prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the name of this suburb within the Central Coast Council local government area, where Tessa, of Microwave Jenny, grew up?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Avoca Beach, New South Wales
Avoca Beach is a coastal suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, about 95 kilometres (59 mi) north of Sydney  Avoca Beach is primarily a residential suburb, Avoca Beach is also a popular tourist destination  Avoca Beach is known for its surfing and state (regional) surf competitions  Avoca Beach village has a variety of restaurants and cafes as well as a post office, newsagent, pharmacy and mini-mart  Avoca Beach also has a historic cinema, a hotel, bowling club, motel and caravan park  It is located within the Central Coast Council local government area 
This suburb is unrelated to the NSW Southern Highlands suburb of Avoca, New South Wales, except in name only 

Geography
Avoca Beach is located on the Tasman Sea 17 kilometres (11 mi) east-southeast of the Gosford central business district, and about halfway between Newcastle and Sydney, being about 95 kilometres (59 mi) from each  It is bordered to the north by the Bulbararing Lagoon, to the west by Saltwater Creek and to the east by the ocean 

History
The area was originally inhabited by the Darkinjung & Awabakal Aboriginal people  "Avoca" is an Irish name meaning "great estuary" or "where the river meets the sea", and is also the name of a town in County Wicklow, Ireland On 4 January 1830, 640 acres (259 ha) of land in the area were promised to Irish army officer John Moore  However, the official deeds were not issued until 30 September 1839, due to the difficulty in surveying the land  He built a house opposite Bulbararing Lake (now known as Avoca Lake) and planted vines, cereals and fruit trees  He left the area in 1857 for the Victorian goldfields  In the late 19th century, Tom Davis leased the area in order to exploit local timber, which was transported by tram to a mill at Terrigal via what is now Tramway Road in North Avoca 

In the 1950s, commercial buildings began to be built and populated, including bakery, service station, butchery, mini mart, caravan park and the Avoca Beach Picture Theatre 
Residential development in Avoca Beach began during the 20th century, and the area subsequently became a popular holiday retreat with wealthy residents of Sydney's North Shore In February 2010, following the proposal to scuttle the frigate HMAS Adelaide off the beach as a dive wreck in late March, a resident action group was formed to protest against this  The group claims that the wreck will negatively affect surf conditions, tides, and littoral sand drift, and is concerned over the thoroughness of inspection and removal of dangerous materials and chemicals from the former warship, with the chance that marine life and people could be poisoned  An appeal to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal three days before the planned scuttling date of 27 March led to a postponement of the plan until the residents' claims were investigated  The decision from the Tribunal, in favor of the project going ahead after further cleanup work, was handed down on 15 September 2010, and despite further attempts to delay, Adelaide was scuttled on 13 April 2011 

Demographics
At the ABS 2016 census, Avoca Beach had a population of 4,584 people  76 4% of people were born in Australia  The next most common country of birth was England at 8 9%  90 9% of people only spoke English at home  The most common responses for religion in Avoca Beach were No Religion 34 0%, Catholic 22 5% and Anglican 19 9% Avoca Beach residents had a median age of 41, compared with the median of 42 for the Central Coast local government area  Median individual incomes in Avoca Beach were above average for the region — $764 per week compared with $600 per week  The 2016 Census reported 1,527 occupied private dwellings, of which 83 3% were separate houses, and the median monthly housing loan repayment of $2,167 was well above the regional average of $1,750 
In 2020, Avoca Beach's median house price was $1,150,000 versus $940,000 for the Central Coast region 

Education
Avoca Beach has a state primary school, which first opened in 1935  The suburb is within Kincumber High School's catchment area 

Politics
At federal level, Avoca Beach is within the Division of Robertson  In the Federal election of May 2022 it was won by Gordon Reid of the Australian Labor Party, previously held for nine years by Lucy Wicks of the Liberal Party of Australia 
In the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Avoca Beach is within the electorate of Terrigal, currently held by Adam Crouch of the Liberal Party 
Polling place statistics are presented below from the Avoca Beach polling place in the elections leading up to and including the 2019 federal and state elections as indicated 

Gallery
Passage 2:
Hamlyn Terrace, New South Wales
Hamlyn Terrace is a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia  It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area  The suburb was formerly part of Warnervale and is part of the Warnervale development precinct  The suburb is split between two governmental wards in the Central Coast Council governmental area, the northern part is in the Budgiewoi ward and the rest is in the Wyong ward 
Passage 3:
Woy Woy Bay, New South Wales
Woy Woy Bay is a suburb located in the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, as part of the Central Coast Council local government area  Most of the suburb's area belongs to the Brisbane Water National Park, although a small community on Woy Woy Bay (part of Brisbane Water) containing a community hall, public reserve and wharf is also located within the suburb  Woy Woy Bay is commonly used by boaters on the weekend because of the open expanses of the bay  The main thoroughfare is Taylor Street 

Notable residents
John Della Bosca (1956–), former politician: New South Wales Legislative Council 1999–2010 
Belinda Neal (1963–), former politician: Australian House of Representatives (2007–2010); New South Wales Legislative Council (1994–1998) and Gosford City Council Alderman (1992–1994) 
Passage 4:
Phegans Bay, New South Wales
Phegans Bay () is a suburb within the local government area of the Central Coast Council on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia 
Phegans Bay is located 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Woy Woy between Brisbane Water National Park and Woy Woy Inlet 
Passage 5:
Umina Beach, New South Wales
Umina Beach ( you-MY-nə) is a suburb within the Central Coast Council local government area on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia  Umina Beach is situated 85 kilometres (53 mi) north of Sydney and 111 kilometres (69 mi) south of Newcastle 
Umina Beach is locally known on the Central Coast as being on 'The Peninsula' (or 'Woy Woy Peninsula')  A natural peninsula that includes the towns of Umina Beach, Woy Woy, Blackwall, Booker Bay and Ettalong Beach  The main street, West Street, is the retail centre of The Peninsula with key national brands represented through Coles, Woolworths, Aldi and Bunnings 
Moving from north to south, Umina Beach begins where Woy Woy and Blackwall end: at Veron Road and Gallipoli Avenue 
Umina Beach is the most populated suburb on the Central Coast 

Geography
Umina Beach has one unbroken sand shoreline that has been divided in name only: Umina Beach (south western section) and Ocean Beach (north eastern section)  Both beaches have their own Surf Life Saving Club (refer to Sports Clubs section)  The only other type of shoreline is located at Umina Point (Mt Ettalong), a Hawkesbury Sandstone headland that adjoins the south western end of Umina Beach 
Umina Beach is geographically located on the north side of Broken Bay at the river mouth of Hawkesbury River  The formation of Umina Beach and 'The Peninsula' is due to sand deposition that has been influenced by (and not limited to) climatic conditions, soil-binding flora, Hawkesbury Sandstone formations (e g ; Box Head, Barrenjoey and Umina Point), wave patterns and tidal amplitude from the Tasman Sea, Hawkesbury River and Brisbane Water 

History
The word "Umina" was derived from the Australian Aboriginal word meaning Place of sleep The Woy Woy and Umina district was home to the Guringai Australian Aboriginal tribe  This tribe stretched from the north side of Port Jackson, north through Pittwater, Broken Bay and Brisbane Water, to the southern end of Lake Macquarie European entry to the region was first recorded in March 1788 when Governor Arthur Phillip landed with a party at Ettalong Beach 
In June 1789, a more thorough investigation of Brisbane Water was conducted  A rest stop was made at Ettalong Beach before the group passed through 'The Rip' (a dangerous passage leading into Brisbane Water)  On return, the party camped at Ettalong Beach before sailing to Dangar Island in the Hawkesbury River The first land subdivision occurred in 1914 which led to the current commercial and residential centre  Umina Beach celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2014 

Schools
Umina Beach is served by two public schools, Umina Public School (primary school) and Brisbane Water Secondary College (high school) Opened on 3 February 1956, Umina Public School's population approximates 800 students and 50 staff  It currently has 29 classes from kindergarten to year 6 

Business
Umina Beach town centre has been represented by the Peninsula Chamber of Commerce since the late 1980s  It is affiliated with the NSW Business Chamber  The town centre is serviced by Woolworths, Coles, Bunnings Hardware, Aldi Supermarkets and McDonald's, along with a number of local shops, takeaway restaurants and cafes, including the multi-award-winning Bremen Patisserie on West street  The town is also serviced by a number of medical and specialist practices, the Central Coast Council Library, and two service stations 

Transport Links
Umina Beach is well serviced by regular bus services (Busways) with connections to Woy Woy Rail Station and Gosford  The town centre is easily accessed with an efficient grid system of connecting roads with primary access from Ocean Beach Road, West Street and Barrenjoey Road 
Substantial car parking facilities adjacent to the town centre contribute to its success as a retail hub 

Media
Community Papers:

Peninsula Community Access News, fortnightly free distribution within the 2256 and 2257 postcode areas 
Central Coast Express Advocate, published by News Limited's Cumberland Courier Newspapers, is distributed free every Wednesday & Friday 
Central Coast Sun Weekly was last published on 30 April 2009 Radio Broadcasting:
Umina Beach is locally serviced by the national public broadcaster, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, via ABC Local Radio 2BL/T 92 5 FM 
Commercial licences covering Umina Beach are:
Analogue FM and AM signals can be received from Sydney and Newcastle  As a result, Umina Beach is located within the most saturated radio market in Australia 
As of August 2010, there was no launch date known for Digital Radio services for the Central Coast 

Sports fields
Umina Oval, located at the southern end of Melbourne Avenue, is the home ground for four pitch team sports: Soccer, Rugby league, Cricket and Tennis McEvoy Oval, located at the western end of McEvoy Avenue, is used for Track and Field Athletics, Touch Football and Cricket 

Sports clubs
Club Umina RSL Bowls Club is located in Melbourne Avenue, Umina Beach, within the Club Umina complex  Membership is available to ex and existing Servicemen of the Australian Defence Force and its allies who are financial members of both Club Umina and either Full or Associate Members of Merrylands RSL Club Sub-Branch 
Ocean Beach Malibu Club 
Ocean Beach Surf Life Saving Club is located at the southern end of Trafalgar Avenue, Umina Beach 
Ocean Beach Surfers Association 
Umina Beach "Bunnies" Rugby League Football Club is based at Umina Oval and play on the Col Gooley Field  The club is affiliated with the Central Coast Division of Country Rugby League (refer also to Country Rugby League) within the New South Wales Rugby League  The Bunnies team sheet has included Australian Kangaroos experience: Mark Geyer in 1993 and Cliff Lyons as Captain-Coach in 2001 
Umina Boardriders 
Umina "Bunnies" Junior Rugby League Football Club is based at Umina Oval and play on the Col Gooley Field  The club is affiliated with the Central Coast Division Junior Rugby League which is part of the Central Coast Division of Country Rugby League (refer also to Country Rugby League) within the New South Wales Rugby League 
Umina Beach "Bunnies" Netball Club are emotionally linked to Umina Junior Rugby League Football Club and do not have a physical presence in Umina Beach  The club conducts committee meetings at Woy Woy Leagues Club, Blackwall Road, Woy Woy, has a postal address in Ettalong Beach and plays in the Woy Woy Peninsula Netball Associations competition, located in Lagoon Street, Ettalong Beach 
Umina Beach Surf Life Saving Club is located at the southern end of Ocean Beach Road, Umina Beach 
Umina "Devils" Cricket Club is based at Umina Oval and has 2 cricket fields  The main cricket field, Field 1, is located on the eastern side of the oval, on Col Gooley Field, and has multiple grass pitches  Field 2 is located on the western side of the oval and has one artificial cricket pitch  The club caters for both senior and junior players from 5 years of age 
The Umina cup is an annual father's vs sons soccer game at Umina beach holiday park  This game has been played 4 times and has been won by the sons all 4 times  The most famous ground is sand field as there has been 3 of the 4 games played their 
Umina United "Eagles" Soccer Club is based at Umina Oval  The club caters for both senior and junior players from 5 years of age  The club is affiliated with Central Coast Football 
Woy Woy Peninsula Little Athletics Centre is based at McEvoy Oval   The club is affiliated with Central Coast Little Athletics  The club caters for junior athletes from 6 years of age Umina Beach is known as the home of "Upball"

Community Groups
Umina Community Group– The Umina Community Group is committed to improving Umina Beach by providing a unified voice to lobby the Central Coast Council and government bodies  Umina Beach is a growing community, along with its many visitors, this means improvements to local infrastructure and services in Umina Beach and Ocean Beach are essential to allow Umina Beach to thrive as a modern coastal community 
Umina Beach Men's Shed– The Men's Shed is a place where members of the community of all different life experiences come together at their own pace, share skills, swap ideas, solve problems and be involved in projects for the benefit of the community 

Notable residents
Belinda Emmett (1974–2006), actress and singer, grew up in Umina Beach
Mark Geyer (born 1967), rugby league player and radio host
James Harrison OAM (born 1936), Anti-D Vaccine blood donor
Dane Searls (1988–2011), BMX rider
Eric Worrell MBE (1924–1987), zoologist and writer
Passage 6:
Shelly Beach, New South Wales
Shelly Beach is a coastal suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, located east of Tuggerah Lake and bordering the Pacific Ocean south of The Entrance  It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area  It is 66 km south of Newcastle & 93 km north of Sydney   Shelly Beach is considered one of the most popular surfing beaches on the Central Coast 
Shelly Beach Golf Club (previously Tuggerah Lakes Gold Club) is an 18-hole golf course located at the eastern end of Shelly Beach Road, overlooking Shelly Beach  It was formally established in 1930, originally being located at Killarney Vale until 1954 when it moved to its present location 
Within the suburb there is the Shelly Beach Surf Club and the Shelly Beach Fossils soccer club 

Transportation
Red Bus Services operates routes through Shelly Beach (11, 12, 21, 22, 23)   Bus 21 operates from The Entrance North to Gosford regularly 

Notable people
Nikki Garrett – golfer
Banjo Paterson – poet

Accommodation
Shelly Beach Cabins
Bluewater Resort
Sun Valley Tourist Park
Passage 7:
Magenta, New South Wales
Magenta () is a coastal location of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia  It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area, and contains a significant portion of the Wyrrabalong National Park 
Magenta is a relatively new area to be developed for residence, with the suburb gazetted in 1991  Previously it was the location for rutile mining and as the garbage tip for The Entrance, New South Wales  The location is traversed south–north by Wilfred Barrett Drive linking The Entrance and Toukley, named after a Wyong Shire President  The road was designated part of the Central Coast Highway in 2006 

