transmission lines are utilized to carry 115,000 volts, 230,000 volts, and 345,000 volts   There is also a 500,000 volt transmission line that runs from the Dorsey Substation outside of Winnipeg, Manitoba in Canada to the Chisago Substation located in Chisago County just north of St  Paul, Minnesota 

Grid security
In 2017, Xcel Energy partnered with the Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center to create a new "threat information sharing community" intended to share cyber and physical security intelligence with the energy sector  The new community is called the Energy Analytic Security Exchange (EASE)  It is run by the FS-ISAC Sector Services team; FS-ISAC is an organization that gathers cyber and physical risk intelligence for the financial services industry  Additionally, the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) manages the Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center, which is another resource that the energy sector uses to gather threat intelligence 

Advanced Grid in Colorado
In 2016, Xcel Energy announced the Advanced Grid Intelligence and Security (AGIS) initiative, a long-term effort related to power reliability, distributed generation, and information sharing with customers  Through the initiative, Xcel would build an "intelligent grid" in Colorado in order to improve grid security  The company filed a request for permission with the Colorado Public Utilities Commission for the program, which would cost $500 million 

Programs
Since 1998, Xcel Energy's Windsource program has allowed customers to designate that part or all of their electricity comes from a renewable energy source  In 2015, about 96,000 people were enrolled in Windsource  In 2011, more than 2 3 million electric and 261,800 natural gas customers took part in Xcel Energy's energy efficiency programs for homes and businesses Xcel Energy also offers customers incentives to install solar panels  At the end of 2011, more than 10,600 photovoltaic systems had been installed, with a capacity of about 121 megawatts (DC)  In early 2011, Xcel Energy suspended the solar rebate program before reaching a settlement a month later with representatives of solar power companies to restore the solar incentive program until it is fully reviewed by the Public Utilities Commission 

Controversies
On August 1, 2002, Xcel Energy Inc  was sued because of engaging in "round-trip" energy trades that provided no economic benefit for the company, and because the company lacked the necessary internal controls to adequately monitor the trading of its power  Xcel paid $80,000,000 in a settlement The Cabin Creek Fire occurred on October 2, 2007, at Xcel Energy's Hydropower Generation plant in Georgetown, Colorado  On June 1, 2011, Federal prosecutors opened their charges that Xcel Energy was criminally liable for the deaths of the five RPI workers  On June 28, the jury found Xcel Energy not guilty  On December 19, 2011, RPI Coating pleaded guilty to workplace safety violations and paid $1 55 million in a cash settlement  The company took responsibility for the deaths of five workers and the injuries to three  The U S  Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board conducted an investigation of the incident  Its report can be found on the CSB website  It is considered one of the worst unmitigated incidents to occur in a permit-required confined space The parent company to Xcel Energy, and later Xcel Energy itself have operated the Prairie Island Nuclear Power Plant since 1973  Over that time, nuclear waste produced by the power plant has been stored adjacent to the Prairie Island Indian Community  The homes of some members of the community are within 600 yards of the nuclear waste containment site and, sitting within the banks of the Mississippi River, the island is very vulnerable to seasonal flooding  While in 1991, the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission capped the storage of nuclear waste on the island to 17 casks, the legislature has since permitted this number to increase  Environmentalists and members of the Prairie Island Indian Community have been working since 1994 to have this nuclear waste transported away from their reservation due to the combined risk of the temporary design of the storage facility, unpredictable flooding and single evacuation road in the event nuclear waste is released from containment 

See also
Plant X, Lamb County, Texas
Passage 5:
Electric Bond and Share Company
The Electric Bond and Share Company (Ebasco) was a United States electric utility holding company organized by General Electric  It was forced to divest its holding companies and reorganize due to the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935  Following the passage of the Act, the U S  Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) selected the largest of the U S  holding companies, Ebasco to be the test case of the law before the U S  Supreme Court  The court case known as Securities and Exchange Commission v  Electric Bond and Share company was settled in favor of the SEC on March 28, 1938  It took twenty-five years of legal action by  the SEC to break up Ebasco and the other major U S  electric holding companies until they conformed with the 1935 act  It was allowed to retain control of its foreign electric power holding company known as the American & Foreign Power Company (A&FP)  After its reorganization, it became an investment company, but soon turned into a major designer and engineer of both fossil fuel and nuclear power electric generation facilities  Its involvement in the 1983 financial collapse of the Washington Public Power Supply System's five nuclear reactors led to Ebasco's demise because of the suspension of nuclear power orders and lawsuits that included numerous asbestos claims  The U S  nuclear industry stopped all construction of new facilities following the 1979 nuclear meltdown at Three Mile Island, going into decline because of radiation safety concerns and major construction cost overruns 

History
The Electric Bond and Share Group was organized in 1905 as a holding company for electric utility company securities by General Electric using its employees' retirement investment fund  Morgan used his control of General Electric and his position as the country's most powerful financier to set in motion a plan to monopolize the entire country's electric industry via the Electric Bond and Share Group  Until his death in 1913, Morgan was opposed to any form of government regulation  His firing of Samuel Insull resulted with Insull moving to Chicago, where he organized the second-largest holding company in the country, the Middle West Utilities Company or what is known today as Exelon  Insull would actively promote the idea of a regulated monopoly because of the high cost of electrical infrastructure  About the same time as Teddy Roosevelt's trust busting campaign against Morgan, Rockefeller and other elites was gaining national attention, the National Civic Federation (NCF) was formed   It carried out extensive investigations and debates among prominent business men and organized labor over the issue of public vs  private ownership of electric power  Insull's public support for regulation helped popularize NCF's model legislation that quickly spread nationwide after the state of New York adopted its own variation  Morgan's son J  P  Morgan Jr  carried on with the House of Morgan, including his father's goal of a national electric monopoly but was up against the reformist progressive era 
By 1925, General Electric's Electric Bond & Share Group was the largest owner of U S  and foreign electric companies holding over 10% of the country's companies as subsidiaries organized into five major holding companies   General Electric made a purely symbolic gesture to reduce growing public anger by divesting control of the company leaving Morgan still in financial control  The Commonwealth & Southern Corporation, which owned several utility operating companies in the Midwest and the South, some of which became part of the Southern Company, and the reorganized Electric Bond And Share Company (EBASCo) were both part of J  P Morgan's syndicate via his J P  Morgan & Co  In 1926, its headquarters in New York City had over 1,000 employees, and controlled companies in 33 states worth $1 25 billion As public concern continued to mount by ratepayers of private electric power companies, the Federal Trade Commission carried out extensive investigations between 1928 and 1935  The commission's 48,000-page report included entire volumes for each of the country's major utility companies  The FTC valued EBASCo and its five holding companies at $3 5 billion, along with major investments in dozens of other major U S  companies  Within the five main holding companies were 121 U S  subsidiaries, along with a foreign holding company that operated in 16 countries and had 70 subsidies 
Because he was a strong proponent of public power, Franklin D  Roosevelt used the collapse of Samuel Insull's Middle West Utilities electric empire in June 1932 as one of his most important election campaign issues  The failed assassination attempt on his life in February 1933 later became part of U S  Marine Corps General Smedley Butler's claim of a Business Plot against Roosevelt by J  P  Morgan  On Roosevelt's first day in office, following his inauguration, he ordered the closure of the nation's banks, known as the bank holiday of 1933  In a joint session of the House and Senate, he pushed through the Emergency Banking Act along with Executive Order 6102 that blocked the hoarding of gold and stopped the major New York banks from taking gold supplies out of the country   Roosevelt then selected Ferdinand Pecora to investigate Morgan and the country's other major banks  Both Pecora and the Federal Trade Commission investigations  exposed the fact that the electric industry was the most capital intensive industry  The May 24th, 1933 Pecora hearings rocked the country, focusing on J P  Morgan and his financial empire, whose top lieutenants paid no taxes  In his 1939 book Wall Street Under Oath: The Story of Our Modern Money Changers, Ferdinand Pecora stated that "Undoubtedly, this small group of highly placed financiers, controlling the very springs of economic activity, holds more real power than any similar group in the United States "The 1933 Pecora Commission hearings identified the National City Company, known today as Citibank, as the location where Morgan conducted EBASCo's investment operations, which played a prominent role in the passage of the Glass–Steagall legislation  The Pecaro investigation along with the findings from the seven-year Federal Trade Commission investigation into electric holding companies nationwide led to the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935  which some historians say was "the fiercest congressional battle in history "  Following the act's passage, Ebasco sued the United States government claiming it was unconstitutional, but lost the case before the Supreme Court in 1938  Wendell Willkie, who was the president of one of J P  Morgan and Ebasco's biggest investments, known as the Southern Company, ran against Franklin D  Roosevelt in the 1940 presidential race, but lost 

EBASCo, known on Wall Street as (EBS) was included in the Dow Jones Utility Average from  1938 to 1947 

Securities and Exchange Commission breakup of EBASCo
Following the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, the U S  Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversaw the closure, re-organization or divestment of EBASCo's holding companies except for its American & Foreign Power Co , making annual reports on its monumental legal breakup case between 1936 and 1961  The act was used to break up the country's electric industry into regions confined by state boundaries so that state agencies could properly regulate each company  Each year, the SEC reported on the compliance status of the industry   As of 1949, 210 holding companies affecting 918 of the country's electric companies had come under the SEC's legal jurisdiction and procedures, with 46 holding companies still active   In its 1949 annual report, the SEC documented the history of their order for EBASCo to break up its five major holding companies' combined assets worth $3 5 billion 
In 1940, congressional investigations of brokerage firms, insurance companies and their relationship to the electric industry exposed that Middle South Utilities, the Southern Group and Ebasco were all financed by Morgan Stanley, with Wall Street having financial influence over nearly 80% of the country's electric industry 
Following the passage of the 1935 Act, Ebasco went into the U S  court system in an attempt overturn the act but failed (see external links for major court cases)  Ebasco was then required to register its holding companies and comply with SEC orders  On August 23, 1941, its holding company known as the National Power & Light Co  was ordered to break up its 27 subsidiaries  On March 22, 1949, the SEC signed off on the final breakup of National that included major holdings in Pennsylvania PPL Corporation, the Carolinas and Alabama (see subsidiary list) 
On August 22, 1942, the SEC ordered the breakup of Ebasco's holding companies known as American Power & Light Corp  that included 35 subsidiaries and the Electric Power & Light Corporation with its 24 subsidiaries  American appealed the ruling but lost before the U S  Supreme Court on November 25, 1946  As of 1949, all but one of American's subsidiaries were in compliance  Electric Power and its sub-holding company United Gas Corporation finally agreed to its breakup on March 2, 1949  Electric Power was then re-organized as Middle South Utilities Inc  and is known today as Entergy 
In 1939, proceedings before the SEC were initiated to break up EBASCo's American Gas & Electric Company  On December 28, 1945, the agency agreed to allow it to retain control of its central region of subsidiaries in Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, if it let go of its companies in Pennsylvania and New Jersey  In 1946, it attempted to acquire the Continental Gas & Electric Corp  but was denied   American Gas & Electric Company was finally spun off in 1958 to become American Electric Power (AEP) 
As part of a national campaign to deregulate the electric industry, the Bush administration and Congress passed the Energy Policy Act of 2005 that repealed the 1935 Public Utility Holding Company Act 

EBASCo holding companies prior to 1935
The following EBASCo holding companies, which includes some of its subsidiaries came under enforcement by the Securities and Exchange Commission with the passage of the Public Utilities Holding Company Act of 1935 

American Gas & Electric Company
Incorporated in 1906, and controlled by EBASCo , American Gas & Electric Company was finally spun off in 1958 and became American Electric Power  AEP currently serves over 5 million electricity customers in eleven states  It is currently the 6th largest gas & electric company in the United States  Check the reference here for a recent list of AEP's  subsidiaries 
Appalachian Electric Power Co  - Known today as Appalachian Power
Ohio Power Co  - Known today as AEP Ohio
Indiana & Michigan Electric Co  - known today as Indiana Michigan Power
The Scranton Electric Co  was sold to PPL Corporation in 1956
Atlantic City Elec  Co  - Is currently a subsidiary of Exelon
Ky  & W  Va  Power Co  - known today as Kentucky Power
Wheeling Electric Co  - is currently a subsidiary of AEP
Indiana General Service Co 
Kingsport Utilities, Inc  - known today as Kingsport Power Company

American Power & Light Company
American Power & Light had over 35 subsidiaries prior to 1935   In 1942, the Securities and Exchange Commission ordered the holding company to be broken up, which was completed by 1951  Many of these companies are still in existence today  

Citizens Power & Light Co , Council Bluffs, Iowa 
Central Arizona Light & Power Co , Phoenix, Arizona, merged with Arizona Edison in 1952 to form Arizona Public Service
Florida Power & Light Co , Miami, Florida  It is a subsidiary of NextEra Energy Resources
Fort Worth Power & Light Co , Fort Worth, Texas  Became part of TU Electric in 1984 
Helena Gas & Electric Co , Helena, Montana 
Kansas Gas & Electric Co , general office, Wichita, Kansas, merged with Kansas Power and Light of Topeka in 1992 to form Westar Energy
Minnesota Power & Light Co , general office, Duluth, Minnesota 
Missoula Public Service Co , Missoula, Montana, acquired by Montana Power Company in 1929
Montana Power Company, Butte, Montana  is still operating today 
Nebraska Power Co , Omaha, Nebraska 
Northern Power Co , Superior, Wisconsin 
Northwestern Electric Co , Portland, Oregon 
Pacific Power & Light Co , Portland, Oregon  is known today as PacifiCorp and owned by Berkshire Hathaway Energy 
Portland Gas & Coke Co , Portland, Oregon 
St  Augustine Co , St  Augustine, Florida 
Superior Water, Light & Power Co , Superior, Wisconsin 
Texas Electric Service Co , Dallas, Texas  Became part of TU Electric in 1984 
Texas Power & Light Co , Dallas, Texas  Became part of TU Electric in 1984 
Texas Public Utilities Corp , Dallas, Texas  Became part of TU Electric 
Washington Water Power Co  (The), group, Spokane, Washington is known today as Avista 

Electric Power & Light Corporation
Incorporated in 1925 as a holding company for various Electric Bond & Shares Co  subsidiaries  The SEC ordered it sold off, a process that was completed in 1949, when it was renamed as Mid South Utilities, Inc  Today, it is known as Entergy 

Arkansas Power & Light Co , Little Rock, Arkansas 
Dallas Power & Light Cd  Dallas, Texas 
Idaho Power Co , Boise, Idaho 
Louisiana Gas & Fuel Co , Shreveport, Louisiana 
Louisiana Power & Light Co , New Orleans, Louisiana 
Mississippi Central Power Co , Jackson, Mississippi 
Mississippi Power & Light Co , Jackson, Mississippi 
Nevada Power Co , Boise, Idaho 
New Orleans Public Service Inc , New Orleans, Louisiana 
Salmon River Power & Light Co , Boise, Idaho 
Utah Light & Traction Co , Salt Lake City, Utah 
Utah Power & Light Co , Salt Lake City, Utah 
Western Colorado Power Co , Durango, Colorado 

National Power & Light Company
Incorporated 1925 as new holding company for various Electric Bond & Shares Co  subsidiaries  As part of the SEC's order, National Power was combined with Lehigh Power Securities with most of its other companies broken up   Today, National Power is known today as PPL Corporation

Birmingham Electric Co , Birmingham, Alabama 
Carolina Power & Light Co , Raleigh, North Carolina
Holston River Electric Corporation, Rogersville, Tennessee 
Houston Lighting & Power Co , Houston, Texas 
Knoxville Power & Light Co , Knoxville, Tennessee 
Memphis Power & Light Co , Memphis, Tennessee 
South Texas Utilities Co , Houston, Texas 
Tennessee Public Service Co , Newport, Tennessee 
West Tennessee Power & Light Co , Jackson, Tennessee 

Lehigh Power Securities Corporation
The Lehigh Power Securities Company was merged with EBASCo's National Power & Light Company 

Pennsylvania Power & Light Co , Allentown, Pennsylvania  - PPL Corporation today 
Lancaster Group, Edison Electric Co , Lancaster,  Pennsylvania 
Transit Group, Lehigh Valley Transit Co , Allentown, Pennsylvania 

