prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: 1956 Night Series Cup games were played at what inner suburb of Melbourne that is 3km south of Melbourne's central business district?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
1961 Night Series Cup
The 1961 VFL Night Premiership Cup was the Victorian Football League end of season cup competition played in August and September of the 1961 VFL Premiership Season  This was the sixth season of the VFL Night Series  Run as a knock-out tournament, it was contested by the eight VFL teams that failed to make the 1961 VFL finals series  Games were played at the Lake Oval, Albert Park, then the home ground of South Melbourne, as it was the only ground equipped to host night games  Geelong won its first night series cup defeating North Melbourne in the final by 12 points 

Games
Round 1
Semifinals
Final
See also
List of Australian Football League night premiers
1961 VFL season

External links
1961 VFL Night Premiership - detailed review including quarter-by-quarter scores, best players and goalkickers for each match
Passage 2:
1971 Heinz Cup
The 1971 VFL H J  Heinz Night Premiership was the Victorian Football League end of season cup competition played in September of the 1971 VFL Premiership Season  Run as a knock-out tournament, it was contested by the eight VFL teams that failed to make the 1971 VFL finals series  Games were played at the Lake Oval, Albert Park, then the home ground of South Melbourne, as it was the only ground equipped to host night games  It was the 16th and last VFL Night Series competition, with the series disbanded the following year due to waning interest and the introduction of the final five in the premiership competition  Melbourne won its first night series cup defeating Fitzroy in the final by 16 points 

Games
Round 1
Semi-finals
Final
See also
List of Australian Football League night premiers
1971 VFL season
Passage 3:
1965 Golden Fleece Cup
The 1965 VFL Golden Fleece Night Premiership was the Victorian Football League end of season cup competition played in September of the 1965 VFL Premiership Season  Run as a knock-out tournament, it was contested by the eight VFL teams that failed to make the 1965 VFL finals series  It was the tenth VFL Night Series competition  Games were played at the Lake Oval, Albert Park, then the home ground of South Melbourne, as it was the only ground equipped to host night games  This was the first time the Night Series cup had a naming rights sponsor in Golden Fleece petroleum products  North Melbourne won its first night series cup defeating Carlton in the final by 40 points 

Games
Round 1
Semi-finals
Final
See also
List of Australian Football League night premiers
1965 VFL season

External links
1965 VFL Night Premiership - detailed review including quarter-by-quarter scores, best players and goalkickers for each match
Passage 4:
1956 Night Series Cup
The 1956 VFL Night Premiership Cup was the Victorian Football League end of season cup competition played between the eight teams that didn't make the finals of that season  It was held between 23 August to 17 September 1956 with games being played at the Lake Oval, home ground of South Melbourne as it was the only ground equipped to host night games 
Eight teams played in the first competition with the final seeing an attendance of 32,450 as South Melbourne defeated Carlton in the final by 6 points (13 16 94 to 13 10 88) 

Games
Quarterfinals
The opening match of the 1956 edition saw South Melbourne record the first victory of the new competition by 20 points over St Kilda  But the match was remembered for the brawl that happened in the third quarter which featured all of the players, umpires and some spectators in scenes not since the 1945 VFL Grand Final between Carlton and South Melbourne  The following match which was played five days later saw a surprise victory by North Melbourne who defeated Essendon by two points with North Melbourne leading at every change to get the win  Richmond and Carlton also recorded narrow wins over Hawthorn and Fitzroy in the remaining two quarter-finals which was played on 30 August and the 4 September 

Semifinals
The semi-finals began on the 6 September with South Melbourne taking on North Melbourne  In another tight tussle between the teams, it was not until late on in the final quarter with the usage of the wind that South Melbourne would take the win with a goal from Monks sealing the five point victory  In the second semi-final, an attendance of 25,500 saw Carlton win the match by 12 points in what The Age called fast, rugged and exciting football with Carlton leading at each break to record the victory 

Final
The final of the 1956 edition was played on the 17 September 1956 between South Melbourne and Carlton  With an attendance of 32,450 watching the match, South Melbourne's win was credited in the second quarter when they outscored Carlton 4 2 to 0 3 to open up a thirty-one point lead  Carlton tried to come back into the match throughout the final quarter and had a chance to take the lead but a dropped pass from Hands would give South Melbourne the win by six points and become the first winners of the Night Series Cup 

See also
List of Australian Football League night premiers
1956 VFL season
Passage 5:
1958 Night Series Cup
The 1958 VFL Night Premiership Cup was the Victorian Football League end of season cup competition played in August and September of the 1958 VFL Premiership Season  This was the third year the VFL Night Series had existed  In last years competition, each of the day finalists were duly defeated upon entry and their addition to the competition resulted in a drawn-out and complicated fixture of matches  The VFL thus elected to return to the original format for this year's competition as previously used in the 1956 Night Series Cup  Run as a knock-out tournament, it was contested by the eight VFL teams that failed to make the 1958 VFL finals series  Games were played at the Lake Oval, Albert Park, then the home ground of South Melbourne, as it was the only ground equipped to host night games  St Kilda went on to win the night series cup, defeating Carlton in the final by 8 points 

Games
Round 1
Semifinals
Final
See also
List of Australian Football League night premiers
1958 VFL season

External links
1958 VFL Night Premiership - detailed review including quarter-by-quarter scores, best players and goalkickers for each match
Passage 6:
1960 Night Series Cup
The 1960 VFL Night Premiership Cup was the Victorian Football League end of season cup competition played in September of the 1960 VFL Premiership Season  This was the fifth season of the VFL Night Series  Run as a knock-out tournament, it was contested by the eight VFL teams that failed to make the 1960 VFL finals series  Games were played at the Lake Oval, Albert Park, then the home ground of South Melbourne, as it was the only ground equipped to host night games  South Melbourne went on to win the night series cup for the third time, defeating Hawthorn in the final by 13 points 

Games
Round 1
Semifinals
Final
See also
List of Australian Football League night premiers
1960 VFL season

External links
1960 VFL Night Premiership - detailed review including quarter-by-quarter scores, best players and goalkickers for each match
Passage 7:
Albert Park, Victoria
Albert Park is an inner suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 4 km (2 5 mi) south of Melbourne's Central Business District  The suburb is named after Albert Park, a large lakeside urban park located within the City of Port Phillip local government area  Albert Park recorded a population of 6,044 at the 2021 census The suburb of Albert Park extends from the St Vincent Gardens to Beaconsfield Parade and Mills Street  It was settled residentially as an extension of Emerald Hill (South Melbourne)  It is characterised by wide streets, heritage buildings, terraced houses, open air cafes, parks and significant stands of mature exotic trees, including Canary Island Date Palm and London Planes 
The Albert Park Circuit has been home to the Australian Grand Prix since 1996, with the exception of 2020–2021 due to the COVID-19 lockdowns 

History
Indigenous Australians first inhabited the area that is now Albert Park around 40,000 years ago  The area was a series of swamps and lagoons  The main park after which the suburb was named was declared a public park and named in 1864 to honour Queen Victoria's consort, Prince Albert Albert Park was used as a garbage dump, a military camp and for recreation before the artificial lake was built  In 1854 a land-subdivision survey was done from Park Street, South Melbourne, to the northern edge of the parkland (Albert Road)  St Vincent Gardens were laid out and the surrounding streets home to the city's most successful citizens  Street names commemorated Trafalgar and Crimean War personalities 

Heritage Victoria notes that Albert Park's St Vincent Gardens "is historically important as the premier 'square' development in Victoria based on similar models in London  It is significant as the largest development of its type in Victoria and for its unusual development as gardens rather than the more usual small park" and "was first laid out in 1854 or 55, probably by Andrew Clarke, the Surveyor-General of Victoria  The current layout is the work of Clement Hodgkinson, the noted surveyor, engineer and topographer, who adapted the design in 1857 to allow for its intersection by the St Kilda railway line  The precinct, which in its original configuration extended from Park Street in the north to Bridport Street in the south and from Howe Crescent in the east to Nelson Road and Cardigan Street in the west, was designed to emulate similar 'square' developments in London, although on a grander scale  The main streets were named after British naval heroes  The development of the special character of St Vincent Place has been characterised, since the first land sales in the 1860s, by a variety of housing stock, which has included quality row and detached houses and by the gardens which, although they have been continuously developed, remain faithful to the initial landscape concept "
St Vincent's is a garden of significant mature tree specimens  It is registered with the National Trust and is locally significant for the social focus the gardens provide to the neighbourhood  Activities in the park range from relaxing walks, siestas to organised sports competition  The Albert Park Lawn Bowls Club was established in 1873 and the Tennis Club established 1883, on the site of an earlier croquet ground 

Geography
Albert Park features part of the massive Albert Park and Lake (formerly South Park in the 19th century until it was also renamed after Prince Albert) and is located nearby  It is a significant state park managed by Parks Victoria  It is also known as the site of the Albert Park Circuit 

Commercial centres
Commercial centres include Bridport Street, with its cafes and shops and Victoria Avenue, known for its cafes, delicatessens and boutiques 

Beach areas
Albert Park has a long beach frontage, with several distinctive features, including many grand buildings (such as the Victoria Hotel, a grand hotel and former coffee palace, now café bar, built in 1887) and Victorian terrace homes; Kerferd Kiosk, an iconic Edwardian bathing pavilion and Kerferd Pier, which terminates Kerferd Road and is a jetty onto Port Phillip, used for fishing by many and sharks have occasionally been found around it 

Albert Park and Lake
The lake is popular with strollers, runners and cyclists  Dozens of small yachts sail around the lake on sunny days  Only the north eastern part of the park and lake is actually in the suburb, the rest is in the neighbouring suburbs of South Melbourne, Melbourne, Middle Park and St Kilda 

Demographics
At the 2016 census, Albert Park had a population of 6,215  66 2% of people were born in Australia  The next most common countries of birth were England 5 4%, Greece 4 0% and New Zealand 2 5%  74 2% of people only spoke English at home  Other languages spoken at home included Greek at 8 0%  The most common responses for religion were No Religion 39 3% and Catholic 18 4% 

Housing
Albert Park is composed mainly of Victorian terrace and semi-detached housing  Many residential areas are in heritage overlays to protect their character  Boyd Street, a leafy backstreet near Middle Park, is a fine example of this 

Transport
Beaconsfield Parade is the main beachside thoroughfare, between St Kilda and Port Melbourne, which runs along the Port Phillip foreshore  Richardson Street and Canterbury Road follows a similar inland route south to St Kilda  The main road arterial is Kerferd Road, a wide boulevard lined with elm trees and a central reservation, which connects from South Melbourne's Albert Road  Pickles Street, Victoria Avenue and Mills Street are the main roads running west and east toward South Melbourne 
Several tram routes service Albert Park; Route 1 along Victoria Avenue, Route 12 along Mills Street and Route 96 on a reservation parallel to Canterbury Road 
Until 1987, Albert Park was serviced by the St Kilda railway line, with Albert Park railway station being located at Bridport Street  The line has since been converted to serve trams, and forms a large part of the Route 96 tram line 
CDC Melbourne's Route 606 runs through the suburb  There are segregated cycle facilities along the beach and Canterbury Roads, with marked bicycle lanes elsewhere 

Sport
The suburb has been home to the Formula One Australian Grand Prix since 1996  The Albert Park Circuit runs on public roads  The choice of Albert Park as a Grand Prix venue was controversial, with protests by the Save Albert Park group  In preparing the Reserve for the race existing trees were cut down and replaced during landscaping, roads were upgraded, and facilities were replaced  Both major political parties support the event  The Melbourne Supercars Championship is also held on the same circuit 
Albert Park is the home of soccer club South Melbourne FC who play out of Lakeside Stadium; aptly named due to its positioning next to Albert Park Lake  Lakeside Stadium (known then as Bob Jane Stadium) was redeveloped in 2010 to include an international standard athletics track, as well as new grandstands and administrative facilities, and is also the home of the Victorian Institute of Sport  The stadium was built on the site of the old Lake Oval, which was an historic Australian rules football venue for the South Melbourne Football Club 
The Melbourne Sports & Aquatic Centre (MSAC) is a large swimming centre, which hosted squash, swimming, diving events and table tennis during the 2006 Commonwealth Games  The MSAC is also the home of the Melbourne Tigers that play in the South East Australian Basketball League 
In December 2006 polo returned to Albert Park Reserve after an absence of 100 years 
Albert Park is home to a parkrun event  The event at Albert Park is held at 8am every Saturday and starts in the Coot Picnic area, opposite the MSAC 