Magenta Shores
The Magenta Shores Golf Resort consists of an 18-hole golf course, private housing and a resort 
Passage 8:
Gorokan, New South Wales
Gorokan is a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia  It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area  The word "Gorokan" means "The Morning Dawn" from the language of the Awabakal (an Aboriginal tribe)  There are two schools in the area, Gorokan Public School and Gorokan High School  Electricity was first brought to the area as a part of a £42,000 programme for electricity reticulation under the Brisbane Water County Council 
Located on the shores of Lake Tuggerah, Gorokan has long been a holiday destination with the Quoy family first buying land in the area in 1923 where they built and rented a series of holiday homes  Other families such as the Gedlings (by way of Gordon and Margaret Gedling) built a holiday house on the Gorokan waterfront in 1956 
Passage 9:
Kulnura, New South Wales
Kulnura () is a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, located north of Mangrove Mountain along George Downes Drive  It is within Central Coast Council local government area  Kulnura's name is an Aboriginal word meaning "in sight of the sea" or "up in the clouds", it was named in 1914 by a meeting of the early pioneers Messrs Archibold, Collins, Gatley, Penn, Young, Williams and Gibson  Its population of approximately 600 people rely mostly on the town's fruit and cattle industries for income, however many commute to regional centres of Gosford, Wyong and even to Sydney for work  It is also home to the biggest catchment area on the Central Coast, Mangrove Creek Dam which has a capacity of 190 000 ML, and has a free tourist kiosk on the site   "Mangrove Mountain Bottlers Pty Ltd" bottle still water at their plant at Kulnura, as well as for private label mass-retailers, such as 7–11 
Another one of Kulnura's attractions is the Paintball Place, which holds paintball skirmishes for people over 16 

District
Kulnura extends from the intersection of Bloodtree Road and George Downes Drive in the south, to the Great Northern Road in the north, to include the Mangrove Creek reservoir in the west, to down Bumble Hill Road in the east and to Red Hill Road in the southeast  Map of Kulnura in Google Maps
Kulnura General Store-café, petrol station and a bottle shop are located just opposite Kulnura Hall at the intersection of Greta Road with George Downes Drive 
Kulnura's One Stop convenience store is also a popular resting place for passing motorcyclists and tourists 
Kulnura Public School is situated at 9 Williams Road 

Festival
Every year Kulnura is host to the Bloodtree Festival, which is a celebration of life in the Mangrove Mountain area  It has been running for the past five years at Kulnura Oval, adjacent to Kulnura Hall 
Passage 10:
Microwave Jenny
Microwave Jenny is an Australian pop/folk/jazz duet that consists of Tessa Nuku on vocals and Brendon Boney on guitar and vocals  They both have Indigenous backgrounds with Brendon having been born and raised in Wagga Wagga, and Tessa having been born in Ulladulla, New South Wales before moving to and growing up in Umina Beach, New South Wales Brendon was the singing voice for the character Willie in film Bran Nue Dae  The phrase 'Microwave Jenny' comes from the 1997 film The Castle  The duo are married and have a daughter  Brendon has a solo alternative, hip/hop project called The Magpie Swoop 

Live performance
The band play live in multiple formats either as an Acoustic Duet, Trio, Quartet or full band  The duo feature heavily on the Australian music festival circuit with notable live performances including Bluesfest, Woodford Folk Festival, Peats Ridge Festival and Nannup Music Festival They also supported Thirsty Merc on their 2011 national tour of Australia 

Influences
Microwave Jenny have cited James Taylor, Janis Ian, Bill Withers and Van Morrison as musical influences 

Awards and nominations
They were recipients of the 2009 Peter Garrett Breathrough Grant  Brendon won an APRA Professional Development Award in 2011 for his songwriting and composing  In 2009, Microwave Jenny was nominated for a Deadly Award for Most Promising New Artist but did not win 

Discography
They have released two EPs

Summer
1  "Mellow" – 3:59
2  "Mr Man in the Moon" – 3:47
3  "I'll Never Learn" – 5:02
4  "Summer" – 3:35

Crazy, Crazy Things
1  "Stuck on the Moon" – 3:06
2  "Homemade Lemonade" – 3:52
3  "Lyin" – 3:18
4  Locked in the Closet" – 3:54
Context 2: Passage 1:
Philip Carlo
Philip Carlo (April 18, 1949 – November 8, 2010) was an American journalist and best selling biographer of Thomas Pitera, Richard Kuklinski, Anthony Casso, and Richard Ramirez  Carlo had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), commonly known as "Lou Gehrig's Disease" 
He was diagnosed in 2005 and reliant on a wheelchair with respirator, but retained his ability to speak and continued to write until his death  He died of the disease on November 8, 2010, at age 61 

Early life
Philip Carlo was born in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, New York  From an early age, he was involved in gang activity  Raised on the streets of Brooklyn, New York  In 1964 when Carlo was 15 years old, he witnessed a close friend shot to death in broad daylight by hit men from the Colombo crime family  Moving toward induction into an organized crime mob family, Carlo found himself in trouble with the law  At the age of 17, he was involved in a gang fight and shot in the forehead by a  22 caliber gun 

Career
Carlo's passion for books ultimately steered him from the criminal path  The works of John Steinbeck, Ernest Hemingway, and Charles Dickens, among others, helped Carlo out of Brooklyn  At 19, he moved to Manhattan and secured a job as a real estate agent on the Upper West Side, Manhattan  Although successful, Carlo walked away from the business after nine years with the goal of ultimately becoming a professional writer  Despite his illness, in early November 2009, Carlo was able to appear on Shovio's Talk Back TV, to take questions about his research Carlo's first book was about a killer in a hospital ward  He got the idea while hospitalized at Bellevue and a woman was murdered there  The book received 125 rejection letters and was never published  His second book was about an American child kidnapped and forced into the sex trade  He got the idea while visiting Amsterdam  Carlo was shocked to see children performing sex shows in shop windows  Dutton published it as Stolen Flower in 1986  Universal Pictures optioned the book for Robert De Niro His last three books were written with the help of Kelsey Osgood, a Columbia University graduate from Brooklyn, who took notes for him due to his ALS  His last book, The Killer Within: In the Company of Monsters (which deals with his battle against ALS), was released posthumously in January 2011 

Personal life
Philip Carlo married Laura Garofalo in December 2009  The two met in August 2006 after Carlo mentioned that one of his childhood friends, Manny Garofalo, had a brother, Eddie, who had been killed on orders of the Gambino underboss Salvatore Gravano, known as Sammy the Bull  Carlo and Manny reunited, along with Manny's niece, Eddie's daughter, Laura Garofalo 

Works
Non-fiction

The Night Stalker: The Life and Crimes of Richard Ramirez (The True Story of America's Most Feared Serial Killer), Kensington (1996) ISBN 1-57566-030-X
The Ice Man: Confessions of a Mafia Contract Killer, St  Martin's Press (2006) ISBN 0-312-34928-9
Gaspipe: Confessions of a Mafia Boss, William Morrow Press (2008) ISBN 978-0-06-142984-2
The Butcher: Anatomy of a Mafia Psychopath, William Morrow Press (2009) ISBN 978-0-06-174465-5
The Killer Within: In the Company of Monsters, Overlook Press (2011) ISBN 978-1-59020-431-3Novels

Stolen Flower  (1988) ISBN 0-525-24484-0
Predators and Prayers  (2005) ISBN 0-8439-5576-7
Smiling Wolf  (2006) ISBN 0-8439-5678-X
Passage 2:
John Locke
John Locke  (; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "father of liberalism"  Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Francis Bacon, Locke is equally important to social contract theory  His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy  His writings influenced Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American Revolutionaries  His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence  Internationally, Locke's political-legal principles continue to have a profound influence on the theory and practice of limited representative government and the protection of basic rights and freedoms under the rule of law Locke's theory of mind is often cited as the origin of modern conceptions of identity and the self, figuring prominently in the work of later philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant 
He postulated that, at birth, the mind was a blank slate, or tabula rasa  Contrary to Cartesian philosophy based on pre-existing concepts, he maintained that we are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience derived from sense perception, a concept now known as empiricism 

Early life
Locke was born on 29 August 1632, in a small thatched cottage by the church in Wrington, Somerset, about 12 miles from Bristol  He was baptised the same day, as both of his parents were Puritans  Locke's father, also called John, was an attorney who served as clerk to the Justices of the Peace in Chew Magna and as a captain of cavalry for the Parliamentarian forces during the early part of the English Civil War  His mother was Agnes Keene  Soon after Locke's birth, the family moved to the market town of Pensford, about seven miles south of Bristol, where Locke grew up in a rural Tudor house in Belluton 
In 1647, Locke was sent to the prestigious Westminster School in London under the sponsorship of Alexander Popham, a member of Parliament and John Sr 's former commander  At the age of 16 he was at school just half a mile away from the execution of Charles I; however, the boys were not allowed to go and watch  After completing studies at Westminster, he was admitted to Christ Church, Oxford, in the autumn of 1652 at the age of 20  The dean of the college at the time was John Owen, vice-chancellor of the university  Although a capable student, Locke was irritated by the undergraduate curriculum of the time  He found the works of modern philosophers, such as René Descartes, more interesting than the classical material taught at the university  Through his friend Richard Lower, whom he knew from the Westminster School, Locke was introduced to medicine and the experimental philosophy being pursued at other universities and in the Royal Society, of which he eventually became a member Locke was awarded a bachelor's degree in February 1656 and a master's degree in June 1658  He obtained a bachelor of medicine in February 1675, having studied the subject extensively during his time at Oxford and, in addition to Lower, worked with such noted scientists and thinkers as Robert Boyle, Thomas Willis and Robert Hooke  In 1666, he met Anthony Ashley Cooper, Lord Ashley, who had come to Oxford seeking treatment for a liver infection  Ashley was impressed with Locke and persuaded him to become part of his retinue 

Career
Work
Locke had been looking for a career and in 1667 moved into Ashley's home at Exeter House in London, to serve as his personal physician  In London, Locke resumed his medical studies under the tutelage of Thomas Sydenham  Sydenham had a major effect on Locke's natural philosophical thinking—an effect that would become evident in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 
Locke's medical knowledge was put to the test when Ashley's liver infection became life-threatening  Locke coordinated the advice of several physicians and was probably instrumental in persuading Ashley to undergo surgery (then life-threatening in itself) to remove the cyst  Ashley survived and prospered, crediting Locke with saving his life 
During this time, Locke served as Secretary of the Board of Trade and Plantations and Secretary to the Lords Proprietors of Carolina, which helped to shape his ideas on international trade and economics Ashley, as a founder of the Whig movement, exerted great influence on Locke's political ideas  Locke became involved in politics when Ashley became Lord Chancellor in 1672 (Ashley being created 1st Earl of Shaftesbury in 1673)  Following Shaftesbury's fall from favour in 1675, Locke spent some time travelling across France as a tutor and medical attendant to Caleb Banks  He returned to England in 1679 when Shaftesbury's political fortunes took a brief positive turn  Around this time, most likely at Shaftesbury's prompting, Locke composed the bulk of the Two Treatises of Government  While it was once thought that Locke wrote the Treatises to defend the Glorious Revolution of 1688, recent scholarship has shown that the work was composed well before this date  The work is now viewed as a more general argument against absolute monarchy (particularly as espoused by Robert Filmer and Thomas Hobbes) and for individual consent as the basis of political legitimacy  Although Locke was associated with the influential Whigs, his ideas about natural rights and government are today considered quite revolutionary for that period in English history 

The Netherlands
Locke fled to the Netherlands in 1683, under strong suspicion of involvement in the Rye House Plot, although there is little evidence to suggest that he was directly involved in the scheme  The philosopher and novelist Rebecca Newberger Goldstein argues that during his five years in Holland, Locke chose his friends "from among the same freethinking members of dissenting Protestant groups as Spinoza's small group of loyal confidants  [Baruch Spinoza had died in 1677 ] Locke almost certainly met men in Amsterdam who spoke of the ideas of that renegade Jew who    insisted on identifying himself through his religion of reason alone " While she says that "Locke's strong empiricist tendencies" would have "disinclined him to read a grandly metaphysical work such as Spinoza's Ethics, in other ways he was deeply receptive to Spinoza's ideas, most particularly to the rationalist's well thought out argument for political and religious tolerance and the necessity of the separation of church and state " In the Netherlands, Locke had time to return to his writing, spending a great deal of time working on the Essay Concerning Human Understanding and composing the Letter on Toleration 

Return to England
Locke did not return home until after the Glorious Revolution  Locke accompanied Mary II back to England in 1689  The bulk of Locke's publishing took place upon his return from exile—his aforementioned Essay Concerning Human Understanding, the Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration all appearing in quick succession 
Locke's close friend Lady Masham invited him to join her at Otes, the Mashams' country house in Essex  Although his time there was marked by variable health from asthma attacks, he nevertheless became an intellectual hero of the Whigs  During this period he discussed matters with such figures as John Dryden and Isaac Newton 

Death
He died on 28 October 1704, and is buried in the churchyard of the village of High Laver, east of Harlow in Essex, where he had lived in the household of Sir Francis Masham since 1691  Locke never married nor had children 
Events that happened during Locke's lifetime include the English Restoration, the Great Plague of London, the Great Fire of London, and the Glorious Revolution  He did not quite see the Act of Union of 1707, though the thrones of England and Scotland were held in personal union throughout his lifetime  Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy were in their infancy during Locke's time 

Philosophy
In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Locke's Two Treatises were rarely cited  Historian Julian Hoppit said of the book, "except among some Whigs, even as a contribution to the intense debate of the 1690s it made little impression and was generally ignored until 1703 (though in Oxford in 1695 it was reported to have made 'a great noise') " John Kenyon, in his study of British political debate from 1689 to 1720, has remarked that Locke's theories were "mentioned so rarely in the early stages of the [Glorious] Revolution, up to 1692, and even less thereafter, unless it was to heap abuse on them" and that "no one, including most Whigs, [was] ready for the idea of a notional or abstract contract of the kind adumbrated by Locke" : 200  In contrast, Kenyon adds that Algernon Sidney's Discourses Concerning Government were "certainly much more influential than Locke's Two Treatises ": 51 In the 50 years after Queen Anne's death in 1714, the Two Treatises were reprinted only once (except in the collected works of Locke)  However, with the rise of American resistance to British taxation, the Second Treatise of Government gained a new readership; it was frequently cited in the debates in both America and Britain  The first American printing occurred in 1773 in Boston 
Locke exercised a profound influence on political philosophy, in particular on modern liberalism  Michael Zuckert has argued that Locke launched liberalism by tempering Hobbesian absolutism and clearly separating the realms of Church and State  He had a strong influence on Voltaire, who called him "le sage Locke"  His arguments concerning liberty and the social contract later influenced the written works of Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and other Founding Fathers of the United States  In fact, one passage from the Second Treatise is reproduced verbatim in the Declaration of Independence, the reference to a "long train of abuses"  Such was Locke's influence that Thomas Jefferson wrote:Bacon, Locke and Newton… I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical and Moral sciences However, Locke's influence may have been even more profound in the realm of epistemology  Locke redefined subjectivity, or self, leading intellectual historians such as Charles Taylor and Jerrold Seigel to argue that Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689/90) marks the beginning of the modern Western conception of the self Locke's theory of association heavily influenced the subject matter of modern psychology  At the time, Locke's recognition of two types of ideas, simple and complex—and, more importantly, their interaction through association—inspired other philosophers, such as David Hume and George Berkeley, to revise and expand this theory and apply it to explain how humans gain knowledge in the physical world Locke thought the state's borders and the functioning and enforcement of the existence of the state and its constitution were metaphysically tied to "the natural rights of the individual", and this inspired future liberal politicians and philosophers 

