prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Gary L. Bennett was a part of the space missions that have a primary destination of what celestial body?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Gary L  Bennett
Gary L  Bennett (born January 17, 1940) is an American scientist and engineer, specializing in aerospace and energy   He has worked for NASA and the US Department of Energy (DOE) on advanced space power systems and advanced space propulsion systems   His professional career has included work on the Voyager, Galileo, and Ulysses space missions, and is currently working as a consultant in aerospace power and propulsion systems  He is also a science fiction author (The Star Sailors) 

Biography
Bennett was born in Twin Falls, Idaho  He joined the NASA headquarters in June 1988 as the Manager of Advanced Space Power Systems in the transportation division of the Office of Advanced Concepts and Technology  There, he managed a number of transportation technology programs including hybrid propulsion, electric propulsion, low-thrust chemical propulsion, and other advanced propulsion concepts (e g , fusion, antimatter)  He was also the first program manager of the advanced technology insertion program for the Pluto Fast Flyby (now New Horizons) mission and the TIMED space physics mission 
Prior to coming to NASA, Bennett held key positions in DoE's space radioisotope power program, including serving as Director of Safety and Nuclear Operations for the radioisotope power sources that were used on the Galileo mission to Jupiter and that are being used on the Ulysses mission to explore the polar regions of the Sun   This same radioisotope power source design was then flown on the Cassini mission to Saturn and on the New Horizons mission to Jupiter 
Previous positions included Chief of the Research Support Branch in the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) where Bennett was instrumental in creating and managing NRC's reactor operational safety research program 
Bennett was the flight safety manager for the radioisotope power sources currently in use on the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft (which went to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and beyond) and on Lincoln Laboratory's LES 8 and LES 9 communications satellites 
Bennett also worked as a physicist in the NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Applications) program at what was then NASA's Lewis Research Center (now the John H  Glenn Research Center) in Cleveland, Ohio   He did fundamental reactor safety research at what is now the Department of Energy's Idaho National Laboratory (INL) 
From 1980 to 1988, he was a member of or adviser to US delegations to the two subcommittees of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and he prepared the official US position papers on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space 
From 1988 to 1990, Bennett chaired the Steering Group of the Interagency Advanced Power Group (IAPG), the national coordinating group for federally sponsored space and terrestrial power research   During his tenure and under his initiative the IAPG saw its greatest increase in membership 
Bennett received his PhD in physics from Washington State University in 1970; a Master of Nuclear Science degree in 1966, and a BSc degree in physics from the University of Idaho in 1962; and an Associate of Arts degree from Boise Junior College (now Boise State University) in 1960 
Since 1995, he has been active in promoting the teaching of science (specifically evolution) and received the Friend of Darwin Award  Bennett has also been a champion of the First Amendment and was elected to the National Advisory Council of Americans United for Separation of Church and State 

Selected works
Bennett has authored or coauthored over 160 technical papers, reports and articles on power, propulsion, and space missions 
Science fiction

G L  Bennett (1980)  The Star Sailors  ISBN 978-0-312-75582-9 Chapters in:

M S  El-Genk (1997)  A Critical Review of Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion, 1984-1993  ISBN 978-1-56396-317-9 
D M  Rowe (1995)  CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics  ISBN 978-0-8493-0146-9 
R A  Meyers (2001)  Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (3rd ed )  ISBN 978-0-12-227410-7 

Awards
In 2000, he received the Friend of Darwin Award by the National Center for Science Education
In 1996, he received the Schreiber-Spence Space Achievement Award for his leadership of the safety and nuclear operations for the Galileo and Ulysses radioisotope power source programs 
In 1995, he shared in the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Aerospace Power Systems Award and Medal for his leadership of the Ulysses radioisotope power source program 
In 1994, he received the Silver & Gold Award from the University of Idaho Alumni Association
In 1990, he received the Distinguished Alumnus Award from Boise State University

Associations
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (fellow)
American Physical Society (fellow)
British Interplanetary Society (fellow)
Passage 2:
Planetary protection
Planetary protection is a guiding principle in the design of an interplanetary mission, aiming to prevent biological contamination of both the target celestial body and the Earth in the case of sample-return missions  Planetary protection reflects both the unknown nature of the space environment and the desire of the scientific community to preserve the pristine nature of celestial bodies until they can be studied in detail There are two types of interplanetary contamination  Forward contamination is the transfer of viable organisms from Earth to another celestial body   Back contamination is the transfer of extraterrestrial organisms, if they exist, back to the Earth's biosphere 

History
The potential problem of lunar and planetary contamination was first raised at the International Astronautical Federation VIIth Congress in Rome in 1956 In 1958 the U S  National Academy of Sciences (NAS) passed a resolution stating, “The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America urges that scientists plan lunar and planetary studies with great care and deep concern so that initial operations do not compromise and make impossible forever after critical scientific experiments ” This led to creation of the ad hoc Committee on Contamination by Extraterrestrial Exploration (CETEX), which met for a year and recommended that interplanetary spacecraft be sterilized, and stated, “The need for sterilization is only temporary  Mars and possibly Venus need to remain uncontaminated only until study by manned ships becomes possible” In 1959, planetary protection was transferred to the newly formed Committee on Space Research (COSPAR)  COSPAR in 1964 issued Resolution 26 affirming that:

the search for extraterrestrial life is an important objective of space research, that the planet of Mars may offer the only feasible opportunity to conduct this search during the foreseeable future, that contamination of this planet would make such a search far more difficult and possibly even prevent for all time an unequivocal result, that all practical steps should be taken to ensure that Mars be not biologically contaminated until such time as this search has been satisfactorily carried out, and that cooperation in proper scheduling of experiments and use of adequate spacecraft sterilization techniques is required on the part of all deep space probe launching authorities to avoid such contamination 
In 1967, the US, USSR, and UK ratified the United Nations Outer Space Treaty   The legal basis for planetary protection lies in Article IX of this treaty:
"Article IX:     States Parties to the Treaty shall pursue studies of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, and conduct exploration of them so as to avoid their harmful contamination and also adverse changes in the environment of the Earth resulting from the introduction of extraterrestrial matter and, where necessary, shall adopt appropriate measures for this purpose    
This treaty has since been signed and ratified by 104 nation-states  Another 24 have signed but not ratified   All the current space-faring nation-states, along with all current aspiring space-faring nation-states, have both signed and ratified the treaty The Outer Space Treaty has consistent and widespread international support, and as a result of this, together with the fact that it is based on the 1963 declaration which was adopted by consensus in the UN National Assembly, it has taken on the status of customary international law  The provisions of the Outer Space Treaty are therefore binding on all states, even those who have neither signed nor ratified it For forward contamination, the phrase to be interpreted is "harmful contamination"   Two legal reviews came to differing interpretations of this clause (both reviews were unofficial)  However the currently accepted interpretation is that “any contamination which would result in harm to a state’s experiments or programs is to be avoided”  NASA policy states explicitly that “the conduct of scientific investigations of possible extraterrestrial life forms, precursors, and remnants must not be jeopardized” 

COSPAR recommendations and categories
The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) meets every two years, in a gathering of 2000 to 3000 scientists, and one of its tasks is to develop recommendations for avoiding interplanetary contamination  Its legal basis is Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty  (see history below for details) 
Its recommendations depend on the type of space mission and the celestial body explored   COSPAR categorizes the missions into 5 groups:

Category I: Any mission to locations not of direct interest for chemical evolution or the origin of life, such as the  Sun or Mercury  No planetary protection requirements 
Category II: Any mission to locations of significant interest for chemical evolution and the origin of life, but only a remote chance that spacecraft-borne contamination could compromise investigations  Examples include the Moon, Venus, and comets  Requires simple documentation only, primarily to outline intended or potential impact targets, and an end of mission report of any inadvertent impact site if such occurred 
Category III: Flyby and orbiter missions to locations of significant interest for chemical evolution or the origin of life, and with a significant chance that contamination could compromise investigations e g , Mars, Europa, Enceladus  Requires more involved documentation than Category II  Other requirements, depending on the mission, may include trajectory biasing, clean room assembly, bioburden reduction, and if impact is a possibility, inventory of organics 
Category IV: Lander or probe missions to the same locations as Category III  Measures to be applied depend on the target body and the planned operations  "Sterilization of the entire spacecraft may be required for landers and rovers with life-detection experiments, and for those landing in or moving to a region where terrestrial microorganisms may survive and grow, or where indigenous life may be present  For other landers and rovers, the requirements would be for decontamination and partial sterilization of the landed hardware "Missions to Mars in category IV are subclassified further:Category IVa  Landers that do not search for Martian life - uses the Viking lander pre-sterilization requirements, a maximum of 300,000 spores per spacecraft and 300 spores per square meter 
Category IVb  Landers that search for Martian life   Adds stringent extra requirements to prevent contamination of samples 
Category IVc  Any component that accesses a Martian special region (see below) must be sterilized to at least to the Viking post-sterilization biological burden levels of 30 spores total per spacecraft Category V: This is further divided into unrestricted and restricted sample return Unrestricted Category V: samples from locations judged by scientific opinion to have no indigenous lifeforms  No special requirements 
Restricted Category V: (where scientific opinion is unsure) the requirements include: absolute prohibition of destructive impact upon return, containment of all returned hardware which directly contacted the target body, and containment of any unsterilized sample returned to Earth For Category IV missions, a certain level of biological burden is allowed for the mission  In general this is expressed as a 'probability of contamination', required to be less than one chance in 10,000 of forward contamination per mission, but in the case of Mars Category IV missions (above) the requirement has been translated into a count of Bacillus spores per surface area, as an easy to use assay method More extensive documentation is also required for Category IV  Other procedures required, depending on the mission, may include trajectory biasing, the use of clean rooms during spacecraft assembly and testing, bioload reduction, partial sterilization of the hardware having direct contact with the target body, a bioshield for that hardware, and, in rare cases, complete sterilization of the entire spacecraft For restricted Category V missions, the current recommendation is that no uncontained samples should be returned unless sterilized  Since sterilization of the returned samples would destroy much of their science value, current proposals involve containment and quarantine procedures  For details, see Containment and quarantine below  Category V missions also have to fulfill the requirements of Category IV to protect the target body from forward contamination 

Mars special regions
A special region is a region classified by COSPAR where terrestrial organisms could readily propagate, or thought to have a high potential for existence of Martian life forms  This is understood to apply to any region on Mars where liquid water occurs, or can occasionally occur, based on the current understanding of requirements for life 
If a hard landing risks biological contamination of a special region, then the whole lander system must be sterilized to COSPAR category IVc 

Target categories
Some targets are easily categorized  Others are assigned provisional categories by COSPAR, pending future discoveries and research 
The 2009 COSPAR Workshop on Planetary Protection for Outer Planet Satellites and Small Solar System Bodies covered this in some detail  Most of these assessments are from that report, with some future refinements  This workshop also gave more precise definitions for some of the categories:

Category I
“not of direct interest for understanding the process of chemical evolution or the origin of life ” 
Io, Sun, Mercury, undifferentiated metamorphosed asteroids

Category II
… where there is only a remote chance that contamination carried by a spacecraft could jeopardize future exploration”  In this case we define “remote chance” as “the absence of niches (places where terrestrial microorganisms could proliferate) and/or a very low likelihood of transfer to those places ” 
Callisto, comets, asteroids of category P, D, and C, Venus, Kuiper belt objects (KBO) < 1/2 size of Pluto 

Provisional Category II
Ganymede, Titan, Triton, the Pluto–Charon system, and other large KBOs (> 1/2 size of Pluto), CeresProvisionally, they assigned these objects to Category II  However, they state that more research is needed, because there is a remote possibility that the tidal interactions of Pluto and Charon could maintain some water reservoir below the surface  Similar considerations apply to the other larger KBOs 
Triton is insufficiently well understood at present to say it is definitely devoid of liquid water  The only close up observations to date are those of Voyager 2 
In a detailed discussion of Titan, scientists concluded that there was no danger of contamination of its surface, except short term adding of negligible amounts of organics, but Titan could have a below surface water reservoir that communicates with the surface, and if so, this could be contaminated 
In the case of Ganymede, the question is, given that its surface shows pervasive signs of resurfacing, is there any communication with its subsurface ocean? They found no known mechanism by which this could happen, and the Galileo spacecraft found no evidence of cryovolcanism  Initially, they assigned it as Priority B minus, meaning that precursor missions are needed to assess its category before any surface missions  However, after further discussion they provisionally assigned it to Category II, so no precursor missions are required, depending on future research 
If there is cryovolcanism on Ganymede or Titan, the undersurface reservoir is thought to be 50 – 150 km below the surface  They were unable to find a process that could transfer the surface melted water back down through 50 km of ice to the under surface sea  This is why both Ganymede and Titan were assigned a reasonably firm provisional Category II, but pending results of future research 
Icy bodies that show signs of recent resurfacing need further discussion and might need to be assigned to a new category depending on future research  This approach has been applied, for instance, to missions to Ceres  The planetary protection Category is subject for review during the mission of the Ceres orbiter (Dawn) depending on the results found 

Category III / IV
“…where there is a significant chance that contamination carried by a spacecraft could jeopardize future exploration ” We define “significant chance” as “the presence of niches (places where terrestrial microorganisms could proliferate) and the likelihood of transfer to those places ” 
Mars because of possible subsurface habitats 
Europa because of its subsurface ocean 
Enceladus because of evidence of water plumes 

Category V
Unrestricted Category V: “Earth-return missions from bodies deemed by scientific opinion to have no indigenous life forms ”
Restricted Category V: "Earth-return missions from bodies deemed by scientific opinion to be of significant interest to the process of chemical evolution or the origin of life "
In the category V for sample return the conclusions so far are:
Unrestricted Category V: Venus, the Moon 
Restricted Category V: Mars, Europa, Enceladus 

The Coleman–Sagan equation
The aim of the current regulations is to keep the number of microorganisms low enough so that the probability of contamination of Mars (and other targets) is acceptable  It is not an objective to make the probability of contamination zero 
The aim is to keep the probability of contamination of 1 chance in 10,000 of contamination per mission flown  This figure is obtained typically by multiplying together the number of microorganisms on the spacecraft, the probability of growth on the target body, and a series of bioload reduction factors 
In detail the method used is the Coleman–Sagan equation 
  
    
      
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    P_{c}=N_{0}RP_{S}P_{t}P_{R}P_{g}
   
where 

  
    
      N
      
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    N_{0}
   = the number of microorganisms on the spacecraft initially

  
    R
    R
   = Reduction due to conditions on spacecraft before and after launch

  
    
      P
      
        S
      
    
    P_{S}
   = Probability that microorganisms on the spacecraft reach the surface of the planet

  
    
      P
      
        t
      
    
    P_{t}
   = Probability that spacecraft will hit the planet - this is 1 for a lander

  
    
      P
      
        R
      
    
    P_{R}
   = Probability of microorganism to be released in the environment when on the ground, usually set to 1 for crashlanding 

  
    
      P
      
        g
      
    
    P_{g}
   = Probability of growth  For targets with liquid water this is set to 1 for sake of the calculation Then the requirement is 
  
    
      
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    P_{c}<10^{-4}
  
The 
  
    
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    10^{-4}
   is a number chosen by Sagan et al , somewhat arbitrarily  Sagan and Coleman assumed that about 60 missions to the Mars surface would occur before the exobiology of Mars is thoroughly understood, 54 of those successful, and 30 flybys or orbiters, and the number was chosen to endure a probability to keep the planet free from contamination of at least 99 9% over the duration of the exploration period 

Critiques
The Coleman–Sagan equation has been criticised because the individual parameters are often not known to better than a magnitude or so  For example, the thickness of the surface ice of Europa is unknown, and may be thin in places, which can give rise to a high level of uncertainty in the equation  It has also been criticised because of the inherent assumption made of an end to the protection period and future human exploration  In the case of Europa, this would only protect it with reasonable probability for the duration of the period of exploration Greenberg has suggested an alternative, to use the natural contamination standard — that our missions to Europa should not have a higher chance of contaminating it than the chance of contamination by meteorites from Earth 
As long as the probability of people infecting other planets with terrestrial microbes is substantially smaller than the probability that such contamination happens naturally, exploration activities would, in our view, be doing no harm  We call this concept the natural contamination standard 
Another approach for Europa is the use of binary decision trees which is favoured by the Committee on Planetary Protection Standards for Icy Bodies in the Outer Solar System under the auspices of the Space Studies Board  This goes through a series of seven steps, leading to a final decision on whether to go ahead with the mission or not 
Recommendation: Approaches to achieving planetary protection should not rely on the multiplication of bioload estimates and probabilities to calculate the likelihood of contaminating Solar System bodies with terrestrial organisms unless scientific data unequivocally define the values, statistical variation, and mutual independence of every factor used in the equation Recommendation: Approaches to achieving planetary protection for missions to icy Solar System bodies should employ a series of binary decisions that consider one factor at a time to determine the appropriate level of planetary protection procedures to use 

Containment and quarantine for restricted Category V sample return
In the case of restricted Category V missions, Earth would be protected through quarantine of sample and astronauts in a yet to be built Biosafety level 4 facility  In the case of a Mars sample return, missions would be designed so that no part of the capsule that encounters the Mars surface is exposed to the Earth environment  One way to do that is to enclose the sample container within a larger outer container from Earth, in the vacuum of space  The integrity of any seals is essential and the system must also be monitored to check for the possibility of micro-meteorite damage during return to Earth The recommendation of the ESF report is that
“No uncontained Mars materials, including space craft surfaces that have been exposed to the Mars environment should be returned to Earth unless sterilised"   "For unsterilised samples returned to Earth, a programme of life detection and biohazard testing, or a proven sterilisation process, shall be undertaken as an absolute precondition for the controlled distribution of any portion of the sample ”
No restricted category V returns have been carried out  During the Apollo program, the sample-returns were regulated through the Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law  This was rescinded in 1991, so new regulations would need to be enacted  The Apollo era quarantine procedures are of interest as the only attempt to date of a return to Earth of a sample that, at the time, was thought to have a remote possibility of including extraterrestrial life 
Samples and astronauts were quarantined in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory  The methods used would be considered inadequate for containment by modern standards  Also the lunar receiving laboratory would be judged a failure by its own design criteria as the sample return didn't contain the lunar material, with two failure points during the Apollo 11 return mission, at the splashdown and at the facility itself 
However the Lunar Receiving Laboratory was built quickly with only two years from start to finish, a time period now considered inadequate  Lessons learned from it can help with design of any Mars sample return receiving facility Design criteria for a proposed Mars Sample Return Facility, and for the return mission, have been developed by the American National Research Council, and the European Space Foundation  They concluded that it could be based on biohazard 4 containment but with more stringent requirements to contain unknown microorganisms possibly as small as or smaller than the smallest Earth microorganisms known, the ultramicrobacteria  The ESF study also recommended that it should be designed to contain the smaller gene transfer agents if possible, as these could potentially transfer DNA from martian microorganisms to terrestrial microorganisms if they have a shared evolutionary ancestry  It also needs to double as a clean room facility to protect the samples from terrestrial contamination that could confuse the sensitive life detection tests that would be used on the samples 
Before a sample return, new quarantine laws would be required  Environmental assessment would also be required, and various other domestic and international laws not present during the Apollo era would need to be negotiated 