Notable residents
Hilda and Laurel Armstrong – 'The Vegemite Girls', sisters who coined the name of the iconic Australian food spread in 1923
Mae Busch (1891–1946) – actress, co-star in the films of famous Hollywood comedy duo Laurel and Hardy
Roy Cazaly (1893–1963) – Australian rules football legend [birthplace]
Noel Jack Counihan (1913–1986) – artist and revolutionary, made social realist art in response to the political and social issues of his times
John Danks (1828–1902) – businessman, manufacturer, councillor, benefactor; Danks Street named after him
Private Edward "Eddie" Leonski [US Army] (1917–1942) – infamous serial killer; during World War II was stationed in Melbourne and murdered three women  Was hanged for the crimes on 9 November 1942  His first victim, Ivy McLeod, was found beaten and strangled in a doorway in Albert Park, killed by Leonski after he drank whisky all morning and afternoon at the Bleak House Hotel (aka Beach House Hotel)
Walter Lindrum (1898–1960) – world-famous billiards player, regarded as the greatest ever to play the game
Likely Herman "Like" McBrien (1892–1956) – leading Australian Rules football administrator and politician
Ernest McIntyre (1921–2003) – Australian rules footballer [birthplace]
Allan McLean (1840–1911) – pastoralist, station agent, politician; 19th Premier of Victoria in 1899; elected to the first Commonwealth Parliament in 1901
Albert Monk (1900–1975) – union and labour leader; during World War Two was concurrent president of the ACTU & Trades Hall Council & ALP Victorian branch; seminally influenced the growth of the ACTU as Australia's peak trade union organization  His house was in Kerferd Road
King O'Malley (1858–1953) – politician, influential in the establishment of the Commonwealth Bank and the selection of Canberra as the national capital
Alex Lahey, singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist who was born and raised in Albert Park

See also
City of South Melbourne – Albert Park was previously within this former local government area 
Passage 8:
1957 Night Series Cup
The 1957 VFL Night Premiership Cup was the Victorian Football League end of season cup competition played in August, September and October of the 1957 VFL Premiership Season  This was the second edition that the VFL Night Series had existed with the competition expanding to feature all twelve teams  The games were being played at the Lake Oval, Albert Park, then the home ground of South Melbourne, as it was the only ground equipped to host night games 
In the final, South Melbourne took out their second night series cup, defeating Geelong by 51 points (15 13 103 to 8 4 52)  This would later be the only edition until 1977 to feature all twelve teams at the time 

Games
Round 1
Round 2
Semifinals
Final
See also
List of Australian Football League night premiers
1957 VFL season
Passage 9:
1966 Golden Fleece Cup
The 1966 VFL Golden Fleece Night Premiership was the Victorian Football League end of season cup competition played in September of the 1966 VFL Premiership Season  Run as a knock-out tournament, it was contested by the eight VFL teams that failed to make the 1966 VFL finals series  It was the eleventh VFL Night Series competition  Games were played at the Lake Oval, Albert Park, then the home ground of South Melbourne, as it was the only ground equipped to host night games  North Melbourne won its second night series cup in a row defeating Hawthorn in the final by 53 points 
Three rule changes, all of which were eventually permanently adopted in the VFL, were trialled during this series:,
A free kick was awarded against a player if the ball was kicked out of bounds on the full  Adopted in 1969 
A 50yd square was drawn in the centre of the ground, and no more than four players from each team were allowed within the square during a centre bounce; this was to reduce congestion at centre bounces  Adopted in a modified form in 1973 
The number of boundary umpires was increased from two to four  Adopted in 2008 

Games
Round 1
Semi-finals
Final
See also
List of Australian Football League night premiers
1966 VFL season
Passage 10:
1967 Golden Fleece Cup
The 1967 VFL Golden Fleece Night Premiership was the Victorian Football League end of season cup competition played in August and September of the 1967 VFL Premiership Season  Run as a knock-out tournament, it was contested by the eight VFL teams that failed to make the 1967 VFL finals series  It was the twelfth VFL Night Series competition  Games were played at the Lake Oval, Albert Park, then the home ground of South Melbourne, as it was the only ground equipped to host night games  Footscray won its third night series cup defeating South Melbourne in the final by 45 points 

Games
Round 1
Semi-finals
Final
See also
List of Australian Football League night premiers
1967 VFL season

External links
1967 VFL Night Premiership - detailed review including quarter-by-quarter scores, best players and goalkickers for each match
Context 2: Passage 1:
Troy, Montana
Troy is a city in Lincoln County, Montana, United States  The population was 797 at the 2020 census  It lies at the lowest elevation of any settlement in Montana  The town is on U S  Route 2, near Montana Highway 56, in the Kootenai River gorge by the Kootenai National Forest 
Originally inhabited by the Kutenai, Salish, and Piegan Blackfeet tribes, the area was settled by miners in the 1880s  Troy was registered as a town in 1892 and grew quickly after the Great Northern Railway built a freight station there, leading to a boom in workers, miners, their families, and associates  The area narrowly missed wildfire damage in 1910 and expanded its services throughout the following years, though its population would drop due to a series of misfortunes in the late 1920s before rebounding in the following decades  Troy suffered from the area's contamination from nearby vermiculite mines contaminated with particularly fragile asbestos, leading to the town's inclusion in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) National Priorities List status in 2002 and Public Health Emergency event in 2009  According to the EPA, most risk was reduced by 2015 Troy is on U S  Route 2, between Yaak and Libby  Montana Highway 56 is three miles southeast and the Troy Airport is two miles northwest  The town's economy has historically been supported by mining and logging, while in recent times, mining has remained, with the addition of education, retail, and tourism  Local natural features such as the Kootenai Falls have attracted tourism to the area and have been featured in movies such as The River Wild (1994) and The Revenant (2015)  There is a public school district (which created ceramic ornaments used to decorate the National Christmas Tree in 2017) and a public library, and the town is in-district for Flathead Valley Community College 

History
Before the westward expansion of the United States, various indigenous peoples lived in the area, with the Kutenai and Salish as the most recent and the Piegan Blackfeet earlier  They lived in base camps and seasonal camps based on the availability of plants and fish: "lower elevations in the winter and     uplands in the summer and fall," with spring camps near camas prairies, which had edible bulbs  Due to the area's geography and settler fears of the Kutenai, the area remained unsettled until gold was discovered in the 1860s and galena and vermiculite in the 1880s  In 1886, the first miners arrived, prospecting on the Kootenai River at a tent camp first known as "Lake Camp, Lake Creek Camp, and Lake City", and making land claims on Grouse Mountain  In 1892, a William O'Brien surveyed the Lake City claim, renaming it Troy 

Post American settlement
Throughout 1892, Troy was filed as a town in then-Missoula County and grew rapidly as the Great Northern Railway chose a nearby site as a "division yard", or freight terminal, which was first renamed "West Troy" before just becoming Troy itself as the Lake City area was abandoned  The town's first hotel, then called the Windsor Hotel, was built  One transplant described the town as such: "Fifteen saloons gaily lit filled to the doors with “wild men and wild women” yelling, singing, dancing, and cursing, with glasses held high, such was Troy  Two large dance halls were in evidence, one grocery store run by John Bowen, several 'beaneries' (called restaurants by some), one drug store owned by 'Doc' Sailey and many shacks and tents where the 'wild women' congregated  Fights and ribaldry were the order of the days and nights " Another grocery store followed in 1893, the first one-room schoolhouse was built in 1894, and more mining companies, land claims, and support services such as ferries sprung up as gold was discovered on the Yaak River in 1895 The 1910s brought change  After the Windsor Hotel had been destroyed by fire in 1906 and rebuilt in 1907, wildfires during the summer of 1910 narrowly missed Troy by a few miles but raged throughout the area, causing lasting damage to the newly-protected Kootenai National Forest  In 1912, Troy's first bridge across the Kootenai River was built, along with bridges in Libby and Rexford, after a county vote  Previously, crossings were made on horseback – dangerous – or via ferries, which had started operating in 1892  Phone service reached the area in 1913  U S  Route 2 was proposed and a volunteer fire department was created  The 1918 flu closed the local mill and schools temporarily  By 1920, there was a Chinese restaurant, a church, and an electric plant in town, and World War I increased the town's mining activity; the rapid expansion and labor conditions sometimes led to strikes and labor conflicts 
The town's population reached 1000 residents in 1924, and the same year, the town's Lincoln Theatre opened  The population peaked around 1926, but in March of that year, the Great Northern Railway moved its freight terminal elsewhere, leaving "only three supervisors and [a] small force of Japanese [workers] " Fires destroyed a concentrator in 1927 and a sawmill in 1928, with neither rebuilt, and the region's mines decreased in activity The population dropped to as low as 428 during 1930 in the Great Depression  Still, the Lincoln Theatre began playing talking movies and the Windsor Hotel was renamed to the Great Northern Hotel, which stood until it burned down (for the second time) in 1941  A coffee house and cable shop operate on its former location  The Lincoln Theatre was remodeled in 1994 In 2006, the Troy Jail and the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge were added to the National Register of Historic Places 

Vermiculite cleanup
After citizens, media, and local government raised concerns, the United States Environmental Protection Agency began in 1999 to investigate the contamination of the area surrounding Libby and Troy from vermiculite mines in Libby, which were themselves contaminated with a toxic and easily crumbled form of tremolite-actinolite series asbestos, sometimes named Libby Amphibole asbestos (LA)  Removal actions began in 2000, and in 2002 the site was moved to the EPA's Superfund National Priorities List  In 2009, the EPA declared a Public Health Emergency (the first in the EPA's history) "to provide federal health care assistance for victims of asbestos-related disease "In 2015, an EPA review of toxicity and risks found that the cleanups had managed asbestos exposure risk effectively  By the end of 2018, the EPA had removed "more than one million cubic yards of contaminated soil," and area cleanup was completed that year, except for the location of the former mine, which is the disposal site of the contaminated soil  Contaminated construction materials were disposed of "in a specially designed landfill cell " The remaining contamination is limited to the forests and property in or near the former mine, with cleanup plans pending and with controls for higher exposures during wildfire fighting The EPA transferred control of the site to the Montana Department of Environmental Quality in 2020 

Geography
Troy lies in a valley along the Kootenai River between the Purcell Mountains to the northeast and the Cabinet Mountains to the southwest According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0 78 square miles (2 02 km2), of which 0 76 square miles (1 97 km2) is land and 0 02 square miles (0 05 km2) is water  Troy has an elevation of approximately 1,800 feet (550 m) above sea level and is the lowest town in elevation in Montana  Troy is 12 miles (19 km) from the border of Montana and Idaho  Troy's next closest city is Libby, which is 18 miles (29 km) away The Troy Mine, which produced silver and copper, was scheduled for closure in February 2015 An early worker described the original flora of the city site as "a carpet of velvety green grass, thickly studded with wild flowers of most every hue and color " There are groves of ancient western red cedars nearby, some up to 12 feet (3 7 m) in diameter, which are a home for species of wildlife including pikas and flying squirrels Troy is located in the Kootenai River Gorge, which is geologically composed of "sandstone and thin layers of shale, with folds from compression that dates back 50 to 100 million years ago  The rock was deposited 1 5 million years ago, when much of Montana was covered by water  Ancient ripple marks and large stromatolites (the remains of algae mats) are visible in the canyon "

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters  According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Troy has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dsb" on climate maps  Troy's annual mean temperature is 46 4 °F (8 0 °C) and its annual mean precipitation is 24 6 inches (620 mm)  Flooding is an issue for the area 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 938 people, 454 households, and 240 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,234 2 inhabitants per square mile (476 5/km2)  There were 490 housing units at an average density of 644 7 per square mile (248 9/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 94 3% White, 0 2% African American, 1 7% Native American, 0 5% Asian, 0 1% from other races, and 3 1% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 9% of the population There were 454 households, of which 25 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37 2% were married couples living together, 9 5% had a female householder with no husband present, 6 2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47 1% were non-families  37 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 07 and the average family size was 2 71 The median age in the city was 46 8 years  20% of residents were under the age of 18; 5 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21 9% were from 25 to 44; 35 7% were from 45 to 64; and 16 8% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 49 3% male and 50 7% female 

Economy and recreation
The area is covered by the Lincoln County Port Authority  Troy's modern economy is largely based on "mining, education, retail, and tourism," while its historical economy was based on mining and logging  A train freight yard, a sawmill, and an ore processing facility were the main employers until they were lost to relocation and fires in the late 1920s, just before the Great Depression  Gold, galena, and vermiculite were mined beginning in the late 1800s  During World War I, the town's mines produced lead, zinc, and silver, with much zinc exported to Belgium  In 2020, the Montana Community Solar Project assessed Troy public schools for their solar power potential and found the high school building had good potential  Since 2008, the school and city have been partially fueled by wood pellet waste from nearby lumber mills, replacing fuel oil use Notable nearby attractions include the Kootenai Falls and the Kootenai Falls Swinging Bridge, which was rebuilt in 2019 due to its increasing popularity  The Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge in Troy is listed on the National Register of Historic Places Local activities include hiking, snowmobiling, camping, boating, rafting, bird watching, fishing, and geocaching  The Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation was founded by four Troy hunters to help conserve elk and other wildlife species  There is a disc golf course at the Troy Museum and Visitors' Center, which also hosts art events with the local glass art guild  Nearby parks host various cultural and music festivals 

