prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The owner of radio station KWPW has the same name as an American character actor. What is it?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
WSYY-FM
WSYY-FM (94 9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a full-service adult hits format  Licensed to Millinocket, Maine, United States, the station's broadcast signal serves Central Penobscot County, Eastern Piscataquis County, and Southern Aroostook County, from its tower site in Millinocket  The station is owned by Katahdin Communications, Inc WSYY-FM plays a mix of oldies/classic hits, adult contemporary, rock music, and some country crossovers  The station also features programming from CBS News Radio (and has been an affiliate of that network for many decades)  WSYY-FM also airs When Radio Was 

History
In 1978, WSYY-FM was founded on 97 7 FM as WKTR, upgrading to its current facilities in 1984 on 94 9  Prior to their The Mountain 94 9 branding, WSYY-FM used to be referred to as North Country 95, airing country music full-time  The current format, branding, and slogan was probably adopted around March 1, 2004, when Katahdin Communications, Inc  assumed control of WSYY-FM & AM from Katahdin Timberlands, LLC as a result of the radio station facing increasing land disputes, initially as a short term lease agreement, but the transfer of ownership became permanent  Those land disputes would lead to a loss of WSYY-FM's 23,500-watt transmitter location (featuring an antenna HAAT of 211 meters)  WSYY-FM may have been operating under a Special Temporary Authority License (a 12,000-watt facility with an antenna HAAT of 68 meters via Hammond Ridge on Lake Road), ever since as long ago as late 2007, pending a planned permanent move to a 22,000-watt facility with an antenna HAAT of 198 4 meters (from just off Nicatou Road in Medway, well east of WSYY-FM's old or current transmitter tower location)  On November 23, 2016, the construction permit for this proposed move was modified to a 45,000-watt facility with an antenna HAAT of 146 7 meters, the first time this proposed move has ever received official approval from the FCC 

Former sports offerings
The Mountain 94 9 carried local high school sports in season until fall 2017  The Mountain 94 9 also carried the schedule of Red Sox Baseball from 1997 through 2015, when Millinocket's affiliation with the Boston Red Sox Radio Network transferred to co-owned WSYY, concluding the interruptions to the music during Major League Baseball  The transfer was completed on April 2, 2021, when 1240 WSYY returned to the air with translator 102 5 W273DJ debuting with the opening game of the Boston Red Sox 

Syndicated programming
WSYY-FM is one of two Maine affiliates (the other being WLOB in Portland) of When Radio Was, is one of the two Maine affiliates (the other being WWMJ) of The Acoustic Storm, is Maine's only affiliate of the Crook & Chase syndicated country music countdown programming, and is an affiliate of the Blues Deluxe radio show 
Passage 2:
KAND
KAND (1340  AM) is a radio station that serves the Corsicana/Ennis/Waxahachie area, and is owned by New Century Broadcasting  This station runs a country music  format, and is also the home of Corsicana High School Tigers and Navarro College Bulldogs football games, and the latest news from the Texas State Network News, and CBS News  As of July 11, 2008, it airs sports programming from Fox Sports Radio during overnights and weekends  For many years, the KAND call sign was assigned to the station now called KWPW 

History
KAND began in 1937 as a Variety/Entertainment station on 1310 kHz but 10 years later moved to AM 1340 and has maintained its variety format until the 1980s when they made a slow transition to Country music  The original station owner was J C  West, who also owned the Wolf Brand (canned) Chili plant in Corsicana  West had applied for callsign WOLF, but the Federal Communications Commission wouldn't permit it because the WOLF call letters are currently in use on Syracuse, New York's AM station 
In March 2008 Yates Communications announced FCC approval to buy KAND 
On July 9, 2010, Yates decided to sell this station to New Century BroadcastingIn 2014, KAND shifted to country full-time and switched news sources from ABC News to CBS 
Passage 3:
WSTU
WSTU (1450 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Stuart, Florida, and serving the Treasure Coast   It broadcasts a talk radio format   The station is currently owned by Treasure Coast Broadcasters, Inc 
WSTU broadcasts at 1,000 watts   It uses a non-directional antenna 

Programming
WSTU has a local weekday morning show, "Get Up and Go with Evan and Bonnie "   The rest of the weekday schedule includes some brokered programming hours, with conservative talk from Fox News Radio, including Brian Kilmeade, Jimmy Failla and Guy Benson 

History
WSTU signed on the air in December 1954   Les Combs was the original owner   In 1969 the station was sold to Harvey L Glascock, whose family owned the station until 1997 when it was sold to American Radio Systems   After a brief ownership by a Broward County businessman, it was sold to Barry Grant Marsh and David Pomerance   Marsh had been Operations Manager of WSTU for many years under the Glasscock family 
The station was purchased by Treasure Coast Broadcasters in 2001   When WSTU went on the air, Stuart went from the biggest city on Florida's east coast without its own radio station to the smallest city on Florida's east coast with its own radio station   WSTU had a strong local news commitment from the start, and continues that to this day under News Director Tom Teter, who has been with the station since 1980   Teter has won many awards for news excellence from UPI and AP including Best Newscast in Florida and Best Spot News Reporting  From the earliest days the Martin County community viewed the station as more of a public utility than a privately owned radio station WSTU was also one of the first radio stations in Florida to broadcast high school sports on a regular basis and continues to broadcast high school football, basketball and baseball  Hamp Elliot did the play-by-play for many years followed by Teter who handled the play-by-play for more than 20 years   Rick McGuire now does much of the play-by-play  This summary written by Tom Teter For a period of time,  WSTU (1450) AM radio station program schedule included a Saturday Night Dancing 'Bongo' Party from 7 p m  to 11:30 p m , hosted by Walter Oden  On weekday afternoons in the 1960s, the station played the 'pop' tunes and encouraged teens to call in and request a song to be dedicated to a friend or 'sweetheart,' which was then announced and played on-air  This radio show  is credited with easing the path to school integration in the late 1960s 
Passage 4:
Radioshow
Radioshow is а cult Lithuanian black comedy radio and TV show hosted by Algis Ramanauskas-Greitai and Rimas Šapauskas  It is also the name of their humorous rock band  Radioshow has started at radio station Radiocentras in 1992  Later it has moved to the radio station Ultra Vires  In 1995 Radioshow debuted as a comedy puppet show on TV at LNK station  From 1997 till 1999 Radioshow was running at BTV TV station  In 2004 it briefly ran on Vilnius radio station Užupio radijas before being shut down, because of swearing on the air  However the show was immediately picked up by the regional radio station Vox Maris 

Controversy
Because of the constant taboo breaking, swearing and making fun of the symbols of national pride, Radioshow was often criticized by the conservative media and the older generation  Music critic Viktoras Gerulaitis has stated, that "These guys are sowing the seed of Satan, and it seems there is no-one that could stop them"  This quote was later sampled into the song by Algis Ramanauskas' band Svastikos Sukitės Greitai  It is ironic, that today Algis Ramanauskas is a member of the conservative Homeland Union party 
Another controversy was caused in 1995 by the obscene album Unplugged attributed to Radioshow  However Algis Ramanauskas denied his authorship and claimed, that it was a bootleg made by the imitators 

Characters
Main characters
Bronius
Bronius is approaching retirement age and is full of sentiments to the Soviet era  He often refers to programming of the Russian TV and Belarusian radio and television  He is annoyed by modern Lithuania - he has some command of English but uses it mostly to communicate disgust with all things Western  Bronius has a dirty mind and a dirty mouth and enjoys sexual innuendo and filthy fantasies, particularly those involving TV celebrities, which he describes with considerable inspiration and lewd detail  Bronius is a character voiced by Algis Greitai 

Česlovas
Česlovas is a former teacher  Česlovas' looks resemble former speaker of the Lithuanian Parliament social democrat Česlovas Juršėnas  This character is married and has two daughters (Sigutė and Akvilė), but despite that he often displays random acts of latent homosexuality, as the most of Radioshow characters do  Česlovas is voiced by Rimas Šapauskas 

Albinas
Albinas, also referred to as Senis (English: Old man), is a 100-year-old man of far-right nationalistic beliefs  His claim that he was born in the mountains of Scotland is a reference to the TV series The Highlander  Albinas makes frequent references to his pre-war memories 

Zbygniewas
Zbygniewas is a character of Polish ethnicity, speaking Lithuanian with a heavily inflicted Russian accent  Zbygniewas claims to hail from Nemenčinė, a town near capital Vilnius with large predominance of Polish, Belarusian and Russian population  In his younger days he was a hippie and used to read Kafka  His career included a stint at as a communal heating boiler attendant, a choice occupation for rebellious intellectuals in the former Soviet Union, and also at a mortuary, which involved a sexual encounter with a dead female body, which Zbygniewas discusses with great reluctance  He is voiced by Algis Ramanauskas-Greitai 

Igorj
Russian speaking character voiced by Rimas Šapauskas 

Mindaugas, later - Budulis
Coarse-voiced, aggressive young Lithuanian gangster guided by values and rules of Russian prison life ("paniatkes") and making frequent references to his encounters with the law enforcement authorities  This character underwent some changes and is currently known as Budulis  He is discernible from a blackened mouth and a track suit worn on a permanent basis  In later episodes of the show, Budulis makes references to his work as a labourer in Ireland  (voiced by Rimas Šapauskas)

Filadelfijus
Filadelfijus is a young incompetent journalist  His name originates from a motion picture title Philadelphia  In the beginning he was speaking in a high-pitched voice, hinting that he might be homosexual  However, in the later shows unprofessional babbling and not the allusions to his homosexuality became his distinctive mark  Filadelfijus is voiced by Rimas Šapauskas 

Minor characters
Mindė - nationalist character (animated pig's head); Vanga - Bulgarian  prophetess (animated portrait of Lithuanian writer Žemaitė, taken from one Litas banknote); Dujokaukė Kiulamae - Estonian character always speaking derogaratively about the Lithuanians (his name translates into English from Lithuanian as "Gas Mask" and the surname is of the former BC Žalgiris Estonian basketball player Gert Kullamäe; Slavik from Maladzechna; Almantas, a gay type 

Discography
1996 Plugged
2001 Underground
2001 Raštai
2005 Kronikos #1
2005 Kronikos #2

See also
South Park Republican
Baltish
Passage 5:
Bill McCutcheon
James William McCutcheon (May 23, 1924 – January 9, 2002) was an American character actor known for his roles in film, television, and theatre, several of which won him Emmy and Tony awards 

Early life
McCutcheon was born in Russell, Kentucky, the son of  Robert Kenna McCutcheon, who was a railroad conductor and Florence Louise (née Elam)  McCutcheon's first major role was Leo the Leprechaun on The Howdy Doody Show  He followed this appearance with a recurring role (from 1984 to 1992) as Uncle Wally on the children's television series by PBS, Sesame Street, for which he won an Emmy He also had a prominent role in the movie of 1989, Steel Magnolias, in which he played Owen Jenkins, beau of Ouiser Boudreaux (Shirley MacLaine) 

Career
He was also active in film and on the stage  His first film appearance was in 1964's Santa Claus Conquers the Martians; later on, he was seen in movies including Family Business and Steel Magnolias  McCutcheon was a familiar face to young audience in the 1960s, when he appeared on several Tootsie Roll television commercials  His theatre credits include a role as Moonface Martin in Anything Goes, which won him a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical 
Other stage appearances include You Can't Take It with You and The Man Who Came to Dinner 

Death
A resident of Mahwah, New Jersey, McCutcheon died on January 9, 2002, of natural causes, aged 77  He had three children, Carol, Jay, and Kenna 

Filmography
Passage 6:
KYTC (FM)
KYTC (102 7 FM, "Super Hits 102 7") is a radio station that broadcasts a classic hits music format  Licensed to Northwood, Iowa, U S , it serves northern Iowa and southern Minnesota  The station is currently owned by Alpha Media, through licensee Digity 3E License, LLC  The station was originally operated by Northwood businessman, Marlin Hanson as an oldies radio station with an effective radiated power of 3,000 watts, then 6,000 watts  Hanson built the station because he bought the tower from the local cable company after they abandoned it and decided a radio station would be a good use for the empty tower  It was sold to Dave Nolander who also owned KATE radio in Albert Lea, MN  It was operated as an oldies station featuring music of the 1950s and 1960s from a studio located in Northwood and satellite programming during the evening hours  The station was sold to Three Eagles Communications and the power increased to 25,000 watts  Between 2002 and 2012  the station changed from Oldies to Country to active rock and finally back to a hits of the 1960s through the 1980s  The station transmitter is located 3 miles north of Northwood and the studio is located in Mason City  Current owner Digity, LLC purchased the station on September 12, 2014 

History
On February 4, 2012, KYTC changed format from active rock (branded as "The Blaze") to classic hits, branded as "Super Hits 102 7" 

External links

KYTC in the FCC FM station database
KYTC on Radio-Locator
KYTC in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
Passage 7:
Voix du Sahel
La Voix du Sahel (English: "Voice of the Sahel") is the national radio station of Niger, owned by the Nigerien government, operating on 91 3MHZ  Based in Niamey, the radio station was established in 1958 as Radio Niger but adopted its current name in 1974  It is the only national radio station in the country and is the only radio station to offer programs in eight different languages including French 

See also
Media of Niger
Passage 8:
Al Lewis (actor)
Al Lewis (born Abraham Meister; April 30, 1923 – February 3, 2006) was an American actor and activist, best known for his role as Count Dracula-lookalike Grandpa on the television series The Munsters from 1964 to 1966 and its film versions  He previously also co-starred with The Munsters's Fred Gwynne in the television show Car 54, Where Are You?  from 1961–1963  Later in life, he was a restaurant owner, political candidate, and radio broadcaster 

Early life
Lewis was born Abraham Meister on April 30, 1923 in Manhattan  His parents Alexander and Ida (née Neidel), a house painter from Minsk and a garment worker respectively, were immigrants from the Russian Empire; his family was Jewish  Two brothers were Phillip and Henry  He had originally given his birth year as 1910  His reputed early radio work in the mid-1930s would indicate the earlier birth date, as did an off-the-cuff remark on the TVLegends interview, 2002, where he says "not a bad memory for 92"  Ted Lewis, his son, firmly said his father was born in 1923 in Brownsville, Brooklyn, New York  Other sources placed his birth in Wolcott, New York, but no official record of his birth has been published to date (2006), and officials in Wolcott say they have no record of any Meister  The Times wrote: "Lewis was born Albert Meister, probably in 1923, but he insisted that he was born in 1910  This, and Lewis's many other questionable stories, means that much of the actor's life is a broth of conjecture that his fans will no doubt squabble over for years to come " On his application for a Social Security number, completed sometime between 1936 and 1950, Lewis gave his date of birth as April 30, 1923  The 1940 census lists an Albert Meister "age 16" living on Douglass (today's Strauss) Street in Brooklyn, New York 
In a 1998 interview with Walt Shepperd, Lewis said:My mother was a worker, worked in the garment trades  My mother was an indomitable spirit  My grandfather had no sons  He had six daughters  They lived in Poland or Russia, every five years it would change  My mother being the oldest daughter, they saved their money, and when she was about sixteen they sent her to the United States, not knowing a word of English  She went to work in the garment center, worked her back and rear-end off and brought over to the United States her five sisters and two parents  I remember going on picket lines with my mother  My mother wouldn't back down to anyone 

Education
According to a report in The Jewish Week, Al Lewis attended Yeshiva Chaim Berlin in Brooklyn, New York, in his youth and "asked annoying questions to the teachers " Lewis then attended Thomas Jefferson High School, which he left in his junior year  He claimed to have attended Oswego State Teachers College (now SUNY Oswego), notwithstanding his lack of a high school diploma, and to have earned a Ph D  in child psychology from Columbia University in 1941, of which Columbia has no record  Lewis did send at least one of his children to Yeshiva in the San Fernando Valley 

Career
Acting
His acting career begins the well-documented portion of his life  He worked in burlesque and vaudeville theaters, then on Broadway in the dramas The Night Circus (1958) and One More River (1960) and as the character Moe Shtarker in the musical comedy Do Re Mi (1962) His earliest television work includes appearances on the crime drama Decoy and The Phil Silvers Show  From 1959 to 1963, he appeared in four episodes of Naked City  Lewis's first well-known television role was as Officer Leo Schnauser on the sitcom Car 54, Where Are You? from 1961 to 1963, also starring Fred Gwynne (Lewis reprised the role in the 1994 movie of the same name)  In the series, Lewis first played Al Spencer the Auto Body Man in two early first-season episodes, then landed the more familiar role of Officer Schnauser  He is best remembered as Grandpa on The Munsters, which ran on CBS from 1964 to 1966 In 1967, Lewis played the part of Zalto the magician in the Lost in Space episode "Rocket to Earth"  His first role in a movie was as Machine Gun Manny in Pretty Boy Floyd (1960)  He had small roles in The World of Henry Orient (1964), They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969), and They Might Be Giants (1971)  He appeared as Hanging Judge Harrison in Used Cars (1980), played a security guard on an episode of Taxi, and had a minor role in Married to the Mob (1988)  His last film role was in Night Terror (2002) 
Lewis was a recurring guest on The Howard Stern Show  In 1987, during a "Howard Stern Freedom Rally" against the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) that was broadcast live, Lewis repeatedly shouted "fuck the FCC!" until Stern was able to take the microphone away from him  Stern and the station were not punished for Lewis's comments 
Unlike some actors, Lewis did not mind being typecast  He enjoyed acting out his Grandpa character—in the original costume—and got a surprising amount of mileage from such a short-lived role  "Why not?" he said  "It pays the bills "In 1991, he appeared as Grandpa in an episode of Hi Honey, I'm Home on ABC  In 1991, he appeared in a low-budget movie titled Grampire (My Grandpa Is a Vampire in the U S  version), wearing much the same costume as he did in The Munsters  From 1987 to 1989, Lewis hosted Super Scary Saturday on TBS in his Grandpa outfit  This was parodied in Gremlins 2: The New Batch with the character of Grandpa Fred (Robert Prosky) 

Other pursuits
Lewis was a proponent of free speech and frequently spoke out in the late 1980s and early 1990s against government entities such as the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) and non-government entities such as the PMRC (Parents Music Resource Center)   Lewis famously uttered the phrase "(expletive) the FCC", during a speech at a Manhattan rally organized by radio personality Howard Stern  Stern later used Lewis' speech as the opening track of Stern's Crucified by the FCC comedy album in early 1991 
Lewis appeared in an episode of The American Experience where he recalled his experiences at Coney Island, which he frequently visited and worked at as a game barker  He was featured in the Atari 7800 videogame Midnight Mutants, an action-adventure title with a Halloween theme  His appearance in the game mirrored his Grandpa persona in The Munsters In 1987, he opened an Italian restaurant named Grampa's Bella Gente at 252 Bleecker Street in Manhattan  In September 1989, he licensed a comedy club named Grampa's to an entrepreneurial mafia family named Cataldo in New Dorp Plaza in Staten Island 