American & Foreign Power Company
Following the failed merger negotiations with Canada's Royal Securities Corporation, American & Foreign Power Co  was created as a wholly owned EBASCo holding company in 1923 that had the goal of owning electric companies worldwide  With its agenda of enforcing patents, General Electric (GE) had been buying up electric stocks worldwide, but also started taking control of companies via its equipment sales and other services formerly performed by its holding company, the Electric Bond and Share Group   In 1917, Electric Bond and Share Group's first major foreign electric acquisition, at the request of the U S  government, to take control of electric production for two cities near the Panama Canal as a counter strategy against nearby German interests    In 1920, Electric Bond obtained control of Guatemalan electric facilities that the U S  government had seized from Germany during the war    This was followed in 1922 by a dramatic burst of purchasing across central and South America that was followed the next year by the formation of the American & Foreign Power Company 
In 1925, GE would dispose of its Ebasco stocks because of negative public opinion, however GE's chairman continued to sit on American & Foreign Power's board of directors while its founding president Sydney Z  Mitchell also stayed as president   In 1929 American & Foreign Power claimed to have worldwide assets of $750 million  By 1931 the holding company was supplying power to just under 1,000 communities around the world  Following the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, Ebasco was allowed to retain control of American & Foreign Power Company as the law only applied to U S  based electric utility companies 
Electric development in Cuba is of unique historic concern   Following the Spanish–American War in 1898 the country was forced into an exclusive relationship with the United States   The U  S  allowed Cuba to be independent, but required it to operate under the Platt Amendment of 1901, turning it into an exclusive U S  plantation colony with its sugar exports only allowed to be marketed in the U S    Business interests deployed a combination of Scientific racism and Scientific management practices that left the country exclusively in the hands of American companies 
It started in 1922 with GE's representative, Henry Catlin purchasing General Gerardo Machado's electric company and then donating $500,000 to the general's successful bid to become Cuba's president in 1924  GE would spend $100 million to purchase control of Cuba's entire electric infrastructure    This led to 40 years of societal stresses, years of military dictatorships, the infamous U S  Mafia operations in Havana and the Cuban Revolution which allowed Cuba to  nationalize American & Foreign Power's control of the country's electric utilities 
American & Foreign Power Company also had operations in the following countries:

Argentina - 100 different electric companies
Brazil
Canada - British Columbia Power Corporation
Chile - all major electric utilities 
China - 1929 Shanghai Power Company purchased for $32 million
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba - Cuba Electric Co  taken public by Cuba in 1960
Ecuador
Guatemala
India
Italy - Italian Superpower Corporation
Japan -  Two Companies
Mexico
Panama - 1917 purchased two companies at the request of the U S  around the Panama Canal
Venezuela

Dixon-Yates Affair
With the election of President Eisenhower in 1952 as the first republican to hold office in 20 years, a major policy shift called "no new starts" began   All federal water and power projects that had been closely tied to local, state or federal ownership were ended   The scale of this policy shift was exposed with the Dixon-Yates affair, identifying the plan's source as the Pacific Gas & Electric Company   PG&E was known for getting conservative politicians to kill all funding to the massive Central Valley Project's grid, forcing the U S  Bureau of Reclamation to rely on the company to deliver the electricity  As a result, cooperatives in communities across northern California that were set up to get the low cost surplus power collapsed 
In 1954, President Eisenhower ordered the Atomic Energy Commission to buy 600,000 kilowatts of electricity for its Oak Ridge National Laboratory from two private electric companies rather than purchase power from the Tennessee Valley Authority in what is known as the Dixon-Yates contract   The attempt to bypass TVA's public power system next door to Oak Ridge stirred a national scandal following the testimony of James D Stietenroth, who was the secretary-treasurer of Mississippi Power Company who said that Middle South Utilities was still dominated by Ebasco Services  Stietenroth was fired the next day   Following the release of a secret report by industry insiders meant only for the president's eyes, Eisenhower was forced to cancel the contract on July 11, 1955 
In 1961, after 26 years of legal cases, Electric Bond and Share had complied with the SEC's orders and was no longer listed as an electric power holding company  In 1967, Electric Bond and Share merged with its former holding company, the American & Foreign Power Co  and was renamed Ebasco Industries the following year   Ebasco Industries held onto Ebasco Services Inc  as a subsidiary 

Ebasco Services
On November 27, 1935, the Electric Bond & Share Company setup Ebasco Services to manage its holding company empire, the day after the SEC filed a lawsuit ordering the company to register as a holding company as required by the passage of the Public Utility Company Holding Company Act  According to the asbestos legal case of FENICLE v  BOISE CASCADE COMPANY, Boise Cascade purchased control of Ebasco Industries and its subsidiary Ebasco Services in 1969  The Plaintiff's suit was countered by a legal maneuver called Piercing the corporate veil  In 1973 Halliburton purchased Ebasco Services from Boise Cascade, but the Justice Department reversed the sale over concerns that it gave Halliburton control over too much of the industry's engineering expertise By the mid-1970s, Ebasco had stepped beyond its 1961 filing with the SEC, claiming its intention of becoming an investment company  It was now actively involved with the construction of nuclear and fossil fuel power facilities  In 1976, according to Encyclopedia com a Texas oil company named  Ensearch acquired Ebasco  Ensearch was originally known as Texas Power & Light Co  and had been one of Ebasco's original subsidiaries prior to 1935, that is now TXU Energy  By 1980, EBASCO had three divisions: A/E Ebasco Services, Ebasco Environmental, which provided environmental services, and Ebasco Engineering and Construction  On November 16, 1982, according to a filing made with the Texas Secretary of state, Ebasco Engineering and Construction filed as a foreign for-profit company  Ebasco Environmental was sold to Foster Wheeler, Inc , becoming Foster Wheeler Environmental 
Ebasco had become one of the major US architect-engineers, coordinating the design of many nuclear power plants both in the US and abroad  On May 22, 1956, Ebasco's subsidiary, American & Foreign Power Co  announced plans to build two nuclear power facilities in Latin America, very likely in Cuba since they held 100% of the country's electric production  Other major nuclear construction plans included the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (units 1, 2 and 6)  It also had the original contract to design and build the Bataan Nuclear station in the Philippines, but was replaced by Westinghouse  Ebasco's involvement with the financial collapse of the Washington Public Power Supply System's (WPPSS) massive five nuclear reactors  led to a lawsuit against the company in 1992 over asbestos contamination Raytheon acquired Ebasco in 1994 and was known as Raytheon Ebasco Overseas Ltd  At this time, Ebasco was known to have subsidiaries in 11 foreign countries  The Raytheon subsidiary, Raytheon Engineers & Constructors that owned Ebasco Services was later sold to Morrison Knudsen Corporation where the combined company was named the Washington Group International, Inc , a firm with more than $5 billion in annual revenues and a backlog of some $6 6 billion, marking it one of the largest in the engineering and construction industry at that time with more than 38,000 employees at work in more than 40 countries  Washington Group International, which filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001  At the time of the filing, there were four known Ebasco entities involved in the bankruptcy that included the Delaware-based Ebasco International Corporation   The Washington Group's headquarters were at the World Trade Center in 2001  Ebasco had been at the WTC since 1980 and at one point was its largest tenant with over 2,000 employees, leasing over 600,000 sq  ft  There were less than 20 employees of the 180 still at the World Trade Center on 911  In 2007 Washington Group was purchased by URS Corporation, which was purchased by AECOM in 2014 that is now one of the largest engineering firms in the world 
Following the 2007 takeover of TXU Corp , which included plans to construct two new next generation nuclear power stations at Commanche Peak, the company eventually ran into further financial difficulties and filed for bankruptcy in 2014   On February 27, 2018, Energy Futures Holdings (EFH), formerly known as TXU Corp , which was one of Ebasco's pre-1935 subsidiaries came out of bankruptcy reorganization as TXU Energy  EFH had a subsidiary known as EEC Holdings which owned Ebasco Canada Ltd  that was incorporated in Delaware  Ebasco Canada was shut down on April 29, 2014, as part of the EFH bankruptcy process According to a 2015 Sun Sentinel news story, Ebasco's American and Foreign Power Company is owned by another company - Office Depot  The article says that when Boise Cascade sold off Ebasco Services to Raytheon, it held onto American & Foreign Power Co 's foreign investments   Boise Cascade purchased OfficeMax and took its name in 2003   According to the article, OfficeMax was then purchased by Office Depot in 2013, and was proposing to merge with Staples in 2015  One of the subsidiaries of American & Foreign Power Co   was the former Cuban Power Co  that has filed a $267 5 million claim against Cuba with the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission that still has thousands of investors holding stock in the nationalized company  The Office Depot and Staples merger was abandoned in 2016 after a judge blocked the plan In 2016, The Indian subsidiary Raytheon Ebasco Overseas Ltd  appeared in an Indian court over Tax problems Meanwhile, the Dutch registered CT Corporation is listing itself as the agent for Ebasco in 43 states and the District of Columbia 
See Boise Cascade v  United States for more background on the activities of Ebasco Industries In addition, The law firm of Reid and Priest used to be part of the army of lawyers that failed to stop Ebasco from being dismantled   It became part of Reid, Priest and Thelen LLP which also just dissolved 
Today there is a company Named Ebasco Trading Co  listed in Dubai  Its unknown what its relationship is to the original company 
See Ebasco Services for its whistle-blowing problems  See External links for a list of major legal cases Ebasco has been involved in   Note that this list is no where exhaustive since the company was constantly caught up in legal cases against its own employees, insurance companies and regulatory oversight agencies nationwide 
The Public Utilities Holding Company Act of 1935 was repealed by the Energy Policy Act of 2005
Passage 6:
Spire Inc
Spire Inc  (NYSE: SR) is a regional public utility holding company based in St  Louis, Missouri, providing natural gas service through its regulated core utility operations while engaging in non-regulated activities that provide business opportunities  Its primary subsidiary Laclede Gas Company is the largest natural gas distribution utility in Missouri, serving approximately 631,000 residential, commercial and industrial customers in the City of St  Louis and ten counties in eastern Missouri   Its corporate headquarters is located in the 700 Market building in downtown St  Louis 
On April 29, 2016, the company began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol SR   It had previously been known as the Laclede Group, trading under the symbol LG 

History
Laclede Gas Company was one of the original 12 industrial companies that made up the Dow Jones Industrial Average but was removed in 1899  On December 7, 2009, executives from The Laclede Group visited the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) to ring the closing bell and commemorate the company’s 120th anniversary of trading on the exchange  The Company first listed its stock on November 14, 1889, making it the 8th-oldest listed stock on the NYSE 
On February 1, 2012, Laclede hired its first female CEO, Suzanne Sitherwood  Sitherwood earned a bachelor of science degree in industrial engineering technology from the Southern College of Technology and an MBA from Brenau University In 2013, The Laclede Group acquired Missouri Gas Energy from Southern Union Company, expanding their Missouri holdings to include Kansas City 
In 2014 Laclede acquired Alabama Gas Corporation (Alagasco), which serves the Greater Birmingham, East Lauderdale County, Gadsden, Jasper, Anniston-Oxford, Greater Tuscaloosa, Greater Montgomery, Opelika-Auburn, Tuskegee, Selma, and many Black Belt communities as Spire Alabama Inc 
On April 28, 2016, The Laclede Group shareholders approved renaming the company to Spire   Later in 2016, Spire acquired Energy South, Inc from Sempra U S  Gas & Power, the parent company of Mobile Gas and Willmut Gas   Mobile Gas operates in Mobile, Alabama as Spire Gulf Coast Inc  while Willmut gas operates in Hattiesburg, Mississippi as Spire Mississippi Inc  

See also
Laclede Gas Company - Subsidiary of the Laclede Group
Laclede Gas Building
Passage 7:
North American Company
The North American Company was a holding company incorporated in New Jersey on June 14, 1890, and controlled by Henry Villard, to succeed to the assets and property of the Oregon and Transcontinental Company  It owned public utilities and public transport companies and was broken up in 1946, largely to comply with the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 
Its headquarters were at 60 Broadway in Manhattan 

Holdings
In 1889 New Jersey passed legislation to facilitate the control of other companies by another corporation with a goal of encouraging trusts to convert into holding companies and relocate to that state  To take advantage of these expanded corporate powers, in 1890 Oregon and Transcontinental, which was an Oregon corporation, re-incorporated as a holding company in New Jersey and became the North American Company By 1940, North American was a US$2 3 billion holding company directly and indirectly heading up  80 companies  It controlled ten major direct subsidiaries in eight of which it owned at least 79%  Three of the ten were major holding companies:
Union Electric Company of St  Louis, Missouri
Washington Railway and Electric Company
North American Light and Power CompanyFour of the ten direct subsidiaries were operating companies:

Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company
Pacific Gas and Electric
Detroit Edison Company
Wisconsin Electric Power CompanyThe remaining three of the ten direct subsidiaries were:

North American Utility Securities Corporation
West Kentucky Coal Company
60 Broadway Building CorporationAt various times during its existence, North American also owned substantial interests in these other companies as well:

The Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company: Formed in 1896 as a subsidiary of the North American Company  By 1929, it operated within North American Company along with Wisconsin Electric Power Company, which became the consolidated name of the two operating companies in 1938  It now belongs to Wisconsin Energy Corporation (NYSE: WEC)
Capital Transit: Formed on December 1, 1933, in Washington, D C  from merger of Washington Railway, Capital Traction, and Washington Rapid Transit  North American owned it through its holding company subsidiary, Washington Railway and Electric Company, which in turn was the holding company for the merged lines, owning 50% of Capital Transit 
Potomac Electric Power Company
Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company
Union Light, Heat and Power of Covington, Kentucky
Northern Natural Gas Company
Butte Electric and Power Company
Laclede Gas Company
Edison Securities Corporation
Wired Radio, Inc  (Muzak)
North American Edison Company
St  Louis United Railways Company

History
The Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 passed with the intent of breaking up interstate electric holding companies by limiting company operations to a single state, thus subjecting them to effective state regulation  The North American Company fought the legislation in court, and the company was not broken up by the Securities and Exchange Commission until their loss before the Supreme court in North American Co  v  SEC on April 1, 1946 

Dow Jones Industrial Average
North American's stock was one of the twelve component stocks of the May 1896 original Dow Jones Industrial Average, but it was replaced later that same year  In 1928, when the number of stocks comprising the DJIA was increased to 30, North American was re-added to the list but was replaced again in 1930  The two periods when it was a component were:

May 26, 1896 – August 26, 1896, replaced by U  S  Cordage
October 1, 1928 – January 29, 1930, replaced by Johns-Manville

See also
John I  Beggs (former director)
Clement Studebaker Jr  (chairman of North American Light and Power Co)
Passage 8:
Alfred A  Marcus
Alfred Allen Marcus (born 1950) is an American author and the Edson Spencer Professor of Strategy and Technology Leadership at the Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota and the Technological Leadership Institute  He has worked as a consultant with companies such as 3M, Corning Inc , Xcel Energy, Medtronic, General Mills, and IBM and has also taught as a visiting professor at Technion, INCAE, BI Norwegian Business School, Fordham University, and MIT 

Environmental and energy policy career
Marcus was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and grew up in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood  He attended the University of Chicago for his bachelor's and master's degrees, before finishing his PhD in political science at Harvard University under James Q  Wilson  Outside academy, he has worked on environmental and energy policy analysis during the Carter and Reagan years at the Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers in Seattle, Washington  There he conducted and participated in studies on the commercialization of alternative energy technologies and new energy saving technologies 
Following the Three Mile Island nuclear power incident, he also became involved in the work carried out by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission on the organization and management of nuclear power plants  Marcus has written many academic articles relating to organizational safety in publications like the Academy of Management Journal, the Strategic Management Journal, and Organization Science 

Published works
His work focuses primarily on  the relationship between public policy, the environment, and American business and his books include: 

Promise and Performance: Choosing and Implementing an Environmental Policy (1980) - Praeger  ISBN 0-313-207070
The Adversary Economy (1984) - Praeger  ISBN 0-899-300553
Managing Environmental Issues: A Casebook (1992) - Prentice Hall  ISBN 0-135-638917
Controversial Issues in Energy Policy (1992) - SAGE Publications  ISBN 0-803-939701
Reinventing Environmental Regulation: Lessons from Project XL (2002) -Routledge  ISBN 1-891-853090
Strategic Foresight - A New Look at Scenarios (2010)  - Palgrave Macmillan  ISBN 0-230-611729
Innovations in Sustainability (2015) - Cambridge University Press  ISBN 1-107-42111X

Selected bibliography
See also
Paul Shrivastava
Passage 9:
North American Co  v  SEC
North American Co  v  Securities and Exchange Commission, 327 U S  686 (1946), is a United States Supreme Court case holding that a Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) order under the Public Utility Holding Company Act (PUHCA) directing a public utility holding company to divest its securities of all companies except for one electric company did not violate the Commerce Clause or the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution 

Background
PUHCA was one of a number of trust-busting and securities regulation initiatives that were enacted in response to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and ensuing Great Depression, including the collapse of Samuel Insull's public utility holding companies  By 1932, the eight largest utility holding companies controlled 73 percent of the investor-owned electric industry  Their complex, highly leveraged, corporate structures were very difficult for individual states to regulate  PUHCA required electric company holding companies to register with the SEC, and authorized the SEC to limit a holding company to a single integrated electric system through the divestiture of its other public utility and unrelated companies 
The North American Company, formed in 1890, was a holding company in a system that by 1940 contained 80 companies operating in seventeen states and the District of Columbia  These included the Union Electric Company, which operated an electric system around St  Louis, Missouri, and subsidiaries in Illinois and Iowa, the Washington Railway and Electric Company, and the North American Light and Power Company with systems in Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa and its subsidiaries Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, Pacific Gas and Electric, and Detroit Edison Company  In addition, North American also owned an investment trust company and West Kentucky Coal Company  Together the various electric systems served more than 3,000,000 customers in a service territory of 165,000 square miles 
North American initially challenged the constitutionality of PUHCA and requested an injunction against its enforcement, but the Supreme Court in Landis v  North American Co , held that the case was premature and that North American should register and then litigate the constitutionality of PUHCA after the SEC conducted its proceeding  North American then registered in 1937 as a holding company with the SEC, reserving its right to challenge the validity of the remaining portions of PUHCA  After initiating an administrative proceeding, the SEC issued an order requiring divestiture of North American's securities in companies other than the Union Electric Company  North American appealed, but in 1943 the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit upheld the order  Arguing that ownership of securities was not interstate commerce within the meaning of the Commerce Clause and that the divestiture ordered by the SEC was a taking in violation of the Fifth Amendment, North American appealed to the Supreme Court, which granted certiorari 