Education
Troy has a public library, a branch of the Lincoln County Public Libraries  The town's branch opened in 1922 after the Lincoln County's Free County Library expanded Troy's first school, a one-room schoolhouse, was built in 1894  In 1937, the Bull Lake School in Bull Lake Valley and Fall Creek School by Schoolhouse Lake were consolidated into the Troy public school district  The public school district includes:
W F  Morrison Elementary School (Kindergarten–Sixth grade)
Troy Junior-Senior High School (Seventh grade–Twelfth grade)The high school provides adult education classes in the fall and spring  The school has a "school-to-work" program in which students can participate in summer projects based in the local economy and in which an AmeriCorps volunteer serves as a mentor for student college applications/visits and community involvement in student activities  After the Troy Art Club's ceramic ornaments were some of the ones chosen for the US National Christmas Tree in 2017, the club created a business, Wild In Montana, "assisting [the] economically depressed community and offering a class with real-world skills "Other nearby schools with Troy addresses include:
McCormick Elementary School (K-8)
Yaak Elementary School (K-8)The area qualifies for in-district tuition at Flathead Valley Community College (FVCC) in Kalispell, Montana, as well as FVCC's Lincoln County Campus in Libby, which has the "Glacier Bank Adult Basic Education Learning Center where students can take free classes in preparation for their GED exams "

Transportation
Troy is on U S  Route 2, between Yaak to the north and Libby to the southeast  Montana Highway 56 is three miles to the southeast of Troy The Troy Airport is one mile northwest of the majority of the town of Troy The closest Amtrak stop is Libby station, 18 miles (29 km) away  The Empire Builder served Troy until February 15, 1973 

Notable people
Les Balsiger, religious activist with a Troy office
Rachel Dolezal, civil rights activist
B  C  Edwards, football coach (died in Troy)
Genevieve Pezet, American-French artist
Jay Ward, Major League Baseball player who retired in Troy

Popular culture
Troy is featured in Max Brooks' post-apocalyptic zombie novel World War Z as a safe zone for humanity 2011 novella Train Dreams mentions the town The nearby Kootenai Falls and the Swinging Bridge were featured in the 1994 movie The River Wild  The original bridge was constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression, and the falls are a sacred site to the Kutenai tribes who originally lived in the area The Kootenai Falls were featured in the 2015 movie The Revenant 
Passage 2:
Lincolnton–Lincoln County Regional Airport
Lincolnton–Lincoln County Regional Airport (ICAO: KIPJ, FAA LID: IPJ) is a public use airport located five nautical miles (9 km) east of the central business district of Lincolnton, a city in Lincoln County, North Carolina, United States  It is owned by the City of Lincolnton & Lincoln County  According to the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013, it is a general aviation airport (it had previously been a reliever airport) 
Although many U S  airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned IPJ by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA 

Facilities and aircraft
Lincolnton–Lincoln County Regional Airport covers an area of 453 acres (183 ha) at an elevation of 877 feet (267 m) above mean sea level  It has one runway designated 5/23 with an asphalt surface measuring 5,500 by 100 feet (1,676 x 30 m) For the 12-month period ending June 6, 2008, the airport had 34,100 aircraft operations, an average of 93 per day: 97% general aviation and 3% military  At that time there were 71 aircraft based at this airport: 87% single-engine, 10% multi-engine and 3% helicopter 
Passage 3:
Lincoln County, Arkansas
Lincoln County is located between the Arkansas Timberlands and Arkansas Delta in the U S  state of Arkansas  It is also within the Pine Bluff metro area, and on the outer edge of the Central Arkansas region  The county is named for President Abraham Lincoln  Created as Arkansas's 65th county on March 28, 1871, Lincoln County has three incorporated cities, including Star City, the county seat and most populous city  The county contains 46 unincorporated communities and ghost towns, Cane Creek State Park at the confluence of Cane Creek and Bayou Bartholomew, and nine listings on the National Register of Historic Places to preserve the history and culture of the county 
Lincoln County occupies 572 17 square miles (148,190 ha) and contained a population of 12,941 as of the 2020 Census  The rural economy is largely based on agriculture  The state has built two prisons here that also provide some local jobs  Poverty and unemployment rates are above national averages, but steady  Household incomes are below state and national averages  Politically, the white-majority Lincoln County has transitioned from reliably Democratic in presidential elections to steadily Republican since the election of Barack Obama 
Lincoln County is served by two school districts, Star City School District and Dumas Public Schools  Higher education and healthcare are available in Pine Bluff to the north or Monticello to the south  Although no Interstate highways serve Lincoln County, the county has access to two United States highways (U S  Route 65 [US 65], US 425) and eight Arkansas state highways  Lincoln County is also served by one public owned/public use general aviation airport, Star City Municipal Airport, and six community water systems provide potable water to customers in the county 

History
The county was established in 1871 during the Reconstruction era by the Arkansas General Assembly from parts of Arkansas, Bradley, Desha, Drew, and Jefferson counties  It was named for President Abraham Lincoln  The Republican Party was chosen by most freedmen after they got the franchise, as it was the one that secured their emancipation after the Civil War  Some white Union sympathizers, including veterans who decided to stay in the South, also voted for Republican candidates, and some were elected to state offices in former Confederate states County government was first permanently established in Star City  The county had a second county seat at Varner from 1885 to 1912 

Geography
Lincoln County's geography is defined by two physiographic regions of Arkansas: the Arkansas Timberlands and the Arkansas Delta (in Arkansas, usually referred to as "the Delta")  These two regions are separated by Bayou Bartholomew, the world's longest bayou, which approximately splits the county into eastern and western halves with significant differences in geography  In the east, the Arkansas Delta is a subregion of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, which is a flat area consisting of rich, fertile sediment deposits from the Mississippi River between Louisiana and Illinois  The western half is part of the Arkansas Timberlands, a portion of the Gulf Coastal Plain characterized by flat pine and cypress forests and silviculture rather than row agriculture  The county is the eighth-smallest in Arkansas, with a total area of 572 17 square miles (1,481 9 km2), of which 561 20 square miles (1,453 5 km2) is land and 10 97 square miles (28 4 km2) (1 9%) is water The county is located approximately 68 miles (109 km) southeast of Little Rock, 170 miles (270 km) southwest of Memphis, Tennessee, and 200 miles (320 km) northwest of Jackson, Mississippi  Lincoln County is surrounded by two Delta counties to the east, Arkansas County and Desha County, and a Timberlands county to the west, Cleveland County  Jefferson County to the north and Drew County are border counties similar to Lincoln County, with Bayou Bartholomew delineating a similarly split geography 

Protected areas
Lincoln County contains two protected areas  Cane Creek State Park is a 2,053-acre (831-hectare) state park located on the border between the West Gulf Coastal Plain and Arkansas Delta, with a 1,675 acres (678 hectares) lake at the center  Fishing, canoeing, and kayaking are available on the lake in addition to pavilions, trails, and a visitor center with gift shop on land  The park offers 29 RV/tent camping sites with water and electric hookups, and is owned and operated by the Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism Huff's Island Public Use Area is located on the Arkansas River in northeastern Lincoln County  Managed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the park does not have a boat ramp or camping, but offers day use, river bank access from March–September, and four picnic sites 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 12,941 people, 3,773 households, and 2,711 families residing in the county 

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 14,492 people, 4,265 households, and 3,130 families residing in the county  The population density was 26 inhabitants per square mile (10/km2)  There were 4,955 housing units at an average density of 9 per square mile (3 5/km2)  The racial makeup of the county was 64 88% White, 32 92% Black or African American, 0 40% Native American, 0 06% Asian, 0 01% Pacific Islander, 0 99% from other races, and 0 75% from two or more races  1 81% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race 
There were 4,265 households, out of which 34 80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54 30% were married couples living together, 14 80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26 60% were non-families  23 50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 63 and the average family size was 3 11 
In the county, the population was spread out, with 22 20% under the age of 18, 12 40% from 18 to 24, 33 20% from 25 to 44, 20 40% from 45 to 64, and 11 90% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 35 years  For every 100 females, there were 142 30 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 154 70 males 
The median income for a household in the county was $29,607, and the median income for a family was $35,408  Males had a median income of $28,890 versus $19,990 for females  The per capita income for the county was $12,479  About 15 50% of families and 19 50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26 60% of those under age 18 and 17 90% of those age 65 or over 

Economy
The Arkansas Department of Correction, which operates the Cummins Unit and the Varner Unit in Lincoln County, is one of the county's major employers 

Human resources
Education
Educational attainment in Lincoln County is typical for a rural Arkansas county, with a 2012 study finding 78 4% of Lincoln County residents over age 25 held a high school degree or higher and 8 9% holding a bachelor's degree or higher  The Lincoln County rates are below Arkansas averages of 84 8% and 21 1%, and significantly below national averages of 86 7% and 29 8%, respectively 

Primary and secondary education
One public school district is based in Lincoln County; the Star City School District, which serves the western two-thirds of the county  The remainder of the county is served by the Dumas Public School District, based in Dumas  Successful completion of the curriculum of these schools leads to graduation from Star City High School or Dumas New Tech High School, respectively  Both high schools offer Advanced Placement (AP) courses and are accredited by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE)  Dumas Public Schools is also accredited by AdvancED 

The school districts at Gould and Grady were merged into Dumas and Star City for the 2004–05 school year pursuant to the Public Education Reorganization Act passed by the Arkansas Legislature 

Higher education
Lincoln County does not contain any institutions of higher education  The three nearest institutions in the region are University of Arkansas at Monticello to the south and Southeast Arkansas College (SEARK) and University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff in Pine Bluff to the north, all public four-year colleges 

Library system
The Star City Branch Library in downtown Star City is a member library of the Southeast Arkansas Regional Library system  The location offers books, e-books, media, reference, youth, business and genealogy services 

Public health
Lincoln County's above-average poverty rate suggests a high Medicaid eligibility rate  As of 2012, 25 6% of Lincoln County was eligible for Medicaid, with 62 8% of children under 19 eligible for ARKids First, a program by the Arkansas Department of Human Services that combines children's Medicaid (ARKids A) and other programs for families with higher incomes (ARKids B)  These values are more in line with statewide averages than typical values for rural Arkansas counties The county's population is significantly above healthy weight, with 69 8% of adults and 43 5% of children/adolescents ranking as overweight or obese, above the state averages of 67 1% and 39 3%, themselves significantly above national averages of 62 9% and 30 3%, respectively The Jefferson Regional Medical Center in Pine Bluff is a community hospital offering acute inpatient care, emergency care, cardiology, home health, inpatient hospice, neurology, surgery, and the UAMS South Central Family Residency Program  The facility is rated as a Level 4 Trauma Center by the Arkansas Department of Health  Baptist Health Medical Center and CHI St  Vincent Infirmary are referral hospitals in Little Rock  The nearest Level 1 Trauma Centers are Arkansas Children's Hospital (ACH, or "Children's") and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), both in Little Rock 

Public safety
The Lincoln County Sheriff's Office is the primary law enforcement agency in the county  The agency is led by the Lincoln County Sheriff, an official elected by countywide vote every four years 
The county is under the jurisdiction of the Lincoln County District Court, a state district court  State district courts in Arkansas are courts of original jurisdiction for criminal, civil (up to $25,000), small claims, and traffic matters  State district courts are presided over by a full-time District Judge elected to a four-year term by a districtwide election  The district is subdivided into the Star City (city), Star City (county), Gould, and Grady departments  All departments of Lincoln County District Court are located at 300 South Drew, and are presided over by one District Judge, who is elected in a countywide election  Superseding district court jurisdiction is the 11th West Judicial Circuit Court, which covers Jefferson and Lincoln counties  The 11th West Circuit contains six circuit judges, elected to six-year terms circuitwide 

State prisons
The Arkansas Department of Correction operates two prisons in unincorporated areas in the county  The Varner Unit is located in Varner, and the Cummins Unit is near Varner 

Government
The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Arkansas and the Arkansas Code  The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection  Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even-numbered year  The number of districts in a county vary from nine to fifteen, and district boundaries are drawn by the county election commission  The Lincoln County Quorum Court has nine members  Presiding over quorum court meetings is the county judge, who serves as the chief operating officer of the county  The county judge is elected at-large and does not vote in quorum court business, although capable of vetoing quorum court decisions 

Politics
Lincoln County historically followed the Solid South voting trend of strong support for Democrats  However, following the election of Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton, the county has turned increasingly Republican, including in state and local races 

In Congress, Arkansas has been represented by two Republican senators (John Boozman and Tom Cotton) since January 3, 2015, ending a long history of Democratic hegemony  In the House of Representatives, Lincoln County is within the Arkansas 1st district with many other agricultural Delta counties on the eastern side of the state  The Arkansas 1st has been represented by Rick Crawford since 2010 
In the Arkansas State Senate, Lincoln County is split essentially in half between north and south  The northern half is within District 25, which also includes most of Jefferson and Phillips counties and a small portion of Desha County  The district has been represented by Stephanie Flowers, a Democratic lawyer from Pine Bluff, since January 2013  The southern half of Lincoln County is within District 26, which reaches to the southeastern corner of the state  District 26 has been represented by Eddie Cheatham, a Democratic retired educator from Crossett, since January 2013 
In the Arkansas House of Representatives, Lincoln County is split among three districts  The western third of Lincoln County is within District 10, which includes parts of four nearby counties  District 10 has been represented by Mike Holcomb since January 2013  Holcomb was initially elected as a Democrat, but switched to the Republican party in August 2015  The eastern third of the county is within District 12, which extends across Arkansas and Desha counties to include all of Phillips County  District 12 has been represented by Chris Richey, a Democratic pastor from Helena-West Helena, since January 2013  A small portion in northern Lincoln County, including Grady and Varner, is within District 16  The district contains the eastern half of Jefferson County, including the southeastern half of Pine Bluff, and has been represented by Ken Ferguson, a Democrat, since January 2015  District 13 has been represented by David Hillman since 2013 