Religious tolerance
Writing his Letters Concerning Toleration (1689–1692) in the aftermath of the European wars of religion, Locke formulated a classic reasoning for religious tolerance, in which three arguments are central:
earthly judges, the state in particular, and human beings generally, cannot dependably evaluate the truth-claims of competing religious standpoints;
even if they could, enforcing a single 'true religion' would not have the desired effect, because belief cannot be compelled by violence;
coercing religious uniformity would lead to more social disorder than allowing diversity With regard to his position on religious tolerance, Locke was influenced by Baptist theologians like John Smyth and Thomas Helwys, who had published tracts demanding freedom of conscience in the early 17th century  Baptist theologian Roger Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island in 1636, where he combined a democratic constitution with unlimited religious freedom  His tract, The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience (1644), which was widely read in the mother country, was a passionate plea for absolute religious freedom and the total separation of church and state  Freedom of conscience had had high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agenda, as Martin Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms in 1521, unless he would be proved false by the Bible 

Slavery and child labour
Locke's views on slavery were multifaceted and complex  Although he wrote against slavery in general, Locke was an investor and beneficiary of the slave trading Royal Africa Company  In addition, while secretary to the Earl of Shaftesbury, Locke participated in drafting the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, which established a quasi-feudal aristocracy and gave Carolinian planters absolute power over their enslaved chattel property; the constitutions pledged that "every freeman of Carolina shall have absolute power and authority over his negro slaves"  Philosopher Martin Cohen notes that Locke, as secretary to the Council of Trade and Plantations and a member of the Board of Trade, was "one of just half a dozen men who created and supervised both the colonies and their iniquitous systems of servitude" 
According to American historian James Farr, Locke never expressed any thoughts concerning his contradictory opinions regarding slavery, which Farr ascribes to his personal involvement in the slave trade  Locke's positions on slavery have been described as hypocritical, and laying the foundation for the Founding Fathers to hold similarly contradictory thoughts regarding freedom and slavery Historian Holly Brewer has argued, however, that Locke's role in the Constitution of Carolina has been exaggerated and that he was merely paid to revise and make copies of a document that had already been partially written before he became involved; she compares Locke's role to a lawyer writing a will  She further says that Locke was paid in Royal African Company stock in lieu of money for his work as a secretary for a governmental sub-committee and that he sold the stock after a few years  Brewer likewise argues that Locke actively worked to undermine slavery in Virginia while heading a Board of Trade created by William of Orange following the Glorious Revolution  He specifically attacked colonial policy granting land to slave owners and encouraged the baptism and Christian education of the children of enslaved Africans to undercut a major justification of slavery—that they were heathens that possessed no rights  In his Two Treatises of Government, Locke provided a justification for slavery that could never actually be met, thus rendering all forms of slavery as it actually existed invalid  Moreover, as one may not submit to slavery, in Locke's view there is a moral injunction to attempt to throw off and escape it whenever it looms 
Locke also supported child labour, which was an intrinsic part of all pre-industrial societies  In his "Essay on the Poor Law", he turns to the education of the poor; he laments that "the children of labouring people are an ordinary burden to the parish, and are usually maintained in idleness, so that their labour also is generally lost to the public till they are 12 or 14 years old" : 190  He suggests, therefore, that "working schools" be set up in each parish in England for poor children so that they will be "from infancy [three years old] inured to work" : 190  He goes on to outline the economics of these schools, arguing not only that they will be profitable for the parish, but also that they will instill a good work ethic in the children : 191

Government
Locke's political theory was founded upon that of social contract  Unlike Thomas Hobbes, Locke believed that human nature is characterised by reason and tolerance  Like Hobbes, however, Locke believed that human nature allows people to be selfish  This is apparent with the introduction of currency  In a natural state, all people were equal and independent, and everyone had a natural right to defend his "life, health, liberty, or possessions" : 198  Most scholars trace the phrase "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" in the American Declaration of Independence to Locke's theory of rights, although other origins have been suggested Like Hobbes, Locke assumed that the sole right to defend in the state of nature was not enough, so people established a civil society to resolve conflicts in a civil way with help from government in a state of society  However, Locke never refers to Hobbes by name and may instead have been responding to other writers of the day  Locke also advocated governmental separation of powers and believed that revolution is not only a right but an obligation in some circumstances  These ideas would come to have profound influence on the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States 

Accumulation of wealth
According to Locke, unused property is wasteful and an offence against nature, but, with the introduction of "durable" goods, men could exchange their excessive perishable goods for those which would last longer and thus not offend the natural law  In his view, the introduction of money marked the culmination of this process, making possible the unlimited accumulation of property without causing waste through spoilage  He also includes gold or silver as money because they may be "hoarded up without injury to anyone", as they do not spoil or decay in the hands of the possessor  In his view, the introduction of money eliminates limits to accumulation  Locke stresses that inequality has come about by tacit agreement on the use of money, not by the social contract establishing civil society or the law of land regulating property  Locke is aware of a problem posed by unlimited accumulation, but does not consider it his task  He just implies that government would function to moderate the conflict between the unlimited accumulation of property and a more nearly equal distribution of wealth; he does not identify which principles that government should apply to solve this problem  However, not all elements of his thought form a consistent whole  For example, the labour theory of value in the Two Treatises of Government stands side by side with the demand-and-supply theory of value developed in a letter he wrote titled Some Considerations on the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money  Moreover, Locke anchors property in labour but, in the end, upholds unlimited accumulation of wealth 

Ideas
Economics
On price theory
Locke's general theory of value and price is a supply-and-demand theory, set out in a letter to a member of parliament in 1691, titled Some Considerations on the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money  In it, he refers to supply as quantity and demand as rent: "The price of any commodity rises or falls by the proportion of the number of buyers and sellers" and "that which regulates the price…[of goods] is nothing else but their quantity in proportion to their rent "
The quantity theory of money forms a special case of this general theory  His idea is based on "money answers all things" (Ecclesiastes) or "rent of money is always sufficient, or more than enough" and "varies very little"  Locke concludes that, as far as money is concerned, the demand for it is exclusively regulated by its quantity, regardless of whether the demand is unlimited or constant  He also investigates the determinants of demand and supply  For supply, he explains the value of goods as based on their scarcity and ability to be exchanged and consumed  He explains demand for goods as based on their ability to yield a flow of income  Locke develops an early theory of capitalisation, such as of land, which has value because "by its constant production of saleable commodities it brings in a certain yearly income"  He considers the demand for money as almost the same as demand for goods or land: it depends on whether money is wanted as medium of exchange  As a medium of exchange, he states, "money is capable by exchange to procure us the necessaries or conveniences of life" and, for loanable funds, "it comes to be of the same nature with land by yielding a certain yearly income…or interest" 

Monetary thoughts
Locke distinguishes two functions of money: as a counter to measure value, and as a pledge to lay claim to goods  He believes that silver and gold, as opposed to paper money, are the appropriate currency for international transactions  Silver and gold, he says, are treated to have equal value by all of humanity and can thus be treated as a pledge by anyone, while the value of paper money is only valid under the government which issues it 
Locke argues that a country should seek a favourable balance of trade, lest it fall behind other countries and suffer a loss in its trade  Since the world money stock grows constantly, a country must constantly seek to enlarge its own stock  Locke develops his theory of foreign exchanges, in addition to commodity movements, there are also movements in country stock of money, and movements of capital determine exchange rates  He considers the latter less significant and less volatile than commodity movements  As for a country's money stock, if it is large relative to that of other countries, he says it will cause the country's exchange to rise above par, as an export balance would do 
He also prepares estimates of the cash requirements for different economic groups (landholders, labourers, and brokers)  In each group he posits that the cash requirements are closely related to the length of the pay period  He argues the brokers—the middlemen—whose activities enlarge the monetary circuit and whose profits eat into the earnings of labourers and landholders, have a negative influence on both personal and the public economy to which they supposedly contribute 

Theory of value and property
Locke uses the concept of property in both broad and narrow terms: broadly, it covers a wide range of human interests and aspirations; more particularly, it refers to material goods  He argues that property is a natural right that is derived from labour  In Chapter V of his Second Treatise, Locke argues that the individual ownership of goods and property is justified by the labour exerted to produce such goods—"at least where there is enough [land], and as good, left in common for others" (para  27)—or to use property to produce goods beneficial to human society Locke states in his Second Treatise that nature on its own provides little of value to society, implying that the labour expended in the creation of goods gives them their value  From this premise, understood as a labour theory of value, Locke developed a labour theory of property, whereby ownership of property is created by the application of labour  In addition, he believed that property precedes government and government cannot "dispose of the estates of the subjects arbitrarily"  Karl Marx later critiqued Locke's theory of property in his own social theory 

The human mind
The self
Locke defines the self as "that conscious thinking thing, (whatever substance, made up of whether spiritual, or material, simple, or compounded, it matters not) which is sensible, or conscious of pleasure and pain, capable of happiness or misery, and so is concerned for itself, as far as that consciousness extends"  He does not, however, wholly ignore "substance", writing that "the body too goes to the making the man" In his Essay, Locke explains the gradual unfolding of this conscious mind  Arguing against both the Augustinian view of man as originally sinful and the Cartesian position, which holds that man innately knows basic logical propositions, Locke posits an 'empty mind', a tabula rasa, which is shaped by experience; sensations and reflections being the two sources of all of our ideas  He states in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding:

This source of ideas every man has wholly within himself; and though it be not sense, as having nothing to do with external objects, yet it is very like it, and might properly enough be called 'internal sense '
Locke's Some Thoughts Concerning Education is an outline on how to educate this mind  Drawing on thoughts expressed in letters written to Mary Clarke and her husband about their son, he expresses the belief that education makes the man—or, more fundamentally, that the mind is an "empty cabinet":I think I may say that of all the men we meet with, nine parts of ten are what they are, good or evil, useful or not, by their education Locke also wrote that "the little and almost insensible impressions on our tender infancies have very important and lasting consequences"  He argues that the "associations of ideas" that one makes when young are more important than those made later because they are the foundation of the self; they are, put differently, what first mark the tabula rasa  In his Essay, in which both these concepts are introduced, Locke warns, for example, against letting "a foolish maid" convince a child that "goblins and sprites" are associated with the night, for "darkness shall ever afterwards bring with it those frightful ideas, and they shall be so joined, that he can no more bear the one than the other" This theory came to be called associationism, going on to strongly influence 18th-century thought, particularly educational theory, as nearly every educational writer warned parents not to allow their children to develop negative associations  It also led to the development of psychology and other new disciplines with David Hartley's attempt to discover a biological mechanism for associationism in his Observations on Man (1749) 

Dream argument
Locke was critical of Descartes's version of the dream argument, with Locke making the counter-argument that people cannot have physical pain in dreams as they do in waking life 

Religion
Religious beliefs
Some scholars have seen Locke's political convictions as being based from his religious beliefs  Locke's religious trajectory began in Calvinist trinitarianism, but by the time of the Reflections (1695) Locke was advocating not just Socinian views on tolerance but also Socinian Christology  However Wainwright (1987) notes that in the posthumously published Paraphrase (1707) Locke's interpretation of one verse, Ephesians 1:10, is markedly different from that of Socinians like Biddle, and may indicate that near the end of his life Locke returned nearer to an Arian position, thereby accepting Christ's pre-existence 
Locke was at times not sure about the subject of original sin, so he was accused of Socinianism, Arianism, or Deism  Locke argued that the idea that "all Adam's Posterity [are] doomed to Eternal Infinite Punishment, for the Transgression of Adam" was "little consistent with the Justice or Goodness of the Great and Infinite God", leading Eric Nelson to associate him with Pelagian ideas  However, he did not deny the reality of evil  Man was capable of waging unjust wars and committing crimes  Criminals had to be punished, even with the death penalty With regard to the Bible, Locke was very conservative  He retained the doctrine of the verbal inspiration of the Scriptures  The miracles were proof of the divine nature of the biblical message  Locke was convinced that the entire content of the Bible was in agreement with human reason (The Reasonableness of Christianity, 1695)  Although Locke was an advocate of tolerance, he urged the authorities not to tolerate atheism, because he thought the denial of God's existence would undermine the social order and lead to chaos  That excluded all atheistic varieties of philosophy and all attempts to deduce ethics and natural law from purely secular premises  In Locke's opinion the cosmological argument was valid and proved God's existence  His political thought was based on Protestant Christian views  Additionally, Locke advocated a sense of piety out of gratitude to God for giving reason to men 

Philosophy from religion
Locke's concept of man started with the belief in creation  Like philosophers Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf, Locke equated natural law with the biblical revelation  Locke derived the fundamental concepts of his political theory from biblical texts, in particular from Genesis 1 and 2 (creation), the Decalogue, the Golden Rule, the teachings of Jesus, and the letters of Paul the Apostle  The Decalogue puts a person's life, reputation and property under God's protection 
Locke's philosophy on freedom is also derived from the Bible  Locke derived from the Bible basic human equality (including equality of the sexes), the starting point of the theological doctrine of Imago Dei  To Locke, one of the consequences of the principle of equality was that all humans were created equally free and therefore governments needed the consent of the governed  Locke compared the English monarchy's rule over the British people to Adam's rule over Eve in Genesis, which was appointed by God Following Locke's philosophy, the American Declaration of Independence founded human rights partially on the biblical belief in creation  Locke's doctrine that governments need the consent of the governed is also central to the Declaration of Independence 

Library
Manuscripts, books and treatises
Locke was an assiduous book collector and notetaker throughout his life  By his death in 1704, Locke had amassed a library of more than 3,000 books, a significant number in the seventeenth century  Unlike some of his contemporaries, Locke took care to catalogue and preserve his library, and his will made specific provisions for how his library was to be distributed after his death  Locke's will offered Lady Masham the choice of "any four folios, eight quartos and twenty books of less volume, which she shall choose out of the books in my Library " Locke also gave six titles to his "good friend" Anthony Collins, but Locke bequeathed the majority of his collection to his cousin Peter King (later Lord King) and to Lady Masham's son, Francis Cudworth Masham Francis Masham was promised one "moiety" (half) of Locke's library when he reached "the age of one and twenty years " The other "moiety" of Locke's books, along with his manuscripts, passed to his cousin King  Over the next two centuries, the Masham portion of Locke's library was dispersed  The manuscripts and books left to King, however, remained with King's descendants (later the Earls of Lovelace), until most of the collection was bought by the Bodleian Library, Oxford in 1947  Another portion of the books Locke left to King was discovered by the collector and philanthropist Paul Mellon in 1951  Mellon supplemented this discovery with books from Locke's library which he bought privately, and in 1978, he transferred his collection to the Bodleian  The holdings in the Locke Room at the Bodleian have been a valuable resource for scholars interested in Locke, his philosophy, practices for information management, and the history of the book 
Many of the books still contain Locke's signature, which he often made on the pastedowns of his books  Many also include Locke's marginalia 