Politics
As a left-wing activist, he hosted a politically oriented radio program on WBAI (whose theme song was King Curtis' "Foot Pattin'") and ran as Green Party candidate for governor of New York in 1998  In that race, he sought to be listed on the ballot as Grandpa Al Lewis, arguing that he was most widely known by that name  His request was rejected by the Board of Elections, a decision upheld in court against his challenge Despite this setback, he achieved one of his campaign objectives  His total of 52,533 votes exceeded the threshold of votes set by New York law (50,000) and hence guaranteed the Green Party of New York an automatic ballot line for the next four years (see election results, New York governor)  He said that, with no political machine and no money backing him, the likelihood of winning the governorship would be "like climbing Mount Everest barefooted"  In 2000, he sought the Green Party nomination for US Senate; he ultimately placed second in the primary, with about 32 percent of the vote, losing to Mark Dunau 

Personal life and final years
Lewis married Marge Domowitz in 1956, with whom he had three sons, Dave, Ted, and Paul  The marriage ended in divorce in 1977  In 1984, he married actress Karen Ingenthron, to whom he remained married for the rest of his life In his final years, he resided on Roosevelt Island in New York City  In 2003, he was hospitalized for an angioplasty, and complications from the surgery led to an emergency bypass and the amputation of his right leg below the knee as well as all of the toes on his left foot  He died on February 3, 2006, of natural causes in Goldwater Memorial Hospital on Roosevelt Island in New York, NY  Following his body's cremation, his ashes were reportedly "placed in his favorite cigar box "

Filmography
Film
Television
Theater
Electoral history
Passage 9:
Q101 Chicago
WKQX (101 1 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Chicago, Illinois, featuring an alternative rock format known as "Q101"  Owned by Cumulus Media, the station serves the Chicago metropolitan area  WKQX's studios are located in the NBC Tower, while the station transmitter is located atop the John Hancock Center  In addition to a standard analog transmission, WKQX broadcasts over two HD Radio channels, and is available online 
WKQX is best known for carrying an alternative rock format that, from 1992 until 2011 and since 2022, has used the "Q101" brand  A sale of the station to Merlin Media in August 2011 saw outgoing owner Emmis Communications sell the "Q101 Chicago" name, intellectual property and all underlying trademarks for a unrelated internet radio station bearing the same name, while WKQX itself flipped to all-news radio under Merlin Media as WWWN, then to adult contemporary as WIQI  Reverting to alternative under a long-term local marketing agreement by Cumulus Media in 2014, the station branded instead under the restored WKQX call sign until Cumulus reacquired the Q101 trademarks on May 3, 2022  A former NBC Radio owned-and-operated station, WKQX's studios were located in the Merchandise Mart from the station's 1948 launch to 2016; the station relocated to the NBC Tower, the current home of onetime sister station WMAQ-TV, on August 4, 2016 WKQX-HD2 airs a classic rock format branded as "The Loop" that was previously heard on the former WLUP (97 9 FM), now WCKL 

History
The NBC years
NBC, which had an owned-and-operated station in Chicago since 1931 with WMAQ (670 AM), signed on WMAQ-FM on October 13, 1948, from studios in the Merchandise Mart  Its transmitter was located atop the Civic Opera Building, where it broadcast with an ERP of 24,000 watts  In its early years, WMAQ-FM generally operated as an outright simulcast of WMAQ The station began airing a classical music format afternoons and evenings in 1966, though it continued to simulcast WMAQ during mornings and early afternoons  By the early 1970s, it had adopted an easy listening format  In 1970, the station's transmitter was moved to the John Hancock Center In late 1972, WMAQ-FM adopted an automated adult hits format, with programming from TM Productions  In 1974, the station's call letters were changed to WJOI  In January 1975, WMAQ 670 adopted a country music format  WJOI followed suit, and aired an automated country music format aimed at a somewhat younger audience than WMAQ, with programming from TM Productions In June 1975, the station's call letters were changed to WNIS-FM, and it adopted an all news format carrying NBC Radio Network's News and Information Service (NIS) In January 1977, the station's call sign was changed to WKQX, and it adopted an album-oriented rock format  The program director was Bob Pittman, who later created MTV and is now CEO of iHeartMedia  Bob Heymann served as assistant program director and morning drive host, and Bob King was the music director  Mitch Michaels did afternoon drive and Lorna Ozmon did nights In the spring of 1977, Chicago gained another AOR station, WLUP, resulting in four FM rock stations (WKQX, WXRT, WDAI, and WLUP) competing against each other  By January 1979, WDAI switched to an all-disco format and WKQX became an adult contemporary station; Joel Sebastian hosted mornings 

Q101
In the early 1980s, WKQX began to be branded "Q-101"  By the mid-1980s, the station had evolved into a Hot AC format  During this period, the station carried Sexually Speaking with Dr  Ruth Westheimer From 1983 to 1993, Robert Murphy was the morning drive host on Q101  Tommy Edwards joined the station as program director in 1986  Starting in 1987, NBC began a two-year-long divestiture of their radio properties  In 1988, Emmis Communications purchased WKQX, along with four other NBC radio stations, for $121 5 million 
In the mid to late 1980s, WKQX aired an adult top 40 format, with the slogan "Today's Music"  Q101 continued to evolve, and on July 14, 1992, WKQX adopted an alternative rock format as "Chicago's New Rock Alternative"  Bill Gamble was the station's Program Director  
In July 1993, former MTV VJ Mark Goodman was hired as morning host, replacing Robert Murphy, but he remained in this position less than a year  In July 1998, Q101 became the new home of Mancow Muller's morning show after he left WRCX the previous month Specialty shows on the station, like Local 101, showcased promising local acts, many of whom went on to achieve greater prominence On April 1, 2005, WKQX went "on shuffle", with its playlist expanded from 200 to approximately 1,000 songs  Instead of focusing solely on new music, they expanded their playlist to include classic alternative rock from the 1980s and 1990s, and some 1970s artists  Mancow was dropped by the station on July 14, 2006, with Emmis Communications replacing his show with one that they felt would better appeal to their target demographic On September 18, 2006, Q101 launched The Morning Fix, a morning show led by former WXDX-FM Pittsburgh personality Alan Cox, and presented in a manner similar to The Daily Show, featuring a blend of current events and pop culture  However, on November 9, 2007, The Morning Fix underwent major changes when it was decided that morning airtime would be more wisely used playing music; the changes resulted in only 2 of the shows' original 6 members remaining, Alan Cox and Jim "Jesus" Lynam  On August 1, 2008, Cox and Lynam were let go, with management moving Brian Sherman and Steve Tingle from afternoons to the morning slot During its tenure as an alternative rock station, WKQX served as host to several music festivals and events, mainly Jamboree at Tweeter Center in Tinley Park every June, and Twisted (formerly Twisted Christmas) at various venues every December 

Purchase by Merlin Media
On June 21, 2011, Emmis announced that it would sell WKQX, sister station WLUP-FM, and WRXP-FM in New York City to Merlin Media, whose CEO was former Tribune Company and Clear Channel Communications executive Randy Michaels  Emmis, who retained a minority stake in Merlin Media, granted Merlin a local marketing agreement to operate WKQX and WLUP-FM from July 15 until the sale officially closed on September 1  A format flip for WKQX, from alternative rock to all-news, was rumored after the sale was announced  Michaels was on record as saying, "My favorite format has always been spoken radio    it's time for spoken word to move to FM "The entire airstaff at Q101 was dismissed upon Merlin Media's formal takeover that July 14  That same day, Emmis sold off the "Q101" name, related intellectual properties, and the Q101 com web domain, to Broadcast Barter Radio Networks Q101's final on-air staffed show, "Local 101", concluded at approximately 1:01 a m  on July 15; the program ended with "Tonight, Tonight" by Chicago-based The Smashing Pumpkins, The Cure's "Friday I'm in Love" (the first song played at Q101's 1992 inception as an alternative station), and formal goodbyes by Chris Payne, Pogo, and other Q101 staffers  Q101 would continue solely as an online stream programmed, in part, by Emmis' KROX-FM, before BBRN eventually relaunched it as an internet-only station  WKQX itself continued without on-air staffing until Midnight on July 19; after playing "Closing Time" by Semisonic, WKQX began stunting with adult contemporary music along with news reports as "FM New"  Robert Murphy returned to the station after 19 years to host mornings along with Lise Dominique for a few weeks until the full format switch took place 

FM News 101 1
On July 21, 2011, WKQX changed its call letters to WWWN, a call sign moved from a silent signal in Watseka, Illinois licensed to Randy Michaels' Radioactive LLC  Eight days after the call letter change, on July 29, at 4 p m , WWWN launched an all-news format branded as "FM News 101 1 "At the outset, "FM News 101 1" sought to differentiate itself from WBBM by highlighting its round-the-clock newswheel (as opposed to Chicago Bears flagship WBBM), aiming for a looser, less formal news presentation with a conversational tone, and deviating from hard news in favor of lifestyle, health and entertainment features  The initial on-air and newsroom staff at "FM News 101 1" included several with Chicago radio ties, including Debra Dale and Jennifer O'Neill (both WBBM alumna), Brant Miller and Monica DeSantis (WLS alums), and Ed Curran and Rob Hart (WGN alums)  The station's call letters were changed again in December 2011 to WIQI "FM News 101 1" was criticized in its early weeks for what was seen as an amateurish, unpolished, and unprepared presentation  Moreover, Merlin's top management (including Michaels) admitted that the format for both stations were still a work in progress, and "FM News" underwent a continual series of format adjustments  These included: the addition of sports and business updates; the "informal" testing of a news partnership with WMAQ-TV; and the addition of daily commentary segments from Clark Howard and Lionel  Later staff changes and reassignments at the station would lead to an increased reliance on "shared anchor arrangements" with its New York counterpart WEMP, as well as a non-linear, voicetracking-style of arranging reports, sometimes without any anchor transitions  WIQI also began an advertising campaign that included a controversial series of billboards using the face of imprisoned former Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich and the "He Never Listens    to FM News 101 1" tagline By June 2012, WIQI began phasing in blocks of "Expanded News Coverage" where the station entered a programming approach similar to talk radio  Personalities such as Mancow Muller, Neil Steinberg, Kevin Matthews, Mike North and Dan Jiggets and former WGN morning host Greg Jarrett all hosted informal auditions under the "Expanded News Coverage" banner  Jarrett himself was promoted to host morning drive on WIQI during the formats' final three weeks of existence In spite of constant format tweaks and alterations, the all-news format failed to achieve better than a 0 4 Arbitron ratings share  "FM News" was outperformed by the final ratings book for "Q101" and WKQX-LP, the aural signal of a low-power analog television station operated by Merlin under a local marketing agreement with an alternative rock format dubbed "Q87 7" 

i101
At 9 a m  (CT) on July 17, 2012, with both WIQI and WEMP languishing on the eve of their one-year anniversaries, "FM News" was abruptly dropped on both stations  WIQI flipped to a 1990s-centric adult hits format targeted at females between the ages of 18 and 49, and was branded as "i101"  The first song on "i101" was Bye Bye Bye by NSYNC  With a few exceptions, most of the WIQI and WEMP news staffs were immediately dismissed, with subsequent layoffs occurring in the following weeks and months After one month on the air, "i101" would move towards a hot adult contemporary approach  "i101" included some limited use of on-air staff, including morning host and former WLUP-FM staffer Jane Monzures, who shared morning duties with fellow "Loop" alum Pete McMurray between August and October 2012  In late 2013, the station shifted to a rhythmic adult contemporary format 

101 WKQX
On January 3, 2014, Merlin Media announced a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Cumulus Media that would see Cumulus take over operations of WIQI, WLUP and WKQX-LP  The deal, which includes an option for Cumulus to purchase WIQI and WLUP, resulted in Merlin relinquishing operations of its last remaining radio stations, and also saw an expansion of Cumulus' Chicago cluster, which includes WLS and WLS-FM  Cumulus executives indicated that they, at the time of rebranding, had no intentions of acquiring back the online rendition of "Q101" and related intellectual properties from the stations' 1992-2011 era In announcing the LMA, Cumulus indicated that it would move the alternative rock format from WKQX-LP onto the 101 1 facility  The move took place on January 10, 2014, when the stations began a transitional simulcast  "Closing Time" by Semisonic was the last song played on "i101", while the first song played on the 101 1/87 7 simulcast was "Times Like These" by Foo Fighters  The simulcast ended February 17, 2014, when Merlin Media's LMA for 87 7 ended and Tribune Broadcasting began a local marketing agreement for the station (which is now WRME-LD)  The WKQX call sign was restored on the 101 1 facility on January 17 101 WKQX's airstaff initially included Brian Phillips, Lou Lombardo, Lauren O'Neil, PJ Kling, and "wALT" (Walter Flakus of Stabbing Westward)  In September 2015, Portland radio personality Marconi joined WKQX to host weeknights (replacing PJ Kling)  Marconi left WKQX in January 2018  Brian Sherman, former on-air personality at Q101 from 2001 to 2011, and one half of the duo Sherman and Tingle, was hired as an on-air personality for weekends  Sherman retained his weekday on air role at suburban classic rocker WFXF  Russell Tanzillo from North Central College's WONC joined as a weekend host in September 2015  In April 2016, the station hired James VanOsdol, another former Q101 personality, to host a new local music showcase titled "Demo 312" (in reference to Chicago's well-known main area code) 

In November 2015, WKQX and WLUP announced their move from the Merchandise Mart, where the 101 1 frequency has been broadcast from since first taking the airwaves in 1948, in favor of a new studio at the NBC Tower  Until the new facility was completed, WKQX broadcast from a temporary facility at 190 N  State  On August 4, 2016, the move of WKQX and WLUP to the NBC Tower was finalized In January 2018, as part of Cumulus Media's bankruptcy proceedings, the company requested that a U S  Bankruptcy Court release the company from several "extremely unprofitable" contracts, including its LMAs with WLUP and WKQX  Cumulus stated that under the agreement, which carries a monthly fee of $600,000, the company had lost $8 4 million on the two Merlin stations  WLUP was sold by Merlin to the Educational Media Foundation  On April 3, 2018, it was announced that Cumulus would acquire WKQX and the intellectual property of WLUP for $18 million  The sale to Cumulus was consummated on June 15, 2018 

Returning to Q101
On April 18, 2022, Cumulus Media announced their purchase of Q101 Chicago from Broadcast Barter Radio Networks, as well as the Q101 com domain name, all underlying trademarks and related intellectual property that Emmis had divested in 2011  Cumulus Chicago Vice President/Market Manager Marv Nyren revealed to Daily Herald journalist Robert Feder that discussions had been ongoing for over four years to reacquire rights to the "Q101" brand  The internet station ceased operations, while WKQX reverted to "Q101" during the station's "10th anniversary" concert on May 3, 2022 (celebrating the launch of the current iteration of the format over the former WKQX-LP) 
Passage 10:
KWPW
KWPW (107 9 FM, "Power 108") is a radio station broadcasting a contemporary hit radio format  Licensed to Robinson, Texas, United States, the station serves the Waco area   The station is currently owned by Bill McCutcheon   Its studios are located in Waco, and its transmitter is located in Waco near the VA Hospital 

History
The station began in 1972 as KCIR in Corsicana Texas  The call letters stood for "The Golden 'CIR'cle"  It was assigned the call letters KXCL-FM on April 12, 1983   On February 1, 1985, the station changed its call sign to KAND-FM, matching the AM sister station on 1340  After its purchase by Marcos A  Rodriguez in 1994, the call sign was changed on January 19 to KICI-FM, then again on February 20, 1998 to KDXX-FM  In 2001, KDXX applied for and was granted a move from Corsicana to better serve Waco, Texas  It was relicensed to Robinson, Texas as it is currently  On January 11, 2002 the calls changed to KDOS, on April 30, 2005 to KHCK, and on August 27, 2010 to the current KWPW 

KWPW-HD2
On August 7, 2017, KWPW launched a Spanish CHR format on its HD2 subchannel, branded as "Latino 93 5" (simulcast on FM translator K228FK 93 5 FM Waco) 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Manimaran
Manimaran is an Indian film director, working in the Tamil film industry 

Career
He made his directorial debut in Tamil, Udhayam NH4 (2013) featuring Siddharth and a newcomer Ashrita Shetty in lead roles  It was simultaneously dubbed and released in Telugu in the same year  Udhayam NH4 was produced by Meeka Entertainment and Grass Root Film Company for which director Vetrimaaran penned the story  Manimaran was born and brought up in a town Walajapet near Vellore  Manimaran was one of a former associate of director Vetrimaaran and had worked in Vetrimaaran's films Polladhavan and Aadukalam  He collaborated once again with director Vetrimaran and actor Dhanush as a second unit direct in the 2019 film, Asuran  In 2021, he directed Sangathalaivan  The Samuthirakani-starrer wears its Communist shirt proudly but fails to sell its politics convincingly  Manimaran is far too abrasive in that he projects his protagonist as simply no more than the average Tamil film hero 

Filmography
Passage 2:
The Godfather Part II (soundtrack)
The Godfather Part II is the Academy Award winning soundtrack from the movie of the same name, released in 1974 by ABC, and 1991 on compact disc by MCA  The original score was composed by Nino Rota and conducted by Carmine Coppola, who also provided source music for the film  Rota expands upon two of the three main themes from the first film: "The Godfather Waltz" and "Michael's Theme", while "The Love Theme" from the first film makes a brief appearance during a flashback sequence ("Remember Vito Andolini")  There are several new themes, including one for Kay (Diane Keaton), and two for young Vito (Robert De Niro): "The Immigrant Theme" and "The Tarantella", introduced in "A New Carpet" 

Track listing
Awards and nominations
Album chart
1975: The Godfather Part II: Pop albums: #184

Credits
Source:

Release history
Passage 3:
True Grit: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
True Grit may refer to:

Fiction
True Grit (novel), a 1968 novel by Charles Portis
True Grit (1969 film), a film adaptation by Henry Hathaway, starring John Wayne
True Grit (2010 film), a film adaptation by the Coen Brothers, starring Jeff Bridges

Music
True Grit (1969 soundtrack), by Glen Campbell and Elmer Bernstein
"True Grit" (song), the album's title track
True Grit (2010 soundtrack), by Carter Burwell
True Grit (Bret Michaels album), 2015
"True Grit", a song by the Crystal Method from Legion of Boom, 2004

Other uses
True Grit (mascot), at University of Maryland, Baltimore County, US

See also
True Grit: A Further Adventure, a 1978 made-for-TV sequel
Grit (disambiguation)
Passage 4:
Ashrita Shetty
Ashrita Shetty (born 16 July 1993) is an Indian actress who predominantly works in Tamil language films 

Early life
Shetty was born on 16 July 1993 in a South Indian family from Karnataka  She hails from Mumbai and has studied finance 