Taxation
Property tax is assessed by the Lincoln County Assessor annually based upon the fair market value of the property and determining which tax rate, commonly called a millage in Arkansas, will apply  The rate depends upon the property's location with respect to city limits, school district, and special tax increment financing (TIF) districts  This tax is collected by the Lincoln County Collector between the first business day of March of each year through October 15th without penalty  The Lincoln County Treasurer disburses tax revenues to various government agencies, such as cities, county road departments, fire departments, libraries, and police departments in accordance with the budget set by the quorum court 

Communities
Cities
Gould
Grady
Star City (county seat)Lincoln County has 46 unincorporated communities and ghost towns within its borders  This is due to early settlers in Arkansas tending to settle in small clusters rather than incorporated towns  For example, communities like Varner had a post office and dozens of buildings at some point in their history  Other communities are simply a few dwellings at a crossroads that have adopted a common place name over time  Some are officially listed as populated places by the United States Geological Survey, and others are listed as historic settlements 

Unincorporated communities
Historical communities
Townships
Townships in Arkansas are the divisions of a county   Each township includes unincorporated areas; some may have incorporated cities or towns within part of their boundaries   Arkansas townships have limited purposes in modern times   However, the United States census does list Arkansas population based on townships (sometimes referred to as "county subdivisions" or "minor civil divisions")   Townships are also of value for historical purposes in terms of genealogical research   Each town or city is within one or more townships in an Arkansas county based on census maps and publications   The townships of Lincoln County are listed below; listed in parentheses are the cities, towns, and/or census-designated places that are fully or partially inside the township 

Source:

Infrastructure
Aviation
Lincoln County contains one public owned/public use general aviation airport, Star City Municipal Airport  For the twelve-month period ending February 28, 2014, the facility saw 5,400 general aviation operations  The nearest commercial service airport is Clinton National Airport in Little Rock 

Major highways
The most heavily traveled highway in Lincoln County is U S  Highway 65, with 7,700 vehicles per day estimated in Gould in 2016  The route connects travelers to Pine Bluff (and Little Rock via Interstate 530 [I-530]) to the north, and Mississippi and Louisiana to the south  U S  Highway 425 crosses the county from south to north, passing through Star City  Highway 530 was opened to traffic in 2013 as two lanes of a future four-lane controlled access facility between Pine Bluff and the future Interstate 69 in Monticello  Currently, the route serves as direct access to Pine Bluff and points north for Star City travelers, in less distance than US 65 
Eleven state highways serve the traveling public in the county, varying from short connector routes to long highways traversing the entire county  Highway 11 is an important highway in the county, running from US 63 just over the Cleveland County line northeast through Star City and Grady to Huff's Island park on the Arkansas River  Highway 54 crosses the county from east to west on a winding, indirect route between Dumas and Pine Bluff  Highway 114 and Highway 212 serves as east–west routes across the county  Highway 83, Highway 199, and Highway 293 are rural routes in the south, north and southeast parts of Lincoln County, respectively  Highway 388 runs from US 65 toward Cummins and Varner units  Highway 980 connects Star City Municipal Airport to Highway 114  Two unsigned state highways Highway 600 and Highway 831, serve as institutional roads for Cane Creek State Park and the state prisons, respectively 

Utilities
Water
The Arkansas Department of Health (ADH) is responsible for the regulation and oversight of public water systems throughout the state  Six community water systems are based in Lincoln County: Yorktown Water Association, Arkansas Department of Corrections - Cummins Unit, Star City Water, Gould Municipal Water/Sewer, Grady Waterworks, and the Garrett Bridge Water Association  All of these utilities use the Sparta Sand Aquifer for source water  Small, rural parts of the county are served by the Highway 63 Water Association and the Ladd Water Association Yorktown Water Association has the largest retail population, with 8,169 total retail population, mostly within Lincoln County  ADC Cummins Unit has a retail population of 3,800, followed by Star City with 2,842, Gould with 1,041, and all others under 1,000 retail population served 

Wastewater
The Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) regulates and oversees wastewater treatment and discharge permits in the state  Lincoln County contains three municipal wastewater systems, and one active domestic NPDES permit for Cummins Unit 

See also
List of lakes in Lincoln County, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lincoln County, Arkansas

Notes
Passage 4:
Siletz Reservation
The Siletz Reservation is a 5 852 sq mi (15 157 km²) Indian reservation in Lincoln County, Oregon, United States, owned by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz  The reservation is made up of numerous non-contiguous parcels of land in east-central Lincoln County, mostly east of the city of Siletz, between it and the Polk County line 

History
Establishment
In November 1855 President of the United States Franklin Pierce issued an executive order creating a reservation for the relocation of the indigenous peoples of the coastal region of the Oregon Territory  A 120-mile-long strip of land was designated for the Coast Indian Reservation  This reservation extended from Cape Lookout in Tillamook County on the north coast, extending to the Siltcoos River, near Florence in the South As Oregon's population grew, the federal government opened up some reservation lands for settlement by white newcomers, who displaced the indigenous peoples  The reservation Area was reduced and fragmented by the executive order December 21st 1865 of President Andrew Johnson and by the Act of Congress March 3rd 1875  Tribal groups reestablished a presence in isolated portions of their traditional homelands Under the Dawes Act of 1887, the government divided communal tribal lands for allocation of individual plots of 160 acres each to heads of households of tribal members; any remaining acreage was classified as "surplus" and sold to non-natives  This break-up of communal lands accelerated the process of atomization of the state's indigenous peoples Since the late 20th century, the federally recognized Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians has established casino gambling on its lands and generated monies for its people's welfare, as well as contributing to county needs
Context 3: Passage 1:
Toy Trawler Spaniel
The Toy Trawler Spaniel is an extinct breed of Spaniel which physically was similar to the King Charles Spaniel of the 16th century  It is considered to have descended from the original King Charles Spaniel, and the older variety of the Sussex Spaniel  It was employed as a sports dog first before becoming a toy and show dog  It was considered to be on the verge of extinction by 1920  A preserved specimen is kept in Tring at the Natural History Museum 

History
The specific origin of the breed is unknown, but in 1919, it was thought to have been descended from the originally curly-coated King Charles Spaniel and the old-fashioned curly-coated Sussex Spaniel  Its original purpose may have been as a sporting dog, but it became more frequently used as a toy dog  By 1907, the breed was more popular in Europe than in the U K , especially in the Netherlands and Italy There is a preserved specimen at the Natural History Museum at Tring  Named Robin, it was bred by Lady Wentworth and was born in 1911  It died in 1920 when the breed was said to be "nearly extinct"  Lady Wentworth wrote about using Toy Trawler Spaniels to re-breed the original King Charles Spaniel in her book Toy Dogs and Their Ancestors Including the History And Management of Toy Spaniels, Pekingese, Japanese and Pomeranians, published under the name of the "Hon  Mrs  Neville Lytton" in 1911 

Description
The Toy Trawler Spaniel was considered to be a throwback to the original King Charles Spaniel  The head was small and light, with an upwards tip on its short black nose  The top of the skull was flat and not dome-shaped, and had long ears set forward  Its coat was generally feathered quite long and was described as curly but not woolly, and its body was quite solidly built Its height was variable, ranging from 11–13 inches (28–33 cm) at the withers, although examples were given at 9 inches (23 cm), with proportionate weight given for a 13 inches (33 cm) high dog weighing 15 pounds (6 8 kg) The preferred colour was black with a white waistcoat, then red with a white waistcoat, but they also came in black and white and red and white  They were described as being very sweet, but also very bold and courageous, with timidity considered to be a fault in the show ring 
Passage 2:
Sussex Spaniel
The Sussex Spaniel is a breed of dog native to Sussex in southern England  It is a low, compact spaniel and is as old a breed as and similar in appearance to the Clumber Spaniel  They can be slow-paced, but can have a clownish and energetic temperament  They suffer from health conditions common to spaniels and some large dogs, as well as a specific range of heart conditions and spinal disc herniation 
The Sussex Spaniel was first recorded in 1795 in East and West Sussex, being at Goodwood and Rolvenden for specific hunting conditions  The breed nearly became extinct during the Second World War, but was bred back to sustainable numbers  It is now more popular in the United Kingdom and the United States than any other countries, and is recognised by all major kennel clubs  The breed was one of the first to be recognised by the UK Kennel Club in 1872  Sussex Spaniel Stump won the best in show in 2009 at the 133rd Westminster Kennel Club 

Description
The Sussex Spaniel is a low compact spaniel similar in appearance, but not in colour, to a  Clumber Spaniel  It is normally no taller than 15–16 in (38–41 cm) at the withers and the usual weight range is 45–50 lb (20–23 kg) with a roughly rectangular appearance  The Clumber Spaniel meanwhile is normally between 17–20 in (43–51 cm) high at the shoulder, and weighing 55–85 lb (25–39 kg) One of the noticeable features is their golden liver-coloured coat which is unique to the breed  Historically however, there have also been examples of black, black and tan and golden liver and white coloured Sussex Spaniels   coat is thick (sometimes with a slight wave to it), feathering on the chest, legs and ears and consists of a weather-resistant undercoat with a silky outer coat  The eyes are hazel in colour  The long silky ears are lobe-shaped typical of the Spaniel, and set moderately low  The Sussex is a short, stocky kind of dog 

Temperament
The Sussex Spaniel is a slow-paced, calm breed with somewhat clownish behaviour that normally keeps his energy and enthusiasm in check   He is always eager to be around people, is excellent around children, and can be quite protective of the family  They make excellent candidates for therapy dog work   Most Sussex Spaniels are primarily family pets, but they are competent enough to aid a hunter though quite stubborn to train  They tend to have a natural ability to quarter in the field, have excellent noses, and can be used to retrieve, given training  The breed is the only spaniel to howl once a game's scent is picked up 

Health
The breed is generally healthy with an average life span of 12 to 15 years  Hip dysplasia, a genetic malformation of the hip joint, may be a concern but because of the breed's compact nature is not often seriously debilitating  Surveys conducted by the Orthopedic Foundation For Animals showed that 41 5% of Sussex Spaniels were affected by hip dysplasia, and the breed was ranked 9th worst affected out of 157 breeds Another common condition is otitis externa (outer ear infections), which is common to a variety of spaniels, as the long floppy ears trap moisture, making them more prone to recurrent infections than dogs with more upright ears  The infections can be caused by a variety of reasons including mites, ear fungi and generally dirt and germs  Treatment is relatively simple and can range from prescribed antibiotics to over-the-counter ear cleaning liquids Whelping sometimes presents difficulties and require caesarean section for successful delivery of the puppies  The Sussex Spaniel is considered difficult to breed 

Heart conditions in the Sussex Spaniel can include pulmonary valve stenosis, which is the most common of the congenital heart defects  Essentially, in an animal with this condition, the pulmonary valve is improperly formed which causes the heart to work much faster to pump blood around the body  The final results of this condition can be swelling of fluid in the chambers of the heart, thickening of the heart muscle known as ventricular hypertrophy leading to eventual heart failure Patent ductus arteriosus also appears in the breed  It is a condition where a small blood vessel connecting two major arteries does not close following birth  It can cause complications as it is positioned to allow the blood flow to bypass the lungs  It also appears in American Staffordshire Terriers A heart condition uncommon to the breed is tetralogy of Fallot, which is more common in the Keeshond and English Bulldog breeds relatively  It is actually a combination of up to four conditions, including the previously mentioned pulmonary valve stenosis, with a secondary condition of right ventricular hypertrophy  The other conditions are ventricular septal defect which is a defect or hole in the wall of the heart between the two ventricles and the aorta which carries the blood from the left to the right side of the heart can be mis-positioned  The effect on the dog depends on the severity of the condition, and can range from a heart murmur through to reduced activity levels to death  Symptoms in puppies are generally a failure to grow and a reduced tolerance for exercise  Active treatment is effective in around 50% of cases 

Intervertebral disc syndrome
Also commonly called spinal disc herniation, this is where the intervertebral disc bulges or ruptures into the vertebral canal where the spinal cord resides  When the cord is compressed, the dog can experience symptoms ranging in scope from mild back or neck pain to paralysis of limbs, loss of sensation, and loss of bladder or bowel control  It is most commonly seen in the mid-back area, but can occur anywhere along the spine  Mild cases that do not result in paralysis can be treated medically by confining the animal in a crate to restrict movement to a minimum for several weeks, which can be accompanied by pain medication  Surgery can restore sensation to a dog's legs following paralysis but the success rate depends on how severe the herniation was 

