prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: After Russell D. Moore served at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary he became the President of The Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission (ERLC) in what year?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Jerry A  Johnson
Jerry A  Johnson is the former President of the National Religious Broadcasters  He became president of NRB on November 1, 2013, succeeding Frank Wright  Before accepting that post, he was President of Criswell College, and former dean of academics at Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary   He also held several positions during 14 years at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary  From 2013 to 2014 he served as Chairman of the Nominating Committee of the Southern Baptist Convention 
Passage 2:
Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary (MBTS) is a Private Baptist seminary in Kansas City, Missouri  It is affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention  Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary also houses an undergraduate college, Spurgeon College (formerly known as Midwestern College) 

History
Midwestern Seminary was officially founded on May 29, 1957, when the Southern Baptist Convention voted to establish the institution and elected a board of trustees  Since that time, the trustees have been regularly and exclusively elected by the Southern Baptist Convention  Under the leadership of the original board of trustees, the seminary was established in 1958 in northern Kansas City, Missouri, with six faculty members and 136 students  Most of the property on which the seminary is housed was donated by the Vivion family; the Vivion farmhouse has been restored and is now the official residence of the seminary's presidential family Doctrinally, MBTS is guided by the Baptist Faith and Message 2000  Every member of the faculty and administration is required to sign a statement agreeing to the precepts of this document  While students are required to be Christians, they are not required to affirm the Baptist Faith and Message 2000  The purpose statement of Midwestern Seminary was revised in 2008 to read, "Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary serves the church by biblically educating God-called men and women to be and to make disciples of Jesus Christ "
Jason K  Allen was installed as president in 2012 and began revitalization  The seminary almost tripled in size in the next five years, becoming one of the fastest-growing seminaries in North America and one of the largest in the world  Enrollment has nearly tripled in five years, from 1,107 in the 2010–2011 academic year to surpassing 3,000 students in 2017–2018 The seminary was granted an exception to Title IX in 2016 which allows it to legally discriminate against LGBT students for religious reasons 

Campus
Midwestern Seminary is located in Kansas City, Missouri, at the intersection of Vivion Rd  and N  Oak Trafficway, a few minutes from downtown  A new 1,000 seat auditorium, The Daniel Lee Chapel, was dedicated in April 2014  Other recent improvements to the campus include the O S  Hawkins Courtyard and the Charles Spurgeon Library 
The campus includes dormitory and apartment buildings for residential students, playground and picnic areas, a modest fishing pond, and over 220 acres of woods  The Sword & Trowel Bookstore is also located on campus 
In 2016, the seminary announced plans to build a new Student Center on the north slope of the campus, using a $7 million lead gift by the Mathena family of Oklahoma City  Construction on this project—which includes a gymnasium, fitness center, faculty offices, cafeteria, coffee shop, bookstore, and expanded study center, and which includes exterior plans for sports fields—concluded in 2018  The 40,000 square foot center opened for the Fall 2018 semester 

The Spurgeon Center and Library
The Spurgeon Library houses the remaining personal collection of Charles Spurgeon, which Midwestern Seminary acquired from William Jewell College in 2006  The dedication of the library took place in October 2015, and the Seminary is now working to digitize the collection and publish new volumes of previously undiscovered sermons  Geoff Chang serves as the curator of the collection, which also includes artifacts from Spurgeon's life and ministry, among them his personal writing desk, travel kit, and the metalwork from his study door  The library interior is appointed in academic "Oxford style" and includes portraits highlighting the life of Spurgeon commissioned by Christian T  George and Midwestern Seminary of the Romanian artist Petru Botezatu 

For The Church
Since Allen's installation as president of Midwestern Seminary, the institution has emphasized "For The Church" as its vision statement for academic and institutional renewal, seeking to re-connect the purpose of theological education to the support and strengthening of local churches  This vision has been manifested in numerous events and resources, including Midwestern's website For The Church and the annual For The Church national conference held in Kansas City, which has featured internationally renowned speakers Matt Chandler, H B  Charles Jr , Russell Moore, David Platt, and Ray Ortlund Jr 

Academics
MBTS is accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada (ATS) and the Higher Learning Commission (HLC)  The seminary is accredited to offer several master's degrees that are generally classified as Master of Divinity (M Div ) and Master of Arts  Midwestern also offers an MTS (Master of Theological Studies) degree and a Graduate Certificate in Christian Foundations for Lay Ministers 
At the doctoral level, MBTS offers professional doctorates: Doctor of Ministry (D Min ), Doctor of Educational Ministry (D Ed Min ), and a research doctorate Doctor of Philosophy in Biblical Studies  The seminary also has a Korean language track for its Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Educational Ministry, Doctor of Education, and Doctor of Ministry degrees and a Spanish language track for its Doctor of Ministry degree 
Spurgeon College offers a variety of undergraduate degrees in ministry, missions, and theology, as well as degrees in leadership, counseling psychology, and philosophy  Through the Accelerate program undergrads may earn both a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Divinity degree simultaneously in a rigorous five-year course of study  Associate degrees are also available through the college  Undergrad students interested in pursuing a call to mission work may also participate in Midwestern's Fusion program, a training cohort partially funded by the International Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention which includes cultural studies, physical training, and stints overseas to better prepare future missionaries for the realities of their work 
Since 2010, Midwestern Seminary offers both graduate and undergraduate degrees entirely online, through the Online You program  Available degrees include the standard M Div , MTS, and BA, with select concentrations available as well 
Most recently, Midwestern has provided incentives for residential education, including the Timothy Track, which partners M Div students with local churches to serve in internship programs, and The Residency, a contextual component of the standard doctoral program that facilitates immediate application of academic training 

Notable faculty
Andreas Köstenberger
Passage 3:
Temple Baptist Seminary
Temple Baptist Seminary is the graduate school of Christian theology of Piedmont International University  Originally established as "Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary" in Chattanooga, Tennessee in 1948, the name was changed to Temple Baptist Theological Seminary five years later, after the Southern Baptist Convention founded its own Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary  The seminary became a part of Piedmont when its parent school, Tennessee Temple University, merged with it in 2015 
Temple Baptist Seminary was accredited in 2000 as part of Tennessee Temple University's Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools (TRACS) accreditation  Prior to that it was accredited by the American Association of Bible Colleges (now known as ABHE)  Both ABHE and TRACS are accreditors recognized by the US Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation 

History
On July 3, 1946, Highland Park Baptist Church, under the leadership of the pastor, Lee Roberson, voted to establish Tennessee Temple College (now University)  Then, recognizing the lack of sound Biblical training in the majority of the seminaries, Roberson led the church in establishing Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary on January 26, 1948  Roberson served as president, and Alfred Cierpke as dean  Five years later, the name was changed to Temple Baptist Theological Seminary since the Southern Baptist Convention founded a seminary by the former name  Since 1985, the institution has been known as Temple Baptist Seminary  In 1962, Douglas Cravens assumed the position of dean 
With the assumption of the presidency of the university and seminary by J  Don Jennings in 1985, Roger Martin was named dean 
In June 1993, the university and the seminary were restructured, placing each under the supervision of a separate Board of Trustees and administrative leadership, while maintaining the identity of each as owned by and a ministry of Highland Park Baptist Church  With respect to the seminary, Lee Roberson was reappointed chancellor, David E  Bouler, who had been the senior pastor of Highland Park Baptist Church since August 4, 1991, was named vice-chancellor and Barkev S  Trachian was elected president  The seminary charter was amended in August 1993, to make the name Temple Baptist Seminary official 
April 2005 saw the university and seminary restructured a second time, reuniting the two under the supervision of a single Board of Trustees and the administration of J  Danny Lovett, the seventh president of Tennessee Temple University, with Temple Baptist Seminary re-establishing itself as the premier graduate division as originally envisioned by the founder, Lee Roberson  This restructure was confirmed in late November 2005 by the university's and seminary's accrediting agency  Fixed firmly to its foundations, Temple Baptist Seminary is committed to training qualified candidates for dynamic leadership in Bible-believing churches and related field ministries, to shaping His shepherds, and to developing disciples with the unchanging Word of God on a global scale 
From the outset, the seminary has been committed to upholding the biblical faith historically believed by Baptists  In addition there has been a strong emphasis upon Bible teaching, Christian education, evangelism, and ministry endeavor  With the theme "Preparing for Leadership," TBS continues to expand its efforts to equip both church leaders and laypersons for the work of the ministry  In recent years, a program of winter and summer modular classes has been initiated  This program has become very popular with both resident and out-of-town students  Nearly all Temple Baptist Seminary's courses are available on-line, enabling studies anywhere worldwide!
Temple Baptist Seminary has matriculated students from almost every state and from many foreign countries  Many graduates have distinguished themselves as pastors, military and civilian chaplains, teachers, educators, missionaries, and evangelists 
As of January 2012, Steve Echols assumed the leadership role as president of Tennessee Temple University  He brings a vast array of experience and proven leadership in both academic and ministerial areas  In 2012, TTU realigned its academic programs into three colleges of schools  The Seminary became a part of the School of Theology and Ministry  Also in September 2012, Highland Park Baptist Church announced its visions to relocate to Harrison, TN and change its name to Church of the Highlands  During this transition, changes to the TTU by-laws were unanimously ratified by both the Board of Trustees of TTU and the deacon body of the Church of the Highlands  These by-law changes have ended the formal relationship between the two entities  Yet the heritage of Highland Park Baptist Church will remain an essential part of the lasting legacy of TTU 
At the 2013 Tennessee Baptist Convention Annual Meeting, TTU had a booth for the first time in the history of our school  It was a wonderful success resulting in many important contacts and connections being made with Tennessee Baptists  "Even more importantly", TTU President Steve Echols stated, "I am rejoicing over a historic moment for Tennessee Temple University " During the session, the Tennessee Baptist Convention Messengers unanimously adopted a resolution of support which "affirms the actions of Tennessee Temple University (in Chattanooga) in embracing Southern Baptist doctrine and Tennessee Baptist life "  In 2013, Howard D  Owens became the Interim Dean of the School of Theology and Ministry, under the presidency of Steven F  Echols 
Passage 4:
Russell D  Moore
Russell D  Moore (born 9 October 1971) is an American theologian, ethicist, and preacher  In June 2021, he became the director of the Public Theology Project at Christianity Today, and on August 4, 2022, was announced as the magazine's incoming Editor-in-Chief Moore previously served as president of the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, the public-policy arm of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC), and at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, as dean of the School of Theology, senior vice president for academic administration, and as professor of theology and ethics 

Early life and education
Moore was born and raised in the coastal town of Biloxi, Mississippi, the eldest son of Gary and Renee Moore  His grandfather was a Baptist preacher, and his grandmother was Roman Catholic  He earned a B S  in political science and history from the University of Southern Mississippi, an M Div  in biblical studies from New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, and a Ph D  in systematic theology from the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary 

Ministry
Moore served as associate pastor of Bay Vista Baptist Church in Biloxi, where he was ordained to gospel ministry In 2001, Moore was appointed to the faculty of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary  As Professor of Christian Theology and Ethics, Moore was responsible for teaching across a spectrum of topics including systematic theology, Christian ethics, church life, pastoral ministry, and cultural engagement  In addition to his role on the faculty, he also served as Executive Director of the Carl F  H  Henry Institute for Evangelical Engagement from 2001 to 2009  In 2004, Moore was named Dean of the School of Theology and Senior Vice President for Academic Administration   In this role, in addition to his regular teaching and lecturing, Moore served as the chief academic officer of the seminary, responsible for all curriculum and the administration of the seminary  Beyond these roles, Moore served as Executive Editor of The Southern Baptist Journal of Theology, and has served as Senior Editor for Touchstone Magazine and as Chairman of the Board for the Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood 
In 2008, he became pastor at Highview Baptist Church in Louisville, Kentucky until 2012  More broadly, Moore has served extensively within the Southern Baptist Convention, as chairman and four-time member of the Resolutions committee, as a member of the Ethics and Public Affairs Committee of the Kentucky Baptist Convention, and as a regular correspondent and columnist for Baptist Press 

ERLC Presidency
On June 1, 2013, Moore became President of the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, the Southern Baptist Convention's official entity assigned to address social, moral, and ethical concerns  In this role, Moore led the organization, which maintains offices in both Nashville and Washington, D C  in their advocacy efforts—addressing especially the issues of religious liberty, human dignity, family stability, and civil society 
Moore believes marriage is a union between a man and a woman  He accepted an invitation from Pope Francis to attend a Colloquium on Marriage at the Vatican, where he spoke on 18 November 2014 In 2014, Moore commented on gay conversion therapy, saying, "The utopian idea if you come to Christ and if you go through our program, you're going to be immediately set free from attraction or anything you're struggling with, I don't think that's a Christian idea  Faithfulness to Christ means obedience to Christ  It does not necessarily mean that someone's attractions are going to change " He added, "The Bible doesn't promise us freedom from temptation  The Bible promises us the power of the spirit to walk through temptation " Moore also said at that time that the Southern Baptists' Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission was working with parents of those who are gay and lesbian, adding, "The response is not shunning, putting them out on the street  The answer is loving your child "Moore's vocal criticism of then-candidate Donald Trump during the 2016 election season drew a backlash from fellow Southern Baptists, triggering a crisis in which more than 100 churches threatened to withdraw donations to the denomination's Cooperative Program in protest of Moore's stances and leading to calls for his resignation  After Moore issued statements of apology in December 2016 and March 2017 for "using words… that were at times overly broad or unnecessarily harsh," Southern Baptist leaders affirmed their support for his leadership and he remained in his post Moore resigned from the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission at the end of his term as president  He left the Southern Baptist Convention as well soon afterward; on June 1, 2021; Immanuel Nashville, an nondenominational church, thus unaffiliated with the SBC, announced Moore had joined its staff as a pastor in residence 

Christianity Today
Following his departure from the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, Moore was hired as a public theologian for the magazine Christianity Today  In 2022, he was named Christianity Today's Editor in Chief 

Personal views
Moore has spoken out against the display of the Confederate flag; in 2015, two days after the Charleston church shooting (in which nine black churchgoers were murdered in a hate crime), Moore wrote: "The cross and the Confederate flag cannot co-exist without one setting the other on fire  White Christians, let's listen to our African-American brothers and sisters  Let's care not just about our own history, but also about our shared history with them " Moore also condemned the 2017 white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia 

Nationalism and the Syrian refugee crisis
In 2015, during the Syrian refugee crisis, Moore wrote an op-ed in the Washington Post calling upon evangelical Christians to support refugee resettlement   Moore criticized those who "demagogue the issue" and wrote: "evangelical Christians cannot be the people who turn our back on our mission field  We should be the ones calling the rest of the world to remember the image of God and inalienable human dignity, of persecuted people whether Christian, Jewish, Muslim or Yazidi, especially those fleeing from genocidal Islamic terrorists " Moore wrote that security and compassion are compatible  In a subsequent interview, Moore sharply criticized leading Republican presidential candidates Donald Trump and Ted Cruz, stating that Trump's proposal to shut down mosques in the U S  was a threat to religious liberty and that Cruz's proposal to impose a religious test for refugees would "penalize innocent women and children who are fleeing from murderous barbarians simply because they're not Christians "

Theological views
Moore writes from the perspective of a Baptist who affirms the inerrancy of scripture and a complementarian position on gender roles, believes in a literal hell, and is a Calvinist He works in the area of Christian eschatology, highlighting the kingdom of God as the center of theology and ethics  Moore believes in an "inaugurated eschatology" in which the Kingdom of God is "already" and "not yet " Consistent with this position, he sees Jesus Christ as the full inheritor of God's promises to Israel, and that the church receives the benefits of this as it is "in" Christ  Moore emphasizes the kingdom as a spiritual warfare uprooting the demonic powers, an emphasis that shows up not only in his works on the kingdom and on temptation but also in his writings on, for example, orphan care Moore has written about issues of ethics and religious liberty  In his early work, he argued for the early Baptist commitment to religious liberty represented by such figures as Isaac Backus, John Leland, and Jeremiah Moore, over against those who would articulate a more secularist understanding of the separation of church and state In ethics, Moore stands within the Christian Democracy stream of communitarianism, calling for a Christian demonstration of ethical transformation within the church as the initial manifestation of the kingdom  Heavily influenced by the Dutch Neo-Calvinist theologian Abraham Kuyper and the early American Neo-Evangelical theologian Carl F  H  Henry, Moore articulates a conservative evangelical call for justice for the vulnerable, including care for widows, orphans, the unborn, the disabled, the elderly, and the undocumented He has called on evangelicals, especially Southern Baptists, to embrace racial reconciliation as a witness 

Political background and involvement
In the early 1990s, prior to entering the ministry, Moore was an aide to U S  Representative Gene Taylor of Mississippi, a Democrat who later switched political parties and joined the Republican Party in 2014 In 2016, Moore became a leading critic of then-presidential candidate Donald Trump  Moore asserted that in the event of a presidential election contest between Trump and Hillary Clinton, Christians should vote for "a conservative independent or third-party candidate " Moore stated that he could not support the former because he "stirs up racial animosity" and could not support the latter for her support of abortion  Writing in  National Review in January 2016, Moore wrote that a Trump presidency would endanger the goals of the Manhattan Declaration; criticized Trump's involvement in the casino industry and past support for abortion rights; and argued that "Trump's vitriolic — and often racist and sexist — language about immigrants, women, the disabled, and others ought to concern anyone who believes that all persons, not just the 'winners' of the moment, are created in God's image "

Personal life
On May 27, 1994, Moore married Maria Hanna Moore  Having adopted their first two sons from a Russian orphanage, Moore has written and spoken extensively on the topic of adoption from a Christian perspective, including his book Adopted for Life: The Priority of Adoption for Christian Families and Churches  They also have three biological sons 

Recognition
In 2015, his book, Onward: Engaging the Culture Without Losing the Gospel, received the "Beautiful Orthodoxy Book of the Year" award from Christianity Today In 2016, he was named alumnus of the year by the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary 

Select bibliography
Books authored
Moore, Russell D  (2004)  The Kingdom of Christ: The New Evangelical Perspective  Crossway 
——— (2009)  Adopted for Life: The Priority of Adoption for Christian Families and Churches  Crossway 
——— (2011)  Tempted and Tried: Temptation and the Triumph of Christ  Crossway 
——— (2015)  Onward: Engaging the Culture Without Losing the Gospel  Broadman & Holman  ISBN 978-1-43368617-7 
——— (2016)  The Christ-Shaped Marriage: Love, Fidelity, and the Gospel  Broadman & Holman  ISBN 978-1-43367912-4 
——— (2018)  The Storm-Tossed Family: How the Cross Reshapes the Home  B&H Books  ISBN 978-1462794805 
——— (2020)  The Courage to Stand: Facing Your Fear without Losing Your Soul  B&H Books  ISBN 978-1535998536 