Decontamination procedures
For all spacecraft missions requiring decontamination, the starting point is clean room assembly in US federal standard class 100 cleanrooms  These are rooms with fewer than 100 particles of size 0 5 µm or larger per cubic foot  Engineers wear cleanroom suits with only their eyes exposed  Components are sterilized individually before assembly, as far as possible, and they clean surfaces frequently with alcohol wipes during assembly  Spores of Bacillus subtilis was chosen for not only its ability to readily generate spores, but its well-established use as a model species  It is a useful tracker of UV irradiation effects because of its high resilience to a variety of extreme conditions  As such it is an important indicator species for forward contamination in the context of planetary protection 
For Category IVa missions (Mars landers that do not search for Martian life), the aim is to reduce the bioburden to 300,000 bacterial spores on any surface from which the spores could get into the Martian environment  Any heat tolerant components are heat sterilized to 114 °C  Sensitive electronics such as the core box of the rover including the computer, are sealed and vented through high-efficiency filters to keep any microbes inside For more sensitive missions such as Category IVc (to Mars special regions), a far higher level of sterilization is required  These need to be similar to levels implemented on the Viking landers, which were sterilized for a surface which, at the time, was thought to be potentially hospitable to life similar to special regions on Mars today 
In microbiology, it is usually impossible to prove that there are no microorganisms left viable, since many microorganisms are either not yet studied, or not cultivable  Instead, sterilization is done using a series of tenfold reductions of the numbers of microorganisms present  After a sufficient number of tenfold reductions, the chance that there any microorganisms left will be extremely low The two Viking Mars landers were sterilized using dry heat sterilization   After preliminary cleaning to reduce the bioburden to levels similar to present day Category IVa spacecraft, the Viking spacecraft were heat-treated for 30 hours at 112 °C, nominal 125 °C (five hours at 112 °C was considered enough to reduce the population tenfold even for enclosed parts of the spacecraft, so this was enough for a million-fold reduction of the originally low population) Modern materials however are often not designed to handle such temperatures, especially since modern spacecraft often use "commercial off the shelf" components  Problems encountered include nanoscale features only a few atoms thick, plastic packaging, and conductive epoxy attachment methods  Also many instrument sensors cannot be exposed to high temperature, and high temperature can interfere with critical alignments of instruments As a result, new methods are needed to sterilize a modern spacecraft to the higher categories such as Category IVc for Mars, similar to Viking  Methods under evaluation, or already approved, include:

Vapour phase hydrogen peroxide - effective, but can affect finishes, lubricants and materials that use aromatic rings and sulfur bonds  This has been established, reviewed, and a NASA/ESA specification for use of VHP has been approved by the Planetary Protection Officer, but it has not yet been formally published 
Ethylene oxide - this is widely used in the medical industry, and can be used for materials not compatible with hydrogen peroxide  It is under consideration for missions such as ExoMars 
Gamma radiation and electron beams have been suggested as a method of sterilization, as they are used extensively in the medical industry  They need to be tested for compatibility with spacecraft materials and hardware geometries, and are not yet ready for review Some other methods are of interest as they can sterilize the spacecraft after arrival on the planet 
Supercritical carbon dioxide snow (Mars) - is most effective against traces of organic compounds rather than whole microorganisms  Has the advantage though that it eliminates the organic traces - while other methods kill the microorganisms, they leave organic traces that can confuse life detection instruments  Is under study by JPL and ESA 
Passive sterilization through UV radiation (Mars)  Highly effective against many microorganisms, but not all, as a Bacillus strain found in spacecraft assembly facilities is particularly resistant to UV radiation  Is also complicated by possible shadowing by dust and spacecraft hardware 
Passive sterilization through particle fluxes (Europa)  Plans for missions to Europa take credit for reductions due to this 

Bioburden detection and assessment
The spore count is used as an indirect measure of the number of microorganisms present  Typically 99% of microorganisms by species will be non-spore forming and able to survive in dormant states, and so the actual number of viable dormant microorganisms remaining on the sterilized spacecraft is expected to be many times the number of spore-forming microorganisms 
One new spore method approved is the "Rapid Spore Assay"  This is based on commercial rapid assay systems, detects spores directly and not just viable microorganisms and gives results in 5 hours instead of 72 hours 

Challenges
It is also long been recognized that spacecraft cleaning rooms harbour polyextremophiles as the only microbes able to survive in them  For example, in a recent study, microbes from swabs of the Curiosity rover were subjected to desiccation, UV exposure, cold and pH extremes  Nearly 11% of the 377 strains survived more than one of these severe conditions  The genomes of resistant spore producing Bacillus sp  have been studied and genome level traits potentially linked to the resistance have been reported This does not mean that these microbes have contaminated Mars  This is just the first stage of the process of bioburden reduction  To contaminate Mars they also have to survive the low temperature, vacuum, UV and ionizing radiation during the months long journey to Mars, and then have to encounter a habitat on Mars and start reproducing there  Whether this has happened or not is a matter of probability  The aim of planetary protection is to make this probability as low as possible  The currently accepted target probability of contamination per mission is to reduce it to less than 0 01%, though in the special case of Mars, scientists also rely on the hostile conditions on Mars to take the place of the final stage of heat treatment decimal reduction used for Viking  But with current technology scientists cannot reduce probabilities to zero 

New methods
Two recent molecular methods have been approved for assessment of microbial contamination on 
spacecraft surfaces 
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) detection - this is a key element in cellular metabolism  This method is able to detect non cultivable organisms  It can also be triggered by non viable biological material so can give a "false positive" 
Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay - detects lipopolysaccharides (LPS)  This compound is only present in Gram-negative bacteria  The standard assay analyses spores from microbes that are primarily Gram-positive, making it difficult to relate the two methods 

Impact prevention
This particularly applies to orbital missions, Category III, as they are sterilized to a lower standard than missions to the surface  It is also relevant to landers, as an impact gives more opportunity for forward contamination, and impact could be on an unplanned target, such as a special region on Mars 
The requirement for an orbital mission is that it needs to remain in orbit for at least 20 years after arrival at Mars with probability of at least 99% and for 50 years with probability at least 95%  This requirement can be dropped if the mission is sterilized to Viking sterilization standard In the Viking era (1970s), the requirement was given as a single figure, that any orbital mission should have a probability of less than 0 003% probability of impact during the current exploratory phase of exploration of Mars For both landers and orbiters, the technique of trajectory biasing is used during approach to the target  The spacecraft trajectory is designed so that if communications are lost, it will miss the target 

Issues with impact prevention
Despite these measures there has been one notable failure of impact prevention  The Mars Climate Orbiter which was sterilized only to Category III, crashed on Mars in 1999 due to a mix-up of imperial and metric units  The office of planetary protection stated that it is likely that it burnt up in the atmosphere, but if it survived to the ground, then it could cause forward contamination Mars Observer is another Category III mission with potential planetary contamination  Communications were lost three days before its orbital insertion maneuver in 1993  It seems most likely it did not succeed in entering into orbit around Mars and simply continued past on a heliocentric orbit  If it did succeed in following its automatic programming, and attempted the manoeuvre, however, there is a chance it crashed on Mars Three landers have had hard landings on Mars   These are Schiaparelli EDM lander, the Mars Polar Lander, and Deep Space 2  These were all sterilized for surface missions but not for special regions (Viking pre-sterilization only)  Mars Polar Lander, and Deep Space 2 crashed into the polar regions which are now treated as special regions because of the possibility of forming liquid brines 

Controversies
Meteorite argument
Alberto G  Fairén and Dirk Schulze-Makuch published an article in Nature recommending that planetary protection measures need to be scaled down  They gave as their main reason for this, that exchange of meteorites between Earth and Mars means that any life on Earth that could survive on Mars has already got there and vice versa Robert Zubrin used similar arguments in favour of his view that the back contamination risk has no scientific validity 

Rebuttal by NRC
The meteorite argument was examined by the NRC in the context of back contamination  It is thought that all the Martian meteorites originate in relatively few impacts every few million years on Mars  The impactors would be kilometers in diameter and the craters they form on Mars tens of kilometers in diameter  Models of impacts on Mars are consistent with these findings Earth receives a steady stream of meteorites from Mars, but they come from relatively few original impactors, and transfer was more likely in the early Solar System  Also some life forms viable on both Mars and on Earth might be unable to survive transfer on a meteorite, and there is so far no direct evidence of any transfer of life from Mars to Earth in this way 
The NRC concluded that though transfer is possible, the evidence from meteorite exchange does not eliminate the need for back contamination protection methods Impacts on Earth able to send microorganisms to Mars are also infrequent  Impactors of 10 km across or larger can send debris to Mars through the Earth's atmosphere but these occur rarely, and were more common in the early Solar System 

Proposal to end planetary protection for Mars
In their 2013 paper "The Over Protection of Mars", Alberto Fairén and Dirk Schulze-Makuch suggested that we no longer need to protect Mars, essentially using Zubrin's meteorite transfer argument  This was rebutted in a follow up article "Appropriate Protection of Mars", in Nature by the current and previous planetary protection officers Catharine Conley and John Rummel 

Critique of Category V containment measures
The scientific consensus is that the potential for large-scale effects, either through pathogenesis or ecological disruption, is extremely small  Nevertheless, returned samples from Mars will be treated as potentially biohazardous until scientists can determine that the returned samples are safe  The goal is to reduce the probability of release of a Mars particle to less than one in a million 

Policy proposals
Non-biological contamination
A COSPAR workshop in 2010, looked at issues to do with protecting areas from non biological contamination  They recommended that COSPAR expand its remit to include such issues  Recommendations of the workshop include:

Recommendation 3 COSPAR should add a separate and parallel policy to provide guidance on requirements/best practices for protection of non-living/nonlife-related aspects of Outer Space and celestial bodies
Some ideas proposed include protected special regions, or "Planetary Parks" to keep regions of the Solar System pristine for future scientific investigation, and also for ethical reasons 

Proposed extensions
Astrobiologist Christopher McKay has argued that until we have better understanding of Mars, our explorations should be biologically reversible  For instance if all the microorganisms introduced to Mars so far remain dormant within the spacecraft, they could in principle be removed in the future, leaving Mars completely free of contamination from modern Earth lifeforms 
In the 2010 workshop one of the recommendations for future consideration was to extend the period for contamination prevention to the maximum viable lifetime of dormant microorganisms introduced to the planet 

"'Recommendation 4 ' COSPAR should consider that the appropriate protection of potential indigenous extraterrestrial life shall include avoiding the harmful contamination of any habitable environment —whether extant or foreseeable— within the maximum potential time of viability of any terrestrial organisms (including microbial spores) that may be introduced into that environment by human or robotic activity "
In the case of Europa, a similar idea has been suggested, that it is not enough to keep it free from contamination during our current exploration period  It might be that Europa is of sufficient scientific interest that the human race has a duty to keep it pristine for future generations to study as well  This was the majority view of the 2000 task force examining Europa, though there was a minority view of the same task force that such strong protection measures are not required 

"One consequence of this view is that Europa must be protected from contamination for an open-ended period, until it can be demonstrated that no ocean exists or that no organisms are present  Thus, we need to be concerned that over a time scale on the order of 10 million to 100 million years (an approximate age for the surface of Europa), any contaminating material is likely to be carried into the deep ice crust or into the underlying ocean "
In July 2018, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine issued a Review and Assessment of Planetary Protection Policy Development Processes  In part, the report urges NASA to create a broad strategic plan that covers both forward and back contamination  The report also expresses concern about private industry missions, for which there is no governmental regulatory authority 

Protecting objects beyond the Solar System
The proposal by the German physicist Claudius Gros, that the technology of the Breakthrough Starshot project may be utilized to establish a biosphere of unicellular organisms on otherwise only transiently habitable exoplanets, has sparked a discussion, to what extent planetary protection should be extended to exoplanets  Gros argues that the extended timescales of
interstellar missions imply that planetary and exoplanetary protection have different ethical groundings 

See also
Astrobiology – Science concerned with life in the universe
ExoMars – Astrobiology programme
List of microorganisms tested in outer space
Mars 2020 – Astrobiology Mars rover mission by NASA
Panspermia – Hypothesis on the interstellar spreading of primordial life
Passage 3:
Transit (astronomy)
In astronomy, a transit (or astronomical transit) is a phenomenon when a celestial body passes directly between a larger body and the observer  As viewed from a particular vantage point, the transiting body appears to move across the face of the larger body, covering a small portion of it The word "transit" refers to cases where the nearer object appears smaller than the more distant object  Cases where the nearer object appears larger and completely hides the more distant object are known as occultations 
However, the probability of seeing a transiting planet is low because it is dependent on the alignment of the three objects in a nearly perfectly straight line  Many parameters of  a planet and its parent star can be determined based on the transit 

In the Solar System
One example of a transit involves the motion of a planet between a terrestrial observer and the Sun  This can happen only with inferior planets, namely Mercury and Venus (see transit of Mercury and transit of Venus)  However, because a transit is dependent on the point of observation, the Earth itself transits the Sun if observed from Mars  In the solar transit by the Moon captured during calibration of the STEREO B spacecraft's ultraviolet imaging, the Moon appears much smaller than it does when seen from Earth, because the spacecraft–Moon separation was several times greater than the Earth–Moon distance 
The term can also be used to describe the motion of a satellite across its parent planet, for instance one of the Galilean satellites (Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto) across Jupiter, as seen from Earth 
Although rare, cases where four bodies are lined up do happen  One of these events occurred on 27 June 1586, when Mercury transited the Sun as seen from Venus at the same time as a transit of Mercury from Saturn and a transit of Venus from Saturn 

Notable observations
No missions were planned to coincide with the transit of Earth visible from Mars on 11 May 1984 and the Viking missions had been terminated a year previously  Consequently, the next opportunity to observe such an alignment will be in 2084 
On 21 December 2012, the Cassini–Huygens probe, in orbit around Saturn, observed the planet Venus transiting the Sun On 3 June 2014, the Mars rover Curiosity observed the planet Mercury transiting the Sun, marking the first time a planetary transit has been observed from a celestial body besides Earth 

Mutual planetary transits
In rare cases, one planet can pass in front of another  If the nearer planet appears smaller than the more distant one, the event is called a mutual planetary transit 

Outside the Solar System
Exoplanet Detection

The transit method can be used to discover exoplanets  As a planet eclipses/transits its host star it will block a portion of the light from the star  If the planet transits in-between the star and the observer the change in light can be measured to construct a light curve  Light curves are measured with a charge-coupled device  The light curve of a star can disclose several physical characteristics of the planet and star, such as density  Multiple transit events must be measured to determine the characteristics which tend to occur at regular intervals  Multiple planets orbiting the same host star can cause transit-timing variations (TTV)  TTV is caused by the gravitational forces of all orbiting bodies acting upon each other  The probability of seeing a transit from Earth is low, however  The probability is given by the following equation 

  
    
      
        
          P
          
            transit
          
        
        =
        (
        
          R
          
            star
          
        
        +
        
          R
          
            planet
          
        
        )
        
          /
        
        a
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle P_{\text{transit}}=(R_{\text{star}}+R_{\text{planet}})/a,}
  where Rstar and Rplanet are the radius of the star and planet, respectively, and a is the semi-major axis  Because of the low probability of a transit in any specific system, large selections of the sky must be regularly observed in order to see a transit  Hot Jupiters are more likely to be seen because of their larger radius and short semi-major axis  In order to find Earth-sized planets, red dwarf stars are observed because of their small radius  Even though transiting has a low probability it has proven itself to be a good technique for discovering exoplanets 
In recent years, the discovery of extrasolar planets has prompted interest in the possibility of detecting their transits across their own stellar primaries  HD 209458b was the first such transiting planet to be detected 
The transit of celestial objects is one of the few key phenomena used today for the study of exoplanetary systems  Today, transit photometry is the leading form of exoplanet discovery  As an exoplanet moves in front of its host star there is a dimming in the luminosity of the host star that can be measured  Larger planets make the dip in luminosity more noticeable and easier to detect  Followup observations using other methods are often carried out to ensure it is a planet 
There are currently (December 2018) 2345 planets confirmed with Kepler light curves for stellar host 

Contacts
During a transit there are four "contacts", when the circumference of the small circle (small body disk) touches the circumference of the large circle (large body disk) at a single point   Historically, measuring the precise time of each point of contact was one of the most accurate ways to determine the positions of astronomical bodies   The contacts happen in the following order:

First contact: the smaller body is entirely outside the larger body, moving inward ("exterior ingress")
Second contact: the smaller body is entirely inside the larger body, moving further inward ("interior ingress")
Third contact: the smaller body is entirely inside the larger body, moving outward ("interior egress")
Fourth contact: the smaller body is entirely outside the larger body, moving outward ("exterior egress")A fifth named point is that of greatest transit, when the apparent centers of the two bodies are nearest to each other, halfway through the transit 

Missions
Since transit photometry allows for scanning large celestial areas with a simple procedure, it has been the most popular and successful form of finding exoplanets in the past decade and includes many projects, some of which have already been retired, others in use today, and some in progress of being planned and created  The most successful projects include HATNet, KELT, Kepler, and WASP, and some new and developmental stage missions such as TESS, HATPI, and others which can be found among the List of Exoplanet Search Projects 

HATNet
HATNet Project is a set of northern telescopes in Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, Arizona and Mauna Kea Observatories, HI, and southern telescopes around the globe, in Africa, Australia, and South America, under the HATSouth branch of the project  These are small aperture telescopes, just like KELT, and look at a wide field which allows them to scan a large area of the sky for possible transiting planets  In addition, their multitude and spread around the world allows for 24/7 observation of the sky so that more short-period transits can be caught A third sub-project, HATPI, is currently under construction and will survey most of the night sky seen from its location in Chile 

KELT
KELT is a terrestrial telescope mission designed to search for transiting systems of planets of magnitude 8<M<10  It began operation in October 2004 in Winer Observatory and has a southern companion telescope added in 2009  KELT North observes "26-degree wide strip of sky that is overhead from North America during the year", while KELT South observes single target areas of the size 26 by 26 degrees  Both telescopes can detect and identify transit events as small as a 1% flux dip, which allows for detection of planetary systems similar to those in our planetary system 

Kepler / K2
The Kepler satellite served the Kepler mission between 7 March 2009 and 11 May 2013, where it observed one part of the sky in search of transiting planets within a 115 square degrees of the sky around the Cygnus, Lyra, and Draco constellations  After that, the satellite continued operating until 15 November 2018, this time changing its field along the ecliptic to a new area roughly every 75 days due to reaction wheel failure 

TESS
TESS was launched on 18 April 2018, and is planned to survey most of the sky by observing it strips defined along the right ascension lines for 27 days each  Each area surveyed is 27 by 90 degrees  Because of the positioning of sections, the area near TESS's rotational axis will be surveyed for up to 1 year, allowing for the identification of planetary systems with longer orbital periods 

See also
Eclipse
Kepler Mission
Occultation
Syzygy (astronomy)
Conjunction (astronomy)
Opposition (planets)
Transit of asteroids
Transit of Deimos from Mars
Transit of Phobos from Mars
Transit of Vulcan
Transit of Mercury from Mars
Transit of Earth from Mars
Passage 4:
Roche limit
In celestial mechanics, the Roche limit, also called Roche radius, is the distance from a celestial body within which a second celestial body, held together only by its own force of gravity, will disintegrate because the first body's tidal forces exceed the second body's self-gravitation  Inside the Roche limit, orbiting material disperses and forms rings, whereas outside the limit, material tends to coalesce  The Roche radius depends on the radius of the first body and on the ratio of the bodies' densities 
The term is named after Édouard Roche (French: [ʁɔʃ], English:  ROSH), the French astronomer who first calculated this theoretical limit in 1848 