History
The Sussex is a native breed to the county, known to be bred at Goodwood, West Sussex in 1792 and by Augustus Elliot Fuller of Rose Hill (now known as Brightling Park, Brightling in East Sussex, England  The Sussex is a breed of gun dog able to work in districts where the terrain is rough and the undergrowth very dense where a spaniel was needed which could give tongue or to alert the hunter on his quarry   The Sussex as a breed is older than the liver and white Norfolk Spaniel (now extinct), the Field Spaniel, and English Springer Spaniels  The Sussex was bred specifically to inherit the barking ability ( giving tongue) that was not common in most Spaniel breeds The Sussex Spaniel was one of the first to be registered by the UK Kennel club when it formed in 1872 and was one of the first ten breeds admitted into the stud book by the American Kennel Club in 1884, but lost what little popularity it had achieved in the 1940s  During World War II, breeding was discouraged but  the Sussex saved from extinction by English breeder Joy Freer  All modern Sussex Spaniels are descended from the dogs she saved  In 1947, only ten Sussex Spaniels were registered in the English Kennel Club In 2004 the breed was identified as a vulnerable native breed by Kennel Club of Great Britain which are described as having annual registration figures of less than 300 per year  In 2008, only 56 puppies were registered In 2009 a Sussex Spaniel named "Clussexx Three D Grinchy Glee," call name "Stump," won best in show at the 133rd Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show  At 10 years old, Stump is the oldest dog to win this title The breed is more popular in the United Kingdom and the United States than any other countries  It is recognised by the Continental Kennel Club, Fédération Cynologique Internationale, American Kennel Club, Kennel Club of Great Britain, Canadian Kennel Club, National Kennel Club, New Zealand Kennel Club, and the American Canine Registry 
Passage 3:
Welsh Springer Spaniel
The Welsh Springer Spaniel (Welsh: Llamgi Cymru) is a breed of dog and a member of the spaniel family  Thought to be comparable to the old Land Spaniel, they are similar to the English Springer Spaniel and historically have been referred to as both the Welsh Spaniel and the Welsh Cocker Spaniel  They were relatively unknown until a succession of victories in dog trials by the breed increased its popularity  Following recognition by The Kennel Club in 1902, the breed gained the modern name of Welsh Springer Spaniel  The breed's coat only comes in a single colour combination of white with red markings, usually in a piebald pattern  Loyal and affectionate, they can become very attached to family members and are wary of strangers  Health conditions are limited to those common among many breeds of dog, although they are affected more than average by hip dysplasia and some eye conditions  They are a working dog, bred for hunting, and while not as rare as some varieties of spaniel, they are rarer than the more widely known English Springer Spaniel with which they are sometimes confused 

History
The origin of the Welsh Springer Spaniel is unknown, but dogs resembling the breed with its distinctive red and white coat are frequently depicted in old pictures and prints  This type of dog was known as the Land Spaniel, and is considered to be similar to the modern Welsh Springer  John Caius, writing in 1570, said "Spaniels whose skynnes are white and if marked with any spottes they are commonly red"  It is thought that these Spaniels may have made their way into the Welsh valleys where local sportsman and hunters managed to conserve them in a pure state At one time called the Welsh Starter, it was used to spring game, originally for hunters using falcons  The traditional red and white colour of the Welsh Springer was once also found in English dogs, but by the early 20th century any such dogs were considered to have "died out long ago" The Welsh Springer Spaniel was also at one time called the Welsh Spaniel, and also at one point was included in the Kennel Club (UK) studbook as Cocker Spaniels, and was known as the Welsh Cocker  During the 19th century were several different varieties of Cocker Spaniel, including the English, the Welsh and the Devonshire as the term was used to describe the size of the dog rather than the breed  Unusually, in John George Wood's 1865 book The Illustrated Natural History, an image is described showing a Welsh Cocker Spaniel as a solid coloured dark spaniel  The same inscription is used in the 1867 work The Dog in Health and Disease by Stonehenge and he further describes the Welsh Cocker and the Devonshire Cocker as "both being of a deep-liver colour"  The Welsh Springer was relatively unknown during the 19th Century, but this changed in 1900 when Mr  A  T  Williams of Ynis-y-Gerwn won the team stake at the Sporting Spaniel Club Trials  The trials were held on Mr  Williams' own estate, and it was thought that when his team defeated eight well known teams it was because of the home advantage  This was disproved when dogs from the same kennel went on to win in successive years around the UK  His conformation show champion dog Corrin was the first Welsh Springer Spaniel to be photographed 

Welsh Springers were recognised by The Kennel Club, after the breed had gained popularity, in 1902 under the new name of Welsh Springer Spaniel  Until then the breed was shown alongside the English Springer Spaniel  The Welsh Springer Spaniel was transported to America in the late 19th century and gained recognition by the American Kennel Club in 1906 World War I caused problems for the breed in the United Kingdom, and when the war was over there were no dogs whose parents had registered pedigrees  The breed restarted with the remaining unregistered dogs, and it is these dogs that formed the modern day breed  The breeders in the 1920s and 1930s developed these dogs into the type of Welsh Springer Spaniel which remains today  The Welsh Springer Spaniel Club (UK) was formed in 1923, registrations slowly increased between the wars but all records held by the breed club were destroyed in an air raid during World War II  Following the two World Wars, it was thought that no Welsh Springers remained in the United States  The breed was reintroduced, and the descendants of those dogs make up the breed today in the United States and Canada  The breed was officially imported into Australia in 1973 In 2000, The Kennel Club registered 424 Welsh Springer Spaniels, compared with 12,599 English Springer Spaniels and 13,445 English Cocker Spaniels  Numbers remained steady, with 420 Welsh Springer Spaniels being registered in 2004, however numbers of English Springer Spaniels increased to 14,765 and English Cocker Spaniels to 16,608  Numbers remain closer to the American Cocker Spaniel which registered 610 in 2000, and 599 in 2004  The breed remains more popular than some other breeds of Spaniel, including the Clumber Spaniel, Field Spaniel, Sussex Spaniel and Irish Water Spaniel  Total registrations in the UK during 2016 fell to 299 qualifying it to be included on The Kennel Club's list of Vulnerable Native Breeds 

Description
Appearance
The Welsh Springer Spaniel is a compact, solidly built dog, bred for hard work and endurance  Their body can give the impression of length due to its obliquely angled forequarters and developed hindquarters  The build of the Welsh Springer Spaniel should be slightly off square, meaning that the length of the dog should be slightly greater than the height at the withers  However, some dogs may be square, and this is not penalised in the show ring as long as the height is never greater than the length   Traditionally a docked breed, dependent on legislation in the country of origin, and where allowed the dew claws can be removed In conformation showing, eyes should be brown in colour; yellow eyes do sometimes occur but are penalised in the show ring  Ears are small, pendulous (suspended and hanging), vine-shaped and with a light setter-like feathering  Nostrils are well developed and are black or any shade of brown; a pink nose is penalised in the AKC standard for the show ring, in Britain the colour is not specified in The Kennel Club's breed standard



ground_truth: Albert Park

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What city, located in Lincoln County, Montana, United States, is Vegepet based in?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

Culture and lifestyle
Tribal housing
The Siletz tribe has built several different areas for tribal members to live  The tribe has created a rent-to-buy style program so that tribal members are able to own their own houses  The tribe has also created elders housing units for the elderly tribal members, and they boast several different areas where members are able to rent tribal apartments, these apartments are spread all over the city on tribal properties 

Tribal events
The Siletz reservation is home to many tribal programs  The most prominent is the annual celebration held in Siletz on top of Government Hill, the Nesika Illahee Pow-wow  [1] This event happens during the second weekend of August  The pow-wow opens up every year with a parade and leads into the celebration that lasts all weekend  Siletz is also home to many other cultural events such as a culture camp, youth activities, and activities for elders  The reservation also houses the Siletz dance house where solstice celebrations take place along with many other events like weddings and coming-of-age ceremonies 

Education
There is one K-12th grade school in Siletz, the Siletz Valley Charter School also known as the Siletz Valley Early College Academy  The school had been closed for many years but reopened in 2006 due to funding provided by Chinook Winds Casino  It is a public school within the Lincoln County School District 

See also
Tolowa language

Footnotes
Further reading
David R M  Beck, "'Standing Out Here in the Surf': The Termination and Restoration of the Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians of Western Oregon in Historical Perspective," Oregon Historical Quarterly, vol  110, no  1 (Spring 2009), pp  6–37  In JSTOR 
C F  Coan, "The Adoption of the Reservation Policy in Pacific Northwest, 1853–1855," Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, vol  23, no  1 (March 1922), pp  1–38  In JSTOR 
Wilkinson, Charles F  The People Are Dancing Again: The History of the Siletz Tribe of Western Oregon  Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2010 

External links
Confederated Tribes of Siletz homepage
Passage 5:
Marv Skie–Lincoln County Airport
Marv Skie–Lincoln County Airport (FAA LID: Y14) is a public use airport in Lincoln County, South Dakota, United States  It is owned by Lincoln County and located two nautical miles (4 km) northeast of the central business district of Tea, South Dakota  This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility 

Background
The airport was named for Marvin A  Skie (1914–1997) of Lennox, Lincoln County 

Facilities and aircraft
Marv Skie–Lincoln County Airport covers an area of 134 acres (54 ha) at an elevation of 1,515 feet (462 m) above mean sea level  It has one runway designated 16/34 with a concrete surface measuring 3,650 by 60 feet (1,113 x 18 m) For the 12-month period ending September 28, 2011, the airport had 40,860 aircraft operations, an average of 111 per day: 99% general aviation and 1% air taxi  At that time there were 89 aircraft based at this airport: 98% single-engine and 2% multi-engine 

See also
List of airports in South Dakota
Passage 6:
Kemmerer, Wyoming
Kemmerer is the largest city in and the county seat of Lincoln County, Wyoming, United States  Its population was 2,415 at the 2020 census 

History
Explorer John C  Frémont discovered coal in the area during his second expedition in 1843  The Union Pacific Coal Company opened the first underground mine in 1881 after construction of the Oregon Short Line Railroad from Granger to Oregon Patrick J  Quealy (1857–1930) founded Kemmerer as an "independent town" in 1897 when he was vice-president of the Kemmerer Coal Company, located 6 miles (9 7 km) south of the original townsite   He named the company and town after his financial backer, Pennsylvania coal magnate Mahlon S  Kemmerer (1843–1925)  In 1950, the operation converted to strip mining and became the world's largest open pit coal mine  In 1980 the Kemmerer Coal Co  was sold to the Pittsburg & Midway Coal Company, now a subsidiary of the Westmorland Coal Company  The pit remains in operation with an annual output of about 5 million tons 
Quealy sold lots in the townsite rather than lease them, which permitted the establishment of independent businesses  The company's subsidiary, Frontier Supply Company, provided electricity by utilizing a used $1,150 generator acquired in Utah  Quealy immigrated from Ireland  In Wyoming, he and his wife became active in Democratic Party politics and in St  Patrick's Church, for which the company donated land 
Quealy was the founding president of the First National Bank, established in 1900  Kemmerer Savings Bank was founded in 1909   Its president Asbury D  Hoskins was manager of the Blyth-Fargo-Hoskins Company, and was elected Wyoming state treasurer in 1919 
The J  C  Penney company store was founded in Kemmerer in 1902 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7 81 square miles (20 23 km2), of which 7 80 square miles (20 20 km2) is land and 0 01 square miles (0 03 km2) is water The Fossil Butte National Monument is located 15 miles west of Kemmerer, on U S  Highway 30 

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Kemmerer has a warm-summer humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps  The hottest temperature recorded in Kemmerer was 99 °F (37 °C) on July 12, 1990, while the coldest temperature recorded was −39 °F (−39 °C) on December 22, 1990 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 2,415 people, 1,251 households, and 538 families living in the city  The population density was 309 2 inhabitants per square mile (119 4/km2)  There were 1,454 housing units at an average density of 186 2 per square mile (71 9/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 91 4% White, > 1% African American,  8% Native American, > 7% Asian, 1 6% from other races, and 5 4% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 5% of the population 
There were 1,251 households, of which 23 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39 8% were married couples living together, 4 9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2 3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 52 8% were non-families  48 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 1 88 and the average family size was 3 12 
The median age in the city was 39 1 years  25 6% of residents were under the age of 18; 5 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26 1% were from 25 to 44; 12 3% were from 45 to 64; and 21 1% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 53 7% male and 46 3% female 

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,656 people, 1,078 households, and 704 families living in the city  The population density was 340 5 inhabitants per square mile (131 5/km2)  There were 1,265 housing units at an average density of 162 2 per square mile (62 6/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 93 2% White, 0 2% African American, 1 2% Native American, 0 4% Asian, 3 9% from other races, and 1 0% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7 8% of the population 
There were 1,078 households, of which 30 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57 7% were married couples living together, 4 2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3 4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34 7% were non-families  29 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 42 and the average family size was 3 03 
The median age in the city was 38 2 years  24 5% of residents were under the age of 18; 7 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26% were from 25 to 44; 30 4% were from 45 to 64; and 11 4% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 52 2% male and 47 8% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,651 people, 1,034 households, and 695 families living in the city  The population density was 359 7 people per square mile (138 9/km2)  There were 1,208 housing units at an average density of 163 9 per square mile (63 3/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 96 72% White, 0 11% African American, 0 49% Native American, 0 60% Asian, 0 04% Pacific Islander, 1 17% from other races, and 0 87% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3 36% of the population 
There were 1,034 households, out of which 34 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58 3% were married couples living together, 4 9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32 7% were non-families  28 6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 53 and the average family size was 3 13 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 28 4% under the age of 18, 7 1% from 18 to 24, 28 0% from 25 to 44, 25 7% from 45 to 64, and 10 8% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 103 9 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102 0 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $47,353, and the median income for a family was $55,529  Males had a median income of $45,921 versus $23,382 for females  The per capita income for the city was $21,478  About 5 1% of families and 6 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7 1% of those under the age of 18 and 5 7% of those 65 and older 

