prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which three-time Olivier Award winning English actress starred in the 1981 BBC television serial, Sons and Lovers?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Juliet Aubrey
Juliet Emma Aubrey (born 17 December 1966) is a British actress of theatre, film, and television  She won the 1995 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for playing Dorothea in the BBC serial Middlemarch (1994)  She is also known for her role as Helen Cutter in the ITV series Primeval (2007–2011)  Her film appearances include Still Crazy (1998), The Constant Gardener (2005) and The Infiltrator (2016) 

Career
The youngest of three siblings, Aubrey was born and brought up in Fleet, Hampshire  Aubrey attended King's College London from 1984, where she studied Classics and Archaeology  While there, however, her love of acting grew, and during a year studying in Italy where she joined a travelling theatre company, Aubrey decided to apply for drama school on her return  She went on to train for three years at the Central School of Speech and Drama 
Her first job was with the Oxford Stage Company playing Miranda in The Tempest  Italian director Roberto Faenza gave Aubrey her first film role playing opposite Jean-Hugues Anglade in Look to the Sky, a film produced by Elda Ferri, and set during the Nazi Holocaust   Antony Page and Louis Marks then cast Aubrey as Dorothea in the BBC adaptation of Middlemarch opposite Rufus Sewell, for which she won a BAFTA award for Best Actress, and the Broadcasting Press Guild for Best Actress  She then joined Haris Pasovic's Sarajevo Theatre Company  She appeared in several plays with the company, all created through the actors' improvisation  She continued to build her career as a theatre actress, appearing next in Trevor Nunn's Summerfolk and Katie Mitchell's Ivanov at the National Theatre, Tim Crouch's An Oak Tree for Karl James at the Soho Theatre, and Three Sisters, Twelfth Night and The Collection, all for Chris White  Michael Winterbottom then cast her opposite Robert Carlyle and James Nesbitt in the television film Go Now 
Aubrey's subsequent films include Winterbottom's Welcome to Sarajevo, Stephen Poliakoff's Food of Love — for which she won Best Actress at La Baule European Film Festival — Faenza's Lost Lover, Giacomo Campiotti's Time to Love, Richard Eyre's Iris, Fernando Meirelles's Constant Gardener and Brian Gibson's Still Crazy, nominated for two Golden Globes  Other features include Matt Lipsey's Caught in the Act, and Mat Cod's Super Eruption  Television work includes The Village; The White Queen, Criminal Justice, Vera, Hunted, and Five Daughters   Her recent feature films are Scott Hicks's Fallen; Mitch Davis's Stuck; Fabio Guaglione's Mine; and Brad Furman's Infiltrator  Aubrey played Lily Hill in the 2017 web television series Snatch 

Personal life
In 2001, Aubrey married production designer Steve Ritchie, whom she had met several years earlier while filming in Newcastle upon Tyne  They have two daughters She is a cousin of David Howell Evans (a k a  "The Edge"), guitarist of the Irish band U2 

Filmography
Passage 2:
Paul Baker (actor)
Paul Baker (born April 26, 1966?) is an Olivier Award winning British musical theatre actor  He is noted for his roles in Taboo, for which he won his Olivier Award, and the 2000 West End Mega-flop Napoleon in the title role   He is featured on the cast recordings of these two musicals 
He won Best Supporting Actor in a Musical in the 2003 Olivier Awards for playing the character Philip Salon in the musical Taboo Baker last appeared in the concert version of A Tale of Two Cities as the evil Marquis St  Evermonde in Brighton, England  He can be seen in the DVD release of the concert 
Passage 3:
Michelle Terry
Michelle Terry is an Olivier Award–winning English actress and writer, known for her extensive work for Shakespeare's Globe, the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Royal National Theatre, as well as her television work, notably writing and starring in the Sky One television series The Café  Terry took up the role of artistic director at Shakespeare's Globe in April 2018 

Early life
Terry was born in Nuneaton, moving whilst still a child to grow up in Weston-super-Mare  She was raised in Kewstoke, and attended Priory Community School and Broadoak Sixth Form Centre Terry aspired to be an actress from an early age  She attended an amateur dramatic society and took LAMDA exams at school in poetry, prose and spoken verse  At the age of fourteen she joined the National Youth Theatre  She read English literature at Cardiff University before training at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, graduating in 2004 

Career
Theatre
Terry made her professional debut in the touring and subsequent West End production of Blithe Spirit, playing the Maid and understudying Elvira  Her other theatre credits include The War on Terror, 50 Ways to Leave Your Lover, The Man Who Had All the Luck, Tribes and As You Like It  Her work at the National Theatre includes London Assurance, All's Well That Ends Well and England People Very Nice  She also appeared in broadcast versions of London Assurance and All's Well That Ends Well as part of National Theatre Live  For the Royal Shakespeare Company, Terry has appeared in productions of Days of Significance, Pericles, The Winter's Tale, The Crucible and Love's Labour's Lost, playing Rosaline  She was among the writers of Sudden Loss of Dignity, staged at the Bush Theatre in 2009 Terry won critical acclaim for her work at Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, for her performance of Rosalind in As You Like It   London's Financial Times wrote "I'm not sure it's possible to see Michelle Terry on a stage without falling a little in love with her  She has the intelligence, inventiveness and vivacity to play the character and the show simultaneously, not setting herself above the material but relishing her immersion in the role and inviting us to share it with her " She also appeared in productions of Love's Labour's Lost and A Midsummer Night's Dream at that venue, both of which were released on DVD  On 24 July 2017 she was announced as its fourth Artistic Director, to succeed Emma Rice in April 2018 

Hamlet 2018
Terry starred in the lead role in a 2018 gender fluid version of Hamlet   The Spectator said in their review "No one but Ms Terry would have hired Ms Terry for this role  She’s a decent second-tier actress without any special vocal or physical endowments "The Guardian called the play "A perfectly decent production and a welcome relief from the work of the previous Globe regime, which seemed to assume that the plays were a bit boring unless jazzed up "The Stage said "It's a production that places clarity of verse and emotion over directorial fireworks  One of the most striking elements is Terry's costume  When she assumes her antic disposition, she also dons a white clown suit with a jagged lipstick grin  By making Hamlet a jester, it licenses her to behave in different ways  It shifts her status in the family  It grants her power and marks her apart  Laughter can be a weapon after all  It's an interesting idea that is under-explored "

Macbeth 2018
Terry starred in the lead role of Lady Macbeth opposite her husband Paul Ready in Macbeth at the Globe's candlelit Sam Wanamaker Playhouse 

Television
Her television credits include episodes of Extras, Law & Order: UK and the Mike Bullen pilot Reunited, playing "Sara"  She was co-writer, with Ralf Little, of the comedy drama TV series, The Café, which aired on Sky1 from 2011–13, in which she played "Sarah Porter"  The series was set and filmed in her own hometown, Weston-super-Mare 

Personal life
Terry is married to the actor Paul Ready  They have one daughter 

Theatre credits
Blithe Spirit Savoy Theatre: London (2005)
As You Like It New Vic Theatre: Newcastle-under-Lyme (2005)
The Crucible Royal Shakespeare Theatre: Stratford Upon Avon (2006)
Pericles Swan Theatre: Stratford Upon Avon (2006/7)
The Winter's Tale Swan Theatre: Stratford Upon Avon (2006/07)
Love's Labour's Lost Shakespeare's Globe Theatre: London (2007)
The War on Terror Bush Theatre: London (2008)
50 Ways to Leave Your Lover Bush Theatre: London (2008)
The Man Who Had All the Luck Donmar Warehouse: London (2008)
Tribes Royal Court Theatre London (2010)
England People Very Nice National Theatre: London (2009)
All's Well That Ends Well National Theatre: London (2009)
London Assurance National Theatre: London (2010)
Light Shining in Buckinghamshire Arcola Theatre: London (2010)
The Comedy of Errors National Theatre: London (2011/12)
In The Republic of Happiness Royal Court Theatre: London (2012/13)
Before the Party Almeida Theatre: London (2013)
A Midsummer Night's Dream Shakespeare's Globe Theatre: London (2013)
Love's Labour's Lost and Much Ado About Nothing (Love's Labour's Won) Royal Shakespeare Theatre: Stratford Upon Avon (2014)
Privacy Donmar Warehouse (2014)
As You Like It Shakespeare's Globe: London (2015)
Cleansed National Theatre: London (2016)
Henry V Regents Park Theatre: London (2016)
Hamlet Shakespeare's Globe: London (2018)
Macbeth Shakespeare's Globe: London (2019)
Henry IV, Part 1 Shakespeare's Globe: London (2019)

Filmography
Television
Awards
Terry won Best Actress in a Visiting Production at the 2008 Manchester Evening News Theatre Awards, for the Donmar Warehouse production of The Man Who Had All the Luck She won Best Actress in a Supporting Role at the 2011 Olivier Awards, for her portrayal of Sylvia in the Royal Court Theatre production of Tribes 
Passage 4:
Eileen Atkins
Dame Eileen June Atkins,  (born 15 June 1934) is an English actress and occasional screenwriter  She has worked in the theatre, film, and television consistently since 1953  In 2008, she won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress and the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie for Cranford  She is also a three-time Olivier Award winner, winning Best Supporting Performance in 1988 (for Multiple roles) and Best Actress for The Unexpected Man (1999) and Honour (2004)  She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1990 and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 2001 
Atkins joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1957 and made her Broadway debut in the 1966 production of The Killing of Sister George, for which she received the first of four Tony Award nominations for Best Actress in a Play in 1967  She received subsequent nominations for, Vivat! Vivat Regina! (1972), Indiscretions (1995) and The Retreat from Moscow (2004)  Other stage credits include The Tempest (Old Vic 1962), Exit the King (Edinburgh Festival and Royal Court 1963), The Promise (New York 1967), The Night of the Tribades (New York 1977), Medea (Young Vic 1985), A Delicate Balance (Haymarket, West End 1997) and Doubt (New York 2006) 
Atkins co-created the television dramas Upstairs, Downstairs (1971–1975) and The House of Elliot (1991–1994) with Jean Marsh  She also wrote the screenplay for the 1997 film Mrs Dalloway  Her film appearances include I Don't Want to Be Born (1975), Equus (1977), The Dresser (1983), Let Him Have It (1991), Wolf (1994), Jack and Sarah (1995), Gosford Park (2001), Cold Mountain (2003), Vanity Fair (2004), Scenes of a Sexual Nature (2006), Evening (2007), Last Chance Harvey (2008), Robin Hood (2010) and Magic in the Moonlight (2014) 

Early life
Atkins was born in the Mothers' Hospital in Lower Clapton, a Salvation Army maternity hospital in East London  Her mother, Annie Ellen (née Elkins), was a barmaid who was 46 when Eileen was born, and her father, Arthur Thomas Atkins, was a gas meter reader who was previously under-chauffeur to the Portuguese Ambassador  She was the third child in the family and when she was born the family moved to a council home in Tottenham  Her father did not, in fact, know how to drive and was responsible, as under-chauffeur, mainly for cleaning the car  At the time Eileen was born, her mother worked in a factory the whole day and then as a barmaid in the Elephant & Castle at night  When Eileen was three, a Gypsy woman came to their door selling lucky heather and clothes pegs  She saw little Eileen and told her mother that her daughter would be a famous dancer  Her mother promptly enrolled her in a dance class  Although she hated it, she studied dancing from age 3 to 15 or 16  From age 7 to 15, which covered the last four years of the Second World War (1941–45), she danced in working men's club circuits for 15 shillings a time as "Baby Eileen"  During the war, she performed as well at London's Stage Door canteen for American troops and sang songs like "Yankee Doodle " At one time she was attending dance class three or four times a week Once, when she was given a line to recite, someone told her mother that she had a Cockney accent  Her mother was appalled but speech lessons were too expensive for the family  Fortunately, a woman took interest in her and paid for her to be educated at Parkside Preparatory School in Tottenham  Eileen Atkins has since publicly credited the Principal, Miss Dorothy Margaret Hall, for the wise and firm guidance under which her character developed  From Parkside she went on to The Latymer School, a grammar school in Edmonton, London  By 12, she was a professional in panto in Clapham and Kilburn  One of her grammar school teachers who used to give them religious instruction, an Ernest J  Burton, spotted her potential and, without charge, rigorously drilled away her Cockney accent  He also introduced her to the works of William Shakespeare  She studied under him for two years  When she was 14 or 15 and still at Latymer's, she also attended "drama demonstration" sessions twice a year with this same teacher  At around this time (though some sources say she was 12), her first encounter with Robert Atkins took place  She was taken to see Atkins' production of King John at the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre  She wrote to him saying that the boy who played Prince Arthur was not good enough and that she could do better  Atkins wrote back and asked that she come to see him  On the day they met, Atkins thought she was a shop girl and not a school girl  She gave a little prince speech and he told her to go to drama school and come back when she was older  Burton came to an agreement with Eileen's parents that he would try to get her a scholarship for one drama school and that if she did not get the scholarship he would arrange for her to do a teaching course in some other drama school  Her parents were not at all keen on the fact that she would stay in school until 16 as her sister had left at 14 and her brother at 15 but somehow they were persuaded  Eileen was in Latymer's until 16  Out of 300 applicants for a RADA scholarship, she got down to the last three but was not selected, so she did a three-year course on teaching at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama  But, although she was taking the teaching course, she also attended drama classes and in fact performed in three plays in her last year  This was in the early 1950s  In her third and last year she had to teach once a week, an experience she later said she hated  She graduated from Guildhall in 1953 As soon as she left Guildhall she got her first job with Robert Atkins in 1953: as Jaquenetta in Love's Labour's Lost at the same Regent's Park Open Air Theatre where she was brought to see Atkins' King John production years before  She was also, very briefly, an assistant stage manager at the Oxford Playhouse until Peter Hall fired her for impudence  She was also part of repertory companies performing in Billy Butlin's holiday camp in Skegness, Lincolnshire  It was there when she met Julian Glover 
It took nine years (1953–62) before she was working steadily 

Stage
Atkins joined the Guild Players Repertory Company in Bangor, County Down, Northern Ireland, as a professional actress in 1952  She appeared as the nurse in Harvey at the Repertory Theatre, Bangor, in 1952  In 1953 she appeared as an attendant in Love's Labours Lost at the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre  Her London stage debut was in 1953 as Jaquenetta in Robert Atkins's staging of Love's Labour's Lost at the Open Air Theatre in Regent's Park Atkins has regularly returned to the life and work of Virginia Woolf for professional inspiration  She has played the writer on stage in Patrick Garland's adaptation of A Room of One's Own and also in Vita and Virginia, winning the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show and an Obie Award for A Room of One's Own in which she also played in the 1990 television version; she also provided the screenplay for the 1997 film adaptation of Woolf's novel Mrs  Dalloway, and made a cameo appearance in the 2002 film version of Michael Cunningham's Woolf-themed novel, The Hours 
Atkins joined the Stratford Memorial Theatre Company in 1957 and stayed for two seasons  She was with the Old Vic in its 1961–62 season (she appeared in the Old Vic's Repertoire Leaflets of February–April 1962 and April–May 1962) 

Film and television
She appeared as Maggie Clayhanger in all six episodes of Arnold Bennett's Hilda Lessways from 15 May to 19 June 1959, produced by BBC Midlands with Judi Dench and Brian Smith  In the 1960 Shakespeare production An Age of Kings she played Joan of Arc 
She helped create two television series  Along with fellow actress, Jean Marsh, she created the concept for an original television series, Behind the Green Baize Door, which became the award-winning ITV series Upstairs, Downstairs (1971–75)  Marsh played maid Rose for the duration of the series but Atkins was unable to accept a part because of stage commitments  The same team was also responsible for the BBC series The House of Eliott (1991–93) 
Her film and television work includes Sons and Lovers (1981), Smiley's People (1982), Oliver Twist (1982), Titus Andronicus (1985), A Better Class of Person (1985), Roman Holiday (1987), The Lost Language of Cranes (1991), Cold Comfort Farm (1995), Talking Heads (1998), Madame Bovary (2000), David Copperfield (2000), Wit (2001) and Bertie and Elizabeth (2002), Cold Mountain (2003), What a Girl Wants (2003), Vanity Fair (2004), Ballet Shoes (2005) and Ask the Dust (2006) 
In the autumn of 2007, she co-starred with Dame Judi Dench and Sir Michael Gambon in the BBC One drama Cranford playing the central role of Miss Deborah Jenkyns  This performance earned her the 2008 BAFTA Award for best actress, as well as the Emmy Award  In September 2007 she played Abigail Dusniak in Waking the Dead Yahrzeit (S6:E11-12) 
In 2009 Atkins played the evil Nurse Edwina Kenchington in the BBC Two black comedy Psychoville  Atkins replaced Vanessa Redgrave as Eleanor of Aquitaine in the blockbuster movie Robin Hood, starring Russell Crowe, which was released in the UK in May 2010  The same year, she played Louisa in the dark comedy film Wild Target 
Atkins and Jean Marsh, creators of the original 1970s series of Upstairs, Downstairs, were among the cast of a new BBC adaptation, shown over the winter of 2010–11  The new series is set in 1936  Marsh again played Rose while Atkins was cast as the redoubtable Maud, Lady Holland  In August 2011, it was revealed that Atkins had decided not to continue to take part as she was unhappy with the scripts  In September 2011, Atkins joined the cast of ITV comedy-drama series Doc Martin playing the title character's aunt, Ruth Ellingham  She returned as Aunt Ruth for the show's sixth series in September 2013, the seventh in September 2015 and eighth in September 2017 
Atkins starred as Lady Spence with Matthew Rhys in an adaptation of Daphne du Maurier's The Scapegoat, shown in September 2012 She has portrayed Queen Mary on two occasions, in the 2002 television film Bertie and Elizabeth and in the 2016 Netflix-produced television series The Crown 
Atkins portrayed graduate school professor Evelyn Ashford to Vivian Bearing (Emma Thompson) in Wit, a 2001 American television movie directed by Mike Nichols  The teleplay by Nichols and Emma Thompson is based on the 1999 Pulitzer Prize winning play of the same title by Margaret Edson  The film was shown at the Berlin International Film Festival on 9 February 2001 before being broadcast by HBO on 24 March  It was shown at the Edinburgh Film Festival and the Warsaw Film Festival later in the year 

Radio
Atkins had a guest role in BBC Radio 4's long-running rural soap The Archers in September 2016, playing Jacqui, the juror who persuades her fellow jurors to acquit Helen Titchener (née Archer) of the charge of attempted murder and wounding with intent of her abusive husband, Rob 