Opinion
The opinion by Justice Murphy first concluded that North American was engaged in interstate commerce and through its substantial stock ownership dominated its subsidiaries  The opinion then noted that North American's argument that PUHCA's divestiture provision was invalid because ownership of securities was not commerce had been previously rejected by the Court in the anti-trust case of Northern Securities Co  v  United States  Under its authority under the Commerce Clause, Congress could regulate to protect the freedom of interstate commerce using any means that were lawful and not prohibited by the Constitution  Under Northern Securities, Congress could deal with and affect the ownership of securities to protect the freedom of commerce, which it did in fashioning the divestiture remedy in PUHCA 
Lastly, the Court dismissed the takings argument, noting that Congress had weighed the benefit to shareholders of efficient, common management of diversified companies against the actual and potential harm to the public, investors, and consumers from the use of pooled investments, and determined that the economic advantages of a holding company atop an unintegrated, sprawling electric system were not commensurate with the resulting economic disadvantages  In addition, it was not clear that there would be a loss necessary for a takings claim under the Fifth Amendment  PUHCA does not require the dumping or forced liquidation of the securities on the market for cash, so the stock of the companies ordered divested could be distributed to the shareholders or sold under a plan that protects shareholder rights  The Court determined that it could not conclude that North American shareholders were disadvantaged by the operation of the divestiture provision of PUHCA 
Justices Reed, Douglas and Jackson did not participate in the consideration of the case  Although Chief Justice Stone had initially recused himself for a disclosed reason, but when he discovered that his disqualification plus those of the other justices would result in the lack of a quorum, he reversed his position 

Subsequent events
PUHCA was repealed by the Energy Policy Act of 2005 effective February 8, 2006 

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 327
Context 3: Passage 1:
Camp Casey, South Korea
Camp Casey (Korean: 캠프 케이시) is a U S  military base in Dongducheon (also sometimes spelled Tongduchŏn or TDC), South Korea, 40 miles (64 km) north of Seoul, South Korea  Camp Casey was named in 1952 after Major Hugh Boyd Casey, who was killed in a plane crash near the camp site during the Korean War  Camp Casey is one of several U S  Army bases in South Korea near the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)  Camp Casey, Camp Hovey, and neighboring Camp Castle and Camp Mobile hold the main armor, 7th Division of a bridging engineer company as well, and mechanized infantry elements of the 2nd Infantry Division (United States) in South Korea  Camp Castle has been largely abandoned, with only a warehouse remaining  Camp Mobile was severely damaged during a flood in July 2011, and has been abandoned except for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) company  Camp Casey spans 3,500 acres (14 km2) and is occupied by 6,300 military personnel and 2,500 civilians  There are plans for the relocation of most of the 2nd Infantry Division to Camp Humphreys which are underway with the latest estimate for completion being 2022  The Field Artillery Battalion remains for now at Camp Casey, while Camp Hovey is to be closed Camp Casey was home to several of the main combat units of the Second Infantry Division  Among them were the Second Battalion of the 9th Infantry Regiment  the First Battalion of the 72nd Armored Regiment (Crusaders), and the 210th Field Artillery Brigade  The 70th Brigade Support Battalion is currently located on Camp Casey, providing support to the line battalions of the brigade as well as depot and medical support to everyone stationed in the Camp Casey area  Alternating Brigades of the 1st Cavalry Division (United States) are scheduled to be at Camp Casey on 9-month rotations until facilities are ready at Camp Humphreys in 2022 

Facilities
Chapels
Commissary
Law Enforcement Centers:
Provost Marshal's Office - 2nd Infantry Division Provost Marshal and 55th Military Police CO
Hospitals available:
Dental Clinic
Health Clinic
MWR facilities
Airline Ticket Office
Recreation Center
Super Day-rooms
Library
Internet Cafe
Movie Theatre (with 3D capability) - also serves as Conference Center
Golf Course
Bowling Centers (one at Casey; one at Hovey)
Indoor (Hovey) and Outdoor (Casey) Swimming Pools
Outdoor Tennis / Basketball
Softball / Baseball Field
Arts & Crafts Center
2 recently remodeled Gymnasiums
The Officer and NCO/Enlisted clubs are no more  They are now the Gateway Club (Casey), Warriors Club (Casey), and Iron Triangle Club (Hovey), and they are open to all military personnel 
Auto Car Care Center
USO
AAFES facilities available:
Post Exchange
Small Post Exchange Annex
LGU PLUS - Mobile, Internet, CATV (both Casey and Hovey)
Starbucks Coffee
Burger King
Popeyes Chicken
Anthony's Pizza
Charley's Steakery
Baskin Robbins
Smoothie King
Panda Kitchen Chinese Fusion (Hovey)
Krispy Kreme Donuts (Hovey)
Robin Hood Sandwiches
Tailor Shop
Shoppette
Class VI Store
Pizza Delivery
Filling Station
Barber / Beauty Salon
GNC
Department of Defense Dependents Schools - a K-8 School which opened on August 30, 2010; scheduled for closure in June 2016
Child and Youth School Services (CYSS) - a daycare for children under 6 years old and over; scheduled for closure in 2016

See also
List of United States Army installations in South Korea
Passage 2:
Denis Vetchinov
Denis Vasiliyevich Vetchinov (Russian: Денис Васильевич Ветчинов; 28 June 1976 – 9 August 2008) was a Russian Ground Forces major killed in action during the 2008 South Ossetia war and posthumously awarded Russia's highest military award, Hero of the Russian Federation, for his role in the conflict  In film August Eighth Vetchinov became a prototype of captain Ilya played by Khasan Baroyev 

Biography
Born 23 June 1976 in Stepnogorsk (now Kazakhstan), he graduated from the Omsk Officers' Academy in 1999  He participated in the Second Chechen War 

Death

On 9 August 2008, the second day of Russian involvement in the Battle of Tskhinvali, a column of Russian vehicles with a few journalists and 58th Army commander Anatoly Khrulyov onboard was ambushed by Georgian special forces in the outskirts of Tskhinvali  Khrulyov was wounded in the ensuing firefight  Allegedly Vetchinov, armed with a trophy Georgian machine gun, organised defence but was wounded in both legs  He continued firing at the enemy and killed a Georgian soldier  Vetchinov kept covering fire until he was hit in the head by Georgian fire  He died on the way to hospital  On 15 August Denis Vetchinov was posthumously awarded the Hero of the Russian Federation golden star "for courage and heroism while fulfilling his duty in the North Caucasus region"  He is survived by his wife and little daughter 
Passage 3:
3rd Marine Division (United States)
The 3rd Marine Division is a division of the United States Marine Corps based at Camp Courtney, Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D  Butler in Okinawa, Japan   It is one of three active duty infantry divisions in the Marine Corps and together with the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing (1stMAW) and the 3rd Marine Logistics Group (3rd MLG) forms the III Marine Expeditionary Force (III MEF)   The division was first formed during World War II and saw four years of continuous combat in the Vietnam War  Today, elements of the 3rd Marine Division are continuously forward deployed and forward postured to carry out the US Government's mission of a Free and Open Indo-Pacific in conjunction with its sister services 

Subordinate units
Headquarters Battalion
 3rd Marine Littoral Regiment
 4th Marine Regiment (Infantry)
 12th Marine Regiment (Artillery)
 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion
 Jungle Warfare Training Center, Okinawa (Transitioning to TECOM)

History
World War II
The 3rd Marine Division was officially activated on September 16, 1942 at Camp Elliott, San Diego, California  Most of the original members of the division were drawn from the cadre staff of the 2nd Marine Division   The division was initially built around the 9th Marine Regiment, commanded by Colonel Lemuel C  Shepherd, Jr  who later became the 20th Commandant of the Marine Corps  Major General Charles D  Barrett was the first commanding general of the division 
The division deployed into Auckland, New Zealand, between January and March 1943   In June of that year, it moved onto Guadalcanal for additional training, stopping first at Efate, New Hebrides for rehearsals (16-20 October 1943) and Santo, New Hebrides (21-29 October 1943) for shipboard-staging  1 November 1943 saw the division land as part of the Battle of Bougainville and fight on the island until their last unit to arrive, the 21st Marine Regiment, embarked on 9 January 1944  During the course of the battle the division had about 400 Marines killed The division returned to Guadalcanal in January 1944 to rest, refit, and retrain  The next operation in which the division took part was the Battle of Guam  From 21 July 1944 until the last day of organized fighting on 10 August, the division fought through the jungles on the island of Guam  During these 21 days of fighting, the division captured over 60 square miles (160 km2) of territory and killed over 5,000 enemy soldiers   The next two months saw continuous mopping up operations in which the Marines continued to engage leftover Japanese forces  At the end of the battle the division had sustained 677 Marines killed, 3,626 wounded, and nine missing The division remained on the island of Guam for training, until it embarked as part of the landing force for the Battle of Iwo Jima  The 3rd Marine Division was initially in reserve for the battle  However, the division was committed one regiment at a time when the initial regiments that landed there needed to be relieved 
The 21st Marines came ashore on 21 February  followed by the 9th Marines, 12th Marine Regiment, 3rd Tank Battalion, on 24 February  The Marines of these two infantry regiments, supported by the artillery of the 12th Marine Regiment and tanks of the 3rd Tank Battalion, fought on Iwo Jima until the end of organized resistance on 16 March and the subsequent mopping up operations for the next month  All elements of the division were back on Guam by 17 April 1945  The fighting on Iwo Jima cost the 3rd Marine Division 1,131 killed in action and another 4,438 wounded After the return to Guam, the division began preparing for the invasion of Japan  This invasion never took place since Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945  The 3rd Marine Division was decommissioned on December 28, 1945 at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, CA During the war, the 3rd Marine Division had three Seabee Battalions assigned to it  The 25th Naval Construction Battalion (NCB) was posted to 19th Marines as the third battalion of the regiment  These landed on Bougainville, as did the 71st NCB which was assigned as the 3rd Division's shore party there The 25th NCB also landed during the assault on Guam as the shore party to the 3rd Marine Regiment, after which the 19th Marines were deactivated, and the 25th NCB was reassigned   The 62nd NCB was then posted TAD to the 3rd for Iwo Jima  They were in the reserve, but they became the lead battalion in getting airfield No  1 operational, after of the many casualties taken by the primary assault Seabees, the 133rd NCB 

Korean War
The division was reactivated on 7 January 1952 at Camp Pendleton, California, using the assets of the 3d Marine Brigade activated in June 1951   Immediately after its activation and still in its organizational state, the division began intensive combat training, including new tactics and maneuvers based on lessons learned in the then-ongoing Korean War  During the remaining part of 1952 elements of the division participated in numerous exercises and training problems, including vertical envelopment (helicopter landing), airborne operations and attack, and defense against atomic weapons and missiles In August 1953 the division arrived in Japan to support the 1st Marine Division in the defense of the Far Eastern area  In March 1956 the division moved to Okinawa and remained there in a readiness posture until 1965 
The 3rd Marine Division moved to Okinawa in June 1955 making an amphibious landing 

Vietnam War
The 3rd Battalion, 9th Marines, 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade, were the first Marines to be sent to Vietnam in March 1965 to protect the Da Nang Air Base  On 6 May 1965, the 3rd Marine Division opened the Marine Compound at the Da Nang Air Base, Vietnam   By the end of 1965 the division had all its regiments (3rd Marines, 4th Marines and 9th Marines) on the ground 
In August 1966, the battalions of the 26th Marines (a 5th Marine Division unit) began arriving for combat duty in South Vietnam attached to the 3rd Marine Division  In October 1966, then commanding general Lewis W  Walt was ordered to establish strong points just south of the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)  The 3rd Division moved its headquarters from Da Nang to Phu Bai in late 1966  At the same time the division was also building outposts along the southern half of the DMZ at Con Thien, Gio Linh, Cam Lộ and Đông Hà  The first major multi-regiment operations against the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) was Operation Hastings in July 1966  Operation Prairie followed in October  This area would come to be known as Leatherneck Square  In late 1967 the headquarters moved again from Phu Bai to Đông Hà in the Quang Tri Province and more outposts were opened  Camp Carroll, Rockpile, Ca Lu and Khe Sanh  The two main enemy divisions the  Marines fought were the 320th Division and the 324B Division 
On November 14, 1967, the 3rd Marine Division commander Major General Bruno Hochmuth was killed northwest of Huế in a helicopter crash  Some of the major operations in 1967 and early 1968 in this area were Operation Prairie III, Operation Prairie IV, Operation Hickory I, Operation Cimarron, Operation Buffalo, Operation Kingfisher and Operation Kentucky 
Nearly 8,000 PAVN were killed during this time period  The Marines suffered over 1400 killed and over 9,000 wounded  There were five Medals of Honor awarded and nearly 40 Navy Crosses given during this period of time  For extraordinary heroism in the Republic of Vietnam from 8 March 1965 to 15 September 1967, the division was awarded the Navy Presidential Unit Citation During the 1968 Tet Offensive, the division conducted operations along the DMZ with a portion of the division fighting in the Battle of Huế  At the time, 3rd Marine Division intelligence estimated the combat strength of PAVN and Viet Cong (VC) forces in the DMZ area was 40,943 troops  The PAVN and VC stepped up their attacks by fire on every combat base in the division area of operations  This included daily attempts at interdiction of naval traffic on the Cua Viet River near Đông Hà  The division had to invest many of its assets to open the Cua Viet River to traffic  BLT 5/l, the Landing Force of SLF B, remained under the operational control (OPCON) of the division throughout February 1968   BLT 3/l continued Operation Saline under operational control of the 1st Amphibian Tractor Battalion with the mission of clearing the area adjacent to the Cua Viet River between Cua Viet and Đông Hà  BLT 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines, the Landing Force of SLF A, remained under operational control of the division throughout the month  BLT 2/4 conducted operations in the Lancaster II and Kentucky areas During the Vietnam War, the 3rd Marine Division suffered 6,869 men killed in action The division departed South Vietnam in November 1969 with more than 20 Marines having received the Medal of Honor and moved to Camp Courtney, Okinawa, where it is presently located 

Saudi Arabia
3d Marine Regiment, 3d Marine Division was one of the first combat forces to deploy to Saudi Arabia in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990  The regiment, which became known as task Force Taro in honor of the state and people of Hawaii, became the first American unit to be engaged by Iraqi artillery, rocket and missile fire on 18 January 1991  Task Force Taro countered the Iraqi supporting attacks by conducting artillery raids into Kuwait as the first ground offensive actions of the war  Task force Taro was instrumental in the recapture of Khafji, was the first unit to advance into Kuwait, conducted the only helicopter borne assault of the war and secured the Marine Corp’s final objective of the war, Kuwait International Airport 
Following the cease-fire on 28 February 1991, the regiment redeployed to Saudi Arabia and subsequently completed its strategic redeployment to Hawaii two months later 

Afghanistan
In September 2008, 3d Marine Regiment was appointed to be the command element (CE) for a Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force - Afghanistan (SPMAGTF-A)   In October 2008, SPMAGTF-A deployed to Kandahar, Afghanistan in support of combat operations in Regional Command South (RC-S) and Regional Command West as part of Operation Enduring Freedom and the GWOT  The Regiment returned to Helmand from late 2009 through May 2010, where it participated in Operation Moshtarak, also known as the Battle of Marjah 

Iraq
From July 2004 through April 2005, Charlie Battery, 1st Battalion 12th Marines, deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom  They were attached to 1st Battalion 3rd Marines and deployed to Fallujah, Iraq participating in Operation Phantom Fury 
Present
3d Marine Division continues to train to respond to contingencies within the Indo-Pacific Region  From March to May 2011, the division participated in humanitarian relief efforts during Operation Tomodachi, providing humanitarian aid and disaster relief in Honshu, Japan  Today, the 3rd Marine Division carries out a variety of tasks to include supporting the US Government policy in the Indo-Pacific region, supporting diplomatic activities, combat training, integrating with other US federal agencies and humanitarian assistance missions 

Unit awards
A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited   Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the appropriate ribbon of the awarded unit citation   3d Marine Division has been awarded the following:

See also
List of 3rd Marine Division Commanders
List of United States Marine Corps divisions
Organization of the United States Marine Corps
25th Naval Construction Battalion (19th Marine Regiment)
Passage 4:
Camp Courtney
Camp Courtney (Japanese: キャンプ・コートニー, Hepburn: Kyampu Kōtonī) is a U S  Marine Base located in Uruma City, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan  It is part of the larger Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D  Butler and home to the III Marine Expeditionary Force, 3rd Marine Division, and 3d MEB Headquarters  It is named after Major Henry A  Courtney, Jr , who was killed in action in the Battle of Okinawa  Camp Courtney covers 1 339 square kilometres (0 517 sq mi) in the Konbu, Tengan, and Uken districts of Uruma 