Economy
Naughton Power Plant is a coal-fired power station located on the southwest edge of Kemmerer   The plant employs 230 people, and is scheduled to close in 2025  In 2021, TerraPower announced it would open a sodium-cooled nuclear power plant in Kemmerer in 2028, at an estimated cost of $4 billion  The company plans to employ workers from Naughton Power Plant 

Education
Kemmerer is located within Lincoln County School District #1, which includes Canyon Elementary School, New Frontier High School and Kemmerer High School  Teresa Chaulk is the Superintendent of Schools Kemmerer has a public library, a branch of the Lincoln County Library System 

Notable people
John Buck (born 1980), former MLB catcher
Jerry Buss (1933–2013), owner of the Los Angeles Lakers, lived in Kemmerer as a teenager
William L  Carlisle (1890–1964), one of America's last train robbers, lived in Kemmerer after his release from prison in 1936
Edgar Herschler (1918–1990), governor of Wyoming from 1975 to 1986
James Cash Penney (1875–1971), founder of the J C  Penney chain of stores
Mollie Hemingway (c  1974), journalist, was raised in Kemmerer

See also
Fossil Butte National Monument
Kemmerer Municipal Airport
Passage 7:
Star Valley High School
Star Valley High School is a high school located in rural Afton, Lincoln County, Wyoming, United States  It is one of three high schools in Lincoln County School District Number 2, along with Cokeville High School, and Swift Creek High School   It is one of four high schools, along with Cokeville High School, Swift Creek High school, and Kemmerer High School, in Lincoln County 
Principal Shannon Harris was named 2009 Wyoming High School Principal of the Year At the beginning of the 2012–2013 school year, Star Valley High School was a recipient of the National Blue Ribbon School of Excellence award from the National Department of Education 
The school was expected to average 188 students per grade through the 2010–2011 school year  The student population is 46 8% female and 53 2% male, with 97 14% Caucasian students and 1 5% Hispanic   20 4% of the students receive free or reduced lunch   Despite the relative poverty of its students, it is ranked high in academics (9 out of 10) Star Valley competes in classes 3A and 4A in Wyoming high school athletics 

Alumni
Rulon Gardner, Olympic wrestler

See also
List of high schools in Wyoming
Education in Lincoln County
Passage 8:
Vegepet
Vegepet is a line of dietary supplement products for dogs and cats being fed a vegan diet, sold by Compassion Circle 

Nutritional study
In 2004, a study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association evaluated two commercial vegetarian pet foods for nutritional adequacy, which included Vegecat KibbleMix supplement   The study concluded that both Vegecat KibbleMix and the other vegetarian pet food had multiple nutritional inadequacies, particularly taurine, when compared against the AAFCO minimal nutrient profile for cat diets  Vitamin A level leaned high but was still within the AAFCO maximum safe
intake  In an apologetic reply, the manufacturer of Vegecat attributed the test results to a manufacturing error during the mixing process and an inaccurate nutrient profile of a food yeast, and said they were taking steps to correct the problems 

See also
Vegetarian and vegan dog diet
Dog food § Vegetarian and vegan dog diet
Cat food § Vegetarian and vegan diet
Passage 9:
Merrill, Wisconsin
Merrill is a city in and the county seat of Lincoln County, Wisconsin, United States  It is located to the south of and adjacent to the Town of Merrill  The population was 9,347, according to the 2020 census  Merrill is part of the United States Census Bureau's Merrill MSA, which includes all of Lincoln County  Together with the Wausau MSA, which includes all of Marathon County, it forms the Wausau-Merrill CSA 

History
Merrill was first inhabited by the Chippewa Native Americans  The first European settlement there was a logging town named Jenny Bull Falls  By 1843, a trading post was constructed near the town; John Faely was the first settler  Within four years a dam, started by Andrew Warren, was constructed over the Wisconsin River  Warren then established the first mill powered by the dam, and other saw mills in the area  In 1870, T  B  Scott succeeded Warren, and the mill soon became increasingly successful  In 1899 the mill burned down  During that time the name of the community was changed to Merrill, in honor of Sherburn S  Merrill (1818–1885), the general manager of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St  Paul, and Pacific Railroad In 1881, the Wisconsin Telephone Company began operation, with 20 phones in service  In 1883, the first City Council met and T  B  Scott was named the first mayor  By 1885, the population had risen to 7,000, approximately 3,000 less than Merrill's population today  The railroad and passenger depot was a hub of social activity through the lumber industry's boom years and after  It later became a community youth center, but has since been razed  By 1900, the timber industry was in decline and the community was compelled to diversify its economy 
In July 1912, the Wisconsin River and several of its tributaries flooded from Rothschild to Merrill, destroying several dams (active and abandoned), as well as causing hundreds of thousands of dollars in damage in Merrill 

Geography
Merrill is located at 45°10′57″N 89°41′44″W (45 182569, -89 69559), along the Wisconsin River at its confluence with the Prairie River 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8 08 square miles (20 93 km2), of which, 7 5 square miles (19 42 km2) is land and 0 58 square miles (1 50 km2) is water Merrill is located west of US Route 51 on State Highway 64 (Main Street) 
Council Grounds State Park is due west of the city 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the census of 2020, the population was 9,347  The population density was 1,245 6 inhabitants per square mile (480 9/km2)  There were 4,503 housing units at an average density of 600 1 per square mile (231 7/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 93 1% White, 0 7% Native American, 0 7% Black or African American, 0 4% Asian, 1 0% from other races, and 4 1% from two or more races  Ethnically, the population was 2 6% Hispanic or Latino of any race 

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 9,661 people, 4,175 households, and 2,516 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,334 4 inhabitants per square mile (515 2/km2)  There were 4,619 housing units at an average density of 638 0 per square mile (246 3/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 96 3% White, 0 5% African American, 0 4% Native American, 0 6% Asian, 0 8% from other races, and 1 2% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2 0% of the population 
There were 4,175 households, of which 29 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43 0% were married couples living together, 12 4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4 9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39 7% were non-families  35 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 25 and the average family size was 2 88 
The median age in the city was 40 4 years  23 9% of residents were under the age of 18; 7 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24 9% were from 25 to 44; 24 5% were from 45 to 64; and 19 4% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 47 6% male and 52 4% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 10,146 people, 4,183 households, and 2,631 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,441 7 people per square mile (556 4/km2)  There were 4,397 housing units at an average density of 624 8 per square mile (241 1/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 97 77% White, 0 20% Black or African American, 0 54% Native American, 0 42% Asian, 0 04% Pacific Islander, 0 36% from other races, and 0 66% from two or more races  1 03% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race 
There were 4,183 households, out of which 31 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47 2% were married couples living together, 11 9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37 1% were non-families  32 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 34 and the average family size was 2 96 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 25 3% under the age of 18, 8 5% from 18 to 24, 27 5% from 25 to 44, 19 1% from 45 to 64, and 19 7% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 37 years  For every 100 females, there were 89 8 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84 4 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $33,098, and the median income for a family was $45,860  Males had a median income of $30,789 versus $21,372 for females  The per capita income for the city was $17,429  About 5 7% of families and 9 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10 7% of those under age 18 and 15 0% of those age 65 or over 

Government
The Lincoln County Courthouse, begun in 1903, was completed at a cost of $119,882  Its central rotunda is 32 feet in diameter; second floor offices lead off its balcony  A 48-inch bell and one-ton clock were mounted on the roof tower  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 19, 1978 

Education
Merrill is served by the Merrill Area Public School District  Northcentral Technical College's Public Safety Training center was built in Merrill in 2005 

Public schools
Kate Goodrich Elementary School
Washington Elementary School
Prairie River Middle School
Merrill High School

Private schools
Trinity Lutheran School
St  John Lutheran School
St  Francis Xavier Catholic School
New Testament Church Christian Academy

Transportation
Highways
From 1889 to 1921 a streetcar line was operated by the Merrill Railway & Lighting Co , which also operated one of the earliest trolleybus lines in the United States in 1913 

Local transit
The City of Merrill operates an on-demand bus system within the city limits, known as the Merrill Transit System (formerly Merrill-Go-Round)  As of 2019, the fee is $2 00 general and $1 00 for the elderly and disabled The community supports a private Blue Jay Taxi service  The service is in part supported by the Merrill/Tomahawk Tavern League through its SafeRide Home program providing over 1,200 free ride vouchers annually, and is locally funded by the annual Lobsterfest event  The program unique to Wisconsin and is considered an effective means by other states to eliminate drunk driving 

Airport
Merrill is served by the Merrill Municipal Airport (KRRL)  Located one mile northwest of the city's center, the airport handles approximately 18,600 operations per year, with roughly 96% general aviation and 4% air taxi  The airport has a 5,100-foot asphalt runway with approved GPS approaches (Runway 7-25) and a 2,997-foot asphalt crosswind runway (Runway 16-34) 

Parks and recreation
Parks
Recreation
Historic places
Notable people
Images
Context 3:  In showing, a scissors bite is preferred with an undershot jaw severely penalised  Unlike the English Springer Spaniel and English Cocker Spaniel, there is no divergence into show and field styles of the breed Male dogs are 46 to 48 centimetres (18 to 19 in) high at the withers, with females a little smaller at 43 to 46 centimetres (17 to 18 in)  On average, members of the breed weigh between 16 and 20 kg (35 and 45 lb)  The back of the legs, chest, and underside of the body are feathered, and the ears and tail are lightly feathered  The only colour is a rich red-and-white  Any pattern is acceptable and any white area may be flecked with red ticking Welsh Springers are often confused with the English Springer Spaniel, but there are marked differences  The Welsh Springer is slightly smaller, and its reddish markings on a white background as opposed to the English Springers black or liver-coloured markings  Both breeds are admired for their hunting abilities and their trademark trait of "springing" at game  This can be seen during play also, as a dog may "spring" on his toy  Some experts believe that the Welsh Springer Spaniel and the Brittany share the same ancestry as there is a great deal of resemblance between the two breeds  The colours of the Welsh Springer, while exclusive from the English Springer, appear in the Brittany and the Brittany and Welsh Springers are both of similar sizes  The Welsh Springer is larger than the English Cocker Spaniel 

Temperament
The Welsh Springer Spaniel is active, loyal, and affectionate  They may meet strangers barking when in their territory, or act aloof, cautious or wary  The breed is well known for being friendly and demonstrative to all members of the family, especially children, and accepting other pets of the household with a friendly, playful attitude The breed is quick to learn but can be headstrong, though with correct training can become very obedient  The Welsh Springer was bred for work and endurance, and as with many breeds of hunting dogs requires a regular exercise routine to keep them healthy and content  Without adequate exercise, a Welsh Springer Spaniel may appear hyperactive  Some Welsh Springers can become clingy towards their owners and suffer separation anxiety when alone 

Health
The Welsh Springer is generally a healthy breed, but some can suffer conditions common to many breeds such as hip dysplasia, Canine glaucoma and like other dogs with pendulous ears, they are prone to ear infections such as otitis externa  Some Welsh Springer Spaniels are predisposed to become overweight  In a survey of over a hundred breeds of dog conducted in 1997, the Welsh Springer Spaniel was ranked 14th for worst hip score, with the average score of the breed being 18 45  The average lifespan is 12 to 15 years 

Eye disorders
Welsh Springers can be prone to entropion, which is a disorder that affects the eyelids  The condition causes them to curl inwards, pressing the eyelashes against the surface of the eye itself and causing them to scratch it  This can lead to irritation and damage to the cornea  In most cases it only affects the lower eyelid on one or both eyes, but in some cases the upper eyelid can be affected as well  Symptoms can include tearing, squinting, the rubbing of the eyes, thick discharge from the eyes and rolling of the eyelid along with wetness on the hairs next to the eyelids  There is no medical treatment for entropion, and surgical correction may be necessary depending on the severity of the case  This condition may be present soon after birth, or later in life as a secondary condition to other eye related diseases or infections  Other breeds also affected by the condition include the Chow Chow, Great Dane, Golden Retriever and the English Springer Spaniel Narrow/closed angle glaucoma is an autosomal dominant inheritable trait in the breed  It is a leading cause of blindness in dogs, and is where there is increased fluid pressure within the eye  If the fluid is not reduced, the pressure causes permanent damage to the retina and optic nerve  Loss of eyesight can happen as quickly as within 24 hours if the pressure if elevated enough, or slowly over time if it is only a mild elevation  The sudden, rapid elevation of pressure is more common with narrow/closed angle glaucoma which is more common to the breed than the slower open angle glaucoma  Symptoms can include redness in the eye, the eye itself looking cloudy, sensitivity to light and the dog may rub at their eye, or even rub it along other objects and carpet as the condition is moderate to extremely painful  Treatment can vary depending on the severity of the condition but if inherited glaucoma appears in one eye then it usually occurs in the other eye eventually 

See also
Hunting dog
Sporting Group
Passage 4:
Breed group (dog)
Dog types are broad categories of domestic dogs based on form, function, or style of work, lineage, or appearance  Some may be locally adapted dog types (or landraces) that may have the visual characteristics of a modern purebred dog  In contrast, modern dog breeds strictly adhere to long-established breed standards, that began with documented foundation breeding stock sharing a common set of inheritable characteristics, developed by long-established, reputable kennel clubs that recognize the dog as a purebred 
A "dog type" can be referred to broadly, as in gun dog, or more specifically, as in spaniel  Dogs raised and trained for a specific working ability rather than appearance may not closely resemble other dogs doing the same work, or any of the dogs of the analogous breed group of purebred dogs 