Explanation
The Roche limit typically applies to a satellite's disintegrating due to tidal forces induced by its primary, the body around which it orbits  Parts of the satellite that are closer to the primary are attracted more strongly by gravity from the primary than parts that are farther away; this disparity effectively pulls the near and far parts of the satellite apart from each other, and if the disparity (combined with any centrifugal effects due to the object's spin) is larger than the force of gravity holding the satellite together, it can pull the satellite apart  Some real satellites, both natural and artificial, can orbit within their Roche limits because they are held together by forces other than gravitation  Objects resting on the surface of such a satellite would be lifted away by tidal forces  A weaker satellite, such as a comet, could be broken up when it passes within its Roche limit 
Since, within the Roche limit, tidal forces overwhelm the gravitational forces that might otherwise hold the satellite together, no satellite can gravitationally coalesce out of smaller particles within that limit  Indeed, almost all known planetary rings are located within their Roche limit  (Notable exceptions are Saturn's E-Ring and Phoebe ring  These two rings could possibly be remnants from the planet's proto-planetary accretion disc that failed to coalesce into moonlets, or conversely have formed when a moon passed within its Roche limit and broke apart )
The Roche limit is not the only factor that causes comets to break apart  Splitting by thermal stress, internal gas pressure and rotational splitting are other ways for a comet to split under stress 

Determination
The limiting distance to which a satellite can approach without breaking up depends on the rigidity of the satellite  At one extreme, a completely rigid satellite will maintain its shape until tidal forces break it apart  At the other extreme, a highly fluid satellite gradually deforms leading to increased tidal forces, causing the satellite to elongate, further compounding the tidal forces and causing it to break apart more readily 
Most real satellites would lie somewhere between these two extremes, with tensile strength rendering the satellite neither perfectly rigid nor perfectly fluid  For example, a rubble-pile asteroid will behave more like a fluid than a solid rocky one; an icy body will behave quite rigidly at first but become more fluid as tidal heating accumulates and its ices begin to melt 
But note that, as defined above, the Roche limit refers to a body held together solely by the gravitational forces which cause otherwise unconnected particles to coalesce, thus forming the body in question  The Roche limit is also usually calculated for the case of a circular orbit, although it is straightforward to modify the calculation to apply to the case (for example) of a body passing the primary on a parabolic or hyperbolic trajectory 

Rigid satellites
The rigid-body Roche limit is a simplified calculation for a spherical satellite  Irregular shapes such as those of tidal deformation on the body or the primary it orbits are neglected  It is assumed to be in hydrostatic equilibrium  These assumptions, although unrealistic, greatly simplify calculations 
The Roche limit for a rigid spherical satellite is the distance, 
  
    
      
        d
      
    
    {\displaystyle d}
  , from the primary at which the gravitational force on a test mass at the surface of the object is exactly equal to the tidal force pulling the mass away from the object:

  
    
      
        d
        =
        
          R
          
            M
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              2
              
                
                  
                    ρ
                    
                      M
                    
                  
                  
                    ρ
                    
                      m
                    
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
          
            
              1
              3
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle d=R_{M}\left(2{\frac {\rho _{M}}{\rho _{m}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}}
  where 
  
    
      
        
          R
          
            M
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle R_{M}}
   is the radius of the primary, 
  
    
      
        
          ρ
          
            M
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \rho _{M}}
   is the density of the primary, and 
  
    
      
        
          ρ
          
            m
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \rho _{m}}
   is the density of the satellite  This can be equivalently written as

  
    
      
        d
        =
        
          R
          
            m
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              2
              
                
                  
                    M
                    
                      M
                    
                  
                  
                    M
                    
                      m
                    
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
          
            
              1
              3
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle d=R_{m}\left(2{\frac {M_{M}}{M_{m}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}}
  where 
  
    
      
        
          R
          
            m
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle R_{m}}
   is the radius of the secondary, 
  
    
      
        
          M
          
            M
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle M_{M}}
   is the mass of the primary, and 
  
    
      
        
          M
          
            m
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle M_{m}}
   is the mass of the secondary 
This does not depend on the size of the objects, but on the ratio of densities  This is the orbital distance inside of which loose material (e g  regolith) on the surface of the satellite closest to the primary would be pulled away, and likewise material on the side opposite the primary will also go away from, rather than toward, the satellite 

Fluid satellites
A more accurate approach for calculating the Roche limit takes the deformation of the satellite into account  An extreme example would be a tidally locked liquid satellite orbiting a planet, where any force acting upon the satellite would deform it into a prolate spheroid 
The calculation is complex and its result cannot be represented in an exact algebraic formula  Roche himself derived the following approximate solution for the Roche limit:

  
    
      
        d
        ≈
        2 44
        R
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  ρ
                  
                    M
                  
                
                
                  ρ
                  
                    m
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
          
            1
            
              /
            
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle d\approx 2 44R\left({\frac {\rho _{M}}{\rho _{m}}}\right)^{1/3}}
  However, a better approximation that takes into account the primary's oblateness and the satellite's mass is:

  
    
      
        d
        ≈
        2 423
        R
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  ρ
                  
                    M
                  
                
                
                  ρ
                  
                    m
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
          
            1
            
              /
            
            3
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  (
                  1
                  +
                  
                    
                      m
                      
                        3
                        M
                      
                    
                  
                  )
                  +
                  
                    
                      c
                      
                        3
                        R
                      
                    
                  
                  (
                  1
                  +
                  
                    
                      m
                      M
                    
                  
                  )
                
                
                  1
                  −
                  c
                  
                    /
                  
                  R
                
              
            
            )
          
          
            1
            
              /
            
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle d\approx 2 423R\left({\frac {\rho _{M}}{\rho _{m}}}\right)^{1/3}\left({\frac {(1+{\frac {m}{3M}})+{\frac {c}{3R}}(1+{\frac {m}{M}})}{1-c/R}}\right)^{1/3}}
  where 
  
    
      
        c
        
          /
        
        R
      
    
    {\displaystyle c/R}
   is the oblateness of the primary  The numerical factor is calculated with the aid of a computer 
The fluid solution is appropriate for bodies that are only loosely held together, such as a comet  For instance, comet Shoemaker–Levy 9's decaying orbit around Jupiter passed within its Roche limit in July 1992, causing it to fragment into a number of smaller pieces  On its next approach in 1994 the fragments crashed into the planet  Shoemaker–Levy 9 was first observed in 1993, but its orbit indicated that it had been captured by Jupiter a few decades prior 

See also
Roche lobe
Chandrasekhar limit
Hill sphere
Spaghettification (the extreme case of tidal distortion)
Black hole
Triton (moon) (Neptune's satellite)
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
Passage 5:
Ulysses (spacecraft)
Ulysses ( yoo-LISS-eez, UK also  YOO-liss-eez) was a robotic space probe whose primary mission was to orbit the Sun and study it at all latitudes  It was launched in 1990 and made three "fast latitude scans" of the Sun in 1994/1995, 2000/2001, and 2007/2008  In addition, the probe studied several comets  Ulysses was a joint venture of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), under leadership of ESA with participation from Canada's National Research Council  The last day for mission operations on Ulysses was 30 June 2009 To study the Sun at all latitudes, the probe needed to change its orbital inclination and leave the plane of the Solar System  To change the orbital inclination of a spacecraft to about 80° requires a large change in heliocentric velocity, the energy to achieve which far exceeded the capabilities of any launch vehicle  To reach the desired orbit around the Sun, the mission's planners chose a gravity assist maneuver around Jupiter, but this Jupiter encounter meant that Ulysses could not be powered by solar cells  The probe was powered instead by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) 
The spacecraft was originally named Odysseus, because of its lengthy and indirect trajectory to study the solar poles  It was renamed Ulysses, the Latin translation of "Odysseus", at ESA's request in honor not only of Homer's mythological hero but also of Dante's character in the Inferno  Ulysses was originally scheduled for launch in May 1986 aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger on STS-61-F  Due to the 28 January 1986 loss of Challenger, the launch of Ulysses was delayed until 6 October 1990 aboard Discovery (mission STS-41) 

Spacecraft
The spacecraft was designed by ESA and built by Dornier Systems, a German aircraft manufacturer  The body was roughly a box, approximately 3 2 m × 3 3 m × 2 1 m (10 5 ft × 10 8 ft × 6 9 ft) in size  The box mounted the 1 65 m (5 ft 5 in) dish antenna and the GPHS-RTG radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) power source  The box was divided into noisy and quiet sections  The noisy section abutted the RTG; the quiet section housed the instrument electronics  Particularly "loud" components, such as the preamps for the radio dipole, were mounted outside the structure entirely, and the box acted as a Faraday cage 
Ulysses was spin-stabilised about its z-axis which roughly coincides with the axis of the dish antenna  The RTG, whip antennas, and instrument boom were placed to stabilize this axis, with the spin rate nominally at 5 rpm  Inside the body was a hydrazine fuel tank  Hydrazine monopropellant was used for course corrections inbound to Jupiter, and later used exclusively to repoint the spin axis (and thus, the antenna) at Earth  The spacecraft was controlled by eight thrusters in two blocks  Thrusters were pulsed in the time domain to perform rotation or translation  Four sun sensors detected orientation  For fine attitude control, the S-band antenna feed was mounted slightly off-axis  This offset feed combined with the spacecraft spin introduced an apparent oscillation to a radio signal transmitted from Earth when received on board the spacecraft  The amplitude and phase of this oscillation were proportional to the orientation of the spin axis relative to the Earth direction  This method of determining the relative orientation is called conical scanning and was used by early radars for automated tracking of targets and was also very common in early infrared guided missiles 
The spacecraft used S-band for uplinked commands and downlinked telemetry, through dual redundant 5-watt transceivers  The spacecraft used X-band for science return (downlink only), using dual 20 watts TWTAs until the failure of the last remaining TWTA in January 2008  Both bands used the dish antenna with prime-focus feeds, unlike the Cassegrain feeds of most other spacecraft dishes 
Dual tape recorders, each of approximately 45-megabit capacity, stored science data between the nominal eight-hour communications sessions during the prime and extended mission phases 
The spacecraft was designed to withstand both the heat of the inner Solar System and the cold at Jupiter's distance  Extensive blanketing and electric heaters protected the probe against the cold temperatures of the outer Solar System 
Multiple computer systems (CPUs/microprocessors/Data Processing Units) are used in several of the scientific instruments, including several radiation-hardened RCA CDP1802 microprocessors  Documented 1802 usage includes dual-redundant 1802s in the COSPIN, and at least one 1802 each in the GRB, HI-SCALE, SWICS, SWOOPS and URAP instruments, with other possible microprocessors incorporated elsewhere Total mass at launch was 371 kg (818 lb), of which 33 5 kg was hydrazine propellant used for attitude control and orbit correction 

Instruments
The twelve different Instruments came from ESA and NASA  The first design was based on two probes, one by NASA and one by ESA, but the probe of NASA was defunded and in the end the instruments of the cancelled probe were mounted on Ulyssses 
Radio/Plasma antennas: Two beryllium copper antennas were unreeled outwards from the body, perpendicular to the RTG and spin axis  Together this dipole spanned 72 meters (236 2 ft)  A third antenna, of hollow beryllium copper, was deployed from the body, along the spin axis opposite the dish  It was a monopole antenna, 7 5 meters (24 6 ft) long  These measured radio waves generated by plasma releases, or the plasma itself as it passed over the spacecraft  This receiver ensemble was sensitive from DC to 1 MHz 
Experiment Boom: A third type of boom, shorter and much more rigid, extended from the last side of the spacecraft, opposite the RTG  This was a hollow carbon-fiber tube, of 50 mm (2 in ) diameter  It can be seen in the photo as the silver rod stowed alongside the body  It carried four types of instruments: a solid-state X-ray instrument, composed of two silicon detectors, to study X-rays from solar flares and Jupiter's aurorae; the Gamma-Ray Burst experiment, consisting of two CsI scintillator crystals with photomultipliers; two different magnetometers, a helium vector magnetometer and a fluxgate magnetometer; and a two-axis magnetic search coil antenna measured AC magnetic fields 
Body-Mounted Instruments: Detectors for electrons, ions, neutral gas, dust, and cosmic rays were mounted on the spacecraft body around the quiet section 
Lastly, the radio communications link could be used to search for gravitational waves (through Doppler shifts) and to probe the Sun's atmosphere through radio occultation  No gravitational waves were detected 
Total instrument mass was 55 kg 
Magnetometer (MAG): MAG measured the magnetic field in the heliosphere  Measurements of Jupiter's magnetic field were also performed 
Solar Wind Plasma Experiment (SWOOPS): detected the solar wind at all solar distances and latitudes and in three dimensions  It measured positive ions and electrons 
Solar Wind Ion Composition Instrument (SWICS): determined composition, temperature and speed of the atoms and ions that comprise the solar wind 
Unified Radio and Plasma Wave Instrument (URAP): picked up radio waves from the Sun and electromagnetic waves generated in the solar wind close to the spacecraft 
Energetic Particle Instrument (EPAC) and GAS: EPAC investigated the energy, fluxes and distribution of energetic particles in the heliosphere  GAS studied the uncharged gases (helium) of interstellar origin 
Low-Energy Ion and Electron Experiment (HI-SCALE): investigated the energy, fluxes and distribution of energetic particles in the heliosphere 
Cosmic Ray and Solar Particle Instrument (COSPIN): investigated the energy, fluxes and distribution of energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere 
Solar X-ray and Cosmic Gamma-Ray Burst Instrument (GRB): studied cosmic gamma ray bursts and X-rays from solar flares 
Dust Experiment (DUST): Direct measurements of interplanetary and interstellar dust grains to investigate their properties as functions of the distance from the Sun and solar latitude 

Mission
Planning
Until Ulysses, the Sun had only been observed from low solar latitudes  The Earth's orbit defines the ecliptic plane, which differs from the Sun's equatorial plane by only 7 25°  Even spacecraft directly orbiting the Sun do so in planes close to the ecliptic because a direct launch into a high-inclination solar orbit would require a prohibitively large launch vehicle 
Several spacecraft (Mariner 10, Pioneer 11, and Voyagers 1 and 2) had performed gravity assist maneuvers in the 1970s  Those maneuvers were to reach other planets also orbiting close to the ecliptic, so they were mostly in-plane changes  However, gravity assists are not limited to in-plane maneuvers; a suitable flyby of Jupiter could produce a significant plane change  An Out-Of-The-Ecliptic mission (OOE) was thereby proposed  See article Pioneer H 
Originally, two spacecraft were to be built by NASA and ESA, as the International Solar Polar Mission  One would be sent over Jupiter, then under the Sun  The other would fly under Jupiter, then over the Sun  This would provide simultaneous coverage  Due to cutbacks, the U S  spacecraft was cancelled in 1981  One spacecraft was designed, and the project recast as Ulysses, due to the indirect and untried flight path  NASA would provide the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) and launch services, ESA would build the spacecraft assigned to Astrium GmbH, Friedrichshafen, Germany (formerly Dornier Systems)  The instruments would be split into teams from universities and research institutes in Europe and the United States  This process provided the 12 instruments on board 
The changes delayed launch from February 1983 to May 1986 when it was to be deployed by the Space Shuttle Challenger (boosted by the proposed Centaur G Prime upper stage  However, the Challenger disaster forced a two-and-a-half year stand down of the shuttle fleet, mandated the cancellation of the Centaur-G upper stage, and pushed the launch date to October 1990 

Launch
Ulysses was deployed into low Earth orbit from the Space Shuttle Discovery  From there, it was propelled on a trajectory to Jupiter by a combination of solid rocket motors  This upper stage consisted of a two-stage Boeing IUS (Inertial Upper Stage), plus a McDonnell Douglas PAM-S (Payload Assist Module-Special)  The IUS was inertially stabilised and actively guided during its burn  The PAM-S was unguided and it and Ulysses were spun up to 80 rpm for stability at the start of its burn  On burnout of the PAM-S, the motor and spacecraft stack was yo-yo de-spun (weights deployed at the end of cables) to below 8 rpm prior to separation of the spacecraft  On leaving Earth, the spacecraft became the fastest ever artificially-accelerated spacecraft, and held that title until the New Horizons probe was launched 
On its way to Jupiter, the spacecraft was in an elliptical non-Hohmann transfer orbit  At this time, Ulysses had a low orbital inclination to the ecliptic 

Jupiter swing-by
It arrived at Jupiter on 8 February 1992 for a swing-by maneuver that increased its inclination to the ecliptic by 80 2°  The giant planet's gravity bent the spacecraft's flight path southward and away from the ecliptic plane  This put it into a final orbit around the Sun that would take it past the Sun's north and south poles  The size and shape of the orbit were adjusted to a much smaller degree so that aphelion remained at approximately 5 AU, Jupiter's distance from the Sun, and perihelion was somewhat greater than 1 AU, the Earth's distance from the Sun  The orbital period is approximately six years 

Polar regions of the Sun
Between 1994 and 1995 it explored both the southern and northern polar regions of the Sun, respectively 

Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)
On 1 May 1996, the spacecraft unexpectedly crossed the ion tail of Comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2), revealing the tail to be at least 3 8 AU in length 

Comet C/1999 T1 (McNaught–Hartley)
An encounter with a comet tail happened again in 2004  when Ulysses flew through the ion tailings of C/1999 T1 (McNaught-Hartley)  A coronal mass ejection carried the cometary material to Ulysses 

Second Jupiter encounter
Ulysses approached aphelion in 2003/2004 and made further distant observations of Jupiter 

Comet C/2006 P1 (McNaught)
In 2007, Ulysses passed through the tail of comet C/2006 P1 (McNaught)  The results were surprisingly different from its pass through Hyakutake's tail, with the measured solar wind velocity dropping from approximately 700 kilometers per second (1,566,000 mph) to less than 400 kilometers per second (895,000 mph) 