History
Camp Courtney was opened as a U S  Marine Base in January 1956, when select units of the 3rd Marine Division were transferred there from Camp McGill in Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan  Initially the base was called by its original name, Camp Tengan  The first Marine units occupied Quonset huts, Nissen huts and Butler buildings  Most of the huts were "strong-backed", which means they had concrete or concrete block ends, with cables strung over them at intervals whose ends were anchored in the ground in concrete, and had wooden hurricane shutters over the windows  This was to protect the buildings during the frequent typhoons that visit the Ryukyu Islands  The original units at Camp Tengan were Headquarters Battalion, the Division Band and a truck battalion  Division Headquarters was mainly in a sprawling, one-story building just inside the main gate  Some other units, such as Division Legal Office, were in separate buildings  There was an Army anti-aircraft battery located adjacent to the camp  That unit used to conduct live-fire exercises once a month  For some new arrivals, the unannounced firing sometimes caused momentary consternation 
Camp Courtney houses many military families, has a movie theater, exchange, commissary, medical and dental clinics, post office, chapel and bank  Many Marines living on Camp McTureous are stationed on Camp Courtney 
The Michael Brown Okinawa assault incident occurred just outside the base on 2 November 2002 

See also
Passage 5:
Battle of Okinawa
The Battle of Okinawa (Japanese: 沖縄戦, Hepburn: Okinawa-sen), codenamed Operation Iceberg,: 17  was a battle of the Pacific War fought on the island of Okinawa by United States Army and United States Marine Corps forces against the Imperial Japanese Army  The initial invasion of Okinawa on 1 April 1945 was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific Theater of World War II  The Kerama Islands surrounding Okinawa were preemptively captured on 26 March by the 77th Infantry Division  The 82-day battle lasted from 1 April until 22 June 1945  After a long campaign of island hopping, the Allies were planning to use Kadena Air Base on the large island of Okinawa as a base for Operation Downfall, the planned invasion of the Japanese home islands, 340 mi (550 km) away 
The United States created the Tenth Army, a cross-branch force consisting of the U S  Army 7th, 27th, 77th and 96th Infantry Divisions with the 1st, 2nd, and 6th Marine Divisions, to fight on the island  The Tenth Army was unique in that it had its own Tactical Air Force (joint Army-Marine command) and was supported by combined naval and amphibious forces  Opposing the Allied forces on the ground was the Japanese Thirty-Second Army 
The battle has been referred to as the "typhoon of steel" in English, and kotetsu no ame ("rain of steel") or kotetsu no hageshi kaze ("violent wind of steel") in Japanese  The nicknames refer to the ferocity of the fighting, the intensity of Japanese kamikaze attacks and the sheer numbers of Allied ships and armored vehicles that assaulted the island  The battle was the bloodiest in the Pacific, with around 50,000 Allied and 84,166–117,000 Japanese casualties,: 473–474  including Okinawans conscripted into the Japanese Army  According to local authorities, at least 149,425 Okinawan people were killed, died by coerced suicide or went missingIn the naval operations surrounding the battle, both sides lost considerable numbers of ships and aircraft, including the Japanese battleship Yamato  After the battle, Okinawa provided a fleet anchorage, troop staging areas, and airfields in proximity to Japan for US forces, in preparation for a planned invasion of the Japanese home islands 

Order of battle
Allied
In all, the US Army had over 103,000 soldiers (of these, 38,000+ were non-divisional artillery, combat support and HQ troops, with another 9,000 service troops),: 39  over 88,000 Marines and 18,000 Navy personnel (mostly Seabees and medical personnel) : 40  At the start of the Battle of Okinawa, the US Tenth Army had 182,821 personnel under its command : 40  It was planned that Lieutenant General Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr  would report to Vice Admiral Richmond K  Turner until the amphibious phase was completed, after which he would report directly to Admiral Raymond A  Spruance  Total aircraft in the US Navy, Marine and Army Air Force exceeded 3,000 over the course of the battle, including fighters, attack aircraft, scout planes, bombers and dive-bombers  The invasion was supported by a fleet consisting of 18 battleships, 27 cruisers, 177 destroyers/destroyer escorts, 39 aircraft carriers (11 fleet carriers, 6 light carriers and 22 escort carriers) and various support and troop transport ships The British naval contingent accompanied 251 British naval aircraft and included a British Commonwealth fleet with Australian, New Zealand and Canadian ships and personnel 

Japanese
The Japanese land campaign (mainly defensive) was conducted by the 67,000-strong (77,000 according to some sources) regular 32nd Army and some 9,000 Imperial Japanese Navy troops at Oroku Naval Base (only a few hundred of whom had been trained and equipped for ground combat), supported by 39,000 drafted local Ryukyuan people (including 24,000 hastily drafted rear militia called Boeitai and 15,000 non-uniformed laborers)  The Japanese had used kamikaze tactics since the Battle of Leyte Gulf, but for the first time they became a major part of the defense  Between the American landing on 1 April and 25 May, seven major kamikaze attacks were attempted, involving more than 1,500 planes 
The 32nd Army initially consisted of the 9th, 24th and 62nd Divisions and the 44th Independent Mixed Brigade  The 9th Division was moved to Taiwan before the invasion, resulting in shuffling of Japanese defensive plans  Primary resistance was to be led in the south by Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima, his chief of staff, Lieutenant General Isamu Chō and his chief of operations, Colonel Hiromichi Yahara  Yahara advocated a defensive strategy, whilst Chō advocated an offensive one 
In the north, Colonel Takehido Udo was in command  The naval troops were led by Rear Admiral Minoru Ōta  They expected the Americans to land 6–10 divisions against the Japanese garrison of two and a half divisions  The staff calculated that superior quality and numbers of weapons gave each US division five or six times the firepower of a Japanese division  To this, would be added the Americans' abundant naval and air firepower 

Japanese use of children
On Okinawa, the Imperial Japanese Army mobilized 1,780 schoolboys aged 14–17 years into front line service as an Iron and Blood Imperial Corps (Japanese: 鉄血勤皇隊, romanized: Tekketsu Kinnōtai),  while female Himeyuri students were organized into a nursing unit  This mobilization was conducted by an ordinance of the Ministry of the Army, not by law  The ordinances mobilized the students as volunteer soldiers for form's sake; in reality, the military authorities ordered schools to force almost all students to "volunteer" as soldiers; sometimes they counterfeited the necessary documents  About half of the Tekketsu Kinnōtai were killed, including in suicide bomb attacks against tanks and in guerrilla operations 
Among the 21 male and female secondary schools that made up these student corps, 2,000 students died on the battlefield  Even with the female students acting mainly as nurses to Japanese soldiers, they were still exposed to the harsh conditions of war 

Naval battle
There was a hypnotic fascination to the sight so alien to our Western philosophy  We watched each plunging kamikaze with the detached horror of one witnessing a terrible spectacle rather than as the intended victim



ground_truth: Xcel Energy Inc.

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which American actor portray Steve Urkel in "Family Matters"

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
American Nerd
American Nerd: The Story of My People is a book by Benjamin Nugent  The book discusses the history and origin of the term "nerd", as well as what the term means in today's age  Some of the important topics discussed include the racial differences for the term "nerd", such as how race played into Urkel, a nerdy character played by Jaleel White on the TV series Family Matters 

Appearances
The book and the author were featured on Last Call with Carson Daly as well as The Sound of Young America on NPR 
Passage 2:
Steve Urkel
Steven Quincy Urkel is a fictional character on the American ABC/CBS sitcom Family Matters, portrayed by Jaleel White  Although originally slated to be a one-time-only character on the show, he broke out to be its most popular character and gradually became its protagonist   Due to the Urkel character's off-putting characteristics and the way he would stir up events and underscore the plot or even move it along, he is considered a nuisance by the original protagonist's family, the Winslows, though they come to accept him over time 
The character is the epitome of a geek or nerd of the era, due to traits such as large, thick eyeglasses, flood pants held up by suspenders, multi-colored cardigan sweaters, saddle shoes, and a high-pitched voice  He professes love for his neighbor Laura Winslow, who is a character in the main family of the series, but this love of his is written as an accent on or trigger for events and crises and is therefore unrequited until the series' end 
Throughout the series, starting from Urkel's debut, he is central to many of its running gags, primarily property damage and/or personal injury resulting from of his inventions going awry or his outright clumsiness  He becomes known by viewers and characters alike for several catchphrases uttered after some humorous misfortune occurs, including "I've fallen and I can't get up!" "I don't have to take this  I'm going home " "Did I do that?" "Whoa, Mama!" and "Look what you did!" (on occasions when someone else caused the damage, though usually the accident was indirectly caused by Urkel) 

Character development
In syndication, Steve Urkel first appeared on the 4th episode of the first season, "Rachel's First Date" (as the show staff wanted to more naturally introduce him to audiences upon repeated viewings)  In the 12th episode of the first season, "Laura's First Date", he reappears as a nerdy young boy who takes Laura Winslow out on a date  Despite him being madly in love with her, Laura finds Steve grating and doesn't return his affection  
While initially intended to be a minor character, Urkel became very popular for his oddball antics, soon becoming a recurring character and joining the main cast, beginning with the season-two premiere "Rachel's Place" Family Matters co-creator Michael Warren named the character after his friend, writer, and director Steve Urkel  Due to the show and the character's tremendous popularity during the early 1990s, Erkel encountered difficulties using his own name; he received many prank phone calls from "Laura" asking for "Steve", and businesses found his name to be suspicious  Warren stated that had he known if the character would reappear for years, he would not have named him after his friend 

Portrayal
Steve Urkel embodies the stereotype of a socially inept intellectual who means well but often messes things up  Despite his intelligence, his actions often come across as clumsy and foolish  He is fiercely protective of and obsessed with his unrequited love, Laura Winslow, and this admiration extends to the rest of the Winslow family  However, Steve is comically clumsy and inept, and his attempts to help the Winslows often go awry  This puts him at odds with the family patriarch, Carl, who routinely throws Urkel out of his house  He has been shown to take responsibility for his own mistakes and reimburses the Winslows for the damages he's done  Steve is close to Harriette Winslow, who is delighted each time he comes over, much to Carl's chagrin 
Later episodes suggest that Steve's attachment to the Winslows stems from his bad relationship with his own family  Urkel often hints that most of his relatives, including his (never seen) parents, despise him and refuse to associate with him  This culminates in the two moving to Russia without him, whereupon he moves in with the Winslows  The show has also revealed that Steve has at least four relatives who care about him who are Uncle Ernie who owns a horse trailer; Uncle Cecil who, despite his gambling problems, visits the Urkel home to keep an eye on him; Aunt Oona from Altoona, (played by singer, Donna Summer), who is like a mother to him; and cousin Myrtle  In the series finale, Steve responds to Carl talking about how proud he is of his future son-in-law by saying "Thanks, Dad "
Urkel dresses unfashionably for someone his age (he is most commonly seen wearing suspenders, brightly colored shirts, and high water pants) and has a number of hobbies and interests, including polka dancing and accordion playing  His motor vehicle of choice is the small three-wheeled Isetta  Unlike his friends, he has little interest in popular culture and athletic endeavors, though he enjoys playing basketball, once attempting to join the school team  This has caused Myra to be attracted to Urkel himself due to them not being interested in pop culture  However, Steve has shown little interest in her mainly due to her stalker behavior 
While he is unpopular with his schoolmates, Urkel is a brilliant student and is on a first-name basis with his teachers  He is a genius inventor as well, and his fantastical but unreliable gadgets (including a transformation device and a time machine) are central to many Family Matters plots and gags 
Urkel also has an adept sense of lawbreaking that involves peer pressure  This was explored four times, mainly with Eddie, since he often has to learn his lesson the hard way when he finds himself in situations outside of his control 

Stefan Urquelle
During the season five episode "Dr  Urkel and Mr  Cool", in a takeoff on The Nutty Professor films, Urkel devises a plan to win Laura's heart: transforming his DNA using a serum, which suppresses his "nerd genes" and brings out his "cool" genes  This results in the alter ego known as Stefan Urquelle, played by Jaleel White in more casual attire  Initially, Laura is enamored with the smoother Stefan, but asks that he turn back into Steve when Stefan's self-centeredness makes itself apparent 
Steve improves the formula in the season five episode "Stefan Returns" to reduce its negative effects on his personality, and invents a "transformation chamber" allowing him to become Stefan at will  He would change into Stefan several times – even while dating Myra – but some circumstance would force Steve to turn into his normal self again  With his narcissistic tendencies toned down, Laura falls deeply in love with Steve's alter-ego 
In the seventh-season finale "Send in the Clones", Steve creates a cloning machine and winds up creating a perfect duplicate of himself  Myra is initially excited, but eventually realizes that two Steves are just too much  To clear up the situation, Laura proposes that one of the Steves be permanently turned into Stefan, so that she and Myra can both be with the one they love  This Stefan becomes a recurring character and eventually proposes to Laura in the ninth season  After weighing her choices in the episode "Pop Goes the Question", Laura chooses Steve over Stefan  Stefan leaves and does not appear again 

Cultural impact
In 2010, Westside Middle School in Memphis, Tennessee, outlined its dress code policy on sagging pants, asking students to pull them up or get "Urkeled", a reference to the character  In this practice, teachers would forcibly pull students' pants up and attach them to their waist using zip ties  Students would also have their photo taken and posted on a board in the hallway, for all of their classmates to view  In an interview with NBC affiliate WMC-TV, Principal Bobby White stated that the general idea is to fight pop culture with pop culture  One teacher at the school claimed to have "Urkeled" up to 80 students per week, although after five weeks the number dropped to 18 

Ratings effect
In syndication, Steve is incorporated into the teaser scene of "Rachel's First Date"; his first appearance in the original broadcasts is in the 1989 episode "Laura's First Date", in which Carl and Eddie separately set up dates for Laura for a dance or party (both terms are used in the episode), and the first thing known about him is that he allegedly ate a mouse, and he later makes reference to a mouse when speaking to Carl, implying that it might be true  Prior to Steve Urkel's introduction, the show was on the brink of cancellation due to mediocre ratings  After Urkel was introduced, several scripts had to be hastily rewritten to accommodate the character, while several first-season episodes that had been completed had new opening gag sequences filmed featuring Steve trying to push open the Winslows' front door while the family holds it shut  The addition of Steve immediately helped the show boost its modest ratings  White was credited as a guest star in the first season and became a regular member of the cast in season two  In the opening credits for Seasons 5-9, White was the only regular whose character's name appeared alongside his own during the opening credits (Season 9 did not have the same credit sequence showing all the actors, it simply listed their names across the bottom of the screen, but White was listed "as Steve Urkel" there as well) 
Jo Marie Payton, who played Harriette Winslow, admitted that she felt the Urkel character had hogged much of the show's attention and disrupted the close family relationship she had formed with the rest of the cast  Payton took particular umbrage when youngest sibling Judy Winslow was dismissed as a disposable character and her portrayer, Jaimee Foxworth, was fired to make room for more Urkel stories, because she felt particularly close to Foxworth as the baby of the cast  Payton experienced increasing burnout over the course of the show, became increasingly upset over the production staff allowing White free rein to misbehave, and felt that the overbearing focus on Urkel had made the show jump the shark; she very nearly quit when the show moved to CBS but agreed to stay for the first several episodes while a new actress, Judyann Elder, was cast as Harriet  In an interview with Entertainment Tonight, Payton recalled an instance where White insisted upon inserting something that would have violated Broadcast Standards and Practices, to the point where he and Payton nearly came to physical blows with each other  White is one of the few living members of the cast with whom Payton no longer speaks regularly  She nevertheless speaks well of her experiences and appreciates the effect that Urkel had on the show's popularity and thus the residuals everyone receives from the show  Reginald VelJohnson, in a 2022 interview with Entertainment Tonight, acknowledged that White could be difficult to work with on set but attributed the difficulties to White's young age and being surrounded by other teenagers, which VelJohnson (who himself never had children) found overwhelming  On the whole, VelJohnson had "nothing but good memories" of working with White 

The Urkel Dance
The Urkel Dance was a novelty dance that originated in the season two episode, "Life of the Party"  It was based around the character of Steve Urkel and essentially incorporated movements that made the dancer's posture more like his 
The dance was popular enough to appear on another show, Step by Step, when the Steve Urkel character appeared in a crossover in the season one episode, "The Dance" 
Jaleel White also performed the song, in character as Steve Urkel, on the 5th Annual American Comedy Awards  Bea Arthur (from Maude & The Golden Girls) joined him on stage to "Do The Urkel", after which she said, "Hey, MC Hammer, try and touch that!"A promotional cassette single of the song that accompanies the dance was produced and distributed in limited numbers  A T-shirt was also produced featuring lyrics and Urkel's likeness 
Rick Sanchez pays some form of homage to The Urkel Dance with "The Rick Dance" in the Rick and Morty episode "Ricksy Business" 

Appearances on other shows
Full House – In the 1991 episode, "Stephanie Gets Framed", Steve is called in to help Stephanie Tanner (Jodie Sweetin) deal with her anxieties after she has to get glasses  He was cousin to a friend of D J  He also jams with Uncle Jesse and gives Michelle a penny for her piggy bank, telling her that "with prevailing interest rates, that penny will be worth three cents by the turn of the century"  Incidentally, Family Matters did not air on the night of the episode's original airdate (January 25, 1991)  It is implied that he found himself in San Francisco in the Full House universe before paying a visit to the Lambert household from Step by Step 
Step by Step – In the series' second episode, "The Dance", Steve lands in the Lambert-Foster family's backyard after launching himself with a rocket pack from the living room of the Winslows' house in the Family Matters episode "Brain Over Brawn" (the two scenes being shown in uninterrupted sequence, as Family Matters and Step by Step aired back to back on ABC's TGIF lineup at the time)  He then helps his science-fair pen pal, Mark Foster (Christopher Castile), and lifts Alicia "Al" Lambert (Christine Lakin)'s spirits after her potential date dumps her just before a school dance  White reprises his "Do the Urkel" dance in the scene where Al gives the boy that dumped her his comeuppance  White also makes a brief two-second cameo as Steve in the 1997 episode "A Star Is Born", snapping a clapperboard on the set of the movie that Al was cast in over her two sisters 
In the Family Matters episode "Beauty and the Beast", Steve sends a chain letter to his friend Cory Matthews, who lived in Philadelphia  The reference is to Ben Savage's character from Boy Meets World, but there were no on-screen crossovers  In an episode of Boy Meets World, Cory says he receives a chain letter from his friend Steve 
Fuller House - In the Season 3 finale, Urkel was mentioned by D J   In a January 2018 interview with TVLine's Andy Swift, series creator and former show runner Jeff Franklin mentioned that they have talked about White reprising the role and that they had some ideas for the character if White decides to reprise the role (Franklin was dismissed from the show before this materialized, and Urkel never appeared in the series) 
Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? - White reprised his role on the animated series Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? in the episode "When Urkel- Bots Go Bad!"