Career
In 2010, Shetty participated in a beauty contest organised by The Times of India, Clean & Clear Fresh Face  Competing in Mumbai, she won the event there and then went on to win it again at the national level, eventually becoming the face of the brand for a year  She made her film debut in 2012, with a Tulu film, Telikeda Bolli  During the time, she appeared in various other television commercials  This was when film directors Vetrimaaran and Manimaran approached her to play the lead role in their venture, Udhayam NH4  The film saw her play a Bangalore-based Tamil-speaking college girl, who elopes with the character played by Siddharth  She gained mixed reviews for her portrayal in the film, with a reviewer noting she could be a promising actress in the making  Sangeeta Devi from The Hindu said "Newcomer Ashrita Shetty shows promise and her capability of bringing to the screen the vulnerability and innocence of a 17/18-year-old makes her endearing  This girl has huge potential " She then signed the lead in the action adventure film Indrajith opposite Gautham Karthik 

Personal life
Shetty married Indian cricketer Manish Pandey on 2 December 2019 

Filmography
Passage 5:
Grass Root Film Company
Grass Root Film Company is an Indian film production and distribution company  Established by Indian director Vetrimaaran in 2012, it debuted with Udhayam NH4, produced in collaboration with Meeka Entertainment  The company has collaborated with Wunderbar Films on several other films  Committed in 2012, it has since gone to produce several Tamil language films 

Filmography
Passage 6:
Music of the Mega Man Zero series
The Rockman Zero series, known as the Mega Man Zero series outside Japan, is a series of four video games for the Game Boy Advance set in Capcom's Mega Man video game franchise  The music of the series consists of the soundtracks to the four games, as well as the released albums associated with them  The music to Mega Man Zero, the first game, was composed by Ippo Yamada with one track by Setsuo Yamamoto; the music of Mega Man Zero 2 was composed by Yamada, Masaki Suzuki, Luna Umegaki, Chicken Mob, and Tsutomu Kurihara; the soundtrack of Mega Man Zero 3 was composed by Yamada, Suzuki, Kurihara, and Umegaki; and Mega Man Zero 4's music was composed by Yamada, Suzuki, Umegaki, and Shinichi Itakura 
The soundtracks for the first three games were released together as the Rockman Zero 1~3 Game Music Collection in 2004  Albums of remixed music have been released for each game, all in 2004, with Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero for the first, Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero Idea for the second, Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero Telos for the third, and Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero Physis for Rockman 4  A fifth album, Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero Mythos was released in 2010 to correspond with the release of the Mega Man Zero Collection compilation for the Nintendo DS  Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero, Telos, and Physis include in addition to their musical tracks several radio drama tracks, in which voice actors play in a drama whose story is related to the associated game 

Albums
Rockman Zero Game Music Complete Works -Rockman Zero 1~3-
Rockman Zero Game Music Complete Works - Rockman Zero 1~3- is a soundtrack album which contains music from Mega Man Zero, Mega Man Zero 2, and Mega Man Zero 3  The tracks were composed by Ippo Yamada, Luna Umegaki, Chicken Mob, Masaki Suzuki, Tsutomu Kurihara, and Makoto Tomozawa, though "Theme of ZERO", taken from the soundtrack of Mega Man X, was composed by Setsuo Yamamoto  The album was published by Suleputer on July 1, 2004 with the catalog numbers CPCA-1092/3   The two-disc album contains 103 tracks and covers a duration of 2:25:03  The album presents the tracks separated by game, with the Zero 2 tracks split by the disc boundary Track list

Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero
Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero is a soundtrack album which contains almost all remixed game tracks from Mega Man Zero, plus some drama tracks which explain events that occurred during the game  The majority of the tracks were composed by Ippo Yamada, though "Theme of ZERO", taken from the soundtrack of Mega Man X, was composed by Setsuo Yamamoto   The album was published by Inti Creates on January 23, 2004 with the catalog number INTIR-001  The album was released six months before the Rockman Zero 1~3 album, making it the first release of music from the game  It contains 26 tracks, of which 5 are drama tracks rather than songs, and covers a duration of 56:52  The drama tracks are marked in their official titles with a "*"  Literal translation of the original titles appear in (brackets) if different

Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Idea
Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Idea is a soundtrack album which contains remixed game tracks from Mega Man Zero 2, plus some remixes of extra tracks not included in the game  The tracks were composed and remixed by Ippo Yamada, Luna Umegaki, Masaki Suzuki, Chicken Mob, and Tsutomu Kurihara  The two-disc album was published by Inti Creates on May 28, 2004 with the catalog numbers INTIR-002/3  It contains 40 tracks and covers a duration of 1:52:22 Track list
 Literal translation of the original titles appear in (brackets) if different

Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Telos
Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Telos is a soundtrack album which contains remixed game tracks from Mega Man Zero 3  The tracks were composed and remixed by Ippo Yamada, Luna Umegaki, Masaki Suzuki, Makoto Tomozawa, and Tsutomu Kurihara  The two-disc album was published by Inti Creates on December 12, 2004 with the catalog numbers INTIR-004/5  It contains 47 tracks and covers a duration of 2:10:54  The last ten tracks of the second disc are drama tracks, which cover multiple events set both before Mega Man Zero 3 and during Track list
 Literal translation of the original titles appear in (brackets) if different

Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Physis
Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Physis is a soundtrack album which contains remixed game tracks from Mega Man Zero 4  The tracks were composed and remixed by Ippo Yamada, Luna Umegaki, Masaki Suzuki, Shinichi Itakura, and Chicken Mob  The two-disc album was published by Inti Creates on September 30, 2005 with the catalog numbers INTIR-006/7  It contains 41 tracks and covers a duration of 2:03:20  Several of the tracks are drama tracks rather than tunes; these focus on the events of the game rather than expanding on them as in previous albums  The last three tracks are karaoke versions of tracks from previous albums  The title of the drama tracks begin with "Ragnarok Record" Track list
 Literal translation of the original titles appear in (brackets) if different

Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Mythos
Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Mythos is a soundtrack album which contains remixed game tracks from Mega Man Zero Collection, a compilation release of the Mega Man Zero games for the Nintendo DS  The tracks were composed and remixed by Ippo Yamada, Luna Umegaki, and Tsutomu Kurihara  The album was published by Inti Creates on June 10, 2010 with the catalog number INTIR-0018  It contains 14 tracks, including one hidden track, and covers a duration of 48:18  Unlike the previous albums, Mythos does not include any drama tracks  At the same time that Mythos was released, a box set entitled Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero Limited Box was published, containing all five Remastered Tracks albums 
Passage 7:
JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai
JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai (transl  Life of a friend named JK) is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film written and directed by Cheran, which was simultaneously made and later released in Telugu as Rajadhi Raja (transl  King of Kings)  It stars Sharwanand and Nithya Menen while Prakash Raj and Santhanam play supporting roles  The film featured songs by G  V  Prakash Kumar and film scored by Siddharth Vipin  After failing to have a theatrical release in late 2013, the Tamil version of the film had a direct-to-video release in March 2015, becoming the first venture in a new initiative launched by Cheran known as Cinema2Home (C2H)  The Telugu version of the film had been indefinitely placed on hold, but was later released theatrically in June 2016, with the makers trying to profit from Sharwanand's popularity 

Plot
Jayakumar (Sharwanand), commonly known as JK, is a mid-20s man who does not care about family  Instead, he is obsessed with chatting on Facebook, partying, and passing time with friends  At work, he has a group of friends with similar interests  They all plan on going for a New Year Party 
Two years later, JK is shown to be a changed person – very invested in developing, earning money and taking care of his family  He is shown to make business models with an aim of earning a lot of money in a short period of time  He has goals such as getting his two sisters married and ensuring that his brother gets good education  In attempts to start business, he goes to meet a bank manager at his home  As they had to wait for the bank manager to come, JK and his friend notice that the house is not well-maintained and take on the job to organise it  Upon returning, bank manager appreciates their work and tells JK and his friend that it would be very helpful if they could help clean homes regularly  He also suggests that about 150 other flats in his apartment complex would also appreciate this service  This becomes JK's first business venture  For this, he also ropes in help from his school friend Nithya (Nithya Menen)  Together, JK, Nithya, and their friends go on to become very successful with multiple projects 
Later, the reason for change in JK's behaviour is explained  When JK and friends were planning to go for the New Year Party, Ravi also wants to go with them and becomes a good friend of JK  Ravi comes from a very poor background, and his family is dependent on him  After the party, the gang meets with an accident, resulting in Ravi's death and a serious head injury for JK  JK has only a couple of years left in his life  This makes him realise the importance of life, and he decides to make his family happy and make sure that they have enough money before he dies  However, JK does not tell this to anyone but Nithya  In the end, JK leaves the responsibilities of business and his family to Nithya and goes off to the USA (where he would likely die because of his illness)  Nithya is shown to be running the business and living with memories of time spent with her best friend JK 

Cast
Soundtrack
The soundtrack features five songs composed by G  V  Prakash Kumar, with lyrics by Na  Muthukumar, Yugabharathi, Madhan Karky, Cheran  The album was released by Cheran's music company Dream Sounds Digital Solution on 15 September 2013  The film's score was composed by Siddharth Vipin who also composed three additional songs for the film  Milliblog wrote: "Cheran's last film as director – Pokkisham – had fantastic music from Sabesh Murali; the move to GV Prakash Kumar produces underwhelming results"  Indiaglitz wrote: "Funky, rocking and melodious, the album has everything that the youth these days want to listen to  Predominantly duets and only one solo to speak of, the album will certainly be a popular favourite among all"  Behindwoods wrote:"There are moments of classic GVP, but could have done with few more" 
Tamil
Telugu

Marketing
Sharwanand had dubbed for his character in Tamil  As part of the promotion Cheran initiated a project named JK Fest 2013, in which college students from Tamil Nadu could participate  Students were asked to visualise and use their creativity to enact the songs of JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai without knowing the film's story  Cheran revealed that the film would be released on Internet, DVD and satellite, on the same day of its theatrical release  Cheran added that by releasing the film across all media on the same day, piracy could be curbed  However, the theatrical release did not happen; the film was instead released as a direct-to-video film on 6 March 2015, via Cheran's C2H (Cinema2Home) initiative  The Telugu version, initially titled Yemito Ee Maya, was later retitled as Rajadhi Raja and released theatrically on 24 June 2016, with the makers attempting to profit from Sharwanand's resurgence at the Telugu box office  However, this version failed commercially 

Reception
Baradwaj Rangan wrote for The Hindu, "JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai feels like Cheran's attempt to show that he isn't, anymore, the sentimental, melodramatic filmmaker whose good intentions haven't always resulted in good movies (or good box-office collections)  He's trying to show us that he can be young, hip  [   ] JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai may have worked if Cheran had stuck to his style"  Regarding the Telugu version, a critic from The Hans India wrote that "Rajadhi Raja is a breezy feel good film with colourful visuals, enchanting score and well sketched characters 
Passage 8:
Udhayam NH4
Udhayam NH4 is a 2013 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film directed by debutant Manimaran, a former associate of Vetrimaaran  The film stars Siddharth and newcomer Ashrita Shetty  Vetrimaaran wrote the script, did the screenplay, and penned the dialogues for this film  The story takes place in Bangalore, Karnataka  The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by G  V  Prakash Kumar  The film released along with a dubbed Telugu version titled NH4 on 19 April 2013 

Plot
Prabhu falls in love with Rithika, his classmate, who reciprocates his feelings, but are separated after Rithika's father disapproves of their relationship  Prabhu, lovelorn, discusses the route from Bangalore to Chennai with his friends and plan to kidnap Rithika to elope  Meanwhile, Rithika's father, Avinash Gowda, appoints encounter specialist ACP Manoj Menon IPS, who questions Rithika's male friend Deepak about Prabhu  Deepak claims that Prabhu is a drug addict and was always trying to woo Rithika, who started to avoid him because of Prabhu  After that, the plot continues when Manoj tries to track Prabhu and his friends  In the attempt, they track down a message from another friend named Umesh, asking Prabhu and friends to come to Bangarpet bus stand, only to find Manoj and his team arresting the guy for more information  Manoj goes to a railway station where the train in which Prabhu and Rithika are travelling to Chennai via Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh  He finds Rithika and forcefully drags her into his jeep  
As the flashback winds again (this time by Rithika), she fell for Prabhu after seeing him on many instances showing his presence of mind  As the flashback ends, Manoj finds Prabhu on the highway, where he does not stop until he runs over pieces of glass put down by Prabhu  They get into a brawl where Prabhu loses, and Manoj continues in the highway but has to stop in a railway signal at Andhra Pradesh-Karnataka border  Prabhu takes his chance and threatens Manoj, keeping his throat under a blade and taking Rithika with him  After a cat and mouse chase, Manoj calls Prabhu, saying that his friend needs immediate treatment after an accident  He goes in search of Manoj and involves in a fight with him again  Now, after the stroke of midnight, Rithika turns 18, giving her the right for choosing her partner  After that, Manoj leaves the highway, as he could not do anymore, according to the law 

Cast
Production
While working with Balu Mahendra for Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam (2005), producer Vetrimaaran prepared a script for Dhanush, who was the lead hero of the film he worked on, and Dhanush immediately accepted the offer after hearing the story  The film titled was Desiya Nedunchalai 47 was initially launched with Yuvan Shankar Raja as the music director and Ekambaram as the cinematographer  However, he found trouble finding producers with A  M  Rathnam and Salem Chandrasekhar leaving the project after initial interest, Dhanush's sister Dr  Vimala Geetha agreed to produce the film, but she also dropped the film  Dhanush's father Kasthuri Raja finally agreed to produce the film, and Kirat Bhattal was signed as heroine, while Harris Jayaraj was selected as music director  However, after two days of shoot, the film was shelved, and Dhanush opted to pursue other films after the surprise success of his Thiruvilayadal Arambam (2006)  The film's collapse saw Vetrimaaran approach producer Kadiresan and narrated to him the stories he had prepared, but the producer did not like Desiya Nedunchaalai 47, but later agreed to work on another project titled Polladhavan 
Vetrimaaran restarted the film as a creative producer with Dayanidhi Azhagiri, and chose to give the script to debutant director Manimaaran, who was initially nervous to take over a script by a National film winner  The team tried to re-take the title Desiya Nedunchalai, but this name was already registered by Dr  Srinivasan, which hence led to the renaming of the title to Udhayam NH4  Cloud Nine Movies approached Siddharth for the lead role, who immediately accepted it  Kishore, who was initially approached for a role in 2006, was re-approached but was unable to commit dates for the film  Subsequently Kay Kay Menon, who Vetrimaaran had been discussing a role in his next film Vada Chennai with, was signed on to play a pivotal role in the film  Debut actress Ashrita Shetty was selected to play the lead female role  Ramya was signed to appear in a cameo appearance in the film but eventually did not feature  Newbies Ajai, Kalai and Karthi play Siddharth's friends  Velraj is the cinematographer, music by G  V  Prakash Kumar editing will be by Kishore Te  The film will be produced jointly by Dayanidhi Azhagiri and Vetrimaaran as a tie-up between their companies Meeka Entertainment and Grass Root Film Company  The filming took place only on real locations, where crowds delayed shootings up to four days, making hidden cameras mandatory 

Soundtrack
The soundtrack album was composed by G  V  Prakash Kumar  The music rights were acquired by Sony Music India  On Valentine's day, the track "Yaaro Ivan" was unveiled at Suryan FM  Actor Siddharth sang the Telugu version of this song



ground_truth: Bill McCutcheon

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the first film scored by the man who composed the soundtrack for Udhayam NH4?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

Release
The satellite rights for the film were secured by Sun TV  The film was given a "U/A" certificate by the Indian Censor Board  On 14 February 2013, the first film trailer was released at Sun Music Udhayam NH4 released in around 250 theatres across Tamil Nadu along with Gouravam (2013) 

Reception
Upon release, Udhayam NH4 generally received favourable reviews  Baradwaj Rangan of The Hindu thanked the film crew for a well treated, but slight story, "[   ] the constant infusion of colour keeps us hooked  I don’t think I’ve laughed so much at a cop telling his nagging wife he loves her " Behindwoods gave 3 of 5 stars and concluded, "To sum it all, Udhayam NH 4 comes across as a well packaged product that has many things going in its favor and is sure to have patrons from the youth along with other sections of the audience too " Sify recommended the film, "The presentation is unique as it doesn’t have the trappings of usual masala potboilers " in com rated the film 3 5 out of 5 and stated that the story is simple but the taut screenplay with unexpected twists and turns at the right time makes Udhayam a good watch  Mahalakshmi Prabhakaran of Daily News and Analysis criticized the performance of Ashrita Shetty heavily, "As the character who’s the prize catch for both the cop and the boyfriend, the role’s every debutante actress' dream  But Hrishita just doesn’t match up  We are not even going to comment on her poor delivery of Tamil  Yes, she might be a Kannadiga in the movie, but that’s no excuse!", giving the film an average rating of 3  S  Saarawathi of Rediff wrote, "Udhayam NH4 is a racy entertainer that keeps you glued to the screen " Sidharth Varma of The Times of India rated it 3 5 out of 5 stars and said, "The movie brings in a whiff of fresh air in the dialogue department  The characters switch between the four south Indian languages and English depending on the place where the scene is set and the situation, which adds to the authenticity of the movie  The drama is injected in the right doses through the incidents on the highway, and flashbacks tell us more about each character " Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of The Hindu recommended the film, "Take a ride down this highway just to see how a talented director can make a simple story engaging " Review Raja found the film to be "just an alright movie", and thought, that Ashrita Shetty wasn't capable enough to play the female lead role  Bangalore Mirror gave the film 3 5 out of 5 saying that the film is well crafted 
Passage 9:
Interstellar (soundtrack)
Interstellar: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album composed by Hans Zimmer for the 2014 film Interstellar by Christopher Nolan  The soundtrack garnered critical acclaim and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media 

Background and production
Hans Zimmer had previously worked with director Christopher Nolan, scoring Nolan’s The Dark Knight film trilogy and Inception  Without revealing the plot of Interstellar, Nolan wrote a short story for Zimmer about a father leaving a child to complete an important job  The story contained two sentences of dialogue: “I’ll come back,” and “When?”  Nolan then asked Zimmer to spend one day composing some musical interpretations of the story 
I am going to give you an envelope with a letter in it  One page  It's going to tell you the fable at the center of the story  You work for one day, then play me what you have written 
In one night, Zimmer wrote a four-minute piano and organ piece that represented his idea of fatherhood  When he played it for Nolan, Nolan was pleased and explained the full plot and concept of the film, though it had not yet been written  Zimmer was originally skeptical, noting that he had written a "tiny, tiny little fragile" piece while Nolan had described an intense, epic space film  However, Nolan reassured Zimmer that the piano piece provided "the heart" of the film  The piece can be heard at the conclusion of the film For the film's signature organ, Zimmer specifically requested that organist Roger Sayer, the music director of Temple Church in London, play the church's 1926 four-manual Harrison & Harrison organ  The physical appearance of organ reminded Zimmer of spaceship afterburners, while the airiness of its sound evoked the reminder that every breath is precious for an astronaut  The rest of the ensemble consisted of 34 strings, 24 woodwinds, four pianos, and a mixed choir of 60 voices  The soundtrack was recorded at both Temple Church and AIR Lyndhurst Hall in late spring 2014 In 2022, Zimmer cited the Interstellar soundtrack as the best work of his career 