The printed books in Locke's library reflected his various intellectual interests as well as his movements at different stages of his life  Locke travelled extensively in France and the Netherlands during the 1670s and 1680s, and during this time he acquired many books from the continent  Only half of the books in Locke's library were printed in England, while close to 40% came from France and the Netherlands  These books cover a wide range of subjects  According to John Harrison and Peter Laslett, the largest genres in Locke's library were theology (23 8% of books), medicine (11 1%), politics and law (10 7%), and classical literature (10 1%)  The Bodleian library currently holds more than 800 of the books from Locke's library  These include Locke's copies of works by several of the most influential figures of the seventeenth century, including

The Quaker William Penn: An address to Protestants of all perswasions (Bodleian Locke 7 69a)
The explorer Francis Drake: The world encompassed by Sir Francis Drake (Bodleian Locke 8 37c)
The scientist Robert Boyle: A discourse of things above reason (Bodleian Locke 7 272)
The bishop and historian Thomas Sprat: The history of the Royal-Society of London (Bodleian Locke 9 10a)In addition to books owned by Locke, the Bodleian also possesses more than 100 manuscripts related to Locke or written in his hand  Like the books in Locke's library, these manuscripts display a range of interests and provide different windows into Locke's activity and relationships  Several of the manuscripts include letters to and from acquaintances like Peter King (MS Locke b  6) and Nicolas Toinard (MS Locke c  45)  MS Locke f  1–10 contain Locke's journals for most years between 1675 and 1704  Some of the most significant manuscripts include early drafts of Locke's writings, such as his Essay Concerning Human Understanding (MS Locke f  26)  The Bodleian also holds a copy of Robert Boyle's General History of the Air with corrections and notes Locke made while preparing Boyle's work for posthumous publication (MS Locke c  37 )
Context 3: Passage 1:
WLLZ-LP
WXII-LD (channel 12) is a low-power television station in Cedar, Michigan, United States, serving the Traverse City–Cadillac area with programming from MyNetworkTV and Cozi TV  Owned by Bridge Media Networks, it is sister to Lake City-licensed NewsNet flagship WMNN-LD (channel 26)  Both stations share studios on West 13th Street in Cadillac, while WXII-LD's transmitter is located west of downtown Traverse City near Harris and Cedar Run roads 
Despite having a digital signal of its own, WXII-LD is only 1 5 kW whereas WMNN-LD is 15 kW, so WXII-LD is simulcast over WMNN-LD's fifth digital subchannel (UHF channel 17 5 or virtual channel 26 5) to expand its over-the-air reach 

History
On December 12, 1996, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued a construction permit for a low-power television station on UHF channel 51 in Pinconning, Michigan with the call sign W51CS  In 2001, the permit was moved to VHF channel 12 in Traverse City under call letters W12CX  In 2003, the call letters were changed to WLLZ-LP  From 1980 to 1996, the WLLZ calls were used by an album oriented rock FM radio station broadcasting on 98 7 in the Detroit area, nicknamed "Detroit's Wheelz" (later Smooth Jazz WVMV "V98 7" and now top-40 "AMP Radio" WDZH)  After the FM station dropped the call letters, they were used for several years on an AM station in the market, and were picked up by Channel 12 after the AM station dropped them in 2003  WLLZ's owner at the time, P & P Cable Holdings, is known for picking up calls discarded by other Michigan radio and television stations for use on their own stations 
WLLZ-LP signed on in January 2004 as an affiliate of Urban America Television  It added America One programming to its schedule in Summer 2004  WLLZ became a full affiliate of the network in May 2006 when Urban America Television ceased operations 

In June 2008, the station was added to Charter digital channel 202 throughout the northern Lower Peninsula  It moved to the basic tier on channel 72 in December 2008 and has now moved to channel 11 in 18 counties on Charter cable  Also in December 2008, WLLZ became a primary affiliate of MyNetworkTV; the station was then branded as "My TV 12"  Until then, there was no local affiliate in the northern Michigan market 
On May 15, 2009, WLLZ discontinued an affiliation with The Sportsman Channel (which was phasing out its over-the-air affiliations) and added RTV, with America One programming significantly reduced (though not eliminated)  Previously from 2007 until 2008, NBC affiliate WPBN-TV (channel 7) carried RTV on a second digital subchannel  This was dropped in favor of a simulcast of ABC affiliate WGTU (channel 29)  Due to its low-powered status, WLLZ was exempt from switching to digital-only broadcasting on June 12, 2009 
The station discontinued their affiliation with America One in 2015, when it merged with Youtoo TV into Youtoo America, allowing a contractual out of that agreement  With the start of the 2015–16 season, WLLZ has wound down carrying nearly all of their syndicated programming, with Cozi TV being carried most of the day and MyNetworkTV in prime time 
On November 1, 2017, the FCC approved the sale of WLLZ-LP to Freelancer Television Broadcasting, Inc  On December 4, 2017, the sale to Freelancer Television Broadcasting was completed, making it a sister station to WMNN-LD; the station then modified its branding to "MI TV 12"  It changed its call sign to WXII-LP on December 21, 2017 On April 23, 2019, the FCC granted WXII-LP a construction permit to operate a digital companion channel on UHF channel 30  In the meantime, digital over-the-air access to this station had been being provided through a simulcast over a digital subchannel of co-owned station WMNN-LD; that simulcast continued post-transition to improve this station's over-the-air reach and also to feed local cable systems  On September 14, 2021, WXII-LP commenced digital operations and the FCC changed this station's call sign to WXII-LD to reflect this station's new digital operations  Concurrent with the launch of this station's digital operations, an uninterrupted national feed of the NewsNet service, absent of any locally-produced content, was added as a second subchannel On January 13, 2022, Freelancer Television Broadcasting's portfolio, including NewsNet, WMNN-LD, and WXII-LD, were sold to investor Manoj Bhargava, with Eric Wotila retaining 10% ownership in the new company Bridge News, LLC  Under the terms of the deal, Bridge News would operate the stations via a time brokerage agreement with Freelancer Television Broadcasting  The sale was consummated on March 24 

News programming
Until May 2009, WLLZ aired INN National News, a newscast produced by Independent News Network in Davenport, Iowa from America One  It also carried a video simulcast of an hour of radio station WMKT's morning show hosted by Greg Marshall  The simulcast was discontinued in early 2011 
In late 2017, following the station's callsign switch to WXII-LP, sister station WMNN-LD began producing 90-second news updates for channel 12 that aired during prime time over the first commercial break aired each hour  News programming expanded in March 2018, when WMNN-LD began producing hour-long 7:00 and 11:00 p m  newscasts for the station each weeknight  The early newscast competes against a half-hour newscast produced by CBS affiliate WWTV (channel 9) that airs on Fox affiliate WFQX-TV (channel 32), while the 11:00 p m  competes against longer-established late night newscasts on WWTV (and its Sault Ste  Marie satellite WWUP, channel 10), and WPBN-TV (and its Cheboygan satellite WTOM-TV, channel 4) as well as a pre-recorded broadcast on the latter's sister ABC affiliate, WGTU (and Sault Ste  Marie satellite WGTQ, channel 8) 

Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Passage 2:
White House, Tennessee
White House is a city in Robertson and Sumner counties in the United States state of Tennessee  The population was listed as 12,982 in the 2020 census  It is approximately twenty-two miles north of downtown Nashville 

History
Settlers
The area that is now White House was purchased around 1828 by Richard Stone Wilks, a settler from Virginia   A trail running from Kentucky to Nashville, originally created by Native Americans, cut through the area   This trail was originally known as the Louisville & Nashville Turnpike during the mid-19th century   In 1928, the trail was renamed US Highway 31W 

Naming the town
In the mid-19th century, the Carter, Thomas, and Hough Stagecoach Company traveled the L&N Turnpike carrying passengers  A typical stop along the way was a white, two-story house built by Wilks in 1829  The house was a popular stop for lodging, food, and changing out horses  President Andrew Jackson was even heard to have stayed here during his travels between his home and the White House   During this time, houses were rarely painted white, particularly in this underdeveloped area  The stage coach drivers began to call this stop and the surrounding area White House 

Original White House torn down, building replaced
The monument for which the town was named was torn down in 1951 to make way for new development   However, in 1986, the community erected a replica of the original building   The reproduction, called the White House Inn Library and Museum, currently sits in the center of town next to the Fire Department   It contains the library, a museum with artifacts from the area's early years, and the city's Chamber of Commerce  In 2015, the replica White House Inn Library and Museum was turned solely into a museum and Chamber of Commerce after the city built a new library 

Growth and development
White House was incorporated in 1971  Currently, the young town is experiencing population growth, economic progress, and community development, with many apartment projects and subdivisions planned for the area  There are over 800 homes planned for the area, and at least 5 apartment subdivisions are planned for the city  The city is located north of Nashville within the greater Nashville region, and is anticipated to grow rapidly in the future as a suburb of Nashville 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9 0 square miles (23 2 km2), all land 
White House is located along Interstate 65 at the intersection of State Highway 76 and US Highway 31W  The town, as of 2007, covers eleven square miles and is situated about 22 miles (35 km) north of downtown Nashville, lying in both Robertson and Sumner Counties 

Climate
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 12,982 people, 4,345 households, and 3,512 families residing in the city 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,220 people, 2,497 households, and 2,060 families residing in the city  The population density was 805 3 inhabitants per square mile (310 9/km2)  There were 2,578 housing units at an average density of 287 5 per square mile (111 0/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 97 35% White, 1 33% African American, 0 25% Native American, 0 35% Asian, 0 30% from other races, and 0 42% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 02% of the population 
There were 2,497 households, out of which 48 8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71 0% were married couples living together, 8 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17 5% were non-families  15 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 89 and the average family size was 3 22 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 31 7% under the age of 18, 6 6% from 18 to 24, 37 8% from 25 to 44, 17 6% from 45 to 64, and 6 3% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 32 years  For every 100 females, there were 99 6 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 8 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $51,649, and the median income for a family was $55,731  Males had a median income of $38,448 versus $26,216 for females  The per capita income for the city was $19,890  About 2 3% of families and 3 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2 6% of those under age 18 and 9 0% of those age 65 or over 

Government
White house was incorporated under the Mayor and Aldermanic charter in 1971  The town's current mayor is John Corbitt 

Notable People
Mason Jones

Education
Public schools
The city is split into two counties, and therefore has two public school districts 
Sumner County public schools:

Harold B  Williams Elementary School (K-4)
White House Middle School (5-8)
White House High School (9-12)Robertson County public schools:

Robert F  Woodall Elementary School (K-2)
White House Heritage Elementary School (3-6)
White House Heritage High School (7-12)

Private schools
Christian Community Schools (CCS)
Dayspring Academy (DSA)
Passage 3:
Kokomo, Indiana metropolitan area
The Kokomo Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of Howard county in Indiana, anchored by the city of Kokomo  As of the 2000 census, the MSA had a population of 101,541 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 98,787)  The official 2013 population estimate for the metro area is 82,760 people are in the Kokomo metropolitan area  The MSA formerly included Tipton County, Indiana  Kokomo is also the principal city of the area known as North Central Indiana, the area around Kokomo with economic ties   The six county area including Cass, Clinton, Fulton, Howard, Miami, and Tipton counties had population of 228,331 people in 2010 

Counties
Howard
Tipton (no longer included)

Communities
Incorporated places
Cities
Elwood (partial)
Kokomo (Principal city)
Tipton (no longer included)
Towns
Greentown
Kempton
Russiaville
Sharpsville
Windfall

Census-designated places
Note: All census-designated places are unincorporated 

Indian Heights (annexed to city of Kokomo in 2012)

Unincorporated places
Townships
Howard County
Tipton County
Cicero
Jefferson
Liberty
Madison
Prairie
Wildcat

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 101,541 people, 41,269 households, and 28,307 families residing within the MSA  The racial makeup of the MSA was 91 13% White, 5 50% African American, 0 33% Native American, 0 90% Asian, 0 02% Pacific Islander, 0 76% from other races, and 1 36% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 88% of the population 
The median income for a household in the MSA was $46,017, and the median income for a family was $54,566  Males had a median income of $42,938 versus $25,814 for females  The per capita income for the MSA was $21,988 

Combined Statistical Area
The Kokomo–Peru Combined Statistical Area (CSA) is made up of three counties in Indiana  The statistical area includes one metropolitan area and one micropolitan area  As of the 2000 Census, the CSA had a population of 137,623 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 134,788)  A 2013 population estimate placed the combined statistical area at 118,900 however, which again, further leads to the idea that the Kokomo Metropolitan area now only includes Howard County 

Components
Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)
Kokomo (Howard and Tipton counties)
Micropolitan Statistical Areas (μSA)
Peru (Miami County)

See also
Indiana census statistical areas
Passage 4:
Salt Lake City metropolitan area
The Salt Lake City metropolitan area is the metropolitan area centered on the city of Salt Lake City, Utah  The Office of Management and Budget and the United States Census Bureau currently define the Salt Lake City, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area as comprising two counties: Salt Lake and Tooele  As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 1,257,936  The Salt Lake City Metropolitan Area and the Ogden-Clearfield Metropolitan Area were a single metropolitan area known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden Metropolitan Area until being separated in 2005 The metropolitan area is part of the Salt Lake City–Provo–Ogden, UT Combined Statistical Area, which also includes the Ogden–Clearfield metropolitan area, the Provo–Orem metropolitan area, and the Heber City, Utah micropolitan area  As of the 2020 census, this CSA had a population of 2,701,129, comprising 82 6 percent of Utah's then 3,271,616 residents 

Counties
Salt Lake
Tooele

Communities
Incorporated places
Unincorporated places
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 968,858 people, 318,150 households, and 231,606 families residing within the MSA  The racial makeup of the MSA was 86 63% White, 1 04% African American, 0 90% Native American, 2 43% Asian, 1 15% Pacific Islander, 5 33% from other races, and 2 53% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11 71% of the population 
The median income for a household in the MSA was $53,036, and the median income for a family was $59,139  Males had a median income of $40,683 versus $26,302 for females  The per capita income for the MSA was $23,426 