Books edited
———; Nettles, Tom J , eds  (2001)  Why I am a Baptist  Nashville, TN: B&H Publishing  ISBN 978-0-80542426-3  OCLC 45861873 
———, ed  (2012)  A Guide to Adoption and Orphan Care  SBTS Press 
Passage 5:
Ethics &amp; Religious Liberty Commission
The Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission (ERLC) is the public policy arm of the Southern Baptist Convention, the second-largest Christian denomination in the United States, with over 16 million members in over 43,000 independent churches  President Russell D  Moore left office on June 1, 2021  Brent Leatherwood was unanimously voted in by the board of trustees to be the next ERLC president on Sept  13, 2022   The commission is headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee, with additional offices in Washington, D C , and Cyprus 

History
Formerly known as the Christian Life Commission (1953–1997), the entity with organizational predecessors dating back to 1907 received its current name in the course of a broad reorganization of multiple Southern Baptist entities in 1997 (Sutton, p 335)   The Southern Baptist Convention  terminated its participation with the Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty in 1992 (Sutton, p  300) due to conflicts over separation of church and state and whether Baptist organizations should play a role in partisan politics  It was led by Richard Land from 1988 to 2013  Land announced his intention to retire effective October 23, 2013, after the uproar that ensued from his controversial comments about the Trayvon Martin case that resulted in an official reprimand by the ERLC's executive committee  Russell D  Moore filled the post afterwards  Moore is an outspoken critic of then-Republican Presidential candidate, Donald Trump  His criticism of Trump has been controversial with several Southern Baptist leaders The stated vision of the ERLC is an organization "dedicated to engaging the culture with the gospel of Jesus Christ and speaking to issues in the public square for the protection of religious liberty and human flourishing  Our vision can be summed up in three words: kingdom, culture and mission  Since its inception, the ERLC has been defined around a holistic vision of the kingdom of God, leading the culture to change within the church itself and then as the church addresses the world "At the Convention's 2018 annual meeting, a motion to defund the ERLC was rejected 

Activities
The agency has many ministries to carry out its stated missions, including voter registration, a think tank called the Research Institute, and the Psalm 139 Project, which donates sonogram machines to crisis pregnancy centers ERLC is involved in legislative advocacy  Its achievements include:

The Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA)
The Sudan Peace Act of 2002
The Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (PREA)
The North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004The ERLC campaigned unsuccessfully against the 2022 passage of the Respect for Marriage Act, arguing that its gender-neutral definition of marriage contradicted the Bible, and claiming that it is a threat to religious freedom 

Leadership history
See also
Southern Baptist Convention conservative resurgence
Passage 6:
Trillia Newbell
Trillia Newbell is the Director of Community Outreach for the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention 

Publications and career
She is the author of United: Captured by God’s Vision for Diversity (2014), Fear and Faith: Finding the Peace Your Heart Craves (2015), Enjoy: Finding the Freedom to Delight Daily in God’s Good Gifts (2016) and God's Very Good Idea: The True Story About God's Delightfully Different Family (2017) In addition to her writing and the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission, Newbell gives speeches at churches, universities, conventions, and conferences  She has written for newspapers, magazines, and online publications, including the Knoxville News Sentinel, The Gospel Coalition, Ligonier Ministries, Desiring God, Christianity Today, and the online blog of the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission  Newbell is the founder and former managing editor of the Women of God Magazine, a defunct online publication 

Personal life
She lives in Nashville, Tennessee with her husband and two children 
Passage 7:
Benjamin L  Merkle
Benjamin Lee Merkle (born 1971) is an American New Testament scholar  He is Associate Professor of New Testament and Greek at Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary  Merkle studied at Kuyper College, Westminster Seminary California, and Southern Baptist Theological Seminary  He served as Professor of New Testament at Malaysia Baptist Theological Seminary before coming to SEBTS Merkle specializes in the issue of eldership, and has written The Elder and Overseer:  One Office in the Early Church (2003), 40 Questions about Elders and Deacons (2008), and  Why Elders? A Biblical and Practical Guide for Church Members (2009)  He argues that elders and bishops are the same in the New Testament and "normally function in plurality in a local church "Merkle also argues for gender distinctions on the basis of 1 Corinthians 11 

Works
Books
Merkle, Benjamin L  (2003)  The Elder and Overseer: one office in the early church  Studies in biblical literature  Vol  57  New York: Peter Lang  ISBN 9780820462349  OCLC 50192542 
——— (2008)  40 Questions about Elders and Deacons  Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications  ISBN 9780825433641  OCLC 172980402 
——— (2009)  Why elders? : a biblical and practical guide for church members  Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications  ISBN 9780825433511  OCLC 320434753 
——— (2016)  Ephesians  Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament  Nashville, TN: B&H Publishing Group  ISBN 9781433676116  OCLC 929590220 
———; Plummer, Robert L  (2017)  Greek for Life: strategies for learning, retaining, and reviving New Testament Greek  Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic  ISBN 9780801093203  OCLC 961153121 

Edited by
———; Schreiner, Thomas R , eds  (2014)  Shepherding God's Flock: biblical leadership in the New Testament and beyond  Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications  ISBN 9780825442568  OCLC 881313167 
Passage 8:
Frank Stagg (theologian)
Frank Stagg (October 20, 1911 – June 2, 2001) was a Southern Baptist theologian, seminary professor, author, and pastor over a 50-year ministry career  He taught New Testament interpretation and Greek at New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary from 1945 until 1964 and at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky from 1964 until 1978  His publications, recognitions and honors earned him distinction as one of the eminent theologians of the past century  Other eminent theologians have honored him as a "Teaching Prophet "
No one   has ever taken the New Testament more seriously than Frank Stagg, who spent his entire life wrestling with it, paying the price in sweat and hours in an unrelenting quest to hear the message expressed in a language no longer spoken and directed toward a cultural context so foreign to the modern reader 

Personal
Dr  Frank Stagg was born October 20, 1911, on his grandfather's rice farm near the small community of Eunice, Louisiana  Although the family name comes from an English ancestor, the Stagg family was of French Catholic descent, commonly called Cajuns  His grandfather and his uncle were the first of the Staggs to become Evangelical Christians  His uncle became a preacher who ministered in the native "Cajun" dialect  Frank was proud of his Louisiana French heritage and of his upbringing in the home of a Baptist deacon and Sunday School teacher 
In his junior year at Louisiana College, Frank met his wife: Evelyn Owen of Ruston, Louisiana, who would become an integral part of his future endeavors  They married in 1935 and  raised three children—Ted, Bob and Ginger 

Beliefs
Counted among the "best-known progressive activists," Stagg addressed a variety of contemporary issues  These included civil rights, gender equity, Vietnam, the First Gulf War, ecumenism and aging  He also argued for the Bible's relevance  "The Bible is relevant," Stagg said  "We don't have to make it relevant " He said that the First Gulf War presented the ideal opportunity for Southern Baptists to "reassess and reject" the just war doctrine and embrace pacifism as the appropriate Christian response to all wars  He opposed Reformed points of doctrine such as predestination and other Calvinist beliefs in Southern Baptist life 

Library collection
Through the years, Dr  Stagg amassed an extensive library and wealth of knowledge and scholarship in the form of correspondence, writings, articles, speeches, commentaries, book reviews, photographs, sermon notes and even private musings  The Papers of Dr  Frank Stagg, 1938–1999 now reside at Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama  The 36 feet (11 m) represent more than a half century of his life's journey and Christian pilgrimage  His collection shares prominence in the library with the manuscript collection of English theologian and preacher Charles Spurgeon 

Recognition and honors
Frank Stagg is included in various lists of distinguished twentieth century Baptist theologians: E  Y  Mullins, W  T  Connor, W  O  Carver, Frank Stagg, W  W  Stevens, Dale Moody, Dallas Roark, James Wm  McClendon, Morris Ashcraft, E  Frank Tupper, Warren McWilliams, A  J  Conyers, and Curtis Freeman  He also has been called "one of the foremost interpreters of the New Testament among Baptists in the twentieth century "At the Louisville seminary he held the prestigious James Buchanan Harrison Chair of New Testament Theology 
The Stagg-Tolbert Forum for Biblical Studies is an annual event named in his honor  It is designed to make excellence in biblical scholarship accessible to the lay person 

Education
Professional
Publications
Books
The Book of Acts: The Early Struggle for an Unhindered Gospel  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1955 
Exploring the New Testament  Nashville: Convention Press, 1961 
New Testament Theology  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1962 
Studies in Luke's Gospel  Nashville: Convention Press, 1967 
The Holy Spirit Today  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1973 
Polarities of Man's Existence in Biblical Perspective  Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1973 
Woman in the World of Jesus, with Evelyn Stagg  Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1978 
Galatians and Romans  "Knox Preaching Guides," ed  John H  Hayes  Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1980 
The Bible Speaks on Aging  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1981 

Contributions to other books
"He that Judgeth Me " In More Southern Baptist Preaching, ed  H  C  Brown, Jr , pp  104–112  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1964 
"How I Prepare My Sermons " In More Southern Baptist Preaching, ed  H  C  Brown, Jr , pp  104–106  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1964 
"What and Where Is the Church?" In What Can You Believe? ed  David K  Alexander and C  W  Junker, pp  27–34  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1966 
"Glossolalia in the New Testament " In Glossolalia: Tongue Speaking in Biblical, Historical, and Psychological Perspective by Frank Stagg, E  Glenn Hinson, and Wayne E  Oates, pp  20–44  Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1967 
"Matthew " In The Broadman Bible Commentary, ed  Clifton J  Allen, vol  8, pp  612–653  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1969 
"Rights and Responsibilities in the Teachings of Paul " In Emerging Patterns of Rights and Responsibilities Affecting Church and State, pp  37  Washington D C : Baptist Joint Committee on Public Affairs, 1969 
"Authentic Morality and Militarism " In Proceedings of the 1970 Christian Life Commission Seminar, pp  45–50  Nashville: Christian Life Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1970 
"Explain the Ending of the Gospel of Mark, Mark 16:17-18 " In What Did the Bible Mean, ed  Claude A  Frazier, pp  122–125  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1971 
"Philippians " In The Broadman Bible Commentary, Clifton J  Allen, pp  178216  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1971 
"Playing God with Other People's Minds " In Should Preachers Play God, ed  Claude A  Frazier, pp  115–129  Independence: Independence Press, 1973 
"The English Bible " In How to Understand the Bible, by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  148–163  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"Interpreting the Bible " In How to Understand the Bible, by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  49–61  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"Sources in Biblical Writings," In How to Understand the Bible, by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  134–147  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"The Text and Canon of the Old Testament " In How to Understand the Bible, by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  106–117  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"The Text and Canon of the New Testament " In How to Understand the Bible by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  118–133  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"A Continuing Pilgrimage " In What Faith Has Meant to Me, cd  Claude A  Frazier, pp  146–156  Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1975 
"Adam, Christ, and Us " In New Testament Studies: Essays in Honor of Ray Summers in His Sixty-Fifth Year, ed  Huber L  Drumwright and Curtis Vaughan, pp  115–136  Waco: Baylor University Press, 1975 
"Establishing a Text for Luke-Acts " In 1977 Seminar Papers, Society of Biblical Literature Book of Reports, pp  45–58  Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press, 1977 
"A Whole Man Made Well " In The Struggle for Meaning, ed  by William Powell Tuck, pp  71–79  Valley Forge PA: Judson Press, 1977 
"Biblical Perspectives on Women" (with Evelyn Stagg)  In Findings of the Consultation on Women in Church-Related Vocations, ed  Johnni Johnson, pp  716  Nashville: Southern Baptist Convention, 1978 
"What is Truth?" In Science, Faith and Revelation, An Approach to Christian Philosophy, ed  Robert E  Patterson, pp  239–260  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1979 
"Understanding Call to Ministry " In Formation for Christian Ministry, ed  Anne Davis and Wade Rowatt, Jr , pp  23–38  Louisville: Review & Expositor, 1981 
"Preaching from Luke-Acts " In Biblical Preaching: An Expositor's Treasury ed  James W  Cox, pp  296–305  Philadelphia: Westminster, 1983 
"Preaching from the Sermon on the Mount " In Biblical Preaching: An Expositor's Treasury, ed  James W  Cox, pp  212–229  Philadelphia: Westminster, 1983 

Encyclopedia article
"Women in New Testament Perspective" (with Evelyn Stagg)  In Encyclopedia of Southern Baptists, ed  Lynn Edward May, Jr , Vol  4, pp  255–260  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1982 

Journal articles
"The Purpose and Message of Acts " Review & Expositor 44 (1947) 321 
"The Motif of First Corinthians " Southwestern Journal of Theology 3 (1960) 15–24 
"The Christology of Matthew " Review & Expositor 59 (1962) 457–468 
"The Farewell Discourses: John 13-17 " Review & Expositor 62 (1965) 459–472 
"The Gospel in Biblical Usage " Review & Expositor 63 (1966) 513 
"The Holy Spirit in the New Testament " Review & Expositor 63 (1966) 135–147 
"The Journey Toward Jerusalem in Luke's Gospel " Review & Expositor 64 (1967)499-512 
"An Analysis of the Book of James " Review & Expositor 66 (1969) 365–368 
"Exegetical Themes in James 1 and 2 " Review & Expositor 66 (1969) 391–402 
"The Lord's Supper in the New Testament " Review & Expositor 66 (1969) 514 
"Orthodoxy and Orthopraxy in the Johannine Epistles " Review & Expositor 67(1970)423-432 
"The Abused Aorist " Journal of Biblical Literature 91 (1972) 222–231 
"Salvation in Synoptic Tradition " Review & Expositor 69 (1972) 355–367 
"Freedom and Moral Responsibility without License or Legalism " Review & Expositor 69 (1972) 483–494 
"Introduction to Colossians " Theological Educator 4 (1973) 716 
"A Teaching Outline for Acts " Review & Expositor 71 (1974) 533–536 
"The Unhindered Gospel " Review & Expositor 71 (1974) 451–462 
"Interpreting the Book of Revelation " Review & Expositor 72 (1975) 331-343
"The Great Words of Romans " Theological Educator 7 (1976) 941–1002 
"The Plight of the Jew and the Gentile in Sin: Romans 1:18-3:20 " Review & Expositor 73 (1976) 401–413 
"Prophetic Ministry Today " Review & Expositor 73 (1976) 179–189 
"Rendering to Caesar What Belongs to Caesar: Christian Engagement with the World " Journal of Church and State 18 (1976) 951–1013 
"Rendering to God What Belongs to God: Christian Disengagement from the World " Journal of Church and State 18 (1976) 217–232 
"Biblical Perspectives on the Single Person " Review & Expositor 74 (1977) 519 
"Southern Baptist Theology Today: An Interview," Theological Educator 3 (1977) 15–36 
"Textual Criticism for Luke-Acts " Perspectives in Religious Studies 5 (1978) 152–165 
"The Domestic Code and Final Appeal: Ephesians 5:21—6:24 " Review & Expositor 76 (1979) 541–552 
"The New International Version: New Testament " Review & Expositor 76 (1979) 377–385 
"The Mind in Christ Jesus " Review & Expositor 77 (1980) 337–347 
"The New Testament Doctrine of the Church " Theological Educator 12 (1981) 42–56 
"Reassessing the Gospels " Review & Expositor 78 (1981) 187–203 
"Eschatology: A Southern Baptist Perspective " Review & Expositor 79 (1982) 381–395 

Southern Baptist curriculum and periodical articles
Syllabus for Study and Questions for Examination on New Testament 112: From Jesus to Paul  Nashville: Seminary Extension Department, 1954 
"Nature of the Church—Conditions of Admission " The Baptist Student 43 (February 1964) 53–56 
Nature of the Church—Constituents " The Baptist Student 43 (February 1964) 50-53 
"Nature of the Church—Individuality and Corporateness " The Baptist Student 43 (February 1964) 56–58 
"Church As the Body of Christ—the Ecclesia " The Baptist Student 43 (March 1964) 50–53 
"The Church As the Body of Christ—the Local Embodiment " The Baptist Student 43 (March 1964) 56–58 
"The Church As the Body of Christ—Unity and Diversity " The Baptist Student 43 (March 1964) 53–56 
"The Church As the Koinonia of the Spirit—Demands " The Baptist Student: 43 (April 1964) 54–56 
"The Church As the Koinonia of the Spirit—Dimensions " The Baptist Student 43 (April 1964) 52–54 
"The Church as the Koinonia of the Spirit—Primacy " The Baptist Student 43 (April 1964) 56–58 
"The Church in the World—the Church and the World " The Baptist Student 43 (May 1964) 55–57 
"The Church in the World—the Life and work of the Church " The Baptist Student 43 (May 1964) 52–54 
"The Church in the World—the Ministry of the Church " The Baptist Student 43 (May 1964) 50–52 
The Study Guide for Seminary Extension Course New Testament  Theology 436 (Teacher's Edition)  Nashville: Seminary Extension Department, 1964 
"1965: The Church Proclaiming " Church Administration 1 (February 1965) 22–24 
"Speaking in Tongues     A Biblical Interpretation " The Baptist Student 45 (May 1966)43-45 
The Study Guide for Seminary Extension Course New Testament 202: The Gospel According to Luke  Nashville: Seminary Extension Department, 1967 
"The Radicality of Jesus Christ " The Baptist Student 49 (June 1970) 79 
"Facts About Civil Disorder " The Baptist Program 30 (August 1970) 30–35 
The Study Guide for Seminary Extension Course New Testament Theology 436  Nashville: Seminary Extension Department, 1971 
"The Bible Speaks on Poverty " Outreach 1 (July, 1971) 24–25, 30 
"The Book of Acts" Advanced Bible Study 2 (April–June 1972) [13 lessons on Acts] 
"The Gospel of Paul in First Corinthians " Outreach 3 (September 1973) 30–31 
"The Gospel in Romans 18 " Outreach 4 (October 1973) 30–31 
"The Gospel According to Paul Applied in Romans 12-14 " Outreach 4 (November 1973) 42–43 
"The Radicality of Jesus Christ " The Student (January 1975) 811 (reprinted from The Baptist Student, June 1970) 
"The Church—God's New People " Adult Bible Teacher 5 (April–June 1975) [13 lessons on Ephesians] 
"The Kingdom of God: Freedom and Fulfillment Under the Rule of God " Come Alive 6 (January–March 1976) 22–33 
"Free to Be: Salvation: Becoming A Person in Christ " Come Alive 6 (April–June 1976) 44–55 
"First Century Demons " Illustrator 4 (Winter 1977) 58–60 
"The Kingdom of Heaven in Matthew " Illustrator (1978) 36ff 
"What We Believe About Sin " Source 9 (January 1979) 14–39 
"Eschatology " One in Christ 17 (1981) 255–270 
"The Bible Speaks on Aging " Search 12 (Summer 1982) 611 
"Humanism and a Free Society " Report from the Capital 37 (September 1982) 45 