Extended mission
ESA's Science Program Committee approved the fourth extension of the Ulysses mission to March 2004  thereby allowing it to operate over the Sun's poles for the third time in 2007 and 2008  After it became clear that the power output from the spacecraft's RTG would be insufficient to operate science instruments and keep the attitude control fuel, hydrazine, from freezing, instrument power sharing was initiated  Up until then, the most important instruments had been kept online constantly, whilst others were deactivated  When the probe neared the Sun, its power-hungry heaters were turned off and all instruments were turned on On 22 February 2008, 17 years and 4 months after the launch of the spacecraft, ESA and NASA announced that the mission operations for Ulysses would likely cease within a few months  On 12 April 2008, NASA announced that the end date will be 1 July 2008 The spacecraft operated successfully for over four times its design life  A component within the last remaining working chain of X-band downlink subsystem failed on 15 January 2008  The other chain in the X-band subsystem had previously failed in 2003 Downlink to Earth resumed on S-band, but the beamwidth of the high gain antenna in the S-band was not as narrow as in the X–band, so that the received downlink signal was much weaker, hence reducing the achievable data rate  As the spacecraft traveled on its outbound trajectory to the orbit of Jupiter, the downlink signal would have eventually fallen below the receiving capability of even the largest antennas (70 meters - 229 7 feet - in diameter) of the Deep Space Network 
Even before the downlink signal was lost due to distance, the hydrazine attitude control fuel on board the spacecraft was considered likely to freeze, as the radioisotope thermal generators (RTGs) failed to generate enough power for the heaters to overcome radiative heat loss into space  Once the hydrazine froze, the spacecraft would no longer be able to maneuver to keep its high gain antenna pointing towards Earth, and the downlink signal would then be lost in a matter of days  The failure of the X-band communications subsystem hastened this, because the coldest part of the fuel pipework was routed over the X-band traveling-wave tube amplifiers, because they generated enough heat during operation to keep the propellant plumbing warm 
The previously announced mission end date of 1 July 2008, came and went but mission operations continued albeit in a reduced capacity  The availability of science data gathering was limited to only when Ulysses was in contact with a ground station due to the deteriorating S-band downlink margin no longer being able to support simultaneous real-time data and tape recorder playback  When the spacecraft was out of contact with a ground station, the S-band transmitter was switched off and the power was diverted to the internal heaters to add to the warming of the hydrazine  On 30 June 2009, ground controllers sent commands to switch to the low gain antennas  This stopped communications with the spacecraft, in combination with previous commands to shut down its transmitter entirely 

Results
During cruise phases, Ulysses provided unique data  As the only spacecraft out of the ecliptic with a gamma-ray instrument, Ulysses was an important part of the InterPlanetary Network (IPN)  The IPN detects gamma ray bursts (GRBs); since gamma rays cannot be focused with mirrors, it was very difficult to locate GRBs with enough accuracy to study them further  Instead, several spacecraft can locate the burst through multilateration  Each spacecraft has a gamma-ray detector, with readouts noted in tiny fractions of a second  By comparing the arrival times of gamma showers with the separations of the spacecraft, a location can be determined, for follow-up with other telescopes  Because gamma rays travel at the speed of light, wide separations are needed  Typically, a determination came from comparing: one of several spacecraft orbiting the Earth, an inner-Solar-system probe (to Mars, Venus, or an asteroid), and Ulysses  When Ulysses crossed the ecliptic twice per orbit, many GRB determinations lost accuracy 
Additional discoveries:
Data provided by Ulysses led to the discovery that the Sun's magnetic field interacts with the Solar System in a more complex fashion than previously assumed 
Data provided by Ulysses led to the discovery that dust coming into the Solar System from deep space was 30 times more abundant than previously expected 
In 2007–2008 data provided by Ulysses led to the determination that the magnetic field emanating from the Sun's poles is much weaker than previously observed 
That the solar wind has "grown progressively weaker during the mission and is currently at its weakest since the start of the Space Age" 

Fate
Ulysses will most likely continue in heliocentric orbit around the Sun indefinitely  However, there is a chance that in one of its re-encounters with Jupiter a close fly-by with one of the Jovian moons would be enough to alter its course and so the probe would enter a hyperbolic trajectory around the Sun and leave the Solar System 

See also
Advanced Composition Explorer – NASA satellite of the Explorer program
List of heliophysics missions
List of missions to the outer planets
Parker Solar Probe – NASA robotic space probe of the outer corona of the Sun
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory – European space observatory
STEREO – Solar observation mission (2006–present)
TRACE – NASA satellite of the Explorer program
WIND – NASA probe to study solar wind, at L1 since 1995
Solar Orbiter – European space-based solar observatory
Context 2: Passage 1:
Fitz and The Tantrums
Fitz and the Tantrums are an American indie pop and neo soul band from Los Angeles, California, that formed in 2008  The band consists of Michael Fitzpatrick (lead vocals), Noelle Scaggs (co-lead vocals and percussion), James King (saxophone, flute, keyboard, percussion and guitar), Joseph Karnes (bass guitar), Jeremy Ruzumna (keyboards) and John Wicks (drums and percussion) who left the band in 2022 to teach at University of Montana  Their debut studio album, Pickin' Up the Pieces, was released in August 2010 on indie label Dangerbird Records and received critical acclaim  It reached no  1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart  The band signed to their current label Elektra Records in early 2013 and went on to release their second LP, More Than Just a Dream, the same year  Their self-titled third album was released in 2016, which contains their most notable song, "HandClap"  Their fourth studio album, All the Feels, was released in 2019 

History
Early history
Fitz and the Tantrums was founded by Michael Fitzpatrick in 2008  Having purchased an old Conn electronic organ, he was inspired to write the song "Breakin' the Chains of Love" that same night  He contacted his college friend, saxophonist James King, who recommended singer Noelle Scaggs and former drummer John Wicks who left the band in 2022  In turn, King brought in bassist Joseph Karnes and keyboardist Jeremy Ruzumna  According to Fitzpatrick, the band immediately clicked  He has said, "It was literally like five phone calls, one rehearsal, and we could have played a show that night " The band performed their first show at Hotel Café in Hollywood, in December 2008, which Fitzpatrick booked one week after their first rehearsal  In interviews, he has stated the importance of booking a date before the band was ready, in order to bring out the best in all performers  During the first half of 2009, they performed at several clubs in Los Angeles, including The Viper Room and Spaceland  Before Joseph Karnes was brought into the band, the previous bassist, Ethan Phillips was with the band for the first EP, and a part of their first album, "Pickin' Up The Pieces" 

The band recorded their debut EP, Songs for a Breakup, Vol  1, during the first half of 2009 at Fitzpatrick's home in Los Angeles  The EP was first released on August 11, 2009, through Canyon Productions  In September 2009 they toured with Hepcat and Flogging Molly  In November 2009 the band opened eight concerts on the Maroon 5's Back to School Tour  Their appearance was on short notice, after previously scheduled opener K'naan cancelled due to fatigue in late October  According to Fitzpatrick, "Adam Levine from Maroon 5 was in New York to get a tattoo, and his favorite tattoo artist had downloaded the record after hearing us on the radio  He told Adam, 'you gotta hear this band ' A week and a half later, we're opening for Maroon 5 on their college tour " In December 2009 the band shot the official music video for their first single, "Breakin' the Chains of Love", which was directed by Joshua Leonard  It features Fitzpatrick and Scaggs in a moving and rotating bed 

Pickin' Up the Pieces
In March 2010 Fitz and the Tantrums played at the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas  On April 15, 2010, they opened for ska band The Specials on their North American reunion tour at Club Nokia in Los Angeles  On April 26, 2010, Dangerbird Records announced that they had signed Fitz and the Tantrums  Their first full-length album, Pickin' Up the Pieces, was released on August 24, 2010  Producer Chris Seefried was also a co-writer on the album  In October 2010, Daryl Hall invited the band to perform on his web-series Live from Daryl's House  They played a seven-song set including four Fitz and the Tantrums songs, early Hall song "Girl I Love You", "Perkiomen" and finishing with "Sara Smile"  "I walked back into the kitchen of his big old house in upstate New York, and his mother was there," recalled Fitzpatrick  "She said, 'Fitz, come over here  You sound just like my son!'"
The band performed the songs "MoneyGrabber" and "Don't Gotta Work It Out" on ABC's Jimmy Kimmel Live! in Los Angeles on January 12, 2011  On February 28 they performed "MoneyGrabber" on TBS' Conan, and on April 5 on NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno  In 2011 the band announced a U S  and international tour with April Smith and the Great Picture Show  In the fall of 2011, they made their first appearance at Austin City Limits Music Festival  On Friday, February 3, 2012, they performed "Don't Gotta Work It Out" on NBC's Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, episode 581, taped for broadcast at the Hilbert Circle Theatre in Indianapolis  They performed a free show at Thursday at the Square in Buffalo, New York, on June 14, 2012, and at the Basilica Block Party in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on July 7, 2012 

More Than Just a Dream
The band's second LP, More Than Just a Dream, was released May 7, 2013, on Elektra Records  It was produced by Tony Hoffer  The album features the lead single "Out of My League", which reached number one on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart on September 30, 2013  A French version of "Out of My League" was also released and played on Canadian radio  This version has most of the verses sung in French, while the chorus remains in English  The second single from More Than Just a Dream, "The Walker", also reached number one on the Billboard Alternative songs chart  In October 2014 Fitz and the Tantrums returned to the Austin City Limits Music Festival and played both weekends of the expanded festival 

Fitz and the Tantrums
In March 2016, the band released the lead single, "HandClap", off their self-titled album  The album was released on June 10, 2016, and was supported by the 2016 Get Right Back Summer Tour  In July 2016 Fitz and the Tantrums performed at Slossfest in Birmingham, Alabama  The band supported OneRepublic on the 2017 Honda Civic Tour which began on July 7, 2017 

All the Feels
On March 20, 2019, the band released the single "123456" from their fourth studio album  The second single, "Don't Ever Let Em", was released on April 17 of the same year, followed by "I Need Help!" on May 3, and then the title track of the album, "All the Feels" on June 28 
The album, All the Feels, consists of 17 songs and was released on September 20, 2019, through Elektra Records 

Let Yourself Free
On June 10, 2022, the band released the single "Sway" through Elektra Records  This was followed by the single "Moneymaker" on September 27, 2022, along with the announcement of their fifth studio album Let Yourself Free, which was released on November 11, 2022 

Musical style
Fitzpatrick has said that the band's musical style can be fairly described as "soul-influenced indie pop " He said that while the band is influenced by the classic songs of the Motown and Stax record labels, the band is not trying to create an exact replica of that music  In another interview, Fitzpatrick talked about his decision not to use guitars in the band  "I did want to try and make a big sounding record without guitars," he said  "For me, I just feel like in any music that has a band, the guitar is always there, it's always featured, it's always prevalent  I'm just sick of hearing it "

Critical reception
Los Angeles Times music critic Ann Powers wrote, "Fitz & the Tantrums is the kind of band that communicates best in concert, but this album serves as a fine proxy and party-starter " Aly Comingore of the Santa Barbara Independent wrote that the band members craft "soulful, nostalgia pop that's not only infectious, but just fresh enough to make it stand apart from its predecessors " The band was heralded as a "band to watch" in an April 2011 profile in Rolling Stone  In June 2011, Vogue named Fitz and the Tantrums the "Hardest-Working Band" of the 2011 summer festival circuit  "Not only do L A –based six-piece Fitz and the Tantrums share James Brown's penchant for snazzy-dressed brass bands and feel-good retro ballads, they also have the late godfather of soul's tireless work ethic " Their third album has been described as "a product of contemporary market forces and a depressing relic of an era of the music industry best forgotten "

Band members
Timeline
Discography
Pickin' Up the Pieces (2010)
More Than Just a Dream (2013)
Fitz and the Tantrums (2016)
All the Feels (2019)
Let Yourself Free (2022)
Passage 2:
Blood, Sweat &amp; 3 Years
Blood, Sweat & 3 Years is the fourth studio album by American electronic music group Cash Cash, released on June 24, 2016 by Big Beat Records and Atlantic Records  It is their first full-length album since signing to Big Beat, following the release of the Overtime and Lightning EPs  Blood, Sweat & 3 Years includes collaborations with singers Anjulie, Bebe Rexha, Chrish, Christina Perri, Dev, Jacquie Lee, Jenna Andrews, John Rzeznik from the Goo Goo Dolls, Julia Michaels, Michael Fitzpatrick of Fitz and the Tantrums, Neon Hitch, and Sofia Reyes; rappers B o B, Busta Rhymes, Nelly, and Trinidad James; DJ Digital Farm Animals; and groups Little Daylight and Night Terrors of 1927 

Background and composition
On April 28, 2016, the group announced the track listing and release date for Blood, Sweat & 3 Years  The album was produced by the group themselves and Digital Farm Animals  The album took 36 months to complete  Jean Paul Makhlouf spoke about the long process of finishing the album 

"The biggest thing that makes it hard for us to put out albums left and right is that we're not all home in one place for enough time  We play a lot of shows together, but most of the touring is done with me and Sam, and there's only so much that Alex or one of us can do back home in the studio  Sam can finish ideas that we started or he can keep things moving in a direction, but ultimately, we all need to be home in the studio to make a final product "
The title of the album comes from a representation of the last three years of the groups lives  Following the release of the album, the group embarked on a 2016 headlining tour called Must Be the Money Tour 

Singles
"Take Me Home", featuring guest vocals from singer Bebe Rexha, was released on July 15, 2013, originally from the band's 2013 EP Overtime  It was later included on Blood, Sweat & 3 Years as its first single  It reached number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100 selling 488,000 downloads, becoming their first (and, to date, only) charting single in the US  It also reached number 6 on the Dance/Electronic Songs chart  It also peaked within the top ten in Australia and the UK  The music video premiered on December 18, 2013  "Lightning", featuring guest vocals from Goo Goo Dolls frontman John Rzeznik, was released on March 24, 2014  It was originally from the band's 2014 EP Lightning, but was later included as the second single from Blood, Sweat & 3 Years  Unlike "Take Me Home", "Lightning" did not chart  The lyric video premiered on August 11, 2014  "Surrender", featuring uncredited guest vocals from singer and songwriter Julia Michaels, was released on September 16, 2014 as the third single from the album  Although it did not chart on the Hot 100, it did reach number 19 on the Dance/Electronic Songs chart  The music video premiered on January 15, 2015 "Devil", featuring guest vocals from rappers Busta Rhymes and B o B and singer Neon Hitch, was released on August 7, 2015 as the album's fourth single  It reached number 28 on the Dance/Electronic songs chart, and number 110 in the UK  "Escarole" was released on December 11, 2015 as the album's fifth single "Aftershock", featuring guest vocals from singer Jacquie Lee, was released on January 29, 2016 as the album's sixth single  The music video premiered on March 16, 2016  "How to Love", featuring guest vocals from Mexican singer Sofia Reyes, was released on April 29, 2016 as the album's seventh single  It peaked at number 16 on the Dance/Electronic Songs chart  The music video premiered on the same day  "Millionaire", their collaboration with British DJ Digital Farm Animals, featuring guest vocals from rapper Nelly, was released on June 3, 2016 as the album's eighth single  It debuted at number 22 on the Dance/Electronic Songs chart  The music video was released on June 27, 2016  "Broken Drum", featuring guest vocals from Michael Fitzpatrick of Fitz and the Tantrums, was released on June 17, 2016 as the album's ninth single, accompanied by a music video 

Critical reception
Alexendra Blair from Dancing Astronaut wrote that Cash Cash have "delivered a quality pop music release on which any song could be a confetti-drenched closer" by praising their track production and the appearance of quality collaborators such as Christina Perri and  Michael Fitzpatrick of Fitz and the Tantrums  She then criticised Nelly's performance on "Millionaire" by describing it as a "whitewashing of the rapper's sometimes gritty and often wryly wrought vocal style" and felt that "Devil" was "hollow with a sanitized inauthenticity" despite strong verses from B o B and Busta Rhymes  AllMusic's Neil Z  Yeung gave the album a 4/5 rating and stated that it was a "celebration of the many facets of dance in the 2010s EDM era, from trap to tropical and everything in between"  He complimented their "impressive list of guests for the effort" and said that the brightest moments of the record came courtesy of the female vocalists, who bring a "carefree and breezy energy to balance the machismo"  Connor Jones from We Got This Covered felt like the album "plays more like a loose collection of songs than a cohesive whole", due to some tracks being released back in 2013 which causes them to feel mismatched when listened to  He continued by stating that the record feels repetitious and formulaic regarding its female led vocal collaborations, even with the presence of many excellent tracks  The critic concluded by writing that tracks like "How To Love" which "strike the right balance between radio friendly pop and crowd pleasing dance rhythms" works best in Blood, Sweat & 3 Years, and praised the "crystal clear mixing" and "excellent synth work" on the record Daniel Patrin of Renowned For Sound granted the record a 2/5 rating and stated that it consisted of "calculable, artificial pop music with forced momentum", mimicking the works of Afrojack and Swedish House Mafia which made it lack "any real aspects of individualism" 

Track listing
All tracks produced by Cash Cash, except "Millionaire" produced by Cash Cash and Digital Farm Animals 

Personnel
Credits for Blood, Sweat & 3 Years adapted from AllMusic 

Charts
Certifications
Release history
Passage 3:
Out of My League
Out of My League may refer to:

Out of My League (song), a song recorded by American band Fitz and the Tantrums
Out of My League (film), a 2020 Italian romantic comedy-drama film by Alice Filippi
Passage 4:
James King (musician)
James King is an American multi-instrumentalist who is a co-founder for soul band Fitz and the Tantrums  In 2008, he was approached by college friend Michael Fitzpatrick to play saxophone on a few songs that he had written which turned out to be the beginnings of Fitz and the Tantrums   King recommended Noelle Scaggs and other musicians   They performed for the first time a week later at Hollywood's Hotel Café   They released their debut EP Songs for a Breakup, Vol  1 in August 2009, and the tracks soon received airplay on public radio station KCRW in Los Angeles Six months after their first performance they had slots at Lollapalooza and Telluride Blues & Brews  In late 2009 they toured with Hepcat, Flogging Molly, and opened eight concerts for Maroon 5  The band signed to Dangerbird Records in April 2010, 
Their first full-length album, Pickin' Up the Pieces was released on August 24, 2010  It received critical acclaim and reached No  1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart, 140 on the Billboard 200, and 18 on the Independent Albums chart 
They were called by Vogue Magazine the "Hardest Working Band of 2011"  According to Rolling Stone, the band "throws a sparkling pop gloss on a familiar Motown sound"

Background
King was raised by a jazz guitarist father and a classical cellist mother  They introduced him to a wide range of music from an early age  In addition to the jazz training and classical training that he started at age five, he also started learning guitar, violin and piano before settling on the flute when he was nine years old; he added the saxophone when he was 11  King studied music privately and attended Los Angeles County High School for the Arts for his last two years of high school, after which he attended the California Institute of the Arts (1993–1999), where he went to earn his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in jazz performance  Before, King worked on a wide range of projects in the music industry and taught at the Silverlake Conservatory of Music 

Discography
Fitz and the Tantrums
Studio albums2009: Songs for a Breakup, Vol
Context 3: Passage 1:
Arnold Bennett
Enoch Arnold Bennett (27 May 1867 – 27 March 1931) was an English author, best known as a novelist who wrote prolifically  Between the 1890s and the 1930s he completed 34 novels, seven volumes of short stories, 13 plays (some in collaboration with other writers), and a daily journal totalling more than a million words  He wrote articles and stories for more than 100 newspapers and periodicals, worked in and briefly ran the Ministry of Information in the First World War, and wrote for the cinema in the 1920s  Sales of his books were substantial and he was the most financially successful British author of his day 
Born into a modest but upwardly mobile family in Hanley, in the Staffordshire Potteries, Bennett was intended by his father, a solicitor, to follow him into the legal profession  Bennett worked for his father, before moving to another law firm in London as a clerk, aged 21  He became assistant editor and then editor of a women's magazine, before becoming a full-time author in 1900  Always a devotee of French culture in general and French literature in particular, he moved to Paris in 1903; there the relaxed milieu helped him overcome his intense shyness, particularly with women  He spent ten years in France, marrying a Frenchwoman in 1907  In 1912 he moved back to England  He and his wife separated in 1921 and he spent the last years of his life with a new partner, an English actress  He died in 1931 of typhoid fever, having unwisely drunk tap-water in France 
Many of Bennett's novels and short stories are set in a fictionalised version of the Staffordshire Potteries, which he called The Five Towns  He strongly believed that literature should be accessible to ordinary people, and he deplored literary cliques and élites  His books appealed to a wide public and sold in large numbers  For this reason, and for his adherence to realism, writers and supporters of the modernist school, notably Virginia Woolf, belittled him, and his fiction became neglected after his death  During his lifetime his journalistic "self-help" books sold in substantial numbers, and he was also a playwright; he did less well in the theatre than with novels, but achieved two considerable successes with Milestones (1912) and The Great Adventure (1913) 
Studies by Margaret Drabble (1974), John Carey (1992) and others have led to a re-evaluation of Bennett's work  His finest novels, including Anna of the Five Towns (1902), The Old Wives' Tale (1908), Clayhanger (1910) and Riceyman Steps (1923), are now widely recognised as major works 