Combined Statistical Area
The Salt Lake City–Provo–Ogden Combined Statistical Area is made up of ten counties in northern Utah  The statistical area includes three metropolitan areas and one micropolitan area 

Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)
Salt Lake City MSA (Salt Lake and Tooele counties)
Ogden–Clearfield MSA (Box Elder, Davis, Morgan, and Weber counties)
Provo–Orem MSA (Juab and Utah counties)
Micropolitan Statistical Areas (μSAs)
Heber City (Summit and Wasatch counties)

See also
Utah census statistical areas
Wasatch Front
Passage 5:
Mount Kaukau
Mount Kaukau (Māori: [kaʉkaʉ]) is a large hill in the northern suburbs of Wellington, New Zealand near Johnsonville, Khandallah and Ngaio   The summit is 445 metres above sea level and is the most visible high point in the Wellington landscape further accentuated by Wellington's main television transmitter mast, which stands 122m from the summit  The city, harbour and the Remutaka and Tararua Ranges can be seen from the summit  On a clear day Mt  Tapuae-o-Uenuku and the Kaikoura Ranges in the South Island may be seen, whilst northwest is the Porirua Basin and the Tasman Sea 

Name
The hill's original name Tarikākā means 'where the parrots rested' and is shared with the nearby settlement in Ngaio at the base of the mountain  Before the clearing of the native totara forest on the slopes and general area, the native parrot kākā was common through the city  Over a hundred years later today, the population of kākā has begun to regenerate thanks mostly to the efforts at Zealandia, and are becoming a more regular sight throughout the city and in the rejuvenating native forest on the slopes of Mount Kaukau 

Slopes and surrounding area
Much of the eastern 'city side' slopes of Mount Kaukau make up Khandallah Park, which is one of the oldest parks in New Zealand, established in 1888 and then registered as a domain in 1909  Khandallah Park has more than 60 hectares of native forest  Native birds such as the kererū, tūī and New Zealand fantail are common sights when walking through the native forest  Stumps of the old totara trees can also be seen walking through the first lower parts of the forest  In mid 2017 an old bunker off Woodmancote Road, at the base of Mount Kaukau, was rediscovered after it had been sealed off and forgotten many years previously  The bunker in an 'H' shape, had been built for Royal New Zealand Signals Corps in 1942  Due to poor construction the bunker was very leaky and was never used  Mount Kaukau forms part of the Northern Skyline track from Johnsonville to Karori and Makara 

Recreation
Khandallah Park has 9 kilometres of walking tracks allowing access to the peak of Mt Kaukau from Khandallah, Johnsonville, Ngaio and Crofton Downs  Some tracks are also open to mountain biking and e-biking 

Transmitter
The 122-metre Mount Kaukau television transmitter was built in 1965 to transmit television channel WNTV1 offering improved coverage over the channel's previous transmitter at Mount Victoria  Today it is the main television and FM radio transmitter for the Wellington metropolitan area 
In May 2022, Kordia removed the top 18 metres of the aerial, as the section was redundant following the end of analogue television broadcast 

Transmission frequencies
The following table contains television and radio frequencies currently operating at Mount Kaukau:

Former analogue television frequencies
The following frequencies were used until 29 September 2013, when Kaukau switched off analogue broadcasts (see Digital changeover dates in New Zealand) 

Kaukau Challenge
Every year Khandallah School, which is at the base of Mount Kaukau, organises a fun walk / fun run from the school to the summit and back, called the Kaukau Challenge  The Kaukau Challenge has been an annual event since 2006 with about 500 people taking part each year 

Snowfall of 2011
In mid-August 2011, two Wellington men, Nick Fone and Daniel McFadyen claimed to be the first people to ski and snowboard down Mount Kaukau when they took advantage of the unusual weather pattern delivering snow to most parts of the North Island  As Wellington has a temperate climate, snow down to near sea level is extremely rare, happening less often than once every 15 years 
Passage 6:
Traverse City, Michigan
Traverse City ( TRAV-ərs) is a city in the U S  state of Michigan  It is the county seat of Grand Traverse County, although a small portion extends into Leelanau County



ground_truth: Umina Beach, New South Wales

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Roger Stuart Woolhouse is a biographer of a philosopher commonly known as what ?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Other manuscripts contain unpublished works  Among others, MS  Locke e  18 includes some of Locke's thoughts on the Glorious Revolution, which Locke sent to his friend Edward Clarke but never published One of the largest categories of manuscript at the Bodleian comprises Locke's notebooks and commonplace books  The scholar Richard Yeo calls Locke a "Master Note-taker" and explains that "Locke's methodical note-taking pervaded most areas of his life " In an unpublished essay "Of Study," Locke argued that a notebook should work like a "chest-of-drawers" for organizing information, which would be a "great help to the memory and means to avoid confusion in our thoughts " Locke kept several notebooks and commonplace books, which he organized according to topic  MS Locke c  43 includes Locke's notes on theology, while MS Locke f  18–24 contain medical notes  Other notebooks, such as MS c  43, incorporate several topics in the same notebook, but separated into sections 
These commonplace books were highly personal and were designed to be used by Locke himself rather than accessible to a wide audience  Locke's notes are often abbreviated and are full of codes which he used to reference material across notebooks  Another way Locke personalized his notebooks was by devising his own method of creating indexes using a grid system and Latin keywords  Instead of recording entire words, his indexes shortened words to their first letter and vowel  Thus, the word "Epistle" would be classified as "Ei"  Locke published his method in French in 1686, and it was republished posthumously in English in 1706 
Some of the books in Locke's library at the Bodleian are a combination of manuscript and print  Locke had some of his books interleaved, meaning that they were bound with blank sheets in-between the printed pages to enable annotations  Locke interleaved and annotated his five volumes of the New Testament in French, Greek, and Latin (Bodleian Locke 9 103-107)  Locke did the same with his copy of Thomas Hyde's Bodleian Library catalogue (Bodleian Locke 16 17), which Locke used to create a catalogue of his own library 

Writing
List of major works
1689  A Letter Concerning Toleration 
1690  A Second Letter Concerning Toleration
1692  A Third Letter for Toleration
1689/90  Two Treatises of Government (published throughout the 18th century by London bookseller Andrew Millar by commission for Thomas Hollis)
1689/90  An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
1691  Some Considerations on the consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money
1693  Some Thoughts Concerning Education
1695  The Reasonableness of Christianity, as Delivered in the Scriptures
1695  A Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity

Major posthumous manuscripts
1660  First Tract of Government (or the English Tract)
c 1662  Second Tract of Government (or the Latin Tract)
1664  Questions Concerning the Law of Nature 
1667  Essay Concerning Toleration
1706  Of the Conduct of the Understanding
1707  A paraphrase and notes on the Epistles of St  Paul to the Galatians, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Romans, Ephesians

See also
List of liberal theorists
Passage 3:
Stuart's Stranglers
Stuart's Stranglers was a well-known vigilante group in Montana that was founded in 1884 and led by Granville Stuart in response to widespread livestock theft at that time  They were also less commonly known as the "Montana Stranglers "

History
Background
Cattle thieves posed a significant threat to the profits of ranchers in Montana Territory  The rustlers operated well-organized networks that stole stock in one region and sold it in another, often across the Canadian border  By the late 1870s, ranchers began to form stockgrowers' associations to lobby the territorial legislature for legislation to curb the theft  At the 1883 legislative session, the cattlemen successfully lobbied for a bill that placed a bounty on predators such as coyotes and wolves  But the bill they desired most failed  House Bill 49 would have created a board of five livestock commissioners and hired six inspectors  Further, it would have invested the inspectors with the power to arrest suspected livestock thieves without a warrant  Governor John Schuyler Crosby vetoed the bill on the grounds that it unfairly taxed all property and that it gave too much freedom to inspectors  Faced with a rustling industry unchecked by legal means, many ranchers felt they had no alternative but to take the law into their own hands 
Granville Stuart originally organized a group of ranchers and cowboys in response to the theft of his stallion and 35 steers   The 14 men who gathered at his ranch in the Musselshell region called themselves a "Vigilante Committee," akin to the vigilance committees that formed in the mining camps of western Montana   They became known as "Stuart's Stranglers "

Activities
Their missions were directly led by William "Floppin Bill" Cantrell  Throughout their short existence their membership during chases would fluctuate between 17 and 40 men, depending on the location of the thieves and the day of the week Stuart's Stranglers tracked down livestock thieves in Montana  The men they caught were either shot in a gun fight or lynched  Many of the bodies they hung were found with placards on their person that usually read "Horse Thief" or "Cattle Thief " They were known for being extremely deadly and efficient  Not only did the group kill rustlers and thieves during their search, but also (allegedly) illegal range squatters scattered throughout the frontier which would become a Montana range war 

Battle of Bates Point
On July 8, Stuart and his group were hunting down Stringer Jack and his gang of rustlers in Musselshell River  Jack's gang managed to get across the river with some stolen horses, and the Stranglers were hotly and stealthily in pursuit  As the gang rested in a log cabin owned by Old Man James, the Stranglers surrounded the place, released the horses so the men inside couldn't escape, and promptly demanded their surrender  The gang however, remained defiant, and a bloody gunfight soon erupted  During the heat of the battle, the Stranglers set fire to the cabin, resulting in nine rustlers dead in the ensuing shootout  Stuart described the battle:

Two of the vigilantes crawled up and set fire to the hay stack and the cabin  The men inside stationed themselves at port holes and kept up the fight until they were all killed or burned up  The cabin burned to the ground  The tent was near the river bank and almost surrounded by thick brush and it was easier to escape from it than to get out of the cabin  Stringer Jack crawled under the tent and reached a dense clump of willows from which he made his last stand 
Dixie Burr, his arm smashed by a rifle bullet, hid in an old dry well until dark and then made his escape  Rose, Nickerson, Edwards and Swift Bill also slipped out of the tent and got away in the dark  Every one of the outlaws in the gun battle at Bates Point was either killed or wounded with the exception of Edwards and Nickerson, who—for the time being—got away unscathed "

Final activities
After they staged their final attack at  Bates Point where 160 head of cattle was being held, there were 69 remaining after Stuart and his men retrieved their own cattle  Stuart brought them all to his ranch and advertised for all the remaining animals to be picked up by their owners  Shortly afterwards they dissolved the group  In just a few months they had returned over 300 horses to their owners  In 1884, Stuart's group  killed up to 20 rustlers  Regional newspapers rumored and speculated they may have killed up to 75-100 rustlers and squatters, but there's no historical evidence to support that speculation  In 1885, Granville Stuart was elected President of the stockgrowers association 
Stuart's Stranglers gained so much notoriety during their time that Theodore Roosevelt had requested to join them  Granville Stuart turned him down though, he was afraid that the group would receive much unwanted public attention 

Controversies
Stuart's Stranglers, like other vigilante groups, have been criticized by some historians for the extrajudicial justice they meted out without due process of law  There is also debate about whether  they actually were effective at reducing the overall rate of horse and cattle theft 
Passage 4:
Ninian Crichton Stuart
Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Ninian Edward Crichton-Stuart (15 May 1883 – 2 October 1915) was a Scottish senior officer in the British Army and Member of Parliament  He was killed in action in the First World War  The second son of the Honourable Gwendolen Mary Anne Fitzalan-Howard and John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, he entered the army in 1903 and served in the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders and the Scots Guards as a lieutenant  After marrying he began a career in politics, serving first as a councillor on Fife County Council, Scotland  His family having close connections to the city of Cardiff in Wales, he fought and lost the January 1910 election there as a Liberal Unionist candidate  The resulting hung parliament led to a second election in December 1910, in which Crichton-Stuart won the seat 
In 1912, he took command of the 6th (Glamorgan) Battalion, The Welch Regiment  Upon the outbreak of the First World War, he volunteered his unit for service and joined the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front  After eleven months on the front line, he was shot in the head and killed when leading his men in an attempt to repel a German counter-attack on 2 October 1915 during the Battle of Loos  He was one of 22 MPs that were killed during the conflict and the only serving MP from Wales to be killed 
The home ground of Cardiff City F C  was named Ninian Park after Crichton-Stuart offered to be a guarantor for the football club's rental of the site  After his death, a statue of Crichton-Stuart was erected in Cathays Park in Cardiff 

Early life
Crichton-Stuart was born at Dumfries House in Ayrshire, Scotland  He was the second son of John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, and his wife, the Honourable Gwendolen Mary Anne Fitzalan Howard, daughter of Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Glossop  Through his father, he was an illegitimate descendant of the House of Stuart He was educated at Harrow School, showing promise in mathematics and foreign languages, and was expected to enter the diplomatic service  To further his studies, he travelled to Kiev in the Russian Empire and became a proficient Russian speaker  However, he was forced to return home after contracting a severe fever and instead attended Christ Church, Oxford once he had recovered  His family's estate included numerous properties and considerable land in Cardiff, including Cardiff Castle, and Crichton-Stuart frequently visited the city, including accompanying his father on visits to Bute docks  He also learnt to speak Welsh  Crichton-Stuart later chose to enter the army and was commissioned in 1903 into the 3rd Battalion of the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders and then served for two years in the 1st Battalion, the Scots Guards as a 2nd lieutenant 