Book reviews
An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism, by J  Harold Greenlee  Review and Expositor 62 (Spring 1965) 230–231 
The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, by Bruce M  Metzger  Review and Expositor 62 (Spring 1965) 230 
Only the House of Israel? by T  W  Manson  Review and Expositor 62 (Spring 1965) 231 
A Beginner's Reader Grammar for New Testament Greek, by E  C  Colwell and E  W  Tune  Review and Expositor 62 (Fall 1965) 485–487 
The Central Message of the New Testament, by Joachim Jeremías  Review and Expositor 63 (Winter 1966) 98–99 
Colossians: The Church's Lord and the Christian's Liberty - An Expository Commentary with a Present-Day Application, by Ralph P  Martin  Review & Expositor 71 (Winter 1974) 107 
Trajectories Through Early Christianity XII, by James M  Robinson  Review & Expositor 71 (Summer 1974) 395–397 
Milton and the Book of Revelation: the Heavenly Cycle, by Austin Dobbins  Review & Expositor 73 (Winter 1976) 77–78 
Anti-Semitism in the New Testament, by Samuel Sandmel  Review & Expositor 76 (Spring 1979) 258–261 
The Crucifixion of the Jews: The Failure of Christians to Understand the Jewish Experience, by Franklin H  Littell  Review & Expositor 84 (Winter 1987) 122–123 
The Jewish Reclamation of Jesus  by Donald A  Hagner  Review & Expositor 84 (Winter 1987) 123–124 

References and notes
Further reading
George, Timothy, and David S  Dockery  Baptist Theologians (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1990)
"Frank Stagg " Religious Leaders of America (Gale, 1999) 
Passage 9:
Baptist Theological Seminary at Richmond
Baptist Theological Seminary at Richmond (BTSR) was a free-standing seminary in Richmond, Virginia  It was founded in March 1989 by Virginia Baptists related to the Southern Baptist Alliance (now the Alliance of Baptists) and Baptist General Association of Virginia  In the late 1980s, as the situation began to change in Southern Baptist Convention during the conservative resurgence/fundamentalist takeover, others in the region joined them in seeing the need for alternative options for theological education among Baptists  BTSR was also affiliated with the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship  Accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada, BTSR offered degrees including the Master of Divinity (M Div ), Master of Theological Studies (MTS), and Doctor of Ministry (D Min ) On November 13, 2018, the BTSR Trustees announced that the school would close, effective June 30, 2019   The trustees cited financial pressure as the reason for the closure, and said that the school would work with students to transfer their credits to other seminaries 
Passage 10:
Lee Rutland Scarborough
Lee Rutland Scarborough (1870–1945) was an American Southern Baptist pastor, evangelist, denominational leader, and professor at the Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary (SWBTS)  He spent the first 16 years of his life on a ranch and became an adept cowboy  He attended later Baylor University, Yale University and The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary   He accepted the invitation of B  H  Carroll in 1908 to occupy the world's first academic chair of evangelism, "The Chair of Fire," at SWBTS, (also known as the L  R  Scarborough Chair of Evangelism) and chaired the seminary's department of evangelism  In February 1915, following the death of B  H  Carroll, he became president of Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary  He remained in both positions until 1942, during which time he also served a term as president of the Baptist General Convention of Texas (1929–32) and a term as president of the Southern Baptist Convention (1938–40) 

Works
Scarborough, L  R  With Christ After the Lost, A Search for Souls  Nashville, Tenn: Sunday school board, Southern Baptist convention, 1919 
Scarborough, L  R  A Modern School of the Prophets; A History of the Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, a Product of Prayer and Faith, Its First Thirty Years, 1907-1937  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1939 
Scarborough, L  R  How Jesus Won Men  New York: Doran, 1926 
Scarborough, L  R  After the Resurrection--What? Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1942 
Scarborough, L  R  Marvels of Divine Leadership; Or, The Story of the Southern Baptist 75 Million Campaign  Nashville, Tenn: Sunday school board Southern Baptist convention, 1920 
Scarborough, L  R  A Search for Souls: A Study in the Finest of the Arts- Winning the Lost to Christ  Nashville, Tenn: Sunday school board, Southern Baptist convention, 1925 
Scarborough, L  R  Christ's Militant Kingdom ; A Study in the Trail Triumphant  New York: George H  Doran, 1924 
Scarborough, L  R  A Blaze of Evangelism Across the Equator  Nashville, Tenn: Broadman Press, 1937 
Scarborough, L  R  Endued to Win  Nashville: Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1922 
Scarborough, L  R  My Conception of the Gospel Ministry  Nashville, Tenn: Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1935 
Scarborough, L  R  Prepare to Meet God: Sermons Making the Way to Christ Plain  New York: George H  Doran Co, 1922 
Scarborough, L  R  Ten Spiritual Ships; The Heaviest Responsibilities of Christ's People  New York: George H  Doran Co, 1927 
Scarborough, L  R  Recruits for World Conquests  New York: Fleming H  Revell, 1914 
Scarborough, L  R  Products of Pentecost  New York: Fleming H  Revell Co, 1934 
Scarborough, L  R  Some Ministerial Danger Signals  Nashville, Tenn ?: Sunday School Board, Southern Baptist Convention?], 1900s 
Scarborough, L  R  The Tears of Jesus: Sermons to Aid Soul-Winners  New York: George H  Doran, 1922 
Scarborough, L  R  Holy Places and Precious Promises  Nashville: Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1924 
Scarborough, L  R , and Allen Fort  Building for Evangelism: Timely Messages on a Vital Subject  Evangelism in the Construction of Meeting Houses  Nashville, Tenn: Church Architecture Dept , Sunday School Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1900s 
Scarborough, L  R , and J  L  Love  A Bundle of Letters: Observations on Mission Fields  Richmond, Va: Foreign Mission Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1923 
Scarborough, L  R  Christ's Militant Kingdom: A Study in the Trail Triumphant  Nashville: Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1924 
Scarborough, L  R  Vital Essentials Worth Preserving and Perpetuating  Nashville, Tenn: Baptist Sunday School Board, 1939 
Leavell, Roland Quinche, and L  R  Scarborough  A Handbook for Southern Baptist Participation in "the Nation-Wide Baptist Evangelistic Crusade for 1940 "  Atlanta: Published cooperatively by the Home Mission Board, S B C  and various Secretaries of the State Mission Boards, 1939 
Scarborough, L  R  Help Lift the World into the Light: Millions for the Master  Nashville, Tenn: Baptist 75 Million Campaign, 1919 
Scarborough, L  R  Victory Schools: One in Every Church  Nashville, Tenn: [S B C ] Baptist 75 Million Campaign, 1919 
Scarborough, L  R  Southern Baptists and Evangelism  Atlanta, Ga: Baptist Home Mission Board [Southern Baptist Convention, 1918 
Scarborough, L  R  Are You Saved or Lost? Nashville, Tenn: Sunday School Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1920 
Scarborough, L  R  Chapters from Recruits for World Conquests  Nashville, Tenn: Southern Baptist Convention, Sunday School Board, 1914 
Scarborough, L  R , B  A  Copass, and E  Leslie Carlson  A Course in Evangelism Based on "How Jesus Won Men"  [Fort Worth]: Seminary Book Store, 1900 
Scarborough, L  R  Volunteers: A Call for Soldiers for Christ  Nashville: Sunday School Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1918 

See also
List of Southern Baptist Convention affiliated people
Southern Baptist Convention
Southern Baptist Convention Presidents
Context 2: Passage 1:
Fallow deer
Dama is a genus of deer in the subfamily Cervinae, commonly referred to as fallow deer 

Name
The name fallow is derived from the deer's pale brown colour  The Latin word dāma or damma, used for roe deer, gazelles, and antelopes, lies at the root of the modern scientific name, as well as the German Damhirsch, French daim, Dutch damhert, and Italian daino  In Serbo-Croatian, the name for the fallow deer is jelen lopatar ("shovel deer"), due to the form of its antlers  The Modern Hebrew name of the fallow deer is yachmur (יחמור) 

Taxonomy and evolution
The genus includes two extant species:

Extant species
Some taxonomists classify the Persian fallow deer as a subspecies (D  d  mesopotamica), while others, such as the IUCN, treat it as a separate species (D  mesopotamica) 
Passage 2:
Moose
The moose (PL: moose; used in North America) or elk (PL: elk or elks; used in Eurasia) (Alces alces) is the only species in the genus Alces  It is the largest and heaviest extant species of deer  Most adult male moose have distinctive broad, palmate ("open-hand shaped") antlers; most other members of the deer family have antlers with a dendritic ("twig-like") configuration  Moose typically inhabit boreal forests and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests of the Northern Hemisphere in temperate to subarctic climates  Hunting and other human activities have caused a reduction in the size of the moose's range over time  It has been reintroduced to some of its former habitats  Currently, most moose occur in Canada, Alaska, New England (with Maine having the most of the lower 48 states), New York State, Fennoscandia, the Baltic states, Poland, Kazakhstan, and Russia 
Its diet consists of both terrestrial and aquatic vegetation  Predators of moose include wolves, bears, humans, wolverines (rarely), and orcas (while feeding underwater)  Unlike most other deer species, moose do not form herds and are solitary animals, aside from calves who remain with their mother until the cow begins estrus (typically at 18 months after birth of the calf), at which point the cow chases them away  Although generally slow-moving and sedentary, moose can become aggressive, and move quickly if angered or startled  Their mating season in the autumn features energetic fights between males competing for a female 

Etymology and naming
Alces alces is called a "moose" in North American English, but an "elk" in British English  The word "elk" in North American English refers to a completely different species of deer, Cervus canadensis, also called the wapiti  A mature male moose is called a bull, a mature female a cow, and an immature moose of either sex a calf 
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the etymology of the species is "of obscure history"  In Classical Antiquity, the animal was known as ἄλκη álkē in Greek and alces in Latin, words probably borrowed from a Germanic language or another language of northern Europe  By the 8th century, during the Early Middle Ages, the species was known as Old English: elch, elh, eolh, derived from the Proto-Germanic: *elho-, *elhon- and possibly connected with the Old Norse: elgr  Later, the species became known in Middle English as elk, elcke, or elke, appearing in the Latinized form alke, with the spelling alce borrowed directly from Latin: alces  Noting that elk "is not the normal phonetic representative" of the Old English elch, the Oxford English Dictionary derives elk from Middle High German: elch, itself from Old High German: elaho The word "elk" has cognates in other Indo-European languages, e g  elg in Danish/Norwegian; älg in Swedish; alnis in Latvian; eland in Dutch/Frisian; Elch in German; and łoś in Polish  In the continental European languages, these forms of the word "elk" always refer to Alces alces 
The youngest elk bones in Great Britain were found in Scotland and are roughly 3,900 years old  The elk was probably extinct on the island before 900 AD  The word "elk" remained in usage because of English-speakers' familiarity with the species in Continental Europe; however, without any living animals around to serve as a reference, the meaning became rather vague, and by the 17th century "elk" had a meaning similar to "large deer"  Dictionaries of the 18th century simply described "elk" as a deer that was "as large as a horse" Confusingly, the word "elk" is used in North America to refer to a different animal, Cervus canadensis, which is also called by the Algonquian indigenous name, "wapiti"  The British began colonizing America in the 17th century, and found two common species of deer for which they had no names  The wapiti appeared very similar to the red deer of Europe (which itself was then almost extinct in Southern Britain) although it was much larger and was not red; the two species are indeed closely related, though distinct behaviorally and genetically  The moose was a rather strange-looking deer to the colonists, and they often adopted local names for both  In the early days of American colonization, the wapiti was often called a gray moose and the moose was often called a black moose, but early accounts of the animals varied wildly, adding to the confusion The word "moose" had first entered English by 1606 and is borrowed from the Algonquian languages (compare the Narragansett moos and Eastern Abenaki mos; according to early sources, these were likely derived from moosu, meaning "he strips off"), and possibly involved forms from multiple languages mutually reinforcing one another  The Proto-Algonquian form was *mo·swa Early European explorers in North America, particularly in Virginia where there were no moose, called the wapiti "elk" because of its size and resemblance to familiar-looking deer like the red deer  The moose resembled the "German elk" (the moose of continental Europe), which was less familiar to the British colonists  For a long time neither species had an official name, but were called a variety of things  Eventually, in North America the wapiti became known as an elk while the moose retained its indigenous name  In 1736, Samuel Dale wrote to the Royal Society of Great Britain:

The common light-grey moose, called by the Indians, Wampoose, and the large or black-moose, which is the beast whose horns I herewith present  As to the grey moose, I take it to be no larger than what Mr  John Clayton, in his account of the Virginia Quadrupeds, calls the Elke     was in all respects like those of our red-deer or stags, only larger     The black moose is (by all that have hitherto writ of it) accounted a very large creature      The stag, buck, or male of this kind has a palmed horn, not like that of our common or fallow-deer, but the palm is much longer, and more like that of the German elke 

Description and anatomy
Antlers
Bull moose have antlers like other members of the deer family  The size and growth rate of antlers is determined by diet and age; symmetry reflects health  Size and symmetry in the number of antler points signals bull moose quality; cows may select mates based on antler size and symmetry  Bull moose use dominant displays of antlers to discourage competition and will spar or fight rivals The male's antlers grow as cylindrical beams projecting on each side of the head at right angles to the midline of the skull, and then fork  The lower prong of this fork may be either simple, or divided into two or three tines, with some flattening  Most moose have antlers that are broad and palmate (flat) with tines (points) along the outer edge  Within the ecologic range of the moose in Europe, those in northerly locales display the palmate pattern of antlers, while the antlers of European moose over the southerly portion of its range are typically of the cervina dendritic pattern and comparatively small, perhaps due to evolutionary pressures of hunting by humans, who prize the large palmate antlers  European moose with antlers intermediate between the palmate and the dendritic form are found in the middle of the north–south range  Moose with antlers have more acute hearing than those without antlers; a study of trophy antlers using a microphone found that the palmate antler acts as a parabolic reflector, amplifying sound at the moose's ear The antlers of mature Alaskan adult bull moose (5 to 12 years old) have a normal maximum spread greater than 200 centimeters (79 in)  By the age of 13, moose antlers decline in size and symmetry  The widest spread recorded was 210 centimeters (83 in) across  An Alaskan moose also holds the record for the heaviest weight at 36 kilograms (79 lb) Antler beam diameter, not the number of tines, indicates age  In North America, moose (A  a  americanus) antlers are usually larger than those of Eurasian moose and have two lobes on each side, like a butterfly  Eurasian moose antlers resemble a seashell, with a single lobe on each side  In the North Siberian moose (A  a  bedfordiae), the posterior division of the main fork divides into three tines, with no distinct flattening  In the common moose (A  a  alces) this branch usually expands into a broad palmation, with one large tine at the base and a number of smaller snags on the free border  There is, however, a Scandinavian breed of the common moose in which the antlers are simpler and recall those of the East Siberian animals  The palmation appears to be more marked in North American moose than in the typical Scandinavian moose 

After the mating season males drop their antlers to conserve energy for the winter  A new set of antlers will then regrow in the spring  Antlers take three to five months to fully develop, making them one of the fastest growing animal organs  Antler growth is "nourished by an extensive system of blood vessels in the skin covering, which contains numerous hair follicles that give it a 'velvet' texture " This requires intense grazing on a highly-nutritious diet  By September the velvet is removed by rubbing and thrashing which changes the colour of the antlers  Immature bulls may not shed their antlers for the winter, but retain them until the following spring  Birds, carnivores and rodents eat dropped antlers as they are full of protein and moose themselves will eat antler velvet for the nutrients If a bull moose is castrated, either by accidental or chemical means, he will shed his current set of antlers within two weeks and then immediately begin to grow a new set of misshapen and deformed antlers that he will wear the rest of his life without ever shedding again; similarly deformed antlers can result from a deficiency of testosterone caused by cryptorchidism or old age  These deformed antlers are composed of living bone which is still growing or able to grow, since testosterone is needed to stop antler growth; they may take one of two forms  "Cactus antlers" or velericorn antlers usually retain the approximate shape of a normal moose's antlers but have numerous pearl-shaped exostoses on their surface; being made of living bone, they are easily broken but can grow back  Perukes (US: ) are constantly growing, tumor-like antlers with a distinctive appearance similar to coral  Like roe deer, moose are more likely to develop perukes, rather than cactus antlers, than the more developed cervine deer, but unlike roe deer, moose do not suffer fatal decalcification of the skull as a result of peruke growth, but rather can support their continued growth until they become too large to be fully supplied with blood  The distinctive-looking perukes (often referred to as "devil's antlers") are the source of several myths and legends among many groups of Inuit as well as several other tribes of indigenous peoples of North America 
In extremely rare circumstances, a cow moose may grow antlers  This is usually attributed to a hormone imbalance 

Proboscis and olfaction
The moose proboscis is distinctive among the living cervids due to its large size; it also features nares that can be sealed shut when the moose is browsing aquatic vegetation  The moose proboscis likely evolved as an adaptation to aquatic browsing, with loss of the rhinarium, and development of a superior olfactory column separate from an inferior respiratory column  This separation contributes to the moose's keen sense of smell, which they employ to detect water sources, to find food under snow, and to detect mates or predators 

Hooves
As with all members of the order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates), moose feet have two large keratinized hooves corresponding to the third and fourth toe, with two small posterolateral dewclaws (vestigial digits), corresponding to the second and fifth toe  The hoof of the fourth digit is broader than that of the third digit, while the inner hoof of the third digit is longer than that of the fourth digit  This foot configuration may favor striding on soft ground  The moose hoof splays under load, increasing surface area, which limits sinking of the moose foot into soft ground or snow, and which increases efficiency when swimming  The body weight per footprint surface area of the moose foot is intermediate between that of the pronghorn foot, (which have stiff feet lacking dewclaws—optimized for high-speed running) and the caribou foot (which are more rounded with large dewclaws, optimized for walking in deep snow)  The moose's body weight per surface area of footprint is about twice that of the caribou On firm ground, a bull moose leaves a visible impression of the dewclaws in its footprint, while a cow moose or calf does not leave a dewclaw impression  On soft ground or mud, bull, cow, and calf footprints may all show dewclaw impressions 

Skin and fur
Moose skin is typical of the deer family  Moose fur consists of four types of hair: eyelashes, vibrissae, guard hairs and wool hairs  Hair length and hair density varies according to season, age, and body region  The coat has two layers—a top layer of long guard hairs and a soft wooly undercoat  The guard hairs are hollow and filled with air for better insulation, which also helps them stay afloat when swimming 

Dewlap
Both male and female moose have a dewlap or bell, which is a fold of skin under the chin  Its exact function is unknown, but some morphologic analyses suggest a cooling (thermoregulatory) function  Other theories include a fitness signal in mating, as a visual and olfactory signal, or as a dominance signal by males, as are the antlers 

Tail
The tail is short (6 cm to 8 cm in length) and vestigial in appearance; unlike other ungulates the moose tail is too short to swish away insects 