Personal life
Atkins was married to actor Julian Glover in 1957; they divorced in 1966  (A day after his divorce, Glover married actress Isla Blair ) She married her second husband, Bill Shepherd, on 2 February 1978  Shepherd died on 24 June 2016 In 1997, she wrote the screenplay for Mrs Dalloway, starring Vanessa Redgrave  The film received positive reviews but was a box-office failure  It was a financial disaster for Atkins and her husband, who had invested in it  She said of this incident: "I have to work  I was nearly bankrupted over Mrs Dalloway, and if you are nearly bankrupted, you are in trouble for the rest of your life  I don't have a pension  In any case, it doesn't hurt me to work  I think it's quite good, actually ""All through my career, I have tried to do new work, but there is a problem in the West End as far as new work is concerned  As a theatregoer, I get bored with seeing the same old plays again and again  I felt terrible the other night because I bumped into Greta Scacchi and she asked me if I was coming to see her in The Deep Blue Sea  I said, 'Greta, I'm so old, I've seen it so many times  I've seen it with Peggy Ashcroft, with Vivien Leigh, with Googie Withers, with Penelope Wilton and I played it myself when I was 19  I can't bring myself to see it again ' She was very sweet about it "In 1995, Atkins was diagnosed with breast cancer and treated for the condition  She has recovered  Living alone in widowhood during the COVID lockdown, Atkins (at age 87) completed her autobiography Will She Do?  She read an abridged version on BBC Radio 4 

Filmography
Film
Television
Theatre
Honours
Atkins was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1990 Birthday Honours  She was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) on her 67th birthday in the 2001 Queen's Birthday Honours "for services to Drama " On 23 June 2010, she was awarded the degree of Doctor of Letters, honoris causa, by Oxford University  On 5 December 2005 she received the degree of Doctor of Arts, honoris causa, from City University London  She is a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame; she was inducted in 1998 

Awards and nominations
Theatre Awards
Tony Awards

Drama Desk Awards

Olivier Awards

Film and Television Awards
Notes
Passage 5:
Sons and Lovers (1981 TV serial)
Sons and Lovers is a 1981 BBC television serial based on D  H  Lawrence's 1913 book Sons and Lovers   It starred Eileen Atkins, Tom Bell, Karl Johnson, Lynn Dearth and Leonie Mellinger   It was adapted by Trevor Griffiths and directed by Stuart Burge, and originally shown as seven episodes   It aired in the US as part of the PBS's Masterpiece Theatre program in 1982 Writer Trevor Griffiths said in 1981, "I chose to do this work because, under all the incipient mysticism of the perception, under the incipient derogation of women, under the increasingly ugly politics, there is, in this Lawrence, and vibrantly so, a powerful and radical celebration of dignity in resistance within working-class culture in industrial class-societies; as well as a dark, tortured cry against the waste of human resources such societies require as part of their logic   It is no bad thing to be saying when unemployment has reached over three million ”
Passage 6:
Jessica Swale
Jessica Swale (born 27 February 1982) is a British playwright, theatre director and screenwriter  Her first play, Blue Stockings, premiered at Shakespeare's Globe in 2013  It is widely performed by UK amateur companies and is also studied on the Drama GCSE syllabus  In 2016, her play Nell Gwynn won the Olivier Award for Best New Comedy, after it transferred from the Globe to the West End, starring Gemma Arterton as the eponymous heroine  She also wrote and directed the feature film Summerland (2020) 

Early life and education
Born in Reading, Berkshire, Swale completed her secondary education at Kendrick School, Reading, before studying drama at the University of Exeter  She completed her training at the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama (MA Advanced Theatre Practice), where she trained as a director 

Career
After drama school, she worked as Max Stafford-Clark's associate director at Out of Joint Theatre Company, on productions including The Overwhelming (2006) at the National Theatre and Andersen's English (2010) at Hampstead  In 2006, she set up Red Handed Theatre Company with Katie Bonna, to perform new works and revive lost classics  She was nominated for an Evening Standard Award for Best Director for her production of The Belle's Stratagem and received the Peter Brook Empty Space Award for Best Ensemble for Red Handed in 2012 Swale is also an associate artist with NGO Youth Bridge Global, using theatre as a development tool in war-torn countries, and the author of a series of drama games books, published by Nick Hern 

Stage directing
In 2010, Swale directed the first play by a woman ever to be staged at Shakespeare's Globe, Nell Leyshon's Bedlam  For Red Handed Theatre Company, she directed The Busy Body (2012), The Rivals (2010), Someone Who'll Watch Over Me (2012) at Southwark Playhouse, The School for Scandal (2013) at the Park Theatre and Palace of the End (2010) at Arcola Theatre  Other credits include Fallen Angels (Salisbury Playhouse), Winter (Theatre Newfoundland, Canada), Sleuth, Sense and Sensibility and Far from the Madding Crowd (Watermill Theatre) 

Playwriting
As a playwright, Swale's first play Blue Stockings premiered at Shakespeare's Globe in 2013 and won her an Evening Standard Most Promising Playwright nomination  Nell Gwynn premiered at Shakespeare's Globe in 2015, starring Gugu Mbatha-Raw, and transferred to the West End with Gemma Arterton in the title role  The production received four Olivier nominations, winning Best New Comedy, and is currently being developed as a feature film with Working Title Other plays includes All's Will that Ends Will (Bremen Shakespeare Company), Thomas Tallis (Sam Wanamaker Playhouse), The Playhouse Apprentice (Sam Wanamaker Playhouse) and The Mission about illegal adoptions in the 1920s  Her adaptations include Sense and Sensibility, Far from the Madding Crowd (Watermill), The Secret Garden and Stig of the Dump (Grosvenor Park, Chester) 

Film and television
Her first short film, the Time's Up movement-inspired comedy Leading Lady Parts, starring Catherine Tate, Gemma Arterton, Felicity Jones, Florence Pugh, Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, Tom Hiddleston and Gemma Chan, premiered on BBC Four in 2018 and is available for free on YouTube  She then co-wrote the screenplay for Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans (2019) In 2012, she won the BAFTA JJ Screenwriting Bursary for which she developed an original screenplay, Summerland  She also directed the film herself, and in 2020 it was released by IFC Films and Lionsgate  In 2022, she shot two episodes of Ten Percent for Amazon Prime Video, featuring guest stars Dominic West, Emma Corin, and Himesh Patel She is currently writing an original feature with Blueprint and StudioCanal and other projects for Fox Searchlight and Monumental Pictures 

Personal life
Swale lives in South London with a photographer, Michael Wharley 

Writing credits
Plays
The Playhouse Apprentice (2016)
Nell Gwynn (2015) premiered at Shakespeare's Globe and transferred to the Apollo Theatre, West End, in 2016
Thomas Tallis (2014): premiered at The Sam Wanamaker Playhouse
All's Will that ends Will (2014): premiered at Bremer Shakespeare Company
Blue Stockings (2013): premiered at Shakespeare's Globe

Adaptations
Stig of the Dump (2016): adapted from the novel by Clive King and premiered at Grosvenor Park Open Air Theatre
Far from the Madding Crowd (2015): adapted from the novel by Thomas Hardy and premiered at the Watermill Theatre
The Secret Garden (2014): adapted from the novel by Frances Eliza Hodgson Burnett, premiered at Grosvenor Park Open Air Theatre
Sense and Sensibility (2014): adapted from the novel by Jane Austen and premiered at the Watermill Theatre

Books
Drama Games: For Rehearsals (2016)
Drama Games: For Devising (2012)
Drama Games: For Classrooms and Workshops (2009)

Directing credits
Film and television
Plays
Fallen Angels (2015) at Salisbury Playhouse
Far from the Madding Crowd (2015): adapted from the novel by Thomas Hardy, premiered at The Watermill Theatre
Sense and Sensibility (2014): adapted from the novel by Jane Austen, premiered at The Watermill Theatre
Winter (2011) at Newfoundland Theatre, Canada
Bedlam (2010) at Shakespeare's Globe
For Red Handed Theatre Company: The Busy Body (2012), The Rivals (2010), Someone Who'll Watch Over Me (2012) at Southwark Playhouse, The School for Scandal (2013) at the Park Theatre and Palace of the End (2010) at Arcola Theatre
Passage 7:
Alex Jennings
Alex Michael Jennings (born 10 May 1957) is an English actor of the stage and screen, who worked extensively with the Royal Shakespeare Company and National Theatre  For his work on the London stage, Jennings received three Olivier Awards, winning for Too Clever by Half (1988), Peer Gynt (1996), and My Fair Lady (2003)  He is the only performer to have won Olivier awards in the drama, musical, and comedy categories He is known for his film work, in particular for his performance as Prince Charles in Stephen Frears' film The Queen (2006) opposite Helen Mirren  His other film appearances include The Wings of the Dove (1997), Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004), Babel (2006), Belle (2013), and The Lady in the Van (2015) starring Maggie Smith 
Jennings won acclaim for his performances in television including for his portrayal of Edward VIII, the Duke of Windsor, in the Netflix series The Crown acting opposite Claire Foy  He also starred in the ITV series Victoria (2016–2019) opposite Jenna Coleman, as well as Stephen Frears' A Very English Scandal (2018) alongside Hugh Grant and Ben Whishaw, and most recently Steve McQueen's Small Axe: Mangrove (2020) starring Letitia Wright 

Early life
Jennings was born in Romford, Essex, the son of Peggy Patricia (née Mahoney) and Michael Thomas Jennings  He attended Abbs Cross Technical High School in Hornchurch and studied English and Theatre studies at the University of Warwick, graduating in 1978  He said he saw his first theatre while in high school and went to the Old Vic Theatre, which inspired him to be an actor He trained as an actor for two years at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School 

Career
1980s
In the early 1980s, Jennings began his career in regional repertory theatre  In 1985, playing a range of roles including Maximilien Robespierre in The Scarlet Pimpernel  Jennings met director Nicholas Hytner during this production and has worked with him many times since  For his performance as Gloumov in Too Clever by Half at the Old Vic, he won the Olivier Award for Best Comedy Performance in 1988  He was nominated in the same category the following year for portraying Dorante in The Liar  He has performed for the Royal National Theatre in a number of plays, including Leontes in The Winter's Tale and the title role in Albert Speer 
Jennings' work in television includes appearances in The State Within, Smiley's People, The Franchise Affair, Inspector Morse, Lewis, Alfonso Bonzo, the title role in Ashenden, Dead Poets Society, Inspector Alleyn, Hard Times, Bad Blood, and Peter Ackroyd's London  His many radio credits include Casino Royale, The Way of the World, Strange Meeting, Vorbis in Small Gods, and The Old Curiosity Shop 

1990s
His Royal Shakespeare Company roles include the title role in Peer Gynt (for which he won an Olivier Award 1995-06 for Best Actor), the title role in Richard II (opposite Anton Lesser as Henry Bolingbroke), Theseus/Oberon in A Midsummer Night's Dream (UK, American tour and Broadway), Angelo in Measure for Measure, and the title role in Hamlet He also appeared in War Requiem, the RSC's film version of A Midsummer Night's Dream, and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat (1999)  Jennings also appeared as Lord Mark in the romantic drama film The Wings of the Dove starring Helena Bonham Carter, Elizabeth McGovern, Charlotte Rampling, and Sir Michael Gambon  The film received great acclaim and many awards nominations including four Academy Award nominations and five British Academy Film Award nominations 

2000s
In 2002, he appeared in the Cameron Mackintosh/Trevor Nunn revival of My Fair Lady at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane and won an Olivier Award as Best Actor in a Musical  He was an Associate Artist at the Royal Shakespeare Company  That year he also appeared in The Four Feathers (2002) as Colonel Hamilton alongside Heath Ledger, Kate Hudson, and Michael Sheen 
In 2006, Jennings' made his breakthrough film role as Charles, Prince of Wales opposite Helen Mirren as Queen Elizabeth II in The Queen  The film was directed by Stephen Frears, and written by Peter Morgan  The film depicts the death of Diana, Princess of Wales on 31 August 1997 and the reaction from the British public and the British royal family  The film was an immense critical and box office success after it premiered at the Venice Film Festival  The film received six Academy Award nominations including a win for Mirren's performance 
In 2007, he played the role of Garry Essendine in Noël Coward's Present Laughter at the NT  Also in 2007, he portrayed the Rev  Hutton in the BBC miniseries Cranford starring Judi Dench  He also played John Le Mesurier in the one-off BBC drama Hancock and Joan  In 2009, he appeared in The Habit of Art as Benjamin Britten 
In June 2008, he made his debut in the Operetta at the ENO in Robert Carsen's production of Bernstein's Candide, in which he played Voltaire and Doctor Pangloss 
He has recorded the audio versions of the books: Sins of the Father by Jeffrey Archer, The Kraken Wakes by John Wyndham, The Horse and His Boy, Out of the Silent Planet, and Perelandra by C S  Lewis, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne, and Attention All Shipping by Charlie Connelly, which was selected in June 2008 as one of the top 40 audiobooks of all time  In 2006, he recorded an abridgement of A Spot of Bother by Mark Haddon  He is also a regular narrator on BBC Radio 4's Book at Bedtime  He was also a member of the BBC's Radio Drama Company 

2010s
In 2010, he played Captain Shipshape in the CBeebies second series of Grandpa in my Pocket and starred in the film Belle  After that, he played Henry Tizard in Castles in the Sky 
In 2011, he played Mikhail Bulgakov in the National Theatre's production of Collaborators  In 2014, he played the role of Willy Wonka in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory the Musical, which was directed by Sam Mendes and was performed on London's West End theatre district  He took over the role from Douglas Hodge in 2014 From 2011 to 2014, Jennings played Alan Cowdrey QC in the BBC One legal drama Silk  He has also appeared in the PBS/Masterpiece Theatre television series Inspector Lewis (2012), and Foyle's War (2015) 
Jennings portrayed playwright Alan Bennett in the 2015 film The Lady in the Van opposite Academy Award winner Dame Maggie Smith in the title role  The film is directed by Nicolas Hytner, who is a long-time collaborator from the theatre  The film also featured performances from Jim Broadbent, Claire Foy, Frances de la Tour, and James Corden  The film premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival to great acclaim, specifically for Smith's performance  To promote the film Maggie Smith, and Jennings, appeared on The Graham Norton Show, this is Smith's first chat show appearance in over 40 years 
In 2016, he reprised his role as Professor Henry Higgins in the Australian 60th anniversary production of My Fair Lady, directed by Julie Andrews On television, from 2016 to 2017, he appeared in the Netflix series The Crown alongside Claire Foy and Jared Harris, as Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor, uncle to Queen Elizabeth and great-uncle to Prince Charles (whom Jennings played in The Queen)  The series has received widespread acclaim from audiences and critics alike  Jennings also portrayed King Leopold I of Belgium in the ITV/PBS series Victoria (2016–2019) alongside Jenna Coleman 
In 2018 he played Liberal MP Peter Bessell in the BBC One series, A Very English Scandal alongside Hugh Grant, and Ben Whishaw, a miniseries about the Jeremy Thorpe affair directed by Stephen Frears  The film received widespread critical acclaim with a 97% on Rotten Tomatoes with the critics consensus reading, "Hugh Grant and Ben Whishaw impress in A Very English Scandal, an equally absorbing and appalling look at British politics and society"  The series also received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations including a win for Whishaw for his performance 
In 2019, he played Andrew Aldridge, a Conservative MP, in the TV miniseries Four Weddings and a Funeral

2020s
In 2020, Jennings appeared in the Small Axe miniseries directed by Steve McQueen, specifically the television movie, Mangrove as Judge Edward Clarke alongside Letitia Wright as physician and British Black Panther Altheia Jones-LeCointe  In Mangrove, the story revolves around the true story based on the Mangrove Nine who were British black activists tried for inciting a riot at a protest, in 1970, against the police targeting of the Mangrove restaurant, Notting Hill, in West London  The film received widespread critical acclaim, with the critics consensus on Rotten Tomatoes reading, "Anchored by strong performances and an even stronger sense of conviction, Mangrove is a powerful indictment of institutional racism "

Work
Film
Television
Theatre
Filmed Theatrical Events

1999: Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat as Butler
2010: National Theatre Live: The Habit of Art as Henry / Benjamin Britten
2011: National Theatre Live: Collaborators as Mikhail Bulgakov
2013: National Theatre Live: 50 Years on Stage as Henry Higgins
2019: National Theatre Live: Hansard as Robin Hesketh

Awards and nominations
Passage 8:
Sarah Solemani
Sarah Solemani (born 4 September 1982) is an English actress, writer and activist  She is best known for starring in the BAFTA winning sitcom Him & Her and playing Renee Zellweger's best friend Miranda in Bridget Jones's Baby, for which she was nominated for an Evening Standard Best Actress Award  She also had roles in the British comedy TV series Bad Education and The Wrong Mans 

Early life
Solemani was born in the London Borough of Camden and grew up in Crouch End  Her father is a Persian Jewish mathematics lecturer (now retired)  After passing her A levels at the Henrietta Barnett School, she took a gap year before reading Social and Political Sciences (now the Human, Social and Political Sciences Tripos) at New Hall, Cambridge and graduating with an MA (Hons)  At Cambridge, she joined the Footlights performance troupe, becoming social secretary during her first year and later vice president 

Career
Theatre
Solemani was a member of the National Youth Theatre during her gap year, during which time she appeared as Elaine in the West End theatre production of The Graduate and as Ayesha in the critically acclaimed National Theatre production of Sanctuary  
She was a member of the Young Writer's Group attached to the Royal Court Theatre, and a writer at the Young Vic Theatre  Two plays she wrote were produced at Soho Theatre  Another of her works, The Cost of Things (2010), was presented at the Public Theater New York under the aegis of the Old Vic Theatre as part of the TS Eliot Project  In 2011, she wrote The Baron which received the Old Vic New Voices 'Ignite' award In 2009, Solemani appeared in Simon Stephens' play Pornography at the Tricycle Theatre in London and, in 2012, as Maryam in The House of Bernarda Alba at the Almeida Theatre  She wrote Up the Royal Borough, part of an evening of plays in response to Owen Jones' Chavs at the Lyric Hammersmith  It gained good reviews 

Television and film
Solemani's first film role was as a tableaux girl in Mrs Henderson Presents, which she performed during her third year of college  Her first major TV role was as Becky in BBC Three sitcom Him & Her, which was first broadcast in September 2010, and ran for four series, before ending in 2013 From 2012 until 2014, Solemani starred in the BBC Three comedy, Bad Education, including its spin off movie The Bad Education Movie and a one-off special in 2022  In 2013, she featured in the BBC and Hulu's The Wrong Mans alongside James Corden  She reprised the role for the show's second series  She wrote and starred in an episode of the Sky TV series Love Matters, titled "Aphrodite Fry", that aired in 2013  In 2014, she wrote the television film The Secrets  It aired on BBC One to critical acclaim 
In Hollywood, Solemani was chosen by Bill Hader and Alec Berg to be part of their writing team on Hader's new HBO show Barry  While working in the United States, she has found the American television industry has a more positive attitude towards commissioning work by women and featuring female characters in their series In 2019 it was announced she would adapt Jo Bloom's novel Ridley Road into a television drama  Published in 2014, Bloom's book was the result of research into the anti-Nazi London 62 Group and events involving it in the summer of 1962, with the group's activities serving as a backdrop, the title coming from the street in the East End where fascists held meetings and around which battles took place  It was broadcast by BBC One in October 2021  In 2022 she co-wrote and co-starred with Steve Coogan in Chivalry, a six episode comedy-drama  about "sexual politics in the wake of the #MeToo movement" for Channel 4 