Marriage, philanthropy and political career
In 1905, Crichton-Stuart met the Honourable Ismay Preston, the only daughter of Jenico Preston, 14th Viscount Gormanston and Georgina Jane Connelan, at the wedding of his brother John Crichton-Stuart and Augusta Bellingham where he was best man and Preston was a bridesmaid  The couple announced their engagement in January 1906 and married six months later, on 16 June, at her family estate at Gormanston Castle  Following their marriage, Crichton-Stuart transferred into the Army Reserve and decided to enter politics in order to be closer to his wife and manage his family's estate in Falkland, Fife Crichton-Stuart first served on Fife County Council in his native Scotland and took a keen interest in local agriculture, becoming president of Fife Agricultural Society  He was later named as a member of a committee appointed by the president of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries to study the rights of tenant farmers when their land was sold or their landlords died  Crichton-Stuart also held the office of Justice of the Peace (JP) for Fife Crichton-Stuart's family had a history of serving in parliament for the Cardiff area, his great uncle Lord Patrick Crichton-Stuart having held the post on two occasions  In August 1907, at a meeting of the Cardiff Conservative Association, Crichton-Stuart was invited by Herbert Cory and his supporting panel to be the Unionist candidate for the United Boroughs of Cardiff, Cowbridge and Llantrisant  Soon after his selection, he and his wife had their first child, named Ninian Patrick Crichton-Stuart, on 31 October 1907 Lord Ninian's campaign for election was based on reform of the poor law and extending the age range of the old age pension  He also stated of his desire of preserving and strengthening the military forces of Britain  He lost the election to Liberal candidate David Alfred Thomas in January 1910 but did manage to reduce the majority by half from the previous election in 1906  Despite his defeat, his popularity among voters was increasing and at the end of the election campaign a crowd of thousands of people came to see Crichton-Stuart and his wife travel to the train station  The crowd gathered outside the Angel Hotel where the couple were staying and, when they left, their carriage was pulled by around 60 volunteers  The procession stopped briefly outside Cardiff Conservative Club where Crichton-Stuart shook hands with numerous people and gave a short speech before continuing to the station  The Evening Express remarked on the procession, stating "never before has a parliamentary candidate, victorious or defeated, been so honoured by the people of Cardiff"  On the polling day, Lord Ninian's son caught a chill being driven around Cardiff and later died  He was buried near Falkland Palace in Fife  Crichton-Stuart and his family did not permanently reside in Cardiff until he and his wife moved there in April 1910, moving into Penylan Court which had previously been the residence of William Tatem, 1st Baron Glanely  A second election was held in December 1910 following a hung parliament, in which Crichton-Stuart was successful, taking the seat from the Liberal candidate Clarendon Hyde, with a majority of 299 votes, a turnaround of 1,800 votes in the space of ten months  With a history in the military, the majority of the issues he raised before parliament concerned the armed forces, including the high costs officers were faced with during manoeuvres and a petition to improve the weaponry provided to the British cavalry units Crichton-Stuart became a well-known figure in Cardiff and was instrumental in promoting sport in the area  A keen sportsman himself, being proficient in shooting, fishing and motoring, he stabled horses in Cardiff and entered them into steeplechase competitions and races at Ely Racecourse  In 1910, Cardiff City Football Club had secured the lease of a plot of land in order to build a new stadium  During development, one of the guarantors for the club pulled out and Crichton-Stuart instead offered his support of the project and acted as a guarantor for the £90 annual rent that the club had agreed to  In recognition of his role in the building of the ground, the club dropped the original planned name of the ground, Sloper Park, and instead named it Ninian Park  The ground was officially opened on 1 September 1910 and Crichton-Stuart performed the kick-off for a friendly match between Cardiff and Football League First Division side Aston Villa  He was also a patron of the Lord Ninian Stuart Cup, a competition for local football teams 

First World War
On 9 March 1911, Crichton-Stuart was promoted as lieutenant-colonel of the 6th (Glamorgan) Battalion, The Welch Regiment and took command of the battalion the following year  It was an experienced unit, being the oldest Swansea volunteer corps, that were often used as a guard of honour during royal visits and Crichton-Stuart's wife Ismay chose the battalion colours of scarlet, silver and green  Following the outbreak of the First World War, he volunteered his battalion for service and they were shipped to France as part of the British Expeditionary Force, with 812 troops, 30 officers and 500 horses, becoming one of the first territorial battalions to join the war  At the battalion drill hall in Swansea prior to their departure, Crichton-Stuart addressed the unit, stating "The greatest honour a man can receive is that he has been provided with a chance to give, if need be, the greatest that he has, which is his life, for his country  I do not doubt every man on this parade will give it and give it as willingly as I mean to give it myself "On their arrival on the Western Front, the 6th were initially used to support lines of communication for guard and fatigue duties, first in Boulogne-sur-Mer before moving to Saint-Omer  The posting greatly frustrated Crichton-Stuart who was eager to join the fighting  In July 1915, they were transferred to the front and took part in operations at Heuvelland where they were labelled "the lucky 6th" by other units due to their relatively low number of wounded and Crichton-Stuart gained a reputation as a leader who was "always concerned with the welfare of his men" 

Death
On the night of 1 October 1915, during the Battle of Loos, the 6th Battalion was part of a force that successfully charged and captured a set of enemy trenches at the Hohenzollern Redoubt, near La Bassée, despite suffering heavy losses  Prior to the battle, the 6th had not slept for two days and had marched for 16 hours to reach the location  The following morning, the German troops launched a counter-attack to retake the trenches and the two Welsh battalions that were holding them were split from each other  Crichton-Stuart ordered the digging of a sap trench in order to reach the other units but prolonged attacks from three sides left the unit short of ammunition and other supplies and the order was given to abandon the trench and retreat  During the start of the evacuation of the trench, he was shot in the head by a German sniper after firing his revolver over the trench parapet and died at the age of 32, the only serving Welsh MP to be killed during the conflict His body was returned to battalion headquarters and placed in a zinc-lined coffin in a church in the town of Sailly-Labourse  The coffin was held in the church vault until spring 1918 with the intention of returning it to Britain at the end of the war but a German artillery bombardment damaged the vaults and his body was buried in the grounds of the Béthune Town Cemetery in a Catholic ceremony  Several reports state that he may have been attempting to rally his troops in order to mount a search party to locate his close friend Major Reginald C  Browning, who was last seen in a trench that had been overrun by German troops  An officer in his regiment reported that Crichton-Stuart "was to be found wherever danger threatened" and that his death had "cast a gloom" over the battalion  Crichton-Stuart had served for eleven months on the front line before his death  Of the 842 members of the 6th Battalion that had begun the war, only 30 survived  There was an outpouring of grief when his death was announced and his wife Ismay received numerous letters of condolence, including one from Margaret Lloyd George, the wife of David Lloyd George On 30 April 1917 Crichton-Stuart's widow, Ismay, married Captain Archibald Henry Maule Ramsay (4 May 1894 – 11 March 1955), later a Scottish Unionist MP for Peebles and South Midlothian 1931–1945  Together they had four sons  Ismay died on 16 February 1975 aged 92, and was survived by six of her eight children 

Legacy
Crichton-Stuart is commemorated on Panel 8 of the Parliamentary War Memorial in Westminster Hall, one of 22 MPs and officers of the House of Commons who died during the First World War to be named on that memorial  Crichton-Stuart is one of 19 MPs who fell in the war who are commemorated by heraldic shields in the Commons Chamber  A further act of commemoration came with the unveiling in 1932 of a manuscript-style illuminated book of remembrance for the House of Commons, which includes a short biographical account of his life and death A statute of Crichton-Stuart was commissioned soon after his death  Sculpted by Sir William Goscombe John, the statue was placed in Gorsedd Gardens in Cathays Park and depicts Crichton-Stuart in military uniform with binoculars in his right hand and papers in his left in a design intended to show him surveying the battlefield  Ninian Road in Roath Park, one of the Bute estate developments from the early twentieth century, continues to bear his name  Ninian Park maintained its name until it was closed and demolished in 2009 following the construction of the Cardiff City's new ground, the Cardiff City Stadium, although one side of the new ground was named the Ninian Stand  A housing estate was built on the site of the former ground and retained the name Ninian Park  The nearby Ninian Park railway station and Ninian Park primary school also bear his name  A chapel commissioned to be built on the family estate in Falkland as a memorial to Crichton-Stuart's son who died at the age of two still stands partially built after work was abandoned following Crichton-Stuart's death 

Family
Crichton-Stuart and his wife Ismay had four children:

Ninian Patrick Crichton-Stuart (31 October 1907 – 4 February 1910)
Ismay Catherine Crichton-Stuart (23 December 1909 - 1989); her first marriage, on 1 October 1930, was to John Anthony Hardinge Giffard, 3rd Earl of Halsbury; together they had one son Adam (1934–2010)  They divorced in 1936  Her second marriage was to Donald Walter Munro Ross on 30 August 1937 
Claudia Miriam Joanna Crichton-Stuart (24 June 1913 – 19 June 1985)
Major Michael Duncan David Crichton-Stuart MC (14 March 1915 – 1981); he married Barbara Symes, daughter of Sir George Stewart Symes, on 1 March 1941  His son – Ninian Stuart – is the Hereditary Keeper of Falkland Palace, has one son and one daughter by his late wife 
Passage 5:
Roger Thatcher
Arthur Roger Thatcher  (22 October 1926 – 13 February 2010), commonly known as Roger Thatcher or sometimes as A  Roger Thatcher, was a British statistician  Thatcher was born in Birmingham and spent his formative early years in Wilmslow, Cheshire  He attended The Leys School in Cambridge and went on to university at St John's College, Cambridge, where he concentrated his studies in statistics, economics, and mathematics  After brief training in meteorology as part of his national service, he instructed Royal Navy pilots in weather patterns  He married his wife Mary in 1950; they had two children 
He served in the North Western Gas Board before moving into the area of government statistics in 1952  He worked for the Admiralty and then Central Statistics Office, where under Lionel Robbins he worked on the Robbins Report  By 1971 he was deputy director of statistics for the Ministry of Labour, and wrote British Labour Statistics: Historical Abstract 1886–1968  He became director of the Department of Employment and Productivity, serving under leaders including William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw, Barbara Castle, Baroness Castle of Blackburn, and Michael Foot 
He became registrar general for England and Wales and the director of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys in 1978  He worked on the 1981 census in the United Kingdom and reported directly to Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher, who had him remove three questions from the census to trim it down  He became interested in research into centenarians in this role, and found in 1981 that their numbers in the United Kingdom had increased significantly from prior 1971 data  He served as director at the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys until 1986 
Thatcher compiled research into population data and centenarians and contributed a significant body of scholarly work in addition to his government statistics duties  He predicted a good number of those born during the post–World War II baby boom would live beyond the age of 116  His work on the Kannisto-Thatcher Database on Old Age Mortality is held by the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research and regarded as one of its most vital collections  The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society called him one of the "stalwarts" within the field of statistics  He died in 2010 at the age of 83, and remained active within his field of academia corresponding with other scholars until shortly before his death 

Early life and family
He was born as Arthur Roger Thatcher on 22 October 1926 in Birmingham to Arthur Thatcher and Edith (née Dobson)  Thatcher spent his formative years in Wilmslow, Cheshire  He attended The Leys School in Cambridge for his secondary education  He went on to attend St John's College, Cambridge, and while there focused his academic concentration on the three areas of statistics, economics, and mathematics  By his third-year of studies at the college in 1946, he had attained high honours  He was mobilised as part of national service, instructed briefly in meteorology, and went to assist pilots in the Royal Navy with weather analysis  In 1950 he married his wife Mary; they subsequently had two children: Susan and Jill 

Statistics career
Government service
Subsequent to his departure from national service, Thatcher was hired by the North Western Gas Board  He transferred from this agency to government statistics in 1952, and was first employed by the Admiralty and then afterwards by the Central Statistics Office two years later  He worked on the Robbins Report under Lionel Robbins while in this office, compiling information about higher education Thatcher served as deputy director of statistics for the Ministry of Labour, where in 1971 he put together the original version of the publication, British Labour Statistics: Historical Abstract 1886–1968  Under the newly formed version of the same agency in 1968, subsequently titled the Department of Employment and Productivity, Thatcher served as director  In this role he worked under agency leaders including William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw, Barbara Castle, Baroness Castle of Blackburn, and Michael Foot In 1978, Thatcher became registrar general for England and Wales and the director of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys  His work on the 1981 census in the United Kingdom in this role proved to be a difficult task, primarily due to the sheer size of total effort required for the operation  Thatcher was required to delete three queries from the census after personally meeting to discuss the matter with then-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher  In 1981, Thatcher found that over the prior thirty-year-period, the number of individuals alive to reach the age of 100 had increased by a figure of sixfold  At a 1981 meeting in Sussex held by the Medical Journalists Association, Thatcher presented the findings from his research and called the results "spectacular"  He reported that in 1971 there were less than 300 people in the United Kingdom over 100 years of age, and that this number had risen to 1800 total people of the same age range by 1981  Thatcher served as director of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys until 1986 

Population research
He subsequently was drawn into researching discrepancies between the 1981 census and a prior version completed in 1971, specifically on data involving centenarians  During the course of this research, he found that there was a lack of study regarding the well-being of centenarians in the United Kingdom  Thatcher posited that the increase in longevity amongst those individuals that actually get to one-hundred was likely attributable to lack of stress in these older years  Thatcher found that contributing factors towards this progress in longevity also included better overall healthcare and an ever-increasing total population size in general  According to his research, Thatcher predicted that in the decade of the 2080s, each year the United Kingdom would see one individual reach the age of 116  He asserted that a fair number of individuals born between the 1950s–1960s attributed to the post–World War II baby boom would see a life expectancy age range between 116–123 total years In addition to his roles within government Thatcher contributed to the field of statistics through writings collaborated upon with other academics  His 1983 article "How Many People Have Ever Lived On Earth?", a publication of the International Statistical Institute, disproved the notion that the number of people living in the 20th century was in actuality much less than the total number of individuals previously in existence  His work on the Kannisto-Thatcher Database on Old Age Mortality is held by the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research and regarded as one of its most vital collections  The database contains information from over 30 sovereign states on mortality and population size for males and females older than the age of 80  Their research was entered into computer format by the medical school at Odense University in the early part of the 1990s  Academic scholars James Vaupel and Väinö Kannisto helped him co-author the book The Force of Mortality at Ages 80 to 120, which was first published in 1998  Writing in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society in 2000, Douglas Liddell placed Thatcher amongst "stalwarts" within the field of statistics, and compared him to others influential within the field including fellow statistician Michael Healy 

Death
Thatcher remained active within the field of statistics throughout his old age, communicating with academics in Asia, the United States, and Europe  Until the day he died, he was enthusiastically involved in research within the field of demographics  He died at the age of 83 on 13 February 2010  He was outlived by his wife and two children 

See also
Founders of statistics
List of actuaries
List of mathematical probabilists
List of mathematicians
List of statisticians
Passage 6:
Roger Guerreiro
Roger Guerreiro (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈʁoʒeʁ ɡeˈʁejɾu], Polish pronunciation: [ˈrɔʐɛr ɡɛˈrɛjrɔ]; born on 25 May 1982), commonly known as Roger,  is a Polish former footballer who last played for Rio Verde as an attacking midfielder  Brazilian-born Roger was granted Polish citizenship 

Club career
AEK Athens
On 27 August 2009, Guerreiro signed a four-year contract with AEK Athens  He made his debut for AEK against Iraklis on 13 September 2009 
Guerreiro was a regular for AEK until he fell out of favor with coach Dušan Bajević and was not included in any squads  In the transfer period, Guerreiro was for sale and was offered to many European clubs  After the transfer period ended, Guerreiro apologized to Bajevic and was given another chance  Guerreiro's first match of the 2010–11 season was an away game against Aris, the match ended 0–4 to AEK Athens 
Guerreiro scored his first goal for AEK against Atromitos scoring the only goal of the match giving AEK the 1–0 win  His contract ended in 2013 and did not get renewed 

International career
He was granted Polish citizenship on 17 April 2008 
Roger received the citizenship in a speedy procedure, and was guaranteed a place in the Poland's football team for the 2008 European Championships (coached by Leo Beenhakker)  He made his debut in a Poland shirt in the game versus Albania on 27 May 2008 

Euro 2008
On 12 June, he scored his first goal for the Poland national team with a 30th-minute shot against Austria in both teams' second Group B match of Euro 2008  For this game, UEFA awarded him man of the match  It was Poland's first-ever goal in the European Championship 