Release
Zimmer himself delayed the soundtrack album's release until two weeks after the film premiere because he wanted audiences to hear the score in theaters first 
We wanted people to really hear it for the first time with the movie on really big speakers in a theater    I just didn't want people to go and hear everything on tiny little speakers on their Mac or something like this  I wanted them to go and have the visceral experience of being pinned in their seats 
The soundtrack was released on November 17, 2014 via the WaterTower label  On November 13, 2020, WaterTower released an expanded edition of the soundtrack 

Critical reception
The score received critical acclaim  Reviewing for BBC News, Nicholas Barber felt, "Hans Zimmer's music makes the film seem even more colossal than it would otherwise: Zimmer invokes the original meaning of 'pulls out all the stops', rattling our teeth with reverberating pipe-organ chords " Scott Foundas, a chief film critic at Variety, stated, "Hans Zimmer contributes one of his most richly imagined and inventive scores, which ranges from a gentle electronic keyboard melody to brassy, Strauss-ian crescendos Many critics have noted distinct similarities between the score and the work of Philip Glass, especially Koyaanisqatsi (1982)  However, despite Interstellar's near-identical central melody and instrumentation, few have criticized Zimmer when drawing the comparison  Time Out London's Dave Calhoun exclaimed, "Listen to unnerving silence as well as Hans Zimmer's organ-heavy score!" Tim Robey of The Telegraph felt "With the vast sounds of a composer set loose on his grandest ever assignment  But it relies less on Straussian majesty à la 2001 than something rather more pointed: the hypnotic, metronomically surging, and oddly sacred homage Zimmer gives us to Koyaanisqatsi by Philip Glass " Todd McCarthy, reviewing for The Hollywood Reporter, praised it as, "soaring, sometimes domineering and unconventionally orchestrated wall-of-sound score" Richard Corliss of Time called it "pounding organ score"  Jeremy Aspinall of Radio Times called the score subtle but evocative  Critic Jeffrey M  Anderson for The San Francisco Examiner writes, "rumbling and thundering sound effects and music"  At The Irish Times, Donald Clarke wrote that "Hans Zimmer slumps on the biggest pipe organ in town"  For NPR, Chris Klimek stated that Zimmer's gives a church-organ score  Joe Morgenstern for Wall Street Journal felt that "At one point the orchestral churnings of Hans Zimmer's score suggest something epic under way"  American film critic Peter Travers at Rolling Stone noted, "thrilling images oomphed by Hans Zimmer's score, and you'll get the meaning of "‘rock the house ‘"  For The Globe and Mail, Liam Lacey stated, "Throughout, Hans Zimmer's music throbs obtrusively, occasionally fighting with the dialogue for our attention " "As usual, Nolan's frequent collaborator Hans Zimmer has come up with a score that fits the impossible dimensions of the film, and the music adds tremendously to the excitement", said critic Rene Rodriguez, writing for The Miami Herald  Ann Hornaday for The Washington Post commented, "Hans Zimmer's basso profundo organ-music score and pummeling sound effects " Steven Biscotti of Soundtrack net too praised the soundtrack stating, "Hans Zimmer has created a close to perfect musical canvas for those extremely dedicated to the audio experience  The compositional technique on the album may turn off a few, as it is different than Zimmer's recent offerings  However, for those that stick with the album, they will see it 'not go gentle into that good night ' Zimmer's Interstellar rages!" and awarded a perfect five out of five stars In response to criticisms about the music being too overpowering and at times drowning out the dialogue, Nolan told The Hollywood Reporter: "Many of the filmmakers I’ve admired over the years have used sound in bold and adventurous ways  I don’t agree with the idea that you can only achieve clarity through dialogue  Clarity of story, clarity of emotions—I  try to achieve that in a very layered way using all the different things at my disposal—picture and sound "Jonathan Broxton of Movie Music UK acclaimed the album, stating, "The orchestration choices, especially the stripped down ensemble and the use of the pipe organ, shows a composer not afraid to think outside the box, and find unique solutions to the musical problems his film presents, and the emotional content of the score is high, but not overwhelming", and summarised with, "It's an absolute lock for an Oscar nomination, and is one of the best scores of 2014 " Tangerine Circus's guitarist Francesc Messeguer cited the score and the film as one of his top five favorite albums and films, respectively In his in-depth musical analysis, Mark Richards of Film Music Notes concludes: "Rather than simply being associated with a certain character or group of characters, Zimmer’s themes tend to emphasize the emotions a particular character or group is feeling at various points in the film  [   ] Interstellar has at its core an emotional story of love between a father and his daughter  Appropriately, Hans Zimmer places the Murph and Cooper theme front and center in the score [   ]  Of course, since the film also includes some riveting action sequences, the score does make use of an action theme, but in typical Zimmer style, this theme serves two different functions as it is also the familial love theme  [   ] And Zimmer also captures Interstellar’s focus on the wonder of the natural world in a separate theme  Thus, the score provides an effective glue for the film by drawing emotional links between various events, character motivations, and visual spectacles that might otherwise seem rather disconnected "

Track listing
Standard edition
Deluxe edition bonus tracks
Illuminated Star Projection edition
Vinyl Edition (Standard)
MovieTickets com bonus track
Personnel
Credits adapted from CD liner notes 
All music composed by Hans Zimmer

Charts
Certifications
Passage 10:
G  V  Prakash Kumar
G  V  Prakash Kumar is an Indian music composer, playback singer, actor and producer known for his work in Tamil films and a few Telugu films as well  His first film was S Pictures' Veyil (2006) and he gained fame in Tamil films by the early 2010s  He made his debut in acting on 2015 through Darling  He has won one National Award and three Filmfare Awards in his film career 

Early life
Prakash Kumar is the only son of G  Venkatesh and playback singer A  R  Reihana, who is the elder sister of music director A  R  Rahman  He also has a younger sister named Bhavani Sre, who is an actress and appeared in films such as "Vidudhalai"Ka Pae Ranasingam and Paava Kadhaigal 

Personal life
Prakash married his schoolmate, singer Saindhavi, in 2013  The couple became parents to a daughter named Anvi in 2020 

Career
Music direction
He first appeared as a vocalist on the soundtrack of director S  Shankar's Tamil film Gentleman (1993), composed by his maternal uncle, A  R  Rahman  He has also contributed to some of Rahman's other projects  He had also worked with Harris Jayaraj and sang two songs in Anniyan (2005) and Unnale Unnale (2007) 
G V  Prakash's introduction as a film composer was in the critically acclaimed Tamil film Veyil (2006) directed by Vasanthabalan and produced by director S  Shankar  His music in the film Madrasapattinam (2010), directed by A  L  Vijay was appreciated, especially his song "Pookal Pookum Tharunam" 
He went on to win critical acclaim for his music in Selvaraghavan's fantasy action adventure film Aayirathil Oruvan (2009), National award winning Aadukalam (2010) and drama film Mayakkam Enna (2011), which became his third collaboration that featured Dhanush in the lead role  The album's five songs were written by Selvaraghavan and Dhanush, with the pair also coming together to sing the song "Kadhal En Kadhal"  The album also included the song "Pirai Thedum", which Prakash sang himself along with his fiancée, Saindhavi whilst another song "Voda Voda Voda", written and sung by Dhanush, was composed in just 5 minutes and recorded within an hour  Rediff com reviewed the soundtrack claiming that Prakash had "tried very hard to walk away from his comfort zone and provide the kind of edgy numbers Selvaraghavan demands, and has risen to the challenge"  Critics from entertainment portal Behindwoods com cited that Prakash "reiterates his talent once again" and gave a verdict that the album is "intoxicating enough"  In late September 2011, a single track "Oru Murai", written by Thamarai and composed and sung by Prakash in R  S  Infotainment's Muppozhudhum Un Karpanaigal (2012) was released  His subsequent releases include the political satire Saguni (2012) and the background score of the Hindi crime film Gangs of Wasseypur and also composed Sunrisers Hyderabad's first anthem  Songs of the movie Darling (2015) were hits  Especially "Vandha Mala", "Anbe Anbe" and "Sattunu Idi Mazhai" This is also the debut film for Prakash as an actor  Prakash's songs in Kaaka Muttai (2015) were massive hits  "Karuppu Karuppu" song was on charts for a few months  "Karuppu Nerathazhagi" was a huge hit from Komban (2015)  G V  Prakash signed his 50th film with director Atlee that is Vijay's 59th, which is named Theri (2016) GV Prakash's Last two releases as a composer and not his film as an actor are Vetrimaaran-Dhanush's Asuran (2019) and Sudha Kongara-Suriya's Soorarai Pottru (2020) 

Film production
In 2013, Prakash Kumar launched his own production house under the name "GV Prakash Kumar Productions"  His first film Madha Yaanai Koottam, was directed by Vikram Sugumaran, a former assistant of Balu Mahendra 

Acting
In 2012, director A R  Murugadoss approached Kumar regarding a potential acting venture  Prakash agreed to star in the project, however, the film later failed to take off  He subsequently signed on to appear in three films in quick succession, with the three entering production simultaneously  In order to further his acting ability, he took lessons from actor Aadukalam Naren and has noted that his stage performances as a singer were also helpful in demonstrating his potential as an actor Prakash was going to make his acting debut in a film titled Pencil, opposite Sri Divya, where he will be playing a school student  However, as Pencil's release was delayed, his first release became the horror film Darling  A remake of the 2013 Telugu film Prema Katha Chitram  Thereafter, Trisha Illana Nayanthara (2015)  The film deals with the present day definition of love and the perspective of today's youngsters of both genders about love, relationship, virginity etc  In 2016, he appeared in Pencil and two comedies films Enakku Innoru Per Irukku and Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru  The next is Bruce Lee  (2017)  He acted in the climax sequence as cameo appearance with Silambarasan's Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan (2017)  In 2018, he starred in Bala's action crime Naachiyaar  He acted in second role next to Jyothika  Then the comedy-drama, Semma released on May  In 2019, he had five releases this year with Sarvam Thaala Mayam, Kuppathu Raja, Watchman, Sivappu Manjal Pachai and 100% Kadhal 
In 2021, his film Vanakkam Da Mappilei was a direct to OTT release  It was marks the second collaboration of G  V  Prakash and Rajesh after 2016's Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru  Following Bachelor and Jail were released in December 

Discography
Original scores
#Film score by another composer
#2Soundtrack by another composer
Upcoming films as composerThe films are listed in order that the music released, regardless of the dates the film released 
The year next to the title of the affected films indicates the release year of the either dubbed or remade version in the named language later than the original version 
• indicates original language release  Indicates simultaneous makes, if featuring in more languages
♦ indicates a remade version, the remaining ones being dubbed versionsTelevision

As singer
Film songsInternational Single

Independent songs

Filmography
As actor
As producerMadha Yaanai Koottam (2013)

As dubbing artist
Awards and nominations
Context 3: Passage 1:
Ardiente secreto
Ardiente secreto is a Mexican telenovela produced by Irene Sabido for Televisa in 1978  It is based on the Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel Jane Eyre 

Plot
The orphan Mariana Cisneros was shut in (in a college) by an aunt who hates her, she suffers from some terrible pains, but she take advantage of the education and culture  When she turns 18 she finds a job as a governess of a silent and lonely child, Adela, who is the daughter of Eduardo  Mariana wins Adela's love and she is attracted by Eduardo  Mariana and Eduardo fall in love, but a terrible secret will take them apart  She discovers it on the day of their marriage  Mariana is desperate and she escapes, but for love she will return again 

Cast
Daniela Romo as Mariana
Joaquín Cordero as Eduardo
Lorena Velázquez
Virginia Manzano
Dolores Tinoco
Patricia Tanus as Adela
Ada Carrasco
Eduardo Liñán
Erika Carrasco as Mariana (child)
Passage 2:
El Ardiente Secreto
Ardiente secreto is a Mexican telenovela produced by Irene Sabido for Televisa in 1978  It is based on the Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel Jane Eyre 

Plot
The orphan Mariana Cisneros was shut in (in a college) by an aunt who hates her, she suffers from some terrible pains, but she take advantage of the education and culture  When she turns 18 she finds a job as a governess of a silent and lonely child, Adela, who is the daughter of Eduardo  Mariana wins Adela's love and she is attracted by Eduardo  Mariana and Eduardo fall in love, but a terrible secret will take them apart  She discovers it on the day of their marriage  Mariana is desperate and she escapes, but for love she will return again 

Cast
Daniela Romo as Mariana
Joaquín Cordero as Eduardo
Lorena Velázquez
Virginia Manzano
Dolores Tinoco
Patricia Tanus as Adela
Ada Carrasco
Eduardo Liñán
Erika Carrasco as Mariana (child)
Passage 3:
Jeff Sampson
Jeff Sampson is a young adult and children's author  He was born on a U S  military base in Nuremberg, Germany on July 15, 1982  He started writing professionally at age eighteen  His first books were packaged series fiction  When Sampson was twenty-two, he had his first novel published as part of the Dragonlance series of fantasy novels  He since went on to write many original young adult and children's series, including Monster Slayers under the pen name Lukas Ritter for Wizards of the Coast; Deviants for Balzer + Bray, an imprint of HarperCollins Children’s Books; and The Last Dogs under the pen name Christopher Holt for Little, Brown Books for Young Readers  Jeff Sampson currently lives in Seattle, Washington in the United States 

Bibliography
The Last Dogs:
(as Christopher Holt)

The Vanishing (September 2012)
Dark Waters (June 2013)
The Long Road (November 2013)
Journey's End (June 2014)

Deviants
Vesper (January 2011)
Havoc (January 2012)
Ravage (January 2013)

Monster Slayers
(as Lukas Ritter)

Monster Slayers (May 2010)
Monster Slayers: Unleashed (May 2011)
Monster Slayers: Training Day (Short story, Wizards of the Coast website, April 2010)

Dragonlance: The New Adventures
Dragon Quartet, Vol  8: Dragon Spell (July 2005)
Trinistyr Trilogy, Vol  2: Wizard's Betrayal (January 2006)
Suncatcher Trilogy, Vol  1: The Wayward Wizard (September 2006)
Suncatcher Trilogy, Vol  2: The Ebony Eye (March 2007)
Suncatcher Trilogy, Vol  3: The Stolen Sun (September 2007)
Passage 4:
Story of O
Story of O (French: Histoire d'O, IPA: [istwaʁ do]) is an erotic novel published in 1954 by French author Anne Desclos under the pen name Pauline Réage, and published in French by Jean-Jacques Pauvert 
Desclos did not reveal herself as the author for 40 years after the initial publication  Desclos stated she wrote the novel as a series of love letters to her lover Jean Paulhan, who had admired the work of the Marquis de Sade  The novel shares with the latter themes such as love, dominance, and submission 

Plot
Story of O is a tale of female submission involving a beautiful Parisian fashion photographer named O, who is taught to be constantly available for oral, vaginal, and anal intercourse, offering herself to any male who belongs to the same secret society as her lover  She is regularly stripped, blindfolded, chained, and whipped; her anus is widened by increasingly large plugs; her labium is pierced and her buttocks are branded 
The story begins when O's lover, René, brings her to the château in Roissy, where she is trained to serve the members of an elite club  After this initial training, as a demonstration of their bond and his generosity, René hands O to his elder stepbrother Sir Stephen, a more severe master  René wants O to learn to serve someone whom she does not love, and someone who does not love her  Over the course of this training, O falls in love with Sir Stephen and believes him to be in love with her as well  During the summer, Sir Stephen sends O to an old mansion in Samois solely inhabited by women for advanced training and body modifications related to submission  There she agrees to receive permanent marks of Sir Stephen's ownership, in the form of a brand and a steel tag hanging from a labia piercing 
Meanwhile René has encouraged O to seduce Jacqueline, a vain fashion model, and lure her to Roissy  Jacqueline is repulsed when she first sees O's chains and scars, although O herself is proud of her condition as a willing slave  But Jacqueline's younger half-sister becomes enamored of O, and begs to be taken to Roissy 
At the climax, O is presented as a sexual slave, nude but for an owl-like mask and a leash attached to her piercing, before a large party of guests who treat her solely as an object  Afterward, she is shared by Sir Stephen and an associate of his who is referred to only as "The Commander" 
Some early editions included several different variations of an epilogue which note that Sir Stephen later abandoned O, though there is debate as to whether Desclos intended it to be included in the finished work; in one such version, O is so distraught by the threat of this abandonment that she insists she would rather die and asks for permission to commit suicide, which is granted 

Publishing history
In February 1955, Story of O won the French literature prize Prix des Deux Magots, but the French authorities still brought obscenity charges against the publisher  The charges were rejected by the courts, but a publicity ban was imposed for a number of years 
Olympia Press published the first English edition in 1965  Eliot Fremont-Smith (of The New York Times) called its publication "a significant event" 

Criticism
A critical view of the novel is that it is about, and derives its erotic power from, the ultimate objectification of a woman  The heroine has the shortest possible name  Though this is in fact a shortening of "Odile", it could also stand for "object" or "orifice", an O being a symbolic representation of any "hole"  The novel was strongly criticized by many feminists, who felt it glorified the abuse of women  An article by Susan Griffin that appears in  Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis (reprinted from Griffin’s book Pornography and Silence with an introduction) criticizes the novel; Griffin argues that Story of O shows "how a pornographic society turns a woman's heart against herself "When the film Story of O was released, L'Express magazine ran a feature on the novel and film  This resulted in L'Express being picketed by feminists from the group Mouvement de libération des femmes, who found the novel and film objectionable  Journalist François Chalais also criticized Story of O, claiming the novel glorified violence; he described the novel as "bringing the Gestapo into the boudoir" 

Hidden identities
The author used a pen name, then later used another pen name, before finally, just before her death, revealing her true identity  Her lover, Jean Paulhan, wrote the preface as if the author were unknown to him According to Geraldine Bedell, "Pauline Réage, the author, was a pseudonym, and many people thought that the book could only have been written by a man  The writer's true identity was not revealed until ten years ago, when, in an interview with John de St  Jorre, a British journalist and sometime foreign correspondent of The Observer, an impeccably dressed 86-year-old intellectual called Dominique Aury acknowledged that the fantasies of castles, masks and debauchery were hers " According to several other sources, however, Dominique Aury was itself a pseudonym of Anne Desclos, born 23 September 1907 in Rochefort-sur-Mer, France, and deceased 26 April 1998 (at age 90) in Paris 
The Grove Press edition (U S , 1965) was translated by editor Richard Seaver (who had lived in France for many years) under the pseudonym Sabine d'Estrée 