Life and career
Early years
Arnold Bennett was born on 27 May 1867 in Hanley, Staffordshire, now part of Stoke-on-Trent but then a separate town  He was the eldest child of the three sons and three daughters of Enoch Bennett (1843–1902) and his wife Sarah Ann, née Longson (1840–1914)  Enoch Bennett's early career had been one of mixed fortunes: after an unsuccessful attempt to run a business making and selling pottery, he set up as a draper and pawnbroker in 1866  Four years later Enoch's father died, leaving him some money with which he articled himself to a local law firm; in 1876 he qualified as a solicitor  The Bennetts were staunch Wesleyans, musical, cultured and sociable  Enoch Bennett had an authoritarian side, but it was a happy household, although a mobile one: as Enoch's success as a solicitor increased, the family moved, within the space of five years in the late 1870s and early 1880s, to four different houses in Hanley and the neighbouring Burslem From 1877 to 1882, Bennett's schooling was at the Wedgwood Institute, Burslem, followed by a year at a grammar school in Newcastle-under-Lyme  He was good at Latin and better at French; he had an inspirational headmaster who gave him a love for French literature and the French language that lasted all his life  He did well academically and passed Cambridge University examinations that could have led to an Oxbridge education, but his father had other plans  In 1883, aged 16, Bennett left school and began work – unpaid – in his father's office  He divided his time between uncongenial jobs, such as rent collecting, during the day, and studying for examinations in the evening  He began writing in a modest way, contributing light pieces to the local newspaper  He became adept in Pitman's shorthand, a skill much sought after in commercial offices, and on the strength of that he secured a post as a clerk at a firm of solicitors in Lincoln's Inn Fields, London  In March 1889, aged 21, he left for London and never returned to live in his native county 

First years in London
In the solicitors' office in London, Bennett became friendly with a young colleague, John Eland, who had a passion for books  Eland's friendship helped alleviate Bennett's innate shyness, which was exacerbated by a lifelong stammer  Together they explored the world of literature  Among the writers who impressed and influenced Bennett were George Moore, Émile Zola, Honoré de Balzac, Guy de Maupassant, Gustave Flaubert and Ivan Turgenev  He continued his own writing, and won a prize of twenty guineas from Tit-Bits in 1893 for his story 'The Artist's Model'; another short story, 'A Letter Home', was submitted successfully to The Yellow Book, where it featured in 1895 alongside contributions from Henry James and other well-known writers In 1894 Bennett resigned from the law firm and became assistant editor of the magazine Woman  The salary, £150 a year, was £50 less than he was earning as a clerk, but the post left him much more free time to write his first novel  For the magazine he wrote under a range of female pen-names such as "Barbara" and "Cecile"  As his biographer Margaret Drabble puts it:

The informal office life of the magazine suited Bennett, not least because it brought him into lively female company, and he began to be a little more relaxed with young women  He continued work on his novel and wrote short stories and articles  He was modest about his literary talent: he wrote to a friend, "I have no inward assurance that I could ever do anything more than mediocre viewed strictly as art – very mediocre", but he knew he could "turn out things which would be read with zest, & about which the man in the street would say to friends 'Have you read so & so in the What-is-it?'" He was happy to write for popular journals like Hearth and Home or for the highbrow The Academy His debut novel, A Man from the North, completed in 1896, was published two years later, by John Lane, whose reader, John Buchan, recommended it for publication  It elicited a letter of praise from Joseph Conrad and was well and widely reviewed, but Bennett's profits from the sale of the book were less than the cost of having it typed In 1896 Bennett was promoted to be editor of Woman; by then he had set his sights on a career as a full-time author, but he served as editor for four years  During that time he wrote two popular books, described by the critic John Lucas as "pot-boilers": Journalism for Women (1898) and Polite Farces for the Drawing Room (1899)  He also began work on a second novel, Anna of the Five Towns, the five towns being Bennett's lightly fictionalised version of the Staffordshire Potteries, where he grew up 

Freelance; Paris
In 1900 Bennett resigned his post at Woman, and left London to set up house at Trinity Hall Farm, near the village of Hockliffe in Bedfordshire, where he made a home not only for himself but for his parents and younger sister  He completed Anna of the Five Towns in 1901; it was published the following year, as was its successor, The Grand Babylon Hotel  The latter, an extravagant story of crime in high society, sold 50,000 copies in hardback and was almost immediately translated into four languages  By this stage he was confident enough in his abilities to tell a friend:

In January 1902 Enoch Bennett died, after a decline into dementia  His widow chose to move back to Burslem, and Bennett's sister married shortly afterwards  With no dependants, Bennett − always a devotee of French culture − decided to move to Paris; he took up residence there in March 1903  Biographers have speculated on his precise reasons for doing so   Drabble suggests that perhaps "he was hoping for some kind of liberation  He was thirty-five and unmarried"; Lucas writes that it was almost certainly Bennett's desire to be recognised as a serious artist that prompted his move; according to his friend and colleague Frank Swinnerton, Bennett was following in the footsteps of George Moore by going to live in "the home of modern realism"; in the view of the biographer Reginald Pound it was "to begin his career as a man of the world"  The 9th arrondissement of Paris was Bennett's home for the next five years, first in the rue de Calais, near the Place Pigalle, and then the more upmarket rue d'Aumale Life in Paris evidently helped Bennett overcome much of his remaining shyness with women  His journals for his early months in Paris mention a young woman identified as "C" or "Chichi", who was a chorus girl; the journals – or at least the cautiously selected extracts published since his death – do not record the precise nature of the relationship, but the two spent a considerable amount of time together In a restaurant where he dined frequently a trivial incident in 1903 gave Bennett the germ of an idea for the novel generally regarded as his masterpiece  A grotesque old woman came in and caused a fuss; the beautiful young waitress laughed at her, and Bennett was struck by the thought that the old woman had once been as young and lovely as the waitress  From this grew the story of two contrasting sisters in The Old Wives' Tale  He did not begin work on that novel until 1907, before which he wrote ten others, some "sadly undistinguished", in the view of his biographer Kenneth Young  Throughout his career, Bennett interspersed his best novels with some that his biographers and others have labelled pot-boilers 

Marriage; Fontainebleau and US visit
In 1905 Bennett became engaged to Eleanor Green, a member of an eccentric and capricious American family living in Paris, but at the last moment, after the wedding invitations had been sent out, she broke off the engagement and almost immediately married a fellow American  Drabble comments that Bennett was well rid of her, but it was a painful episode in his life  In early 1907 he met Marguerite Soulié (1874–1960), who soon became first a friend and then a lover  In May he was taken ill with a severe gastric complaint, and Marguerite moved into his flat to look after him  They became still closer, and in July 1907, shortly after his fortieth birthday, they were married at the Mairie of the 9th arrondissement  The marriage was childless  Early in 1908 the couple moved from the rue d'Aumale to the Villa des Néfliers in Fontainebleau-Avon, about 40 miles (64 km) south-east of Paris Lucas comments that the best of the novels written while in France – Whom God Hath Joined (1906), The Old Wives' Tale (1908), and Clayhanger (1910) – "justly established Bennett as a major exponent of realistic fiction"  In addition to these, Bennett published lighter novels such as The Card (1911)  His output of literary journalism included articles for T  P  O'Connor's T  P 's Weekly and the left-wing The New Age; his pieces for the latter, published under a pen-name, were concise literary essays aimed at "the general cultivated reader", a form taken up by a later generation of writers including J  B  Priestley and V  S  Pritchett In 1911 Bennett made a financially rewarding visit to the US, which he later recorded in his 1912 book Those United States  Crossing the Atlantic aboard the Lusitania, he visited not only New York and Boston but also Chicago, Indianapolis, Washington and Philadelphia in a tour that was described by US publisher George Doran as "one of continuous triumph": in the first three days of his stay in New York he was interviewed 26 times by journalists  While rival E P  Dutton had secured rights to such Bennett novels as Hilda Lessways and the Card (retitled Denry the Audacious), Doran, who travelled everywhere with Bennett while in America, was the publisher of Bennett’s wildly successful ‘pocket philosophies’ How to Live on Twenty-Four Hours a Day and Mental Efficiency  Of these books the influential critic Willard Huntington Wright wrote that Bennett had "turned preacher and a jolly good preacher he is"  While in the US Bennett also sold the serial rights of his forthcoming novel, The Price of Love (1913–14), to Harpers for £2,000, eight essays to Metropolitan magazine for a total of  £1,200, and the American rights of a successor to Clayhanger for £3,000 During his ten years in France he had gone from a moderately well-known writer enjoying modest sales to outstanding success  Swinnerton comments that in addition to his large sales, Bennett's critical prestige was at its zenith 

Return to England
In 1912, after an extended stay at the Hotel Californie in Cannes, during which time he wrote The Regent, a light-hearted sequel to The Card, Bennett and his wife moved from France to England  Initially they lived in Putney, but "determined to become an English country landowner", he bought Comarques, an early-18th-century country house at Thorpe-le-Soken, Essex, and moved there in February 1913  Among his early concerns, once back in England, was to succeed as a playwright  He had dabbled previously but his inexperience showed  The Times thought his 1911 comedy The Honeymoon, staged in the West End with a starry cast, had "one of the most amusing first acts we have ever seen", but fell flat in the other two acts  In the same year Bennett met the playwright Edward Knoblauch (later Knoblock) and they collaborated on Milestones, the story of the generations of a family seen in 1860, 1885 and 1912  The combination of Bennett's narrative gift and Knoblauch's practical experience proved a success  The play was strongly cast, received highly favourable notices, ran for more than 600 performances in London and over 200 in New York, and made Bennett a great deal of money  His next play, The Great Adventure (1913), a stage version of his novel Buried Alive (1908), was similarly successful Bennett's attitude to the First World War was that British politicians had been at fault in failing to prevent it, but that once it had become inevitable it was right that Britain should join its allies against the Germans  He concentrated his attention on journalism, aiming to inform and encourage the public in Britain and allied and neutral countries  He served on official and unofficial committees, and in 1915 he was invited to visit France to see conditions at the front and write about them for readers at home  The collected impressions appeared in a book called Over There (1915)  He was still writing novels, however: These Twain, the third in his Clayhanger trilogy, was published in 1916 and in 1917 he completed a sequel, The Roll Call, which ends with its hero, George Cannon, enlisting in the army  Wartime London was the setting for Bennett's The Pretty Lady (1918), about a high-class French cocotte: although well reviewed, because of its subject-matter the novel provoked "a Hades of a row" and some booksellers refused to sell it When Lord Beaverbrook became Minister of Information in February 1918 he appointed Bennett to take charge of propaganda in France  Beaverbrook fell ill in October 1918 and made Bennett director of propaganda, in charge of the whole ministry for the last weeks of the war  At the end of 1918 Bennett was offered, but declined, a knighthood in the new Order of the British Empire instituted by George V  The offer was renewed some time later, and again Bennett refused it  One of his closest associates at the time suspected that he was privately hoping for the more prestigious Order of Merit As the war was ending, Bennett returned to his theatrical interests, although not primarily as a playwright  In November 1918 he became chairman, with Nigel Playfair as managing director, of the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith  Among their productions were Abraham Lincoln by John Drinkwater, and The Beggar's Opera, which, in Swinnerton's phrase, "caught different moods of the post-war spirit", and ran for 466 and 1,463 performances respectively 

Last years
In 1921 Bennett and his wife legally separated  They had been drifting apart for some years and Marguerite had taken up with Pierre Legros, a young French lecturer  Bennett sold Comarques and lived in London for the rest of his life, first in a flat near Bond Street in the West End, on which he had taken a lease during the war  For much of the 1920s he was widely known to be the highest-paid literary journalist in England, contributing a weekly column to Beaverbrook's Evening Standard under the title 'Books and Persons'; according to Frank Swinnerton these articles were "extraordinarily successful and influential     and made a number of new reputations"  By the end of his career, Bennett had contributed to more than 100 newspapers, magazines and other publications  He continued to write novels and plays as assiduously as before the war Swinnerton writes, "Endless social engagements; inexhaustible patronage of musicians, actors, poets, and painters; the maximum of benevolence to friends and strangers alike, marked the last ten years of his life"  Hugh Walpole, James Agate and Osbert Sitwell were among those who testified to Bennett's generosity  Sitwell recalled a letter Bennett wrote in the 1920s:

In 1922 Bennett met and fell in love with an actress, Dorothy Cheston (1891–1977)  Together they set up home in Cadogan Square, where they stayed until moving in 1930 to Chiltern Court, Baker Street  As Marguerite would not agree to a divorce, Bennett was unable to marry Dorothy, and in September 1928, having become pregnant, she changed her name by deed poll to Dorothy Cheston Bennett  The following April she gave birth to the couple's only child, Virginia Mary (1929–2003)  She continued to appear as an actress, and produced and starred in a revival of Milestones which was well reviewed, but had only a moderate run  Bennett had mixed feelings about her continuing stage career, but did not seek to stop it During a holiday in France with Dorothy in January 1931, Bennett twice drank tap-water – not, at the time, a safe thing to do there  On his return home he was taken ill; influenza was diagnosed at first, but the illness was typhoid fever; after several weeks of unsuccessful treatment he died in his flat at Chiltern Court on 27 March 1931, aged 63 Bennett was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and his ashes were interred in Burslem Cemetery in his mother's grave  A memorial service was held on 31 March 1931 at St Clement Danes, London, attended by leading figures from journalism, literature, music, politics and theatre, and, in Pound's words, many men and women who at the end of the service "walked out into a London that for them would never be the same again" 

Works
From the outset, Bennett believed in the "democratisation of art which it is surely the duty of the minority to undertake"  He admired some of the modernist writers of his time, but strongly disapproved of their conscious appeal to a small élite and their disdain for the general reader  Bennett believed that literature should be inclusive, accessible by ordinary people From the start of his career, Bennett was aware of the appeal of regional fiction  Anthony Trollope, George Eliot and Thomas Hardy had created and sustained their own locales, and Bennett did the same with his Five Towns, drawing on his experiences as a boy and young man  As a realistic writer he followed the examples of the authors he admired – above all George Moore, but also Balzac, Flaubert and Maupassant among French writers, and Dostoevsky, Turgenev and Tolstoy among Russians  In writing about the Five Towns Bennett aimed to portray the experiences of ordinary people coping with the norms and constraints of the communities in which they lived  J  B  Priestley considered that the next influence on Bennett's fiction was his time in London in the 1890s, "engaged in journalism and ingenious pot-boiling of various kinds" 

Novels and short stories
Bennett is remembered chiefly for his novels and short stories  The best known are set in, or feature people from, the six towns of the Potteries of his youth  He presented the region as "the Five Towns", which correspond closely with their originals: the real-life Burslem, Hanley, Longton, Stoke and Tunstall become Bennett's Bursley, Hanbridge, Longshaw, Knype and Turnhill  These "Five Towns" make their first appearance in Bennett's fiction in Anna of the Five Towns (1902) and are the setting for further novels including Leonora (1903), Whom God Hath Joined (1906), The Old Wives' Tale (1908) and the Clayhanger trilogy – Clayhanger (1910), Hilda Lessways (1911) and These Twain (1916) – as well as for dozens of short stories  Bennett's fiction portrays the Five Towns with what The Oxford Companion to English Literature calls "an ironic but affectionate detachment, describing provincial life and culture in documentary detail, and creating many memorable characters"  In later life Bennett said that the writer George Moore was "the father of all my Five Towns books" as it was reading Moore's 1885 novel A Mummer's Wife, set in the Potteries, that "opened my eyes to the romantic nature of the district I had blindly inhabited for over twenty years" It was not only locations on which Bennett drew for his fiction  Many of his characters are discernibly based on real people in his life  His Lincoln's Inn friend John Eland was a source for Mr Aked in Bennett's first novel, A Man from the North (1898); A Great Man (1903) contains a character with echoes of his Parisienne friend Chichi; Darius Clayhanger's early life is based on that of a family friend and Bennett himself is seen in Edwin in Clayhanger  He has been criticised for making literary use in that novel of the distressing details of his father's decline into senility, but in Pound's view, in committing the details to paper Bennett was unburdening himself of painful memories These Twain is Bennett's "last extended study of Five Towns life"  The novels he wrote in the 1920s are largely set in London and thereabouts: Riceyman Steps (1923), for instance, generally regarded as the best of Bennett's post-war novels, was set in Clerkenwell: it was awarded the James Tait Black novel prize for 1923, "the first prize for a book I ever had," Bennett noted in his journal on 18 October 1924  His Lord Raingo (1926), described by Dudley Barker as "one of the finest of political novels in the language", benefited from Bennett's own experience in the Ministry of Information and his subsequent friendship with Beaverbrook: John Lucas states that "As a study of what goes on in the corridors of power [Lord Raingo] has few equals"  And Bennett's final – and longest – novel, Imperial Palace (1930), is set in a grand London hotel reminiscent of the Savoy, whose directors assisted him in his preliminary research Bennett usually gave his novels subtitles; the most frequent was "A fantasia on modern themes", individual books were called "A frolic" or "A melodrama", but he was sparing with the label "A novel" which he used for only a few of his books – for instance Anna of the Five Towns, Leonora, Sacred and Profane Love, The Old Wives' Tale, The Pretty Lady (1918) and Riceyman Steps  Literary critics have followed Bennett in dividing his novels into groups  The literary scholar Kurt Koenigsberger proposes three categories  In the first are the long narratives – "freestanding, monumental artefacts" – Anna of the Five Towns, The Old Wives' Tale, Clayhanger and Riceyman Steps, which "have been held in high critical regard since their publication"  Koenigsberger writes that the "Fantasias" such as The Grand Babylon Hotel (1902), Teresa of Watling Street (1904) and The City of Pleasure (1907), have "mostly passed from public attention along with the 'modern' conditions they exploit"  His third group includes "Idyllic Diversions" or "Stories of Adventure", including Helen with the High Hand (1910), The Card (1911), and The Regent (1913), which "have sustained some enduring critical and popular interest, not least for their amusing treatment of cosmopolitanism and provinciality" Bennett published 96 short stories in seven volumes between 1905 and 1931  His ambivalence about his native town is vividly seen in "The Death of Simon Fuge" in the collection The Grim Smile of the Five Towns (1907), judged by Lucas the finest of all the stories  His chosen locations ranged widely, including Paris and Venice as well as London and the Five Towns  As with his novels, he would sometimes give a story a label, calling "The Matador of the Five Towns" (1912) "a tragedy" and "Jock-at-a-Venture" from the same collection "a frolic"  The short stories, particularly those in Tales of the Five Towns (1905), The Grim Smile of the Five Towns (1907), and The Matador of the Five Towns contain some of the most striking examples of Bennett's concern for realism, with an unflinching narrative focus on what Lucas calls "the drab, the squalid, and the mundane"  In 2010 and 2011 two further volumes of Bennett's hitherto uncollected short stories were published: they range from his earliest work written in the 1890s, some under the pseudonym Sarah Volatile, to US magazine commissions from the late 1920s 