Statistics
Career total
Honours
Legia Warsaw
Ekstraklasa: 2005–06
Polish SuperCup: 2008
Polish Cup: 2008

AEK Athens
Greek Cup: 2010–11
Passage 7:
Roger Woolhouse
Roger Stuart Woolhouse (1940–2011) was an English philosopher, an expert on empiricism and rationalism and a biographer of John Locke 
He was born in Wath-upon-Dearne and educated at Saltburn Primary School, Sir William Turner's Grammar School, London University (Philosophy) and then Selwyn College, Cambridge for his Doctorate From 1969 until his retirement in 2001, Woolhouse worked in the Department of Philosophy at the University of York Cambridge University Press requested Woolhouse write a biography of Locke, the last major biography being Maurice Cranston's 1957 work  Woolhouse's biography appeared in 2007 
After his death, York's Department of Philosophy founded the Roger Woolhouse Prize, an annual £500 prize awarded to MA Philosophy students 

Works
Locke (Prentice Hall / Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1984) 
The Empiricists (Oxford University Press, 1988) 
Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz: The Concept of Substance in Seventeenth Century Metaphysics (Routledge, 1993) 
Locke: A Biography (Cambridge University Press, 2007) 
Starting with Leibniz (Continuum, 2010) 


== Notes ==
Context 3:  It is the largest city in the 21-county Northern Michigan region  The population was 15,678 at the 2020 census, with 153,448 in the four-county Traverse City micropolitan area  Traverse City is also the second-largest city in Michigan north of the Tri-Cities, behind Marquette 
Traverse City is located at the head of the East and West arms of Grand Traverse Bay, a 32-mile-long (51 km) bay of Lake Michigan  Grand Traverse Bay is divided into arms by the 17-mile-long (27 km) Old Mission Peninsula, which is attached at its base to Traverse City  The city borders four townships–East Bay, Elmwood, Garfield, and Peninsula–all of which contain substantial suburban sprawl 

Traverse City is well-known for being a cherry production hotspot, as the area was  the largest producer of tart cherries in the United States in 2010  The city hosts the National Cherry Festival, attracting approximately 500,000 visitors annually  The area is also known for its viticulture industry, and is one of the centers of wine production in the Midwest  The city is home to a redeveloped psychiatric hospital and an active Coast Guard air base  Traverse City is located near the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, as well as a number of freshwater beaches, downhill skiing areas, and numerous forests  For these reasons, Traverse City is a year-round tourism hotspot, winning multiple accolades and awards  Traverse City has also been noted as one of Michigan's top LGBT-friendly locations 

History
19th century
American Indians
The Traverse City area is home to the Ojibwe, Ottawa, and Potawatomi people  They lived through the European colonization and the establishment of the Northwest Territory  These people groups inhabited the area surrounding the Great Lakes, including Michigan  The Traverse City area was known to Natives as gichi-wiikwedoongsing (Ojibwe: 'at the head of the great bay'), which was often anglicized to Wequetong  This settlement was located near the current-day mouth of the Boardman River, then known as adaawewiziibi (Ojibwe: 'river of trade'), however Wequetong was abandoned upon the advent of European settlement to the region 

European-American settlement
After the colonists came in, they discovered the Grand Traverse Bay  The bay earned its name from 18th-century French voyageurs who made la grande traverse, or "the long crossing", across the mouth of bay, from present-day Norwood to Northport  The area was owned by the French, followed by Great Britain as the Province of Quebec  After 1776, the area was owned by the Americans  On the Old Mission Peninsula, Rev  Peter Doughtery established the first permanent settlement in 1839  This was called "Grand Traverse", and is today known as Old Mission In 1847, Captain Horace Boardman of Naperville, Illinois, purchased the land at the mouth of the Boardman River (then known as the Ottawa River) at the head of the west arm of the bay, which at the time was still inhabited by Native Americans  In 1847, the captain, his son, and their employees built a dwelling and sawmill near the mouth of the river  In 1851 the Boardmans sold the sawmill to Hannah, Lay & Co (made up of Perry Hannah, Albert Tracy Lay and James Morgan), who improved the mill greatly  The increased investment in the mill attracted additional settlers to the new community  Perry Hannah today is known as the founding father of Traverse City 
Traverse City was originally part of Omeena County, which was originally set off in 1840 from Michilimackinac County  The county remained unorganized, lacking a central government until 1851, when it was reorganized as Grand Traverse County  The newly designated county government was assigned a county seat at Boardman's Mills, a location in present-day downtown Traverse City 

Further growth
As of 1853, the only operating post office in the Grand Traverse Bay region was the one located at Old Mission, which was then known as "Grand Traverse"  While in Washington, D C  in 1852, Mr  Lay had succeeded in getting the U S  Post Office to authorize a new post office at his newer settlement  As the newer settlement had become known as "Grand Traverse City", after the Grand Traverse Bay, Lay proposed this name for its post office, but the Post Office Department clerk suggested dropping the "Grand" from the name, as to limit confusion between this new office and the one at nearby Old Mission  Mr  Lay agreed to the new, shortened name of "Traverse City" for the post office, and the village took on this name  Also around this time, the first cherry trees were being planted on the Old Mission Peninsula, something the peninsula is widely known for today 

Late 19th century
In December 1872, rail service arrived in Traverse City via a Traverse City Railroad Company spur from the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad line at Walton Junction  The railroad tracked along the Boardman River and along Boardman Lake into Traverse City, and ended at a station along the Grand Traverse Bay, at the corner of present-day Grandview Parkway and Park Street  This new line of transportation from Southern Michigan opened up the area to settlement and industrial development  Many more people started flocking to the small community, and in 1881, Traverse City was incorporated as a village  This began the major commercial growth of the town 
In 1890, another rail line was extended to Traverse City, this one from Baldwin via Copemish and Interlochen  This line primarily served lumber companies, such as the Buckley & Douglas Lumber Company, and was used to transport logs from the vast forest of Northwest Michigan to sawmills in Manistee and Traverse City  Two years later, new railroads were extended out of Traverse City  One line was extended along the bay into Leelanau County, and curved south to a preexisting spur at Lake Ann  Another line was extended east into present-day Williamsburg, and to Charlevoix and Petoskey  This railroad was largely to serve tourists 
In 1881, the Northern Michigan Asylum, later the Traverse City State Hospital, was established as the demand for a third psychiatric hospital in Michigan, in addition to those established in Kalamazoo and Pontiac, began to grow  Perry Hannah, by then a prominent Michigan Republican, used his political influence to secure its location in Traverse City  Under the supervision of prominent architect Gordon W  Lloyd, the first building, known as Building 50, was constructed in Victorian-Italianate style according to the Kirkbride Plan  The hospital opened in 1885 with 43 residents  Under Dr  James Decker Munson, the first superintendent from 1885 to 1924, the institution expanded  Twelve housing cottages and two infirmaries were built between 1887 and 1903 to meet the specific needs of male and female patients  The institution became the city's largest employer and contributed to its growth  While the hospital was established for the care of the mentally ill, its use expanded during outbreaks of tuberculosis, typhoid, diphtheria, influenza, and polio  It also cared for the elderly, served as a rehab for drug addicts, and was used to train nurses 
On May 18, 1895, Traverse City was incorporated as a city  Perry Hannah served as the first mayor of Traverse City, after also serving as first and third village president 

20th century
The first National Cherry Festival was held in Traverse City in 1925  It was first called "Blessing of the Blossoms" and held in the spring to attract people during the blooming season  With the exception of the years before and during World War II, this tradition has been carried on since in Traverse City  The legislature moved the date of the festival to the summer, and it attracts tourists from around the state  During the week the festival takes place, the population of Traverse City rises from about 15,000 to about 500,000  In 2004 the legislature added "Blossom Days", again as a spring festival 
Also in 1925, Munson Medical Center opened, and has since grown to serve much of Northern Michigan and serves as one of Traverse City's largest employers In 1929, Traverse City's first airport, Ransom Field, opened, offering flights to Grand Rapids  It closed in 1936, when the new Traverse City Airport (now called Cherry Capital Airport) was opened  In 1953 the grounds of Ransom Field were redeveloped as Memorial Gardens Cemetery 
In 1934, the original Traverse City High School building burnt down, with no casualties  For three years, while the high school was being rebuilt, classes were moved to the Perry Hannah House, the former residence of the city's founder  Classes were moved back to the new school building in September 1937  In 1960, the high school was moved from downtown Traverse City to a new college-style campus on the grounds of Northwestern Michigan College, which opened a few years prior in 1951  The former high school building was converted to Traverse City Junior High  In 1997, the high school split into Traverse City Central and Traverse City West High Schools due to extreme overcrowding at the 1960s building In 1989, the Traverse City State Hospital closed, leaving hundreds without jobs, massive abandoned buildings, and many homeless former patients  Since 2000, the Minervini Group has undertaken the project of renovating the entire property into a social center, including many restaurants, retail spaces, office space, and residential space 

21st century
In 2005, Michigan filmmaker Michael Moore organized the first Traverse City Film Festival in downtown Traverse City  In 2015 and 2016, Traverse City was called the best small town in America by Livability com On November 3, 2015, Traverse City elected Jim Carruthers, its first openly gay mayor  After serving as mayor of Traverse City for 6 years, in June 2021 Jim Carruthers announced he would not run for his 4th mayoral term May 18, 2020, served as the city's 125th anniversary of Traverse City's incorporation as a city in 1895, and was known as the "quarantine quasquicentennial" On June 1, 2020, commissioners of Traverse City approved a plan that would close two blocks of Front Street and return State Street to two-way traffic, until Labor Day of that year  This was enacted in order to prevent crowding in reopening businesses following the COVID-19 pandemic  This followed the cancelation of the 2020 National Cherry Festival and Traverse City Film Festival On November 2, 2020, President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence appeared at a campaign rally at Traverse City's Cherry Capital Airport, the day before the 2020 election In April 2021, a group composed mostly of White students from two Traverse City area school districts held an online mock slave auction via social media app in a private group chat titled "Slave Trade", wherein they traded their Black student peers for monetary amounts while using derogatory language  After the local community was made aware of this event, a coalition of community members and Traverse City Area Public School (TCAPS) Board of Education officials drafted in response a resolution which denounced the behavior  The draft of the resolution itself led to community backlash initiated largely by White conservative parents and community members who regarded the planned resolution to be "   interlaced with critical race theory"  In the aftermath of the backlash, the resolution was edited by TCAPS school board officials  No date for consideration of the revised resolution has been set 

Geography
Topography
Traverse City is a part of the greater Northern Michigan region, located in the northwest of Michigan's Lower Peninsula  The city is the main inland port of Grand Traverse Bay, a long, natural harbor separated from the waters of Lake Michigan by the Leelanau Peninsula  The bay is divided into an East Arm and West Arm by the Old Mission Peninsula, a thin strip of rolling hills and farmland known for its cherry crop and viticulture industry  As Traverse City contains shores on both of Grand Traverse Bay's East and West Arms, one cannot access the Old Mission Peninsula without entering Traverse City 
The Boardman River is a prominent river bisecting Traverse City from south to north  It also snakes through Traverse City's downtown district, effectively forming a peninsula, and dividing it from the Grandview Parkway  The river terminates at the Grand Traverse Bay northeast of downtown Traverse City  The river's 287-square-mile (740 km2) watershed contributes one-third of the water volume to the bay and is one of Michigan's top-ten fisheries, with more than 36 miles (58 km) of its 179 miles (288 km) designated as a Blue Ribbon trout fishery  It is also a state-designated "Natural River"  As of 2023, only one of the five dams constructed on the Boardman River remains 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8 66 square miles (22 43 km2), of which, 8 33 square miles (21 57 km2) of it is land and 0 33 square miles (0 85 km2) is water 
Traverse City is surrounded by a substantial suburban ring, especially within Garfield Township, to its southwest  Garfield Township is the largest municipality in Northern Michigan by population  Other adjacent townships, East Bay, Elmwood, and Peninsula, and nearby Blair and Long Lake townships, boast significant suburban populations dependent upon Traverse City 

Layout and cityscape
Traverse City, like most of Grand Traverse County and many other cities in the United States, is laid out in a grid plan  Major streets run east–west and north–south  
Traverse City's tallest building is the Park Place Hotel (at 10 stories), although recently, many proposals have been made to build taller buildings  One of these was the River West building, which was canceled in 2017 

Neighborhoods
Traverse City is divided into the following neighborhoods:
Base of the Peninsula (BOOM)
Boardman
Central Neighborhood
Downtown
East Bay
Fernwood
Grand Traverse Commons
Hilltop
Kids Creek
Morgan Farms
North Boardman Lake (NoBo)
Oak Park
Oakwood
Old Towne
Slabtown
Traverse Heights
Triangle Neighborhood

City parks
Traverse City is home to the following parks:

Superfund site
Traverse City has one superfund site, according to the Environmental Protection Agency  This is the Avenue E Groundwater Contamination Site  At this location, toxic runoff from the Coast Guard Air Station contaminated the groundwater along Avenue E 

Climate
Traverse City has a warm-summer continental climate (Köppen Dfb) close to being a hot-summer continental climate (Dfa) 
Its location near the 45th parallel is tempered by the strong and moderating effects of Lake Michigan and Grand Traverse Bay, which have a particularly noteworthy effect on the peninsulas that branch north of the city  As a result, they have viticulture and cherry orchards 
Consequently, it generally experiences warm, mild summers and severe winters  Lake Michigan especially, but also Grand Traverse Bay, greatly impact the area's diverse coastal weather patterns, which occasionally consist of sudden and/or large amounts of precipitation during the seasonally active periods  Lake-effect snowfall constitutes a large percentage of the total annual snow accumulation, which averages around 80 inches (203 cm)  Periods of snowfall typically last from November to April, although light snow as late as May or as early as late September sometimes occur 
Traverse City's record high temperature is 105 °F (41 °C), recorded in 1936, and its low temperature is −37 °F (−38 °C), recorded on February 17, 1979 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 14,674 people, 6,675 households, and 3,369 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,761 6 inhabitants per square mile (680 2/km2)  There were 7,358 housing units at an average density of 883 3 per square mile (341 0/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 94 4% White, 0 7% African American, 1 8% Native American, 0 7% Asian, 0 5% from other races, and 1 9% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 9% of the population 
There were 6,675 households, of which 22 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35 6% were married couples living together, 10 9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4 0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 49 5% were non-families  38 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 08 and the average family size was 2 77 
The median age in the city was 40 8 years  18 2% of residents were under the age of 18; 10 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26 7% were from 25 to 44; 28 3% were from 45 to 64; and 16 7% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 47 4% male and 52 6% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 14,532 people, 6,443 households, and 3,485 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,728 7 inhabitants per square mile (667 5/km2)  There were 6,842 housing units at an average density of 813 9 per square mile (314 2/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 96 00% White, 0 65% African American, 0 98% Native American, 0 50% Asian, 0 03% Pacific Islander, 0 48% from other races, and 1 36% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 67% of the population 
There were 6,443 households, out of which 24 5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39 7% were married couples living together, 11 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45 9% were non-families  35 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 15 and the average family size was 2 82 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 20



ground_truth: Father of Liberalism

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the population of the city at which the transmitter of WLLZ-LP was placed? 