Jean Paulhan
Jean Paulhan, the author's lover and the person to whom she wrote Story of O in the form of love letters, wrote the preface, "Happiness in Slavery"  Paulhan admired the Marquis de Sade's work and told Desclos that a woman could not write like Sade  Desclos took this as a challenge and wrote the book  Paulhan was so impressed that he sent it to a publisher  In the preface, he goes out of his way to appear as if he does not know who wrote it  In one part he says, "But from the beginning to end, the story of O is managed rather like some brilliant feat  It reminds you more of a speech than of a mere effusion; of a letter rather than a secret diary  But to whom is the letter addressed? Whom is the speech trying to convince? Whom can we ask? I don't even know who you are  That you are a woman I have little doubt " Paulhan also explains his own belief that the themes in the book depict the true nature of women  At times, the preface (when read with the knowledge of the relationship between Paulhan and the author), seems to be a continuation of the conversation between them 
In an interview Paulhan explained that O, in a religious-like obsession, was seeking the loss of responsibility for her body and mind much like many religious women seek to surrender themselves to the mercy of God  In both cases it is the joy of destruction  Paulhan was also quoted: "To be killed by someone you love strikes me as the epitome of ecstasy"  Discussing the ending, Paulhan states, "I too was surprised by the end  And nothing you can say will convince me that it is the real end  That in reality (so to speak) your heroine convinces Sir Stephen to consent to her death "One critic has seen Paulhan's essay as consistent with other themes in his work, including his interest in erotica, his "mystification" of love and sexual relationships, and a view of women that is arguably sexist 

Legacy
Emmanuelle Arsan claimed the Story of O inspired her to write her own erotic novel Emmanuelle (1967) A sequel to Story of O, Retour à Roissy (Return to Roissy, but often translated as Return to the Chateau, Continuing the Story of O), was published in 1969 in French, again with Jean-Jacques Pauvert, éditeur  It was published again in English by Grove Press, Inc , in 1971  It is not known whether this work is by the same author as the original 
The town Samois-sur-Seine is mentioned in Story of O as  the location of the fictional mansion managed by Anne-Marie, a lesbian dominatrix  In 1978, the name Samois was adopted by a lesbian-feminist BDSM organization based in San Francisco that existed from 1978 to 1983  It was the first lesbian BDSM group in the United States In 2007, the National Leather Association International inaugurated awards for excellence in SM/fetish/leather writing  The categories include the Pauline Reage (a pen name of Anne Desclos, author of Story of O) award for fiction novel In 2020, Anne Desclos (author of Story of O) was inducted into the Leather Hall of Fame 

Adaptations
Film
American experimental director Kenneth Anger made a 20 minute short film version, l'Histoire d'O, in 1961 
French director Henri-Georges Clouzot wanted to adapt the novel to film for many years, which was eventually done by director Just Jaeckin in 1975 as Histoire d'O (Story of O) produced by Eric Rochat and Gérard Lorin, starring Corinne Cléry and Udo Kier  The film met with far less acclaim than the book  It was banned in the United Kingdom by the British Board of Film Censors until February 2000 
In 1975, American director Gerard Damiano, well known for Deep Throat (1972) and The Devil in Miss Jones (1973), created the movie The Story of Joanna, highly influenced by the Story of O, by combining motifs from one of the book's chapters and from Jean-Paul Sartre's No Exit 
In 1979, Danish director Lars von Trier made the short movie entitled Menthe – la bienheureuse, as an homage to Story of O  His 2005 film Manderlay was also inspired by the book, particularly Paulhan's introduction Five years later, in 1984, actress Sandra Wey starred as "O" in Story of O - Chapter 2, written, directed and produced by Eric Rochat 
In 1992, a Brazilian miniseries in 10 episodes entitled A História de O starring Claudia Cepeda was written, directed and produced by Eric Rochat, who was the producer of the original 1975 movie 
In 2002, another version of O was released, called The Story of O: Untold Pleasures, with Danielle Ciardi playing the title character 

Comics
In 1975, it was adapted for comics by the Italian artist Guido Crepax  Both the original and Crepax's adaptation were parodied for comics in 2007 by Charles Alverson and John Linton Roberson 

Documentaries
Writer of O, a 2004 documentary film by Pola Rapaport, mixed interviews with re-enactments of certain scenes from the book  In the documentary, the real author of Story of O, Dominique Aury (actually a pen name of Anne Desclos), talks about the book A Girl in Love  This book was written about how Story of O was written 
A documentary was also made for BBC Radio 4 entitled The Story of O: The Vice Francaise, presented by Rowan Pelling, former editor of the Erotic Review, which looked at the history of the book and its author Anne Desclos 
Erotica: A Journey Into Female Sexuality, a documentary by filmmaker Maya Gallus, featured the final interview with 90-year-old Dominique Aury (a pen name of Story of O author Anne Desclos) before she died  In the film, she recounts the extraordinary love story behind Story of O and marvels that she has reached such a grand age 

Songs
The 2018 single "O" by the artist Shygirl is based on the book 

See also
1975 in film
Dominance and submission
Sadism and masochism in fiction
Story of O - Chapter 2
Venus in Furs
The Claiming of Sleeping Beauty
Fruits of Passion
Passage 5:
The Dice Man
The Dice Man is a 1971 novel by American novelist George Cockcroft, writing under the pen name "Luke Rhinehart"  The book tells the story of a psychiatrist who makes daily decisions based on the casting of a diсe  Cockcroft describes the origin of the title idea variously in interviews, once recalling a college "quirk" he and friends used to decide "what they were going to do that night" based on a die-roll, or sometimes to decide between mildly mischievous pranks  The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy user site describes the novel as a book that was viewed as subversive, as having "anti-psychiatry sentiment", and as "reflecting the mood of the early 1970s in permissiveness"  It has content that includes the protagonist's decisions to engage in rape and murder, and is described as having been "banned in several countries" At the time of its publication, "[i]t was not clear whether the book was fiction or autobiography", all the more because the protagonist and the alleged author were eponymous; both were described as having the same profession (psychiatry), and elements of the described lives of both (e g , places of residence, date of birth) were also in common; hence, curiosity over its authorship have persisted since its publication  Years later, in 1999, Emmanuel Carrère, writing for The Guardian, presented a long-form expose on Cockroft and the relationship between author and legend, disclosing him as a life-long English professor living "in an old farmhouse with a yard that slopes down to a duck pond", a husband of fifty-years, father of three, and a caregiver to a special-needs child On its initial publication, the cover bore the confident subheader, "Few novels can change your life  This one will"; in the United States this was altered to read, "This book will change your life"  The book quickly became, and remains thought of as, a cult classic  Writing in 2017 for The Guardian, Tanya Gold noted that "over the course of 45 years" it was still in print, had become famous, had devoted fans, and had "sold more than 2m copies in multiple languages"  As well, it has been republished a number of times  It initially sold poorly in the United States, but well in Europe, particularly England, Sweden, Denmark, and Spain  Cockroft continued themes of the book in two other novels, Adventures of Wim (1986) and The Search for the Dice Man (1993), and in a companion title, The Book of the Die (2000), none of which achieved the commercial success of The Dice Man 

Plot summary
As stated at the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy user site:The book tells the story    of a psychologist named Luke [Rhinehart] who, feeling bored and unfulfilled in life, starts making decisions    based on a roll of a die  Along the way, there is sex, rape, murder, 'dice parties', breakouts by psychiatric patients, and various corporate and governmental machines being put into a spin  There is also a description of the cult that starts to develop around the man, and the psychological research he initiates, such as the 'F**k without Fear for Fun and Profit' programme 

Publishing history
ISBN 0-900735-00-7 - September 9, 1971
ISBN 0-246-11058-9 - July, 1978
ISBN 0-586-03765-9 - April 13, 1989
ISBN 0-87951-864-2 - July, 1998
ISBN 0-00-651390-5 - December 15, 1999
ISBN 0-00-716121-2 - April 7, 2003

In Pop Culture
British band The Fall based the song "Dice Man" (1979) on this novel 
British New Wave band Talk Talk wrote the song "Such A Shame" (1984) inspired by this novel 
British musician Richard D  James used the pseudonym The Dice Man for the track "Polygon Window" (1992) 

See also
"Flip Decision"
Yes Man (book)
Passage 6:
Colin Falconer (writer)
Colin Falconer (born 1953) is a pen name of Colin Bowles, who also uses the pen name Mark D'Abranville, an English-born Australian writer   Works published under the pen name include contemporary and historical thrillers, and children's books   Under his original name he has also published books of satirical fiction; non-fiction books about language; television and radio scripts; and many magazine articles and columns 

Biography
Born in North London, Bowles moved to Australia in his twenties and worked as a taxi driver and guitarist before joining an advertising agency  In 1984 he moved to Sydney to pursue a career as a writer 
He worked as a freelance journalist for various major magazines and wrote scripts for radio and television before becoming a full-time novelist in 1990  His books have been translated into 17 languages  He lived for many years near Dunsborough, Western Australia, where he and his late wife, Helen, raised two daughters  While writing, he also worked for many years in the volunteer ambulance service  He lives in Australia with his wife 

Awards
Novels by Colin Falconer
Falconer novels have an international audience  Harem (also published as The Sultan's Harem), the story of Suleiman the Magnificent, sold over 150,000 copies in Germany alone 

Harem (1993)
Aztec (1999)
Feathered Serpent (2002)
The Sultan's Harem (2004)
Silk Road (2011)
Anastasia (2012)
Isabella: Braveheart of France (2013)
East India (2014)
Nights in the Sun
Venom
Deathwatch (1991)
Fury
Opium
Triad
Dangerous
Disappeared
Rough Justice
The Certainty of Doing Evil
When We Were Gods
My Beautiful Spy
Pearls
Stairway to the Moon (sequel to Pearls)
Surfing Mr  Petrovic
Colossus
Stigmata
The Unkillable Kitty O'Kane (2017)
Lord of the Atlas (2022)

Works by Colin Bowles
These include:

Wit's Dictionary
G'day, Teach Yourself Australian
The Year We Seized the Day (2007, with Elizabeth Best)
"Flying Blind"
"Flying Hazzard"
Passage 7:
The Cuckoo Clock
The Cuckoo Clock is a British children's fantasy novel by Mary Louisa Molesworth, published in 1877 by Macmillan  It was originally published under the pen name Ennis Graham and reissued in 1882 as by Mrs  Molesworth, the name by which she is widely known  Both of those editions and many later ones were illustrated by Walter Crane; an 1893 uniform edition is available online at the University of Pennsylvania  An edition illustrated by Maria L  Kirk was published in 1914; it is available online at HathiTrust Digital Library 

Plot summary
A small child and a cuckoo from a cuckoo clock become unlikely friends  At night the clock transports her to magical places 

Genre and style
Her writing style is known to be very plain in context, and it has been criticized for this  But the plain text was most likely used so that the work was more accessible to children  Nothing she writes is too complicated for the readers, and there is an air of conversation in the text 

Themes
Love and friendship
Throughout the novel Griselda struggles with her new place of residence  She quickly finds that what she needs most is friendship  She finds these friends first in the Cuckoo, then her maids, and finally she finds a real friend in Master Phil  It is also realized at the end that throughout the novel her aunts have been showing her examples of real love all along 

Magic in fiction
This particular use of magic is through an enchanted object  The plot is furthered easily with the assumption that the object has no bounds of possibility  Children readers are also led to use their imagination to see all of the images the writer has concocted 

Sacrifices bring reward
Throughout the story Griselda struggles to finish her lessons during the day  The Cuckoo helps her to learn that with hard work there is eventually a reward  He rewards her greatly when she has improved in her lessons 

19th century children's literature
The second half of the 19th century is called the Golden age of children’s literature, because of the publication of so many notable stories that also appear in modern times  The fantasy novel for children was becoming very popular at this time  The Moral Didactic tale also continued with the popularity of the fantasy story  Often overlapping 

The didactic tale
The character of Griselda, has many interesting qualities  She is seen as a real child, who throws fits and is unhappy when she does not get her way  The Cuckoo, through these stories, teaches young Griselda how to control her feelings and urges  Learning the proper way to act is a major theme in many British children's books  Many books written in that age were meant for the betterment of the children reading them 

Critical reception
In the back of a copy of Mrs  Molesworth's The Tapestry Room there is a short review for The Cuckoo Clock:
"A beautiful little story    It will be read with delight by every child into whose hands it is placed    Ennis Graham deserves all that praise that has been, is, and will be, bestowed on The Cuckoo Clock  Children's stories are plentiful, but one like this not to be met with every day " –Pall Mall Gazette

Adaptation into animated film
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio was adapted into animated short films titled The Cuckoo Clock that released in 1950 by Tex Avery  The story began, when the black cat scared the sound of the cuckoo clock 
Passage 8:
Jane Eyre
Jane Eyre ( AIR; originally published as Jane Eyre: An Autobiography) is a novel by the English writer Charlotte Brontë  It was published under her pen name "Currer Bell" on 19 October 1847 by Smith, Elder & Co  of London  The first American edition was published the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York  Jane Eyre is a Bildungsroman which follows the experiences of its eponymous heroine, including her growth to adulthood and her love for Mr Rochester, the brooding master of Thornfield Hall The novel revolutionised prose fiction by being the first to focus on its protagonist's moral and spiritual development through an intimate first-person narrative, where actions and events are coloured by a psychological intensity  Charlotte Brontë has been called the "first historian of the private consciousness", and the literary ancestor of writers like Marcel Proust and James Joyce The book contains elements of social criticism with a strong sense of Christian morality at its core, and it is considered by many to be ahead of its time because of Jane's individualistic character and how the novel approaches the topics of class, sexuality, religion, and feminism  It, along with Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, is one of the most famous romance novels 

Plot
Jane Eyre is divided into 38 chapters  It was originally published in three volumes in the 19th century, comprising chapters 1 to 15, 16 to 27, and 28 to 38 
The second edition was dedicated to William Makepeace Thackeray 
The novel is a first-person narrative from the perspective of the title character  Its setting is somewhere in the north of England, late in the reign of George III (1760–1820)  It has five distinct stages: Jane's childhood at Gateshead Hall, where she is emotionally and physically abused by her aunt and cousins; her education at Lowood School, where she gains friends and role models but suffers privations and oppression; her time as governess at Thornfield Hall, where she falls in love with her mysterious employer, Edward Fairfax Rochester; her time in the Moor House, during which her earnest but cold clergyman cousin, St John Rivers, proposes to her; and ultimately her reunion with, and marriage to, her beloved Rochester  Throughout these sections, it provides perspectives on a number of important social issues and ideas, many of which are critical of the status quo 
The five stages of Jane's life:

Gateshead Hall
Jane Eyre, aged 10, lives at Gateshead Hall with her maternal uncle's family, the Reeds, as a result of her uncle's dying wish  Jane was orphaned several years earlier when her parents died of typhus  Jane's uncle, Mr Reed, was the only one in the Reed family who was kind to Jane  Jane's aunt, Sarah Reed, dislikes her and treats her as a burden  Mrs Reed also discourages her three children from associating with Jane  As a result, Jane becomes defensive against her cruel judgement  The nursemaid, Bessie, proves to be Jane's only ally in the household, even though Bessie occasionally scolds Jane harshly  Excluded from the family activities, Jane lives an unhappy childhood 
One day, as punishment for defending herself against the bullying of her 14-year-old cousin John, the Reeds' only son, Jane is locked in the red room in which her late uncle had died; there, she faints from panic after she thinks she has seen his ghost  The red room is significant because it lays the grounds for the "ambiguous relationship between parents and children" which plays out in all of Jane's future relationships with male figures throughout the novel  She is subsequently attended to by the kindly apothecary Mr Lloyd to whom Jane reveals how unhappy she is living at Gateshead Hall  He recommends to Mrs Reed that Jane should be sent to school, an idea Mrs Reed happily supports  
Mrs Reed then enlists the aid of the harsh Mr Brocklehurst, who is the director of Lowood Institution, a charity school for girls, to enroll Jane  Mrs Reed cautions Mr Brocklehurst that Jane has a "tendency to deceit", which he interprets as Jane being a liar  Before Jane leaves, however, she confronts Mrs Reed and declares that she'll never call her "aunt" again  Jane also tells Mrs Reed and her daughters, Georgiana and Eliza, that they are the ones who are deceitful, and that she will tell everyone at Lowood how cruelly the Reeds treated her  Mrs Reed is hurt badly by these words, but does not have the courage or tenacity to show this 

Lowood Institution
At Lowood Institution, a school for poor and orphaned girls, Jane soon finds that life is harsh  She attempts to fit in and befriends an older girl, Helen Burns  During a class session, her new friend is criticised for her poor stance and dirty nails, and receives a lashing as a result  Later, Jane tells Helen that she could not have borne such public humiliation, but Helen philosophically tells her that it would be her duty to do so  Jane then tells Helen how badly she has been treated by Mrs Reed, but Helen tells her that she would be far happier if she did not bear grudges  
In due course, Mr Brocklehurst visits the school  While Jane is trying to make herself look inconspicuous, she accidentally drops her slate, thereby drawing attention to herself  She is then forced to stand on a stool, and is branded a sinner and a liar  Later, Miss Temple, the caring superintendent, facilitates Jane's self-defence and publicly clears her of any wrongdoing  Helen and Miss Temple are Jane's two main role models who positively guide her development, despite the harsh treatment she has received from many others 
The 80 pupils at Lowood are subjected to cold rooms, poor meals, and thin clothing  Many students fall ill when a typhus epidemic strikes; Helen dies of consumption in Jane's arms  When Mr Brocklehurst's maltreatment of the students is discovered, several benefactors erect a new building and install a sympathetic management committee to moderate Mr Brocklehurst's harsh rule  Conditions at the school then improve dramatically 