Stage and screen
In 1931 the critic Graham Sutton, looking back at Bennett's career in the theatre, contrasted his achievements as a playwright with those as a novelist, suggesting that Bennett was a complete novelist but a not-entirely-complete dramatist  His plays were clearly those of a novelist: "He tends to lengthy speeches  Sometimes he overwrites a part, as though distrusting the actor  He is more interested in what his people are than in what they visibly do  He 'thinks nowt' of mere slickness of plot "
Bennett's lack of a theatrical grounding showed in the uneven construction of some of his plays, such as his 1911 comedy The Honeymoon, which played for 125 performances from October 1911  The highly successful Milestones was seen as impeccably constructed, but the credit for that was given to his craftsmanlike collaborator, Edward Knoblauch (Bennett being credited with the inventive flair of the piece)



ground_truth: Sun

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: For which band, was the female member of Fitz and The Tantrums, the front woman for ten years ?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  1  
2010: Santa Stole My Lady  
2010: Pickin' Up the Pieces 
2013: More Than Just a Dream 
2016: Fitz and the Tantrums

Other work
2000–2010: Domingosiete  ("saxofonista")
2001–2010: Breakestra
2002–2010: Connie Price and the Keystones
2004–2005: Orgone
2008–2009: Composer, Nic and Tristan Go Mega-Dega 
2008–2010: The Lions 
2010: Performed in Burlesque starring Cher and Christina Aguilera
2013: Fanfare Jonathan Wilson album, saxophone and flute
2014: "Weird Al" Yankovic Mandatory Fun, saxophone
Passage 5:
Spencer Ludwig
Spencer Ludwig (born 24 June 1990) is an American trumpeter, singer, songwriter, producer and musical director from Los Angeles, California  Ludwig is the trumpet player of the band Capital Cities  He recorded on their platinum debut album In a Tidal Wave of Mystery and toured with them from 2011 to 2015  He has also performed with Harry Styles, Dua Lipa, Gallant, Mike Posner, Foster the People, Portugal  The Man, Fitz and the Tantrums, RAC, Joywave, St  Lucia, Cherub, and The Wailers  In 2018 he began his career as an independent artist and formed Trumpet Records 

Early life and education
Ludwig is the son of a Filipino mother and a Russian-Jewish father  He grew up in Los Angeles, California  He attended Oakwood School and began playing saxophone in the fourth grade due to his school's support for performing arts  Ludwig grew fond of jazz music and performed in the school's jazz band during his middle school years Ludwig learned to play the French horn in high school but decided to apply to college as a trumpet player  He started off by teaching himself how to play the trumpet going into his senior year of high school  He was accepted to California Institute of the Arts where he studied jazz  He supported his way through school by playing with local bands from Los Angeles and teaching trumpet part-time at his former high school 

Career
Ludwig was part of the local Los Angeles music scene, performing with numerous bands [1] He began performing while in college, forming a cover band with friends that graduated from Oakwood School a few years before him [2] It was in 2011 that Ludwig got his break with Capital Cities [2]
While playing at a local music festival with a band called Sister Rogers in 2011, Capital Cities band members Ryan Merchant and Sebu Simonian watched him perform, later asking him to join the group as its trumpet player [1][2] Ludwig shifted his focus to solely playing with the band and recorded and toured with them for the next four years [1] He recorded trumpet on the group's platinum debut album In a Tidal Wave of Mystery [3]
In 2015 Ludwig signed a record deal with Warner Bros  Records as a solo artist [4] In July 2016 he released his first two singles Diggy and Right Into U [7] The song "Diggy" was featured in Target's fall style TV campaign, which premiered on September 14, 2016 [8] "Diggy" also appeared in the feature film "Happy Death Day" and the video game Just Dance 2018  In 2018 Ludwig left Warner Bros  Records to pursue a career as an independent artist and to form his own record label Trumpet Records  In March 2018 he released his first single as an independent artist "Just Wanna Dance" and he collaborated with five-time Latin Grammy winner Fonseca on his song "Por Pura Curiosidad", which was featured on his album Agustín and earned a Latin Grammy in 2019 for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album In 2017 in front of 46,556 fans, he performed the national anthem on trumpet at the 2017 NHL Winter Classic at Busch Stadium in St  Louis, Missouri featuring the Chicago Blackhawks and St  Louis Blues (a first for the Winter Classic)  That same year he became the official band leader and musical director for the annual NFL Honors Awards and in 2021 he became the musical director for the ESPY Awards 

Discography
Solo Releases
Songwriting, recording and production credits
Passage 6:
Michael Fitzpatrick (musician)
Michael Sean "Fitz" Fitzpatrick (born 21 July 1970) is a French-born American musician and singer-songwriter, who is the lead vocalist of the indie pop/neo-soul band Fitz and the Tantrums 
Fitz and the Tantrums were heralded as a "band to watch" in an April 2011 profile in Rolling Stone  Their 2010 debut full-length album Pickin' Up the Pieces received critical acclaim and reached #1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart In May 2021, Fitzpatrick released his debut solo album, Head Up High 

Biography
Born in Montluçon, France, Fitzpatrick grew up in Los Angeles  His father, Robert Fitzpatrick, is Irish American and his mother, Sylvie, is French  He attended the L A  County High School for the Arts, studying vocal music and then studied experimental film at the California Institute of the Arts, where he met fellow band member James King  Although he now composes primarily on the piano and organ, he only had formal piano training later in life  He has said, "I'd always been a decent singer, but I got frustrated by my inability to play piano by anything more than by ear  I took piano lessons when I was 32, and it opened up a whole new vocabulary for me " Fitzpatrick grew up mostly listening to classical music, as he was discouraged from listening to other music styles in the household  One concession, however, was being allowed to listen to a local oldie radio station in the car driving to and from school After college, he worked for many years behind the scenes as a sound engineer for producer Mickey Petralia, who produced Beck, Ladytron, Flight of the Conchords, and The Dandy Warhols In late 2008, Fitzpatrick received a call from an ex-girlfriend to tell him about a neighbor who needed to unload or sell a church organ for $50  Fitzpatrick told her to pay the neighbor the $50 and arranged to have the organ moved to his apartment that same day  That evening, inspired by the organ, he wrote the song "Breakin' the Chains of Love"  He has stated, "I immediately knew it was the best song I'd written  I could astral plane out and hear myself, like, 'wow!' Not bad!"  Fitzpatrick decided to form a band, and contacted friend and saxophonist James King  Through phone calls they assembled the band, with King recommending singer Noelle Scaggs and drummer John Wicks, and Wicks in turn bringing in bassist Ethan Phillips and keyboardist Jeremy Ruzumna  The band met for its first rehearsal a week later and instantly clicked 
In interviews, he has emphasized his eclectic musical tastes  He has said, "We [the band] all have a love affair with soul and funk music  For me, it's obviously Otis Redding, Marvin Gaye, the Supremes, all that stuff  My musical taste runs the gamut from Radiohead to Zeppelin to Major Lazer  My older brother was really into '80s new wave, so a lot of the first records I got to borrow and steal were his "

Personal life
In May 2013, it was announced that Fitzpatrick was expecting a child with then-girlfriend actress Kaylee DeFer  DeFer gave birth to their son in September 2013  Fitzpatrick and DeFer married on 25 July 2015  Their second son was born in April 2017 and a third son was born in May 2019 

Discography
Albums
Solo
Head Up High

With Band of Merrymakers
Welcome to Our Christmas Party

With Fitz and the Tantrums
Pickin' Up the Pieces
More Than Just a Dream
Fitz and the Tantrums
All the Feels

Singles
As solo artist
As featured artist
Guest appearances
Passage 7:
HandClap
"HandClap" is a song recorded by American indie pop band Fitz and the Tantrums  The song was released as the lead single from their self-titled album Fitz and the Tantrums on March 25, 2016, through Elektra Records  It is their highest-charting song on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 53  The song was also included in Playground Games' Forza Horizon 3 soundtrack and Just Dance Unlimited for Just Dance 2017  A rendition of the song was also performed on the South Korean-Japanese survival show Produce 48 in 2018  Since its release, the song has gained popularity from its usage during sporting events 

Track listing
Charts
Certifications
Passage 8:
Elina Siirala
Elina Siirala (born 27 October 1983) is a Finnish soprano  She is the founder and frontwoman for the English melodic metal band Angel Nation (formerly EnkElination) and the current female vocalist for the German symphonic metal/viking metal band Leaves' Eyes  Elina is the second cousin of Tuomas Holopainen, founder and keyboardist of Nightwish 

Career
After completing a bachelor's degree in classical singing in Helsinki, Elina moved to London in 2008 to study contemporary vocals 
In 2011, she formed the melodic metal band EnkElination, the band name being a play on words featuring "enkeli", the Finnish word for "angel", and also her name "Elina" in the middle  In 2016 the band announced they would translate their name to "Angel Nation" 
The new band name of Angel Nation was shortly followed on 12 April 2016 by the announcement of a new drummer Lucas Robert Williamson joining existing members Shadow on guitar and Julia on bass 

The band played several live shows both headlining venues such as the Camden Underworld and supporting larger bands, as well as festival appearances including Bloodstock Open Air in 2014 and Dames of Darkness in 2015  She came to the attention of Leaves' Eyes during one of those support slots, and in 2016 she was invited to join Leaves' Eyes to replace departing singer Liv Kristine In 2016 Elina toured the United States with Leaves Eyes   In October 2016 she released the single "Do It Anyway" with her band Angel Nation via Nuclear Blast   The single was accompanied by a video produced by Caz Reason and featured fellow band members Shadow, Julia and Lucas 
In 2017 Leaves Eyes announced another tour of the United States alongside Sabaton whilst Elina also returned to work on recordings for Angel Nation's second album "Aeon"   "Aeon" was released on 27 October 2017 with a small European tour announced alongside Elyose 

Discography
Passage 9:
Songs for a Breakup, Vol  1
Songs for a Breakup: Vol  1 is the debut studio EP by the American indie rock band Fitz and the Tantrums, released on August 11, 2009 through Canyon Productions  It was re-released in 2010 when the band signed to Dangerbird Records 

Track listing
Personnel
Michael Fitzpatrick
Noelle Scaggs
Joseph Karnes
James King
Jeremy Ruzumna
John Wicks

Additional personnel
Chris Seefried – producer, guitar, bass, vocals, keyboards
Maya Azucena – vocals
Sebastian Steinberg – bass
Matt Cooker – cello
Stewart Cole – trumpet
Scott Ellis – drums
Tay Strathairn – piano
Chris Constable – mixing
Josh Brochhausen  – mixing
Gavin Lurssen – mastering
Edon – photography
Alex Tenta – design, layout
Lisa Nupoff – management
Brian Klein – management
Passage 10:
Noelle Scaggs
Noelle Scaggs (born October 8, 1979) is an American musician and singer-songwriter from Los Angeles, known as the co-lead singer of the pop group Fitz and the Tantrums  Scaggs has also had numerous collaborations with the Black Eyed Peas, Dilated Peoples, Quantic, Mayer Hawthorne, and Damian Marley 
In 2008 she became a co-lead singer of the indie pop and neo-soul band Fitz and the Tantrums, and is featured on their 2010 album Pickin' Up the Pieces, which hit No  1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart  She has toured extensively with the band and performed on shows such as Jimmy Kimmel Live!, Conan, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Ellen, GMA, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, and The Late Late Show with James Corden 
She has been critically acclaimed for her "powerhouse vocals" and charismatic on-stage presence 

Early life
Scaggs was born on October 8, 1979, in Denver, Colorado  Her father was a DJ and Scaggs was exposed to his vinyl collection at a young age, including Parliament, Teena Marie, and The Pointer Sisters  She also listened to her parents play artists such as Marvin Gaye and The Temptations during house parties, and was influenced as a young singer by the music of Tina Turner Early on, Scaggs would perform for friends and family, and at around 9 years of age, became more seriously interested in singing  In elementary school she began practicing daily and signed herself up for all available talent shows  According to Scaggs, "I was one of those kids who had friends but got picked on a lot   I felt like I needed an outlet  For me, that outlet was music " Except for a year of vocal training in high school, she was self-taught and only considered becoming a professional musician as she approached graduation from South Pasadena High School 

Music career
Collaborations
After high school Scaggs began working as both a professional songwriter and vocalist  Early on she faced financial hurdles, as well as finding the right producers  As a songwriter, Scaggs has referenced creative influences as diverse as Radiohead and The Bird and the Bee Her first major label appearance was in 2000, as lead vocalist on the track "If There Be Pain" on the Interscope compilation project The Rose That Grew from Concrete  In 2001 she contributed vocals to Expansion Team by Dilated Peoples, and in 2003 contributed background vocals to the Elephunk LP by The Black Eyed Peas and Must B 21 by will i am 
In 2003 she released her first 12" LP, The Craft, featuring hip-hop trio Dilated Peoples She was a primary artist in 2006 on An Announcement to Answer by Quantic, and has since worked as a composer, songwriter, or vocalist with artists such as Orgone, Mayer Hawthorne, The Quantic Soul Orchestra, Guilty Simpson, Koushik, and Evidence  She also worked on Damian Marley's 2010 release with rapper Nas In July 2008 she performed in four shows on Scion A/V's "Live Metro" tour featuring hardcore rap duo M O P  Funk band Connie Price and the Keystones and saxophonist James King (later of Fitz and the Tantrums), provided backing She has also sung backup for Miley Cyrus and modeled in an art piece for Kanye West   In 2008 she hosted the VMA's Nappy Boy TV with T-Pain  She has contributed to a number of film soundtracks as a singer and songwriter, including Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story (in which she was also an uncredited actress) and The Nanny Diaries with Scarlett Johansson  She acted as a backup singer in Be Cool with John Travolta 

The Rebirth
Scaggs soon joined as front-woman and songwriter for The Rebirth, a Los Angeles soul band  In 2005 The Rebirth released their first album This Journey In on independent label Kajmere Sound  She wrote the track "Stray Away" and a number of other songs on their LP, co-writing with band leader Carlos Guiaco The first single, "This Journey In", hit the top 5 of playlists throughout Europe and Japan, and attracted the attention of DJs such as BBC Radio 1's Gilles Peterson, King Britt of the group Digable Planets, and Norman Jay MBE  Scaggs toured with the band for ten years before taking two years off from music 

Fitz and the Tantrums
In December 2008 she joined the Los Angeles soul/pop band Fitz and the Tantrums for a rehearsal after being recommended to band leader Michael Fitzpatrick by saxophone player James King  According to Scaggs, "When I first heard the project I was really attracted to the sound  It was something that wasn't really familiar in the spectrum of not being exactly Motown or something from the '80s "They performed for the first time a week later at Hollywood's Hotel Café, and she decided to remain with the band as a vocalist, songwriter, and lyricist  They released their debut EP Songs for a Breakup, Vol  1 in August 2009, and the tracks soon received airplay on public radio station KCRW in Los Angeles 
Six months after their first performance they had slots at Lollapalooza and Telluride Blues & Brews  In late 2009 they toured with Hepcat, Flogging Molly, and opened eight concerts for Maroon 5  The band signed to Dangerbird Records in April 2010, and Scaggs has since appeared with the band on Jimmy Kimmel Live!,  Conan and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno 
Their first full-length album, Pickin' Up the Pieces was released on August 24, 2010  It received critical acclaim and reached No  1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart, 140 on the Billboard 200, and 18 on the Independent Albums chart 
They were called by Vogue Magazine the "Hardest Working Band of 2011," and "Artist to Watch" in Rolling Stone  Also according to Rolling Stone, the band "throws a sparkling pop gloss on a familiar Motown sound thanks in large part to the powerhouse vocals of sultry singer Noelle Scaggs "

Discography
Singles
2003: The Craft (featuring Dilated Peoples)
2018: Great For You (featuring BRÅVES)

The Rebirth
Studio albums2006: This Journey In (Vocals, composer)

Fitz and the Tantrums
Studio albums2009: Songs for a Breakup, Vol  1 EP (Composer, vocals)
2010: Santa Stole My Lady EP (Composer, vocals)
2010: Pickin' Up the Pieces (Composer, vocals)
2013: More Than Just A Dream (Composer, vocals, keyboards)
2016: Fitz and the Tantrums ((Composer, vocals)
2019: All the Feels (Composer, vocals)

Collaborations
Studio albums2000: The Rose That Grew from Concrete (Vocals)
2000: Bridging the Gap by The Black Eyed Peas (Background vocals)
2001: Expansion Team by Dilated Peoples (Vocals)
2003: Elephunk by The Black Eyed Peas (Background vocals)
2003: Must B 21: Soundtrack to Get Things Started by will i am (Background vocals)
2004: Crescent Moon by Lunar Heights (Primary artist, vocals)
2004: The Arrival by Cutthroat Dymond Cutz Family (Primary artist, vocals)
2005: 100% Black Novenoe Volument DVD (Background vocals)
2005: Grammy Nominees 2005 (Background vocals)
2005: Push Comes to Shove by MED (Composer)
2005: Monkey Business by The Black Eyed Peas (Background Vocals)
2005: Soul Divas (Wagram) (Featured artist)
2006: An Announcement to Answer by Quantic (Composer, primary artist, vocals)
2006: Authentic Vintage by Jern Eye (Vocals)
2007: Rough Guide to Latin Funk (Composer)
2007: Shapes 07:01 (Composer)
2007: Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story (Musician, vocals)
2007: The Killion Floor by Orgone (Lyricist, primary artist, vocals)
2007: The Weatherman LP by Evidence (Choir, vocals)
2007: Tropidelico by The Quantic Soul Orchestra (Primary artist, vocals)
2008: Jungle Struttin' by The Lions (Vocals)
2008: Ode to the Ghetto by Guilty Simpson (Vocals)
2008: Out My Window by Koushik (Vocals)
2008: The Layover EP by Evidence (Vocals)
2009: The Connection, Vol  1 by Evidence (Featured artist, vocals)
2010: Distant Relatives by Damian "Junior Gong" Marley (Background vocals)
2010: Fairfax Avenue by Roy Jay (Background vocals)
2010: For What You've Lost by Raashan Ahmad (Featured artist)
2011: Cats and Dogs by Evidence (Vocals)
2011: How Do You Do by Mayer Hawthorne (Vocals)
2011: Extra Playful by John Cale (Background vocals)

Singles
"Let's Do It Again"/"Cherry Pie" (Featured artist, composer)