Print
Solemani has contributed to the New Statesman, The Guardian, The Independent and Harper's Bazaar  She writes regularly for the publications Red and Glamour 

Awards and acclaim
Solemani was awarded third place in the Barry Amiel and Norman Melburn Trust/New Statesman Prize for New Political Writing on the subject: "Do women's rights remain the privilege of the developed world?" in 2005 In 2011, Solemani won the Royal Television Society award for best Comedy Performance for her role in Him & Her along with her co-star Russell Tovey  In 2012, Solemani was named one of the year's Broadcast Hot Shots 

Activism
Solemani is against the criminalisation of sex work, and has been a champion for sex worker rights since 2002  She was nominated by the English Collective of Prostitutes (ECP) to represent them in Parliament in order to halt further efforts to criminalise clients  She was an active supporter of former shadow Home Secretary Yvette Cooper in the 2015 Labour leadership contest  She has introduced Cooper at various Labour Party events and has contributed to her speeches 

Personal life
Solemani married Daniel E  Ingram, a sustainable investment expert specialising in climate change, in Petah Tikva, Israel, on 3 June 2012  Their daughter was born in December 2013 and their son was born in May 2018  Raised by an Orthodox Jewish father and a Plymouth Brethren evangelical mother, Solemani has formally converted to Judaism along with her husband 

Filmography
Film and television
Stage
Passage 9:
Frances de la Tour
Frances J  de Lautour (born 30 July 1944), better known as Frances de la Tour, is an English actress  She is known for her role as Miss Ruth Jones in the television sitcom Rising Damp from 1974 until 1978  She is a Tony Award winner and three-time Olivier Award winner 
She performed as Mrs  Lintott in the play The History Boys in London and on Broadway, winning the 2006 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play  She reprised the role in the 2006 film  Her other film roles include Madame Olympe Maxime in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005)  Television roles include Emma Porlock in the Dennis Potter serial Cold Lazarus (1996), headmistress Margaret Baron in BBC sitcom Big School and Violet Crosby in the sitcom Vicious 

Early life and family
De la Tour was born on 30 July 1944 in Bovingdon, Hertfordshire, to Moyra (née Fessas) and Charles de la Tour (1909–1982)  The name was also spelled De Lautour, and it was in this form that her birth was registered in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, in the third quarter of 1944  She has French, Greek, and Irish ancestry  She was educated at London's Lycée Français and the Drama Centre London She is the sister of actor and screenwriter Andy de la Tour, and was briefly married to playwright Tom Kempinski  She has a son and a daughter An episode of the BBC series Who Do You Think You Are?, first broadcast on 22 October 2015, revealed de la Tour to be a descendant of the aristocratic Delaval family 

Career
Theatre
After leaving drama school, she joined the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) in 1965  Over the next six years, she played many small roles with the RSC in a variety of plays, gradually building up to larger parts such as Hoyden in The Relapse and culminating in Peter Brook's acclaimed production of A Midsummer Night's Dream, in which she played Helena as a comic "tour de force" In the 1970s, she worked steadily both on the stage and on television  Some of her notable appearances were Rosalind in As You Like It at the Playhouse, Oxford in 1975 and Isabella in The White Devil at the Old Vic in 1976  She enjoyed a collaboration with Stepney's Half Moon Theatre, appearing in the London première of Dario Fo's We Can't Pay? We Won't Pay (1978), Eleanor Marx's Landscape of Exile (1979), and in the title role of Hamlet (1980) In 1980, she played Stephanie, the violinist with MS in Duet for One, a play written for her by Kempinski, for which she won the Olivier for Best Actress  She played Sonya in Uncle Vanya opposite Donald Sinden at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket in 1982  Her performance as Josie in Eugene O'Neill's A Moon for the Misbegotten won her another Olivier for Best Actress in 1983  She joined the Royal National Theatre for the title role in Saint Joan in 1984 and appeared there in Brighton Beach Memoirs in 1986  She again won the Olivier, this time for Best Supporting Actress for Martin Sherman's play about Isadora Duncan, When She Danced, with Vanessa Redgrave at the Globe Theatre in 1991 and played Leo in Les Parents terribles at the Royal National Theatre in 1994, earning another Olivier nomination 
In 1994, de la Tour co-starred with Maggie Smith in Edward Albee's Three Tall Women at the Wyndham's and with Alan Howard in Albee's The Play About the Baby at the Almeida in 1998  In 1999, she returned to the RSC to play Cleopatra opposite Alan Bates in Antony and Cleopatra, in which she did a nude walk across the stage  In 2004, she played Mrs  Lintott in Alan Bennett's The History Boys at the National and later on Broadway, winning both a Drama Desk Award and a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play  She would also later appear in the film version  In December 2005, she appeared in the London production of the highly acclaimed anti-Iraq War one-woman play Peace Mom by Dario Fo, based on the writings of Cindy Sheehan  In 2007, she appeared in a West End revival of the farce Boeing-Boeing  In 2009, she appeared in Alan Bennett's new play The Habit of Art at the National  In 2012, she returned to the National in her third Bennett premiere, People 

Film and television
Her many television appearances during the 1980s and 1990s include the 1980 miniseries Flickers opposite Bob Hoskins, the TV version of Duet for One, for which she received a BAFTA nomination, the series A Kind of Living (1988–89), Dennis Potter's Cold Lazarus (1996), and Tom Jones (1997)  Of all her TV roles, however, she is best known for playing spinster Ruth Jones in the successful Yorkshire Television comedy Rising Damp, from 1974 to 1978  De la Tour told Richard Webber, who wrote a 2001 book about the series, that Ruth Jones "was an interesting character to play  We laughed a lot on set, but comedy is a serious business, and Leonard took it particularly seriously, and rightly so  Comedy, which is so much down to timing, is exhausting work  But it was a happy time " Upon reprising her Rising Damp role in the 1980 film version, she won Best Actress at the Evening Standard British Film Awards 
In the mid-1980s, de la Tour was considered, along with Joanna Lumley and Dawn French, as a replacement for Colin Baker on Doctor Who  The idea was scrapped and the job was given to Sylvester McCoy 
In 2003, de la Tour played a terminally ill gay woman in the film Love Actually with the actress Anne Reid, although her scenes were cut from the film's theatrical release and appear only on the DVD In 2005, she portrayed Olympe Maxime, headmistress of Beauxbatons Academy, in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire  In 2010, she reprised Maxime as a cameo in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1  Notable television roles during this time include Agatha Christie's Poirot: Death on the Nile (2004), Waking the Dead (2004), the black comedy Sensitive Skin (2005), with Joanna Lumley and Denis Lawson, Agatha Christie's Marple: The Moving Finger (2006) and New Tricks as a rather morbid Egyptologist, also in 2006 
She was nominated for the 2006 BAFTA Award for Actress in a Supporting Role for her work on the film version of The History Boys 
She later appeared in several well-received films, including Tim Burton's 2010 Alice in Wonderland as Aunt Imogene, a delusional aunt of Alice's, opposite Johnny Depp, Anne Hathaway, Helena Bonham Carter, and Mia Wasikowska and a supporting role in the film The Book of Eli, directed by the Hughes brothers  In 2012, she appeared in the film Hugo 
Until 2012, she was also a patron for the performing arts group Theatretrain 
From 2013 to 2016, de la Tour played the role of Violet Crosby in ITV sitcom Vicious with Ian McKellen and Derek Jacobi 
From 2013 to 2014, she portrayed headmistress Ms Baron in the BBC One sitcom Big School 
In April 2016, she joined the second series of Outlander as Mother Hildegarde 
In 2021, de la Tour appeared in an ITV production, initially released on BritBox - Professor T  - in which she played the mother of the titular character 

Personal life
Politically, de la Tour is a socialist and was a member of the Workers' Revolutionary Party in the 1970s 

Filmography
Awards and nominations
Stage
Context 2: Passage 1:
Great News
Great News is an American sitcom television series created and written by Tracey Wigfield, and executive produced by Wigfield alongside Tina Fey, Robert Carlock, and David Miner for 3 Arts Entertainment, Little Stranger and Universal Television  The series premiered April 25, 2017 on NBC On May 11, 2017, NBC renewed Great News for a second season of 13 episodes, which premiered on September 28, 2017  On May 11, 2018, NBC canceled the series after two seasons 

Premise
The series, set in the world of television news, follows an up-and-coming news producer who finds herself dealing with a new intern: her mother 

Cast and characters
Main
Briga Heelan as Katherine "Katie" Wendelson, a segment producer at The Breakdown who suddenly has to deal with the presence of her mother Carol, who is hired as an intern at the show
Andrea Martin as Carol Wendelson, Katie's mother and an intern at The Breakdown
Adam Campbell as Greg Walsh, an executive producer at The Breakdown and Katie's boss and love interest
Nicole Richie as Portia Scott-Griffith, co-anchor of The Breakdown
Horatio Sanz as Justin, video editor at The Breakdown
John Michael Higgins as Chuck Pierce, co-anchor of The Breakdown who was once a well-respected network anchor

Recurring
Tracey Wigfield as Beth Vierk: the meteorologist for The Breakdown
Sheaun McKinney as Wayne: a cameraman for The Breakdown
Brad Morris as Gene: one of the segment producers on The Breakdown
Stewart Skelton as Dave Wendelson: Katie's father and Carol's husband, whose face is always partially obscured
Vicki Lawrence as Angie Deltaliano: Carol's best friend
Sarah Baker as Joyce Vickley: a human resources employee who comes in contact with The Breakdown staff
Adam Countee as Chip: co-host of The Chip & Chet Report, a competitor of The Breakdown
Dave Hill as Chet: co-host of The Chip & Chet Report, a competitor of The Breakdown
Ana Gasteyer as Kelly: boozy co-host of Morning Wined Up, MMN's morning show
Rachel Dratch as Mary-Kelly: boozy co-host of Morning Wined Up, MMN's morning show
Christina Pickles as Mildred Marlock (season 1): the owner of MMN and Greg's grandmother
Tina Fey as Diana St  Tropez (season 2): the new head of MMN
Reid Scott as Jeremy (season 2): Katie's new boyfriend and a workaholic reporter for The New York Times
Jim Rash as Fenton Pelt (season 2): the billionaire owner of Pelt Industries who sues MMN due to a story reported by The Breakdown

Guest
Episodes
Season 1 (2017)
Season 2 (2017–18)
Reception
Great News has received generally positive reviews from critics  On Rotten Tomatoes the series has an approval rating of 76% based on 33 reviews, with an average rating of 6 15/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Great News overcomes its familiar trappings with gently subversive humor and a smart cast of talented, likable actors " On Metacritic, the series has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" 
Passage 2:
3 Arts Entertainment
3 Arts Entertainment is an American production company and talent management founded by Erwin Stoff, Michael Rotenberg and Howard Klein in 1991 The company has gone on to produce TV shows such as King of the Hill, The Office, Everybody Hates Chris, Parks and Recreation, The Mindy Project, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, American Vandal as well as produce films Edge of Tomorrow, Unbroken and 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi  The first movie the company produced was the National Lampoon movie Loaded Weapon 1, which was released on February 5, 1993  The company subsequently set up a deal with 20th Century Fox in 1993  In 1996, 3 Arts made an alliance with CBS and Sony Pictures to launch 3 Arts Television which was dissolved by the end of the following year when it failed to produce any primetime TV projects for the network Erwin Stoff founded the company with Michael Rotenberg and Howard Klein, who are all producers and talent managers  Managers Dave Becky, David Miner, Molly Madden and Nick Frenkel work at 3 Arts  In 2003, 3 Arts received a television deal at 20th Century Fox Television  In May 2018, Lionsgate acquired a majority stake in the company 

Films produced
TV shows produced
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
Passage 3:
Louie (season 2)
The second season of the American television comedy series Louie premiered on June 23, 2011, and concluded on September 8, 2011  It consisted of thirteen episodes, each running approximately 23 minutes in length  FX broadcast the second season on Thursdays at 10:30 pm in the United States  The season was produced by 3 Arts Entertainment and the executive producers were Louis C K , Dave Becky and M  Blair Breard  The second season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on June 19, 2012 Louie was created, written and directed by Louis C K , who stars as a fictionalized version of himself, a comedian and newly divorced father raising his two daughters in New York City  The show has a loose format atypical for television comedy series, consisting of largely unconnected storylines and segments (described as "extended vignettes") that revolve around Louie's life, punctuated by live stand-up performances 
The season received critical acclaim from critics 

Cast
Main cast
Louis C K  as Louie

Recurring cast
Guest stars
Nick DiPaolo as Nick ("Niece")
Jim Norton as Jim ("Oh, Louie/Tickets")
Chris Rock as Chris ("New Jersey/Airport")
Godfrey as Godfrey ("Niece")
F  Murray Abraham as Jonathan ("New Jersey/Airport")
Amir Blumenfeld as Young Nervous Writer ("Halloween/Ellie")
Dane Cook as Dane ("Oh, Louie/Tickets")
Joan Rivers as Joan ("Joan")
Bob Saget as Bob ("Oh, Louie/Tickets")
Doug Stanhope as Eddie ("Eddie")
Keni Thomas as Keni ("Duckling")
Steven Wright as Steven ("New Jersey/Airport")

Episodes
Reception
Reviews
The second season of Louie received "universal acclaim" from critics, receiving a Metacritic score of 90 out of 100, based on seven reviews  Alan Sepinwall of HitFix called it "one of the best shows on television" and Kris King of Slant Magazine stated "Louie is smart, cinematic, and bitterly honest, constantly dancing between revelatory moments and hysterical bursts of humor that are both surprising and touching "

Awards and nominations
For the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards, Louis C K  received three nominations for his work on Louie—he was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series (for "Duckling") and won for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series (for "Pregnant")  For the 28th TCA Awards, the series and C K  himself each won for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy and Outstanding Individual Achievement in Comedy, respectively  C K  and Pamela Adlon received a nomination for Best Television Comedy Series for the 64th Writers Guild of America Awards  C K  was nominated for Best Actor – Television Series: Musical or Comedy for the 17th Satellite Awards  The series was also included as one of the Top Television Programs of the Year by the American Film Institute 
Passage 4:
The Mindy Project
The Mindy Project is an American romantic comedy television series created by and starring Mindy Kaling that began airing on Fox in September 2012 and finished its run of six seasons on Hulu in November 2017  The series was co-produced by Universal Television and 3 Arts Entertainment 

Plot
The series follows obstetrician/gynecologist, Mindy Lahiri (Mindy Kaling) as she tries to balance her personal and professional life, surrounded by quirky co-workers in a small medical practice in New York City  The character was inspired by Kaling's own mother, an OB/GYN  Mindy explores life with the help of her co-workers: Danny Castellano (Chris Messina), her best friend and love interest, whose religious sensibilities occasionally cause some tension; Jeremy Reed, an English physician who manages the practice; Peter Prentice, another physician who was a fraternity jock while attending Dartmouth; Morgan Tookers, a wacky, yet lovable registered nurse and an ex-con; Tamra Webb, a blunt  nurse; and Beverley, the libidinous older office receptionist 

Cast and characters
Main
Mindy Kaling as Dr  Mindy Kuhel Lahiri, a romantically frustrated OB/GYN at Shulman & Associates 
Chris Messina as Dr  Daniel Alan "Danny" Castellano (seasons 1–4; guest season 5; recurring season 6), another OB/GYN (formerly at Shulman & Associates, now at Freedom Tower Women's Health), Mindy's main frenemy and love interest 
Ed Weeks as Dr  Jeremiah "Jeremy" Reed, OB/GYN, Mindy and Danny's somewhat hapless co-partner at the office 
Anna Camp as Gwendolyn "Gwen" Grandy (season 1; guest season 2), Mindy's best friend who has settled down with a family 
Zoe Jarman as Betsy Putch (seasons 1–2), a former receptionist at the office 
Amanda Setton as Shauna Dicanio (season 1), a former receptionist at the office 
Stephen Tobolowsky as Dr  Marc Shulman (season 1; guest season 4), a former senior partner of the practice 
Ike Barinholtz as Morgan Fairchild Ransom Tookers, a registered nurse and ex-con at the office 
Beth Grant as Beverley Janoszewski, a former nurse turned receptionist at the office 
Xosha Roquemore as Tamra Webb (seasons 2–6; recurring season 1), a nurse at the office  She has a long term boyfriend, Ray Ron, for 20 years but breaks up with him to date Morgan  She name drops famous men she has dated 
Adam Pally as Dr  Peter Prentice (seasons 2–3; guest season 4; recurring seasons 5–6), Mindy's best friend and an OB/GYN at the office 
Garret Dillahunt as Dr  Jody Kimball-Kinney (seasons 4–6), an OB/GYN who joins Shulman & Associates during Mindy's maternity leave 
Fortune Feimster as Colette Kimball-Kinney (seasons 4–6), a nurse at the office and sister of Jody  She and Morgan eventually move in together 
Rebecca Rittenhouse as Dr  Anna Ziev (seasons 5–6), a young, put-together uptight doctor in the office who becomes a new foil for Mindy 

Recurring
Episodes
Production and development
The series was initially commissioned by NBC, but the pilot with the working title It's Messy was released from NBC's projects on January 27, 2012  NBC then sent the script to Fox executives who read it over that following weekend  On January 30, 2012, Fox green-lit the pilot, with Mindy Kaling attached to star On May 9, 2012, Fox placed a series order for the comedy  Two days later, the title was changed from It's Messy to The Mindy Project  On August 27, 2012, the pilot episode was made available to view online on various sites including Fox, in an attempt to garner interest in the series  On October 8, 2012, Fox ordered a full season of The Mindy Project  On March 4, 2013, the series was renewed for a second season, which began on September 17, 2013  On November 21, 2013, Fox announced that The Mindy Project would take a mid-season hiatus, before returning on April 1, 2014  Fox announced the third season renewal of The Mindy Project on March 7, 2014 On May 6, 2015, Fox cancelled the series after three seasons  On May 15, 2015, Hulu picked up the show, commissioning a 26 episode fourth season  On May 4, 2016, Hulu announced it had picked up the series for a 16-episode season 5, which was later reduced to 14  On March 29, 2017, Kaling announced the series would return for a sixth and final season; the final episode of the series aired on November 14, 2017 Casting announcements for the remaining series regular roles began in February 2012, with Ed Weeks cast in the role of Dr  Jeremy Reed, a sexy, British doctor in the practice  Zoe Jarman and Dana Delorenzo then joined in series regular roles  Jarman signed on to play Betsy Putch, an upbeat receptionist at the practice; whilst Delorenzo joined as Shauna Dicanio, a young, party loving receptionist in the practice  In mid-March, Chris Messina joined the cast as Dr  Danny Castellano, an arrogant doctor who works at the practice  Shortly after, Anna Camp boarded the series as Gwen Grandy, a stay-at-home mom and  Mindy's best friend A few months later, Amanda Setton, Stephen Tobolowsky and Ike Barinholtz joined the series  Setton replaced Dana DeLorenzo in the role of Shauna; Tobolowsky joined in the series regular role of Dr  Marc Shulman, the senior partner of the practice; and Barinholtz signed onto the recurring role of Morgan Tookers, a quirky rehabilitated ex-con  who joins the practice as a nurse 