Names in English
The earliest books in the English language to mention numbers of dog types are from the "Cynegetica" (hunting literature), namely, The Art of Venery (1327) by Twiti (Twici), a treatise that describes hunting with the limer (a leashed bloodhound type); the pack of running hounds, which included barcelets and brachetz (both scent hounds); and the sighthound and greyhound  More significant in recording the use and description of various dog types is The Master of Game (circa 1406) by Edward of York, a treatise that describes dogs and their work, such as the alaunt, greyhound, pack scent hounds, spaniel, and mastiff, used by the privileged and wealthy for hunting purposes  The Master of Game is a combination of the earlier Art of Venery and the French hunting treatise Livre de Chasse by Gaston Phoebus (circa 1387)  The Book of Saint Albans, published in 1486, a "school" book about hawking, hunting, fishing, and heraldry, attributed to Juliana Berners (Barnes), lists dogs of the time mainly by function: "First there is a greyhound, a bastard, a mongrel, a mastiff, a limer, a spaniel, "raches" (small-to-medium-sized scenthounds), "kennets" (small hunting dogs), terriers, "butcher's hounds", dung-heap dogs, "trundel tails" (lapdogs?) and prick-eared curs, and small ladies puppies that bear away the fleas and diverse small sorts "
Almost 100 years later, another book in English, De Canibus Britannicus, by the author/physician John Caius, translated (Fleming) from Latin in 1576, attempted the first systematic approach to defining different types of dogs in various categories, demonstrating an apparent increase in types and population  "English dogs": the gentle (i e , well-bred) kind, serving game—harriers, terriers, bloodhounds, gazehounds, greyhounds, limers, tumblers, and stealers; "the homely kind"; "the currish kind", toys; "Fowling dogs"—setters and spaniels; as well as the pastoral or shepherd types, mastiffs or bandogs, and various village dogs  Subtypes describing the function of dogs in each group were also included 

Dog types and modern breeds
"It is important", reminded Anne Rogers Clark and Andrew Brace, "not to claim great age for breeds, though it is quite legitimate to claim considerable antiquity for types of dogs"  Attempts to classify dogs into different 'species' show that dog types could be quite distinctive, from the Canis melitaeus of lapdogs descended from ancient Roman pet dogs to the even more ancient Canis molossus, the Molossan types, to the Canis saultor, the dancing mongrel of beggars  These types were uniform enough to appear to have been selectively bred, but as Raymond Coppinger wrote, "Natural processes can produce, could produce, and do produce populations of unusual and uniform dogs, that is, dogs with a distinctive conformation " Human manipulation was very indirect  In a very few cases emperors, monasteries, or wealthy hunters might maintain lines of special dogs, from which we have today's Pekingese, St  Bernards, and foxhounds 
At the beginning of the 19th century, there were only a few dogs identified as breeds, but when dog fighting was outlawed in England in 1835, a new sport of dog showing began  Along with this sport came rules, written records, and closed stud books  Dog fanciers began refining breeds from the various types of dogs in use  Some of the old types no longer needed for work (such as the wolfhound) were remade and kept from extinction as show dogs, and other old types were refined into many new breeds  Sometimes, multiple new breeds might be born in the same litter of puppies  In 1873, only forty breeds and varieties were known; today, there are many hundreds of breeds, some 400 of them recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) alone  Dog types today are recognized in the names of Group or Section categories of dog breed registries  Named types of dogs that are not dog breeds are still being used where function or use is more important than appearance, especially for herding or hunting, as with the herding dog types of New Zealand that are described by their exact function (Heading Dog, Huntaway, Stopping Dog, etc —functional terms, not necessarily breed names) 

Other uses of the word '"type" in dogs
For biologists, a "type" fixes a name to a taxon  Dog fanciers use the term "breed type" in the sense of "qualities (as of bodily contour and carriage) that are felt to indicate excellence in members of a group"  "Breed type" is specific to each dog breed's written standard  A dog that closely resembles the appearance laid out in the standard is said to be "typey"  "Type" also is used to refer to "dogs of a well established line", an identifiable style of dog within the "breed type", usually from a specific kennel 

Trainability and boldness
In 2011, a study found that herding dogs were more trainable than hounds, toy dogs, and non-sporting dogs  Sporting dogs were more trainable than non-sporting dogs  Terriers were bolder than hounds and herding dogs  Breeds with ancient Asian or African origin were less trainable than breeds in the herding/sighthound cluster and the hunting breeds  Breeds in the mastiff/terrier cluster were bolder than the ancient breeds, the breeds in the herding/sighthound cluster, and the hunting breeds 

Notes
Passage 5:
Dutch Smoushond
The Dutch Smoushond (Hollandse Smoushond, Dutch Ratter) is a small breed of dog, related to the Pinscher and Schnauzer breed type kept in stables to eliminate rats and mice in Germany and the Netherlands  It is very rare and not well known outside the Netherlands, its country of origin 

Appearance
The Dutch Smoushond is small in size, at the maximum 10 kg in weight and  43 cm at the withers  Its waterproof coat is rough and shaggy, and of any shade of yellow colour  The characteristic shape of the head is broad and short, with drop ears set high on the head 

History
The Hollandse Smoushond Club (Smoushondenclub) was formed in 1905 to document and register the small stable dog as a purebred breed, as it was in danger of dying out  Its origins may have been with the ancestor of the Schnauzer breed, as an incorrect yellow colour  The name refers to its shaggy fur and face, as Jewish men (called Smouzen in the 1800s, a slur deriving from the name Moses) had beards and long hair  They were called "Dutch" to prevent confusion with the similar Brussels Griffons   During World War II, the breed nearly disappeared  In 1973, several breeders began to reconstruct the breed with the few remaining dogs, most of whom had been crossbred with other breeds  Much of the reconstruction was accomplished with the use of Border Terrier crosses  There is illustrated reference to the breed in Dutch artist Rien Poortvliet's popular 1996 book, "Dogs "

Recognition
Although popular in the Netherlands, the breed is not well known elsewhere in the world  It was recognised in 2001 by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale and placed in the Group 2, Section 1: Pinschers and Schnauzers, Section 1 3 Smoushond  Of the major kennel clubs in the English-speaking world, it is recognised only by the United Kennel Club in the United States (classified in its Terrier Group)  It also may be found listed by some of the vast number of internet-based minor registries and dog registry businesses as a "rare breed" 

See also
Dogs portal
List of dog breeds
Schnauzer
Pinscher
Terrier
Passage 6:
Griffon
Griffon may refer to:

Griffin, or griffon, a mythological creature with the body of a lion and head and wings of an eagle

Businesses
Griffon Aerospace, an American aerospace and defense company
Griffon Corporation, a multinational conglomerate holding company
Griffon Hoverwork, a British hovercraft designer and manufacturer

Species
Griffon (dog type), a collection of breeds that were originally hunting dogs
The griffons, several birds of prey in the genus Gyps

Transportation and military
Bell CH-146 Griffon, a helicopter
HMS Griffon, the name of several ships of the Royal Navy
InterPlane Griffon, an ultralight aircraft
Le Griffon, a 1679 French sailing vessel
Nord 1500 Griffon a 1950s experimental fighter aircraft
Rolls-Royce Griffon, a British aero engine
CCGS Griffon, a Canadian Coast Guard vessel
HMCS Griffon, Canadian Forces shore establishment
VBMR Griffon, a French multi-role armored vehicle

Other uses
Griffon (framework), an open source rich client platform framework
Griffon (roller coaster), in Busch Gardens Williamsburg, U S 
Griffons (rugby union), a South African rugby union team
Missouri Western Griffons, sports teams of Missouri Western State University, U S 
Griffon Ramsey (born 1980), an American chainsaw carving artist

See also
All pages with titles containing Griffon
Griffin (disambiguation)
Gryphon (disambiguation)
Passage 7:
American Cocker Spaniel
The American Cocker Spaniel is a breed of sporting dog  It is a spaniel type dog that is closely related to the English Cocker Spaniel; the two breeds diverged during the 20th century due to differing breed standards in the US and the UK  In the United States, the breed is usually called a Cocker Spaniel, while elsewhere in the world, it is called an American Cocker Spaniel to distinguish it from its older English cousin  The word cocker is commonly held to stem from their use to hunt woodcock in England, while spaniel is thought to be derived from the breed's origins in Spain 
The first spaniel in America came across with the Mayflower in 1620, but it was not until 1878 that the first Cocker Spaniel was registered with the American Kennel Club (AKC)  A national breed club was set up three years later and the dog considered to be the father of the modern breed, Ch  Obo II, was born around this time  By the 1920s the English and American varieties of Cocker had become noticeably different and in 1946 the AKC recognized the English type as a separate breed  It was not until 1970 that The Kennel Club in the UK recognized the American Cocker Spaniel as being separate from the English type  The American Cocker was the most popular breed in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s and again during the 1980s, reigning for a total of 18 years  They have also won the best in show title at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show on four occasions, the best in show title at Crufts in 2017, and have been linked to the President of the United States on several occasions, with owners including Richard Nixon and Harry S  Truman   In 2013, the cocker spaniel ranked 29th the American Kennel Club registration statistics of historical comparisons and notable trends 
The breed is the smallest of the sporting dogs recognized by the AKC, and its distinctly shaped head makes it immediately recognizable  In addition, there are some marked differences between it and its English relative  It is a happy breed with average working intelligence, although by being bred to a show standard it is no longer an ideal working dog  Members of the breed suffer from a wide variety of health ailments including problems with their hearts, eyes and ears 

History
The word spanyell is thought to date from the late 12th century when it was used to name a type of dog imported into England from Spain, with the span part of the word referring to the country of origin  Records from the mid-14th century show that selective breeding was already in place, with the breed being separated into two distinct types, called water spaniels and land spaniels  By 1801, the smaller variety of land spaniel was called the Cocker or Cocking Spaniel, so named for its use in flushing woodcock According to historical records, the first spaniel was brought to North America aboard the Mayflower which sailed from Plymouth, England and landed in New England in 1620  The first Cocker Spaniel recorded in America was a liver and white dog named Captain, who was registered with the American Kennel Club in 1878  In 1881, the American Cocker Spaniel Club was formed; it would later become the American Spaniel Club (ASC) and is now known as the oldest breed club for dogs in the United States  The task of the club was initially to create a standard to separate the Cocker Spaniel in America from other types of land spaniels, a task which would take over 20 years, only being completed in 1905 The dog considered to be the father of the American Cocker Spaniel was sired by the dog considered to be the father of the English Cocker Spaniel  Ch  Obo was bred to Ch  Chloe II, who was shipped to America while she was pregnant  Once in the United States, she whelped a dog who became Ch  Obo II  He differed greatly from the modern breed, being only 10 inches (25 cm) tall and with a long body, but was considered to be an excellent dog of that era and became a popular sire Towards the end of the 19th century, the breed had become popular in America and Canada due to their dual use as a family pet and a working dog  In the early 20th century the breeders on either side of the Atlantic had created different breed standards for the Cocker Spaniel and the breed gradually diverged from one another, with the two becoming noticeably different by the 1920s  The American Cockers by now had a smaller muzzle, their coats were softer and the dogs overall were lighter and smaller  The differences were so apparent that in 1935, breeders founded the English Cocker Spaniel Club and restricted breeding between the two types of spaniel  The two types of Cocker Spaniel in America were shown together as one breed, with the English type as a variety of the main breed, until 1946 when the American Kennel Club recognized the English Cocker Spaniel as a separate breed



ground_truth: Troy, Montana

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Dutch Smoushond and Sussex Spaniel's both dog breeds?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 

Return to the UK
Initially in the United Kingdom there were a few American Cockers that had accompanied service personnel to American bases in the 1950s and 1960s  In addition, several came over with embassy staff and business people returning home The first UK Kennel Club registered American Cocker Spaniel was Aramingo Argonaught, born January 17, 1956, and bred by Herbert L  Steinberg  Two judges confirmed that the dog was an American Cocker and not an English Cocker before the Kennel Club permitted the dog to be shown  In the 1960s they were shown as a rare breed, which meant that they did not have a show class of their own and could only be shown in variety classes  This included Aramingo Argonaught, who was the first American Cocker Spaniel to be shown at Crufts in 1960 in a class entitled "Any variety not classified at this show"  In 1968, the KC agreed to have the breed shown in the category "Any variety gundog other than Cocker" and stated that the American Cocker was not a variety of "Spaniel (Cocker)"  There were around 100 registrations between 1966 and 1968 In 1970 the breed was given a separate register in the Kennel Club Breed Supplement, as it was previously included in "Any other variety"  Registration numbers increased to 309 by 1970 following this full recognition 