Filmography
2005: Be Cool (Backup singer)
2006: Where is Love Waiting (Singer)
Context 3:  By far his most successful solo effort in the theatre was The Great Adventure, based on his 1908 novel Buried Alive, which ran in the West End for 674 performances, from March 1913 to November 1914  Sutton praised its "new strain of impish and sardonic fantasy" and rated it a much finer play than Milestones After the First World War Bennett wrote two plays on metaphysical questions, Sacred and Profane Love (1919, adapted from his novel) and Body and Soul (1922), which made little impression  The Saturday Review praised the "shrewd wit" of the former, but thought it "false in its essentials     superficial in its accidentals"  Of the latter, the critic Horace Shipp wondered "how the author of Clayhanger and The Old Wives' Tale could write such third-rate stuff"  Bennett had more success in a final collaboration with Edward Knoblock (as Knoblauch had become during the war) with Mr Prohack (1927), a comedy based on his 1922 novel; one critic wrote "I could have enjoyed the play had it run to double its length", but even so he judged the middle act weaker than the outer two  Sutton concludes that Bennett's forte was character, but that the competence of his technique was variable  The plays are seldom revived, although some have been adapted for television Bennett wrote two opera libretti for the composer Eugene Goossens: Judith (one act, 1929) and Don Juan (four acts, produced in 1937 after the writer's death)  There were comments that Goossens's music lacked tunes and Bennett's libretti were too wordy and literary  The critic Ernest Newman defended both works, finding Bennett's libretto for Judith "a drama told simply and straightforwardly" and Don Juan "the best thing that English opera has so far produced … the most dramatic and stageworthy", but though politely received, both operas vanished from the repertory after a few performances Bennett took a keen interest in the cinema, and in 1920 wrote The Wedding Dress, a scenario for a silent movie, at the request of Jesse Lasky of the Famous Players film company  It was never made, though Bennett wrote a full-length treatment, assumed to be lost until his daughter Virginia found it in a drawer in her Paris home in 1983; subsequently the script was sold to the Potteries Museum and Art Gallery and was finally published in 2013  In 1928 Bennett wrote the  scenario for the silent film Piccadilly, directed by E  A  Dupont and starring Anna May Wong, described by the British Film Institute as "one of  the true greats of British silent films"  In 1929, the year the film came out, Bennett was in discussion with a young Alfred Hitchcock to script a silent film, Punch and Judy, which foundered on artistic disagreements and  Bennett's refusal to see the film as a "talkie" rather than silent  His original scenario, acquired by Pennsylvania State University, was published in the UK in 2012 

Journalism and self-help books
Bennett published more than two dozen non-fiction books, among which eight could be classified as "self-help": the most enduring is How to Live on 24 Hours a Day (1908), which is still in print and has been translated into several languages  Other "self-help" volumes include How to Become an Author (1903), The Reasonable Life (1907), Literary Taste: How to Form It (1909), The Human Machine (1908), Mental Efficiency (1911), The Plain Man and his Wife (1913), Self and Self-Management (1918) and How to Make the Best of Life (1923)  They were, says Swinnerton, "written for small fees and with a real desire to assist the ignorant"  According to the Harvard academic Beth Blum, these books "advance less scientific versions of the argument for mental discipline espoused by William James"  In his biography of Bennett Patrick Donovan argues that in the US "the huge appeal to the ordinary readers" of his self-help books "made his name stand out vividly from other English writers across the massive, fragmented American market " As Bennett put it to his London-based agent J  B  Pinker, these "pocket philosophies are just the sort of book for the American public"  However, How to Live on 24 Hours was aimed initially at "the legions of clerks and typists and other meanly paid workers caught up in the explosion of British office jobs around the turn of the century … they offered a strong message of hope from somebody who so well understood their lives" Bennett never lost his journalistic instincts, and throughout his life sought and responded to newspaper and magazine commissions with varying degrees of enthusiasm: "from the start of the 1890s right up to the week of his death there would never be a period when he was not churning out copy for newspapers and magazines"  In a journal entry at the end of 1908, for instance, he noted that he had written "over sixty newspaper articles" that year; in 1910 the figure was "probably about 80 other articles"  While living in Paris he was a regular contributor to T  P 's Weekly; later he reviewed for The New Age under the pseudonym Jacob Tonson and was associated with the New Statesman as not only a writer but also a director 

Journals
Inspired by the Journal des Goncourt, Bennett kept a journal throughout his adult life  Swinnerton says that it runs to a million words; it has not been published in full  Edited extracts were issued in three volumes, in 1932 and 1933  According to Hugh Walpole, the editor, Newman Flower, "was so appalled by much of what he found in the journals that he published only brief extracts, and those the safest"  Whatever Flower censored, the extracts he selected were not always "the safest": he let some defamatory remarks through, and in 1935 he, the publishers and printers had to pay an undisclosed sum to the plaintiff in one libel suit and £2,500 in another 

Critical reputation
Novels and short stories
The literary modernists of his day deplored Bennett's books, and those of his well-known contemporaries H  G  Wells and John Galsworthy  Of the three, Bennett drew the most opprobrium from modernists such as Virginia Woolf, Ezra Pound and Wyndham Lewis who regarded him as representative of an outmoded and rival literary culture  There was a strong element of class-consciousness and snobbery in the modernists' attitude: Woolf accused Bennett of having "a shopkeeper's view of literature" and in her essay "Mr Bennett and Mrs Brown" accused Bennett, Galsworthy and Wells of ushering in an "age when character disappeared or was mysteriously engulfed" In a 1963 study of Bennett, James Hepburn summed up and dissented from the prevailing views of the novels, listing three related evaluative positions taken individually or together by almost all Bennett's critics: that his Five Towns novels are generally superior to his other work, that he and his art declined after The Old Wives' Tale or Clayhanger, and that there is a sharp and clear distinction between the good and bad novels  Hepburn countered that one of the novels most frequently praised by literary critics is Riceyman Steps (1923) set in Clerkenwell, London, and dealing with material imagined rather than observed by the author  On the third point he commented that although received wisdom was that The Old Wives' Tale and Clayhanger are good and Sacred and Profane Love and Lillian are bad, there was little consensus about which other Bennett novels were good, bad or indifferent  He instanced The Pretty Lady (1918), on which critical opinion ranged from "cheap and sensational"     "sentimental melodrama" to "a great novel"  Lucas (2004) considers it "a much underrated study of England during the war years, especially in its sensitive feeling for the destructive frenzy that underlay much apparently good-hearted patriotism" In 1974 Margaret Drabble published Arnold Bennett, a literary biography  In the foreword she demurred at the critical dismissal of Bennett:

Writing in the 1990s the literary critic John Carey called for a reappraisal of Bennett in his book The Intellectuals and the Masses (1992):

In 2006 Koenigsberger commented that one reason why Bennett's novels had been sidelined, apart from "the exponents of modernism who recoiled from his democratising aesthetic programme", was his attitude to gender  His books include the pronouncements "the average man has more intellectual power than the average woman" and "women as a sex love to be dominated"; Koenigsberger nevertheless praises Bennett's "sensitive and oft-praised portrayals of female figures in his fiction" Lucas concludes his study with the comment that Bennett's realism may be limited by his cautious assumption that things are as they are and will not change  Nevertheless, in Lucas's view, successive generations of reader have admired Bennett's best work, and future generations are certain to do so 

Crime fiction
Bennett dabbled in crime fiction, in The Grand Babylon Hotel and The Loot of Cities (1905)  In Queen's Quorum (1951), a survey of crime fiction, Ellery Queen listed the latter among the 100 most important works in the genre  This collection of stories recounts the adventures of a millionaire who commits crimes to achieve his idealistic ends  Although it was "one of his least known works," it was nevertheless "of unusual interest, both as an example of Arnold Bennett's early work and as an early example of dilettante detectivism" 

Legacy
Arnold Bennett Society
The Society was founded in 1954 "to promote the study and appreciation of the life, works and times not only of Arnold Bennett himself but also of other provincial writers, with particular relationship to North Staffordshire"  In 2021 its president was Denis Eldin, Bennett's grandson; among the vice-presidents was Margaret Drabble In 2017 the society instituted an annual Arnold Bennett Prize as part of author's 150th anniversary celebrations, to be awarded to an author who was born, lives or works in North Staffordshire and has published a book in the relevant year, or to the author of a book which features the region  In 2017 John Lancaster won the award for his poetry collection Potters: A Division of Labour  Subsequent winners have been Jan Edwards for her novel Winter Downs (2018), Charlotte Higgins for Red Thread: On Mazes and Labyrinths (2019) and Lisa Blower for her story collection It's Gone Dark Over Bill's Mother's (2020)  The prize was not awarded in 2021 because of the Covid-19 situation, but in 2022 it was won by John Pye, a former detective inspector turned crime writer, for his novel Where the Silent Screams Are Loudest  The prize in 2023 went to Philip Nanney Williams for his book Adams: Britain's Oldest Potting Dynasty 

Plaques and statuary
Bennett has been commemorated by several plaques  Hugh Walpole unveiled one at Comarques in 1931, and in the same year another was placed at Bennett's birthplace in Hanley  A plaque to and bust of Bennett were unveiled in Burslem in 1962, and there are blue plaques commemorating him at the house in Cadogan Square where he lived from 1923 to 1930 and on the house in Cobridge where he lived in his youth  The southern Baker Street entrance of Chiltern Court has a plaque to Bennett on the left and another to H  G  Wells on the right  A blue plaque has been placed on the wall of Bennett's home in Fontainebleau There is a two-metre-high bronze statue of Bennett outside The Potteries Museum & Art Gallery in Hanley, Stoke-on-Trent, unveiled on 27 May 2017 during the events marking the 150th anniversary of his birth 

Archives
There are substantial archives of Bennett's papers and artworks, including drafts, diaries, letters, photographs and watercolours, at The Potteries Museum & Art Gallery in Stoke-on-Trent and at Keele University  Other Bennett papers are held by University College London, the British Library, and, in the US, Texas and Yale universities and the Berg Collection in the New York Public Library 

Omelettes
Bennett shares with the composer Gioachino Rossini, the singer Nellie Melba and some other celebrities the distinction of having a well-known dish named in his honour  An omelette Arnold Bennett is one that incorporates smoked haddock, hard cheese (typically Cheddar), and cream  It was created at the Savoy Grill in London for Bennett, who was an habitué, by the chef Jean Baptiste Virlogeux  It remains a British classic; cooks from Marcus Wareing to Delia Smith and Gordon Ramsay have published their recipes for it, and a variant remains on the menu at the Savoy Grill 

Notes, references and sources
Notes
Passage 2:
Mermaid Series
The Mermaid Series was a major collection of reprints of texts from English Elizabethan, Jacobean and Restoration drama  It was launched in 1887 by the British publisher Henry Vizetelly and under the general editorship of Havelock Ellis  Around 1894 the series was taken over by the London firm of T  Fisher Unwin  Many well-known literary figures edited or introduced the texts  Some of the plays published had not been reprinted in recent editions, and most had dropped out of the stage repertoire 
The name alludes to the Mermaid Tavern in London  There has been a later New Mermaids Series 

The Best Plays of Beaumont and Fletcher
Notes by John Strachey, two volumes
(volume I) The Maid's Tragedy - Philaster - The Wild Goose Chase - Thierry and Theodoret - The Knight of the Burning Pestle
(volume II) A King and No King - Bonduca - The Spanish Curate - The Faithful Shepherdess - Valentinian

The Best Plays of George Chapman
Edited by William Lyon Phelps
All Fools - Bussy D'Ambois - The Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois - The Conspiracy of Charles, Duke of Byron - The Tragedy of Charles, Duke of Byron

The Complete Plays of William Congreve
Edited by Alexander Charles Ewald
The Old Bachelor - The Double-Dealer - Love for Love - The Way of the World - The Mourning Bride

The Best Plays of Thomas Dekker
Notes by Ernest Rhys
The Shoemaker's Holiday - The Honest Whore - Old Fortunatus - The Witch of Edmonton

The Best Plays of John Dryden
Edited by George Saintsbury, two volumes
(Volume I) Almanzor and Almahide, or The Conquest of Grenada, parts 1 & 2 - Marriage A La Mode - Aureng-Zebe
(Volume II) All for Love - The Spanish Friar - Albion and Albanius - Don Sebastian

The Best Plays of George Farquhar
Edited by William Archer
The Constant Couple - The Twin Rivals - The Recruiting Officer - The Beaux' Stratagem

The Best Plays of John Ford
Edited by Havelock Ellis
The Lover's Melancholy - 'Tis Pity She's a Whore - The Broken Heart - Love's Sacrifice - Perkin Warbeck

The Complete Plays of Robert Greene
Edited by Thomas H  Dickinson
Alphonsus, King of Arragon - A Looking Glass for London and England - Orlando Furioso - Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay - James the Fourth - George-A-Green, the Pinner of Wakefield

The Best Plays of Thomas Heywood
Edited by A  Wilson Verity, introduction by John Addington Symonds
A Woman Killed with Kindness - The Fair Maid of the West - The English Traveller - The Wise Woman of Hogsdon - The Rape of Lucrece

The Best Plays of Ben Jonson
Notes by Brinsley Nicholson and C  H  Herford, three volumes
(Volume I) Every Man in His Humour - Every Man out of His Humour - The Poetaster
(Volume II) Bartholomew Fair - Cynthia's Revels; or, The Fountain of Self-Love - Sejanus His Fall
(Volume III) Volpone; or, The Fox - Epicœne; or, The Silent Woman - The Alchemist

The Best Plays of Christopher Marlowe
Notes by Havelock Ellis, series introduction by John Addington Symonds
Tamburlaine the Great Part the First - Tamburlaine the Great Part the Second
- Doctor Faustus - The Jew of Malta - Edward the Second
Also includes a biography of Christopher Marlowe and appendices 

The Best Plays of Philip Massinger
Notes by Arthur Symons, two volumes
(Volume I) The Duke of Milan - A New Way to Pay Old Debts - The Great Duke of Florence - The Maid of Honour - The City Madam
(Volume II) The Roman Actor - The Fatal Dowry - The Guardian - The Virgin Martyr - Believe as You List

The Best Plays of Thomas Middleton
Introduction by Algernon Charles Swinburne, with Havelock Ellis, two volumes
(Volume I) A Trick to Catch the Old One - The Changeling - A Chaste Maid in Cheapside - Women Beware Women - The Spanish Gypsy
(Volume II) The Roaring Girl - The Witch - A Fair Quarrel - The Mayor of Queensborough - The Widow

Nero and Other Plays (1888)
Edited by H  P  Horne, A  W  Verity, Arthur Symons and Havelock Ellis
Nero (anonymous) - The Two Angry Women of Abington (Henry Porter) - The Parliament of Bees (John Day) - Humour Out of Breath (John Day) - A Woman is a Weathercock (Nathan Field)- Amends for Ladies (Nathan Field)

The Best Plays of Thomas Otway
Notes by Roden Noel
Don Carlos, Prince of Spain - The Orphan - The Soldier's Fortune - Venice Preserved

The Best Plays of Thomas Shadwell
Edited by George Saintsbury
The Sullen Lovers - A True Widow - The Squire of Alsatia - Bury Fair

The Best Plays of James Shirley
Introduction by Edmund Gosse
The Witty Fair One - The Traitor - Hyde Park - The Lady of Pleasure - The Cardinal - The Triumph of Peace

The Complete Plays of Richard Steele
Edited by G  A  Aitken
The Funeral - The Lying Lover - The Tender Husband - The Conscious Lovers - The School of Action - The Gentleman

The Select Plays of Sir John Vanbrugh
Edited by A  E  H  Swain
The Relapse - The Provok'd Wife - The Confederacy - A Journey to London

The Best Plays of Webster and Tourneur
Notes by John Addington Symonds
The White Devil (Webster) - The Duchess of Malfi (Webster) - The Atheist's Tragedy (Tourneur) - The Revenger's Tragedy (Tourneur, but now usually attributed to Thomas Middleton)

The Complete Plays of William Wycherley
Edited by W  C  Ward
Love in a Wood - The Gentleman Dancing Master - The Country Wife - The Plain Dealer

Online editions
Beaumont and Fletcher I • 
Beaumont and Fletcher II • 
George Chapman • 
William Congreve • 
Thomas Dekker • 
John Dryden I • 
John Dryden II • 
George Farquhar • 
John Ford • 
Robert Greene • 
Thomas Heywood • 
Ben Jonson I • 
Ben Jonson II • 
Ben Jonson III • 
Christopher Marlowe • 
Philip Massinger I • 
Philip Massinger II • 
Thomas Middleton I • 
Thomas Middleton II • 
Nero and Other Plays • 
Thomas Otway • 
Thomas Shadwell • 
James Shirley • 
Richard Steele • 
Sir John Vanbrugh • 
Webster and Tourneur • 
William Wycherley
Passage 3:
John Dicks (publisher)
John Thomas Dicks (1818–1881) was a publisher in London in the 19th century  He issued popular, affordably priced fiction and drama, such as "shilling Shakespeares and wonderfully cheap reprints of Scott and other standard authors " Earlier in his career he worked with Peter Perring Thoms and George W  M  Reynolds  Employees included illustrator Frederick Gilbert  Readers included Thomas Burt and Havelock Ellis  Dicks retired in the 1870s, when his sons took over the firm which continued into the 1960s 

Works issued by John Dicks
Musical Treasures (sheet music series); numbered list

Drama
The British drama: illustrated, vol  1–4, John Dicks, 1864–66
Dicks' British Drama, 1866–, 1866 (series)

Dicks' Standard Plays
Dicks' Standard Plays, 1874–1907 (series)
List of Dicks' Standard Plays and Free Acting Drama, 1883, OL 7225611M – arranged by number, title, author (Ainsworth, Dickens, Lytton, Scott, etc ), and theme (nautical, dumb hero, ghost, Irish, Scotch, military, temperance, fairy, equestrian, etc )

Fiction
George W  M  Reynolds  Mysteries of the Court of London 
Dicks' English Novels (series); numbered list
Dicks' English Library of Standard Works (series) Dicks' English Library of Standard Works, v 33 (via British Library on Flickr)
WorldCat  Dicks' English Library of Standard Works (series)
Dicks' Celebrated Works (series); numbered list

Periodicals
Bow Bells: A Weekly Magazine of General Literature and Art, 1862, pp  83 v – authors included George Manville Fenn, George Augustus SalaFashion plate, 1865
Fashion plates, 1870s
Reynolds' Miscellany
Halfpenny Gazette, 1861–1865
Every Week, 1869–1896
Penny Illustrated Weekly News
Fiction, edited by Eliza Winstanley – weekly

Catalogues
Shakespeare, William (c  1860s), List of Books Published by John Dicks
John Dicks' Catalogue, 1874, OCLC 500243028
Passage 4:
Havelock Ellis
Henry Havelock Ellis (2 February 1859 – 8 July 1939) was an English physician, eugenicist, writer, progressive intellectual and social reformer who studied human sexuality  He co-wrote the first medical textbook in English on homosexuality in 1897, and also published works on a variety of sexual practices and inclinations, as well as on transgender psychology  He developed the notions of narcissism and autoeroticism, later adopted by psychoanalysis 
Ellis was among the pioneering investigators of psychedelic drugs and the author of one of the first written reports to the public about an experience with mescaline, which he conducted on himself in 1896  He supported eugenics and served as one of 16 vice-presidents of the Eugenics Society from 1909 to 1912 