Cast changes
The first change occurred when Stephen Tobolowsky's role was eliminated after the second episode – following re-shoots that saw his character be re-written into a mere authoritarian figure in the office – when it was decided that "they didn't really want Mindy to have a boss in the office"  Tobolowsky returned, albeit in a voice-over only role, in the eighth episode to explain that his character had retired  The second change of the season, which was first reported on November 20, 2012, saw Amanda Setton's role also eliminated entirely and Anna Camp downgraded to a recurring cast member  They both departed after the twelfth episode  Despite becoming a recurring cast member, Camp only made a single appearance in the seventeenth episode  Neither Setton or Camp's characters had their absence referenced, nor were they mentioned again 
The first change for the second season, which occurred before production of the season began, saw Xosha Roquemore upgraded to a series regular role after recurring in the final three episodes of the previous season  The second change, which occurred just prior to the production of the season's fifth episode, resulted in Adam Pally also being upgraded to a series regular role  He had previously signed onto the series in a recurring role but had filmed only two episodes prior to being promoted The first change of the third season occurred prior to the start of production and saw Zoe Jarman's role eliminated from the show  Like Setton and Camp's departures in the first season, the absence of her character was never addressed  The second cast change of the season was announced on November 21, 2014, and saw Adam Pally leave the series after the season's thirteenth episode  His departure after the thirteenth episode of the season was a condition of his upgrade to a series regular that had occurred the previous year  It was reported that Pally is "expected to make occasional guest appearances"  Pally made multiple guest appearances after his departure, where he was still credited amongst the regular cast in episodes he appeared, making his final appearance as a part of the main cast in the third-season finale 
In December 2015 it was reported that Fortune Feimster had been upgraded to a series regular role beginning with the fourteenth episode of the fourth season, after appearing in seven of the first thirteen episodes  Garret Dillahunt joined the show in a major recurring role as Dr  Jody Kimball-Kinney In June 2016, it was announced that Chris Messina would not be returning as a series regular for season five, but would instead appear as a guest star 

Reception
Critical reception
The Mindy Project received positive reviews from critics, with many highlighting Kaling's performance and her unique character, as well as the writing and directing  On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has a rating of 81%, based on 48 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "The Mindy Project is such a charming comedy, led by Mindy Kaling's impressive talent, that its faults are easy to forgive " Review aggregation website Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean based on reviews from mainstream critics, season one received a score of 69 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  It was the number-six best-reviewed show according to the site's fall 2012 season On Rotten Tomatoes, Season 2 has a rating of 89%, based on 18 reviews, with an average rating of 6 8/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Mindy Kaling earns consistent laughs with wit, charm and physical comedy, as she and her cast grow into well-rounded and familiar, albeit peculiar, characters " On Metacritic, the second season has a score of 55 out of 100, based on four critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Season 3 of the show holds a rating of 82% on Rotten Tomatoes with the critical consensus reading, "The Mindy Project, while still wildly funny, travels further into rom-com country this season "Season 4 of the show holds a rating of 93% on Rotten Tomatoes with the critical consensus reading, "The Mindy Project begins its online migration with some of the show's best-ever episodes, further refining the balance between heart and humor struck during the first three seasons " On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "universal acclaim" 

Criticism
The Mindy Project has been the object of scrutiny not only from traditional media forms but also from feminists and people of color, who often weigh in on the show's decisions in casting and writing  At the end of the first season, Jezebel posted an article called "Mindy Kaling Only Makes Out with White Guys", a critique of the casting of romantic leads on the show  The same article contains a response from Nisha Chittal, who has defended Kaling's success in the past, who applauded the show for not making Kaling's race central to her character, and for showing that an Indian woman could date non-Indian men 
During the second season, the episode "Mindy Lahiri Is a Racist," which addresses white supremacy, provoked discussion as to whether or not Kaling had made "reparations" for showing a predominantly white cast Before the third season began airing, Kaling received criticism for a comment in a Flare article entitled "She's the Boss", in which she stated that the show would not address abortion, as "it would be demeaning to the topic to talk about it in a half-hour sitcom " In an appearance on The Colbert Report two weeks later, she clarified:

A lot of women look to me and look to the show, and they want me to be a spokesperson for a lot of issues, and I actually think that's a responsibility that's cool, I want to live up to that     I want to be able to talk plainly on things but I also want to create an entertaining show  We haven't found a hilarious take on abortion that has not been done yet—but we might  I have faith in us Contrasting with the above criticism, a 2021 Feminist Media Studies' article titled "Un/accented: the politics of difference in US popular culture" argues that some of the criticism that The Mindy Project received, regarding the predominately white love interests or absence of Indian cultural reference, is not necessarily an issue for Kaling to address but rather indicative of how critics and journalists only see Kaling's work through surface level analysis and how many non-white bodies are present instead of what the work is actually critiquing through dialogue or plot 

Ratings
Awards and nominations
Broadcast
In the United Kingdom, the show airs on Sky Comedy  It used to air on E4 until 2015
In Canada the show was aired by City  A network spokesperson confirmed that The Mindy Project would continue to air new episodes on City City didn't air Season 6 until January 2018  (Hulu is not accessible in Canada )
In Oceania the show airs for Australia on the Seven Network from January 28, 2013 at 10PM Mondays and for New Zealand on FOUR from March 11, 2013 at 9:30PM Mondays 
In Europe the show aired from March 26, 2013 at 9:30PM Tuesdays, for the Netherlands on Foxlife from January 20, 2014 at 8:30PM Mondays and for Spain on Cosmopolitan TV from January 23, 2014 at 9:30PM Thursdays  In Germany the show airs on Comedy Central Germany since 2013 
Passage 5:
Louie (season 5)
The fifth and final season of the American television comedy series Louie premiered on April 9, 2015, and concluded on May 28, 2015  It consists of eight episodes, each running approximately 23 minutes in length  FX broadcast the fifth season on Thursdays at 10:30 pm in the United States  The season was produced by 3 Arts Entertainment and the executive producers were Louis C K , Dave Becky and M  Blair Breard 
Louie was created, written and directed by Louis C K , who stars as a fictionalized version of himself, a comedian and divorced father raising his two daughters in New York City  The show has a loose format atypical for television comedy series, consisting of largely unconnected storylines and segments (described as "extended vignettes") that revolve around Louie's life, punctuated by live stand-up performances 

Production
Louie was renewed by FX for a fifth season in July 2014 with a seven-episode order  When FX announced the season's premiere date in January 2015, it was announced the season would consist of eight episodes instead of thirteen or fourteen  It was later revealed by Louis C K  during a panel to promote the show that the shortened season length was due to an unfortunate decision he made while high on marijuana  In January 2015, C K  spoke about the writing and tone of the season, "This season is more laugh-centric and funny than season four  The feeling I was having when I wrote the season   was a goofy and playful feeling " The fifth season features the return of the opening credits and theme song, which were absent in the fourth season 

Cast
Main cast
Louis C K  as Louie

Recurring cast
Guest stars
Episodes
Reception
Critical response
The fifth season of Louie has received acclaim from critics  On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 92%, based on 38 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, "A renewed focus on the show's singular blend of sincerity and hilarity keep Louie at the top of its game " On Metacritic, the season has a score of 91 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "universal acclaim" Sonia Saraiya of Salon wrote that "Louie is a treasure" and that season 5 of the show "is as confident and distinctive as ever, a sitcom that is not quite like anything else on television"  James Poniewozik of Time wrote that season 5 is "by and large, blisteringly funny" and "also poignant", stating that "Louie has again successfully reinvented itself, this time as what it used to be " Brian Lowry of Variety praised the series and wrote, "Almost nothing else on TV — certainly in half-hour form — rivals the particularity of C K 's approach, which has garnered the kind of well-deserved accolades that have kept FX quietly humming that 'Brother Louie' tune "

Accolades
For the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards, the series received nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series, Louis C K  for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, and Pamela Adlon for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series  C K  also received nominations for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for "Bobby's House" and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for "Sleepover"  For the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards, Louie C K  was nominated for Best Comedy Actor  For the 68th Directors Guild of America Awards, Louis C K  was nominated for Outstanding Directing – Comedy Series for "Sleepover" 
Passage 6:
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is an American sitcom created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock, starring Ellie Kemper in the title role  It premiered on March 6, 2015 on Netflix and ran for four seasons, ending on January 25, 2019  An interactive special premiered on May 12, 2020 
The series follows 29-year-old Kimmy Schmidt (Kemper) as she adjusts to life after being rescued from a doomsday cult in the fictional town of Durnsville, Indiana, where she and three other women were held captive by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm) for 15 years  Determined to be seen as something other than a victim and armed only with a positive attitude, she decides to restart her life by moving to New York City, where she quickly befriends her street-wise landlady Lillian Kaushtupper (Carol Kane), finds a roommate in struggling actor Titus Andromedon (Tituss Burgess), and gains a job as a nanny for melancholic and out-of-touch socialite Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski) 
Throughout its run, the series received critical acclaim, with critic Scott Meslow calling it "the first great sitcom of the streaming era"  It received 20 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including four nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series and a nomination for Outstanding Television Movie for the 2020 special Kimmy vs  the Reverend 

Synopsis
Kimmy Schmidt (Ellie Kemper) was in eighth grade when she was kidnapped by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm)  He held Kimmy and three other women captive for 15 years in an underground bunker and convinced them that a nuclear apocalypse had left them the sole survivors of humanity 
In the first season, the women are rescued, and go on to appear on the Today Show in New York City  After the show, Kimmy decides she doesn't want to return to Indiana or be seen as a victim, so she starts a new life in New York City  Roaming around the city, she comes across landlady Lillian Kaushtupper (Carol Kane), who offers Kimmy a chance to room with Titus Andromedon (Tituss Burgess) in her downstairs apartment  However, to get the apartment, Kimmy has to find a job  When she tries to get a job at a nearby candy store, she sees a boy stealing candy  She pursues him back to his home and encounters his mother, Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski), a Manhattan trophy wife, who mistakes her for a nanny, and whom Kimmy mistakes as someone trapped in a cult  Jacqueline hires Kimmy as a nanny for her 10-year-old son  As Season 1 continues, Kimmy falls in love with Dong (Ki Hong Lee), a Vietnamese man from her G E D  class; goes to court to testify against the Reverend, and discovers how the world has changed in the 15 years she was held captive  
In the second season, Kimmy is sick of working for Jacqueline and gets a job at a year-round Christmas store and then as an Uber driver  She tries to get over Dong, who enters a green card marriage with another G E D  student and is eventually deported  As Kimmy tries to move on, so do Titus and Jacqueline, who both find boyfriends  Titus begins dating construction worker Mikey Politano (Mike Carlsen) and Jacqueline begins dating lawyer Russ Snyder (David Cross)  Jacqueline also goes back to her Native American heritage and decides to take down the Washington Redskins, who her boyfriend's father happens to own  Kimmy reunites with Gretchen and Cyndee to save them from joining another cult and getting married on television, respectively  When Season 2 ends, Titus leaves to be a performer on a cruise and Lillian protests the invasion of hipsters in her neighborhood, while Kimmy makes amends with her mother (Lisa Kudrow) after advice from her therapist (Tina Fey) before receiving a phone call from the Reverend in prison, telling her that they need to get a divorce 
In the third season, Kimmy proceeds with the divorce from the Reverend but hits a snag when she learns that a devoted fan (guest star Laura Dern) wants to marry him  After getting her G E D , Kimmy decides to go to college and ends up at Columbia University, where she is popular but fails academically  She forms a friendship with Perry (Daveed Diggs), a philosophy and religion transfer student who, like Kimmy, does not fit in with the rich, elitist Ivy League students  Titus returns from his stint on the cruise harboring a secret and, determined to come home to Mikey with money and a job, he auditions for Sesame Street  However, after the man auditioning Titus asks him to perform sexual acts on a puppet, Titus leaves and runs home to Mikey  However, Titus sees Mikey out with another man, and breaks up with him  Lillian is elected to the city council and attempts to block the construction of a supermarket chain for fear it will gentrify the neighborhood  She later starts a relationship with the owner of the chain (Peter Riegert)  Meanwhile, Jacqueline and Russ execute their plan to force his family to change the name of the Redskins and Titus makes it big with the single "Boobs in California"  At the end of season three, Titus vows to win Mikey back from his new boyfriend, Jacqueline finds a profession, and Kimmy lands a job at a tech start-up 
In the fourth and final season, Kimmy is working at Giztoob, the tech company started by a former classmate at Columbia, and Jacqueline is representing Titus as his agent  After acting in an anti-bullying performance for a middle school, Titus gets a job as director of the school play and, in an attempt to impress Mikey, pretends to write and star in a superhero television show called The Capist, starring Greg Kinnear  Meanwhile, Lillian's boyfriend Artie dies and she is put in charge of his adult daughter's trust  Kimmy reunites with Donna Maria, who is now a successful businesswoman  Outraged and inspired by men's rights activists, Kimmy writes a children's book that empowers girls and encourages boys to be kind; by the end of season four, Kimmy has found success as a children's author  Season 4 features two episodes that veer from the main plot  In the first, a standalone mockumentary episode, Jacqueline's former boy toy Doug, a k a  DJ Fingablast, creates a true crime documentary called Party Monster: Scratching the Surface, which sympathizes with the Reverend and paints Kimmy and the other Mole Women negatively  The second episode, "Sliding Van Doors", presents an alternate universe in which Kimmy is never kidnapped, Titus does not audition for The Lion King in 1998, Jacqueline does not marry Julian Voorhees, and Lillian runs a Latin street gang  The series concludes with each of the main four characters finding success and purpose in new ventures 

Episodes
Cast and characters
Main
Ellie Kemper as Kimberly "Kimmy" Cougar Schmidt, the titular character  Armed with only unflagging optimism,  a childlike sense of wonder and an eighth-grade education, she attempts to regain the life that was taken from her and navigate her way through the unfamiliar struggles of New York life 
Tituss Burgess as Titus Andromedon (born Ronald Wilkerson), Kimmy's gay, flamboyant roommate and an aspiring actor and singer  Melodramatic and self-absorbed, Titus nevertheless cares deeply for, and is very protective of Kimmy  Despite his talent and ego, he is plagued by self-doubt after years of rejection in the business  Titus hails from Chickasaw County, Mississippi, and moved to New York City in 1998 
Carol Kane as Lillian Kaushtupper, Kimmy and Titus' odd landlady  A proud born-and-bred New Yorker with a long, complex criminal history, she fights against the possible gentrification of her neighborhood (although it soon becomes clear that she hates any form of progress or technology)  Despite her willingness to do anything to make a buck, she has a very big heart and will go out of her way to help her tenants 
Jane Krakowski as Jacqueline White (formerly Voorhees; née Jackie Lynn White), a wealthy and insecure socialite who hires Kimmy as a nanny  Despite coming across as arrogant, condescending and out of touch, she is very fond of (and heavily reliant on) her new employee, who helps her gain perspective on her unhappy marriage  She is secretly of Lakota Native American descent and is passing for white  As the series progresses, she gradually reconnects with her family and her culture  She is the mother of Buckley Voorhees and the former step-mother of Xanthippe Lannister Voorhees  Her ex-husband is Julian Voorhees 

Recurring
Guest
Production
Development
The show was created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock when NBC executives asked them to develop a show for Ellie Kemper  Fey said that they found an "innocence" about Kemper's face, but also noted a "strength" to it  One idea was for the show to center on Kemper's character waking up from a coma, but this idea was abandoned in favor of the cult-survivor storyline The show was initially under development for NBC under the title Tooken  NBC ultimately sold the series to Netflix  Fey said that this was in partly due to NBC's "not feeling confident about watching comedies"  Prior to the sale, NBC planned to air the series as either a mid-season replacement or as a summer series  It was sold to Netflix with a two-season order On June 13, 2017, it was renewed for a fourth and final season, with the first six episodes premiering on May 30, 2018  The second half was released on January 25, 2019  On May 8, 2019, it was announced that it would return with an interactive special, which premiered on May 12, 2020 

Casting
Casting announcements for the remaining roles were made in March 2014, with Tituss Burgess cast as Kimmy's roommate, Titus, and Carol Kane as Kimmy's and Titus's landlady, Lillian Shortly afterwards, Sara Chase was cast Cyndee, Kimmy's closest friend during their years in the cult; and Lauren Adams as Gretchen, a 10-year member of the cult who believes everything she is told  Jane Krakowski was later cast as Jacqueline Voorhees, a wealthy Manhattanite who hires Kimmy as a nanny  Megan Dodds was originally cast before Krakowski replaced her 

Music
The show's theme song, "Unbreakable", was produced by The Gregory Brothers and written by Jeff Richmond  It is a tribute to The Gregory Brothers' YouTube show Songify the News – auto-tuned news interviews that became popular videos  It specifically parodies the mannerisms of Antoine Dodson in the "Bed Intruder Song"  Richmond also wrote "Peeno Noir", a song performed by character Titus Andromedon during season 1, episode 6 

Artwork
Artwork for the show's opening sequence was produced by a team at Pentagram that included feminist artist Deva Pardue 

Home video releases
Reception
The show has been widely acclaimed by television critics, who have praised the writing and cast 

Season 1
On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has a rating of 95%, based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 7 5/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Blessed with originality and a spot-on performance from Ellie Kemper, The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is as odd as it is hilarious " On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" Scott Meslow of The Week called the series "the first great sitcom of the streaming era", praising its wit, edge, and feminist tone  Brian Moylan of The Guardian noted that it is "the sort of show that could benefit from multiple viewings, because the jokes are so packed in you’re sure to miss something while laughing " TV Guide named it the "best new comedy of 2015"  IGN reviewer Max Nicholson gave the first season an 8 3 out of 10 'Great' rating, saying "Tina Fey and Robert Carlock's Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is another winner in Netflix's original series catalog  Not only is it charming and funny, but it's unabashedly kooky, and Ellie Kemper nails the lead role "The first season was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards 
Some reviewers have criticized the show's portrayal of Native Americans, with Vulture referring to a prominent Native American subplot as "offensive"  BuzzFeed wrote that the show has a "major race problem" and cited the lack of a plurality of portrayals of Native Americans as the main issue with the subplot, stating that "the way Native Americans are represented on this show matters  It's not one representation among a cornucopia of representations; it's the single mainstream representation in years " The Daily Beast stated that when it comes to race, “especially in its portrayal of a key Vietnamese character, the show leaves much to be desired ”In the wake of the controversy, Tina Fey responded: "I feel like we put so much effort into writing and crafting everything, they need to speak for themselves  There's a real culture of demanding apologies, and I'm opting out of that "