Size
On average, an adult moose stands 1 4–2 1 m (4 ft 7 in – 6 ft 11 in) high at the shoulder, which is more than 30 centimetres (1 ft) higher than the next-largest deer on average, the wapiti  Males (or "bulls") normally weigh from 380 to 700 kg (838 to 1,543 lb) and females (or "cows") typically weigh 200 to 490 kg (441 to 1,080 lb), depending on racial or clinal as well as individual age or nutritional variations  The head-and-body length is 2 4–3 1 m (7 ft 10 in – 10 ft 2 in), with the vestigial tail adding only a further 5–12 cm (2–4+1⁄2 in)  The largest of all the races is the Alaskan subspecies (A  a  gigas), which can stand over 2 1 m (6 ft 11 in) at the shoulder, has a span across the antlers of 1 8 m (5 ft 11 in) and averages 634 5 kg (1,399 lb) in males and 478 kg (1,054 lb) in females  Typically, however, the antlers of a mature bull are between 1 2 and 1 5 m (3 ft 11 in and 4 ft 11 in)  The largest confirmed size for this species was a bull shot at the Yukon River in September 1897 that weighed 820 kg (1,808 lb) and measured 2 33 m (7 ft 8 in) high at the shoulder  There have been reported cases of even larger moose, including a bull killed in 2004 that weighed 1,043 kg (2,299 lb), and a bull that reportedly scaled 1,180 kg (2,601 lb), but none are authenticated and some may not be considered reliable   Among extant terrestrial animal species in North America, Europe, and Siberia, the moose is dwarfed only by two species of bison 

Ecology and biology
Diet
The moose is a browsing herbivore and is capable of consuming many types of plant or fruit  The average adult moose needs to consume 96 megajoules (23,000 kilocalories) per day to maintain its body weight  Much of a moose's energy is derived from terrestrial vegetation, mainly consisting of forbs and other non-grasses, and fresh shoots from trees such as willow and birch  As these terrestrial plants are rather low in sodium, as much as half of its diet usually consists of aquatic plants, including lilies and pondweed, which while lower in energy content, provide the moose with its sodium requirements  In winter, moose are often drawn to roadways, to lick salt that is used as a snow and ice melter  A typical moose, weighing 360 kg (794 lb), can eat up to 32 kg (71 lb) of food per day Moose lack upper front teeth, but have eight sharp incisors on the lower jaw  They also have a tough tongue, lips and gums, which aid in the eating of woody vegetation  Moose have six pairs of large, flat molars and, ahead of those, six pairs of premolars, to grind up their food  A moose's upper lip is very sensitive, to help distinguish between fresh shoots and harder twigs, and is prehensile, for grasping their food  In the summer, moose may use this prehensile lip for grabbing branches and pulling, stripping the entire branch of leaves in a single mouthful, or for pulling forbs, like dandelions, or aquatic plants up by the base, roots and all  A moose's diet often depends on its location, but they seem to prefer the new growths from deciduous trees with a high sugar content, such as white birch, trembling aspen and striped maple, among many others  To reach high branches, a moose may bend small saplings down, using its prehensile lip, mouth or body  For larger trees a moose may stand erect and walk upright on its hind legs, allowing it to reach branches up to 4 26 meters (14 ft 0 in) or higher above the ground Moose are excellent swimmers and are known to wade into water to eat aquatic plants  This trait serves a second purpose in cooling down the moose on summer days and ridding itself of black flies  Moose are thus attracted to marshes and river banks during warmer months as both provide suitable vegetation to eat and water to wet themselves in  Moose have been known to dive over 5 5 metres (18 ft) to reach plants on lake bottoms, and the complex snout may assist the moose in this type of feeding  Moose are the only deer that are capable of feeding underwater  As an adaptation for feeding on plants underwater, the nose is equipped with fatty pads and muscles that close the nostrils when exposed to water pressure, preventing water from entering the nose  Other species can pluck plants from the water too, but these need to raise their heads in order to swallow 

Moose are not grazing animals but browsers (concentrate selectors)  Like giraffes, moose carefully select foods with less fiber and more concentrations of nutrients  Thus, the moose's digestive system has evolved to accommodate this relatively low-fiber diet  Unlike most hooved, domesticated animals (ruminants), moose cannot digest hay, and feeding it to a moose can be fatal  The moose's varied and complex diet is typically expensive for humans to provide, and free-range moose require a lot of forested hectarage for sustainable survival, which is one of the main reasons moose have never been widely domesticated 

Natural predators
A full-grown moose has few enemies except Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) which regularly prey on adult moose, but a pack of gray wolves (Canis lupus) can still pose a threat, especially to females with calves  Brown bears (Ursus arctos) are also known to prey on moose of various sizes and are the only predator besides the wolf to attack moose both in Eurasia and North America  However, brown bears are more likely to take over a wolf kill or to take young moose than to hunt adult moose on their own  Black bears (Ursus americanus) and cougars (Puma concolor) can be significant predators of moose calves in May and June and can, in rare instances, prey on adults (mainly cows rather than the larger bulls)  Wolverines (Gulo gulo) are most likely to eat moose as carrion but have killed moose, including adults, when the large ungulates are weakened by harsh winter conditions  Orcas (Orcinus orca) are the moose's only confirmed marine predator as they have been known to prey on moose swimming between islands out of North America's Northwest Coast, however, there is at least one recorded instance of a moose preyed upon by a Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) 
In some areas, moose are the primary source of food for wolves  Moose usually flee upon detecting wolves  Wolves usually follow moose at a distance of 100 to 400 meters (300 to 1,300 ft), occasionally at a distance of two to three kilometers (1 to 2 mi)  Attacks from wolves against young moose may last seconds, though sometimes they can be drawn out for days with adults  Sometimes, wolves will chase moose into shallow streams or onto frozen rivers, where their mobility is greatly impeded  Moose will sometimes stand their ground and defend themselves by charging at the wolves or lashing out at them with their powerful hooves  Wolves typically kill moose by tearing at their haunches and perineum, causing massive blood loss  Occasionally, a wolf may immobilize a moose by biting its sensitive nose, the pain of which can paralyze a moose  Wolf packs primarily target calves and elderly animals, but can and will take healthy, adult moose  Moose between the ages of two and eight are seldom killed by wolves  Though moose are usually hunted by packs, there are cases in which single wolves have successfully killed healthy, fully-grown moose Research into moose predation suggests that their response to perceived threats is learned rather than instinctual  In practical terms this means moose are more vulnerable in areas where wolf or bear populations were decimated in the past but are now rebounding  These same studies suggest, however, that moose learn quickly and adapt, fleeing an area if they hear or smell wolves, bears, or scavenger birds such as ravens Moose are also subject to various diseases and forms of parasitism  In northern Europe, the moose botfly is a parasite whose range seems to be spreading 

Parasites
Moose typically carry a heavy burden of parasites, both externally and internally  Parasitosis is an important cause of moose morbidity and mortality and also contributes to vulnerability to predators 

Ectoparasites
Ectoparasites of moose include the moose nose bot fly, and winter ticks 

Endoparasites
Endoparasites of moose include dog tapeworm, meningeal worm, lungworm, and roundworm 

Social structure and reproduction
Moose are mostly diurnal  They are generally solitary with the strongest bonds between mother and calf  Although moose rarely gather in groups, there may be several in close proximity during the mating season 
Rutting and mating occurs in September and October  During the rut, mature bulls will cease feeding completely for a period of approximately two weeks; this fasting behavior has been attributed to neurophysiological changes related to redeployment of olfaction for detection of moose urine and moose cows  The males are polygynous and will seek several females to breed with  During this time both sexes will call to each other  Males produce heavy grunting sounds that can be heard from up to 500 metres (1,600 ft) away, while females produce wail-like sounds  Males will fight for access to females  Initially, the males assess which of them is dominant and one bull may retreat, however, the interaction can escalate to a fight using their antlers 
Female moose have an eight-month gestation period, usually bearing one calf, or twins if food is plentiful, in May or June  Twinning can run as high as 30% to 40% with good nutrition Newborn moose have fur with a reddish hue in contrast to the brown appearance of an adult  The young will stay with the mother until just before the next young are born  The life span of an average moose is about 15–25 years  Moose populations are stable at 25 calves for every 100 cows at 1 year of age  With availability of adequate nutrition, mild weather, and low predation, moose have a huge potential for population expansion 

Aggression
Moose are not typically aggressive towards humans, but will be aggressive when provoked or frightened  Moose attack more people than bears and wolves combined, but usually with only minor consequences  In the Americas, moose injure more people than any other wild mammal; worldwide, only hippopotamuses injure more  When harassed or startled by people or in the presence of a dog, moose may charge  Also, as with bears or any wild animal, moose accustomed to being fed by people may act aggressively when denied food  During the fall mating season, bulls may be aggressive toward humans  Cows are protective of young calves and will attack humans who come close, especially if they come between mother and calf  Moose are not territorial, and do not view humans as food, and usually will not pursue humans who run away 
Moose are unpredictable  They are most likely to attack if annoyed or harassed, or if approached too closely  A moose that has been harassed may vent its anger on anyone in the vicinity, and they often do not make distinctions between their tormentors and innocent passers-by  Moose are very limber animals with highly flexible joints and sharp, pointed hooves, and are capable of kicking with both front and back legs  Unlike other large, hooved mammals, such as horses, moose can kick in all directions including sideways  Thus, there is no safe side from which to approach  Moose often give warning signs prior to attacking, displaying aggression by means of body language  Maintained eye contact is usually the first sign of aggression, while laid-back ears or a lowered head is a sign of agitation  When the hairs on the back of the moose's neck and shoulders (hackles) stand up, a charge is usually imminent  The Anchorage Visitor Centers warn tourists that "   a moose with its hackles raised is a thing to fear "Moose cows are more likely to emit protest moans when courted by small males  This attracts the attention of large males, promotes male-male competition and violence, reduces harassment of cows by small males, and increases mating opportunities with large males  This in turn means that the cow moose has at least a small degree of control over which bulls she mates with Moose often show aggression to other animals as well; especially predators  Bears are common predators of moose calves and, rarely, adults  Alaskan moose have been reported to successfully fend off attacks from both black and brown bears  Moose have been known to stomp attacking wolves, which makes them less preferred as prey to the wolves  Moose are fully capable of killing bears and wolves  In one rare event, a female moose killed two adult male wolves  A moose of either sex that is confronted by danger may let out a loud roar, more resembling that of a predator than a prey animal  European moose are often more aggressive than North American moose, such as the moose in Sweden, which often become very agitated at the sight of a predator  However, like all ungulates known to attack predators, the more aggressive individuals are always darker in color, with the darkest coloring usually in areas facing the opponent, thus serving as a natural warning to other animals 

Habitat, range, and distribution
Habitat
Moose require habitat with adequate edible plants (e g , pond grasses, young trees and shrubs), cover from predators, and protection from extremely hot or cold weather  Moose travel among different habitats with the seasons to address these requirements  Moose are cold-adapted mammals with thickened skin, dense, heat-retaining coat, and a low surface:volume ratio, which provides excellent cold tolerance but poor heat tolerance  Moose survive hot weather by accessing shade or cooling wind, or by immersion in cool water  In hot weather, moose are often found wading or swimming in lakes or ponds  When heat-stressed, moose may fail to adequately forage in summer and may not gain adequate body fat to survive the winter  Also, moose cows may not calve without adequate summer weight gain  Moose require access to both young forest for browsing and mature forest for shelter and cover  Forest disturbed by fire and logging promotes the growth of fodder for moose  Moose also require access to mineral licks, safe places for calving and aquatic feeding sites Moose avoid areas with little or no snow as this increases the risk of predation by wolves and avoid areas with deep snow, as this impairs mobility  Thus, moose select habitat on the basis of trade-offs between risk of predation, food availability, and snow depth  With reintroduction of bison into boreal forest, there was some concern that bison would compete with moose for winter habitat, and thereby worsen the population decline of moose  However, this does not appear to be a problem  Moose prefer sub-alpine shrublands in early winter, while bison prefer wet sedge valley meadowlands in early winter  In late winter, moose prefer river valleys with deciduous forest cover or alpine terrain above the tree line, while bison preferred wet sedge meadowlands or sunny southern grassy slopes 

North America
After expanding for most of the 20th century, the moose population of North America has been in steep decline since the 1990s  Populations expanded greatly with improved habitat and protection, but now the moose population is declining rapidly  This decline has been attributed to opening of roads and landscapes into the northern range of moose, allowing deer to become populous in areas where they were not previously common  This encroachment by deer on moose habitat brought moose into contact with previously unfamiliar pathogens, including brainworm and liver fluke, and these parasites are believed to have contributed to the population decline of moose In North America, the moose range includes almost all of Canada (excluding the arctic and Vancouver Island), most of Alaska, northern New England and upstate New York, the upper Rocky Mountains, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, Michigan's Upper Peninsula, and Isle Royale in Lake Superior  This massive range, containing diverse habitats, contains four of the six North American subspecies  In the West, moose populations extend across Canada (British Columbia and Alberta)  Isolated groups have been verified as far south as the mountains of Utah and Colorado and as far west as the Lake Wenatchee area of the Washington Cascades  In the northwestern US, the range includes Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, and smaller areas of Washington, and Oregon  Moose have extended their range southwards in the western Rocky Mountains, with initial sightings in Yellowstone National Park in 1868, and then to the northern slope of the Uinta Mountains in Utah in the first half of the twentieth century  This is the southernmost naturally established moose population in the United States  In 1978, a few breeding pairs were reintroduced in western Colorado, and the state's moose population is now more than 2,400 In northeastern North America, the Eastern moose's history is very well documented: moose meat was often a staple in the diet of  indigenous peoples for centuries   The common name "moose" was brought into English from the word used by those who lived in present day coastal Rhode Island  The indigenous 
people often used moose hides for leather and its meat as an ingredient in pemmican, a type of dried jerky used as a source of sustenance in winter or on long journeys The historical range of the subspecies extended from well into Quebec, the Maritimes, and Eastern Ontario south to include all of New England finally ending in the very northeastern tip of Pennsylvania in the west, cutting off somewhere near the mouth of the Hudson River in the south  The moose has been extinct in much of the eastern U S  for as long as 150 years, due to colonial era overhunting and destruction of its habitat: Dutch, French, and British colonial sources all attest to its presence in the mid 17th century from Maine south to areas within 160 kilometers (100 mi) of present-day Manhattan  However, by the 1870s, only a handful of moose existed in this entire region in very remote pockets of forest; less than 20% of suitable habitat remained Since the 1980s, however, moose populations have rebounded, thanks to regrowth of plentiful food sources, abandonment of farmland, better land management, clean-up of pollution, and natural dispersal from the Canadian Maritimes and Quebec  South of the Canada–US border, Maine has most of the population with a 2012 headcount of about 76,000 moose
Context 3: Passage 1:
Harbor Square
Harbor Square, formerly Shore Mall, is a shopping plaza (formerly a shopping mall) in Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey in the United States on U S  Route 40/U S  Route 322 originally known as "Searstown"  The plaza is accessible from Exit 36 off the Garden State Parkway  The plaza is owned by Aetna Realty  The plaza has a gross leasable area of 337,423 ft², formerly 620,000 ft² when it was a mall, located on 73 acres (300,000 m2) of land  The plaza's anchor stores include Boscov's, Restaurant Depot and Proshot Pickleball 

History
1968-1988
Shore Mall originally opened in 1968 as an open-air mall called Searstown  Original anchor stores included Sears, Grant City and a Pantry Pride supermarket  Between 1971 and 1974, the mall was enclosed and expanded, with regional up-market department store Steinbach being added as a fourth anchor store  A time capsule was buried next to the Steinbach store to be opened 100 years later on March 20, 2074  Grant City was  shuttered in 1976 when the chain declared bankruptcy; by the end of the year, JCPenney opened in the former Grant City space  Pantry Pride was subsequently replaced with Foodtown, and the mall was renamed Shore Mall 
In 1987, Developer Kravco Company (Kravco Company LLC) and JCP Realty, the development arm of JCPenney, opened the new Hamilton Mall about 5 miles west on the Black Horse Pike (U S  Route 40 and U S  Route 322)   This caused problems with the Shore Mall, because the Sears and JCPenney anchors moved to the Hamilton Mall  With the two anchors gone, Shore Mall underwent a fair sized renovation enclosing the still open-air portion between the two anchors (pictured to the right in December 2012) as well as re-tiling the mall to its current blue and white color scheme 
In 1988 Clover, a discount chain owned by the Strawbridge's chain (now Macy's), soon opened in the former JCPenney/Grant City space, while Boscov's replaced the former Sears   Circuit City opened in the former Foodtown, which closed in the early 1990s  Steinbach went out of business in 1995 but was replaced in 1996 with Value City Department Store  Clover closed in 1997 when that chain also faced closure by its parent company, becoming Burlington Coat Factory a year later 

2004-2010
In 2004, Circuit City moved to a strip mall called Hamilton Commons near the Hamilton Mall  The Circuit City's location at the mall was replaced with a K&G Fashion Superstore in 2006 (which has since closed)  Since then it has remained vacant but in 2012 it was rented by The Spirit Halloween Costume Store as a seasonal tenant  In January 2006, the Shore Mall was sold Cedar Realty Trust (Formally Cedar Shopping Centers) for $36 5 million   Their initial plan was to "de-mall" the mall converting it into an open-air plaza 
In 2008, the Value City store at Shore Mall was among 24 locations sold by Value City's parent company to Burlington Coat Factory  The store closed on September 21, 2008 and remained vacant until it was occupied temporarily by The Community Food Bank of New Jersey in 2011-2012 while their permanent location was torn down and reconstructed 
Construction began in 2010 on a Golden Corral restaurant near the main entrance to the mall (where the former Dairy Queen stood, before moving into the outer building where the AT&T store and Wells Fargo bank are located) and opened in 2011 
In August 2010, Cedar Shopping Centers applied for a state Economic Redevelopment and Growth(ERG) grant in the amount of $3 million to $41 million  The grant would be used to help finance an $87 million revamp of the mall  The plan called for demolishing most of the mall (except Boscov's, Burlington Coat Factory, and all everything else that can be seen from the Black Horse Pike), then converting the site to a strip mall with four additional large stores  It also includes $23 million for transportation upgrades such as a reconfiguration of Exit 36 of the Garden State Parkway, an intersection between West Jersey Avenue and the Black Horse Pike, and a boulevard style road network 