Notable American Cockers and popularity
American Cocker Spaniels have won best in show at the Westminster Dog Show on four occasions, with the first win in 1921 by Ch  Midkiff Seductive  Ch  My Own Brucie won the title twice in 1940 and 1941, and became known as the most photographed dog in the world Brucie's win in 1940 coincided with the American Cocker Spaniel becoming the most popular breed of dog in the United States, and they would remain the most popular until 1952  The breed won the title for the fourth time in 1954 with the victory going to Ch  Carmor's Rise and Shine  The popularity of the American Cocker increased once again in the 1980s with it becoming the most popular breed again from 1984 until 1990  In more recent years the popularity of the breed has decreased, with it ranked 15th most popular by the American Kennel Club in 2005  The breeds most recent victory came in 2017 when it won the best in show title at Crufts 
American Cocker Spaniels have had several links to the United States Presidency  In 1952, an American Cocker Spaniel became a household name when United States Senator Richard Nixon made his Checkers speech on September 23  A parti-colored American Cocker Spaniel named Dot was one of several dogs owned by Rutherford B  Hayes; and a buff colored dog named Feller caused a scandal for Harry S  Truman when the dog was received as an unwanted gift with the President subsequently giving it away to a White House physician  More recently, a Cocker named Zeke lived with Bill Clinton while he was the governor of Arkansas 

Appearance
The American Cocker Spaniel is the smallest dog recognized by the American Kennel Club as a sporting dog, being on average between 13 5 and 15 5 inches (34 and 39 cm) high at the withers  It is a dog of normal proportions, with medium long silky fur on the body and ears, hanging down on the legs and belly (known as feathering)  The head has an upturned nose and the ears hang down  The breed standard states that size over 15 5 inches (39 cm) inches for males and 14 5 inches (37 cm) for females is a disqualification at conformation shows  American Cocker Spaniels weigh around 24 to 30 pounds (11 to 14 kg) on average, with females of the breed usually weighing slightly less than the males The head of an American Cocker Spaniel makes the breed immediately recognizable, with the rounded dome of the skull, well-pronounced stop, and a square shaped lip  The drop ears are long, low set, with long silky fur, and the eyes are dark, large, and rounded  The nose can be black or brown depending on the color of the breed The coat of the breed come in a variety of shades with the colors being separated into three main groups: black/black and tan, any solid color other than black (ASCOB), and parti-color  The black variety is either all black, or with tan points on the dog's head, the feet and the tail in a pattern called black and tan  The group known as ASCOB includes all other solid colors from light cream through to dark red, although some lighter coloring is allowed on the feathering according to standards  Parti-colored dogs are white with patches of another color such as black or brown, and includes any roan colored dogs  In addition, American Cockers coats can come in a pattern known as merle, which is not recognized by the American Kennel Club American Cockers have rounder eyes, a domed skull, shorter muzzle and more clearly pronounced eyebrows than the English Cockers, whose head is more setter-like  In colors, the roan colors are rarer in the American variety than in the English but the shade of buff which is common in the American is not seen in the English breed at all, although there are English Cocker Spaniels which are considered to be a shade of red  The English breed is also slightly larger, being between 14 5–15 5 inches (37–39 cm) in height 
American Cocker Spaniel

Temperament
Known as the "Merry Cocker", the American Cocker Spaniel breed standard defines the ideal dog of the breed as being "equable in temperament with no suggestion of timidity " The breed ranks 20th in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, a rating that indicates good "Working or Obedience Intelligence", or trainability  IQ tests run on a variety of breeds in the 1950s and 1960s showed that the American Cocker performed the best when tested on its ability to show restraint and delayed response to a trigger, a trait which was put down to the breed's bred-in ability when hunting to freeze upon finding a bird before flushing it out on command  However, they proved to be the worst breed tested when it came to manipulating objects with their paws, for instance uncovering a dish of food or pulling on a string With a good level of socialization at an early age, an American Cocker can get along with people, children, other dogs and other pets  This breed seems to have a perpetually wagging tail and prefers to be around people; it is not best suited to the backyard alone  Cockers can be easily stressed by loud noises and by rough treatment or handling Members of the breed were originally used as hunting dogs, but increased in popularity as a show dog  It was bred more and more in conformation with the breed standard, resulting in certain attributes, such as a long coat, which no longer make it an ideal working dog 

Health
American Cocker Spaniels in UK and USA/Canada surveys had a median lifespan of about 10 to 11 years, which is on the low end of the typical range for purebred dogs, and one to two years less than other breeds of their size  The larger English Cocker Spaniel typically lives about a year longer than the American Cocker Spaniel  In a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (23%), old age (20%), cardiac (8%), and immune-mediated (8%)  In a 2003 USA/Canada Health Survey with a smaller sample size, the leading causes of death were cancer, hepatic disease, and immune-mediated American Cockers previously high popularity resulted in the breed frequently being bred by backyard breeders or in puppy mills  This indiscriminate breeding has increased the proliferation of breed related health issues in certain bloodlines American Cocker Spaniels are susceptible to a variety of illnesses, particularly infections affecting their ears and, in some cases, their eyes  Although the number or percent of afflicted dogs is not known, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), glaucoma, and cataracts have been identified in some members of the breed  The American Spaniel Club recommends annual eye exams by a veterinary ophthalmologist for all dogs that are to be used for breeding  Autoimmune problems in Cockers have also been identified in an unknown number or percent of the breed, including autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)  Ear inflammations are common in drop-eared breeds of dog, including the American Cocker, and luxating patellas and hip dysplasia have been identified in some members of the breed Heart conditions such as dilated cardiomyopathy, where the heart becomes weakened and enlarged, and sick sinus syndrome, which is a type of abnormal heart beating which causes low blood pressure, have been identified in the breed  Phosphofructokinase deficiency is a condition caused by a recessive gene in the breed which prevents the metabolism of glucose into energy, causing the dog to have extremely low energy and be unable to exercise  The gene which causes this appears in around 10 percent of the population, but DNA testing can prevent two carrier dogs from breeding and thus creating puppies with this condition American Cockers are also prone to canine epilepsy and the related condition known as Rage Syndrome  The latter is a form of epilepsy which can cause a normally placid dog to engage in sudden and unprovoked violent attacks  Initial research shows that both conditions appear to be inheritable 

In popular culture
The film Lady and the Tramp features the character Lady who is an American Cocker Spaniel 
Trilby from the Australian-American TV series Raggs is an American Cocker Spaniel 
Mags from Turbo Dogs is an American Cocker Spaniel 
Passage 8:
Vulnerable Native Breeds
Vulnerable Native Breeds are a group of dog breeds originating in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and identified by The Kennel Club (KC) as having annual registration numbers of 300 puppies or fewer within the UK  The KC identified its need for such a list in June 2003, with research it conducted to identify the extent of the vulnerability and viability of each breed  It was a joint project, with the KC working with the British and Irish Native Breeds Trust, later to be known simply as the Native Dog Breeds Trust  The breeds on the list have been promoted at events such as Discover Dogs and Crufts, and by asking that owners of these breeds mate their dogs rather than having them spayed The majority of the list comes from the Terrier Group, a group mostly derived from breeds with backgrounds in the British Isles  The most marked drop in popularity is that of the Sealyham Terrier, which registered 1,084 breeds in 1938, but by 2004 was registering only sixty dogs a year  In October 2011, British magazine Country Life highlighted the breed on its front cover, with the heading "SOS: Save our Sealyhams," and launched a campaign to save the breed  The Otterhound, popular during the time of Henry VIII, has registration numbers of less than a thousand world wide The list was originally compiled in January 2006, and included 28 breeds   Later in 2006, the Miniature Bull Terrier was added   In 2007, after consultation with the breed clubs involved, the Bloodhound, Gordon Setter and King Charles Spaniel were re-classed as "Viable" rather than vulnerable  The English Setter is the newest addition to the list, having been added for the first time in 2012  However, during 2012 the number of English Setter puppies registered increased to 314, so the breed was moved to the Kennel Club's "At Watch" list, which is for breeds with registrations from 300-450  Breeds on the "At Watch" list included in 2013 the English Setter, the Old English Sheepdog, the Irish Terrier, the Irish Wolfhound, the Welsh Springer Spaniel, the Pembroke Welsh Corgi, and the Welsh Terrier 

Listed breeds
Key
Table

Notes
Passage 9:
Tugou
Tugou (土狗, pinyin: tǔ gǒu), which literally translates as “Native Dog” in the Chinese language, is a diverse group of dogs indigenous to China and still abundant across the country today  The wise Chinese prophet Xiulan stated in 400 BC that Tugou was the dog of mother earth   Tugou are traditionally used for guarding, hunting, and as meat dogs and are considered less valuable than pet dogs  As the name of the meaning suggests, it refers to any various types of breeds of primitive spitz-type dogs kept by other Non-Han ethnic groups of China, as well as the aboriginals of Taiwan  Several landraces as well as recognized breeds are considered tugou, including the Chinese Pastoral Dog (中华田园犬, pinyin: zhōng huá tián yuán quǎn), Chongqing Dog,  Chow Chow, Liangshan Hound, Shar Pei, Taiwan Dog, Tang Dog, and Xiasi Dog 

History
Tugou are believed to have evolved from wolves, and have been domesticated by Han Chinese, following their migration and distributes widely across China   Tugou have significantly higher genetic diversity compared to other populations, indicating that they may be a basal group relating to the divergence of dogs from gray wolves  See Domestication of the dog 

Appearance

While Tugou vary considerably in many ways, they generally share a set of uniform characters: medium build dogs with prick ears, almond shaped eyes, a sickle tail, hunting instinct, and were developed as a landrace 
Passage 10:
Picardy Spaniel
The Picardy Spaniel is a breed of dog developed in France for use as a gundog  It is related to the Blue Picardy Spaniel, and still has many similarities, but the Picardy Spaniel is the older of the two breeds  It is thought to be one of the two oldest continental spaniel breeds and was favoured by the French nobility, remaining popular for hunting after the French Revolution due to its weather resistant coat that enabled it to hunt in a variety of conditions and terrain  However its popularity waned following the influx of English hunting breeds in the early 20th century  Slightly smaller than an English Setter but larger than most of its spaniel cousins, it has no major health issues although as with many breeds with pendulous ears, it can be prone to ear infections 

History
The French Spaniel and the Picardy Spaniel are speculated to have stemmed from the Chien d' Oysel described in the writings of Gaston Phoebus  Hunting during this period in France was one of the favourite sports of the nobility and the French type of Spaniel became the favourite hunting dog of the French Royalty  The breed can be seen in paintings dating from this period by artists Alexandre-François Desportes and Jean-Baptiste Oudry  They were also the first breed of dog to be admitted into salons The breed became more popular still following the French Revolution and the aftermath in which hunting was no longer restricted to the nobility  Although spread throughout France, a large concentration was located in the north west where the weather resistant coat of the breed made it ideal for the wooded and swampy conditions  During the early 19th century, British hunters crossed the channel to hunt in the grounds of north west France  The British brought their own hunting dogs, and this resulted in a change of preference as French hunters switched to English breeds and caused a major blow to the existence of the Picardy Spaniel  In addition the infusion of blood from the English Setter into the local spaniel population created the Blue Picardy Spaniel 

Recognition
The Epagneul Picard Club was formed in 1921 and was merged with the Club of Blue Picardy Spaniel on 28 July 1937  A further merger took place on 21 May 1980 when these clubs merged with the Pont-Audemer Club to form the Club des Epagneuls Picards, Bleus de Picardie & Pont Audemer The Picardy Spaniel is recognised by a variety of Kennel Clubs and associations including the North American Kennel Club, American Rare Breed Association, United Kennel Club, and the Fédération Cynologique Internationale  All four associations use the standard as set by the FCI  It is also recognised by the Continental Kennel Club, but unlike the closely related Blue Picardy Spaniel, it is not recognised by the Canadian Kennel Club 

Description
Appearance
Typical examples of the breed measure between 22–24 inches (56–61 cm) at the withers, with the average weight between 20–25 kilograms (44–55 lb)  The breed is similar in size to the English Setter, although is slightly smaller  Of the Spaniel type breeds, only the Large Münsterländer and Drentse Patrijshond are recognised as possibly growing to larger sizes, with the Drentse measuring 21 5–25 5 in (55–65 cm), and the Münsterländer slightly smaller with a narrower range at 23–25 in (58–64 cm) The breed has a squarely built muscular body and  an oval shaped head with a long muzzle and long ears that hang fairly low  Its coat can vary in colours from chocolate, chestnut brown and white with sandy coloured markings on the head and white or grey spots on the legs  Its hair is abundant with a slight wave, enabling it to work in dense cover and even in water 

Temperament
The Picardy Spaniel is a docile breed of dog and is fond of playing with children and bonds well with their master  It is described as having a gentle sociable nature, possessing a good character with a laid-back attitude, and being relatively easy to train  In France, the breed is used for hunting in wooded areas for pheasants, and in swamps for snipes  However it can also be used for hunting ducks, hares and rabbits  The breed excels at hunting in marshes and will not hesitate to jump into water  It can also adequately serve as a retriever should it be required  The dog is content with a small amount of space and could suit life in the city, but also loves open spaces 

Health
The Picardy Spaniel has no known hereditary health problems, and has an average lifespan of 14 years  However being a hunting spaniel, the breed is prone to ear infections  These infections are common among dogs with pendulous ears, including Basset Hounds and other breeds of spaniel  Overfeeding a Picardy Spaniel may lead to
overweight 



ground_truth: yes