Season 2
On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season holds a 100% approval rating, based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 7 6/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Not letting up in season two, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is still odd in the best of ways, wonderfully building on its unique comedy stylings and brilliantly funny cast " On Metacritic, the second season has a score of 82 out of 100, based on 16 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim" The second season was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards 
There was controversy surrounding the third episode from this season, “Kimmy Goes to a Play!,” which involved the use of yellow-face and the name of a group of Asian-Americans who were critical of yellow-face  The group is referred to as "Respectful Asian Portrayals in Entertainment", or "R A P E" for short  The Asian-Americans shown protesting against yellow-face in the episode are conveyed as unlikable buffoons  Anna Akana criticized the use of yellow-face and the R A P E  acronym during her 2016 Asians in Entertainment Key Note speech  Alex Abad-Santos wrote, “The odd thing about this episode is that it's another Tina Fey project that paints Asian people, specifically Asian women, as crappy characters  [   ] The plot feels like a pointed, ironic response to anyone who has criticized Fey's past projects for being lazy and racist ”

Season 3
On Rotten Tomatoes, the third season holds a 97% approval rating, based on 29 reviews, with an average rating of 8 11/10  The site's critical consensus states: "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt continues to thrive with a comically agile cast, notable guest stars, and a forceful influx of funny " On Metacritic, the third season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews" The third season was nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards 

Season 4
On Rotten Tomatoes, the fourth season holds a 94% approval rating, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7 77/10  The site's critical consensus states: "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ends with a final season that's as topical as it is cheerily irreverent " On Metacritic, the fourth season has a score of 85 out of 100, based on 6 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim" The fourth season was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards 

Special
On Rotten Tomatoes, the Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt: Kimmy vs  the Reverend special has an approval rating of 94%, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7 81/10  The site's critical consensus reads: "Kimmy and company return as resilient as ever in a fun and fast paced special that makes excellent use of its interactive capabilities to produce maximum fabulosity "The special was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards 
Passage 7:
List of 30 Rock episodes
30 Rock is an American satirical television sitcom that was broadcast on NBC  Created by Tina Fey, the series follows the lives of the head writer of The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS), Liz Lemon (Tina Fey), the other staff members of TGS, and their network executive, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) 
30 Rock was a critical success, winning several major awards (including Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Comedy Series in 2007, 2008, and 2009), and achieving the top ranking on many critics' year-end best of 2006 and 2007 lists  On July 14, 2009, the series was nominated for 22 Primetime Emmy Awards, the most in a single year for a comedy series  Despite the acclaim, the series struggled in the ratings throughout its run  It broadcast a total of 138 episodes over seven seasons, from October 11, 2006, to January 31, 2013  In addition, a special episode premiered on July 16, 2020 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2006–07)
Season 2 (2007–08)
Season 3 (2008–09)
Season 4 (2009–10)
Season 5 (2010–11)
Season 6 (2012)
Season 7 (2012–13)
Special episode (2020)
Passage 8:
Cooter (30 Rock)
"Cooter" is the fifteenth and final episode of the second season of 30 Rock and the thirty-sixth episode of the series  It was written by series' creator Tina Fey and was directed by one of the season's producers, Don Scardino  The episode first aired on May 8, 2008, on the NBC network in the United States  "Cooter" follows Jack Donaghy's (Alec Baldwin) attempt to get fired from his new job in politics; Liz Lemon's (Fey) pregnancy scare and decision to adopt a baby; Tracy Jordan's (Tracy Morgan) creation of a pornographic video game; and Kenneth Parcell's (Jack McBrayer) aspiration to be an NBC page at the Beijing Olympics  The episode is an unofficial season finale, due to the season being shortened by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike 
"Cooter" received positive reviews from critics, and several considered it to be among the series' best episodes  Several critics noted that Liz had a pregnancy scare the same week that Fey's film Baby Mama was released, possibly used as cross promotion  The episode was watched by 5 61 million American viewers on its original broadcast, and was nominated for two awards, winning one 

Plot
Jack gets a job in politics as the "Homeland Security Director for Crisis and Weather Management"; however, it is not what he expected  When he learns that Don Geiss (Rip Torn), the CEO of General Electric, said "Jackie Boy" while in his coma, he schemes with another government employee, Cooter Burger (Matthew Broderick), to get fired after his letter of resignation is rejected  Jack also enlists the help of Celeste "C C " Cunningham (Edie Falco), his Congresswoman (D-VT) ex-girlfriend, to approve research into a "gay bomb"  Jack hopes that the bomb, an old Pentagon project that is expensive, inefficient and offensive to "both the red states and the gayer blue states", will ultimately result in their dismissal 
Meanwhile, Liz thinks she may be pregnant and is horrified when she discovers it is most likely the baby of her ex-boyfriend, Dennis Duffy (Dean Winters)  After several pregnancy tests, she tells a visiting Jack that the positive tests are a result of her eating "Sabor de Soledad" ("Taste of Loneliness" in Spanish) cheese puffs, which contain bull semen  Nevertheless, she tells Jack that she is ready to have a child and wants to adopt  Kenneth learns of an opportunity to be an NBC page at the Beijing Olympics, however, head page Donny Lawson (Paul Scheer) tries to make sure that he does not submit his essay on time  Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) helps him complete his essay, but Donny stalls Kenneth by forcing him to deliver paper  This begins a sequence which references several Summer Olympic events  Pete shoots Donny in the leg with an arrow (archery), dressed in his gear from when he was an Olympic archer  Kenneth then goes through a series of obstacles themed to different Summer Olympic events  He begins by running and jumping over a "Wet Floor" sign (low hurdles) and then an airplane chair prop carried by two men (high hurdles)  Kenneth next grabs a bamboo pole and runs with it, using it to push the button on the elevator before throwing it to another page (likely pole vault, but possibly javelin throw)  He then does a forward flip into the elevator, ending with him standing and saluting to the back and front of the elevator (gymnastics/floor routine)  Finally, Kenneth makes it to the 27th floor only to see his way blocked by workmen painting  As an executive opens the door to the NBC Olympic Headquarters, Kenneth spins and throws his application pack through the closing door (discus)  He finally runs forward a few feet to break the blue painter's tape and collapse victorious, then throws up (sprint)  Tracy's invention, the world's first pornographic video game, is nearly complete  He gives Frank, who has helped him, the prototype copy of the game 
The episode shows what happens three months later, in August 2008  Jack and Cooter present their "gay bomb" to the Pentagon, which works only in enclosed areas, making it useless in combat  However, Cooter accidentally breaks the vial, causing everybody in the room, including Vice President Dick Cheney, to "feel weird"  Frank emerges from his office after playing Tracy's game non-stop for three months, not realizing the amount of time that has passed  While in Beijing, Kenneth gets involved with a Chinese woman who wants his kidneys  The last point was said in Mandarin without subtitles, leaving the English-speaking audience unaware of Kenneth's trouble 
The conversation roughly translates as:
Lady: "Kenneth, I like you, because I am attracted to your two healthy kidneys "
Kenneth: "What?"
(Man breaks down the door with gun drawn)
Kenneth: "I had no idea!"
The conversation in Mandarin:
Lady: Kenneth, 我喜歡你，因為我看上了你那兩個健壯的腎。
Kenneth: 什麼？
(Man breaks down the door with gun drawn)
Kenneth: 真沒想到！

Production
The title of the episode is one of Fey's favorite words, which she used multiple times when she appeared as an anchor on the Saturday Night Live sketch Weekend Update  Fey explains that she likes the word because "it's one of the least graphic ways to describe the female genitals"  This episode marks the final appearance of Edie Falco, who was hired for a three-episode arc  Falco made her debut in the episode "Somebody to Love" as Celeste Cunningham, a Congresswoman and romantic interest of Jack's  She appeared in "Secrets and Lies", where James Carville helps the fledgling relationship  The pair breaks up in Episode 210, when they realize their careers prevent them from staying together  Falco said that she was "thrilled for the opportunity to work with such great comic actors", and expressed her enjoyment of watching the series  Fey was "thrilled to have such an amazing actress come join us", and joked that "a lot of guys on our crew want The Sopranos ending explained to them", in which Falco was a series star 

Reception
"Cooter" was watched by 5 6 million viewers, and received a 2 6 rating and 7 share in the 18–49 demographic  The 2 6 refers to 2 6% of all 18- to 49-year-olds in the U S , and the 7 refers to 7% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television in the U S  at the time of the broadcast  By comparison CBS's CSI was viewed by 17 82 million viewers, ABC's Grey's Anatomy received 15 60 million viewers, Fox's Don't Forget the Lyrics! received 6 22 million viewers, and The CW's Supernatural received 2 53 million viewers   The finale was watched by 206,000 more viewers than the previous episode Terry Morrow of the Knoxville News Sentinel said that, although 30 Rock is struggling to find viewers, this "tiny show   shines with absolute brilliance", and judged "Cooter" as one of its best episodes  He speculated that the lack of viewers might have been because the show had failed to create an emotional bond with its audience, despite its being "happy to be a very witty sitcom"   He felt the entire cast was "spot on", but singled out Jane Krakowski for her "scene-stealing" moments when she revealed the art of backhanded compliments  Verne Gay of Newsday praised Jenna's and Kenneth's storylines, and liked the cameo by Broderick, stating his "comic chops [were] on full display"  Robert Canning of IGN praised Kenneth's and Tracy's storylines, and described Tracy's voice-recording session for his porn video game as "thank-goodness-this-is-airing-later-than-8:30"   Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger felt that the "nearly-perfect" episode was marred by Kenneth's page-rivalry, which "didn't work"  Time called "Cooter" the eighth-best episode of 2008 Mark A  Perigard of the Boston Herald felt that "Cooter" was one of the best episodes of 30 Rock's shortened season, with something for everyone in the ensemble cast to do   He noted that Fey's character, Liz, has a pregnancy scare the same week that Fey's film, Baby Mama, was in theaters, asking "How much mama drama does Tina Fey think viewers want?" Bob Sassone of TV Squad originally thought the episode might have been secretly cross promoting Baby Mama, but ultimately decided against this judgment  Jeff Labrecque of Entertainment Weekly was disappointed that Liz was not actually pregnant, and hoped that her former boyfriend, Dennis, would continue to reappear in the next season  Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV speculated that the episode may have been hinting at Alec Baldwin's real-life political plans  (He was considering running for office )The episode was nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards, winning one  Tina Fey won for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, and Ken Eluto was nominated for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series 
Passage 9:
Louie (season 4)
The fourth season of the American television comedy series Louie premiered on May 5, 2014, and concluded on June 16, 2014  It consists of fourteen episodes (an additional episode more than previous seasons), most running approximately 23 minutes in length  FX broadcast the fourth season on Mondays at 10:00 and 10:30 pm in the United States with back-to-back episodes  The season was produced by 3 Arts Entertainment and the executive producers were Louis C K , Dave Becky and M  Blair Breard 
Louie was created, written and directed by Louis C K , who stars as a fictionalized version of himself, a comedian and newly divorced father raising his two daughters in New York City  The show has a loose format atypical for television comedy series, consisting of largely unconnected storylines and segments (described as "extended vignettes") that revolve around Louie's life, punctuated by live stand-up performances 

Production
FX announced in July 2012 that it had renewed Louie for a fourth season to consist of 13 episodes, and was later confirmed in October 2012 that the season would be delayed from airing in summer 2013 to May 2014, to give more time for Louie C K  to develop the season  C K  said, "I want season four to go somewhere new   I'm looking back to when I did the first season and the time I took to do the show and decide which directions to go in and I want that back again  I want a little breathing room " In March 2014, FX announced the season would premiere on May 5, 2014, moving to Mondays and would air back-to-back episodes for seven consecutive weeks, containing an additional fourteenth episode  C K  said that the fourth season would include a multi-part, connected storyline after the third episode C K  collaborated with comedian Steven Wright (who previously guest starred on the series as himself) on some of the scripts for the fourth season, and Wright is credited as a consulting producer for the season  According to guest star Jeremy Renner, Philip Seymour Hoffman was supposed to appear in an episode this season, however, Hoffman died in February 2014  Episodes 11 and 12, "In the Woods" have an extended run time of an hour and a half (with commercials) 

Cast
Main cast
Louis C K  as Louie

Recurring cast
Guest stars
Episodes
Reception
Reviews
The fourth season of Louie received universal acclaim from critics, receiving a Metacritic score of 93 out of 100, based on 28 reviews  Robert Llyod of the Los Angeles Times wrote that  "Each [episode] stands on its own as a TV art film, an independent work of short fiction " Andrew Romano of The Daily Beast wrote that "Season 4 is just as brilliant as the seasons that preceded it " On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 93% with an average score of 8 9 out of 10 based on 43 reviews  The website's critical consensus reads, "Thanks to Louis C K 's unique brand of awkward, brutally honest humor, Louie remains one of the best written and most relatable comedies on television "

Ratings
The season 4 premiere received 941,000 total viewers, a 19 percent boost over last season's average 

Accolades
For the 30th TCA Awards, Louie won for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy and Louis C K  received a nomination for Individual Achievement in Comedy  For the 4th Critics' Choice Television Awards, Louie received nominations for Best Comedy Series, C K  for Best Actor in a Comedy Series, and Sarah Baker for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series  For the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards, the series was nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series, and Louie C K  was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for the episode "Elevator, Part 6", and won for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for the episode "So Did the Fat Lady"  For the 67th Writers Guild of America Awards, the series won for Best Comedy Series and C K  won for Best Episodic Comedy for "So Did the Fat Lady"  For the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards, C K  was nominated for Best Comedy Actor  For the 72nd Golden Globe Awards, C K  was nominated for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy  For the 67th Directors Guild of America Awards, C K  was nominated for Outstanding Directing – Comedy Series for the episode "Elevator Part 6" 

Broadcast
The season premiered on OSN First Comedy HD in the Middle East on September 4, 2014 



ground_truth: Dame Eileen June Atkins

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: 3 Arts Entertainment had at least one coalition with what streaming service, with its 13-episode, 2015 season of a Tina Fey created sitcom?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
B  J  Garbe
Brandon James Garbe (born February 3, 1981 in Moses Lake, Washington) is an American former minor league baseball player  In 1999, Garbe won the Gatorade High School Baseball Player of the Year Award 

Draft and professional career
Garbe was selected fifth overall by the Minnesota Twins in the 1999 amateur draft out of Moses Lake High School  He began his professional career that season, hitting  316 in 41 games for the Elizabethton Twins  That would be the only time he'd ever hit above  275 in a professional season 
In 2000, he hit only  233 in 133 games for the Quad Cities River Bandits, and in 2001 he hit only  242 in 127 games for the Fort Myers Miracle  With the Miracle again in 2002, he hit only  239 in 115 games 
Garbe split the 2003 season between the GCL Twins (eight games) and New Britain Rock Cats (66 games), hitting a combined  181  He began the 2004 season with the Rock Cats, hitting  201 in 114 games with them  On August 31, he was traded to the Seattle Mariners for Pat Borders  He spent three games in the Mariners organization that year, hitting  375 in nine at-bats with the San Antonio Missions  He hit  204 overall that year 
In 2005, Garbe hit  275 in 80 games for the Inland Empire 66ers  He wound up in the Florida Marlins organization in 2006, hitting  184 in 35 games with the Carolina Mudcats 
Overall, he hit  235 in 722 games over an eight-year career 

External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference (Minors)
Passage 2:
Pilot (Scream)
"Pilot" is the first episode of the first season of the American anthology slasher television series, Scream  The series is based on the American slasher film franchise of the same name  The series revolves around the main character, Emma Duvall, played by Willa Fitzgerald, who lives in the town of Lakewood  She quickly becomes the center of a series of murders amongst teens who know her  The massacre seems to be related to the Brandon James murders, who was supposedly obsessed with Emma's mother Maggie Duvall (Tracy Middendorf) 
The episode revolves around the aftermath of Nina Patterson's gruesome murder at the hands of an unknown killer after she uploaded a video of Audrey, a closeted bicurious teen, kissing another girl  Nina's close-knit friends hold a memorial party for her, meanwhile Emma and her mother are taunted by the killer 
The episode aired on June 30, 2015 on MTV and received mixed reviews from critics, though critics and fans of the film series praised the opening sequence and Bella Thorne's performance, comparing the scene to the opening scene in the first Scream film 

Plot
After posting a shaming video online of classmate Audrey Jensen (Bex Taylor-Klaus) and Rachel Murray (Sosie Bacon) kissing, Nina Patterson (Bella Thorne) is dropped off at her house by her boyfriend Tyler O'Neill (Max Lloyd-Jones)  While Nina is home alone, the Lakewood Slasher impersonates Tyler and taunts Nina with video clips and text messages sent from Tyler's phone  Nina's relaxation in the hot tub is interrupted when Tyler's severed head is suddenly thrown into the water  She screams and jumps out of the pool  After failing to call for help, she runs to try and open the doors, when the Lakewood Slasher appears behind her and slashes across her back  She then tries to run but is attacked by the Lakewood Slasher, who slits her throat and throws her in the pool 
The next morning, Emma Duval (Willa Fitzgerald) is studying with her boyfriend Will Belmont (Connor Weil)  At George Washington High School, Audrey commiserates with her friend Noah Foster (John Karna) about the viral video  Emma and Will discuss the video with their friends Brooke Maddox (Carlson Young), Riley Marra (Brianne Tju), and Jake Fitzgerald (Tom Maden)  In Language Arts class, Emma and her friends take notice of new transfer student Kieran Wilcox (Amadeus Serafini), who recently moved to Lakewood  Nina's parents return home and discover their daughter's dead body in the pool 
Word of Nina's death spreads throughout the school  One rumor regarding the Lakewood Slasher's identity suggests that Brandon James has returned to Lakewood  Serial killer history enthusiast Noah tells the story of how Brandon James, was a teenager with Proteus syndrome who died twenty-one years earlier  Brandon had fallen in love with a girl named Daisy, but when she became frightened by his appearance following an unmasking at the school's Halloween dance, a group of drunken jocks beat him up  Brandon then killed five students  The police later shot Brandon during an arranged meeting with Daisy on the pier  Daisy is revealed to secretly be Emma's mother Maggie Duvall (Tracy Middendorf), who works as the coroner in the town of Lakewood 
The students learn that Tyler is missing and is a suspect in Nina's murder  In an effort to renew their former friendship, Emma invites Audrey to a party Brooke is throwing as a memorial for Nina  Will and Jake have a tense confrontation with each other over a secret involvement they had with Nina  Language Arts teacher Seth Branson (Bobby Campo) tries unsuccessfully to end his affair with Brooke  Back at home, Emma finds a package on her doorstep addressed to Daisy  After Emma leaves with Will for Brooke's party, Maggie opens the package and finds a note that reads, "Emma looks just like you at that age" along with a bloody animal heart 
Meanwhile, at the party, Audrey and Emma later bond while having a poolside conversation  Riley takes an interest in Noah  Maggie calls Sheriff Clark Hudson (Jason Wiles) about the anonymous package  Clark promises to track down Emma's father Kevin  Noah continues discussing Brandon James, Nina's murder, and teenage horror tropes with other partygoers  Brooke hints that Will and Nina had some sort of connection and Emma realizes that Will slept with Nina  After confronting Will, Emma walks off alone and finds Kieran in the greenhouse  Kieran explains the family circumstances that brought him to Lakewood  Kieran and Emma end up kissing 
Having previously passed out, Noah regains consciousness to find himself stripped to his underwear and alone on the pier  Noah goes into the lake and is pulled under the water  Kieran rescues Noah  Noah insists that someone grabbed him and pulled him under water  Kieran drives Emma home  Kieran reveals that the sheriff is his father  Meanwhile, the Lakewood Slasher stalks Audrey as she visits with her girlfriend Rachel 
At school, Sheriff Hudson asks Noah to come to the station for questioning regarding Brandon James  Riley and Noah continue flirting with each other  Emma visits Audrey and admits that she was with Nina when the shaming video was recorded  The Lakewood Slasher taunts Emma over the phone as she walks home  As Noah continues explaining tropes to Riley, Jake is revealed to have a secret video of Nina on his computer, Audrey is revealed to have a picture of Brandon James unmasked and Noah is seen hiding a bloody wound on his forehead 