Early life and career
Ellis, son of Edward Peppen Ellis and Susannah Mary Wheatley, was born in Croydon, Surrey (now part of Greater London)  He had four sisters, none of whom married  His father was a sea captain and an Anglican, while his mother was the daughter of a sea captain who had many other relatives that lived on or near the sea  When he was seven his father took him on one of his voyages, during which they called at Sydney, Australia; Callao, Peru; and Antwerp, Belgium  After his return, Ellis attended the French and German College near Wimbledon, and afterward attended a school in Mitcham 
In April 1875, Ellis sailed on his father's ship for Australia; soon after his arrival in Sydney, he obtained a position as a master at a private school  After the discovery of his lack of training, he was fired and became a tutor for a family living a few miles from Carcoar, New South Wales  He spent a year there and then obtained a position as a master at a grammar school in Grafton, New South Wales  The headmaster had died and Ellis carried on at the school for that year, but was unsuccessful 
At the end of the year, he returned to Sydney and, after three months' training, was given charge of two government part-time elementary schools, one at Sparkes Creek, near Scone, New South Wales, and the other at Junction Creek  He lived at the school house on Sparkes Creek for a year  He wrote in his autobiography, "In Australia, I gained health of body, I attained peace of soul, my life task was revealed to me, I was able to decide on a professional vocation, I became an artist in literature; these five points covered the whole activity of my life in the world  Some of them I should doubtless have reached without the aid of the Australian environment, scarcely all, and most of them I could never have achieved so completely if chance had not cast me into the solitude of the Liverpool Range "

Medicine and psychology
Ellis returned to England in April 1879  He had decided to take up the study of sex and felt his first step must be to qualify as a physician  He studied at St Thomas's Hospital Medical School, now part of King's College London, but never had a regular medical practice  His training was aided by a small legacy and also income earned from editing works in the Mermaid Series of lesser known Elizabethan and Jacobean drama  He joined The Fellowship of the New Life in 1883, meeting other social reformers Eleanor Marx, Edward Carpenter and George Bernard Shaw 
The 1897 English translation of Ellis's book Sexual Inversion, co-authored with John Addington Symonds and originally published in German in 1896, was the first English medical textbook on homosexuality  It describes male homosexual relations as well as adolescent rape  Ellis wrote the first objective study of homosexuality, as he did not characterise it as a disease, immoral, or a crime  The work assumes that same-sex love transcended age taboos as well as gender taboo  The work also uses the term bisexual throughout The first edition of the book was bought-out by the executor of Symond's estate, who forbade any mention of Symonds in the second edition In 1897 a bookseller was prosecuted for stocking Ellis's book  Although the term homosexual is attributed to Ellis, he wrote in 1897, "'Homosexual' is a barbarously hybrid word, and I claim no responsibility for it " In fact, the word homosexual was coined in 1868 by the Hungarian author Karl-Maria Kertbeny Ellis may have developed psychological concepts of autoeroticism and narcissism, both of which were later developed further by Sigmund Freud  Ellis's influence may have reached Radclyffe Hall, who would have been about 17 years old at the time Sexual Inversion was published  She later referred to herself as a sexual invert and wrote of female "sexual inverts" in Miss Ogilvy Finds Herself and The Well of Loneliness  When Ellis bowed out as the star witness in the trial of The Well of Loneliness on 14 May 1928, Norman Haire was set to replace him but no witnesses were called 

Eonism
Ellis studied what today are called transgender phenomena  Together with Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis is considered a major figure in the history of sexology to establish a new category that was separate and distinct from homosexuality  Aware of Hirschfeld's studies of transvestism, but disagreeing with his terminology, in 1913 Ellis proposed the term sexo-aesthetic inversion to describe the phenomenon  In 1920 he coined the term eonism, which he derived from the name of a historical figure, the Chevalier d'Éon  Ellis explained:
On the psychic side, as I view it, the Eonist is embodying, in an extreme degree, the aesthetic attitude of imitation of, and identification with, the admired object  It is normal for a man to identify himself with the woman he loves  The Eonist carries that identification too far, stimulated by a sensitive and feminine element in himself which is associated with a rather defective virile sexuality on what may be a neurotic basis 
Ellis found eonism to be "a remarkably common anomaly", and "next in frequency to homosexuality among sexual deviations", and categorized it as "among the transitional or intermediate forms of sexuality"  As in the Freudian tradition, Ellis postulated that a "too close attachment to the mother" may encourage eonism, but also considered that it "probably invokes some defective endocrine balance" 

Marriage
In November 1891, at the age of 32, and reportedly still a virgin, Ellis married the English writer and proponent of women's rights Edith Lees  From the beginning, their marriage was unconventional, as Edith Lees was openly bisexual  At the end of the honeymoon, Ellis went back to his bachelor rooms in Paddington  She lived at Fellowship House  Their "open marriage" was the central subject in Ellis's autobiography, My Life  Ellis reportedly had an affair with Margaret Sanger According to Ellis in My Life, his friends were much amused at his being considered an expert on sex  Some knew that he reportedly suffered from impotence until the age of 60



ground_truth: The Rebirth

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Havelock Ellis and Arnold Bennett were both what?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  He then discovered that he could become aroused by the sight of a woman urinating  Ellis named this "undinism"  After his wife died, Ellis formed a relationship with a French woman, Françoise Lafitte 

Eugenics
Ellis was a supporter of eugenics  He served as vice-president to the Eugenics Education Society and wrote on the subject, among others, in The Task of Social Hygiene:

Eventually, it seems evident, a general system, whether private or public, whereby all personal facts, biological and mental, normal and morbid, are duly and systematically registered, must become inevitable if we are to have a real guide as to those persons who are most fit, or most unfit to carry on the race 
The superficially sympathetic man flings a coin to the beggar; the more deeply sympathetic man builds an almshouse for him so he need no longer beg; but perhaps the most radically sympathetic of all is the man who arranges that the beggar shall not be born 
In his early writings, it was clear that Ellis concurred with the notion that there was a system of racial hierarchies, and that non-western cultures were considered to be "lower races"  Before explicitly talking about eugenic topics, he used the prevalence of homosexuality in these 'lower races' to indicate the universality of the behavior  In his work, Sexual Inversions, where Ellis presented numerous cases of homosexuality in Britain, he was always careful to mention the race of the subject and the health of the person's 'stock', which included their neuropathic conditions and the health of their parents  However, Ellis was clear to assert that he did not feel that homosexuality was an issue that eugenics needed to actively deal with, as he felt that once the practice was accepted in society, those with homosexual tendencies would comfortably choose not to marry, and thus would cease to pass the 'homosexual heredity' along In a debate in the Sociological Society, Ellis corresponded with the eugenicist Francis Galton, who was presenting a paper in support of marriage restrictions  While Galton analogized eugenics to breeding domesticated animals, Ellis felt that a greater sense of caution was needed before applying the eugenic regulations to populations, as "we have scarcely yet realized how subtle and far-reaching hereditary influences are " Instead, because unlike domesticated animals, humans were in charge of who they mated with, Ellis argued that a greater emphasis was needed on public education about how vital this issue was  Ellis thus held much more moderate views than many contemporary eugenicists  In fact, Ellis also fundamentally disagreed with Galton's leading ideas that procreation restrictions were the same as marriage restrictions  Ellis believed that those who should not procreate should still be able to gain all the other benefits of marriage, and to not allow that was an intolerable burden  This, in his mind, was what led to eugenics being "misunderstood, ridiculed, and regarded as a fad" Throughout his life, Ellis was both a member and later a council member of the Eugenics Society  Moreover, he played a role on the General Committee of the First International Eugenics Congress 

Sexual impulse in youth
Ellis' 1933 book, Psychology of Sex, is one of the many manifestations of his interest in human sexuality  In this book, he goes into vivid detail of how children can experience sexuality differently in terms of time and intensity  He mentions that it was previously believed that, in childhood, humans had no sex impulse at all  "If it is possible to maintain that the sex impulse has no normal existence in early life, then every manifestation of it at that period must be 'perverse,'" he adds 
He continues by stating that, even in the early development and lower functional levels of the genitalia, there is a wide range of variation in terms of sexual stimulation  He claims that the ability of some infants producing genital reactions, seen as "reflex signs of irritation" are typically not vividly remembered  Since the details of these manifestations are not remembered, there is no possible way to determine them as pleasurable  However, Ellis claims that many people of both sexes can recall having agreeable sensations with the genitalia as a child  "They are not (as is sometimes imagined) repressed " They are, however, not usually mentioned to adults  Ellis argues that they typically stand out and are remembered for the sole contrast of the intense encounter to any other ordinary experience Ellis claims that sexual self-excitement is known to happen at an early age  He references authors like Marc, Fonssagrives, and Perez in France, who published their findings in the nineteenth century  These "early ages" are not strictly limited to ages close to puberty, as can be seen in their findings  These authors provide cases for children of both sexes who have masturbated from the age of three or four  Ellis references Robie's findings that boys' first sex feelings appear between the ages of five and fourteen  For girls, this age ranges from eight to nineteen 
For both sexes, these first sexual experiences arise more frequently during the later years as opposed to the earlier years  Ellis then references G V  Hamilton's studies that found twenty percent of males and fourteen percent of females have pleasurable experiences with their sex organs before the age of six  This is only supplemented by Ellis' reference to Katharine Davis' studies, which found that twenty to twenty-nine percent of boys and forty-nine to fifty-one percent of girls were masturbating by the age of eleven  However, in the next three years after, boys' percentages exceeded those of girls 
Ellis also contributed to the idea of varying levels of sexual excitation  He asserts it is a mistake to assume all children are able to experience genital arousal or pleasurable erotic sensations  He proposes cases where an innocent child is led to believe that stimulation of the genitalia will result in a pleasurable erection  Some of these children may fail and not be able to experience this, either pleasure or an erection, until puberty  Ellis concludes, then, that children are capable of a "wide range of genital and sexual aptitude"  Ellis even considers ancestry as a contributions to different sexual excitation levels, stating that children of "more unsound heredity" and/or hypersexual parents are "more precociously excitable" 

Auto-eroticism
Ellis' views of auto-eroticism were very comprehensive, including much more than masturbation  Auto-eroticism, according to Ellis, includes a wide range of phenomena  Ellis states in his 1897 book Studies in the Psychology of Sex, that auto-eroticism ranges from erotic day-dreams, marked by a passivity shown by the subject, to "unshamed efforts at sexual self-manipulation witnessed among the insane" Ellis also argues that auto-erotic impulses can be heightened by bodily processes like menstrual flow  During this time, he says, women, who would otherwise not feel a strong propensity for auto-eroticism, increase their masturbation patterns  This trend is absent, however, in women without a conscious acceptance of their sexual feelings and in a small percentage of women suffering from a sexual or general ailment which result in a significant amount of "sexual anesthesia" Ellis also raises social concern over how auto-erotic tendencies affect marriages  He goes on to tying auto-eroticism to declining marriage rates  As these rates decline, he concludes that auto-eroticism will only increase in both amount and intensity for both men and women  Therefore, he states, this is an important issue to both the moralist and physician to investigate psychological underpinnings of these experiences and determine an attitude toward them 

Smell
Ellis believed that the sense of smell, although ineffective at long ranges, still contributes to sexual attraction, and therefore, to mate selection  In his 1905 book, Sexual selection in man, Ellis makes a claim for the sense of smell in the role of sexual selection  He asserts that while we have evolved out of a great necessity for the sense of smell, we still rely on our sense of smell with sexual selection  The contributions that smell makes in sexual attraction can even be heightened with certain climates  Ellis states that with warmer climates come a heightened sensitivity to sexual and other positive feelings of smell among normal populations  Because of this, he believes people are often delighted by odors in the East, particularly in India, in "Hebrew and Mohammedan lands"  Ellis then continues by describing the distinct odours in various races, noting that the Japanese race has the least intense of bodily odours  Ellis concludes his argument by stating, "On the whole, it may be said that in the usual life of man odours play a not inconsiderable part and raise problems which are not without interest, but that their demonstrable part in actual sexual selection is comparatively small "

Views on women and birth control
Ellis favoured feminism from a eugenic perspective, feeling that the enhanced social, economic, and sexual choices that feminism provided for women would result in women choosing partners who were more eugenically sound  In his view, intelligent women would not choose, nor be forced to marry and procreate with feeble-minded men 
Ellis viewed birth control as merely the continuation of an evolutionary progression, noting that natural progress has always consisted of increasing impediments to reproduction, which lead to a lower quantity of offspring, but a much higher quality of them  From a eugenic perspective, birth control was an invaluable instrument for the elevation of the race  However, Ellis noted that birth control could not be used randomly in a way that could have a detrimental impact by reducing conception, but rather needed to be used in a targeted manner to improve the qualities of certain 'stocks'  He observed that it was the 'superior stocks' who had knowledge of and used birth control while the 'inferior stocks' propagated without checks  Ellis's solution to this was a focus on contraceptives in education, as this would disseminate the knowledge in the populations that he felt needed them the most  Ellis argued that birth control was the only available way of making eugenic selection practicable, as the only other option was wide-scale abstention from intercourse for those who were 'unfit' 

Views on sterilization
Ellis was strongly opposed to the idea of castration of either sex for eugenic purposes  In 1909, regulations were introduced at the Cantonal Asylum in Bern which allowed those deemed 'unfit' or with strong sexual inclinations to be subject to mandatory sterilization  In a particular instance, several men and women, including epileptics and pedophiles, were castrated, some of whom voluntarily requested it  While the results were positive, in that none of the subjects were found guilty of any more sexual offences, Ellis remained staunchly opposed to the practice  His view on the origin of these inclinations was that sexual impulses do not reside in the sexual organs, but rather they persist in the brain  Moreover, he posited that the sexual glands provided an important source of internal secretions vital for the functioning of the organism, and thus the glands' removal could greatly injure the patient However, already in his time, Ellis was witness to the rise of vasectomies and ligatures of the Fallopian tubes, which performed the same sterilization without removing the whole organ  In these cases, Ellis was much more favorable, yet still maintaining that "sterilization of the unfit, if it is to be a practical and humane measure commanding general approval, must be voluntary on the part of the person undergoing it, and never compulsory " His opposition to such a system was not only rooted in morality  Rather, Ellis also considered the practicality of the situation, hypothesizing that if an already mentally unfit man is forced to undergo sterilization, he would only become more ill-balanced, and would end up committing more anti-social acts 
Though Ellis was never at ease with the idea of forced sterilizations, he was willing to find ways to circumvent that restriction  His focus was on the social ends of eugenics, and as a means to it, Ellis was in no way against 'persuading' 'volunteers' to undergo sterilization by withdrawing Poor Relief from them  While he preferred to convince those he deemed unfit using education, Ellis supported coercion as a tool  Furthermore, he supported adding ideas about eugenics and birth control to the education system in order to restructure society, and to promote social hygiene  For Ellis, sterilization seemed to be the only eugenic instrument that could be used on the mentally unfit  In fact, in his publication The Sterilization of the Unfit, Ellis argued that even institutionalization could not guarantee the complete prevention of procreation between the unfit, and thus, "the burdens of society, to say nothing of the race, are being multiplied  It is not possible to view sterilization with enthusiasm when applied to any class of people…but what, I ask myself, is the practical alternative?"

Psychedelics
Ellis was among the pioneering investigators of psychedelic drugs and the author of one of the first written reports to the public about an experience with mescaline, which he conducted on himself in 1896  He consumed a brew made of three Lophophora williamsii buds in the afternoon of Good Friday alone in his set of rooms in Temple, London  During the experience, lasting for about 24 hours, he noted a plethora of extremely vivid, complex, colourful, pleasantly smelling hallucinations, consisting both of abstract geometrical patterns and objects such as butterflies and other insects  He published the account of the experience in The Contemporary Review in 1898 (Mescal: A New Artificial Paradise)  The title of the article alludes to an earlier work on the effects of mind-altering substances, an 1860 book Les Paradis artificiels by French poet Charles Baudelaire (containing descriptions of experiments with opium and hashish) 
Ellis was so impressed with the aesthetic quality of the experience that he gave some specimens of peyote to the Irish poet W B  Yeats, a member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, an organisation of which another mescaline researcher, Aleister Crowley, was also a member 

Later life and death
Ellis resigned from his position as a Fellow of the Eugenics Society over its stance on sterilization in January 1931 Ellis spent the last year of his life at Hintlesham, Suffolk, where he died in July 1939  His ashes were scattered at Golders Green Crematorium, North London, following his cremation 

Works
The Criminal (1890)
The New Spirit (1890)
The Nationalisation of Health (1892)
Man and Woman: A Study of Secondary and Tertiary Sexual Characteristics (1894) (revised 1929)
Das konträre Geschlechtsgefühl (in German)  Leipzig: Wigand  1896  p  1  with J A  Symonds
Studies in the Psychology of Sex (1897–1928) six volumes (listed below)
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  1 The Evolution of Modesty, The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity, Auto–Erotism  1897 
Affirmations (1898)
"Mescal: A New Artificial Paradise"  The Contemporary Review  LXXIII  1898 
The Nineteenth Century (1900)
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  2 Sexual Inversion  1900 
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  3 Analysis of the Sexual Impulse, Love and Pain, The Sexual Impulse in Women  1903 
A Study of British Genius (1904)
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  4 Sexual Selection in Man  1905 
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  5 Erotic Symbolism, The Mechanism of Detumescence, The Psychic State in Pregnancy  1906 
The Soul of Spain (1908)
"The sterilisation of the unfit"  The Eugenics Review  1 (3): 203–06  1909  PMC 2986668  PMID 21259474 
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  6 Sex in Relation to Society  1910 
The Problem of Race-Regeneration (1911)
The World of Dreams (1911) (new edition 1926)
The task of social hygiene  New York  1912  p  10 
"Birth control and eugenics"  The Eugenics Review  9 (1): 32–41  1917  PMC 2942166  PMID 21259632 
The Task of Social Hygiene (1912)
Essays in War-Time  February 2006 
The Philosophy of Conflict (1919)
On Life and Sex: Essays of Love and Virtue (1921)
Kanga Creek: an Australian Idyll  The Golden Cockerel press  1922 
Little Essays of Love and Virtue (1922)
The Dance of Life  1923 
Impressions and Comments  Vol  3  1924 
Sonnets, with Folk Songs from the Spanish (1925)
Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies (1928)
Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol  7 (1928)
The Art of Life (1929) (selected and arranged by Mrs  S  Herbert)
More Essays of Love and Virtue (1931)
ed : James Hinton: Life in Nature (1931)
Views and Reviews  1932 
Psychology of Sex  1933 
ed : Imaginary Conversations and Poems: A Selection, by Walter Savage Landor (1933)
Chapman (1934)
My Confessional (1934)
Questions of Our Day (1934)
From Rousseau to Proust (1935)
Selected Essays (1936)
Poems (1937) (selected by John Gawsworth; pseudonym of T  Fytton Armstrong)
Love and Marriage (1938) (with others)
My life  Houghton Mufflin  1939 
Sex Compatibility in Marriage (1939)
From Marlowe to Shaw (1950) (ed  by J  Gawsworth)
The Genius of Europe (1950)
Sex and Marriage (1951) (ed  by J  Gawsworth)
The Unpublished Letters of Havelock Ellis to Joseph Ishill (1954)

Translations
Germinal (by Zola) (1895) (reissued 1933)
The Psychology of the Emotions by Théodule-Armand Ribot (1897)



ground_truth: writer