Thornfield Hall
After six years as a student and two as a teacher at Lowood, Jane decides to leave in pursuit of a new life, growing bored with her life at Lowood  Her friend and confidante, Miss Temple, also leaves after getting married  Jane advertises her services as a governess in a newspaper  The housekeeper at Thornfield Hall, Alice Fairfax, replies to Jane's advertisement  Jane takes the position, teaching Adèle Varens, a young French girl 
One night, while Jane is carrying a letter to the post from Thornfield, a horseman and dog pass her  The horse slips on ice and throws the rider  Despite the rider's surliness, Jane helps him get back onto his horse  Later, back at Thornfield, she learns that this man is Edward Rochester, master of the house  Adèle was left in his care when her mother, a famous dancer, abandoned her  It is not immediately apparent whether Adèle is Rochester's daughter or not 
At Jane's first meeting with Mr Rochester, he teases her, accusing her of bewitching his horse to make him fall  Jane stands up to his initially arrogant manner  Despite his strange behaviour, Mr Rochester and Jane soon come to enjoy each other's company, and they spend many evenings together 
Odd things start to happen at the house, such as a strange laugh being heard, a mysterious fire in Mr Rochester's room (from which Jane saves Rochester by rousing him and throwing water on him), and an attack on a house-guest named Mr Mason 
After Jane saves Mr Rochester from the fire, he thanks her tenderly and emotionally, and that night Jane feels strange emotions of her own towards him  The next day however he leaves unexpectedly for a distant party gathering, and several days later returns with the whole party, including the beautiful and talented Blanche Ingram  Just as she realises that she is in love with Mr Rochester, Jane sees that he and Blanche favour each other and starts to feel jealous, particularly because she also sees that Blanche is snobbish and heartless 
Jane then receives word that Mrs Reed has suffered a stroke and is calling for her  Jane returns to Gateshead Hall and remains there for a month to tend to her dying aunt  Mrs Reed confesses to Jane that she wronged her, bringing forth a letter from Jane's paternal uncle, Mr John Eyre, in which he asks for her to live with him and be his heir  Mrs Reed admits to telling Mr Eyre that Jane had died of fever at Lowood  Soon afterward, Mrs Reed dies, and Jane helps her cousins after the funeral before returning to Thornfield 
Back at Thornfield, Jane broods over Mr Rochester's rumoured impending marriage to Blanche Ingram  However, one midsummer evening, Rochester baits Jane by saying how much he will miss her after getting married and how she will soon forget him  The normally self-controlled Jane reveals her feelings for him  To her surprise, Rochester reciprocates, having courted Blanche only to make Jane jealous, and proposes marriage  Jane is at first skeptical of his sincerity, before accepting his proposal  She then writes to her Uncle John, telling him of her happy news 
As she prepares for her wedding, Jane's forebodings arise when a strange woman sneaks into her room one night and rips Jane's wedding veil in two  As with the previous mysterious events, Mr Rochester attributes the incident to Grace Poole, one of his servants  During the wedding ceremony, however, Mr Mason and a lawyer declare that Mr Rochester cannot marry because he is already married to Mr Mason's sister, Bertha  Mr Rochester admits this is true but explains that his father tricked him into the marriage for her money  Once they were united, he discovered that she was rapidly descending into congenital madness, and so he eventually locked her away in Thornfield, hiring Grace Poole as a nurse to look after her  When Grace gets drunk, Rochester's wife escapes and causes the strange happenings at Thornfield 
It turns out that Jane's uncle, Mr John Eyre, is a friend of Mr Mason's and was visited by him soon after Mr Eyre received Jane's letter about her impending marriage  After the marriage ceremony is broken off, Mr Rochester asks Jane to go with him to the south of France and live with him as husband and wife, even though they cannot be married  Jane is tempted but realises that she will lose herself and her integrity if she allows her passion for a married man to consume her, and she must stay true to her Christian values and beliefs  Refusing to go against her principles, and despite her love for Rochester, Jane leaves Thornfield Hall at dawn before anyone else is up 

Moor House
Jane travels as far from Thornfield Hall as she can using the little money she had previously saved  She accidentally leaves her bundle of possessions on the coach and is forced to sleep on the moor  She unsuccessfully attempts to trade her handkerchief and gloves for food  Exhausted and starving, she eventually makes her way to the home of Diana and Mary Rivers but is turned away by the housekeeper  She collapses on the doorstep, preparing for her death  Clergyman St John Rivers, Diana and Mary's brother, rescues her  After Jane regains her health, St John finds her a teaching position at a nearby village school  Jane becomes good friends with the sisters, but St John remains aloof 
The sisters leave for governess jobs, and St John becomes slightly closer to Jane  St John learns Jane's true identity and astounds her by telling her that her uncle, John Eyre, has died and left her his entire fortune of 20,000 pounds (equivalent to US $2 24 million in 2022)  When Jane questions him further, St John reveals that John Eyre is also his and his sisters' uncle  They had once hoped for a share of the inheritance but were left virtually nothing  Jane, overjoyed by finding that she has living and friendly family members, insists on sharing the money equally with her cousins, and Diana and Mary come back to live at Moor House 

Proposals
Thinking that the pious and conscientious Jane will make a suitable missionary's wife, St John asks her to marry him and to go with him to India, not out of love, but out of duty  Jane initially accepts going to India but rejects the marriage proposal, suggesting they travel as brother and sister  As Jane's resolve against marriage to St John begins to weaken, she seems to hear Mr Rochester's voice calling her name  Jane then returns to Thornfield Hall to see if Rochester is all right, only to find blackened ruins  She learns that Rochester sent Mrs Fairfax into retirement and Adèle to school a few months following her departure  Shortly afterwards, his wife set the house on fire and died after jumping from the roof  While saving the servants and attempting to rescue his wife, Rochester lost a hand and his eyesight  
Jane reunites with Rochester, and he is overjoyed at her return, but fears that she will be repulsed by his condition  "Am I hideous, Jane?", he asks  "Very, sir; you always were, you know", she replies  Now a humbled man, Rochester vows to live a purer life, and reveals that he has intensely pined for Jane ever since she left  He had even called out her name in despair one night, the very call that she heard from Moor House, and heard her reply from miles away, signifying the connection between them  Jane asserts herself as a financially independent woman and assures him of her love, declaring that she will never leave him  Rochester proposes again, and they are married  They live blissfully together in an old house in the woods called Ferndean Manor  The couple stay in touch with Adèle as she grows up, as well as Diana and Mary, who each gain loving husbands of their own  St John moves to India to accomplish his missionary goals, but is implied to have fallen gravely ill there  Rochester regains sight in one eye two years after his and Jane's marriage, enabling him to see their newborn son 

Major characters
In order of first line of dialogue:

Chapter 1
Jane Eyre: The novel's narrator and protagonist, she eventually becomes the second wife of Edward Rochester  Orphaned as a baby, Jane struggles through her nearly loveless childhood and becomes a governess at Thornfield Hall  Small and facially plain, Jane is passionate and strongly principled and values freedom and independence  She also has a strong conscience and is a determined Christian  She is ten at the beginning of the novel, and nineteen or twenty at the end of the main narrative  As the final chapter of the novel states that she has been married to Edward Rochester for ten years, she is approximately thirty at its completion 
Mrs Sarah Reed (née Gibson): Jane's maternal aunt by marriage, who reluctantly adopted Jane in accordance with her late husband's wishes  According to Mrs Reed, he pitied Jane and often cared for her more than for his own children  Mrs Reed's resentment leads her to abuse and neglect the girl  She lies to Mr Brocklehurst about Jane's tendency to lie, preparing him to be severe with Jane when she arrives at Brocklehurst's Lowood School 
John Reed: Jane's fourteen-year-old first cousin who bullies her incessantly and violently, sometimes in his mother's presence  Addicted to food and sweets, causing him ill health and bad complexion  John eventually ruins himself as an adult by drinking and gambling and is rumoured to have committed suicide 
Eliza Reed: Jane's thirteen-year-old first cousin  Envious of her more attractive younger sister and a slave to a rigid routine, she self-righteously devotes herself to religion  She leaves for a nunnery near Lisle (France) after her mother's death, determined to estrange herself from her sister 
Georgiana Reed: Jane's eleven-year-old first cousin  Although beautiful and indulged, she is insolent and spiteful  Her elder sister Eliza foils Georgiana's marriage to the wealthy Lord Edwin Vere when the couple is about to elope  Georgiana eventually marries a "wealthy worn-out man of fashion "
Bessie Lee: The nursemaid at Gateshead Hall  She often treats Jane kindly, telling her stories and singing her songs, but she has a quick temper  Later, she marries Robert Leaven with whom she has three children 
Miss Martha Abbot: Mrs Reed's maid at Gateshead Hall  She is unkind to Jane and tells Jane she has less right to be at Gateshead than a servant does 

Chapter 3
Mr Lloyd: A compassionate apothecary who recommends that Jane be sent to school  Later, he writes a letter to Miss Temple confirming Jane's account of her childhood and thereby clears Jane of Mrs Reed's charge of lying 

Chapter 4
Mr Brocklehurst: The clergyman, director, and treasurer of Lowood School, whose maltreatment of the pupils is eventually exposed  A religious traditionalist, he advocates for his charges the most harsh, plain, and disciplined possible lifestyle, but, hypocritically, not for himself and his own family  His second daughter, Augusta, exclaimed, "Oh, dear papa, how quiet and plain all the girls at Lowood look… they looked at my dress and mama's, as if they had never seen a silk gown before "

Chapter 5
Miss Maria Temple: The kind superintendent of Lowood School, who treats the pupils with respect and compassion  She helps clear Jane of Mr Brocklehurst's false accusation of deceit and cares for Helen in her last days  Eventually, she marries Reverend Naysmith 
Miss Scatcherd: A sour and strict teacher at Lowood  She constantly punishes Helen Burns for her untidiness but fails to see Helen's substantial good points 
Helen Burns: Jane's best friend at Lowood School  She refuses to hate those who abuse her, trusts in God, and prays for peace one day in heaven  She teaches Jane to trust Christianity and dies of consumption in Jane's arms  Elizabeth Gaskell, in her biography of the Brontë sisters, wrote that Helen Burns was 'an exact transcript' of Maria Brontë, who died of consumption at age 11 

Chapter 11
Mrs Alice Fairfax: The elderly, kind widow and the housekeeper of Thornfield Hall; distantly related to the Rochesters 
Adèle Varens: An excitable French child to whom Jane is a governess at Thornfield Hall  Adèle's mother was a dancer named Céline  She was Mr Rochester's mistress and claimed that Adèle was Mr Rochester's daughter, though he refuses to believe it due to Céline's unfaithfulness and Adèle's apparent lack of resemblance to him  Adèle seems to believe that her mother is dead (she tells Jane in chapter 11, "I lived long ago with mamma, but she is gone to the Holy Virgin")  Mr Rochester later tells Jane that Céline actually abandoned Adèle and "ran away to Italy with a musician or singer" (ch  15)  Adèle and Jane develop a strong liking for one another, and although Mr Rochester places Adèle in a strict school after Jane flees Thornfield Hall, Jane visits Adèle after her return and finds a better, less severe school for her  When Adèle is old enough to leave school, Jane describes her as "a pleasing and obliging companion—docile, good-tempered and well-principled", and considers her kindness to Adèle well repaid 
Grace Poole: "…a woman of between thirty and forty; a set, square-made figure, red-haired, and with a hard, plain face…" Mr Rochester pays her a very high salary to keep his mad wife, Bertha, hidden and quiet  Grace is often used as an explanation for odd happenings at the house such as strange laughter that was heard not long after Jane arrived  She has a weakness for drinking that occasionally allows Bertha to escape 

Chapter 12
Edward Fairfax Rochester: The master of Thornfield Hall  A Byronic hero, he has a face "dark, strong, and stern " He married Bertha Mason years before the novel begins 
Leah: The housemaid at Thornfield Hall 

Chapter 17
Blanche Ingram: Young socialite whom Mr Rochester plans to marry  Though possessing great beauty and talent, she treats social inferiors, Jane in particular, with undisguised contempt  Mr Rochester exposes her and her mother's mercenary motivations when he puts out a rumour that he is far less wealthy than they imagine 

Chapter 18
Richard Mason: An Englishman whose arrival at Thornfield Hall from the West Indies unsettles Mr Rochester  He is the brother of Rochester's first wife, the woman in the attic, and still cares for his sister's well-being  During the wedding ceremony of Jane and Mr Rochester, he exposes the bigamous nature of the marriage 

Chapter 21
Robert Leaven: The coachman at Gateshead Hall, who brings Jane the news of the death of the dissolute John Reed, an event which has brought on Mrs Reed's stroke  He informs her of Mrs Reed's wish to see Jane before she dies 

Chapter 26
Bertha Antoinetta Mason: The first wife of Edward Rochester  After their wedding, her mental health began to deteriorate, and she is now violent and in a state of intense derangement, apparently unable to speak or go into society  Mr Rochester, who insists that he was tricked into the marriage by a family who knew Bertha was likely to develop this condition, has kept Bertha locked in the attic at Thornfield Hall for years  She is supervised and cared for by Grace Poole, whose drinking sometimes allows Bertha to escape  After Richard Mason stops Jane and Mr Rochester's wedding, Rochester finally introduces Jane to Bertha: "In the deep shade, at the farther end of the room, a figure ran backwards and forwards  What it was, whether beast or human being, one could not, at first sight, tell… it snatched and growled like some strange wild animal: but it was covered with clothing, and a quantity of dark, grizzled hair, wild as a mane, hid its head and face " Eventually, Bertha sets fire to Thornfield Hall and throws herself to her death from the roof  Bertha is viewed as Jane's "double": Jane is pious and just, while Bertha is savage and animalistic  Though her race is never mentioned, it is sometimes conjectured that she was of mixed race  Rochester suggests that Bertha's parents wanted her to marry him, because he was of "good race", implying that she was not pure white, while he was  There are also references to her "dark" hair and "discoloured" and "black" face  A number of writers during the Victorian period suggested that madness could result from a racially "impure" lineage, compounded by growing up in a tropical West Indian climate 

Chapter 28
Diana and Mary Rivers: Sisters in a remote moors house who take Jane in when she is hungry and friendless, having left Thornfield Hall without making any arrangements for herself  Financially poor but intellectually curious, the sisters are deeply engrossed in reading the evening Jane appears at their door  Eventually, they are revealed to be Jane's cousins  They want Jane to marry their stern clergyman brother so that he will stay in England rather than journey to India as a missionary  Diana marries naval Captain Fitzjames, and Mary marries clergyman Mr Wharton  The sisters remain close to Jane and visit her and Rochester every year 
Hannah: The kindly housekeeper at the Rivers home; "…comparable with the Brontës' well-loved servant, Tabitha Aykroyd "
St John Eyre Rivers: A handsome, though severe and serious, clergyman who befriends Jane and turns out to be her cousin  St John is thoroughly practical and suppresses all of his human passions and emotions, particularly his love for the beautiful and cheerful heiress Rosamond Oliver, in favour of good works  He wants Jane to marry him and serve as his assistant on his missionary journey to India  After Jane rejects his proposal, St John goes to India unmarried 

Chapter 32
Rosamond Oliver: A beautiful, kindly, wealthy, but rather simple young woman, and the patron of the village school where Jane teaches  Rosamond is in love with St John, but he refuses to declare his love for her because she wouldn't be suitable as a missionary's wife  She eventually becomes engaged to the respected and wealthy Mr Granby 
Mr Oliver: Rosamond Oliver's wealthy father, who owns a foundry and needle factory in the district  "…a tall, massive-featured, middle-aged, and grey-headed man, at whose side his lovely daughter looked like a bright flower near a hoary turret " He is a kind and charitable man, and he is fond of St John 

Context
The early sequences, in which Jane is sent to Lowood, a harsh boarding school, are derived from the author's own experiences  Helen Burns's death from tuberculosis (referred to as consumption) recalls the deaths of Charlotte Brontë's sisters, Elizabeth and Maria, who died of the disease in childhood as a result of the conditions at their school, the Clergy Daughters School at Cowan Bridge, near Tunstall, Lancashire  Mr Brocklehurst is based on Rev  William Carus Wilson (1791–1859), the Evangelical minister who ran the school  Additionally, John Reed's decline into alcoholism and dissolution recalls the life of Charlotte's brother Branwell, who became an opium and alcohol addict in the years preceding his death  Finally, like Jane, Charlotte became a governess  These facts were revealed to the public in The Life of Charlotte Brontë (1857) by Charlotte's friend and fellow novelist Elizabeth Gaskell The Gothic manor of Thornfield Hall was probably inspired by North Lees Hall, near Hathersage in the Peak District in Derbyshire  This was visited by Charlotte Brontë and her friend Ellen Nussey in the summer of 1845, and is described by the latter in a letter dated 22 July 1845  It was the residence of the Eyre family, and its first owner, Agnes Ashurst, was reputedly confined as a lunatic in a padded second floor room  It has been suggested that the Wycoller Hall in Lancashire, close to Haworth, provided the setting for Ferndean Manor to which Mr Rochester retreats after the fire at Thornfield: there are similarities between the owner of Ferndean—Mr Rochester's father—and Henry Cunliffe, who inherited Wycoller in the 1770s and lived there until his death in 1818; one of Cunliffe's relatives was named Elizabeth Eyre (née Cunliffe)  The sequence in which Mr Rochester's wife sets fire to the bed curtains was prepared in an August 1830 homemade publication of Brontë's The Young Men's Magazine, Number 2  Charlotte Brontë began composing Jane Eyre in Manchester, and she likely envisioned Manchester Cathedral churchyard as the burial place for Jane's parents and Manchester as the birthplace of Jane herself 

Adaptations and influence
The novel has been adapted into a number of other forms, including theatre, film, television, and at least two full-length operas  The novel has also been the subject of a number of significant rewritings and related interpretations, notably Jean Rhys's seminal 1966 novel Wide Sargasso Sea 

Reception
Contemporary reviews
Jane Eyre's initial reception contrasts starkly to its reputation today  In 1848, Elizabeth Rigby (later Elizabeth Eastlake), reviewing Jane Eyre in The Quarterly Review, found it "pre-eminently an anti-Christian composition," declaring: "We do not hesitate to say that the tone of mind and thought which has overthrown authority and violated every code human and divine abroad, and fostered Chartism and rebellion at home, is the same which has also written Jane Eyre "An anonymous review in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction writes of "the extraordinary daring of the writer of Jane Eyre"; however, the review is mostly critical, summarising: "There is not a single natural character throughout the work  Everybody moves on stilts—the opinions are bad—the notions absurd  Religion is stabbed in the dark—our social distinctions attempted to be levelled, and all absurdly moral notions done away with "There were some who felt more positive about the novel contemporaneously  George Henry Lewes said, "It reads like a page out of one’s own life; and so do many other pages in the book " Another critic from the Atlas wrote, "It is full of youthful vigour, of freshness and originality, of nervous diction and concentrated interest    It is a book to make the pulses gallop and the heart beat, and to fill the eyes with tears "A review in The Era praised the novel, calling it "an extraordinary book", observing that "there is much to ponder over, rejoice over, and weep over, in its ably-written pages  Much of the heart laid bare, and the mind explored; much of greatness in affliction, and littleness in the ascendant; much of trial and temptation, of fortitude and resignation, of sound sense and Christianity—but no tameness "The People's Journal compliments the novel's vigour, stating that "the reader never tires, never sleeps: the swell and tide of an affluent existence, an irresistible energy, bears him onward, from first to last  It is impossible to deny that the author possesses native power in an uncommon degree—showing itself now in rapid headlong recital, now in stern, fierce, daring dashes in portraiture—anon in subtle, startling mental anatomy—here in a grand illusion, there in an original metaphor—again in a wild gush of genuine poetry "American publication The Nineteenth Century defended the novel against accusations of immorality, describing it as "a work which has produced a decided sensation in this country and in England    Jane Eyre has made its mark upon the age, and even palsied the talons of mercenary criticism  Yes, critics hired to abuse or panegyrize, at so much per line, have felt a throb of human feeling pervade their veins, at the perusal of Jane Eyre  This is extraordinary—almost preternatural—smacking strongly of the miraculous—and yet it is true    We have seen Jane Eyre put down, as a work of gross immorality, and its author described as the very incarnation of sensualism  To any one, who has read the work, this may look ridiculous, and yet it is true "The Indicator, concerning speculation regarding the gender of the author, wrote, "We doubt not it will soon cease to be a secret; but on one assertion we are willing to risk our critical reputation—and that is, that no woman wrote it  This was our decided conviction at the first perusal, and a somewhat careful study of the work has strengthened it  No woman in all the annals of feminine celebrity ever wrote such a style, terse yet eloquent, and filled with energy bordering sometimes almost on rudeness: no woman ever conceived such masculine characters as those portrayed here "