Reception
The series premiere received mixed reviews from critics  The episode was watched by 1 03 million viewers and was considered a success for MTV In a positive review, David Hinckley from New York Daily News awarded the pilot four out of five stars and stated, "Happily, Scream maintains a sense of humor, reinforced with snappy, self-aware pop culture dialogue " Similarly, Brian Lowry of Variety commended the show's ability to maintain suspense "without much actually happening during the rest of the episode", noting its use of music, but expressing skepticism if the series could maintain its originality  Conversely, David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle panned the episode and gave it one out of four stars, criticizing the acting performances as "bland, robotic, and uninteresting" as well as its apparent lack of racial diversity  In a mixed review, Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald gave the episode a C+, writing, "There are a few scares here, but while the Scream films kept audiences jumping, Scream: The TV Series risks putting viewers to sleep "
Passage 3:
Marcus Sedatius Severianus
Marcus Sedatius Severianus (105–161 or 162) was a Roman senator, suffect consul, and general during the 2nd century AD, originally from Gaul  Severianus was a provincial governor and later a provincial consul  The peak of his career was as suffect consul for the nundinium of July–September 153 as the colleague of Publius Septimius Aper  He was governor of Cappadocia at the start of the Roman war with Parthia, during which he was convinced by the untrustworthy oracle to invade Armenia in 161  Sedatius committed suicide while under siege in the Armenian city of Elegeia, on the upper Euphrates  The legion he led was wiped out shortly after  He was replaced as governor of Cappadocia by Marcus Statius Priscus 

Origins
A Roman inscription found in modern Poitiers mentioning Severianus establishes this as his birthplace  The city was then known as Lemonum; it was in Roman Gaul, in an area inhabited by the Pictones  His Gallic origins are also briefly mentioned by Lucian of Samosata  Another inscription mentions that Severianus is from the tribe Quirina, which indicates that his ancestors had become Roman under either Claudius or the Flavians  Nearly all of the inhabitants of Gaul had become Quirites during the 1st century 

Family
Severinus' full pedigree was: Marcus Sedatius C  f  [i e  Gaii filius] Severianus Iulius Acer Metillius Nepos Rufinus Ti  Rutilianus Censor  The transliteration of his name into Ancient Greek was: Μ  Σηδάτιος Σεουηριανὸς;The power of Severianus' wealthy family, the Sedatii, came from trade and commerce  The Sedatii depended on the Loire river, and were known to have had interests in Ostia, the port of Rome  The social and political rise of the Sedatii illustrates the decline of the aristocratic Iulii who had been the leading class in Roman Gaul since the time of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, the first dynasty of Roman emperors  The possible marriage of Severianus' father to Julia Rufina may have been a way of confirming the association between winemakers and land owners in Gaul Severianus is known to have had at least one son, Marcus Sedatius Severus Julius Reginus Gallus  All that is known of his son's career is that he was the patron of a college in Ostia  The name Julius Reginus probably came to him from his mother, Severianus' wife  It has been suggested that Severianus was adopted by his father-in-law  If true, this would mean that Sevarianus inherited the name from his mother 

Early career
The first magisterial position which we know Severianus held was that of quaestor of Sicily; he would have supervised the provincial treasury and audited its accounts  Once having served as a quaestor, a man was admitted to the Senate  The political authority of the Senate was negligible, as the Emperor held the true power of the state  Membership of the Senate was sought after by individuals seeking prestige and social standing, rather than executive authority  Severianus probably became a senator late in the reign of Hadrian (r  117–138)  He is first mentioned as a senator in inscriptions from Ostia in the 140s  The traditional Republican magistracy of tribune of the plebs followed, another prestigious position which had lost its independence and most of its practical functions  He is also recorded as having been the patron of a city, probably Cadurci (now Cahors) in Gaul  Next he served as a praetor, afterwards commanding the Legio V Macedonica which was stationed in Troesmis in Moesia Inferior on the lower Danube  He was then appointed curator, or overseer, of the Via Flaminia, the major road north from Rome over the Apennines Severianus was governor of Roman Dacia and commander of Legio XIII Gemina, which was stationed there, from 151 to 152  This is attested by many inscriptions from Dacia  Two inscriptions from Sarmizegetusa, the capital of Dacia, give his full name and states that he is the patron of the city The monuments that hold the inscriptions were erected after his consulship  Sarmizegetusa sent a message to Rome to congratulate Severianus and express its gratitude to him for his administration In 153 Severianus was appointed consul for part of the year, from July to September, by Emperor Antoninus Pius  A consulship was the highest honour of the Roman state, and candidates were chosen carefully by the emperor  He served alongside Publius Septimius Aper, great-uncle of the future emperor Septimius Severus 

Cappadocia
Severianus is best known as the governor of Cappadocia in the late 150s  The position was important, for Cappadocia was a border province, which is why Severianus, with his military background and experience of frontier provinces, was assigned  Historian Marcel Le Glay suggests that his promotion was due to the support of Publius Mummius Sisenna Rutilianus, the governor of Asia who is famous as a follower of the self-described prophet Alexander of Abonoteichus thanks to the works of Lucian  In Cappadocia, Servianus' actions seem to have been popular: on an inscription from Zela he is honored as the benefactor (Greek: evergetes) and founder (Greek: ktistes) of the city  He also appears on an inscription in Sebastopolis  As governor of Cappadocia Servianus was allocated two legions 

War with Parthia
In the summer of 161, the Parthian Vologases IV invaded Armenia, expelled the ruler Sohaemus placed there by the Romans, and installed his own relative Pacoras as king  Being governor of Cappadocia meant Severianus would be on the front line of any conflict involving Armenia, Alexander of Abonutichus had enraptured Severianus, as he had the proconsul Rutilianus  Alexander convinced Severianus that he could defeat the Parthians easily, and win glory for himself  Severianus led a legion (perhaps the IX Hispana) into Armenia, but was trapped by the Parthian general Chosrhoes at Elegeia, a town just beyond the Cappadocian frontiers, near the headwaters of the Euphrates  Severianus made some attempt to fight Chosrhoes, but soon realized the futility of his campaign, and committed suicide  His legion was massacred  The campaign had only lasted three days  He was replaced as governor of Cappadocia by Marcus Statius Priscus Some historians believe that the defeat of Severianus at Elegeia explains the disappearance of the legions XXII Deiotariana and IX Hispana, but no proof exists that could confirm this hypothesis; the fate of the two legions is still controversial 

Aftermath
The governor of Syria was also defeated by the Parthians  Co-Emperor Lucius Verus (he ruled with his adoptive brother Marcus Aurelius) took command against the Parthians and brought in reinforcements on a large scale  These included four whole legions and large detachments from many others  The war ended in a Roman victory five years later, with the capture and sack of the Parthian capital 

Family tree
Notes
Inscriptions
Passage 4:
Brandon Routh
Brandon James Routh  (; born October 9, 1979) is an American actor  He portrayed Superman in the 2006 film Superman Returns, which garnered him international fame  In 2011, he played the title character of the film Dylan Dog: Dead of Night  He also had a recurring role in the NBC series Chuck, as Daniel Shaw  Routh also has supporting roles in the films Zack and Miri Make a Porno and Scott Pilgrim vs  the World 
In 2014, he was cast in a recurring role as Ray Palmer / The Atom on the TV series Arrow  He later played that role on two other series in the Arrowverse shared universe: The Flash (a guest role) and Legends of Tomorrow (a starring role)  Routh also reprised his role as Superman in the 2019 Arrowverse crossover event "Crisis on Infinite Earths"  His role on Legends of Tomorrow ended in 2020 

Early life
Routh, the third of four children, was born in Des Moines, Iowa, to Catherine LaVaughn (née Lear), a teacher, and Ronald Ray Routh, a carpenter  He was raised in nearby Norwalk  Routh was raised in a Methodist family, and has English, Scottish, German, Irish, Welsh and Dutch ancestry Routh grew up in Norwalk, approximately 100 miles (160 km) south of Woolstock, the birthplace of George Reeves, the first actor to play Superman on television  During his childhood, Routh thought a full-time acting career was unrealistic, citing his small-town background  In his spare time, he played the trumpet and the piano Routh attended Norwalk High School, where he played sports, and participated in music and theatre  He attended this school at the same time as Jason Momoa, who would also later become an actor in film adaptations of DC comics  He has described himself as a "momma's boy" and not "the most popular kid" during his school years  Routh has also noted that during his younger years, he was fond of the Superman films and comic books Routh attended the University of Iowa for a year, aspiring to be a writer  During this time, he modeled and acted in order to earn his tuition expenses Routh has said he was often told that he bore a physical resemblance to Christopher Reeve, who had previously portrayed Superman in a film series  His former manager signed him on because of the resemblance, telling him that he thought Routh would be cast as Superman if there were another film in the series 

Career
Early career
In 1999, Routh left the university  and moved to Manhattan and then Los Angeles, where he pursued a full-time acting career, first appearing as an extra in Christina Aguilera's 1999 music video for "What a Girl Wants"  He was cast in his first acting role that same year, in an episode of the short-lived ABC television series Odd Man Out  In 2000, he had a four-episode role on season 3 of MTV's nighttime soap opera Undressed  Routh subsequently appeared on the WB's Gilmore Girls (in a February 2001 episode, "Concert Interruptus", playing a Bangles concert attendee), and earned steady work on the soap opera One Life to Live, playing Seth Anderson from May 23, 2001, until April 17, 2002 

Superman
Prior to Routh's casting as Superman in the film Superman Returns, Warner Bros  had spent over a decade developing a plan to relaunch the franchise, entitled Superman Flyby, with possible stars including actors such as Nicolas Cage, Josh Hartnett, Brendan Fraser, Tom Welling, Paul Walker, Henry Cavill (who eventually became Superman in Man of Steel (2013)), James Marsden (who would go on to play Lois Lane's fiancée in the film), Ashton Kutcher, Keanu Reeves, Will Smith, Johnny Depp and James Caviezel, and planned directors including Tim Burton, Wolfgang Petersen, McG, Brett Ratner, and Shekhar Kapur  When director Bryan Singer came aboard the project, however, he insisted an unknown actor be cast in the part, in the tradition of the casting of the best-known film Superman, Christopher Reeve 
Routh, then 24, had previously auditioned for director McG and was spotted by Singer after he viewed Routh's videotaped audition  Singer, who has since stated that Routh was the embodiment of "our collective memory of Superman," was impressed by Routh's resemblance to the comic book icon and found the actor's humble Midwestern roots perfect for the role, as well as his "combination of vulnerability and confidence", which Singer said reminded him of Christopher Reeve  Singer decided to cast Routh after the two met on August 13, 2004, but did not tell Routh until two months later, when Routh's casting was announced in October 2004, making him an "instant celebrity" Before filming began, Routh bulked up for the role, gaining 22 pounds to reach a high of 218 pounds  Filming for Superman Returns began in Sydney in February 2005  The film was released in the U S  on June 28, 2006, and earned decent reviews from most critics, but was a box office disappointment, grossing only $200 million in the US compared to its estimated budget of $270 million  Routh was signed on to appear in two potential sequels, but due to mediocre box office results those never materialized 
Reviews of Routh's performance were generally positive, with Newsweek noting he "effortlessly lays claim to the iconic role " On the other hand, film critic Roger Ebert felt that "Routh lacks charisma as Superman, and I suppose as Clark Kent, he isn't supposed to have any "At the 2006 Spike TV Awards, Routh won the award of "Best Superhero" as Superman in Superman Returns, beating out among others, Hugh Jackman as Wolverine 
In August 2008, Warner Bros  officially announced they intended to reboot the Superman franchise  Routh was still set to reprise the role, according to DC Comics president Paul Levitz  In 2009, however, Routh's contract to play Superman in another film expired, but he said at the time that he would like to return if given the chance  However, British actor Henry Cavill was cast to play Superman in the reboot of the series, Man of Steel 

Subsequent projects
After the release of Superman Returns, Routh signed on to play CIA agent John Clark in Without Remorse, under the direction of John Singleton with a screenplay by Stuart Beattie  Routh would be the third actor to portray the character, after Willem Dafoe and Liev Schreiber  The film was intended for a late-2007/early-2008 release  However, Paramount Pictures put the film into turnaround  Routh's future participation on the project is unknown 
Routh appeared in the independent drama Fling (formerly titled Lie to Me) (2008), co-starring his wife Courtney Ford, and the ensemble film Life is Hot in Cracktown (2009) 
Routh was signed to star in The Informers (2009), a film based on Bret Easton Ellis' novel, with Kim Basinger, Amber Heard, and Billy Bob Thornton, but his scenes ended up scrapped with the decision to excise the "vampire" subplot from the film entirely At Comic Con 2008, it was revealed Routh was to have a cameo in the Kevin Smith comedy Zack and Miri Make a Porno - he instead appeared as a minor character, Bobby Long - and would serve as a judge on Platinum Studios 2008 Comic Book Challenge  In addition, he has a cameo where he plays himself in the Bollywood film Kambakkht Ishq (2009) 
In January 2009, Routh was officially cast to play Todd Ingram in the action comedy Scott Pilgrim vs  the World which was directed by Edgar Wright, based on the Scott Pilgrim series by Canadian artist Bryan Lee O'Malley  His character is an arrogant, narcissistic bass player who derives psychic powers from his vegan lifestyle, and is the third of the seven Evil Exes the title character must fight 
Routh plays Daniel Shaw in season 3 of spy series Chuck, in a recurring, supporting role  He again played this character in the show's fifth season 
He portrayed supernatural detective Dylan Dog in the 2011 film Dylan Dog - Dead of Night  The film is based on the Italian comic series created by Tiziano Sclavi   The film was a box office flop 
On February 22, 2012, it was announced that Routh had been cast in David Kohan and Max Mutchnick's (the creators of Will & Grace), new CBS half-hour, multicamera comedy pilot, Partners  He played Michael Urie's character's steady partner, alongside David Krumholtz and his Table for Three co-star Sophia Bush   The series was cancelled after only six episodes had aired 
In 2013, Routh appeared in the video game Call of Duty: Ghosts  Routh has since appeared in one episode of The Millers and multiple episodes of Chosen and Enlisted in 2014  That same year, he starred in the Hallmark Channel's Christmas-themed romantic comedy The Nine Lives of Christmas, which drew good reviews and high ratings  
In 2021, Routh appeared in The Nine Kittens of Christmas, a sequel to The Nine Lives of Christmas   In 2023, Routh appeared in an episode of Quantum Leap portraying a naval commander: Alexander Augustine 

Arrowverse
On July 7, 2014, it was reported that Routh would once again play a superhero for DC Comics as Ray Palmer / The Atom on The CW's Arrow  He was a recurring character throughout season three, which premiered October 8, 2014 In January 2015, Arrow's co-creator and executive producer Greg Berlanti stated that they were in the midst of "very early" preliminary talks for an additional spin-off series centered on Ray Palmer/The Atom In February 2015, it was announced that a spin-off was in development that would co-star Routh as The Atom, along with Arthur Darvill, Wentworth Miller, Victor Garber, and Caity Lotz  The show, Legends of Tomorrow, premiered in January 2016 
Routh reprised his role as Clark Kent / Superman in the 2019–2020 Arrowverse crossover "Crisis on Infinite Earths",  affected by events adapted from the Kingdom Come storyline  His suit was based on the one worn by the storyline's version of the character  The following month, it was announced that Routh would depart Legends of Tomorrow as a series regular during the fifth season  His final episode as a series regular was "Romeo v  Juliet: Dawn of Justness" Following this, Routh made two returns to the franchise  First, he returned to Legends for its 100th episode, and to The Flash for the first part of its season eight-opening event "Armageddon"  He would then return in the season's eighteenth episode, "The Man in the Yellow Tie" 

Personal life
On August 23, 2006, Brandon became engaged to his girlfriend of three years, actress Courtney Ford; the couple married on November 24, 2007, at the El Capitan Ranch in Santa Barbara  In 2012, the couple had a son, Leo James Routh's sister, Sara, has a musical track entitled "You're Never Gone" on Sound of Superman, the companion soundtrack of the Superman Returns  Routh is a fan and player of the video game World of Warcraft  During the 2008 Presidential Election, Routh spoke at an Iowa rally in support of Democratic candidate Barack Obama Routh is a distant relative of President Franklin D  Roosevelt 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Music videos
Awards and nominations
Passage 5:
Brandon Fleming (footballer)
Brandon James Fleming (born 3 December 1999) is an English professional footballer who plays for EFL Championship side Hull City as a defender 

Club career
Hull City
Fleming joined Hull City at the age of nine and signed a scholarship in July 2016  He signed his first professional deal in February 2017 after impressing for the Under-18s  On 22 August 2017, he made his debut in a 2–0 EFL Cup defeat to Doncaster Rovers  On 30 November 2020, Fleming signed a new two-and-a-half-year deal with the club  On 9 July 2022, Fleming signed a three-year contract extension, with the club holding an option for a further year 

Gainsborough Trinity
Fleming joined Gainsborough Trinity on 27 February 2018 on an initial month's loan 

Bolton Wanderers
He signed with League One club Bolton Wanderers on a six-month loan on 17 January 2020 

Oxford United
Fleming signed with League One club Oxford United on a six-month loan on 6 January 2023  He made 14 League appearances, and an FA Cup appearance  as a late substitute in a third-round defeat to Arsenal, before returning to his parent club at the end of the season 

Career statistics
As of 7 May 2023 
Passage 6:
Paul Michaux
Doctor Paul Michaux (born Paul-Marie Michaux; 16 November 1854 – 21 November 1923) was a French surgeon  After studying at the Paul Verlaine University – Metz, he migrated to Paris, where he actively participated in the Conférence Olivaint and later became president of the organisation  After completing an internship and thesis, his career led him into various hospitals in the city and suburbs, where he developed medical innovations and performed research  As a member of the parish patronage committee, Michaux's moral and religious beliefs led him to establish a type of gymnastics specifically intended for Christian Patriots  His enthusiasm for the sport was reflected with the foundation of the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages de France in 1898, which later became the Fédération sportive et culturelle de France, the foundation of the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages de France in 1898 (later the Fédération sportive et culturelle de France), an organisation which took prompt steps to support team sports (including football and basketball) as well as choral music 
Michaux organised two major gymnastic competitions, which both contributed to the founding of the Fédération internationale catholique d'éducation physique et sportive in 1911  Following the end of the First World War, Michaux organised a gymnastic competition in his hometown of Metz  At his funeral in November 1923, many representatives of both the military and the medical profession as well as over 3,000 gymnasts were in attendance  His involvement in the fields of sports and business earned him many accolades, including being appointed as a Knight of the National Order of the Legion of Honour by Marshal Ferdinand Foch  Michaux was awarded the Cross of Commander of the Order of St  Gregory the Great by Pope Pius X, and in 1911 he received the Grand Cross of the Order of St  Sylvester 