2012-present
In July 2012, Cedar Realty Trust stated that they will be razing 1/3 (over 250,000 square feet) of the mall including the former Value City location   Most tenants will have to relocate as the space will be torn down  After demolition, Cedar Realty Trust plans to do some improvements to the location such as a new south entrance to what is remained of the main shopping center, new landscaping, parking lot improvements, and fencing off the excess land in the rear part of the property to put up for sale as vacant commercial land unless phases of new development occur under the owner On January 28, 2013,  the Steinbach Time Capsule was dug up in a small ceremony due to demolition process needing it to be moved  The plaque and contents of the capsule were given to the Egg Harbor Township Historical Society who will create a display in remembrance of the mall at their location  Demolition continued through early-mid 2013, including the former Value City store 
The Motor Vehicle Commission office closed on August 23 and August 24, 2013, due to demolition of the back of the mall and the relocation to behind Boscov's which opened on August 26The center was renamed Harbor Square in October 2013  In February 2014, Cedar Realty Trust sold Harbor Square to Aetna Realty for $25 million In early 2017 the Carrabba's was closed abruptly along with 13 others due to under performance, in Fall 2019, Burlington Coat Factory moved to Consumer Square in Mays Landing 
In May 2023 Restaurant Depot opened in the old Burlington Coat Factory along with Proshot Pickleball and Umi Sushi & Seafood Buffet 

Gallery
Passage 2:
Smith Road, Chennai
Smith Road in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India branches off from Anna Salai, Chennai's arterial road near Spencer Plaza from the TVS Junction to join Whites Road near Hobart Muslim Girls Higher Secondary School Major companies and organizations located at this road includes

TVS Motors
Data Software Research Company
Passage 3:
Ashley Landing
Ashley Landing (originally opened as Ashley Plaza and later known as Ashley Plaza Mall) is a shopping mall in Charleston, South Carolina, United States  It was the first indoor shopping mall in the West Ashley area of Charleston when the complex was fully completed in 1972  The center, located at 1401 Sam Rittenberg Boulevard (S C  Highway 7) at the fork of Old Towne Road (S C  Highway 171) was developed by Gate City Realty Company of Fort Lauderdale, Florida  Ground was broken for the complex in 1962 with Ashley Plaza opening on April 16, 1964   At its opening the shopping center consisted of J M  Fields Department Stores joined to a Pantry Pride supermarket, built at a cost of $1 75 million and owned by Sumar Corporation of South Carolina  The locally owned Condon's Department Store, constructed adjacent to Pantry Pride as a freestanding building, became the third tenant when it opened in 1970  The center, originally known as "Ashley Plaza" was noted for its large red and white neon pylon "Ashley Plaza" sign in the center of the parking lot that remained until 1989 when it was destroyed by Hurricane Hugo 

Expansion and mall addition
In April 1972 an indoor shopping mall that was created by adding on to the shopping plaza and enclosing the area between Pantry Pride and Condon's Department Store opened  The mall featured a number of local retailers as well as nationally known retailers and specialty shops and a dual screen General Cinemas (which was later expanded to three screens)  A third department store, the locally owned Edward's was also added at this time  With the completion of the enclosed mall came a new name, Ashley Plaza Mall 

Turbulent 1970s and 1980s
The mall thrived for many years during the 1970s, but was dealt several blows beginning in the late 1970s  Perhaps the most devastating was the bankruptcy and subsequent closure of J M  Fields and Pantry Pride leaving one entire wing of the shopping complex vacant  Locally owned Edward's, on the opposite end of the mall, was purchased by the Kuhn's-Big K Corporation who renamed the store "Big K-Edwards "  The changes were in name only as the merchandise mix was not altered with the sale  Big K was subsequently sold to Wal-Mart Stores, Inc  who closed the Big K-Edwards store as it was not large enough to operate as a Wal-Mart  This left another large vacancy on the other end of the shopping center 
The mall's owners worked diligently to secure replacement anchor tenants for the vacant buildings and were successful in leasing the vacant J M  Fields building to the F W  Woolworth Company which opened a Woolco Department Store in the building  The Pantry Pride store was leased to a local businessman who opened Jameson's Red & White Supermarket in the vacated space  The former Edward's store remained vacant for a number of years before finally being subdivided and leased to a mattress shop and an unfinished furniture store  While all appeared to be on the upswing for the newly invigorated mall, change was again in store and would deal another devastating blow to the mall 

Woolco closure and Citadel Mall opening
The early 1980s brought a surprising announcement when the F W  Woolworth Company announced that it was closing all Woolco stores in the United States in 1983  The 87,000-square-foot (8,100 m2) big box store would again be left vacant which made a tremendous impact on traffic at the mall  Two years before Woolco closed, the new 100-store Citadel Mall opened less than three miles (5 km) away from Ashley Plaza Mall  Many of the major national retailers pulled out of Ashley Plaza Mall and opened new locations in the much larger, more modern Citadel Mall  The mall struggled to survive as occupancy rates fell significantly  The supermarket space that formerly housed Pantry Pride and later Jameson's Red & White was leased to another locally based supermarket retailer known as The Big W Food Warehouse and ultimately closed  This space would later temporarily become a locally operated fruit and vegetable retailer for a short time 
A large portion of the mall, including the space formerly occupied by Edward's, was closed in the late 1980s and vacant stores were combined and reconfigured for a Burlington Coat Factory store leaving only one small wing of the indoor mall operating with a handful of merchants 

Hurricane Hugo
On September 22, 1989, the mall was dealt another tremendous blow with the arrival of Hurricane Hugo which caused severe roof and water damage to many of the stores and destroyed some of the exterior facades  It would be several months before the majority of the stores could be repaired and reopened  The exterior was given a fresh new look with synthetic stucco and paint and redesigned storefronts and the remaining interior mall wing was updated with lighter floors and decor  The mall was renamed Ashley Landing (complete with new signage) to honor its close proximity to the nearby Charles Towne Landing state historic site, and "mall" was officially dropped from the name  The remaining indoor mall wing was closed within a short period of time and the individual store spaces combined and converted into space for another discount retailer, 50-Off Stores, which also ultimately closed, thus ending the mall's classification as a true indoor mall 

Conversion to a strip shopping center
With the mall's two concourses now combined to make space for big box retailers, the shopping center returned to its original roots as a strip shopping center  The former Woolco space had been subdivided into two smaller spaces and a portion was leased to Brendle's Catalog Showroom and the remaining space to a regionally owned clothing store, United Clothing Company  The clothing store closed within a year of opening although Brendle's, which had opened in the late 1980s, was rebuilt after Hurricane Hugo and reopened a newly designed store  The store remained at Ashley Landing until the company's subsequent bankruptcy in the mid-1990s  Discount retailer Big Lots leased the former grocery store space and remains there today  Upon Brendle's departure, the subdivided space that originally housed J M  Fields and later Woolco was once again converted back into a single 87,000-square-foot (8,100 m2) building and leased in 1997 to Carolina Pottery, a large regionally based importer of pottery, housewares and china 
Carolina Pottery remained at the center until 2001 when they suddenly broke their lease and departed resulting in a lawsuit filed by the center's owner, Ashley Plaza Mall Associates  The Carolina Pottery space was once again subdivided - this time into 3 separate buildings, with portions being leased to Dollar Tree and Pivotal Fitness, with a remaining 24,500-square-foot (2,280 m2) space leased to NAPA Auto Parts 
Another dispute emerged between original anchor, Condon's Department Stores, and Ashley Plaza Mall Associates over the center's construction of a new Publix Super Market addition that left large piles of dirt in the parking area, which Condon's claimed blocked customer access to their store and created a dangerous situation for customers  The dispute ultimately led to the Condon's store closing after their lease was not renewed 

Ashley Landing today
The center still suffered from an identity crisis in 2000 when the City of Charleston, in conjunction with the adjoining residential neighborhoods conducted a design charrette for the Ashley Landing site and recommended a number of improvements to the shopping center's owners for revitalization  The city proposed an extensive overhaul of the property in an attempt to make it a neighborhood gathering place, complete with redesigned buildings that would include retail, offices and residences  Design elements such as new store facades, extensive landscaping and brick pedestrian crosswalks were proposed  Representatives from The Cordish Company indicated that they were interested in the city's plans but could not commit to any revitalization efforts due to existing store leases 
It was announced on February 5, 2014, that Faison Enterprises Inc  of Charlotte, NC acquired Ashley Landing for $19 2 million   Faison is currently undertaking an extensive renovation, revitalization and expansion of the property and adding new tenants that are better suited to the area   While initial and substantial improvements are underway, Faison has indicated that this is a long-term redevelopment project   In conjunction with the redevelopment plans, Faison also acquired the adjacent vacant former Piggly Wiggly building and adjoining property located on Sumar Street, which was later sold to the City of Charleston   Faison Enterprises spun off a majority of its retail holdings in 2017, including Ashley Landing, to a newly formed sister company, Wintergreen Capital 
Passage 4:
Desert Fashion Plaza
Desert Fashion Plaza, formerly known as Desert Inn Fashion Plaza, was an enclosed shopping mall located in Palm Springs, California  The mall was originally developed by Home Savings and Loan Association, which sold the shopping center to Desert Plaza Partnership  In the early 1980s, Desert Plaza Partnership sold the property to DeBartolo Corporation which expanded and revamped the mall to accommodate more shops  Subsequently, sales declined prompting major retailers to close down business at the Desert Fashion Plaza  In 2002, John Wessman of Wessman Development bought the property and proposed a significant redevelopment on the whole site  Demolition began to take place in 2013, and shops, restaurants, and a six-story hotel have opened on part of the site with more planned 
Former anchor tenants in the mall were Saks Fifth Avenue, I  Magnin, and Bank of America The mall was used as the set for the fictional S'wallow Valley Mall in the 2012 comedy film, Tim and Eric's Billion Dollar Movie 

History
The site of the Desert Fashion Plaza was formerly a resort hotel named the Desert Inn opened and operated by Nellie Coffman, an early settler of Palm Springs  After Nellie's death in the 1950s, sons George Roberson and Earl Coffman, who had continuously assisted Nellie in the operation of the Inn, sold it in 1955 to actress Marion Davies By April 1956, there were plans for a $4 5 million, five story hotel and shopping center on the site  The project would have originally included a swimming pool, a Las Vegas-style restaurant, and a theater for both Broadway plays and cinema films during the winter and summer seasons, respectively  The hotel itself would accommodate 200 rooms and suites, along with a parking space for 1,000 cars  Victor Gruen and Associates were to be the architects to design the project, with Joseph Bliti of New York being contracted for the proposed construction  The proposed center was scheduled for completion by November 1957  However, the plans never came to fruition due to Davies's health deteriorating at the time 
Davies eventually sold the land for $2 5 million to developers Samuel Firks and George Alexander in 1960  Alexander and Firks originally envisioned an eight-story hotel that would accommodate 300 rooms and a 1,600 parking space facility for a proposed $4 million  Plans for redeveloping the Desert Inn fell, which prompted the Alexander Construction Company to focus more of using the property for commercial use instead On November 14, 1965, Alexander and his spouse Mildred, along with their son Robert and his wife Helene, were all killed when their plane impacted shortly after taking off from Palm Springs International Airport  The plane was expected to reach Hollywood-Lockheed Air Terminal, but the plane lost control while in flight and collided into the Chocolate Mountains region near Indio, California  All plans for redeveloping the old site were dropped 

Operation
After Alexander's death, Home Savings and Loan Association obtained the Desert Inn property in 1966  That same year, developer Joseph K  Eichenbaum released a statement on plans of constructing a multi-million dollar commercial center on the old site  Architect Charles Luckman was commissioned to design the new shopping mall  Demolition of the Desert Inn began in August 1966 The Desert Inn Fashion Plaza was officially opened to the public on October 16, 1967, with the grand opening of a 20,000 square-foot I  Magnin, which represented the retailer's return to Palm Springs after its 1933–1942 presence with a resort shop at the El Mirador Hotel  A month before the mall opened, Luckman and Leonard R  Lockhart, first vice president of Home Savings and Loan Associates, were both honored by Southern California Edison for the all-electrical design In 1969, Joseph Magnin Co  broke ground on a 26,000 square foot department store in the mall  The new store would anchor at the corner of North Palm Canyon Drive and Andreas Road, and was set to open in September the same year  San Francisco-based architects, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, would design the store, along with contractors Diversified Builders, Inc 
In addition, 12 other major establishments also opened up in the new mall, including: Bank of America, Belmont Savings & Loan, P'iddlers Three Restaurant, Stuard's Sahara, Silverwoods, Islamania, Michael's, Robert Sands Hairstyling, Master's Candies, Village Card & Gift Shop and Orange Julius In 1978, Home Savings and Loan Associates sold the Desert Inn Fashion Plaza to Desert Plaza Partnership  The group compromised Arthur Gilbert, David Blum and Gerson Fox; three partners that were based in Los Angeles 

Expansion
During the 1980s, major shopping destinations such as Palm Desert Town Center and the El Paseo Shopping District were growing rapidly in Palm Desert, California  National chains also opened up businesses throughout the Palm Desert area  Because of this, most local shops that were in the central hub of Palm Springs began to shift away into other areas that were also seeing growth  This situation prompted Desert Plaza Partnership to focus on plans of expanding the mall 
In 1983, Edward J  DeBartolo Corp  announced an agreement with Desert Plaza Partnership to renovate the Desert Inn Fashion Plaza for $42 million  The Ohio-based corporation planned to enlarge the mall to accommodate more tenants, a six-story hotel, and underground parking  Meanwhile, the local redevelopment agency was authorized to help developers acquire the additional property needed for the potential project



ground_truth: 2013

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What are some other areas that share a common deer species with the forests of Mara and Mondrem?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Dispersals from Maine over the years have resulted in healthy, growing populations each in Vermont and New Hampshire, notably near bodies of water and as high up as 910 m (3,000 ft) above sea level in the mountains  In Massachusetts, moose had gone extinct by 1870, but re-colonized the state in the 1960s, with the population expanding from Vermont and New Hampshire; by 2010, the population was estimated at 850–950  Moose reestablished populations in eastern New York and Connecticut and appeared headed south towards the Catskill Mountains, a former habitat In the Midwest U S , moose are primarily limited to the upper Great Lakes region, but strays, primarily immature males, have been found as far south as eastern Iowa  For unknown reasons, the moose population is declining rapidly in the Midwest Moose were successfully introduced on Newfoundland in 1878 and 1904, where they are now the dominant ungulate, and somewhat less successfully on Anticosti Island in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence 

Decline in population
Since the 1990s, moose populations have declined dramatically in much of temperate North America, although they remain stable in Arctic and subarctic regions  The exact causes of specific die-offs are not determined, but most documented mortality events were due to wolf predation, bacterial infection due to injuries sustained from predators, and parasites from white-tailed deer to which moose have not developed a natural defense, such as liver flukes, brain worms and winter tick infestations  Predation of moose calves by brown bear is also significant  Landscape change from salvage logging of forest damage caused by the mountain pine beetle has resulted in greater foraging in logged areas by female moose, and this is the lead hypothesis as to why the moose population is declining in eastern North American forests, as this likely leads to increased predation  An alternate hypotheses among biologists for generalized, nonhunting declines in moose populations at the southern extent of their range is increasing heat stress brought on by the rapid seasonal temperature upswings as a result of human-induced climate change  Biologists studying moose populations typically use warm-season, heat-stress thresholds of between 14 and 24 °C (57 and 75 °F)  However, the minor average temperature increase of 0 83–1 11 °C (1 5–2 °F), over the last 100 years, has resulted in milder winters that induce favorable conditions for ticks, parasites and other invasive species to flourish within the southern range of moose habitat in North America  The moose population in New Hampshire fell from 7,500 in the early 2000s to a 2014 estimate of 4,000 and in Vermont the numbers were down to 2,200 from a high of 5,000 animals in 2005  Much of the decline has been attributed to the winter tick, which, between 2017 and 2019, accounted for 74% of all winter mortality and 91% of winter calf deaths in Vermont  Moose with heavy tick infections will rub their fur down to the skin raw trying to get the ticks off, making them look white when their outer coat rubs off  Locals call them ghost moose  Loss of the insulating winter coat through attempts to rid the moose of winter tick increases the risk of hypothermia in winter 

Europe and Asia
In Europe, moose are currently found in large numbers throughout Norway, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, with more modest numbers in the southern Czech Republic, Belarus, and northern Ukraine  They are also widespread through Russia on up through the borders with Finland south towards the border with Estonia, Belarus and Ukraine and stretching far away eastwards to the Yenisei River in Siberia  The European moose was native to most temperate areas with suitable habitat on the continent and even Scotland from the end of the last Ice Age, as Europe had a mix of temperate boreal and deciduous forest  Up through Classical times, the species was certainly thriving in both Gaul and Magna Germania, as it appears in military and hunting accounts of the age  However, as the Roman era faded into medieval times, the beast slowly disappeared: soon after the reign of Charlemagne, the moose disappeared from France, where its range extended from Normandy in the north to the Pyrenees in the south  Farther east, it survived in Alsace and the Netherlands until the 9th century as the marshlands in the latter were drained and the forests were cleared away for feudal lands in the former  It was gone from Switzerland by the year 1000, from the western Czech Republic by 1300, from Mecklenburg in Germany by c  1600, and from Hungary and the Caucasus since the 18th and 19th century, respectively 
By the early 20th century, the last strongholds of the European moose appeared to be in Fennoscandian areas and patchy tracts of Russia, with a few migrants found in what is now Estonia and Lithuania  The USSR and Poland managed to restore portions of the range within its borders (such as the 1951 reintroduction into Kampinos National Park and the later 1958 reintroduction in Belarus), but political complications limited the ability to reintroduce it to other portions of its range  Attempts in 1930 and again in 1967 in marshland north of Berlin were unsuccessful  At present in Poland, populations are recorded in the Biebrza river valley, Kampinos, and in Białowieża Forest  It has migrated into other parts of Eastern Europe and has been spotted in eastern and southern Germany  Unsuccessful thus far in recolonizing these areas via natural dispersal from source populations in Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Czech Republic, and Slovakia, it appears to be having more success migrating south into the Caucasus  It is listed under Appendix III of the Bern Convention In 2008, two moose were reintroduced into the Scottish Highlands in Alladale Wilderness Reserve  The moose disappeared as a breeding species from Denmark about 4,500 years ago (in the last century, a very small number have lived for periods in Zealand without establishing a population after swimming across the Øresund from Sweden), but in 2016-17 ten were introduced to Lille Vildmose from Sweden  In 2020, this population had increased to about 25 animals The East Asian moose populations confine themselves mostly to the territory of Russia, with much smaller populations in Mongolia and Northeastern China  Moose populations are relatively stable in Siberia and increasing on the Kamchatka Peninsula  In Mongolia and China, where poaching took a great toll on moose, forcing them to near extinction, they are protected, but enforcement of the policy is weak and demand for traditional medicines derived from deer parts is high  In 1978, the Regional Hunting Department transported 45 young moose to the center of Kamchatka  These moose were brought from Chukotka, home to the largest moose on the planet  Kamchatka now regularly is responsible for the largest trophy moose shot around the world each season  As it is a fertile environment for moose, with a milder climate, less snow, and an abundance of food, moose quickly bred and settled along the valley of the Kamchatka River and many surrounding regions  The population in the past 20 years has risen to over 2,900 animals 
The size of the moose varies  Following Bergmann's rule, population in the south (A  a  cameloides) usually grow smaller, while moose in the north and northeast (A  a  buturlini) can match the imposing sizes of the Alaskan moose (A  a  gigas) and are prized by trophy hunters 