Merchandise
At the height of his popularity, Urkel's name was branded to several products including a short-lived fruit flavored cereal known as Urkel-Os and a Steve Urkel pull string doll, which were both released in 1991  There was also a T-shirt line that was created in 2002, but was discontinued shortly after its inception In 2021 White launched his own cannabis brand that featured a strain called "Purple Urkel"  He reprised the role of Urkel in a skit with Snoop Dogg to promote the strain 

Reception
In 1999, TV Guide ranked Urkel #27 on its list of the "50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time"  In 2004, he was listed at #98 in Bravo's 100 Greatest TV Characters 


== Notes ==
Passage 3:
Family Matters
Family Matters is an American television sitcom that debuted on ABC on September 22, 1989, and ended on May 9, 1997  However it moved to CBS, where it was shown from September 19, 1997, to July 17, 1998  A spin-off of Perfect Strangers, the series revolves around the Winslow family, an African-American middle class family living in Chicago, Illinois  Midway through the first season, the show introduced the Winslows' nerdy neighbor Steve Urkel (Jaleel White), who was originally scripted to appear as a one-time character  However, he quickly became the show's breakout character (and eventually the main character), joining the main cast Running for nine seasons, Family Matters became the second-longest-running live action U S  sitcom with a predominantly African-American cast, behind only The Jeffersons (11 seasons)  It aired for 215 episodes, being ranked third, behind only Tyler Perry's House of Payne (280+ as of 2021), and The Jeffersons (253)  Family Matters was the last live-action scripted primetime show that debuted in the 1980s to leave the air; the only scripted show that started in the 1980s and lasted longer in continuous production was The Simpsons 

History
The series was a spinoff from the ABC sitcom Perfect Strangers; both shows aired Friday nights on ABC's primetime slot called "TGIF"  Jo Marie Payton played Harriette Winslow, the elevator operator at a newspaper where Larry Appleton and Balki Bartokomous also worked  Reginald VelJohnson, who was coming off of growing fame from his role in Die Hard, made an appearance on the show as Harriette's husband Carl Winslow, a Chicago police officer  ABC and the producers loved the character Harriette for her great morale and quick-witted humor and decided to create a show that would focus on her and her family, husband Carl, son Eddie, elder daughter Laura, and younger daughter Judy (who appeared until the character was retconned after season four as having not existed) In the pilot episode, "The Mama Who Came to Dinner", the family had also opened their home to Carl's street-wise mother, Estelle (Rosetta LeNoire), usually known as "Mother Winslow"  Prior to the start of the series, Harriette's sister, Rachel Crawford and her infant son, Richie, had moved into the Winslow household after the death of Rachel's husband  The Winslows' nerdy teenage next-door neighbor, Steve Urkel (Jaleel White), was introduced midway through the first season in the episode "Laura’s First Date" and quickly became the focus of the show The popular sitcom was a mainstay of ABC's TGIF lineup from 1989 until 1997, at which point it became part of the CBS Block Party lineup for its final season  Family Matters was produced by Bickley-Warren Productions (1991–1998) and Miller-Boyett Productions, in association with Lorimar Television (1989–1993) and later Warner Bros  Television (1993–1998)  As the show progressed, episodes began to center increasingly on Steve Urkel, and other original characters also played by White, including Steve's suave alter-ego, Stefan Urquelle (who is Jaleel White's real-life self), and his female cousin, Myrtle Urkel 

Network change
In early 1997, CBS picked up Family Matters and Step by Step in a $40 million deal to acquire the rights to the programs from ABC  ABC then promised to pay Miller-Boyett Productions $1 5 million per episode for a ninth and tenth season of Family Matters  However, tensions had risen between Miller-Boyett Productions and ABC's corporate parent, The Walt Disney Company (which had bought the network in 1996 as part of its merger with ABC's then-parent Capital Cities/ABC Inc )  Miller-Boyett thought that it would not be a big player on ABC after the network's recent purchase by Disney Miller-Boyett Productions agreed to a $40 million offer from CBS for a 22-episode season for both Family Matters and Step By Step  CBS scheduled Family Matters along with Meego and Step By Step as a part of its new Friday lineup, branded as the CBS Block Party  The network scheduled the family-oriented block against ABC's TGIF lineup, where the two series originated  Jo Marie Payton's contract had just expired and she was reluctant to continue, feeling the show had jumped the shark years prior  She agreed to stay to keep continuity but left midseason shortly after very nearly getting into a physical altercation with White in what would be her last regular episode; in that episode, White (playing a gangster instead of his usual Urkel) was attempting to insert material that violated Broadcast Standards and Practices  The resulting dispute between White and Payton escalated to the point where Darius McCrary had to separate the two  Payton would appear in only one more episode after that—a Christmas episode that also brought back several former characters from the ABC run who had been written out on CBS—before Judyann Elder took over as Harriette for the remainder of the season 
While Family Matters continued to lose viewership compared to previous years, it was initially a modest success on CBS, beating the show that replaced it, You Wish  Meego, however, was a ratings failure and was canceled after six weeks  Near the end of the ninth season, the cast was informed that a tenth and final season was planned, so scripts and plot synopses were written for the show  After the holiday special season, CBS replaced Meego with Kids Say the Darndest Things, and with that show's child-centered focus, it was placed in Family Matters' 8/7c time slot, with Family Matters pushed an hour later and paired with Step by Step  The ratings for Family Matters fell even further in this later slot, and the entire block except for Kids Say    was canceled in spring 1998, with the remaining episodes burned off in the summer,  On November 28, 2019 Bryton McClure who played the 2nd version of Richard "Richie" Crawford Sayed To OWN  "it was about time, relationships gone a little south and time to move on", on November 28th, 2020  TV One Did a Thanksgiving Marathon called Family Matters: Turkel 
Marathon, Michelle Thomas went to talk to fellow co-star Reginald VelJohnson that she was sick, and the rest of the main cast never said their goodbyes after 25 years of her passing

Cast
Episodes
Production notes
Family Matters was created by William Bickley and Michael Warren (who also wrote for, and were producers of, parent series Perfect Strangers) and developed by Thomas L  Miller and Robert L  Boyett (who also served as executive producers on Perfect Strangers); all four also served as executive producers of the series  The series was produced by Miller-Boyett Productions, in association with Lorimar Television who co-produced the show until 1993, when Warner Bros  Television absorbed Lorimar (a sister company under the co-ownership of Time Warner) 
Starting with season three, the series was also produced by Bickley-Warren Productions  The series was filmed in front of a live studio audience; the Lorimar-produced episodes were shot at Lorimar Studios (later Sony Pictures Studios) in Culver City, California, while the Warner Bros -produced episodes were filmed at Warner Bros  Studios in nearby Burbank 
The show's original theme was Louis Armstrong's "What a Wonderful World"; it was scrapped after the fifth episode of season one ("Straight A's"), though it was heard only in the pilot episode in syndicated reruns  The second theme, "As Days Go By", written by Jesse Frederick, Bennett Salvay and Scott Roeme and performed by Frederick, was the theme for the majority of the series until 1995  The sixth season's opening credits was last used in the season seven episodes "Talk's Cheap" and "Fa La La La Laagghh", the only two episodes during the final three seasons to feature the theme song (this was heard in season one episodes in ABC Family and syndicated airings)  A longer version of "As Days Go By" was used during the first three seasons, though in syndicated reruns the short version is heard (in ABC Family airings, the long theme was used for all of the episodes during the first three seasons) 
Family Matters is set in the same fictional universe as several other TV shows related to ABC's TGIF or CBS's Block Party  Before Family Matters, Harriette Winslow was originally the elevator operator at the Chicago Chronicle newspaper office in the third and fourth seasons of Perfect Strangers  Family Matters was a spin-off series given to this character in 1989  Characters from Family Matters appeared on other shows, including Full House, Boy Meets World, Step by Step and Meego 

Syndication
In September 1993, Warner Bros  Television Distribution began distributing Family Matters for broadcast in off-network syndication; most television stations stopped carrying the show by around 2002, though some stations in larger markets such as WTOG in Tampa, Florida continued to air Family Matters until as recently as 2005 and New York's WPIX as 2006  In 1995, reruns of the series began airing on TBS Superstation, where it ran until 2003  TBS would air two episodes of Family Matters each weekday afternoon from October 1995 to September 1999   From 1999 to 2003, TBS only aired the series once per weekday typically playing in the early mornings  The series would return to TBS 17 years later on February 3, 2020 and airs in the early morning time slots paired with George Lopez 
From 1997 to 2003, reruns of the series aired on WGN America  In 2003, ABC Family picked up the series and aired it for five years until February 29, 2008  From 2004 to 2006, UPN aired the show for 2 years  BET aired reruns briefly in December 2009 and began airing the series on a regular basis on March 1, 2013; the series returned to BET in mid-February 2023  MTV2 also began airing reruns on September 7, 2013  The show aired on Nick at Nite from June 29, 2008 to December 31, 2012  ABC Family and Nick at Nite airings cut the tag scenes at the end of all episodes, despite the fact that many episodes during the series have tag scenes during the closing credits  The series also currently airs on TV One since 2019  In Canada, the series also aired on CTV, CBC and currently airs on Family Channel 
On September 29, 2017, Family Matters became available for streaming on Hulu  In the UK it aired on Sky One whilst Perfect Strangers aired on BBC One 
Reruns of the series also started airing on Cartoon Network's ACME Night block on September 19, 2021 
On October 1, 2021, Family Matters began streaming on HBO Max after its streaming rights expired from Hulu, but has since returned to the Hulu platform 

International airings
In France, it aired as La Vie de famille (Family Life) as part of the show Club Dorothée on January 1, 1995 and on RTL9 (from August 28, 1995), France 2 & M6 (from June 1, 2000) 
In Italy, it aired as Otto sotto un tetto (Eight under one roof) on Canale 5, Italia 1 in 1992, with subsequent airings on Fox Retro & Sky Atlantic 

Home media
Warner Home Video has released the first four seasons of Family Matters on DVD in Region 1 while the remaining five seasons were released by the Warner Archive Collection  On February 4, 2014, Warner Home Video released season 4 on DVD, but consumers complained when it was found that the season 4 set contained syndication edits rather than the original broadcast masters  Warner Bros  responded to the complaints, offered a replacement program to receive corrected discs and reissuing the set with corrected broadcast copies on April 4, 2014  All episodes are the original broadcast form, except for the episode "Number One With a Bullet", disc 1, episode 6  The entire series is also available for digital download on Amazon com and the iTunes Store, all but season 6 remastered in both SD and HD 

Animated Christmas TV movie
On September 1, 2021, it was announced an animated Christmas film Did I Do That to the Holidays? A Steve Urkel Story would air on Cartoon Network as part of the block ACME Night in 2022  It was set to be released on HBO Max  However, on August 22, 2022, it was announced the film will not be moving forward on HBO Max and will be shopped elsewhere due to the Warner Bros  Discovery merger  Current bidders are Apple TV+, Hulu and Netflix 

Accolades
Notes
Passage 4:
Michelle Thomas
Michelle Doris Thomas (September 23, 1968 – December 23, 1998) was an American actress  She was known for her roles as Justine Phillips on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show (1988–90), as Myra Monkhouse on the ABC/CBS sitcom Family Matters (1993–98), and as Callie Rogers on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless (1998) 

Early life and education
Michelle Thomas was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on September 23, 1968, to Phynjuar "Penwah" Thomas, a stage actress, and musician father Dennis "Dee Tee" Thomas, a saxophonist and founding member of the band Kool & the Gang  Thomas grew up in Montclair, New Jersey, and graduated from West Essex High School in 1987 As a child, she would accompany her mother to her theater rehearsals and performances  Her mother was her first acting coach, and coached her throughout the course of her career  A friend of her mother who had heard Michelle Thomas sing before had requested that she enter Miss Talented Teens  Thomas was crowned Miss Talented Teen New Jersey at the state's Hal Jackson's Talented Teen pageant, and then in July 1984, at the age of 15, she was crowned Miss Talented Teen International in Montego Bay, Jamaica from among 35 state and national representatives 

Career
In 1983, Michelle Thomas appeared in her first television commercial  In December 1984, she appeared with Hal Jackson on Soul Train after having won the Miss Talented Teen International pageant earlier in the year From 1988 to 1990, Thomas portrayed Justine Phillips, the girlfriend of Theo Huxtable, on The Cosby Show  She appeared on various television programs, including A Man Called Hawk in 1989 and Thea in 1994  Thomas had a role in Dream Date in 1989 and had a small role in Hangin' with the Homeboys in 1991 
Thomas appeared in music videos for Mint Condition, Chubb Rock, and Dru Hill  Her publicist was Kahdijah Bell, daughter of Ronald Bell of Kool & the Gang  Thomas was a guest host of the weekly music series Soul Train in May 1996 and March 1997 From 1993 to 1998, she portrayed the role of Myra Monkhouse, the girlfriend of Steve Urkel, on Family Matters  After the sitcom ended in 1998, Thomas portrayed Callie Rogers, an aspiring singer and love interest of Malcolm Winters, on the daytime soap The Young and the Restless  In October 1998, Thomas took a medical leave from the series due to her ill health  Thomas had been in the studio recording music before her sudden turn in health  She appeared posthumously in the role of Anne in the film Unbowed in 1999 

Health and death
In August 1997, Thomas was diagnosed with a rare cancer, an intra-abdominal desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor (DSRCT)  Thomas never smoked or drank alcohol, and was a vegetarian  Her mother added that "they'd give her a sedation that was supposed to put her out for 20 minutes and she'd be asleep for four days  Her body couldn't take it " Thomas underwent surgery to remove a lemon-sized tumor shortly before landing her The Young and the Restless role in the spring of 1998  She underwent surgery again in October 1998 after a second cancerous growth ruptured  After being released from the hospital, Thomas flew home to New Jersey to spend Thanksgiving with her family in Weehawken, New Jersey On December 23, at age 30, Thomas died in New York City at Manhattan's Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center  Malcolm-Jamal Warner, Thomas' longtime friend and former boyfriend, was among those at her bedside  On December 26, 1998, a Muslim funeral service was held, per her request  She was buried in New Jersey 

Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
Honors
Passage 5:
Boy Meets World (season 2)
The second season of the television comedy series Boy Meets World aired between September 23, 1994 and May 19, 1995, on ABC in the United States  The season was produced by Michael Jacobs Productions and Touchstone Television with series creator Michael Jacobs as executive producer  It was broadcast as part of the ABC comedy block TGIF on Friday evenings  This is the last season to have Lily Nicksay portray Morgan Matthews   (She would be replaced by Lindsay Ridgeway in season three )

Cast
Main
Ben Savage as Cory Matthews
William Daniels as George Feeny
Betsy Randle as Amy Matthews
Will Friedle as Eric Matthews
Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter
Danielle Fishel as Topanga Lawrence
Lily Nicksay as Morgan Matthews
Anthony Tyler Quinn as Jonathan Turner
William Russ as Alan Matthews

Episodes
Passage 6:
Twenty Vicodin
"Twenty Vicodin" is the eighth season premiere episode of the American television medical drama series House and the 156th overall episode of the series  It aired on Fox on October 3, 2011  The episode introduces a new regular cast member to the series, Odette Annable, who plays Dr  Jessica Adams  Jaleel White, who played Steve Urkel on the ABC show Family Matters, makes a guest appearance in the episode  In the episode, the storyline picks up eleven months after the season seventh finale with House in prison 