Twentieth century
Literary critic Jerome Beaty believed the close first-person perspective leaves the reader "too uncritically accepting of her worldview", and often leads reading and conversation about the novel towards supporting Jane, regardless of how irregular her ideas or perspectives are In 2003, the novel was ranked number 10 in the BBC's survey The Big Read 

Romance genre
Before the Victorian era, Jane Austen wrote literary fiction that influenced later popular fiction, as did the work of the Brontë sisters produced in the 1840s  Brontë's love romance incorporates elements of both the gothic novel and Elizabethan drama, and "demonstrate[s] the flexibility of the romance novel form "

Themes
Race
Throughout the novel there are frequent themes relating to ideas of ethnicity (specifically that of Bertha), which are a reflection of the society that the novel is set within  Mr Rochester claims to have been forced to take on a "mad" Creole wife, a woman who grew up in the West Indies, and who is thought to be of mixed-race descent  In the analysis of several scholars, Bertha plays the role of the racialised "other" through the shared belief that she chose to follow in the footsteps of her parents  Her alcoholism and apparent mental instability cast her as someone who is incapable of restraining herself, almost forced to submit to the different vices she is a victim of  Many writers of the period believed that one could develop mental instability or mental illnesses simply based on their race This means that those who were born of ethnicities associated with a darker complexion, or those who were not fully of European descent, were believed to be more mentally unstable than their white European counterparts were  According to American scholar Susan Meyer, in writing Jane Eyre Brontë was responding to the "seemingly inevitable" analogy in 19th-century European texts which "[compared] white women with blacks in order to degrade both groups and assert the need for white male control"  Bertha serves as an example of both the multiracial population and of a ‘clean’ European, as she is seemingly able to pass as a white woman for the most part, but also is hinted towards being of an ‘impure’ race since she does not come from a purely white or European lineage  The title that she is given by others of being a Creole woman leaves her a stranger where she is not black but is also not considered to be white enough to fit into higher society Unlike Bertha, Jane Eyre is thought of as being sound of mind before the reader is able to fully understand the character, simply because she is described as having a complexion that is pale and she has grown up in a European society rather than in an "animalistic" setting like Bertha  Jane is favoured heavily from the start of her interactions with Rochester, simply because like Rochester himself, she is deemed to be of a superior ethnic group than that of his first wife  While she still experiences some forms of repression throughout her life (the events of the Lowood Institution) none of them are as heavily taxing on her as that which is experienced by Bertha  Both women go through acts of suppression on behalf of the men in their lives, yet Jane is looked at with favour because of her supposed "beauty" that can be found in the colour of her skin  While both are characterised as falling outside of the normal feminine standards of this time, Jane is thought of as superior to Bertha because she demands respect and is able to use her talents as a governess, whereas Bertha is seen as a creature to be confined in the attic away from "polite" society 

Wide Sargasso Sea
Jean Rhys intended her critically acclaimed novel Wide Sargasso Sea as an account of the woman whom Rochester married and kept in his attic  The book won the notable WH Smith Literary Award in 1967  Rhys explores themes of dominance and dependence, especially in marriage, depicting the mutually painful relationship between a privileged English man and a Creole woman from Dominica made powerless on being duped and coerced by him and others  Both the man and the woman enter marriage under mistaken assumptions about the other partner  Her female lead marries Mr Rochester and deteriorates in England as "The Madwoman in the Attic"  Rhys portrays this woman from a quite different perspective from the one in Jane Eyre 

Feminism
The idea of the equality of men and women emerged more strongly in the Victorian period in Britain, after works by earlier writers, such as Mary Wollstonecraft  R  B  Martin described Jane Eyre as the first major feminist novel, "although there is not a hint in the book of any desire for political, legal, educational, or even intellectual equality between the sexes " This is illustrated in chapter 23, when Jane responds to Rochester's callous and indirect proposal:

Do you think I am an automaton? a machine without feelings?   Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong—I have as much soul as you,—and full as much heart   I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh;—it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God's feet, equal,—as we are The novel "acted as a catalyst" to feminist criticism with the publication by S  Gilbert and S  Gubar's The Madwoman in the Attic (1979), the title of which alludes to Rochester's wife  The Brontës' fictions were cited by feminist critic Ellen Moers as prime examples of Female Gothic, exploring woman's entrapment within domestic space and subjection to patriarchal authority, and the transgressive and dangerous attempts to subvert and escape such restriction  Both Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre explore this theme 

Notes
Passage 9:
Aunt Jane's Nieces
Aunt Jane's Nieces is the title of a juvenile novel published by Reilly & Britton in 1906, and written by L  Frank Baum under the pen name "Edith Van Dyne " Since the book was the first in a series of novels designed for adolescent girls, its title was applied to the entire series of ten books, published between 1906 and 1918 

Inception
The book and the series were designed to appeal to the same audience as Louisa May Alcott's Little Women and Little Men  This was expressly stipulated in Baum's contract with Reilly & Britton, which stated:

Baum shall deliver to the Reilly and Britton Co  on or before March 1, 1906, the manuscript of a book for young girls on the style of the Louisa M  Alcott stories, but not so good, the authorship to be ascribed to "Ida May McFarland," or to "Ethel Lynne" or some other mythological female 

Plot
Jane Merrick is a wealthy, elderly, difficult invalid woman who is preparing for her approaching death  In her youth, she inherited her money and estate from her fiancé, Thomas Bradley, who died before their wedding took place  With no children of her own, she calls for her three teenage nieces to visit her, so she can decide who will inherit her estate  They are Louise Merrick, Elizabeth De Graf, and Patsy Doyle, children of Jane's younger brother and sisters 
Louise, seventeen years old, was small when her father died after struggling and failing to succeed in business  Aunt Jane refused his request for financial assistance  He left only his life insurance money, and Louise and her mother lived cheaply on the proceeds for years  However, they developed a plan to improve their lot  They decided to spend the entire principle of their funds on a three-year spree of fancy living to gain Louise an entrance into society, with a goal of finding a suitable husband to support them 
Beth, fifteen, has two parents who can barely make ends meet, living under a tightly stretched budget  Aunt Jane refused a request for money from Beth's father just the previous year, and Beth cannot even trust him with her own money  Beth is a brooding small-town beauty, given to sullenness 
Sixteen-year-old Patsy manages and dotes on her Irish father after the death of her mother  Aunt Jane refused the only plea this sister ever made, for a loan to pay for medical care that might have saved her life  Patsy is a temperamental redhead who resents Aunt Jane's past neglect and determines to have nothing to do with the old woman's money 
The nieces visit Aunt Jane  (Patsy resists at first, but the willful Aunt Jane sends her lawyer to fetch the girl ) The three cousins display their contrasting traits: Louise, sweet but manipulative; Beth, her bluntness tinged with bitterness; and Patsy, forthright and gifted with a natural integrity  Patsy quickly takes herself out of the running for Aunt Jane's fortune, refusing to have any part of it  Yet the old woman takes a liking to the girl, precisely for her vigor, candor, and stubbornness 
Beth finds Aunt Jane distasteful, but makes friends with the servants  Louise insists on "nursing" Aunt Jane, and showers her with gushing affection that Jane finds insincere but hard to resist  Patsy, having declared she does not want the money, visits Aunt Jane's room when she wishes, with an independence which pleases the invalid considerably 
Living on the estate is Jane's dead fiancé's nephew, Kenneth Forbes, who was born long after Thomas Bradley died  As charged in the will, Jane has provided for him since his mother died eight years previously, but despises him, putting him in a room in a distant wing of the house, and never dining with him  The humiliated and neglected boy has become sullen, shy and awkward  Despite his lessons, he seems ignorant, but has nowhere else to go, as Jane will not pay for better education for him  Kenneth's only supporter is Jane's lawyer, Silas Watson, who sees glimmers of Kenneth's possibilities and tries to convince Jane to do him justice  Kenneth is beginning to show some abilities at drawing, but does not think anything of his skill 
Aunt Jane has several servants, but the most unusual is James, the gardener, who loves the flowers as much as she does  He was with Thomas Bradley when he died, which traumatized him so badly that he rarely speaks 
Aunt Jane is also visited in her final days by her long-lost older brother, the girls' Uncle John  He dresses shabbily, and is presumed to be down and out; his sister gives him a place to stay  Uncle John exhibits the honesty, kindness and good sense that are lacking in most of the family  He befriends everyone, including poor Kenneth, in whom he takes a genuine interest 
The nieces gradually learn to accommodate themselves to their contrasting personalities  An incident electrifies the family: Beth and Louise have routinely been teasing Kenneth, causing him to flee the house via a plank stretched from the rooftop to a tree  When Patsy comes to see him about a horse, he runs for his escape, but falls off the edge  In full view of her aunt, she heroically pulls him up and saves him, but loses her balance and falls to the ground, breaking a leg 
This accident brings the young people together, breaking down the barriers between them  Kenneth learns to socialize with the girls and overcome his shyness, and the nieces begin to enjoy each other's company  Kenneth receives a mysterious gift of drawing materials, and begins to show his work to the girls  However, Jane's health continues to deteriorate, and she decides to make a will leaving the bulk of the estate to Patsy  Patsy refuses, and insists Jane should leave the estate to Kenneth  After fighting over this for many days, Jane pretends to give in to Patsy, but secretly invalidates the new will 
A short while later Jane passes away in the garden, and poor gardener James is the unlucky one who finds her  He runs shrieking away, to hide in his room for days 
The inheritance drama comes to a head over not one last will and testament, but three  After the funeral, Silas Watson opens the envelope containing the last will, and discovers that Jane has torn off the signatures and voided it  Her previous will, leaving the estate to Patsy with token amounts to the others, comes into effect  Patsy pledges to give the estate to Kenneth when she comes of age, and to increase her cousin's cash portions 
The group is suddenly called to James' room, where he lies dying after being kicked by a horse  This has shocked him into his right mind for the first time since Thomas Bradley's death years ago  He tells them about the accident, and how he drew the grievously injured man from the wreck  He explains that "Master Tom" demanded paper to make out a new will  The conductor and James both signed it to make it legal  However, the dying James does not recognize the people around him, who look so old to his now-young brain, and refuses to give them the will  He dies, and Watson and Uncle John search the room and find it  In the hasty will, Thomas bequeathed to Jane the use of his estate during her lifetime, after which it should revert to his sister and her descendants  In other words, Jane had no ability to will anything to anyone, and Kenneth is the sole rightful heir 
When this is announced, the group is shocked  There are no cash bequests to anyone – the fortune is all Kenneth's  The girls decide to go home; since Uncle John seems homeless, Patsy invites him to move in with her and her father 
Back in New York, Uncle John is quietly bemused by their poor apartment and his bed on the sofa  When they leave for work, he slips into an uptown banker's office where he meets with important people who treat him deferentially  After a week, Patsy receives her first surprise from an unknown benefactor – keys to a lovely furnished apartment provided free for at least three years  When they nervously visit it, they discover it has been fitted out completely, and a maid rings the bell reporting for duty, all her wages prepaid 
While Patsy and her father retrieve their things from the old apartment, Uncle John makes a quick visit to Louise and her mother, who treat him coldly  He leaves, embarrassed, but in the distance Louise's banker neighbor points him out: "he's worth from eighty to ninety millions, at least, and controls most of the canning and tin-plate industries of America "Patsy is concerned about the apartment, but Uncle John says, "There is nothing too good for a brave, honest girl who's [sic] heart is in the right place " Subsequently, Patsy reports for work and is told she's been fired  When she returns home, she finds a lady waiting to tutor her, to prepare her for women's college  That afternoon, to her delight, a piano teacher arrives  In the meantime, her father is informed that his firm's bankers would like to employ him, in a job that requires very few hours and pays a generous sum  Days later, he encounters Uncle John at the bank conducting his business, and learns the truth  At home, John points out that they all assumed he was poor, and he simply did not correct them  He promises to give the use of substantial money to both of the other girls' families, which can then be left to the nieces, so that they will not be in need 
Uncle John asks if he can continue to stay with Patsy and her father  She says, "I never meant to part with you, when I thought you poor, and I'll not desert you now that I know you're rich "

Criticism
The novel "is genuinely original and interesting  It focuses on three adolescent girls, two of whom combine basic good character with ugly traits not usually found in fiction for young girls  Baum starts with a trite situation that could occasion prosy moralizing   and gives it several original twists "

The series
The rest of the novels in the series feature travel, adventures, accidents, a kidnapping and rescue, romances, and a marriage for Louise  The final novel, Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross, was originally published in 1915, when the United States was still neutral in World War I; the nieces treat the wounded of both sides, and express the hope that the War will soon be over  The publisher issued a revised edition in 1918, with a darker treatment of the subject 
Aunt Jane's Nieces, 1906 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad, 1907 (2007)
Aunt Jane's Nieces at Millville, 1908 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work, 1909 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces in Society, 1910 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, 1911 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces on Vacation, 1912 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch, 1913
Aunt Jane's Nieces Out West, 1914 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross, 1915/1918 (2006)In the original editions, each book had a cover illustration and a frontispiece  The first eight volumes in the series were illustrated by Emile A  Nelson, and the ninth by James McCracken  The tenth was illustrated by Norman P  Hall, who had contributed one picture to Baum's 1901 collection American Fairy Tales 
(The Edith Van Dyne pseudonym was also used for other Baum works, the two Flying Girl books of 1911–12, and his Mary Louise stories of 1916–20 )

Popular success
In their era, the Aunt Jane's Nieces books were as successful with their target audience as the Oz books were with younger children  In 1911 the six titles then in print sold 22,569 copies  Indeed, toward the end of Baum's life they outsold the Oz books  (The books were popular as grammar-school graduation gifts for girls ) After the 1920s the books were largely forgotten for the rest of the century, except for Baum enthusiasts and a small but growing coterie of Baum scholars  By the turn of the 21st century, however, the trend of re-evaluation and re-publication of Baum's works reached the series: nine of the ten books were reprinted between 2005 and 2007 



ground_truth: Veyyil

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The telenova "El Ardiente Secreto" was based ona novel published under what pen name?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 

Culture
Pir Roshan is the first person who founded the Pashto alphabet  He was born in Kanygram of Waziristan  The Roshani Ghorzang was one of the great revolutions in the land of Pshtonkhwa  Mula Shasleem kaka, Mula Pawenda Maseed and Haji Mirza Ali Khan Fight several years for the unity of both side Pashtons 

Jarga
Maseed have a Maseed Jarga for large problems  The Jarga is a tribal assembly of elders which takes decisions by consensus, particularly among the Pashtun people 

Music and Attan
Attan, is the famous dance of Maseed tribe  Dhol is also widely used in Waziristan 

Mehsud Sub-tribes
Like other Pashtun tribes, the Mehsud tribe also has its own individual subtribes and clans:

Shaman Khel
Alizai
BahlolzaiThese subtribes are then divided into more clans amongst themselves 

Notable Mahsuds
Abdullah Mehsud
Alamzaib Mahsud
Baitullah Mehsud
Hakimullah Mehsud
Jamal Malyar Maseed
Kamal Mahsud
Manzoor Pashteen
Mulla Powinda
Naqeebullah Mehsud
Noor Wali Mehsud
Said Alam Mahsud
Salahuddin Khan Mehsud
Zaman Mehsud

See also
Pashtun culture#Mahsud Attan (dance)
Pashtun Tahafuz Movement
Passage 6:
Kathiawar Agency
The Kathiawar Agency, on the Kathiawar peninsula in the western part of the Indian subcontinent, was a political unit of some 200 small princely states under the suzerainty of the Bombay Presidency of British India The agency's headquarters were at Rajkot, the town where the Political Agent used to reside  He reported to the Political Department office at Bombay, Bombay Presidency 

History
The agency was formed in 1822, after the princely states in the area became British protectorates 
The region was severely affected by the famine of 1899–1900  Between 1891 and 1901, the population of the states covered by the Agency decreased by 15 per cent, largely due to the results of the famine On 10 October 1924, the agency was abolished and merged into the Western India States Agency, which had three subdivisions:
Eastern Kathiawar Agency (from 1926 onwards)
Western Kathiawar Agency (from 1926 onwards)
Sabar Kantha Agency (merged with Eastern Kathiawar Agency on 1 September 1943) including Banas Kantha Agency (former Palanpur Agency)

Princely states
There were altogether 193 states of varying size and importance, of which fourteen exercised independent jurisdiction, while the rest were to varying degrees under British administration  The eight states of the first class were Bhavnagar State, Dhrangadhra State, Gondal State, Jafarabad State, Junagadh State, Morvi State, Nawanagar State, and Porbandar State  The agency covered an area of 20,882 square miles (54,080 km2), and in 1901 the population was 2,329,196  The headquarters of the political agent (who oversaw the affairs of the princely states on behalf of the Governor-General) was at Rajkot, in the centre of the peninsula; this was also the site of the Rajkumar College, Rajkot, where many of the sons of the rulers were educated  There was a similar school for girasias, or chiefs of lower rank, at Gondal 
The estimated gross revenue of the several states was 1,278,000 rupees in 1911; total tribute (payable to the British, the Gaekwar of Baroda and the nawab of Junagadh), was 70,000 rupees   An excellent system of metre-gauge railways was built at the cost of the leading states  Maritime trade was also very active, the chief ports being Porbandar, Mangrol and Veraval  In 1903–1904 the total seaborne exports were valued at 1,300,000 rupees, and the imports at 1,120,000 

See also
Western India States Agency
Passage 7:
Baraki Rajan
Baraki Rajan (Dari/Pashtun: برکی راجان) is a town within the Baraki Barak District of Logar Province, Afghanistan  Baraki Rajan lies approximately 3 km south of the town of Baraki Barak, the capital of the Baraki Barak District  Baraki Rajan is the location of the largest bazaar in the Baraki Barak District, with over 1,200 shops and businesses, with a 50+ bed hospital near the town center, making Baraki Rajan an important center for commerce within the District 
The population of mainly Tajiks  and Pashtuns is estimated at 15,000 people  The town is named after the historical Ormur tribe, also locally known as Baraki 