New Zealand
In 1900, an attempt to introduce moose into the Hokitika area failed; then in 1910 ten moose (four bulls and six cows) were introduced into Fiordland  This area is considered a less than suitable habitat, and subsequent low numbers of sightings and kills have led to some presumption of this population's failure  The last proven sighting of a moose in New Zealand was in 1952  However, a moose antler was found in 1972, and DNA tests showed that hair collected in 2002 was from a moose  There has been extensive searching, and while automated cameras failed to capture photographs, evidence was seen of bedding spots, browsing, and antler marks 

Evolutionary history
Moose are members of the subfamily Capreolinae  Members of the moose lineage extend back into the Pliocene-Early Pleistocene  Some scientists, group the moose and all its extinct relatives into one genus, Alces, while others, such as Augusto Azzaroli, restrict Alces to the living species, placing the fossil species into the genera Cervalces (stag moose) and Libralces The earliest known species in the moose lineage is Libralces gallicus, which lived in the Pliocene-Early Pleistocene  Libralces gallicus came from the warm savannas of Pliocene Europe, with the best-preserved skeletons being found in southern France  L  gallicus was 1 25 times larger than the Alaskan moose in linear dimensions, making it nearly twice as massive  L  gallicus had many striking differences from its modern descendants  It had a longer, narrower snout and a less-developed nasal cavity, more resembling that of a modern deer, lacking any sign of the modern moose-snout  Its face resembled that of the modern wapiti  However, the rest of its skull structure, skeletal structure and teeth bore strong resemblance to those features that are unmistakable in modern moose, indicating a similar diet  Its antlers consisted of a horizontal bar 2 5 m (8 ft 2 in) long, with no tines, ending in small palmations  Its skull and neck structure suggest an animal that fought using high-speed impacts, much like the Dall sheep, rather than locking and twisting antlers the way modern moose combat  Their long legs and bone structure suggest an animal that was adapted to running at high speeds over rough terrain Libralces gallicus was followed by Cervalces carnutorum during the first half of the Early Pleistocene  Cervalces carnutorum was soon followed by a much larger species called Cervalces latifrons (broad-fronted stag-moose), which first appeared during the late Early Pleistocene  Many fossils of Cervalces latifrons have been found across Eurasia  Like its descendants, it inhabited mostly northern latitudes, and was probably well-adapted to the cold  C  latifrons was the largest deer known to have ever existed, standing more than 2 1 m (6 ft 11 in) tall at the shoulders  This is bigger than even the Irish elk, which was 1 8 m (5 ft 11 in) tall at the shoulders  Its antlers were smaller than the Irish elk's, but comparable in size to those of L  gallicus  However, the antlers had a shorter horizontal bar and larger palmations, more resembling those of a modern moose  Probably sometime in the Middle Pleistocene, Cervalces latifrons migrated into North America, giving rise to the stag moose (Cervalces scotti)  The modern moose is thought to have evolved from Cervalces latifrons at around the end of the Middle Pleistocene to the beginning of the Late Pleistocene, probably somewhere in East Asia, with the earliest fossils of the species in Europe dating to the early Late Pleistocene  The modern moose only arrived in North America around 15,000 years ago, at the end of the Late Pleistocene 

Populations
North America:

In Canada: There are an estimated 500,000 to 1,000,000 moose, with 150,000 in Newfoundland in 2007 descended from just four that were introduced in the 1900s 
In United States: There are estimated to be around 300,000:
Alaska: The state's Department of Fish and Game estimated 200,000 in 2011 
Northeast: A wildlife ecologist estimated 50,000 in New York and New England in 2007, with expansion expected 
Rocky Mountain states: Wyoming is said to have the largest share in its six-state region, and its Fish and Game Commission estimated 7,692 in 2009 
Upper Midwest: Michigan 2000 on Isle Royale (2019) and an estimated 433 (in its Upper Peninsula) in 2011, Wisconsin, 20–40 (close to its border with Michigan) in 2003, Minnesota 5600 in its northeast in 2010, and under 100 in its northwest in 2009; North Dakota closed, due to low moose population, one of its moose-hunting geographic units in 2011, and issued 162 single-kill licenses to hunters, each restricted to one of the remaining nine units Europe and Asia:

Finland: In 2009, there was a summer population of 115,000 
Norway: In 2009, there were a winter population of around 120,000  In 2015 31,131 moose were shot  In 1999, a record number of 39,422 moose were shot 
Latvia: in 2015, there were 21,000 
Estonia: 13,260
Lithuania: around 14,000 in 2016
Poland: 28,000
Czech Republic: maximum of 50
Russia: In 2007, there were approximately 600,000 
Sweden: Summer population is estimated to be 300,000–400,000  Around 100,000 are shot each fall  About 10,000 are killed in traffic accidents yearly 

Subspecies
Relationship with humans
History
European rock drawings and cave paintings reveal that moose have been hunted since the Stone Age  Excavations in Alby, Sweden, adjacent to the Stora Alvaret have yielded moose antlers in wooden hut remains from 6000 BCE, indicating some of the earliest moose hunting in northern Europe  In northern Scandinavia one can still find remains of trapping pits used for hunting moose  These pits, which can be up to 4 m × 7 m (13 ft 1 in × 23 ft 0 in) in area and 2 m (6 ft 7 in) deep, would have been camouflaged with branches and leaves  They would have had steep sides lined with planks, making it impossible for the moose to escape once it fell in  The pits are normally found in large groups, crossing the moose's regular paths and stretching over several km  Remains of wooden fences designed to guide the animals toward the pits have been found in bogs and peat  In Norway, an early example of these trapping devices has been dated to around 3700 BC  Trapping elk in pits is an extremely effective hunting method  As early as the 16th century the Norwegian government tried to restrict their use; nevertheless, the method was in use until the 19th century 
The earliest recorded description of the moose is in Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico, where it is described thus:

There are also [animals], which are called alces (moose)  The shape of these, and the varied color of their skins, is much like roes, but in size they surpass them a little and are destitute of horns, and have legs without joints and ligatures; nor do they lie down for the purpose of rest, nor, if they have been thrown down by any accident, can they raise or lift themselves up  Trees serve as beds to them; they lean themselves against them, and thus reclining only slightly, they take their rest; when the huntsmen have discovered from the footsteps of these animals whither they are accustomed to betake themselves, they either undermine all the trees at the roots, or cut into them so far that the upper part of the trees may appear to be left standing  When they have leant upon them, according to their habit, they knock down by their weight the unsupported trees, and fall down themselves along with them 
In book 8, chapter 16 of Pliny the Elder's Natural History from 77 CE, the elk and an animal called achlis, which is presumably the same animal, are described thus:

     there is, also, the moose, which strongly resembles our steers, except that it is distinguished by the length of the ears and of the neck  There is also the achlis, which is produced in the land of Scandinavia; it has never been seen in this city, although we have had descriptions of it from many persons; it is not unlike the moose, but has no joints in the hind leg  Hence, it never lies down, but reclines against a tree while it sleeps; it can only be taken by previously cutting into the tree, and thus laying a trap for it, as otherwise, it would escape through its swiftness  Its upper lip is so extremely large, for which reason it is obliged to go backwards when grazing; otherwise, by moving onwards, the lip would get doubled up 

As food
Moose are hunted as a game species in many of the countries where they are found  Moose meat tastes, wrote Henry David Thoreau in "The Maine Woods", "like tender beef, with perhaps more flavour; sometimes like veal"  While the flesh has protein levels similar to those of other comparable red meats (e g  beef, deer and wapiti), it has a low fat content, and the fat that is present consists of a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fats than saturated fats Dr  Valerius Geist, who emigrated to Canada from the Soviet Union, wrote in his 1999 book Moose: Behaviour, Ecology, Conservation:

In Sweden, no fall menu is without a mouthwatering moose dish  The Swedes fence their highways to reduce moose fatalities and design moose-proof cars  Sweden is less than half as large as the Canadian province of British Columbia, but the annual take of moose in Sweden—upward of 150,000—is twice that of the total moose harvest in North America 
Boosting moose populations in Alaska for hunting purposes is one of the reasons given for allowing aerial or airborne methods to remove wolves in designated areas, e g , Craig Medred: "A kill of 124 wolves would thus translate to [the survival of] 1488 moose or 2976 caribou or some combination thereof"  Some scientists believe that this artificial inflation of game populations is actually detrimental to both caribou and moose populations as well as the ecosystem as a whole  This is because studies have shown that when these game populations are artificially boosted, it leads to both habitat destruction and a crash in these populations 

Consumption of offal
Cadmium levels are high in Finnish moose liver and kidneys, with the result that consumption of these organs from moose more than one year old is prohibited in Finland  As a result of a study reported in 1988, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources recommended against the consumption of moose and deer kidneys and livers  Levels of cadmium were found to be considerably higher than in Scandinavia  The New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources advises hunters not to consume cervid offal Cadmium intake has been found to be elevated amongst all consumers of moose meat, though the meat was found to contribute only slightly to the daily cadmium intake  However the consumption of moose liver or kidneys significantly increased cadmium intake, with the study revealing that heavy consumers of moose organs have a relatively narrow safety margin below the levels which would probably cause adverse health effects 

Vehicle collisions
The center of mass of a moose is above the hood of most passenger cars  In a collision, the impact crushes the front roof beams and individuals in the front seats  Collisions of this type are frequently fatal; seat belts and airbags offer little protection  In collisions with higher vehicles (such as trucks), most of the deformation is to the front of the vehicle and the passenger compartment is largely spared  Moose collisions have prompted the development of a vehicle test referred to as the "moose test" (Swedish: Älgtest, German: Elchtest)  A Massachusetts study found that moose–vehicular collisions had a very high human fatality rate and that such collisions caused the death of 3% of the Massachusetts moose population annually Moose warning signs are used on roads in regions where there is a danger of collision with the animal  The triangular warning signs common in Sweden, Norway, and Finland have become coveted souvenirs among tourists traveling in these countries, causing road authorities so much expense that the moose signs have been replaced with imageless generic warning signs in some regions In Ontario, Canada, an estimated 265 moose die each year as a result of collision with trains  Moose–train collisions were more frequent in winters with above-average snowfall  In January 2008, the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten estimated that some 13,000 moose had died in collisions with Norwegian trains since 2000  The state agency in charge of railroad infrastructure (Jernbaneverket) plans to spend 80 million Norwegian kroner to reduce collision rate in the future by fencing the railways, clearing vegetation from near the tracks, and providing alternative snow-free feeding places for the animals elsewhere In the Canadian province of New Brunswick, collisions between automobiles and moose are frequent enough that all new highways have fences to prevent moose from accessing the road, as has long been done in Finland, Norway, and Sweden  A demonstration project, Highway 7 between Fredericton and Saint John, which has one of the highest frequencies of moose collisions in the province, did not have these fences until 2008, although it was and continues to be extremely well signed  Newfoundland and Labrador recommended that motorists use caution between dusk and dawn because that is when moose are most active and most difficult to see, increasing the risk of collisions  Local moose sightings are often reported on radio stations so that motorists can take care while driving in particular areas  An electronic "moose detection system" was installed on two sections of the Trans-Canada Highway in Newfoundland in 2011, but the system proved unreliable and was removed in 2015 In Sweden, a road will not be fenced unless it experiences at least one moose accident per km per year In eastern Germany, where the scarce population is slowly increasing, there were two road accidents involving moose since 2000 

Domestication
Domestication of moose was investigated in the Soviet Union before World War II  Early experiments were inconclusive, but with the creation of a moose farm at Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve in 1949, a small-scale moose domestication program was started, involving attempts at selective breeding of animals on the basis of their behavioural characteristics  Since 1963, the program has continued at Kostroma Moose Farm, which had a herd of 33 tame moose as of 2003  Although at this stage the farm is not expected to be a profit-making enterprise, it obtains some income from the sale of moose milk and from visiting tourist groups  Its main value, however, is seen in the opportunities it offers for the research in the physiology and behavior of the moose, as well as in the insights it provides into the general principles of animal domestication 
In Sweden, there was a debate in the late 18th century about the national value of using the moose as a domestic animal  Among other things, the moose was proposed to be used in postal distribution, and there was a suggestion to develop a moose-mounted cavalry  Such proposals remained unimplemented, mainly because the extensive hunting for moose that was deregulated in the 1790s nearly drove it to extinction  While there have been documented cases of individual moose being used for riding and/or pulling carts and sleds, Björklöf concludes no wide-scale usage has occurred outside fairy tales 

Heraldry
As one of the Canadian national symbols, the moose occurs on several Canadian coats of arms, including Newfoundland and Labrador, and Ontario  Moose is also a common coat of arms in Europe as well; for example, in Finland, it appears on the coats of arms of Hirvensalmi and Mäntsälä municipalities  The Seal of Michigan features a moose 

See also
Älgen Stolta, a rare example of a domesticated moose
Passage 3:
White-bellied musk deer
The white-bellied musk deer or Himalayan musk deer (Moschus leucogaster) is a musk deer species occurring in the Himalayas of Nepal, Bhutan, India, Pakistan and China  It is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List because of overexploitation resulting in a probable serious population decline It was previously considered a subspecies of the Alpine musk deer, but was separated on the basis of different skull proportions 

Characteristics
White-bellied musk deer are very well adapted for high altitudes; they demonstrate such adaptations as well-developed dew claws, broad toes that provide increased stability on steep slopes, and a dense coat of coarse hairs with air-filled cells to insulate against the extreme temperature   While they lack antlers, a trait notable among all musk deer, they do possess a pair of enlarged and easily broken canines that grow continuously  The maximum length of these tusks is about 10 cm (4 in)  These deer have a stocky body type; their hind legs are also significantly longer and more muscular than their shorter, thinner forelimbs  In place of running or leaping, this species tends to "bound " Finally, fawns of this species have white spots to help with camouflage, but as they mature these spots disappear 
The white-bellied musk deer has a waxy substance called musk that the male secretes from a gland in the abdomen  The deer use this to mark territories and attract females, but the musk is also used in the manufacture of perfumes and medicines 

Distribution and habitat
Himalayan musk deer occurs in parts of northern Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, and in northern India such as in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh  It inhabits high alpine environments above altitudes of 2,500 m (8,200 ft) 

Ecology and behaviour
During the day, white-bellied musk deer hide in dense cover and are shy and secretive  At night, they emerge to feed in more open habitats, and preferably select leaves of trees and shrubs with high protein and low fibre contents  During the winter, they subsist on poorer quality lichens, and even climb small trees to feed upon leaves that would otherwise be out of reach They are fairly sedentary occupying a small home range of up to 22 hectares  Males are fiercely territorial, only allowing females to enter their range  Territories are marked by carefully placed defecation sites and strong-smelling secretions, which are placed onto the surrounding plants 
Males fight each other over females during the mating season, and use their long canines to fight and defend their territories  The females hide from all the commotion  For the males to attract the females and bring them out from hiding, they use their strong smelling musk A female has one or two young at a time  The young musk deer live off their mother's milk until they are about six months old and able to eat regular foods available in the wild  At 16 to 24 months old, they become sexually mature Himalayan musk deer can live for up to 10 to 14 years Their predators include leopard, snow leopard, Eurasian lynx, red fox, gray wolf  Juveniles were also killed by yellow-throated marten and large raptors 

Threats
As the musk the deer produces is in demand for the manufacture of perfumes and medicines, it is highly valuable  Since the species is endangered and hard to find, its value on the wildlife trade market is increased still further  The hunting and trade of the white-bellied musk deer is the main threat to the species  Deer musk may sell for as much as $45,000/kg, making it one of the most valuable animal-derived products in the world  Hunters catch and kill the deer using snares  Only males produce the musk, so this creates a problem because females and young are caught in the traps and killed 

Conservation
The white-bellied musk deer is protected by law in Bhutan, Nepal, and India  In China, hunting may be permitted in some areas, although a license is required  It is listed as an endangered species in Pakistan and is also found in a number of protected areas throughout; however, the uneven enforcement of legislation across its range has meant little impact on preventing the rampant trade in the species  Improving the enforcement of antipoaching laws is a key priority for the conservation of this species 

Efforts being made
Captive farming for musk has been developed in China, and so far has shown that it is possible to extract musk from a deer without having to kill it  However, the captive deer succumb to disease and fighting and produce poorer quality musk  The killing of wild deer is thought to be the most cost-effective method of extracting musk  Open farming is a possible new way to extract the musk, whereby free-ranging or wild musk deer are caught and the musk then extracted, allowing the species to be conserved and survive 

See also
Kedarnath Wild Life Sanctuary
Askot Musk Deer Sanctuary
Passage 4:
Sri Lankan sambar deer
The Sri Lankan sambar or Indian sambar (Rusa unicolor unicolor), also known as ගෝනා (gōṇā) in Sinhala, is a subspecies of the sambar that lives in India and Sri Lanka  British explorers and planters referred to it, erroneously, as an elk, leading to place names such as Elk Plain 

Description
This subspecies is the largest sambar subspecies and representative of the Rusa genus, with the largest antlers both in size and in body proportions  Large males weight up to 270–280 kg 

Distribution and habitat
Sambar live in both lowland dry forests and mountain forests  Large herds of sambar roam the Horton Plains National Park, where it is the most common large mammal 
Passage 5:
Forests of Mara and Mondrem
The Forests of Mara and Mondrem were adjacent medieval forests in Cheshire, England, which in the 11th century extended to over 60 square miles (160 km2), stretching from the Mersey in the north almost to Nantwich in the south, and from the Gowy in the west to the Weaver in the east  Mara and Mondrem were a hunting forest of the Norman Earls of Chester, established soon after 1071 by the first earl, Hugh d'Avranches  They might earlier have been an Anglo-Saxon hunting forest  Game included wild boar, and red, fallow and roe deer 
After the earldom lapsed in 1237, the forest rights passed to the Crown, with the monarch's heir being given the title of Earl of Chester  Edward I and James I both hunted in the forests  Clearance for agricultural use began to be permitted after 1215, and by the mid-14th century, large areas of the Forest of Mondrem had been cleared  Deer hunting still continued within the remaining forest in the 17th century, and the forest was not formally disafforested, or removed from forest law, until 1812  The modern Delamere Forest is the remnant of the medieval forests, but little ancient woodland survives 