Plot
Eight months after being imprisoned for driving his car into Cuddy's living room, House has five days before he is granted parole, to which he has become eligible due to space issues and relatively good behavior  He is faced with prison bullies, mainly their leader (Jude Ciccolella), who extorts him into paying them "twenty Vicodin" as "exit tax", and meets Jessica Adams (Odette Annable), a young prison doctor who becomes fascinated with his medical skills  When a fellow prisoner collapses due to mysterious symptoms, House races against the clock and the head prison doctor to find the cure   During his imprisonment period, House has not had any phone calls or visitors; as House explains, human contact is what brought him there to begin with   In the end, House cures the man, but not without punishment from the parole board 

Production
"Twenty Vicodin", the eighth season premiere of House, was written by Peter Blake  It debuted actress Odette Annable as Dr  Jessica Adams, a doctor working at the prison where Dr  House is incarcerated  David Shore stated that it was a challenge for him to appropriately punish House for the deed in the season 7 finale without turning the series into a prison show or changing House's characteristics (while changing the environment around him, i e  removing Cuddy and "chilling" his relationship with Wilson), and that is why he decided to pick up the story eight months after House's incarceration 

Reception
Critical reception
The episode was received with generally good reviews  The A V  Club initially gave this episode a B− rating  Anthony Ocasio of ScreenRant com gave the episode a positive review, stating "the House season 8 premiere presents a wonderfully crafted case study, penned by executive producer Peter Blake, on the man that is House, in which Hugh Laurie masterfully traverses a new environment filled with intriguing challenges and compelling characters " Joseph Oliveto from screencrave com gave the episode a very good review, awarding the episode 9/10  Oliveto commented that Twenty Vicodin was "A tense season-opener [that] assures us that “House” hasn’t lost the magic" 

Ratings
With 9 78 million viewers, "Twenty Vicodin" was the 8th most watched program of the night  This was a decrease of 0 76 million viewers from the season seven premiere, but an increase of 0 67 million from the season 7 finale  The episode was the 14th most watched program of the week for adults 18-49  The season premiere was the second most watched program of the week in Canada with 2 81 million viewers 
Passage 7:
Shawn Harrison (actor)
Shawn Harrison (born December 28, 1973) is an American actor best known for his role as Waldo Faldo, the dim-witted but lovable chef-in-training on the ABC sitcom Family Matters from 1990 to 1996 Before sixth grade, he appeared in seven commercials such as Fruity Pebbles and Burger King  In 1986, Harrison made an appearance in the Kidsongs video "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" in the role of Mike  His mother died when he was 17 
Harrison has also made occasional appearances as the hairstylist Peaches on the UPN sitcom Girlfriends, and made several guest appearances on other series prior to that, including Moesha 
He provided the voice of Timber Wolf on the animated series Legion of Super Heroes, which premiered in fall 2006  He was also in an episode of Punky Brewster  He also played William K in two episodes The Ms  Pat Show 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 8:
Total Blackout
Total Blackout is an American game show airing on Syfy that features contestants that have to complete challenges such as: identifying things with either their hands, nose, or mouth; gathering items; or getting from point A to Point B while being totally in the dark (hence the name "Total Blackout")  The host of the show is Jaleel White, known for roles like Steve Urkel on the ABC/CBS sitcom Family Matters, and Sonic the Hedgehog in three animated shows  Each episode has four players competing to win $5,000  On occasion, episodes will feature four teams of two  The player or team who either takes the longest to do a certain task or identifies the fewest items in the allowed time is eliminated at the end of each round  The show was renewed for a second season by SyFy that started on October 30, 2012  Season 1 and 2 are now available on iTunes 
The show is originally Danish and first aired in Denmark (created by Henrik Nielsen) on Kanal 5 in 2011, where Uffe Holm was host of the show  The show was later adapted to a U S version 

Episodes
Season 1 (2012)
Season 2 (2013)
Passage 9:
Jaleel White
Jaleel Ahmad White (born November 27, 1976) is an American actor  He is best known for his role as Steve Urkel on the sitcom Family Matters  The character was originally intended to be a one-time guest appearance on the show; however, he was an instant hit with audiences and White became a regular cast member  The series aired for a total of nine seasons, from 1989 to 1997 on ABC, mostly on its Friday night TGIF lineup, and from 1997 to 1998 on CBS, again on Friday nights, via their short-lived CBS Block Party attempt  White then reprised his role as Urkel for the first time in 21 years in the 2019 series Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? 
White is also the first actor to voice the popular Sega video game character Sonic the Hedgehog in animated media, doing so in Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic the Hedgehog (also known as Sonic SatAM) and Sonic Underground, all of which were produced by the now-defunct DIC Entertainment studio  He then reprised his role as Sonic in the 2013 Sonic fan film 
After Family Matters ended, White went on to star in the short-lived UPN comedy series Grown Ups (1999–2000)  White then took brief hiatus from acting to attend UCLA in Los Angeles, California, where he graduated in 2001, earning a degree in film and television  He returned to acting with supporting roles in Dreamgirls (2006), and cameo appearances on another ABC series, Boston Legal, Fox's House, ABC's Castle, and USA's Psych  In 2010, he portrayed Dr  McCormick in the sci-fi film Mega Shark Versus Crocosaurus  In March 2012, White was a contestant in season 14 of Dancing with the Stars before he was voted off in May of that year, leaving him with a 7th place finish overall  In April 2012, White hosted the Syfy game show Total Blackout  In January 2017, White appeared in Bones as Officer Adams  In 2020, White had a recurring role in the one season-long Netflix series The Big Show Show 

Early life
White was born in Culver City, California, the only child of Michael White, a dentist, and Gail White, who was a homemaker  His mother later became his manager  White attended John Marshall Fundamental High School in Pasadena, California, and South Pasadena High School before graduating from UCLA in 2001  On the advice of his preschool teacher, White began acting as a child  He got his start on TV commercials at age three  One of White's notable commercial appearances was for Jell-O pudding pops alongside Bill Cosby 

Career
After starting his career at the age of three, White's first television role was a guest stint on The Jeffersons, in 1984  He later auditioned for the role of Rudy Huxtable on The Cosby Show  According to White, he was cast in the role (the character was originally intended to be male) but was replaced by Keshia Knight Pulliam when Bill Cosby decided to mirror his television family after his real life family  The following year, he was cast as the son of Flip Wilson and Gladys Knight on the CBS sitcom Charlie and Company  The series was intended to be CBS' answer to the highly rated Cosby Show which debuted on NBC in 1984  Unlike The Cosby Show, Charlie and Company did not catch on with audiences and was canceled in May 1986  In 1987, he appeared in the pilot episode for Good Morning, Miss Bliss, and had a guest role on Mr  Belvedere  In 1988, White had a supporting role in Cadets, a sitcom starring Soleil Moon Frye  The pilot episode aired during a preview special on September 25, 1988, on ABC  The series, however, was not picked up by the network  Also during the 1980s, he appeared in a few segments of NBC's One to Grow On 
White had a role in the NBC television film Camp Cucamonga  The film features an ensemble cast including Sherman Hemsley, Jennifer Aniston, and Brian Robbins  Several other child actors of the era including Chad Allen, Candace Cameron, Danica McKellar, Josh Saviano, and Breckin Meyer also appear 

Family Matters
At the age of 12, White originated his most famous role, Steve Urkel, on Family Matters   The role was initially conceived as a one-time guest appearance, but the character proved to be popular and White was given a full-time starring role  He also played several other members of the Urkel family, including his alter ego Stefan Urquelle and Myrtle Urkel  During the height of Family Matters' popularity, the character of Urkel was marketed with breakfast cereal (Urkel-Os) and an Urkel doll  In addition to starring in the series, White also wrote several episodes, including one, at age 19, that was the series' highest rated for that year  The series was a staple of ABC's TGIF lineup and became one of the longest-running sitcoms with a predominantly black cast in television history In 1992, he was featured in The Jaleel White Special, in which he played a fictionalized version of himself making a film, while also playing Steve Urkel By the time the series ended in 1998, White, who was then 21 years old, was disillusioned with the role, and had been shaken by the death of his close friend and co-star Michelle Thomas from an aggressive form of stomach cancer  Shortly after the series' cancellation, he stated in a 1999 interview, "If you ever see me do that character again, take me out and put a bullet in my head and put me out of my misery " Due to the character's popularity, White was so tightly defined by his Urkel character that he encountered difficulty finding other roles In later years, White came to terms with the character  In a 2011 interview with Vanity Fair, he addressed the 1999 "bullet" quote stating, "It's one of those things that it's very unfortunate how quotes are taken out of context  I remember that interview very vividly  I loved playing those characters     But the fact is that I was maturing      To be honest, I was retarding my own growth as a man to maintain the authenticity to what I thought that character should be " When asked if he would ever reprise the Steve Urkel role, White said, "I'll always say never say never; I'm a pretty creative person  I can't envision how I could do it in a way that would be irreverent and fun for both me and the viewing audience" 

Other career highlights
White was the original English voice of the popular video game character Sonic the Hedgehog, having been cast in 1993 (pre-dating Martin Burke and Ryan Drummond)  He voiced the character in all of the DiC-produced animated series: Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic SatAM, and Sonic Underground, as well as the Christmas special, Sonic Christmas Blast  In Underground, White also voiced Sonic's brother and sister, Manic and Sonia  White did not return to voice Sonic when Sonic X was released in 2003 
In 1999, White returned to television in the UPN sitcom Grown Ups  The series was based around White as a young man striking out into adulthood  He also co-produced and wrote some episodes for the show, in which he starred as "J", a college graduate struggling to establish his role in life as an adult  The pilot episode featured another former child actor, Soleil Moon Frye, known for her role as Punky Brewster, as the girl whom he chose as a roommate  The show received poor reviews from critics but debuted in second place in the ratings upon its premiere  However, ratings soon dropped and UPN canceled the series after one season White's acting roles have not been restricted to sitcoms  He has provided his voice to several animated projects including Warner Bros ' 1998 film Quest for Camelot  In 1999, he provided the voice for a teenaged Martin Luther King Jr , in Our Friend, Martin 
In 2001, White graduated from UCLA with a degree in film and television  He has continued acting and has had small parts in the films Big Fat Liar (in a cameo role) and Dreamgirls, and was featured as the lead role in the direct-to-DVD comedy Who Made the Potatoe Salad? in 2006  In 2007, he guest-starred on the CW series The Game, followed by a role as a law school graduate interviewing for a job at Crane, Poole and Schmidt in the ABC legal drama Boston Legal In June 2009, White began appearing in the web series Road to the Altar  In the series, White stars as Simon, a 30-something black man marrying a young Jewish girl named Rochelle  In September 2009, White guest starred on the USA Network series Psych, as an estranged college singing buddy of the character Gus 
In June 2010, White starred in the web series Fake It Till You Make It  He also serves as writer and producer of the series  The series, which premiered on Hulu, follows the exploits of former child star Reggie Cullen (White) turned image consultant and his three protégés as they hustle to navigate Hollywood  In March 2011, White guest starred on the TBS sitcom Are We There Yet?, which reunited him with fellow Family Matters cast member Telma Hopkins  Later that same year, White appeared as the star in Cee-Lo Green's music video for his song "Cry Baby" In October 2011, White appeared in the season 8 premiere of House, titled "Twenty Vicodin", where he appears as a well-connected inmate, occasionally helping Hugh Laurie's character Gregory House to sneak contraband into the prison  In April 2012, White began hosting the Syfy game show Total Blackout In March 2012, White began competing on the 14th season of Dancing with the Stars  He was partnered with two-time dance champion Kym Johnson  In the opening night's performance, White and Johnson danced the Foxtrot to "The Way You Look Tonight"  They earned a total of 26 points out of 30  White was voted off the series in May 2012 In 2015, White appeared in a Scion commercial In 2017, it was announced that CBS picked up his single camera comedy series Me, Myself & I with Bobby Moynihan, that premiered in September 2017  After six episodes, it was pulled from the fall schedule, leaving seven episodes unaired, with the network airing the remaining episodes in the summer 

Personal life
White dated actress Christine Lakin from fellow TGIF show Step by Step in the early 90s 
White has one daughter, Samaya (born in 2009), with ex-girlfriend Bridget Hardy In 2021, White announced the launch of his ItsPurpl line of cannabis products featuring the Purple Urkle strain, set for debut on April 20 at California dispensaries White has a memorial set up in his home for his Family Matters co-star Michelle Thomas, who died in 1998 of stomach cancer, shortly after the series had wrapped  He has described Thomas as a 'big sister' who was, for a period of time in the early seasons of the show, his closest friend on set, and has stated that his childhood seemed to officially end with her death 

Filmography
Film
Television
Web
Awards and nominations
Context 3:  We forgot self for the moment as we groped hopelessly for the thought of that other man up there 
The US Navy's Task Force 58, deployed to the east of Okinawa with a picket group of 6 to 8 destroyers, kept 13 carriers (7 fleet carriers and 6 light carriers) on duty from 23 March to 27 April and a smaller number thereafter  Until 27 April, a minimum of 14 and up to 18 escort carriers were in the area at all times  Until 20 April, British Task Force 57, with 4 large and 6 escort carriers, remained off the Sakishima Islands to protect the southern flank : 97 The protracted length of the campaign under stressful conditions forced Admiral Chester W  Nimitz to take the unprecedented step of relieving the principal naval commanders to rest and recuperate  Following the practice of changing the fleet designation with the change of commanders, US naval forces began the campaign as the US 5th Fleet under Admiral Spruance, but ended it as the 3rd Fleet under Admiral Halsey 
Japanese air opposition had been relatively light during the first few days after the landings  However, on 6 April the expected air reaction began with an attack by 400 planes from Kyushu  Periodic heavy air attacks continued through April  During the period 26 March to 30 April, 20 American ships were sunk and 157 damaged by enemy action  By 30 April the Japanese had lost more than 1,100 planes to Allied naval forces alone : 102 Between 6 April and 22 June, the Japanese flew 1,465 kamikaze aircraft in large-scale attacks from Kyushu, 185 individual kamikaze sorties from Kyushu, and 250 individual kamikaze sorties from Taiwan, then called Formosa  While US intelligence estimated there were 89 planes on Formosa, the Japanese actually had about 700, dismantled or well camouflaged and dispersed into scattered villages and towns; the US Fifth Air Force disputed Navy claims of kamikaze coming from Formosa The ships lost were smaller vessels, particularly the destroyers of the radar pickets, as well as destroyer escorts and landing ships  While no major Allied warships were lost, several fleet carriers were severely damaged  Land-based Shin'yō-class suicide motorboats were also used in the Japanese suicide attacks, although Ushijima had disbanded the majority of the suicide boat battalions before the battle because of expected low effectiveness against a superior enemy  The boat crews were re-formed into three additional infantry battalions 

Operation Ten-Go
Operation Ten-Go (Ten-gō sakusen) was the attempted attack by a strike force of 10 Japanese surface vessels, led by Yamato and commanded by Admiral Seiichi Itō  This small task force had been ordered to fight through enemy naval forces, then beach Yamato and fight from shore, using her guns as coastal artillery and her crew as naval infantry  The Ten-Go force was spotted by submarines shortly after it left the Japanese home waters and was intercepted by US carrier aircraft 
Under attack from more than 300 aircraft over a two-hour span, the world's largest battleship sank on 7 April 1945 after a one-sided battle, long before she could reach Okinawa  (US torpedo bombers were instructed to aim for only one side to prevent effective counter flooding by the battleship's crew, and to aim for the bow or the stern where armor was believed to be the thinnest ) Of Yamato's screening force, the light cruiser Yahagi and 4 of the 8 destroyers were also sunk  The Imperial Japanese Navy lost some 3,700 sailors, including Admiral Itō, at the cost of 10 US aircraft and 12 airmen 

British Pacific Fleet
The British Pacific Fleet, taking part as Task Force 57, was assigned the task of neutralizing the Japanese airfields in the Sakishima Islands, which it did successfully from March 26th to April 10th  On April 10th, its attention was shifted to airfields in northern Formosa  The force withdrew to San Pedro Bay on April 23  On May 1, the British Pacific Fleet returned to action, subduing the airfields as before, this time with naval bombardment as well as aircraft  Several kamikaze attacks caused significant damage, but as the Royal Navy carriers had armoured flight decks, they experienced only a brief interruption to their force's operations 

Land battle
The land battle took place over about 81 days beginning on 1 April 1945  The first Americans ashore were soldiers of the 77th Infantry Division who landed in the Kerama Islands, 15 mi (24 km) west of Okinawa on 26 March  Subsidiary landings followed, and the Kerama group was secured over the next five days  In these preliminary operations, the 77th Infantry Division suffered 27 dead and 81 wounded, while the Japanese dead and captured numbered over 650  The operation provided a protected anchorage for the fleet and eliminated the threat from suicide boats : 50–60 On 31 March, Marines of the Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion landed without opposition on Keise Shima, four islets just 8 mi (13 km) west of the Okinawan capital of Naha  A group of 155 mm (6 1 in) "Long Tom" artillery pieces went ashore on the islets to cover operations on Okinawa : 57