History
Baraki Rajan experienced some of the heaviest clashes between the Soviet forces and Afghan Mujaheddin fighters throughout the Soviet–Afghan War  Baraki Rajan based Mujaheddin would launch attacks on Soviet convoys traveling on the nearby Kabul-Gardez and Kabul-Kandahar highways, which would result in harsh reprisals from the Soviet military  Throughout the Soviet–Afghan War, the area remained an active battle ground between the Mujaheddin and the Soviet military and the Soviet-backed military of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 
According to a report by a Swedish committee in July 1982, in a massive operation by Soviet forces in Baraki Rajan, numerous war crimes were committed  In a three-day-long operation, villages were bombed, shops burnt and hundreds of people, including 208 resistance fighters and 25 children, were killed  Following this operation, Soviet-backed government control was never restored, not only in Baraki Rajan but the entire Baraki Barak District Various Mujahideen groups were active in the area with Jamiat-e Islami being the most prominent and influential in the District 

Economy
The economy of Baraki Rajan, much like the rest of Baraki Barak district is heavily dependent on agriculture  Farmers grow wheat, grains, fruits and vegetables, utilizing deep-well and canal-flood irrigation techniques  Animal husbandry is another prominent source of income for individuals in the district, who raise sheep, cattle and goats  The town center has many businesses which support the local populace, including a large textile bazaar, bakeries, groceries, mechanic shops, electronic stores, hardware stores and medical and dental facilities 

Current security situation
Baraki Rajan sits on a faultline between ethnic Tajiks and Pashtuns  There are also political factions active in the area, notably Jamiat-e-Islami and Hizb-e-Islami, with histories of mutual antagonism dating back to the Afghan civil war of the early 1990s 
Local criminal gangs have also used the instability to align themselves with the Taliban  As government power in Baraki Rejan failed late 2008, Taliban-allied men from the Pashtun village of Shahmazar to the South of Baraki Rajan began preying on the area  "They walked around with weapons robbing the people," said one, who blamed Shahmazar gunmen for the attack
As a major center of commerce and culture within the Baraki Barak district, ISAF and Afghan forces stationed in nearby Baraki Barak since late 2008 have made Baraki Rajan a major focus of their counter-insurgency efforts, and Baraki Rajan has seen an increased security element stationed in Afghan National Army and Afghan National P
Passage 8:
Logar Province
Logar (Dari: لوگر, lit  'greater mountain'; Pashto: لوې غر) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan located in the eastern section of the country  It is divided into 7 districts and contains hundreds of villages  Ahmadzai Pashtuns are influential in this region  Puli Alam is the capital of the province  As of 2021, Logar has a population of approximately 442,037  It is a multi-ethnic tribal society consisting of Pashtuns and Tajiks, with a 60% Pashtun majority The Logar River enters the province through the west and leaves to the north 

History
Pre Islamic era
A 2,600-year-old Zoroastrian fire temple was found at Mes Aynak (about 25 miles or 40  kilometers southeast of Kabul)  Several Buddhist stupas and more than 1,000 statues were also found  Smelting workshops, miners’ quarters (even then the site's copper was well known), a mint, two small forts, a citadel, and a stockpile of Kushan, Sassanian and Indo-Parthian coins were also found at the site 

Recent history
During the Soviet–Afghan War, Logar was known among some Afghans as the Bab al-Jihad (Gates of Jihad) because it became a fierce theatre of war between US-backed/trained mujahideen groups and the Soviet-backed Afghan government troops  Ahmadzai Pashtuns is dominant in this region  Haji Shuja, Haji Zareen and Haji Bahadur were the prominent traders and chieftains in the region before the soviet invasion of Afghanistan  It was one of the main supply routes of mujahideen rebels coming from Pakistan  Like other parts of the country, Logar has also seen heavy fighting since the Soviets started a crackdown against the elders of the Ahmadzai tribe during the 1980s   Swedish journalist Borge Almqvist, who visited the province in 1982, wrote that: "Everywhere in the Logar province the most common sight except for ruins are graves"  Soviet operations included using bombing, the use of flammable liquids to burn alive people in hiding, poisoning of drinking water, and destruction of crops and farmland  One writer who witnessed the events argues that the Soviet actions in Logar amounted to genocide By 1995, the province had fallen to the Taliban government  After the removal of the Taliban and the formation of the Karzai administration in late 2001, the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) gradually took over security of the area  The Provincial Reconstruction Team Logar (PRT Logar) was established in March 2008  It provided several benefits to the locals, including security, development, and jobs 
In the meantime, Taliban insurgents are often causing major disturbances in the area  This includes major attacks on key projects, suicide bombings in civilian areas, and assassinations of Afghan government employees  On 19 August 2014, a major Taliban offensive took place with 700 militants aiming to take control of the province, while the NATO-led foreign force mistakenly killed three civilians in an airstrike in December 2014 On 20 January 2019, the Taliban claimed responsibility for a car bomb attack on the province's governor and his convoy, which killed eight security forces and wounded at least 10 on the highway to Kabul  The governor and the provincial head of the National Directorate of Security were uninjured On 14 August 2021, the Taliban offensive reached Puli Alam (the province capital), and the province of Logar fell to the Taliban, setting their sights to Kabul the following day 

Geography
Logar can be generally described as a relatively flat river valley in the north and central regions, surrounded by rugged mountains to the east, south, and southwest  The district of Azra, in the east, consists almost entirely of mountains, while travel to the Paktia Province to the south is limited to the Tera Pass, a 2896 m high road that was recently completed as part of the international reconstruction effort in Afghanistan  The Kabul-Khost Highway runs north–south through Logar Province, from the Mohammed Agha District 
The government of Afghanistan officially recognizes all the districts of the Logar province as part of the province 

Capital city
Puli Alam is the capital city of Logar province, located in the district of Puli Alam  It's on the main road running south and southeast from Kabul to Khost 
Rebuilding of the city is going on  There is a lot of room for infrastructure and investment 
Puli Alam has seen reconstruction since the fall of the Taliban  The main road to Kabul was completed in 2006, significantly reducing travel time to the national capital  Additional projects include numerous schools, radio stations, government facilities, and a major Afghan National Police base situated south of the city 
The city is open for investment 
Like many Afghan cities, there is municipal planning and services 
During the tenure of President Ashraf Ghani the city gained electricity, clean drinking and water facilities 

Economics
Logar is an agricultural province with a wealth of minerals such as copper and chromite  In terms of industry, the province has one textile and one copper factory  Agriculture, commerce and services, and livestock products account for the majority of commercial operations  Agriculture is a significant source of income for 31% of households  However, commerce and services provide income to 30% of rural households, while non-farm-related labor provides income to 46% of rural households  Tobacco and sugar extract are the two most important industrial crops  The main industry is honey production, which is a small industry  Jewelry, ceramics, and carpets are made in a small number of settlements  Eighty-four percent of the province's households have access to irrigated land  Wheat, maize, potatoes, alfalfa, clover, and other feed are among the most significant field crops  Sheep, cattle, camels, and poultry are the most frequent livestock 

Healthcare
The percentage of households without clean drinking water fell from 45% in 2005 to 14% in 2011   
The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 9% in 2005 to 73% in 2011 In 2008, the province of Logar has 32 health clinics and a 137-bed hospital  According to data from 2008, the Ministry of Health employs 48 doctors and 218 other health professionals in the province  There are 156 pharmacies in the province  The majority of villages do not have a permanent health worker  To access their nearest health center, the majority of the populace must travel 5 to 10 kilometers 

Education
The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) increased from 21% in 2005 to 30% in 2011   
The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 22% in 2005 to 45% in 2011 The overall literacy rate in Logar province was 21% in 2005 however, while nearly one-third (31%) of men are literate this is true for just under one-tenth (9%) of women  There are around 168 primary and secondary schools in the province catering for 81,538 students  There are nearly 2,082 teachers working in schools in the Logar province  There are several girls schools in the province, mostly located in Koshi and Pul-e-alam  Due to the large Taliban presence in Chark and Baraki Barak, the freedom of women in Logar does not always allow for an education  As of 2007, the province had a literacy rate of 17% There are 19 religious centers including a Dar-ul-Ulum, three Darul Hifaz and the rest are Madrasas Three technical and vocational high schools and two private high schools function in Logar Province 

Demographics
As of 2021, the total population of Logar province is about 442,037  Logar is dominantly Sunni, multi-ethnic and a tribal society  Pashtuns and Tajiks  make up the majority population of Logar province, while minority 7 2 percent of the population lived below the national poverty line, the lowest of all of Afghanistan's provinces In 2008, the population of Logar was estimated to be at 349,000 people  The province has 44,209 households, with an average of eight individuals per home  Rural districts are home to 72 percent of the population  Farsi/Dari is spoken by two-thirds of villages and 60% of the population, whereas Pashto is spoken by one-third of villages and 40% of the people  Kochi people(nomads) live in the province of Logar, and their numbers fluctuate with the seasons  In the winter, 96,280 people, or 4% of the Kochi people population, stay in Logar and live in 29 settlements  During the summer, the Kochi people population swells to 208,339, making Logar the province with the second-highest number of Kochi people after Kabul province 

Districts
Until 2005 the district was administratively subdivided into five districts  In that year the province gained Azra District from neighboring Paktia Province; also part of Charkh District was split off into the new district of Kharwar 

Sport
Cricket is the most popular sport in the province  Logar has been a major supplier of players for the Afghanistan national cricket team  Former players include Dawlat Ahmadzai, Ahmad Shah Pakteen and former national team captain Raees Ahmadzai  Among the active national players hailing from Logar are: Mohammad Nabi (captain of the national team), Shahpoor Zadran, Hashmatullah Shahidi, Nasir Jamal Ahmadzai and Gulbadin Naib Ahmadzai 
Football is the second most popular sport in the province  De Abasin Sape (meaning "Waves of Abasin") plays in the Afghanistan Premier League  Abasin means "father of the rivers" in Pashto and refers to the Indus River  The team represents the provinces of Khost, Paktia, Logar, and Paktika 
Other popular sports are volleyball, boxing, taekwondo, Washoe, kick boxing and wrestling 

See also
Provinces of Afghanistan
Mes Aynak – the world's second largest copper deposit
Passage 9:
Forward Operating Base Shank
Forward Operating Base Shank (IATA: OAA, ICAO: OASH, also known as Rocket City) is a former Forward operating base of the U S  military, located in Logar Province of eastern Afghanistan, about 12 km south-east of the city of Baraki Barak   During Operation Enduring freedom, FOB Shank was one of the most heavily rocketed forward operating bases in Afghanistan   In 2014, the base was turned over to Afghan National Army, who established Camp Maiwand at the northern end of the FOB   American forces later returned and reoccupied the southern portion of the FOB, under the name Camp Dahlke 

History
In 2008 FOB Shank was built by Alpha Company of the 508th Special Troops Batalion of the 82nd Airborne Division with assistance from the 555th Engineer Battalion  The FOB was dedicated after SSG Michael A  Shank, an who was killed in the Logar Province in 2006  International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) used the base to train the Afghan National Police (ANP)   The Police Academy, led by a U S  Police Mentoring Training team, cooperated daily with the Czech Provincial Reconstruction Team Logar, composed of 200 Czech Soldiers and about 10 civilians 
These efforts were focused on training the Afghanistan National Auxiliary Police to become members of the ANP 
As of 8 July 2008, Czech and Afghan instructors were teaching the fourth group of cadets at the Academy  Each group attended a three-week cycle which included first-aid treatment, tactics, patrolling, weapons training, vehicle-check-point procedures and many other police-related subjects  The practical part of the training also included scenarios where cadets were ambushed by simulated oppositional forces During 2014 the base was downsized partly by 252 Engineer Company, 133rd Engineer Battalion and was turned over to the ANA   The ANA utilized the northern portion of the base only, which they renamed Camp Maiwand The last few convoys containing equipment from FOB Shank back to Bagram Airbase were completed during October 2014 by the 730th Transportation Company, 419th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, 4th Resolute Support Sustainment Brigade Following the shutdown of FOB Shank, a new American base was established at the southern end of the perimeter, called FOB Dahlke or Camp Dahlke   Camp Dahlke was expanded in 2018 to support the deployment of the 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade  Camp Dahlke had facilities to house 800 soldiers 

Deployed units
Aviation

October 2008-October 2009
101st Airborne
October 2009–October 2010
3rd Infantry Division 4-3 AVN Battalion "BRAWLER" under Lt  Col Ault
December 2008-December 2009
710BSB 3RD IBCT 10th MTN2010–2010 10th Mountain

April 2011
10th Combat Aviation Brigade
Company F, 2nd Battalion (Aviation Support)
August 2011–August 2012
82nd Combat Aviation Brigade (TF Corsair)
Unknown Company, 3rd Battalion
All Companies, 2nd Battalion, 82nd Aviation Regiment (UH-60M)
Company B, 3rd Battalion, 82nd Aviation Regiment (CH-47F)
Company B, 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (CH-47)
Company F, 1st Attack Battalion, 1st Air Combat Brigade, 227th Aviation Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division (Gray Eagle) (3/2012 - 03/2013) – first unit to operate Gray Eagle at Shank  This company was deployed as a standalone company and attached to the 82nd Airborne Division upon arrival to Shank  After TF Corsair left, F 227 was attached to the incoming unit until its tour of duty was completed 
Elements of 122nd Aviation Support Battalion
June – December 2013
10th Combat Aviation Brigade (TF Knighthawk)
Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Assault Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment
Company C, 2nd Assault Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment (UH-60M)
Company E, 2nd Assault Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment (Aviation Support)
Company A, 2nd Assault Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment (AH-64)
Company B, 3rd General Support Aviation Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment (CH-47F)
Company C, 3rd General Support Aviation Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment (HH-60M)
December 2013–August 2014Taskforce Wings
4-101 Aviation Regiment

Taskforce Lift
Company C (DUSTOFF), 7-101 General Support Aviation Battalion, 159th Combat Aviation Brigade, 101 Airborne Division
6-101 Aviation Battalion, 159th Combat Aviation Brigade, 101 Airborne Division
2014
82nd Combat Aviation Brigade (TF Pegasus)Company E, 1st Attack Reconnaissance Battalion, 82nd Aviation Regiment (UH-60)
Company F, 2nd Attack Helicopter Battalion, 82nd Aviation Regiment
Company B, 3rd General Support Helicopter Battalion, 82nd Aviation Regiment using the Boeing CH-47F Chinook
Company B, 122nd Aviation Support Battalion
October 2014
Company B, 1st General Support Aviation Battalion, 169th Aviation Regiment (CH-47)
May 2016 – Unknown
40th Combat Aviation BrigadeCompany C, 1st Battalion, 104th Aviation Regiment (DUSTOFF)
Company F, 2nd Battalion, 238th Aviation Regiment (UH-60)
Company B, 1st Battalion, 140th Aviation Regiment
1st Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment (AH-64)
2018
101st Combat Aviation Brigade (TF Eagle Assault)
5th Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment (CH-47, UH-60, AH-64E)
Company B, 3rd General Support Battalion, 25th Aviation Regiment (CH47F)
2019
1st Armored Division, Combat Aviation Brigade (TF Apocalypse)
3rd Battalion (UH-60)
16th Combat Aviation Brigade, B Company (CH-47) "Sugarbears"
1st Combat Aviation Brigade, 1-1 Attack Battalion, Bravo Company (AH-64E) "Wolf Pack" "LUOFY"
2-10 Combat Aviation Brigade, 10th Mountain DivisionGround forces

A, B and C Companies, 710th Brigade Support Battalion, 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division between December 2008 and 2009 and December 2009 
Alpha Battery, 4th Battalion, 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment, 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team during July 2012 
M777 howitzer
M119 howitzer
A Co, 1st Battalion – 41st Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division during 2011–2012 
3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division from Fort Bliss, Tx, from 2011–2012 
628th Forward Surgical Team, from San Antonio, Tx, 2011–2012
Elements of 427th BSB (NY ARNG) attached to 401st AFSB during 2011–2012
1st Squadron (Airborne) 91st Cavalry, 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team, June 2012–March 2013 
102nd Sapper Company, 307th Engineer Battalion, June 2012- March 2013
6th Squadron, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division, March 2013–November 2013 
Bravo Company “Mongoose Bravo” 1st Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment, 2nd Brigade Combat Team, August 2013–March 2014
710th Brigade Support Battalion and 2nd Battalion, 87th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division between October 2013 and July 2014
388th Clearance Company, January 2014–October 2014 
B CO, 1st Battalion – 502nd Infantry Regiment, 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne (Air Assault) Division during January 2014–October 2014 
2nd Squadron 3rd Cavalry Regiment between June 2014 to October 2014 
1982nd Forward Surgical Team during 2015 
Alpha Battery 1st Battalion 265th ADA Regiment; 164th ADA Brigade Florida Army National Guard, June 2015–February 2016 ADA
207th Engineer Construction Company, Over The Horizon, 2017
136th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion during October 2017 
2-174 ADA C-RAM (Ohio National Guard) 2017–2018
659th Engineer Construction Company, Over The Horizon, 2017–2018
2nd Squadron 1st Cavalry Regiment, Fort Carson 2018–2019
Elements of 495th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion 2018–2019 
3rd Platoon, Alpha Company, 1-38 Infantry Battalion, 1st SBCT, 4th ID  2018–2019
Elements of the 329th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, TF Viking 2019–2020
801st Engineering Company, Over The Horizon, 2019
829 Engineering Company, TF Over The Horizon, 2020
Bravo and Delta Co and Headquarters Elements of the 1st Battalion 178 Infantry Regiment (Illinois National Guard) TF Southeast, September 2019–January 2020 
Elements of Bravo Company and HHC 1st Battalion 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 3BCT, 82ND ABN DIV (TF FURY), October 2019–January 2020
10th Mountain 1-32 Infantry

See also
List of ISAF installations in Afghanistan
Passage 10:
Camptown (country subdivision)
A camptown, in the country of Lesotho, refers to a district capital for one of the ten districts of Lesotho  The largest camptown is the city of Maseru in Maseru District  Camptowns are usually commerce hubs for the district and are the location for the central government offices for the district  Camptowns usually take the same name as the district in which they are located  For example, as mentioned the camptown for Maseru is Maseru but also the camptown for Thaba-Tseka District is Thaba-Tseka  The exceptions to this rule are Berea District whose capital is called Teyateyaneng, Quthing District whose capital is called Moyeni and Leribe District whose capital is most often called Hlotse 
It presumably derives from the 19th century police camps, then (now archaic) in Sesotho likampo  Official colonial government terminology was government reserve, which prosaically became urban area post-independence 



ground_truth: "Currer Bell"