Extent
In the 11th century, the Forests of Mara and Mondrem stretched from the Mersey in the north to a few miles north of Nantwich in the south, and from the Gowy in the west to the Weaver in the east  The total extent was over 60 square miles (160 km2)  An undated document quoted by Ormerod lists 62 townships and villages within the two forests (although several of these places were exempt from forest law); as the document mentions Vale Royal Abbey, this must refer to some time between the abbey's foundation in 1277 and its dissolution in 1536 The precise boundary between the two adjacent forests is uncertain, but the Forest of Mara probably extended from the Mersey to the south of the area now known as Delamere Forest, while the Forest of Mondrem occupied the area between Delamere and Nantwich  The boundary might have coincided with a road known as "Peytevinisti" or "Peytefynsty", which also defined the limit of the grazing rights of Vale Royal Abbey; this is believed to have run from Weaverham in the north through Cuddington to Tarporley in the south 

History
Earls' hunting forest
The Forests of Mara and Mondrem together formed one of the three hunting forests of the Earls of Chester, the others being the Forests of Macclesfield and Wirral  It was created by Hugh d'Avranches, a keen huntsman, soon after he became Earl of Chester in 1071, although the area might have been an Anglo-Saxon hunting forest before the Norman Conquest  "Forest", in this context, means an area outside the common law and subject to forest law; it does not imply that the area was entirely wooded, and the land remained largely in private ownership  The forest boundary was marked with "irremovable marks, meres and boundaries", and the entire area also appears to have been enclosed  Game was hunted with dogs and included wild boar, and red, fallow and roe deer The original woodland was mixed, predominantly oak, but also including elm, lime, yew, chestnut, fir, larch, beech, ash, silver birch, hazel, willow and alder  The forest area also encompassed heath and wetland, as well as pasture, arable land and even small settlements  Agriculture was, however, allowed within the forest boundaries only under severe restrictions; assarting, or enclosing and clearing new land for agriculture, was completely prohibited until 1215–16 During the early Norman period, the penalties for killing game were blinding, mutilation or execution  These savage punishments were gradually replaced by huge fines, and in 1215, the Magna Carta reduced the maximum penalty for breaking forest law nationally to fines or imprisonment  Ranulf de Blondeville, the 6th Earl, issued a charter in 1215–16 which granted a more humane legal code for the Cheshire hunting forests This charter also, for the first time, conceded to the barons and their knights and freeholders the "right to assart their lands within the arable area of the forest and to grow crops on land formerly cultivated and free from wood without payment " Within the Forests of Mara and Mondrem, custom did not, however, follow the charter, a fine of 5 shillings per acre in Mondrem or 6 shillings 8 pence per acre in Mara being paid at the time of enclosure  Later, a licence was also required to assart forest land, which required the payment of a further fee and was very unpopular  Enclosure and assarting in Mara and Mondrem during this period is poorly documented, but is known to have occurred at Frodsham, Weaverham and Darnhall 

After the Earls
After the lapse of the Chester earldom in 1237, the forest rights passed to the Crown and the monarch's heir was given the title of Earl of Chester  Although Edward I hunted in the forest, the sport became less important, and the forests were used for timber production and as a source of revenue from taxes, fees and fines  In 1300, Edward I confirmed Ranulf de Blondeville's charter of 1215–16, but in the mid-14th century, Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince, introduced various restrictive measures, which led to a large number of complaints recorded in the Black Prince's Register of 1351  Agricultural exploitation of the eastern edge of the forest was hampered by outbreaks of Black Death at Over, Little Budworth and Vale Royal Abbey in 1349, 1361 and 1369  The Old Pale and Eddisbury Hill were enclosed in the 14th century, to retain deer 

The northerly Forest of Mara remained wooded in the 14th century, and still retained a population of wild boar, lynx and wolves  By that date, however, large areas of the southerly Forest of Mondrem had been cleared  The remaining Mondrem woodland in the mid-14th century appears to have been concentrated in the north around Castle Northwich, Hartford and Winnington, and to a lesser extent in the south east around Aston juxta Mondrum, Calveley, Cholmondeston, Church Minshull, Poole and Wettenhall  Extensive assarting by Vale Royal Abbey made a major contribution to the loss of Mondrem woodland before the abbey's dissolution  The proximity to the medieval salt wiches of Nantwich and Middlewich, with their wood-fuelled salt pans, might also have been a factor 
Deer continued to be hunted in the 17th century; a large area at New Pale was enclosed at this time for the retention of deer  James I, on a royal visit to Cheshire in August 1617, hunted in the forest, describing it as "this delectable place"  From the early 18th century, however, the focus of hunting moved away from deer; Tarporley Hunt Club was founded in 1762, and the local gentry hunted hares and later foxes 

Disafforestation
The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw much of the surviving forest enclosed  A total of 7,755 acres (3,138 ha) in the south of the Forest of Mara, by then known as Delamere Forest, remained nominally a hunting forest until the early 19th century  In 1812, an Enclosure Act was passed disafforesting the remaining forest (that is, returning its legal status to ordinary land) and transferring ownership of the remnant half to the Crown and half to surrounding major landowners  Very little ancient woodland now survives, mainly concentrated on the banks of the Weaver and within steep cloughs running into that river, although there are also pockets of old, semi-natural woodland elsewhere, such as Cocked Hat Covert, near Little Budworth, and Dorfold Park, near Acton 

Administration
Each of the Cheshire hunting forests was administered by a master-forester on behalf of the Earl  For the Forests of Mara and Mondrem, this hereditary position was given by Ranulf le Meschin, the 3rd Earl, to Ranulf or Ralph de Kingsley in 1123, and it passed by marriage to the Launcelyn family and later to the Done family of Utkinton and Tarporley  Sixteen Dones held the position over nearly four centuries  In 1662, the master-forestership passed to the Crewe family and then to the Ardernes, who held it until the disafforestation in 1812  The position was symbolised by a black horn, which was given to the Kingsleys in the 12th century; now known as the "Delamere Horn", it is in the collection of the Grosvenor Museum  The master-foresters answered to the Chester justiciar, who was responsible for the administration of forest law across all three Cheshire forests The privileges claimed by the Mara and Mondrem master-forester were set out in detail by Richard Done in the 14th century  They included the right shoulder of all deer killed in hunting; windfallen and felled timber within the demesne wood; swarms of bees, sparrowhawks, merlins and hobbies found throughout the forest; and the right of pannage, or feeding pigs in the forest  He also claimed halfpence per head of cattle and goats found straying within the forest between Michaelmas and Martinmas, the payments made for the agistment of hogs between Martinmas and Christmas, as well as the pick of the property forfeited by poachers  The master-forester had a lodge, known as the "Chamber of the Forest", in which he occasionally stayed; it was built in Peckforton in 1351 and later moved to Eddisbury Hill A large staff supported the Mara and Mondrem master-forester, which is known in the mid-14th century to have included eight underforesters and two garçons who administered particular districts of the forest, assuming much of the role of the county sergeants within the forest bounds  Additionally, agisters collected monies charged for grazing, verderers attended the forest courts, and inspectors termed "regarders", huntsmen and kennelmen were also employed 

See also
History of Cheshire
Context 3: In 1984, redevelopment took place by first razing historic-period buildings on the site, and setting up the new section on top  At the same time, Joseph Magnin announced that they would close their remaining 24 stores, including the one in Palm Springs due to bankruptcy 
The mall was officially opened on November 16, 1985, under the new name of Desert Fashion Plaza  I  Magnin and Saks Fifth Avenue would serve as the main anchors of the newly redeveloped mall, as well as a hotel called Maxim's Paris Suite Hotel 

Decline
Despite the new stores that were opened, mall traffic did not increase considerably  In the years to come, retail sales declined and by 1991, Silverwoods men's clothing and Marie Callender's moved out of the still partially vacant Desert Fashion Plaza  Hyatt Regency Suites bought the hotel management and renamed it as Hyatt Palm Springs 
In 1992, R H  Macy & Co  closed the Palm Springs location of I  Magnin after several years in operation citing that their store was not a “suitable location" at the Desert Fashion Plaza In 1995, developer Mark Bragg, a former adviser to Ronald Reagan, and the ever-present Eddie DeBartolo Jr  teamed up to pass a measure which approved card clubs at three sites: two controlled by Bragg, and the third at DeBartolo's Desert Fashion Plaza mall  Palm Springs voted a ballot by a 2-to-1 margin for the gambling establishment 
At a cost of $13 5 million, Phoenix-based Arizona Partners became the new owners of Desert Fashion Plaza  Arizona Partners planned on expanding the Desert Fashion Plaza to over 350,000 square feet and removing the roof to make the mall open-air  The main entrance was to be an open air plaza with outdoor dining, shops, and gather places, plus a 3,000-seat cinema and a 2,400 seat live theater; the project would have been renamed The Promenade  The first phase of the project would begin in mid-1998 and be completed sometime at the end of the year 
By the beginning of 1999, about 75% of the tenants inside the mall were closed down  At the same time, San Diego-based Excel Legacy Corporation scrapped Arizona Partners's concepts and proposed its own project  Developer MBK Southern California Ltd  would design the center  Their decision was to bulldoze the whole mall and replace it with an open air plaza  Proposed tenants included Saks, a two-story multiplex theater, a food court, gourmet market, restaurants and various specialty shops  However, the concept was never realized, and the owners decided to sell the mall for an asking price of $25 million 
In 2000, the Agua Caliente Development Authority, a subsidiary of the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians, considered the  purchase and redevelopment of Desert Fashion Plaza, and were in discussions with Palm Springs city officials and the director of the Palm Springs Desert Museum  Agua Caliente ultimately made the decision to not to buy the property 
Developer John Wessman purchased the Desert Fashion Plaza and initially planned a Spanish-Mediterranean plaza on the site  Simultaneously, Saks Fifth Avenue closed down their location and moved to a new store in the El Paseo shopping district down in Palm Desert  At the same time, the attacks on September 11, 2001 caused the project to slow down 

Demolition and Redevelopment
In 2011, it was announced that workers were to begin the process of removing the large tent behind the mall, which removed in several phrases with the first stage After more than a decade since the mall sat empty, redevelopment finally moved forward on February 7, 2013, with the demolition of the mall  The large, vacant property would be turned into an outdoor shopping center with new shops, restaurants, and a six-story hotel  Wessman pledged that demolition of the plaza would take just four months, and that 90% of the materials would be recycled Before construction commenced in the middle of the same year, a lawsuit was filed by Frank Tysen, a member of the Citizens for a Sustainable Palm Springs, and owner of Casa Cody Bed & Breakfast  Tysen and his group were suing because it believes the city did not follow the proper protocol when it came to a petition that was submitted  The petition asked the city to place a portion of the concept on a ticket  However, the city of Palm Springs opted out of the deal saying that the redevelopment action was considered as administrative, and not legislative action  In April 2014, the court denied the halt of the project 
The mall was demolished in 2014  A Kimpton Hotel (Rowan) opened in 2017 on the southeast portion of the site  Other shops on or near the former mall property include H&M and Free People, as well as several smaller shops and restaurants 
Passage 5:
L  L  Berger
L  L  Berger was a high-end department store based in Buffalo, New York  The family owned store was started by Louis L  Berger in 1905, at 500 Main Street  The company grew through the next two decades and opened its flagship store at 514 Main Street on February 4, 1929  The first suburban branch opened in 1953, at Thruway Plaza (later Thruway Mall) in Cheektowaga, New York, followed in 1960, with a location at Sheridan Plaza, in Tonawanda (Town), New York  At the death of its founder in 1967, the L  L  Berger company was "compared in fashion retailing to Saks Fifth Avenue and Lord and Taylor in New York, I  Magnin in San Francisco, and Neiman Marcus in Dallas " Expansion continued with stores opening in 1969, at the Seneca Mall, in West Seneca, New York and 1970, at the Northtown Plaza in Amherst, New York  Additional stores opened in 1975, at the Lockport Mall, in Lockport, New York; in 1982 at the Transitown Plaza in Clarence, New York; in 1988 at the McKinley Mall, in Hamburg, New York; and in 1989 at the Walden Galleria in Cheektowaga, New York  A second Buffalo location opened at 510 Elmwood Avenue in the early 1980s  The company filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1991  In the early 2000s the flagship store was renovated to be upscale apartments and commercial space 
Passage 6:
The Plaza (mall)
The Plaza, formerly known as Evergreen Plaza, was a shopping mall in Evergreen Park, Illinois, United States  It was legally organized by Arthur Rubloff, who is also credited with coining the phrase "Magnificent Mile" describing the upscale section of Michigan Avenue north of the Chicago River to Oak Street   Rubloff secured the funding for the Evergreen Plaza from the Walgreen family who lived nearby in Beverly, Chicago   The Evergreen Plaza operated from 1952 to 2013  It featured over 120 stores, as well as a food court  The mall closed in 2013 and became an outdoor shopping center  Anchors include Whole Foods Market, and Burlington Coat Factory 

History
In 1936, developer Arthur Rubloff conceived a shopping mall in the Evergreen Park area located between the corners of W 95th Street and Western Ave, 98th Street and Western Ave , 98th Street slightly west of Campbell Ave , 96th Street and Campbell Ave , and 95th and Campbell Ave  Opened to the public in August 1952, the mall was originally an 500,000-square-foot (46,000 m2) open-air shopping center anchored by The Fair Store, Lytton's, Barnett's, and Walgreens  The center also contained a Jewel supermarket, which featured a conveyor belt that carried groceries from the store to a parking lot kiosk  The mall's Walgreens was the second self-service Walgreen pharmacy in the chain; it was also the chain's first location in a shopping center 
Evergreen Plaza was regarded by some sources as the first regional mall in the United States  Chas  A  Stevens added a store in 1962, Carson Pirie Scott was added as another anchor  Also, The Fair Store was converted to Montgomery Ward in April, 1964  In 1966, the mall was enclosed, becoming an indoor mall Circuit City came in the early 1990s, replacing a Silo electronics store that was formerly in this space Montgomery Ward closed its four-story store in 2001 as the chain declared bankruptcy  Shortly afterward, Village of Evergreen Park officials submitted proposals for Target to open in the former Wards; however, these deals fell through  Discount chain National Wholesale Liquidators opened in 2005, occupying two levels of the four-level anchor slot once occupied by Montgomery Ward until it closed in 2008  Walgreens closed in 2005, moving to a newer store about a mile away, and was replaced with an Office Depot  Circuit City also closed in mid-2005 
The movie theater, which had been converted to a triplex in 1977 and quadplex in 1983, closed in 1999  Office Depot closed its Evergreen Park location in 2008, along with many other small retail shops over the last few years  Following 2008, the mall began to gradually diminish as patronage numbers decreased, leading to the chronic closure of many of the original stores  Many businesses that had opened in more recent years had shorter longevity  Planet Fitness signed a 10-year lease to reside in the Plaza in 2011 in the original Walgreens space and began operation in January 2012 
The mall was scheduled for demolition in July 2013, to be replaced by an outdoor shopping center (which the Plaza once was during its first 14 years)  However, the building was not demolished and more proposals and rumors started floating around  Two development companies, Debartolo LLC, based in Tampa, and Lormax Stern, a developer from a Detroit suburb, came together to reach a deal to demolish the existing property to build a new outdoor mall that will feature 30-40 brand new stores including Burlington and Whole Foods  Applebee's and Planet Fitness are staying, while Enterprise Rent-A-Car left  Demolition began in May 2015 and continued until the fall of 2017  Carson's opened a brand-new store in September 2016, replacing the older store that was later demolished  The shopping center opened in Fall of 2017  On April 18, 2018, Carson's parent company The Bon-Ton Stores, announced that they will close all Carson's locations, including the Evergreen Plaza location following their bankruptcy  However, on Black Friday 2018, CSC Generation, Carson's new owner, reopened the location  On August 11, 2020, it was announced that Carson's would be closing again in October 2020  On June 16, 2022, it was announced that Macy's would be opening in the former Carson's space  The first floor will hold Market by Macy's and the second floor will hold Macy's Backstage 

Evergreen Theater
On June 26, 1964, Evergreen Theater was added in a separate building, located on the mall's south end  It first opened with two screens and sat upon the parking lot by 98th Street and Western Ave   Later, two more screens were added  Even later, two more screens were added, bringing the total up to six   In 1973, the manager was shot and killed during a robbery; other incidents occurred which led to its closure in July 1999  In 2003 the venue was torn down, along with the parking garage, on the west corner of the mall for landscaped parking, and parking entrances were widened  That same year, an Applebee's opened on an outparcel 
Passage 7:
The Crossings at Northwest
The Crossings at Northwest is a mixed-use commercial center containing 400,000 SF of retail and 500,000 SF of office uses located in St  Ann, a suburb of St  Louis, Missouri, United States  It was redeveloped from the old Northwest Plaza  The former mall comprised nearly 1,770,000 square feet (164,438 4 m2) of gross leasable area, making it the 27th largest mall in the United States according to the International Council of Shopping Centers prior to its closure  With a total of 1 9 million square feet (180,000 m2) of enclosed space, it was the largest enclosed mall in the state of Missouri  The mall featured nine anchor stores and more than 210 stores at its peak 

History
Beginning
Northwest Plaza opened in 1965 as an open-air shopping center comprising 1,600,000 square feet of retail space  The developers were Louis Zorensky, Milton Zorensky and Saul Brodsky   At the time the mall opened, it was the largest mall in the world  It was anchored by Famous-Barr, JCPenney, and Sears  Junior anchors included local department stores Vandervoort's (opened in 1965) and Boyd's (an upscale apparel store), a Walgreens pharmacy, and a two-story Woolworth dime store  The Famous-Barr (later Macy's) store also featured a rotunda  In 1969, a 12-story 194,000 sq ft (18,000 m2) adjacent office tower was added to the mall  Stix Baer & Fuller later joined the center between 1971 and 1983  When Vandervoort's closed, its building was leased by Famous-Barr to use as its home fashions store while the basement was leased to Venture Stores for office space  Dillard's acquired and re-branded all Stix, Baer & Fuller stores in 1984 including the River Roads Mall location in North St  Louis County 

Paramount
Paramount enclosed and expanded the mall in 1989, adding more than 200,000 square feet (18,580 6 m2) of retail space in the process  The enclosed space contained nearly 2 million square feet (190,000 m2), making it one of the largest malls in the country  The biggest change was remodeling the Famous-Barr home store/Venture office space into a mixed-use complex  A 40,000 square foot (3,716 1 m2) Tilt! arcade, including an 18-hole miniature golf course, was opened in the basement, the main level became a 12-bay food court, and a 9-screen movie theater was added on the upper level, replacing a freestanding cinema complex in the mall's parking lot  Kids "R" Us was also added shortly after the mall's enclosure, and the large Woolworth store was shuttered in early 1989 when the mall terminated its lease  Phar-Mor and Oshman's Sporting Goods were added in the early 1990s  In 1993 Phar-Mor closed due to a corporate scandal that threw the company into bankruptcy  After a mid-1990s lull with occupancy dropping to 86%, an unorthodox approach revived the struggling mall increasing occupancy to 96%  Office supply store chain OfficeMax opened one of its first mall-based location at Northwest Plaza in 1997  Also, opening in 1997 was the area's first Dick Clark's American Bandstand Grill 

Westfield
Northwest Plaza was acquired in late 1997 by the Westfield Group for $111 million, who renamed the mall "Westfield Shoppingtown Northwest" (later shortened to "Westfield Northwest" in June 2005) to match the nomenclature of other malls in their portfolio  Under Westfield's tenure, the mall opened many new stores  Burlington Coat Factory moved into the former Oshman's, Schweig Engel Furniture moved into the old Phar-Mor, and many other stores: American Eagle Outfitters, and Bath & Body Works opened  Gap, which had closed in 1996, returned to the mall  By 1999, the occupancy rate had increased to 98%  Additional plans for renovation were made by Westfield Corporation, but these plans never got beyond the addition of family restroom and a children's play area   Around this time, Westfield instead focused more on driving customer business to other area malls such as West County Center in Des Peres and Mid Rivers Mall in St  Peters, in turn neglecting Northwest Plaza, along with its redevelopment and upkeep  The first major vacancy at Northwest Plaza was JCPenney in 2002  Northwest Plaza had the second lowest occupancy rate of a Westfield mall, which was just 79% at year-end 2004 

Somera
After years of continued decline, Westfield Corporation sold the mall in June 2006 to Somera Capital Management, LLC  After having bought the mall for $45 million, with General Growth Properties acting as third-party leasing and management agent, the mall's name reverted to Northwest Plaza  As per the Federated Stores/May Co  merger, Famous-Barr was re-branded as Macy's  Later in 2007, the Tilt closed for good Somera unveiled a redevelopment plan in which the mall would become Lindbergh Town Center  In the plan, a small part of the Macy's hallway plus the former Kids "R" Us would be turned into a lifestyle center  The Dillard's and the hallway between it and Sears would become a new anchor, plus the old food court/theater/Tilt would revert to an anchor  The remaining mall was to be renovated to feature a new "picnic inspired" food court (on the upper level of the former Woolworth's), new flooring, new paint, new skylights, a "Secret Garden" themed play area, and a feature coffee kiosk  After the foreclosure of Northwest Plaza in September 2009, Somera was no longer associated with the property 

Crime
After the expansion of Northwest Plaza, the mall developed a reputation for crime  Part of this was because of multiple fatal shootings that occurred at the mall  The first fatality was in 1990  There was a second shooting in 1994 inside the Famous-Barr store, which resulted in the death of a teenager  In 2006, the third shooting involved an off-duty police officer who fatally shot a man inside the mall 

Damage
The mall suffered from a leaking roof  Also, crumbling floor tiles in the north court caused by the leaking roof between the former Sears and Dillard’s required it to be blocked off from foot traffic  The Tilt! arcade's 18-hole miniature golf course left behind after it closed was damaged beyond repair by vandalism, and subsequently the basement area was walled off



ground_truth: New Zealand, Canada, the United States, the Falkland Islands, and Peru.