Biography
Early career
Born in Metz into a Catholic family, Paul-Marie Michaux studied in the college town of St Clement, where he was appreciated by his fellow students  He and his family were refugees to Paris, where he joined the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Paris  The following year, Michaux joined the Conférence Olivaint, along with a few fellow students  In this group, under the auspices of René Laennec, sessions of prayer began, and members attended Mass together two Sundays per month  This conference quickly built a solid reputation among students and physicians and was officially recognized in 1879, when Paul Michaux was appointed to be its first president  The group supported Michaux's conclusions in his thesis on cancer of the parotid gland in 1884  Today, Conférence Olivaint is the oldest student society in France Michaux became a hospital surgeon in 1887, and he first worked at the Beaujon Hospital and later became a head of department at the Hôpital Charles-Foix, Ivry, in 1896  The following year he was a staff member at the Broussais Hospital and then at the Lariboisière Hospital in 1901  In 1904, he rejoined Beaujon Hospital, where he remained until his 1916 retirement  He was a staunch advocate of prophylaxis — installing one of the first autoclaves made in 1893 — and performed the first cholecystectomy in France 

Creating the FGSPF
In 1874, during his second year of medical school, Michaux invested his time to establish a quasi-military type of gymnastics  In 1889, he joined the committee for sports patronage in Paris  On 15 December 1897, Michaux proposed an annual gym competition  With over 4,000 spectators and 600 gymnasts from twenty-three different associations, the success (in Michaux's view) of this 24 July 1898 competition meant that Michaux's intentions were fulfilled  Supported by some close friends including Francois Hebrard, on 24 July 1898 he created the Union des Sociétés de gymnastique et d'instruction militaire des patronages et œuvres de jeunesse de France (USGIMPOJF)  On 8 December 1900, USGIMPOJF organised a competition where over 1,800 gymnasts participated  The following year, the federation was renamed the Fédération des sociétés catholiques de gymnastique (FSCG), and sports such as football, cross-country, shooting and swimming were included alongside gymnastics In 1898, Michaux founded the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages de France (FGSPF), which acquired its first premises at 5 Place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin in the 7th arrondissement of Paris on 15 July 1905  Under Michaux's tutelage, the FGSPF became the first federation to advocate the duty to examine athletes' medical conditions  Although gymnastics was the main sport, other sports, such as football and basketball, also competed at the FGSPF  It also provided music education to its athletes 

Before the First World War
Before the events of the First World War, Michaux began to create sports sponsorships in preparation of the "brevet spécial d'éducation militaire", or special patent military education  However, religious education was the priority for scholarships and competitions  The Church of France supported the position of Pope Pius X and encouraged physical education in France  In 1911, Pius X awarded Michaux the Grand Cross of the Order of St  Sylvester Michaux's gymnastics federation and sports sponsorships maintained their popularity  For example, following the invitation to participate in the Olympics by Pierre de Coubertin, the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages de France was a leading supporter of the proposed Olympic Oath  Its general secretary, Charles Simon, was responsible for the development of football in France  In their final competition before World War I, 8,500 athletes were brought together to Lorraine 

Postwar
During the First World War, the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages of France lost over 24,000 of its members  Despite these devastating losses, the federation did not cease its regular activities  During the war, Michaux offered services for staff who were not able to participate in the war  On 4 August 1919, the first post-war contest was held in Metz, with an attendance exceeding 7,000 gymnasts  In 1921, Michaux was named Knight of the National Order of the Legion of Honour for having "spent over 20 years in the physical education of youth and military preparation"  On 20 March 1921, over 5,000 gymnasts gathered as Marshal Ferdinand Foch presented Michaux the award  Soon thereafter, Michaux was awarded the Cross of Commander of the Order of St  Gregory the Great by Pope Pius X On 21 and 22 July 1923, due to illness, Michaux was unable to attend a parade of roughly 30,000 gymnasts on the Champs-Élysées  He died later that same year on 21 November 1923  Michaux's funeral was held at the Église Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin (Church of St  Thomas Aquinas) by the Archbishop of Paris, Louis-Ernest Dubois, in the presence of Michaux's long-time friend Foch  Fourteen leading doctors and surgeons, the Director of the Public Assistance, thirteen generals and admirals and nearly 3,000 gymnasts with flags from over 50 associations and 72 regional unions paraded before his coffin  His body was buried in Montparnasse Cemetery 

Recognition
As a token of gratitude to its founder, the FSCF placed Michaux's visage on medals that are awarded to FSCF volunteers  This distinction has four types of awards: Federal merit (in bronze, silver or vermeil), the Federal dedication (in bronze, silver or vermeil), the Federal recognition (in bronze, silver or vermeil) and the Federal honor (in vermeil)  Several cities have adopted his name for streets, including the Rue Paul Michaux in Metz  By decree dated 21 July 1934, the Council of Paris named a plaza the Place du Docteur-Paul-Michaux in the 16th arrondissement of Paris  On 3 October 1998, a commemorative plaque was placed on his birthplace, at 8 rue Mazelle in Metz  The Union Jeanne Lorraine has created a cross trophy that bears his name to this day 

Notes
Passage 7:
Brandon Williams (defensive tackle)
Brandon James Williams (born February 21, 1989) is an American football defensive tackle who is a free agent  He was drafted by the Ravens in the third round of the 2013 NFL Draft  He played college football at Missouri Southern 

Early years
Williams was born in Kirkwood, Missouri on February 21, 1989  He attended Stanton Elementary, Rockwood South Middle School (where he took 3 years of vocal music classes with Ms  Lora Springer (Pemberton)), and Rockwood Summit High School in Fenton, Missouri, and played high school football for the Rockwood Summit Falcons   He was an all-conference and all-state selection for Rockwood Summit at defensive tackle, and led the Falcons with 99 tackles and seven sacks in 2006   He was also a team captain and was recognized as the Suburban South Defensive Player of the Year   He transferred to Harmony Prep School in Cincinnati, Ohio for his senior year 

College career
Williams attended Missouri Southern State University, where he played for the Missouri Southern State Lions football team from 2008 to 2012   He was a major contributor as a freshman finishing eighth on the team in tackles with 38, including three for loss and 1 5 sacks   After a medical redshirt in 2009 due to a back injury, he may have returned the following year in 2010 and Williams led the Lions with nine sacks and 17 5 tackles for loss and was named to three-different All-American teams  As a junior in 2011, he was a unanimous All-Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA) selection after finishing the season third in the MIAA in sacks with eight, while maybe ranking second in the conference in tackles for loss with 16  In 2012, as a senior, he was named the MIAA Defensive Player of the Year  Williams became the all-time sacks leader for the school and finished with 27 in his career  He finished the season second on the team with 68 tackles, 31 solo, including 16 5 for a loss  He had 8 5 sacks, two pass break ups, eight quarterback hurries, five forced fumbles, and one safety on the season and finished third in the MIAA in sacks and tackles for a loss, while ranking second in forced fumbles 

Professional career
Baltimore Ravens
Williams was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the third round, with the 94th overall pick, of the 2013 NFL Draft   Williams became the first Missouri Southern State player to be drafted since Allen Barbre was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in 2007  Williams made his NFL debut on September 29, 2013, recording a fumble recovery and logging 20 snaps against the Buffalo Bills  The next week he recorded his first tackle & tackle for loss against the Miami Dolphins  He would record his first career sack against the Pittsburgh Steelers  Williams played in seven games with six tackles, two tackles for loss, one sack, and one fumble recovery 
Williams made his first-career start against the Cincinnati Bengals in the 2014 season opener, recording two tackles  On September 28, 2014, Williams recorded his first-career forced fumble against the Carolina Panthers, stripping running back Tauren Poole and recovering the fumble afterward  On October 26, he recorded a season-high 6 tackles against the Cincinnati Bengals  Williams played all 16 games starting 14 of them with 54 tackles a half-sack, 1 forced fumble, and a fumble recovery  On January 3, 2015, Williams made his playoff debut against the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Wild Card round, logging a sack, 6 tackles, and a tackle for loss In Week 2, Williams recorded his first-career pass breakup against the Oakland Raiders  In Week 3, he registered a career-highs in tackles and tackles (8) for loss (2) against the Cincinnati Bengals  In Week 5, he made his second-career sack against the Cleveland Browns  In Week 10, Williams documented his third-career sack against the Jacksonville Jaguars  In Week 11, he recorded his second-career forced fumble against the St  Louis Rams  Williams started all 16 games with 53 tackles, 9 tackles for loss, 2 sacks, 4 quarterback hits, 2 passes defended, and a forced fumble 
In Week 7, Williams recorded his fourth sack and blocked a field goal against the New York Jets  In 2016, he again started all 16 games with 51 tackles, 4 tackles for loss, a sack, 2 quarterback hits, and a pass defended 
On March 9, 2017, Williams signed a five-year, $54 million contract extension with the Ravens  In Week 8, Williams recorded a career-high three tackles for loss against the Miami Dolphins  In Week 15, Williams scored his first touchdown off of a fumble recovery against the Cleveland Browns  He started 12 games for the Ravens with 30 tackles, 5 tackles for loss, 2 quarterback hits, 2 passes deflected, a fumble recovery & a touchdown 
In Week 5 of the 2018 season, Williams recorded his fifth sack against the Cleveland Browns  In 2018, Williams started all 16 games, recording 34 tackles and one sack, on his way to his first Pro Bowl Williams was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the Ravens on October 17, 2020, and was activated on October 22, 2020  He was placed back on the COVID-19 list on November 23, 2020, and activated on December 1, 2020 

Kansas City Chiefs
On November 30, 2022, the Kansas City Chiefs signed Williams to their practice squad  He was promoted to the active roster on December 8, 2022  Williams won his first Super Bowl ring when the Chiefs defeated the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl LVII 
Passage 8:
Brian Ralston
Brian Ralston (born April 12, 1974) is a composer and musician living in Los Angeles   Ralston is a 2020 Hollywood Music In Media Awards winner for his contemporary classical piece "I think I'm Quite Ready For Another Adventure" inspired by Tolkien's Lord Of The Rings 2nd age  Brian is a graduate of the University of Arizona and the USC Thornton School of Music Scoring for Motion Pictures and Television program   Brian's latest film's are the 2022 Sci-Fi feature Silent River written and directed by Chris Chan Lee and the coming of age love drama About Him & Her directed by Ice Mrozek, produced by Independence Hall    Brian has also scored the 2017 drama Being Rose starring Cybill Shepherd, James Brolin and Pam Grier   In 2012 he scored the 20th Century Fox inspirational sports film Crooked Arrows, starring Brandon Routh, directed by Steve Rash   He has also composed music for the television series Angel (Season 4) and scores to the theatrical motion pictures 9/Tenths, directed by Bob Degus (Pleasantville) starring Gabrielle Anwar, Henry Ian Cusick and Dave Ortiz, the Magnolia Pictures teen heist movie Graduation directed by Mike Mayer and starring Adam Arkin, Shannon Lucio, Chris Marquette, Riley Smith and Chris Lowell, and the dramatic feature Don't Fade Away directed by Luke Kasdan, starring Beau Bridges, Mischa Barton and Ryan Kwanten Ralston was a producer and composer on a 2005 short comedy film entitled The Receipt starring Kristen Bell and Dina Meyer that has appeared in over 15 film festivals to date and won many awards including Best Comedy at the Los Angeles International Short Film Festival 2005, Best Short - Audience award at the Breckenridge Film Festival 2005 and the Gold Medal of Excellence for Ralston's score at the Park City Film Music Festival 2005 
Ralston also won an Aurora Award in 2005 for his score to The Receipt 
In the 2007 Park City Film Music Festival, Ralston won a gold medal for Best Use of Music in a Feature Film for his score to 9/Tenths 
Ralston plays the trumpet and piano, though trumpet is his primary instrument   He was a featured trumpet soloist in the 1998 Holiday Bowl halftime show 
Ralston also currently teaches in the film scoring certificate program at UCLA Extension in Los Angeles  His classes include the Digital Performer Workshop, The Business Of Film Music and the Advanced MIDI II: Electronic Composition for Film and Television class 
Passage 9:
Franz Walz
Generalleutnant Franz Walz (1885-1945) began his military career in the infantry in 1905  In 1912, he switched to aviation  He attained the rank of Hauptmann (Captain) while becoming a flying ace during World War I  He flew more than 500 combat sorties in Palestine and on the Western Front  He scored seven confirmed aerial victories in the latter theater  His later career led him to join the Luftwaffe during World War II  Toward the end of the war, he was captured by the Russians and died in one of their prison camps in December 1945 

Biography
Franz Walz was born in Speyer, Kingdom of Bavaria, the German Empire on 4 December 1885  He enlisted for military service with Bavaria's 8th Infantry Regiment on 15 July 1905  In 1908, he was promoted to Leutnant  Walz learned to fly before the First World War, having transferred to aviation in 1912 

First World War
When the war began, Walz was the commander of Feldflieger Abteilung 3 (Field Flier Detachment 3)  In November 1914, he was promoted to Oberleutnant On 30 December 1915, he took command of Kampfstaffel 2 (Tactical Bomber Squadron 2)  He became one of the few German two-seater aces, scoring his first aerial victory on 9 April 1916, and his sixth on 29 July 1916  On 30 July, he was wounded in the foot On 5 September 1916, having already received both classes of the Iron Cross, Franz Walz received the House Order of Hohenzollern  On 3 November, he was assigned to command a fighter squadron, Jagdstaffel 19  On 29 November, he was transferred to command of Jagdstaffel 2 Walz was promoted to Hauptmann on 20 January 1917  On 14 May 1917, he shot down William Curphey and his Airco DH 2  On 9 June, Walz was posted to command of Jagdstaffel 34  However, Walz was found lacking as a leader of fighter pilots, and on 25 August 1917 was transferred from France on the Western Front to the Middle East to command Flieger-Abteilung 304 (Flier Detachment 304)  Here he became known as "The Eagle of Jericho" On 22 July 1918, the Ottoman Empire awarded Franz Walz its Silver Liakat Medal  On 9 August 1918, despite his low aerial victory score, he was awarded the Pour le Merite for prolonged service in command  By this time, he had flown over 500 combat sorties The Turkish award of the Order of Osmanieh Fourth Class with Swords followed on 15 September 1918  By this time, Walz had also been granted three decorations by his native Kingdom of Bavaria, as well as another from their Austro-Hungarian allies On 20 September 1918, Walz fell into British captivity  He was released after war's end, on 1 December 1919 

Post World War I
Franz Walz served with both the Reichswehr and the State Police  Once the Luftwaffe was established, Walz returned to aviation duty and ascended in rank  On 1 April 1941, he became a Generalleutnant  Later in World War II, he would be captured by the Russians  He died as a prisoner of war in Breslau, Silesia on 18 December 1945 

Endnotes
Passage 10:
Brandon Keener
Brandon James Keener (born October 1, 1974) is an American actor  He was born and raised in Fort Smith, Arkansas and graduated from University of Arkansas at Little Rock, where he won an Irene Ryan scholarship for collegiate actors and performed at the Kennedy Center Keener is best known for his voice-over roles in several video games, most notably that of former C-Sec officer Garrus Vakarian in the Mass Effect series, as well as ISAC from Tom Clancy's The Division, Detective Harold Caldwell in L A Noire, the ADVENT Speaker in XCOM 2 and Tobias in Saints Row and Saints Row 2  He has also worked extensively in television and film  Keener has appeared in over 70 commercials, such as Skittles, Wink, BMW, FedEx, KFC, among many others 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games



ground_truth: Netflix

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What career led Brandon James Routh to move to the city where Brian Ralston lives?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  The construction was meant to emulate the techniques that were used for the original gate  The replica appears similar to the restored original but is notably smaller  The purpose of the replica's construction was an attempt to reconnect to Iraq's history  Damage to this reproduction has occurred since the Iraq War (see Impact of the U S  military) 

Controversy and attempted repatriation
The acquisition of the Ishtar Gate by the Pergamon Museum is surrounded in controversy as the gate was excavated as part of the excavation of Babylon, and immediately shipped off to Berlin where it remains to this day  The government of Iraq has petitioned the German government to return the gate many times, notably in 2002 as well as in 2009  The Ishtar Gate is frequently used as a prime example in the debate regarding repatriating artifacts of cultural significance to countries affected by war and whether these pieces of material culture are better off in a safer environment where they could be preserved  The example in the case of the Ishtar Gate is concerning its safety in the aftermath of the Iraq War, and whether or not the gate would be safer remaining at the Pergamon Museum 

Gallery
Passage 7:
Remuera
Remuera  is an affluent suburb in East Auckland, New Zealand  It is located four kilometres southeast of the city centre  Remuera is characterised by many large houses, often Edwardian or mid 20th century  A prime example of a "leafy" suburb, Remuera is noted for its quiet tree lined streets  The suburb has numerous green spaces, most obvious of which is Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson – a volcanic cone with views from the top overlooking Waitematā Harbour and Rangitoto 
The suburb extends from Hobson Bay and the Ōrākei Basin on the Waitematā Harbour to the north and east, to the main thoroughfare of State Highway 1 in the southwest  It is surrounded by the suburbs of Ōrākei, Meadowbank, Saint Johns, Mount Wellington, Ellerslie, Greenlane, Epsom, Newmarket and Parnell  Remuera is home to many well-known New Zealanders, including the late Sir Edmund Hillary and the race car driver Bruce McLaren 

History
Remuera has had a long history of human occupation, starting back in the early 13th century when Māori came to the area  The area was very attractive to Maori as much of the Auckland isthmus was devoid of trees and covered only in native flax, bracken and scrub  Remuera was different, having patches of woodland which were the habitat of many birds suitable for trapping while the adjacent harbour and basins were good fishing areas  Remuera Road began as a walking track, connecting the eastern and northern sections of the Auckland isthmus John Logan Campbell describes early 19th century Remuera in his book Poenamo:

Beautiful was Remuera's shore, sloping gently to Waitemata's sunlit waters in the days of which I write  The palm fern-tree was there with its crown of graceful bending fronds and black feathery-looking young shoots; and the karaka, with its brilliantly-polished green leaves and golden-yellow fruit, contrasting with the darker crimped and varnished leaf of the puriri, with its bright cherrylike berry  Evergreen shrubs grew on all sides, of every shade from palest to deepest green; lovely flowering creepers mounted high overhead, leaping from tree to tree and hanging in rich festoons; of beautiful ferns there was a profusion underfoot  The tui, with his grand rich note made the wood musical; the great fat stupid pigeon cooed down upon you almost within reach, nor took the trouble to fly away 
The suburb is named after a pā (fortification) named Remuwera, on Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson  Remu-wera literally translates to "burnt edge of kilt", commemorating the occasion where a chieftainess of Hauraki was allegedly captured and consumed  Although the most common definition in reference literature, the accuracy of this definition has been described as "highly doubtful" Around 1741, Te Wai-o-Hua iwi was driven away by the Ngāti Whātua and Te Taoū iwi  Later, these iwi merged with Te Roroa and Te Uri-o-Hau into Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei, which is the main iwi on the Tāmaki isthmus  In May 1844 one of the largest Māori feasts ever held in New Zealand took place in Remuera  It was organised by the Waikato iwi and about 4000 Māori and many Pākehā (Europeans) were present  The festivities lasted for a week and large amounts of food and drinks were served: 11,000 baskets of potatoes, 9,000 sharks, 100 pigs, and large amounts of tea, tobacco and sugar  Governor Robert FitzRoy visited the festivities on 11 May 1844 when a haka was performed by 1,600 Māori, armed with guns and tomahawks When the European settlers wanted to buy the land on the Tāmaki isthmus from the Māori, they first declined  But in 1851, Henry Tacy Kemp, an interpreter to the Land Claims Commissioners, bought 700 acres for £5000  Subsequently, more plots of land were sold and put up for public auction  The land was suitable for pasture land and as the town of Auckland was some distance away people did not really start to build houses (as opposed to farmhouses) until the 1860s  One of the early farmer-settlers who bought land at Remuera was Archibald Clark, who became Auckland's first mayor in 1851  Many of the large villas stood on quite big properties, as their owners needed pasturing for carriage and riding horses and enjoyed creating landscape gardens  Some even had secondary houses for gardeners or estate managers  Many of these early houses still stand, surrounded now by later suburban developments or converted into institutions such as schools 

Smaller suburban houses began appearing in the area nearest Newmarket and began to spread along Remuera Road  The first shops opened in 1890 at the intersection with Victoria Avenue  Railway stations at Newmarket and Market Road encouraged residents to commute to town  Likewise one of the most important routes for the electric tram system created in 1902 was to the Remuera shops, with an extension to the bottom of Victoria Avenue  One of the first businesses was L J  Keys' grocery store on the Clonbern Road corner, which currently houses a café  Nowadays, Remuera's main business and shopping area stretches along Remuera Road from Armadale Road to St Vincent's Avenue  Smaller shopping areas are situated at Upland Road and Benson Road 
Remuera Road initially began as an unsealed cart track leading from Newmarket to Tāmaki  By the 1860s, the Remuera Road Board was formed to help administer the area surrounding the road, by organising roads, drainage, water and power, and the Remuera District School was established in 1873  In the early 1900s the Auckland electric tramway service began servicing Remuera Road, which led to the district doubling in population between 1901 and 1911 to over 5,000 residents  By the 1910s, ratepayers in the area opposed the Remuera area being administered separately to Auckland  The Remuera Ratepayers Association organised a petition in 1912, which included 791 ratepayers (over 50%) signing to join with the adjacent Auckland City, against the Remuera Road Board's wishes  A commission of inquiry was appointed, which recommended amalgamation  Again the Road Board declined and it was only after the Department of Internal Affairs intervened that the Road Board gave in  The union was ratified in February 1915 and the 2,520 acres of Remuera became part of Auckland  J  Dempsey said that Auckland had received "the brightest jewel in her crown today", although a subsequent report by the city engineer pointed out that Remuera had not been surveyed, it had 60 miles of primitive roading, and lacked proper stormwater drainage, sewerage and other services 
The 1920s and 1930s saw increased development of Remuera, with commercial precincts such as the Avenue Buildings, Coles Building, Hellaby Building and the Skeltons Building allowing the area to act as a commercial hub  The first mile of Remuera Road was concreted in 1921, and the existing tram line was doubled in 1924, followed by an extension of the service to Meadowbank  Auckland City Council embarked on a series of improvements for the new area  One of its first acts was to provide a free public library for the area in 1915, later replaced by the current building in 1926  In 1919 however local residents were incensed by the council's building of public toilets at the Remuera shops that they demanded be torn down 
In 1927 the Remuera rugby league club reformed after initially forming in 1914 when former All Black and Kiwi, George A  Gillett coached the club  A year later in 1928, the Tudor Theatre cinema and dance hall opened, becoming a central part of Remuera social life for decades  The theatre closed in 1973, and after demolition the location became the Tudor Mall in 1980  In 1930, the electric tramway was extended from Remuera to Meadowbank In more recent history, the infamous Bassett Road machine gun murders took place in Remuera on 7 December 1963  Two men were shot with a  45 calibre Reising submachine gun at 115 Bassett Road and word quickly spread about a "Chicago-style" gang murder  Two suspects were sentenced to life imprisonment 

Demographics
Remuera covers 8 25 km2 (3 19 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 23,400 as of June 2022, with a population density of 2,836 people per km2 

Remuera had a population of 23,586 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 333 people (1 4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 918 people (4 0%) since the 2006 census  There were 8,028 households, comprising 11,298 males and 12,291 females, giving a sex ratio of 0 92 males per female, with 4,179 people (17 7%) aged under 15 years, 5,100 (21 6%) aged 15 to 29, 10,746 (45 6%) aged 30 to 64, and 3,564 (15 1%) aged 65 or older 
Ethnicities were 70 6% European/Pākehā, 4 0% Māori, 1 9% Pacific peoples, 27 4% Asian, and 2 9% other ethnicities  People may identify with more than one ethnicity 
The percentage of people born overseas was 37 4, compared with 27 1% nationally 
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 46 4% had no religion, 40 9% were Christian, 2 4% were Hindu, 0 9% were Muslim, 2 6% were Buddhist and 2 2% had other religions 
Of those at least 15 years old, 9,519 (49 0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,125 (5 8%) people had no formal qualifications  6,993 people (36 0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17 2% nationally  The employment status of those at least 15 was that 9,915 (51 1%) people were employed full-time, 2,877 (14 8%) were part-time, and 498 (2 6%) were unemployed 

Landmarks and features
Notable buildings and sites
Remuera has several places of historic interest, some of which have been incorporated into the Remuera Heritage Walk 
St Mark's Anglican Church  This is a Selwyn church (wooden Gothic church) built in the 1860s by Philip Herepath replacing an earlier structure from 1848 by Frederick Thatcher  Consecrated by Bishop Selwyn  John Kinder was minister here at a time when this was a rural parish  Scoriarock foundations 
St Mark's Graveyard  The first burial was in 1849, and the last in 1963  The names of many well-known early Aucklanders appear here, including James Dilworth 
Former Remuera Freemasons Hall, Remuera Road   Probably designed by the architect Henry G  Wade, the Hall was consecrated on 9 November 1880, at a ceremony presided over by the Deputy Grand Master of the Auckland Grand Lodge District (E C ), William Lodder  The Remuera Masonic Hall survives as the oldest purpose-built lodge premises in the former Auckland Grand Lodge District (E C )  Sold by the Freemasons in 1993 
Saint Michael's Catholic Church, 6 Beatrice Road  A large Italian Romanesque style church designed by the noted architects Tole and Massey  Opened on 1 October 1933 
St Luke's Presbyterian Church, Remuera Road  Masonry Gothic church from 1932 replacing an 1874 wooden building  Designed by Francis Drummond Stewart who also designed the Chateau Tongariro (1928)  The present church was modeled on the parish kirk in the Scottish mining village of Twechar, built in 1902  Reinforced concrete and  brick construction, with an external cladding of Putāruru stone  The foundation stone was laid in 1931 by Miss Sarah Dingwall 
King's School, 258 Remuera Road  King's College started in 1896 occupying the house called "The Tower", built for David Graham, brother of the founder of Ellerslie, Robert Graham 
4 Garden Road  Garden Road was originally the driveway to Number 4, a house designed by prominent architect C  Reginald Ford (of the firm Gummer and Ford)as his own residence  Built in an eclectic architectural mix with French and Italian influences, number 4 later became the "Remuera Ladies College" whose students included Jean Batten 
Skeltons Building 1928, 339–345 Remuera Road  Built for Robert Skelton, a carrier and one of Remuera's first businessmen  This set of shops retain their original tiled shopfronts 
Hellaby Building 1926, 357–365 Remuera Road was built for Frederick Hellaby whose family ran a chain of Butcher's shops 
Remuera Pharmacy, 375–377 Remuera Road  1909 building for a business operated by Fred Blott 
Cole's Building, 382–394 Remuera Road  1923 building; the first tenant was Wylies Pharmacy 
L J  Keys’ grocery store  Corner of Clonbern Road – this was the first shop in the area (1907) 
Former Remuera Post Office, cnr Victoria Ave and Remuera Road  Built in 1914 to the designs of the Government Architect John Campbell 
Brick shops 1929  411–413 Remuera Road  These two-storey shops replaced the wooden building constructed in 1902 as the Remuera Road Board office, which later became the first Remuera Public Library after the demise of the Board in 1915 
The Remuera Public Library  Designed by the Auckland architects Gummer and Ford, the library was built in 1928 in a neo-Georgian style reminiscent of American colonial architecture  Faced with red brick, this building has very fine details, especially around the windows  In 1928, the architects were awarded Gold Medals from the New Zealand Institute of Architects (NZIA) for the design of the building  The building has also won the conservation award in 2004 for the renovations that were done 
Cotter House, 4 St Vincent Avenue  Built around 1848 for prominent teetotaller Joseph Newman, who died childless at 77 following injuries sustained when a billboard on Queen Street advertising whisky fell on his head  The house was sold to Thomas Cotter, a prominent Auckland solicitor and King's Counsel, whose family owned it until 1926, when the land was further subdivided 
St Paul's Methodist Church, 12 St Vincent Avenue  Red brick church from 1922 
Saint Aidan's Anglican Church, 1904 wooden gothic / Arts & Crafts style church noted for its lychgate 
Elmstone, 468 Remuera Rd  Large Neo-Classical House with Arts&Crafts features built in 1904 for V J Larner 
Hellaby House, 542 Remuera Rd  Designed in 1921 by Roy Keith Binney for Amy Mary Hellaby Other special buildings in Remuera are the Remuera Railway Station and Signal Box  These were built in 1907–1908 and the station is the best preserved in Auckland  Whilst the other stations were regularly modernised, Remuera's has been kept almost in its original state and is still used for suburban passenger trains 

Nature areas
Remuera includes some interesting nature areas and parks  Unlike the rest of the isthmus of Auckland, which was largely void of large trees and covered with native grass, flax and manuka, Remuera retained patches of native bush and woodland 
The Ōrākei Basin, a tidal lagoon popular for water sport activities, is the submerged crater of a volcano  There is a 3 km public walkway around the basin whereby the flora and fauna of the area can be observed at close hand Mount Hobson Domain includes the volcanic cone, previously used as a pā (a defended settlement) by the Māori and in later times as a quarry and pasture land  Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson (143m high) is one of Auckland's better preserved and least modified volcanic cones  Formed some 25,000 years ago, the volcanic hill has a horse-shoe shaped crater opening to the southwest  Terraces and pits are still evident from the Maori occupation  Like the other volcanic hills of the Auckland isthmus, in the 20th century, water reservoirs were built on the summit and the lower southwest side  a water reservoir was incorporated into Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson to supply water to the surrounding area  Still evident on the south-east side of the mountain is the concrete base remnant of a WWII medical store for the US Navy Mobile Hospital in nearby Market Rd – a site now occupied by the Dilworth Junior School  As you walk up the path from the entrance, you will soon come to a stone seat – a memorial to Remuera boys who died in WWII  This overlooks a field of jonquils and daffodils which bloom in winter or early spring Waiatarua Reserve  To the south of Remuera Road lies Waiatarua Reserve  This is a natural basin, prone to seasonal flooding  On several 19th century maps this was shown as a lake and referred to as 'Lake Remuera', 'Lake St John' or 'Lake Waiatarua' although in reality it was largely an area of swampy ground in which a sheet of shallow water would appear sporadically in the wet season  In 1918, 133 acres (54 hectares) of this land was given to the City Council to create Waiatarua Reserve  As the surrounding farm land was transformed into suburban housing this area became problematic – although in theory the "lake" afforded a picturesque view for the new houses, it was also a breeding ground for mosquitos  Moreover, the basin was composed of a peat-like substance subject to smouldering fires which were difficult to put out  In 1929 a drain was bored through the hill to the south west enabling the water to be drained into the adjacent natural stream which feeds into the nearby Ōrākei Basin; this drainage system is still in place  In 1934, 50 acres (20 hectares) of the park were leased to the Remuera Golf Club and a course was laid out  The clubhouse was completed in 1935  In 1938 a new course was built around the original layout in response to members’ complaints about the course conditions  In 1968 the Course was redesigned by golf course specialist Harold Babbage and a new Club House built 

Economy
Retail
The Remuera Town Centre includes Airlie Court, Remuera Mall, Tudor Mall, Victoria Mews Arcade and Remuera Village Green  It has 130 shops including a 
New World supermarket and has about 400 carparks 

Education
Remuera Intermediate is a coeducational intermediate school (years 7-8) with a roll of 850 Remuera School, Meadowbank School and Victoria Avenue School are coeducational contributing primary schools  (years 1-6) with rolls of 555, 728 and 430 respectively Baradene College of the Sacred Heart is a state integrated Catholic girls' secondary school  (years 7-13) with a roll of 1417  St Michael's Catholic School is a coeducational state-integrated contributing primary school (years 1-6) with a roll of 227 Mount Hobson Middle School is a private coeducational composite school (years 7-10) with a roll of 97 King's School, St Kentigern Primary School and Saint Kentigern Girls' School are private single-sex full primary schools (years 1-8) with rolls of 719, 647 and 343 respectively Rolls are as of April 2023 

Politics
Remuera is a part of the Epsom electorate for the Parliamentary representation  Local government of Remuera is the responsibility of the Ōrākei Local Board, which also includes the suburbs of Ōrākei, Mission Bay, Kohimarama, St Heliers, Glendowie, St Johns, Meadowbank, and Ellerslie 

Remuera Golf Club
The Remuera Golf Club started to develop in 1934 and the club house was finished in 1935  It was not an ideal location for a golf club, as it was established in a natural basin prone to seasonal flooding  In fact on several 19th century maps this was actually shown as a lake and referred to as 'Lake Remuera' or 'Lake St John' although in reality it was largely an area of swampy ground in which a sheet of shallow water would appear sporadically in the wet season  133 acres (54 hectares) of land in the gully was given to the City Council in 1918 as Waiatarua Reserve  As the surrounding farm land was transformed into suburban housing this area became problematic – although the "lake" afforded a picturesque view for the new houses it was also a breeding ground for mosquitos  Moreover, the basin was composed of a peat-like substance subject to smouldering fires which were difficult to put out  In 1929 a drain was bored through the hill to the south west enabling the water to be drained into the adjacent natural stream which feeds into the nearby Oraki Basin; this drainage system is still in place 
Fifty acres of the park were leased to the Golf Club in 1934 and a course was laid out  In 1938 a new course was built around the original layout in response to members’ complaints about the course conditions  In 1968 the Course was redesigned by golf course specialist Harold Babbage and a new Club House has been built 

Connections
Remuera's reputation as a desirable residential area around the turn of the 20th century was reflected in the use of its name for a luxury liner  SS Remuera was a steamship launched in 1911  She was the last delivered of three 11000 tonners built by the William Denny Organization between 1909 and 1911 for the New Zealand Shipping Company (sister ships Ruahine and Rotorua)  Her inaugural voyage in 1911 was from London to Wellington  In September 1914 she was the first British ship to pass through the newly complete Panama Canal 
During the First War she was commandeered by the British Government  After the war she returned to the UK to New Zealand route, as a sign of the changing times she was now refitted to accommodate two classes of passengers as opposed to her initial layout of First, Second and Steerage  Again commandeered at the outbreak of war in 1939 she was torpedoed in the North Sea in September 1940 

Notable residents
Jean Batten was a student at a Girls School at 4 Garden Road 
Archibald Clark – MP (1805–1875) Auckland's first Mayor in 1851 
James Clark – Mayor of Auckland 1880–1883  Lived at 258 Remuera Road (now King's School) 
Thomas Cotter – Auckland solicitor and King's Counsel – Lived at 4 Vincent Avenue 
William Crowther (1834–1900) – Mayor of Auckland  Horse Tram Company Operator 
James Dilworth –  Served on the Auckland Provincial Council for eight years  He and his wife Isabella left money to create the well known Dilworth School which takes in and educates boys living in straitened circumstances 
Sir Edmund Hillary (1919–2008) – Mountaineer, explorer and Bee-Keeper  Hillary built a home in Remuera in 1956 where he lived until his death in 2008  His home was removed from its original location in 2010 and stored until moved in 2011 to Sir Edmund Hillary Collegiate in Otara where it now houses a training programme for young leaders 
Sir Paul Holmes (1950–2013)
Alfred George Horton (1842–1903) – Founder of The New Zealand Herald newspaper 
Dame Rosie Horton (philanthropist) and Michael Horton – 44 Victoria Avenue 
Rev John Kinder MA DD MD – Minister of St Mark's Remuera 
Bruce McLaren (1937–1970) – Race car driver  He was born in the suburb and his family lived above their garage and service station on 586–592 Remuera Road until they moved around the corner to 8 Upland Road when he was 9 
Sir Edwin Mitchelson (1845–1934) Mitchelson was an MP, Chairman of the Remuera Road Board and Auckland's Mayor at the same time  He was Mayor from 1903 to 1905 and was knighted in 1920 
Joseph Newman – Lived at 4 St Vincent Avenue in a house he built in 1848, now called Cotter House  Newman was a Stockbroker  A well-known teetotaller, Newman died at the age of 77 from injuries sustained when a billboard on Queen Street advertising whisky fell on his head (10 September 1890) 
James Pascoe – Jeweller
Sir John Reed, Supreme Court Judge – 239 Remuera Rd 
Hon  Joseph Tole, Minister of Justice from 1884 to 1887 – 251 Remuera Rd 
William Chisholm Wilson – founder of The New Zealand Herald newspaper 
Desley Simpson – local council politician 
Christopher Luxon – Leader of the National Party, Leader of the Opposition 
Passage 8:
Panel with striding lion
The Panel with striding lion (MA 31 13 1) is a panel of Neo-Babylonian glazed ceramic bricks or tiles dated to 604–562 B C , now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York  It was one of many that lined the Processional Way north of the Ishtar Gate  It was excavated by R  Koldewey in 1902, and at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin from 1926, before coming into the possession of the Met in 1931 A large group of such figures is part of the Processional Way leading to the Ishtar Gate, a centrepiece display of the Pergamon Museum in Berlin 
Lions were symbolic of royalty because of their strength, and fighting a lion gave a king great prestige  The lion was also the symbol of Ishtar, the goddess of love and war  In her role of the goddess of war she is depicted on a chariot drawn by seven lions with bow in hand

See also
Striding Lion, a similar panel in Toronto

Notes


== Sources ==



ground_truth: an acting career