Northern Okinawa
The main landing was made by the XXIV Corps and the III Amphibious Corps on the Hagushi beaches on the western coast of Okinawa on 1 April  The 2nd Marine Division conducted a demonstration off the Minatoga beaches on the southeastern coast to deceive the Japanese about American intentions and delay movement of reserves from there : 68–74 Tenth Army swept across the south-central part of the island with relative ease, capturing the Kadena and the Yomitan airbases within hours of the landing : 67–69 : 74–75  In light of the weak opposition, General Buckner decided to proceed immediately with Phase II of his plan, the seizure of northern Okinawa  The 6th Marine Division headed up the Ishikawa Isthmus and by 7 April had sealed off the Motobu Peninsula : 138–141 Six days later on 13 April, the 2nd Battalion, 22nd Marine Regiment, reached Hedo Point at the northernmost tip of the island  By this point, the bulk of the Japanese forces in the north (codenamed Udo Force) were cornered on the Motobu Peninsula  The terrain was mountainous and wooded, with the Japanese defenses concentrated on Mount Yaedake, a twisted mass of rocky ridges and ravines on the center of the peninsula  There was heavy fighting before the Marines finally cleared Yaedake on 18 April : 141–148  However, this was not the end of ground combat in northern Okinawa  On 24 May, the Japanese mounted Operation Gi-gou: a company of Giretsu Kuteitai commandos were airlifted in a suicide attack on Yomitan  They destroyed 70,000 US gallons (260,000 L) of fuel and nine planes before being killed by the defenders, who lost two men 
Meanwhile, the 77th Infantry Division assaulted Ie Shima, a small island off the western end of the peninsula, on 16 April  In addition to conventional hazards, the 77th Infantry Division encountered kamikaze attacks and even local women armed with spears  There was heavy fighting before the area was declared secured on 21 April and became another airbase for operations against Japan : 149–183

Southern Okinawa
While the 6th Marine Division cleared northern Okinawa, the US Army 96th and 7th Infantry Divisions wheeled south across the narrow isthmus of Okinawa  The 96th Infantry Division began to encounter fierce resistance in west-central Okinawa from Japanese troops holding fortified positions east of Highway No  1 and about 5 mi (8 km) northwest of Shuri, from what came to be known as Cactus Ridge : 104–105  The 7th Infantry Division encountered similarly fierce Japanese opposition from a rocky pinnacle located about 1,000 yd (910 m) southwest of Arakachi (later dubbed "The Pinnacle")  By the night of 8 April, American troops had cleared these and several other strongly fortified positions  They suffered over 1,500 battle casualties in the process while killing or capturing about 4,500 Japanese  Yet the battle had only begun, for it was realized that "these were merely outposts," guarding the Shuri Line : 105–108 The next American objective was Kakazu Ridge (26 259°N 127 737°E﻿ / 26 259; 127 737), two hills with a connecting saddle that formed part of Shuri's outer defenses  The Japanese had prepared their positions well and fought tenaciously  The Japanese soldiers hid in fortified caves  American forces often lost personnel before clearing the Japanese out from each cave or other hiding place  The Japanese sent Okinawans at gunpoint out to obtain water and supplies for them, which led to civilian casualties  The American advance was inexorable but resulted in a high number of casualties on both sides : 110–125 As the American assault against Kakazu Ridge stalled, Lieutenant General Ushijima—influenced by General Chō—decided to take the offensive  On the evening of 12 April, the 32nd Army attacked American positions across the entire front  The Japanese attack was heavy, sustained, and well organized  After fierce close combat, the attackers retreated, only to repeat their offensive the following night  A final assault on 14 April was again repulsed  The effort led the 32nd Army's staff to conclude that the Americans were vulnerable to night infiltration tactics but that their superior firepower made any offensive Japanese troop concentrations extremely dangerous, and they reverted to their defensive strategy : 130–137 The 27th Infantry Division, which had landed on 9 April, took over on the right, along the west coast of Okinawa  General John R  Hodge now had three divisions in the line, with the 96th in the middle and the 7th to the east, with each division holding a front of only about 1 5 mi (2 4 km)  Hodge launched a new offensive on 19 April with a barrage of 324 guns, the largest ever in the Pacific Ocean Theater  Battleships, cruisers, and destroyers joined the bombardment, which was followed by 650 Navy and Marine planes attacking the Japanese positions with napalm, rockets, bombs, and machine guns  The Japanese defenses were sited on reverse slopes, where the defenders waited out the artillery barrage and aerial attack in relative safety, emerging from the caves to rain mortar rounds and grenades upon the Americans advancing up the forward slope : 184–194 A tank assault to achieve breakthrough by outflanking Kakazu Ridge failed to link up with its infantry support attempting to cross the ridge and therefore failed with the loss of 22 tanks  Although flame tanks cleared many cave defenses, there was no breakthrough, and the XXIV Corps suffered 720 casualties  The losses might have been greater except for the fact that the Japanese had practically all of their infantry reserves tied up farther south, held there by another feint off the Minatoga beaches by the 2nd Marine Division that coincided with the attack : 196–207 At the end of April, after Army forces had pushed through the Machinato defensive line, the 1st Marine Division relieved the 27th Infantry Division and the 77th Infantry Division relieved the 96th  When the 6th Marine Division arrived, the III Amphibious Corps took over the right flank and Tenth Army assumed control of the battle : 265 
On 4 May, the 32nd Army launched another counter-offensive  This time, Ushijima attempted to make amphibious assaults on the coasts behind American lines  To support his offensive, the Japanese artillery moved into the open  By doing so, they were able to fire 13,000 rounds in support, but effective American counter-battery fire destroyed dozens of Japanese artillery pieces  The attack failed : 283–302 Buckner launched another American attack on 11 May  Ten days of fierce fighting followed  On 13 May, troops of the 96th Infantry Division and 763rd Tank Battalion captured Conical Hill (26 21°N 127 75°E﻿ / 26 21; 127 75)  Rising 476 ft (145 m) above the Yonabaru coastal plain, this feature was the eastern anchor of the main Japanese defenses and was defended by about 1,000 Japanese  Meanwhile, on the opposite coast, the 1st and 6th Marine Divisions fought for "Sugar Loaf Hill" (26 222°N 127 696°E﻿ / 26 222; 127 696)  The capture of these two key positions exposed the Japanese around Shuri on both sides  Buckner hoped to envelop Shuri and trap the main Japanese defending force : 311–359 By the end of May, monsoon rains which had turned contested hills and roads into a morass exacerbated both the tactical and medical situations  The ground advance began to resemble a World War I battlefield, as troops became mired in mud, and flooded roads greatly inhibited evacuation of wounded to the rear  Troops lived on a field sodden by rain, part garbage dump and part graveyard  Unburied Japanese and American bodies decayed, sank in the mud and became part of a noxious stew  Anyone sliding down the greasy slopes could easily find their pockets full of maggots at the end of the journey : 364–370 From 24 to 27 May the 6th Marine Division cautiously occupied the ruins of Naha, the largest city on the island, finding it largely deserted : 372–377 On 26 May aerial observers saw large troop movements just below Shuri  On 28 May Marine patrols found recently abandoned positions west of Shuri  By 30 May the consensus among Army and Marine intelligence was that the majority of Japanese forces had withdrawn from the Shuri Line : 391–392  On 29 May the 1st Battalion, 5th Marines (1/5 Marines) occupied high ground 700 yards (640 m) east of Shuri Castle and reported that the castle appeared undefended  At 10:15 Company A, 1/5 Marines occupied the castle: 395–496 Shuri Castle had been shelled by the battleship USS Mississippi for three days before this advance  The 32nd Army withdrew to the south and thus the Marines had an easy task of securing Shuri Castle  The castle, however, was outside the 1st Marine Division's assigned zone, and only frantic efforts by the commander and staff of the 77th Infantry Division prevented an American airstrike and artillery bombardment which would have resulted in many friendly fire casualties : 396 On 29 May a Confederate flag was raised over Shuri Castle, before being removed and replaced by a US flag three days later on orders of General Simon B  Buckner Jr The Japanese retreat, although harassed by artillery fire, was conducted with great skill at night and aided by the monsoon storms  The 32nd Army was able to move nearly 30,000 personnel into its last defense line on the Kiyan Peninsula, which ultimately led to the greatest slaughter on Okinawa in the latter stages of the battle, including the deaths of thousands of civilians  In addition, there were 9,000 IJN troops supported by 1,100 militia, with approximately 4,000 holed up at the underground headquarters on the hillside overlooking the Okinawa Naval Base in the Oroku Peninsula, east of the airfield : 392–394 On 4 June, elements of the 6th Marine Division launched an amphibious assault on the peninsula  The 4,000 Japanese sailors, including Admiral Ōta, all committed suicide within the hand-built tunnels of the underground naval headquarters on 13 June : 427–434  By 17 June, the remnants of Ushijima's shattered 32nd Army were pushed into a small pocket in the far south of the island to the southeast of Itoman : 455–4661 On 18 June, General Buckner was killed by Japanese artillery fire while monitoring the progress of his troops from a forward observation post  Buckner was replaced by Major General Roy Geiger  Upon assuming command, Geiger became the only US Marine to command a numbered army of the US Army in combat; he was relieved five days later by General Joseph Stilwell  On 19 June, Brigadier General Claudius Miller Easley, the commander of the 96th Infantry Division, was killed by Japanese machine-gun fire, also while checking on the progress of his troops at the front : 461 The last remnants of Japanese resistance ended on 21 June, although some Japanese continued hiding, including the future governor of Okinawa Prefecture, Masahide Ōta  Ushijima and Chō committed suicide by seppuku in their command headquarters on Hill 89 in the closing hours of the battle : 468–471  Colonel Yahara had asked Ushijima for permission to commit suicide, but the general refused his request, saying: "If you die there will be no one left who knows the truth about the battle of Okinawa  Bear the temporary shame but endure it  This is an order from your army commander ": 723  Yahara was the most senior officer to have survived the battle on the island, and he later authored a book titled The Battle for Okinawa  On 22 June Tenth Army held a flag-raising ceremony to mark the end of organized resistance on Okinawa  On 23 June a mopping-up operation commenced, which concluded on 30 June : 471–473 On 15 August 1945, Admiral Matome Ugaki was killed while part of a kamikaze raid on Iheyajima island  The official surrender ceremony was held on 7 September, near the Kadena Airfield 

Casualties
The Battle of Okinawa was the bloodiest battle of the Pacific War  The most complete tally of deaths during the battle is at the Cornerstone of Peace monument at the Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum, which identifies the names of each individual who died at Okinawa in World War II  As of 2022, the monument lists 241,686 names, including 149,611 Okinawans, 77,485 Imperial Japanese soldiers, 14,010 Americans, and smaller numbers of people from South Korea (382), the United Kingdom (82), North Korea (82) and Taiwan (34) The numbers correspond to recorded deaths during the Battle of Okinawa from the time of the American landings in the Kerama Islands on 26 March 1945 to the signing of the Japanese surrender on 2 September 1945, in addition to all Okinawan casualties in the Pacific War in the 15 years from the Manchurian Incident, along with those who died in Okinawa from war-related events in the year before the battle and the year after the surrender  234,183 names were inscribed by the time of unveiling, and new names are added as necessary  40,000 of the Okinawan civilians killed had been drafted or impressed by the Japanese army and are often counted as combat deaths 

Military losses
American
The Americans suffered some 48,000 casualties, not including some 33,000 non-battle casualties (psychiatric, injuries, illnesses), of whom over 12,000 were killed or missing  Killed in action were 4,907 Navy, 4,675 Army, and 2,938 Marine Corps personnel; when excluding naval losses at sea and losses on the surrounding islands (such as Ie Shima), 6,316 killed and over 30,000 wounded occurred on Okinawa proper   Other authors such as John Keegan have come up with higher numbers The most famous American casualty was Lieutenant General Buckner, whose decision to attack the Japanese defenses head-on, although extremely costly in American lives, was ultimately successful  Four days from the closing of the campaign, Buckner was killed by Japanese artillery fire, which blew lethal slivers of coral into his body, while inspecting his troops at the front line  He was the highest-ranking US officer to be killed by enemy fire during the Second World War  The day after Buckner was killed, Brigadier General Easley was killed by Japanese machine-gun fire  War correspondent Ernie Pyle was also killed by Japanese machine-gun fire on Ie Shima, a small island just off of northwestern Okinawa 
Aircraft losses over the three-month period were 768 US planes, including those bombing the Kyushu airfields launching kamikazes  Combat losses were 458, and the other 310 were operational accidents  At sea, 368 Allied ships—including 120 amphibious craft—were damaged while another 36—including 15 amphibious ships and 12 destroyers—were sunk during the Okinawa campaign  The US Navy's dead exceeded its wounded, with 4,907 killed and 4,874 wounded, primarily from kamikaze attacks American personnel casualties included thousands of cases of mental breakdown  According to the account of the battle presented in Marine Corps Gazette:

More mental health issues arose from the Battle of Okinawa than any other battle in the Pacific during World War II  The constant bombardment from artillery and mortars coupled with the high casualty rates led to a great deal of personnel coming down with combat fatigue  Additionally, the rains caused mud that prevented tanks from moving and tracks from pulling out the dead, forcing Marines (who pride themselves on burying their dead in a proper and honorable manner) to leave their comrades where they lay  This, coupled with thousands of bodies both friend and foe littering the entire island, created a scent you could nearly taste  Morale was dangerously low by May and the state of discipline on a moral basis had a new low barometer for acceptable behavior  The ruthless atrocities by the Japanese throughout the war had already brought on an altered behavior (deemed so by traditional standards) by many Americans resulting in the desecration of Japanese remains, but the Japanese tactic of using the Okinawan people as human shields brought about a new aspect of terror and torment to the psychological capacity of the Americans 
Medal of Honor recipients from Okinawa are:

Beauford T  Anderson – 13 April
Richard E  Bush – 16 April
Robert Eugene Bush – 2 May
Henry A  Courtney Jr  – 14–15 May
Clarence B  Craft – 31 May
James L  Day – 14–17 May
Desmond Doss – 29 April – 21 May
John P  Fardy – 7 May
William A  Foster – 2 May
Harold Gonsalves – 15 April
William D  Halyburton Jr  – 10 May
Dale M  Hansen – 7 May
Louis J  Hauge Jr  – 14 May
Elbert L  Kinser – 4 May
Fred F  Lester – 8 June
Martin O  May – 19–21 April
Richard M  McCool Jr  – 10–11 June
Robert M  McTureous Jr  – 7 June
John W  Meagher – 19 June
Edward J  Moskala – 9 April
Joseph E  Muller – 15–16 May
Alejandro R  Ruiz – 28 April
Albert E



ground_truth: Jaleel Ahmad White

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Camp Courtney was named after the Major killed in action at the battle codenamed what?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Schwab – 7 May
Seymour W  Terry – 11 May

Allied naval vessels sunk or damaged at Okinawa
The following table lists the Allied naval vessels that received damage or were sunk in the Battle of Okinawa between 19 March – 30 July 1945  The table lists a total of 147 damaged ships, five of which were damaged by enemy suicide boats and another five by mines  During the naval battle, which started before the amphibious landings on Okinawa on 1 April, USS Franklin suffered over 800 killed and missing and USS Bunker Hill suffered 396 killed and missing  These were the first and third largest loss of life on damaged or sunken American aircraft carriers during World War II  The USS Franklin (hit by two bombs in a level bombing attack by a D4Y Judy on 19 March 1945) and USS Bunker Hill were the only two aircraft carriers that sustained very severe damage from Japanese attacks and as a result were the only aircraft carriers in the Essex-class that did not experience any active service after the end of World War II  One source estimated that total Japanese sorties during the entire Okinawa campaign exceeded 3,700, with a large percentage being kamikaze attacks, and that the attackers damaged slightly more than 200 Allied vessels, with 4,900 naval officers and seamen killed and roughly 4,824 wounded or missing  The USS Thorton was damaged as the result of a collision with another US ship 
*  sunk or had to be scuttled due to irreparable damage  Of those sunk, the majority were relatively smaller ships; these included destroyers of around 300–450 feet  A few small cargo ships were also sunk, several containing munitions which caught fire 
#  scrapped or decommissioned as a result of damage 

Japanese losses
The US military estimates that 110,071 Japanese soldiers were killed during the battle  This total includes conscripted Okinawan civilians 

A total of 7,401 Japanese regulars and 3,400 Okinawan conscripts surrendered or were captured during the battle of Okinawa  Additional Japanese and renegade Okinawans were captured or surrendered over the next few months, bringing the total to 16,346 : 489  This was the first battle in the Pacific War in which thousands of Japanese soldiers surrendered or were captured  Many of the prisoners were native Okinawans who had been pressed into service shortly before the battle and were less imbued with the Imperial Japanese Army's no-surrender doctrine  When the American forces occupied the island, many Japanese soldiers put on Okinawan clothing to avoid capture, and some Okinawans would come to the Americans' aid by offering to identify these mainland Japanese 
The Japanese lost 16 combat vessels, including the super battleship Yamato  Early claims of Japanese aircraft losses put the total at 7,800,: 474  however later examination of Japanese records revealed that Japanese aircraft losses at Okinawa were far below often-repeated US estimates for the campaign  The number of conventional and kamikaze aircraft actually lost or expended by the 3rd, 5th, and 10th Air Fleets, combined with about 500 lost or expended by the Imperial Army at Okinawa, was roughly 1,430  The Allies destroyed 27 Japanese tanks and 743 artillery pieces (including mortars, anti-tank and anti-aircraft guns), some of them eliminated by the naval and air bombardments but most knocked out by American counter-battery fire 