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which country is home to Alsa Mall and Spencer Plaza?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  The food court which used to contain a 12-bay court, as well as the 9-screen cinema were also both walled off due to the extensive water damage 

Decline
The anchor stores once included (even as of 2008) Famous-Barr (later Macy's), Steve & Barry's, Dillard's and Sears  Other anchors at one time included JCPenney and Burlington Coat Factory  Junior anchors included the Wehrenburg Northwest Plaza 9 screen cinema, Tilt! arcade, Office Max as well as Schweig Engel Furniture and Toys "R" Us (built on part of the mall's massive parking lot) 
Northwest Plaza's highest grossing sales year was 2001  The early 2000s recession caused a small decline in the number of stores occupying Northwest Plaza  A rapid decline began in 2004, due to the increased competition from St  Louis Mills mall, which opened only 4 miles (6 4 km) away from Northwest Plaza  At the same time, the mall was suffering from lack of upkeep by then current owner Westfield  The mall's roof was examined under their ownership, and determined it needed to be replaced, among other things  Rather than the expensive rehabilitation of the mall, Westfield concluded it would not be cost effective, and decided to sell the mall entirely  When it was sold in 2006, Northwest Plaza had an occupancy rate of just 64%  Business continued to decline and when the late 2000s recession hit, most of the remaining stores vacated the mall  It was considered a dead mall by 2009 JCPenney was the first anchor store to close in 2002  OfficeMax was the second to leave the mall, and remaining vacant for eighteen months before being replaced by 24 Hour Fitness  Burlington Coat Factory then left to move to St  Louis Mills mall, but it was soon rented out to Ford Motor Company  Schweig Engel Furniture closed in July 2004 when the company went bankrupt but it was briefly replaced with discount retailer US Factory Outlets the following spring before becoming vacant again  Furniture retailer IKEA had also planned to open a store at the mall, but later withdrew its plans  Also in 2004 there was the addition of a Retail Skills Center, which offered training and placement facilities for people seeking careers in retail, the first such center in the Midwest, and discount clothing retailer Steve & Barry's in the former JCPenney  At the time Steve & Barry's opened, it was the largest in the chain  The mall's movie theater complex closed for good in September 2005  Toys "R" Us left the mall in early 2006  The Tilt! arcade closed in the summer of 2007, moving most of their arcades to other stores, namely their newest location in St  Louis Mills, despite being rated as one of the top 3 arcades in the St Louis area in 2003  Steve & Barry's closed in 2008, a year before the company became defunct  In early 2009, Dillard's left Northwest Plaza entered foreclosure and was auctioned on September 1, 2009  The shopping center was purchased by the only bidder at foreclosure, St  Ann Shopping Center LLC, for $29 95 million  The Macy's store closed in March 2010 and the Sears store closed in July 2010, the final anchor stores to leave  The final store left in November 2010  This left the mall with no internal stores  As of January 1, 2011, Northwest Plaza's doors have been permanently locked  Public access to the building is no longer allowed, as the only stores remaining are contained in the mall's outer ring (with external entrances only) and parking lot  The office tower remains open, but with entrances to the mall blocked  The future of the mall is unknown, with the idea of a total demolition, and the entire lot renovated into an office complex is one of the main proposals 

Redevelopment efforts
In March 2010, the St  Ann Board of Aldermen voted to select G J  Grewe Development Co  of Crestwood, Missouri as the preferred re-developer of the mall  It is expected that the bulk of the mall will be torn down (although the current office tower could remain) and its 122-acre (0 49 km2) site remade as a mixed-use development with offices and some retail  The developer was expected to work with Sears, the only remaining anchor at the time, to keep its store on the site, but not necessarily at the same location  In light of the closing of the Sears store, it is unclear how this will affect the redevelopment effort  The city of St  Ann holds a purchase option on Northwest Plaza that was set to expire on December 31, 2010 There have been a number of people in the area who are calling for the redevelopment of the site, rather than having a very large empty building  Demolition of the mall is anticipated, as efforts to revive the mall have failed  The new plans call for a completely new complex  The only part of the mall expected to remain is the office tower  It is expected this new complex will contain both office buildings as well as condos As reported by the St  Louis Post-Dispatch on July 6, 2011, the distressed Northwest Plaza, with no internal stores which has an 8% overall occupancy, with the office tower less than 50%, was put up for auction online by current owner, a division of Wells Fargo for $1 25 million in an attempt to spark interest in the property  The property failed to meet expectations though, as the bidding fell short of the minimum price 

Crossings at Northwest
Northwest Plaza was purchased by NWP LLC from St Ann Shopping Center LLC for $10 million in 2012  An approval of $33 million in TIF allowed for redevelopment of the center  The $106 million redevelopment of the 122 acre site began in 2012 with demolition of 1,000,000 square feet of the 1 8 million square foot mall, renovation of the office tower, and building big box stores, restaurants, and other outlot development  The demolition and completion of the project occurred in spring 2015 The redeveloped property is named The Crossings At Northwest  Menards, a chain of home improvement stores in the Midwest, was announced as the first large retail tenant   The conceptual site plan calls for an additional 89,600 SF second anchor, two 30,000 SF Jr  anchors 26,000 SF of small shop retail and 10 outlots  Menards opened in August 2015   The former Macy's Department Store has been renovated and Charter Communications opened a $16 million call center in January 2016 occupying 135,000 SF   Tenet Conifer has leased an additional 48,000 SF in the renovated office tower  Ruler Foods has opened a 10,000SF location in the development   An 80,000 SF retail strip center opened in early 2017  Current tenants include Bob's Furniture, Edge Fitness Club, and Value City Furniture   Starbucks also opened an outlot location on site in 2017   Save-A-Lot food stores announced that they would be moving their corporate headquarters to the site from Earth City   Some 450 existing jobs along with 65 new positions will occupy 162,000 SF of space   Additionally, American Family Insurance  leased 81,000 SF of space, relocating from an existing office in the Riverport area of Maryland Heights  St  Louis County leased 155,000 square feet in 2016 for a 20-year term for use as its Government Center Northwest  As of 2019, the redevelopment was home to about 4,000 jobs  In fall 2021, Discount Tire opened on the final outlot of the redevelopment  Other outlots were previosuly developed into Freddy's Frozen Custard & Steakburgers, Popeye's Panda Express, Sherwin Williams, Raising Cane's, QT, the previously mentioned Starbucks, two retail strip centers containing First Watch, Sprint, Jersey Mike's Subs, GNC, and Cricket Wireless  One outlot containing a freestanding Jack-In-The-Box dates has been in operation since prior to the closure of the original mall 
Passage 8:
Farmers Plaza
Farmers Plaza is a shopping mall located at the Araneta City in Cubao, Quezon City  Renovated and expanded in 1999 and in 2014, the five-level complex is the first ever fully first enclosed, air-conditioned mall in the Philippines, making it one of the oldest commercial buildings in the country  The mall is owned by the ACI, Inc  and offers 60,400 m2 (650,000 sq ft) of retail space, occupied mostly by various merchandise and lifestyle outlets 

History
Originally named the "Coliseum Farmers Market and Shopping Center", the mall was constructed in 1968, and opened its doors in 1969, nine years after the opening of the Araneta Coliseum  The mall was designed by Filipino architect Antonio Sevilla Sindiong  Sindiong, along with Fernando Hizon Ocampo (Sindiong/Ocampo), were also responsible for the architectural designs of Ali Mall, located along P  Tuazon Boulevard  The mall is known as the first air-conditioned mall in the country and hosted numerous commercial establishments, including the Farmers Market, as one of the original tenants of the building  The market occupied the building's lower ground floor since its opening, until in 1975, when the market was moved to its new site, located across the mall  Due to the mall's location to various entertainment facilities and department stores, the mall also complemented with various buildings such as Ali Mall, located two blocks away, and made Cubao a bustling shopping hub throughout its time, and entered stiff competition to malls such as Harrison Plaza, the first mall in the country to include a department store within the building; Greenhills Shopping Center, and other shopping districts such as the Makati Central Business District and the areas of Binondo and Quiapo in Manila In 1985, the mall encountered a fire that destroyed many parts of the building  Three years later, the mall was rebranded and renamed as the "New Farmers Plaza Shopping Center", also known as "New Farmers Plaza", after being delayed within the construction phase following the political uncertainties within the 1986 People Power Revolution and the coups made by Reform the Armed Forces Movement and Marcos Loyalists in the following months after the revolution  The mall also faced its second renovation project in 1990 and was completed in 1991  In early 1991, a stampede in Cinema 2 was caused by a 31-year-old shouting "fire" during a screening of My Pretty Baby, injuring 20 people Following the construction of the Araneta Center-Cubao MRT Station located adjacent to the mall, the mall entered its third renovation in 1999 and was completed in 2001, where the western portions of the mall were renovated, and connect the mall to the adjacent MRT Station  The mall became the first property within the Araneta Center to be renovated as part of the Araneta Center Master Plan  The mall entered its fourth renovation project in 2012, and was completed in 2014, featuring a new and modernized facade and interiors, upgraded facilities and amenities, and enhanced security systems 

Location and transportation
The mall is directly linked to the Line 3 Araneta Center-Cubao station, and is located along one of Metro Manila’s busiest thoroughfare, EDSA  The mall is also directly connected to the Smart Araneta Coliseum, the Gateway Mall, the Gateway Tower, and the upcoming New Gateway Mall and the Ibis Styles Araneta City  The mall is also located close to the Araneta Center–Cubao LRT Station, the New Frontier Theater, the Manhattan Gardens complex, the Araneta City Cyberpark, the Aurora Tower, the SM Cubao, and Ali Mall  The mall is also used as a terminal for UV Express vehicles 

Features
The mall consists of 5-levels and has 60,400 m2 (650,000 sq ft) of retail spaces, and is occupied by a mix of international and local shops; lifestyle, electronic, and merchandising shops; dining outlets and entertainment facilities  The mall also has 100 outdoor parking slots, and features 193 stores anchored by Robinsons Easymart (formerly Wellcome), Handyman, Mercury Drug, Bench, National Book Store, Penshoppe and other shops  The mall also features a Food Court (Food Plaza) and an activity area atrium, where public events, sales and concerts were held, both located at the Lower Ground Floor; and the Farmers Plaza Bazaar, an indoor bazaar, featuring fashion, electronics, and food stores, located at the 4th floor 

Gallery
Passage 9:
Alsa Mall
Alsa Mall is a shopping mall on Montieth Road in the neighbourhood of Egmore in Chennai, India  Established in the mid-1980s, along with the Spencer Plaza, it is one of the oldest surviving malls in the city  Alsa Mall has a variety of shops in and around it  It is also considered to be a hangout location for youngsters during evening owing to the variety of street food vendors who hold business in the mall 

History
Alsa Mall was a private property before it was converted into a mall  Along with the Spencer Plaza, it remained one of the premier shopping malls in the city until the 2000s, when numerous malls began to appear across the city  In 2013, the mall became the first mall to host the state-owned Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation's (Tasmac) first premium alcoholic beverages outlet 

See also
Shopping in Chennai
Passage 10:
Spencer Plaza
Spencer Plaza (Tamil: ஸ்பென்சர் பிளாசா) is a shopping mall located on Anna Salai in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, and is one of the  modern landmarks of the city  Originally built during the period of the British Raj and reconstructed in 1985 on the site of the original Spencer's department store, it is the oldest shopping mall in India and was one of the biggest shopping malls in South Asia when it was built  It is one of the earliest Grade A commercial projects of the city, which were developed in the second half of the 1990s  As of March 2010, it is the 11th largest mall in the country, with a gross leasable (retail) area of 530,000 sq ft 

History
Spencer Plaza was built in 1863–1864, established by Charles Durant and J  W  Spencer in Anna Salai, then known as Mount Road, in the Madras Presidency  The property originally belonged to Spencer & Co Ltd  Spencer & Co opened the first department store in the Indian subcontinent in 1895  It had over 80 individual departments  After a few years, Eugene Oakshott, owner of Spencer's, shifted the department store to a new building, which was an example of Indo-Saracenic style of architecture  The building was designed by W  N  Pogson  In 1983, the original building was destroyed in a fire 
The present Spencer Plaza was constructed on the same site, measuring about 10 acres, and was opened in 1991  Spread across a million square feet built in three phases with parking space for 800 cars, the plaza is a major hangout for the people of Chennai  The mall was developed by Mangal Tirth Estate Limited in January 1993 

Building
The plaza is an eight-storey shopping-cum-office complex of approximately 1 068 million sq ft, consisting of nearly 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2) of air-conditioned shopping units and 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) of office units  The shopping arcade is located on the ground, first and second floors in all three phases, and the office units are spread between the fourth and the seventh floors  The car parks are spread over the basement, ground, second and third floors, in addition to double basement parking lots in the third phase of the building The first phase of the building consists of about 300,000 sq ft, including about 125,000 sq ft of centrally air-conditioned shopping space and 100,000 sq ft of office units together with about 75,000 sq ft of service areas  The second phase consists of about 400,000 sq ft, with a provision for about 600 cars at the basement, with shops with various sizes ranging from 300 sq ft to 2,000 sq ft  The third phase covers another 300,000 sq ft  The theme of the third phase is based on colonnaded structure recreating the old Spencer's around a full-height atrium There are over 700 shops in the plaza and over 22,000 people visit the plaza every day, with the number increasing to 40,000 on weekends and to 60,000 on festival days  The complex has three counters to keep track of footfalls  Over 20,000 two-wheelers check into the parking lot on weekends 

Technical and safety aspects
Being a high-rise building, the complex has a wet riser system and electronic fire alarm system installed  The underground sump has a storage capacity of 100,000 litres (22,000 imp gal; 26,000 US gal)  A ring main surrounds the building from the pump room  Five wet risers run from basement to the second floor and three run from the fourth floor to the seventh floor  These risers are located at strategic points in each floor  The pump room has three pumps, one jockey pump, one main pump with an electric motor and one main pump connected with a diesel engine  The electronic fire detection system comprises smoke detectors and manual call points located in various points in common areas in all floors, sub-stations, electrical rooms, A/C plant and so forth, which are connected to a centralised computer located at the enclosures of the chief security officer  There are also many portable fire extinguishers at each floor in different locations  The rear periphery of the building has fire escape stairs, with fire escape routes displayed with signboards at various points of the building  The car ramps can also be used as fire escape routes  The building has two entrances, one from Binny Road and another from Anna Salai, for fire engines Fire safety includes a water capacity of 1 2 million litres, fire sprinklers, smoke and heat detection systems and fire extinguishers  The in-house fire department has six firemen per shift 

Shops
The mall hosts major anchor stores such as Westside (spread across 20,000 sq ft) and Landmark (40,000 sq ft), and several local and international brands such as Nike, Adidas, Bata, Regal, Health & Glow, Vummidiars, Van Heusen, Proline, Allen Solly, Florshaim shoes, Lipton, Louis Philippe, Titan, Levi's, Casio, V I P  Luggage, Spencer & Co (40,000 sq ft on the ground, first and second floors), Timex Watch Showroom, Swatch, Cookie Man, BPL (Profx), Color Plus, Navigator, Witco, Pantaloons (26,000 sq ft), Arrow, Lee, Music World (now closed), Food World, HSBC, ABN AMRO, American Express, Citibank (65,000 sq ft in second and third phases), First Flight and Du Bowl (16,000 sq ft)  McDonald's, the world's largest fast food chain, has established an outlet 

On 26 February 2004, the Sri Lanka Export Development Board (SLEDB) established a trade centre at the complex at a cost of ₹17 million  The Sri Lanka Trade Centre is spread over 20,000 sq ft on the first floor at the third phase of the building  Seventeen frontline Sri Lankan companies display apparel, artificial flowers, confectionaries, footwear and leather products, gems and jewellery, herbal products, light engineering products, porcelain, tableware, Ceylon tea and toys 

Incidents
On 4 September 2008, a fire erupted on the first floor of the building's first phase around 10:20 p m  local time, perhaps due to a short circuit  A garment shop was burned in the incident  With the help of 12 water tenders and 9 fire tenders, the fire was extinguished within 30 minutes, and no casualties were reported  The firemen had easy access to the spot, mainly due to the setback space available inside the building 



ground_truth: India