Civilian losses, suicides, and atrocities
Some of the other islands that saw major battles in World War II, such as Iwo Jima, were uninhabited or had been evacuated  Okinawa, by contrast, had a large indigenous civilian population; US Army records from the planning phase of the operation made the assumption that Okinawa was home to about 300,000 civilians  The official US Tenth Army count for the 82-day campaign is a total of 142,058 recovered enemy bodies (including those civilians pressed into service by the Imperial Japanese Army), with the deduction made that about 42,000 were non-uniformed civilians who had been killed in the crossfire  Okinawa Prefecture's estimate is over 100,000 losses During the battle, American forces found it difficult to distinguish civilians from soldiers  It became common for them to shoot at Okinawan houses, as one infantryman wrote:

There was some return fire from a few of the houses, but the others were probably occupied by civilians—and we didn't care  It was a terrible thing not to distinguish between the enemy and women and children  Americans always had great compassion, especially for children  Now we fired indiscriminately 

In its history of the war, the Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum presents Okinawa as being caught between Japan and the United States  During the battle, the Imperial Japanese Army showed indifference to Okinawans' safety, and its soldiers used civilians as human shields or outright killed them  The Japanese military also confiscated food from the Okinawans and executed those who hid it, leading to mass starvation, and forced civilians out of their shelters  Japanese soldiers also killed about 1,000 people who spoke in the Okinawan language to suppress spying  The museum writes that "some were blown apart by [artillery] shells, some finding themselves in a hopeless situation were driven to suicide, some died of starvation, some succumbed to malaria, while others fell victim to the retreating Japanese troops "With the impending Japanese defeat, civilians often committed mass suicide, urged on by the Japanese soldiers who told locals that victorious American soldiers would go on a rampage of killing and raping  Ryūkyū Shimpō, one of the two major Okinawan newspapers, wrote in 2007: "There are many Okinawans who have testified that the Japanese Army directed them to commit suicide  There are also people who have testified that they were handed grenades by Japanese soldiers" to blow themselves up  Thousands of civilians, having been induced by Japanese propaganda to believe that American soldiers were barbarians who committed horrible atrocities, killed their families and themselves to avoid capture at the hands of the Americans  Some of them threw themselves and their family members from the southern cliffs where the Peace Museum now resides Okinawans "were often surprised at the comparatively humane treatment they received from the American enemy"  Islands of Discontent: Okinawan Responses to Japanese and American Power by Mark Selden states that the Americans "did not pursue a policy of torture, rape, and murder of civilians as Japanese military officials had warned"  American Military Intelligence Corps combat translators such as Teruto Tsubota managed to convince many civilians not to kill themselves  Survivors of the mass suicides blamed also the indoctrination of their education system of the time, in which the Okinawans were taught to become "more Japanese than the Japanese" and were expected to prove it 
Witnesses and historians claim that soldiers, mainly Japanese troops, raped Okinawan women during the battle  Rape by Japanese troops reportedly "became common" in June, after it became clear that the Imperial Japanese Army had been defeated : 462  Marine Corps officials in Okinawa and Washington have said that they knew of no rapes by American personnel in Okinawa at the end of the war  There are, however, numerous credible testimony accounts which note that a large number of rapes were committed by American forces during the battle  This includes stories of rape after trading sexual favors or even marrying Americans, such as the alleged incident in the village of Katsuyama, where civilians said they had formed a vigilante group to ambush and kill three black American soldiers who they claimed would frequently rape the local girls there 

MEXT textbook controversy
There is ongoing disagreement between Okinawa's local government and Japan's national government over the role of the Japanese military in civilian mass suicides during the battle  In March 2007, the national Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) advised textbook publishers to reword descriptions that the embattled Imperial Japanese Army forced civilians to kill themselves in the war to avoid being taken prisoner  MEXT preferred descriptions that just say that civilians received hand grenades from the Japanese military  This move sparked widespread protests among Okinawans  In June 2007, the Okinawa Prefectural Assembly adopted a resolution stating, "We strongly call on the (national) government to retract the instruction and to immediately restore the description in the textbooks so the truth of the Battle of Okinawa will be handed down correctly and a tragic war will never happen again "On 29 September 2007, about 110,000 people held the biggest political rally in the history of Okinawa to demand that MEXT retract its order to textbook publishers regarding revising the account of the civilian suicides  The resolution states, "It is an undeniable fact that the 'multiple suicides' would not have occurred without the involvement of the Japanese military and any deletion of or revision to (the descriptions) is a denial and distortion of the many testimonies by those people who survived the incidents " In December 2007, MEXT partially admitted the role of the Japanese military in civilian mass suicides  The ministry's Textbook Authorization Council allowed the publishers to reinstate the reference that civilians "were forced into mass suicides by the Japanese military", on condition it is placed in sufficient context  The council report states, "It can be said that from the viewpoint of the Okinawa residents, they were forced into the mass suicides " That was not enough for the survivors who said it is important for children today to know what really happened The Nobel Prize-winning author Kenzaburō Ōe wrote a booklet that states that the mass suicide order was given by the military during the battle  He was sued by revisionists, including a wartime commander during the battle, who disputed this and wanted to stop publication of the booklet  At a court hearing, Ōe testified "Mass suicides were forced on Okinawa islanders under Japan's hierarchical social structure that ran through the state of Japan, the Japanese armed forces and local garrisons " In March 2008, the Osaka Prefecture Court ruled in favor of Ōe, stating, "It can be said the military was deeply involved in the mass suicides " The court recognized the military's involvement in the mass suicides and murder-suicides, citing the testimony about the distribution of grenades for suicide by soldiers and the fact that mass suicides were not recorded on islands where the military was not stationed In 2012, Korean-Japanese director Pak Su-nam announced her work on the documentary Nuchigafu (Okinawan for "only if one is alive") collecting living survivors' accounts to show "the truth of history to many people", alleging that "there were two types of orders for 'honorable deaths'—one for residents to kill each other and the other for the military to kill all residents"  In March 2013, Japanese textbook publisher Shimizu Shoin was permitted by MEXT to publish the statements that "Orders from Japanese soldiers led to Okinawans committing group suicide" and "The [Japanese] army caused many tragedies in Okinawa, killing local civilians and forcing them to commit mass suicide "

Aftermath
90% of the buildings on the island were destroyed, along with countless historical documents, artifacts, and cultural treasures, and the tropical landscape was turned into "a vast field of mud, lead, decay and maggots"  The military value of Okinawa was significant  Okinawa provided a fleet anchorage, troop staging areas, and airfields in proximity to Japan  The US cleared the surrounding waters of mines in Operation Zebra, occupied Okinawa, and set up the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands, a form of military government, after the battle  In 2011, one official of the prefectural government told David Hearst of The Guardian:

You have the Battle of Britain, in which your airmen protected the British people  We had the Battle of Okinawa, in which the exact opposite happened  The Japanese army not only starved the Okinawans but used them as human shields  That dark history is still present today – and Japan and the US should study it before they decide what to do with next 

Effect on the wider war
Because the next major event following the Battle of Okinawa was the total surrender of Japan, the effect of this battle is more difficult to consider  Because Japan surrendered when it did, the anticipated series of battles and the invasion of the Japanese homeland never occurred, and all military strategies on both sides which presupposed this apparently-inevitable next development were immediately rendered moot 
Some military historians believe that the Okinawa campaign led directly to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as a means of avoiding the planned ground invasion of the Japanese mainland  This view is explained by Victor Davis Hanson in his book Ripples of Battle:

    because the Japanese on Okinawa     were so fierce in their defense (even when cut off and without supplies), and because casualties were so appalling, many American strategists looked for an alternative means to subdue mainland Japan, other than a direct invasion  This means presented itself, with the advent of atomic bombs, which worked admirably in convincing the Japanese to sue for peace [unconditionally], without American casualties 
Meanwhile, many parties continue to debate the broader question of "why Japan surrendered", attributing the surrender to a number of possible reasons including: the atomic bombings, the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, and Japan's depleted resources 

Memorial
In 1995, the Okinawa government erected a memorial monument named the Cornerstone of Peace in Mabuni, the site of the last fighting in southeastern Okinawa  The memorial lists all the known names of those who died in the battle, civilian and military, Japanese and foreign  As of 2022, the monument lists 241,686 names 

Modern US base
Significant US forces remain garrisoned on Okinawa as the United States Forces Japan, which the Japanese government sees as an important guarantee of regional stability, and Kadena remains the largest US air base in Asia  Local residents have long protested against the size and presence of the base 

See also
Himeyuri students
Chiran Special Attack Peace Museum
History of the Ryukyus
Josef R  Sheetz
Rape during the occupation of Japan 
Suicide in Japan
Okinawa Memorial Day
Naval Base Okinawa
Marine Corps Air Station Futenma
Camp Hansen
Torii Station
Camp Schwab
Camp Foster
Camp Kinser
Giretsu Kuteitai
Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum
Passage 6:
Battle of Jupiter Inlet
The Battles of the Loxahatchee occurred west of what is now Jupiter, Florida in January 1838 between the United States military and the Seminole Indians (including Black Seminoles)  The First Battle of the Loxahatchee (Powell's Battle) occurred on January 15, involving a mixed Navy-Army unit under Lt  Levin M  Powell  The Second Battle of the Loxahatchee (Jesup's Battle) occurred on January 24 involving an army under Major General Thomas Jesup  The two battles were fought within a few miles of each other against the same group of Seminoles 

Background
After the American Revolutionary War, Spain regained control of Florida from Britain as part of the Treaty of Paris, and the Seminoles set up farms and acquired land grants from the Spanish  At the same time, because the state was in Spanish control, escaped slaves took advantage of the treaty and found refuge in Florida  These two developments pushed the U S  to begin the First Seminole War (1817–1818) on the Florida-Georgia border, which pushed the Seminoles further south 
In May 1832, the Treaty of Payne's Landing required Indians to forfeit their land and move west within a three-year window  In 1835, the U S  Army returned to Florida to enforce the treaty and found the Indians prepared to fight 

Battle name
The names of the two battles have not been historically consistent  Older sources sometimes erroneously refer to Powell's Battle as the Battle of Jupiter Inlet (including Guinn), probably because contemporary newspaper accounts described it as occurring "near" the inlet 
The modern name of both battles refers to the Loxahatchee River (not the modern community of Loxahatchee, Florida)  "Loxahatchee" is an Anglicized version of the waterway's Seminole name, "Locha-hatchee" (turtle river)  Historical spellings have varied, including Lockahatchee (Mahon) and Locha-Hatchie (Buker) 

First Battle of the Loxahatchee (Powell's Battle)
Lieutenant Levin M  Powell led the Everglades Expeditionary Unit, a mixed Navy-Army force, up the Loxahatchee River on January 15, 1838, in search of Seminole villages  Powell's men captured a Seminole woman and ordered her to lead them to the nearest village 
Leaving 23 men to guard the boats, Powell divided his remaining men under Acting Lt  William P  McArthur (USN), Acting Lt  Horace N  Harrison (USN), and Lt  Henry W  Fowler (USA)  After marching 5 miles (8 0 km), they came under fire from Seminoles  Powell ordered his men to charge and the Seminoles fell back into a dense cypress swamp where they made a determined stand  Powell, McArthur, and Harrison were all wounded and naval surgeon Dr  Frederick Leitner killed  The loss of the officers caused most of Powell's force to fall back in disorder  Lt  Fowler was wounded as he attempted to cover the retreat  With all the other officers down, Joseph E  Johnston took charge and organized a successful retreat  The men and boats left after dark to return to Fort Pierce  One boat, containing gunpowder and alcohol, was accidentally left behind in the dark  After recovering a lost man initially thought to be killed, Powell reported his losses as 4 killed and 22 wounded 

Second Battle of the Loxahatchee (Jesup's Battle)
Notified that Powell had definitively located a group of Seminoles, Major General Thomas S  Jesup brought his army overland from Fort Pierce, passing west of the St  Lucie River and approaching the Seminole encampment from the west  Jesup had a force of about 1,500 men: 600 dragoons (2nd Dragoons under Col  William S  Harney), 400 artillery (part of the 3rd US Artillery under Colonel Lemuel Gates), 400 Tennessee Volunteers (under Major William Lauderdale), 100 Alabama Volunteers, and 35 Delaware Indian scouts On the afternoon of January 24, Jesup's scouts located the Seminoles in a dense hammock  Jesup's men dragoons and infantry attacked, with support from cannons and Congreve rockets  The Seminoles fell back across the Loxahatchee River and took up a second position on the east bank  Jesup attempted to lead the Tennessee Volunteers in a charge, but had his glasses shot off his face  Col  Harney led 15 dragoons across the river upstream of the Seminoles and flanked their position, causing them to retreat in scattered groups and ending the battle This engagement is considered the last true battle of the Second Seminole War 

Results
After the battle, Jesup's march marched east to what is now Pennock Point where they established Fort Jupiter  The general unsuccessfully petitioned the federal government to allow the Seminoles to remain in the Everglades and end the war 
William Lauderdale's Tennessee Volunteers subsequently marched south from Jupiter to New River where they established Fort Lauderdale 

Notable participants
Joseph E  Johnston was a volunteer at the First Battle of the Loxahatchee, having not yet been officially recommissioned in the Army  He claimed that there were "no less than 30 bullet holes" in his clothing, with one bullet cutting his scalp, leaving him with a scar  After receiving his commission as 1st Lieutenant on July 7, 1838, Johnston was given a brevet promotion to captain for his actions  He later became a Confederate general Thomas S  Jesup was a US Army officer known as the "Father of the Modern Quartermaster Corps " His military career spanned 52 years, starting in the War of 1812 and ending after 42 years as Quartermaster General  In 1836, President Andrew Jackson detached him from his title as Quartermaster General  First, to deal with the Creek tribe in Georgia and Alabama and then to assume command of all U S  troops in Florida during the Second Seminole War 
William Lauderdale is the namesake of Fort Lauderdale 
Sam Jones was the spiritual medicine and war chief of the Miccosukee and Seminole people during the Second and Third Seminole Wars 

Battlefield today
The exact location of both battlefields was unclear for most of the 20th century  At one time it was incorrectly identified as having taken place in modern Jonathan Dickinon State Park, with a marker placed there accordingly  In the 1980s, numerous avocational archaeologists, not all of them working together, concluded Jesup's battle occurred in Jupiter Farms along the Loxahatchee River Northwest Fork around and south of Indiantown Road (SR 706)  An extensive archaeological survey by professional archaeologist Robert S  Carr and his Archaeological and Historical Conservancy (AHC) confirmed the location of the battlefield as well as numerous Seminole and pre-Seminole archaeological sites in Riverbend Park  The part of the park where the battle took place is now Loxahatchee River Battlefield Park  The park is managed by Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation 
The exact location of Powell's Battle is less clear, but probably occurred east of Riverbend Park 
Starting in 2017, the Loxahatchee Battlefield Preservationists (LBP) have held an annual battle reenactment in late January 

See also
List of battles won by Indigenous peoples of the Americas
West Indies Squadron

Notes
Passage 7:
Camp Hovey
Camp Hovey is a United States Army military base in Dongducheon, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea  It was named after Master Sergeant Howard Hovey who was killed in action at Pork Chop Hill during the Korean War  The camp is adjacent to the larger Camp Casey connected by a road known as "Hovey Cut"  The nearest city to Camp Hovey is Dongducheon (also spelled Tongduch'on), which is roughly 15 miles (24 km) from the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)  There is a south gate into Camp Hovey from Gwangam-dong village 
Prior to the deactivation of the 1st ABCT, Camp Hovey was home to 1st ABCT Headquarters; 1st Battalion, 15th Field Artillery; 1st Brigade Special Troops Bn; 4th Chemical Company; and 4th Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment  C Co 1st Bn 503rd Infantry 
Camp Hovey has an AAFES shoppette, Hovey Lanes Bowling Alley, Iron Triangle All-Ranks Club, Hovey Boys 10 HQ, DOD Community Bank, post office, athletic fields, Hovey Gym/indoor Swimming Pool, Library, Troop Medical Center, Military Clothing Store, Barber Shop, Dry Cleaners, New Car Sales, LG U+ Phone/Internet Store, Furniture Store, Tailor Shop, Mini-Mall, Bedding Store, Anthony's Pizza, AAFES American Cafe, Krispy Kreme Donuts, KATUSA snack bar and a DFAC (Dining Facility)  Camp Hovey is one of the camps north of Seoul authorized Hardship Duty Pay of $150 per month as of 1 January 2001 
It is part of an area containing many installations known as the "Casey Enclave"  Camp Hovey, together with other U S  Army camps north of Seoul, was scheduled for closure in the 2019 time frame, with units moving to Camp Humphreys 

See also
List of United States Army installations in South Korea

Notes
External links
Second Infantry Division website
www facebook com/usagrc, Camp Hovey & Area I Facebook page
redcloud korea army mil, official website of USAG Area I, Camp Red Cloud, Camp Casey & Camp Hovey, Korea



ground_truth: Operation Iceberg