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 3% under the age of 18, 10 8% from 18 to 24, 29 6% from 25 to 44, 24 1% from 45 to 64, and 15 2% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 90 5 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87 2 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $37,330, and the median income for a family was $46,912  Males had a median income of $31,587 versus $22,512 for females  The per capita income for the city was $22,247  About 4 8% of families and 8 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7 2% of those under age 18 and 7 9% of those age 65 or over 

Religion
Traverse City is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gaylord  It is part of the Episcopal Diocese of Western Michigan and served by Grace Episcopal Church 

Government
Traverse City is a home rule, charter city under the Home Rule Cities Act, incorporated on May 18, 1895  The city is governed by six commissioners and a mayor, elected at-large  Together they compose a seven-member legislative body  The commission appoints a city manager who serves as chief executive for city operations 
As of 2023, the city commission consists of Richard Lewis (mayor), Amy Shamroe (mayor pro tempore), and commissioners Linda Koebert, Mi Stanley, Mitchell Treadwell, Tim Werner, and Mike Wilson  The city clerk of Traverse City is Benjamin Marentette  The office of city manager has been vacant since April 11, 2023, upon the departure of Marty Colburn  Until a replacement is found, duties are held by interim city manager Nate Geinzer Traverse City's current mayor, Richard Lewis, was elected to office in 2021, running unopposed  Lewis previously served as Traverse City city manager, and interim city manager of Evart  Lewis identifies as a moderate Democrat Traverse City is located within Michigan's 1st congressional district, represented by Jack Bergman (R–Watersmeet)  As with the rest of Michigan, it is served by senators Debbie Stabenow and Gary Peters (both Democratic) in the United States Senate  It is represented in the Michigan House of Representatives by Betsy Coffia (D–Traverse City), and is a part of the 103rd district  It is also represented in the Michigan Senate by John Damoose (R–Harbor Springs) and is a part of the 37th senate district 

Education
Public schools
The public school district serving Traverse City is Traverse City Area Public Schools  This district includes 10 elementary schools serving grades Pre-K through 5, two middle schools serving grades 6 through 8, and two high schools serving grades 9 through 12: Traverse City Central and Traverse City West  In addition, the district includes an alternative high school (Traverse City High School) and a montessori elementary school 
Traverse City offers a handful of charter schools, including the Woodland School, the Old Mission Peninsula School, and Grand Traverse Academy Vocational career training is offered to high school students within the Traverse Bay Area Intermediate School District at the TBAISD Career Tech Center (CTC), located within just outside Traverse City  Students are bussed to and from their respective high schools to the Career Tech Center daily, and are eligible to receive credit for each  Courses include:
Agriscience
Arts & Communication
Business Management, Marketing & Technology
Engineering/Manufacturing & Industrial Technology
Health Services
Human Services

Private schools
Traverse City offers a number of private schools Just outside Traverse City sits the Children's House, an independent montessori school  The Pathfinder School is another independent school near Greilickville 

Religious schools
Traverse City contains a number of private religious schools
The Grand Traverse Area Catholic Schools district (GTACS) offers students of the area a catholic education, with high school students attending St  Francis High School  Another school is the Traverse City Christian School, offering non-denominational Christian education to Traverse City students  The Trinity Lutheran School offers a lutheran education to K-8 students in Traverse City  Other smaller religious schools include the Traverse Bay Mennonite School and the Traverse City Adventist School 

Higher education
Traverse City is home to Northwestern Michigan College, a two-year community college  Its annual enrollment is around 5,100  One of its campuses is at the Cherry Capital Airport, and offers aviation and auto service classes  Another campus is at the Hagerty Center on Grand Traverse Bay, which is home to Great Lakes Maritime Academy, Great Lakes Culinary Institute, Great Lakes Water Studies Institute, and the Hagerty Conference Center 

Libraries
Traverse City is served by the Traverse Area District Library, which has six branch libraries in Grand Traverse County 

Media
Print
The Traverse City Record-Eagle is one of northwest lower Michigan's daily newspapers  It is circulated in the 13 counties surrounding the city  In December 2006 it was sold by Ottaway Newspapers Inc , the community newspaper subsidiary of Dow Jones & Company to Community Newspaper Holdings, Inc  (CNHI)  It is the newspaper of record for Grand Traverse County  Daily editions of the Detroit Free Press, The Detroit News, and The Grand Rapids Press also are available on news stands throughout the region  Other local publications have included Traverse (a monthly regional magazine), NM3 Magazine (a local lifestyle and entertainment publication, no longer published), Grand Traverse Insider (a local weekly community newspaper), Northern Express Weekly, Traverse City Business News, Edible Grande Traverse magazine dedicated to the food, farms and chefs of the area, and Grand Traverse Woman Magazine 
At least seven national magazines were published in Traverse City, including Thirdeye Magazine  Village Press is based in Traverse City; it publishes the Home Shop Machinist, Live Steam and Outdoor Railroading, Machinists' Workshop, Just Labs, Pointing Dog Journal, Retriever Journal and Twin and Turbine magazines 
Traverse City is also the home of Arbutus Press, one of the leading Michigan publishers for regional non-fiction  The company has published many books including four books selected by the Library of Michigan as Michigan Notable Books: Historic Cottages of Mackinac Island (awarded in 2002), Asylum for the Insane: History of Kalamazoo State Hospital (awarded in 2009), Vintage Views Along the West Michigan Pike (awarded in 2012), and Fishtown (awarded in 2013) 

Television
Traverse City is the largest city in the Traverse City–Cadillac–Sault Ste  Marie designated market area, the largest television market in area east of the Mississippi River  Accordingly, most stations in this region are broadcast simultaneously on widely spaced transmitters on separate channels, with no difference in their feeds besides FCC-mandated station identification 
Traverse City has two television stations licensed directly to the city:

Channel 7: WPBN-TV "TV 7&4" (NBC) (simulcast on channel 4, Cheboygan)
Channel 29: WGTU "ABC 29&8" (ABC) (simulcast on channel 8, Goetzville)Additionally, WFQX operates a CW Plus station on its second digital subchannel and Northern Michigan cable television systems, branded as “The CW Northern Michigan; prior to 2018 the station was owned by WGTU and was broadcast on their second digital subchannel 
Stations licensed to nearby Cadillac are considered local to Traverse City:

Channel 9: WWTV "9&10 News" (CBS) (simulcast on channel 10, Raber Township, Michigan in the eastern Upper Peninsula)
Channel 27: WCMV (PBS)
Channel 32: WFQX-TV "Local 32" (Fox) (simulcast on channel 45, Vanderbilt)Fox's sister network, MyNetworkTV, did not have an affiliate in the market when it launched back in September 2006  This changed in 2008 when WLLZ-LP channel 12 (now WXII-LD) added the network 
Cable television service is provided within Traverse City and many outlying communities by Charter Spectrum  Public-access television cable TV programming is provided on channel 189 

Radio
Traverse City is the home of Northern Michigan talk radio station WTCM News/Talk 580 AM  Other talk stations available in the Traverse City area include WJML, WMKT, WSRT, and WLDR  AM 1310 ESPN Radio (operated by WCCW) broadcasts national ESPN content along with Detroit Pistons, Tigers, Red Wings and Lions games  MSU Football and Basketball can also be heard on 1310 
There are 16  commercial radio stations in a variety of radio formats  WKLT-97 5/98 9-FM is the area's longest serving rock station, known for its show Lunch at the Leetsville Cafe with Terri Ray, and the iconic Giant Red Radio party trailer  WNMC 90 7 FM is a community public radio station that is committed to a wide variety of musical genres and local events, with a broadcast focus on jazz, blues, and world music 
Traverse City has three religious radio stations: W201CM (a translator at 88 1) and WLJN AM/FM 89 9 FM and 1400 AM  In 2014 WLJN added another frequency at 95 9 playing contemporary Christian music 24 hours a day 
Interlochen Center for the Arts broadcasts the NPR member station dubbed Interlochen Public Radio  It serves a large portion of Northwest Lower Michigan via two stations:
88 7 is music and 91 5 is talk 
WLDR was for 10 years Sunny Country 101 9 until October 22, 2014, when the station switched back to an adult contemporary format  The station went on the air in 1966 with owner Roderick Maxson serving the Grand Traverse area and surrounding counties  They were the first to broadcast in HD radio in Michigan  They have been the sponsor for several major events in Traverse City, including The Beach Bum Games, Horses by the Bay, the Make-A-Wish Motorcycle Tour, and the Traverse City Easter Egg Hunt 

Culture
Most of Traverse City's economy is based on tourism  As part of the 2011 tourism advertising campaign the Traverse City Visitors Bureau, Traverse City Cherry Capital Airport and local businesses sponsored a video to be played on all Delta flights to and from Cherry Capital Airport in the month of June 2011  The National Cherry Festival, usually in the first week of July, tends to host hundreds of thousands of tourists and locals to the area at the end of July  It has become a focal point within the craft brewing trend  In November Beer Week is celebrated, with tours of breweries including samplings of craft brews, dinners and workshops The National Cherry Festival, held during the first full week of July every year, is a draw for tourists to Traverse City  The festival features parades, fireworks, an air show, election of festival royalty, live music, a pie-eating contest and cherries  It is estimated that the Grand Traverse region produces up to 360,000,000 pounds (163,000,000 kg) of cherries annually  The largest variety of cherry produced locally is the Montmorency cherry, or the "pie cherry"  Other cherries grown in the region include the Ulster, or sweet cherry, and the Balaton (from Lake Balaton in Hungary), a cherry situated between the Montmorency and Ulster in terms of color and taste 
The Traverse City Film Festival, held at the end of July and beginning of August every year from 2005 to 2019, was another draw for tourists and film buffs to Traverse City  The festival was started by Michael Moore, Doug Stanton and John Robert Williams as a way to bring more culture into the area via cinema 
The locale and topography is conducive for road bicycling, aided by the TART trail system  A map with routes, different trips, advice and local knowledge is available  Lake Michigan presents a location for sailing, fishing, and kayaking The Traverse City State Park, with about 250 campsites, is located three miles (4 8 km) east of downtown on 47 acres (19 ha) including a quarter mile beach on the East Bay arm of Grand Traverse Bay 
The Boardman River Nature Center is the interpretive center and management headquarters for the Grand Traverse Natural Education Reserve, a 505-acre local park and natural area 

The sandy soil is conducive to viticulture, and there are over 50 wineries in the Traverse City area  Most offer free wine tasting  Traverse City is located at the base of the Old Mission Peninsula wine region 

Performing arts and exhibits
The City Opera House, located in downtown Traverse City features plays, movies, and other performances 
The Traverse Symphony Orchestra (TSO), founded in 1952 by community leader Elnora Milliken as the Northwestern Michigan Symphony Orchestra, has grown from a small group of volunteer musicians to a paid professional orchestra of 60 contracted members  There was a connection over the years with Interlochen Center for the Arts, providing a core of musicians and conductors from among faculty and students  Until 1985 it was known as the Northwestern Michigan Symphony Orchestra The Dennos Museum Center, located on the campus of Northwestern Michigan College, is home to a collection of Inuit art including sculpture, drawing and prints  The center is also home to an interactive gallery, as well as various ongoing exhibitions in their large exhibition space  The museum expanded in 2017 and added two new wings of galleries to display art from its permanent collection (both of Inuit art and non-Inuit art) 

Historical markers
There are eleven recognized Michigan historical markers in the Traverse City area  They are:

Bingham District No  5 Schoolhouse
City Opera House
Congregation Beth El
Grand Traverse Bay
Grand Traverse County Courthouse
Great Lakes Sport Fishery
Ladies Library Association
Novotny's Saloon
Park Place Hotel
Perry Hannah House
Traverse City State Hospital

Viticulture
Traverse City was named by USA Today among the Top Ten Places for Local Wine  There are nine wineries on the Old Mission Peninsula and 21 wineries on the Leelanau Peninsula, both just a few minutes drive from downtown Traverse City  Both peninsulas sit close to the 45th parallel, a latitude known for growing grapes  The two arms of Grand Traverse Bay provide a maritime climate  Northern Michigan specializes in growing white grapes and is known for its Rieslings which grow well in the summer months and late fall which Traverse City is known for  Every October the wineries host a harvest fest  Some Riesling grapes are spared being picked in the fall to be picked when they freeze, from which ice wine is made  The wineries along the Old Mission Peninsula are Black Star Farms, 2 Lads Winery, Bowers Harbor Vineyards, Brys Estate Vineyard & Winery, Chateau Chantal Winery And Inn, Chateau Grand Traverse, Bonobo Winery, Mari Vineyards, and Peninsula Cellars  The wineries along the Leelanau Peninsula are Black Star Farms, Leelenau Cellars, Silver Leaf Vineyard and Winery, Gill's Pier Vineyard and Winery, Raftshol Vineyards, Circa Estate Winery, Forty-Five North Vineyard and Winery, Good Harbor Vineyards, Chateau Fontaine, Boskydel Vineyards, L  Mawby Vineyards, Ciccone Vineyard and Winery, Willow Vineyards, Chateau de Leelanau Vineyard and Winery, Shady Lane Cellars, Cherry Republic Winery, Longview Winery, Boathouse Winery, Verterra, Brengman Brothers, Bel Lago Winery, and Rove Estate Vineyard and Winery 

Sports
Traverse City is home to many public sporting facilities  These include the Grand Traverse County Civic Center, which is a large sports complex in the heart of the city, housing seven baseball/softball fields, a skatepark, a mile-long walk trail, an amphitheater, sledding hill, pavilion, playground, an indoor pool, and an indoor hockey rink  Other complexes include the Grand Traverse Bay YMCA, four complexes that offer public swimming, soccer, and tennis  The Huntington Rink indoor arena is used primarily for ice hockey, and is the home of the Traverse City North Stars hockey team  Many of the city parks in Traverse City also offer volleyball, soccer, and basketball 

During their annual offseason, the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League hold their training camp at Traverse City's Centre Ice Arena  In addition to training camp every September, the Red Wings host an NHL Prospect Tournament, consisting of prospects of participating teams around the league  In 2021, the Traverse City Prospect Tournament consisted of players from the Detroit Red Wings, Toronto Maple Leafs, Columbus Blue Jackets, Dallas Stars, and St  Louis Blues  The Red Wings' influence in Traverse City goes beyond training camp, however; multiple former Red Wings have lived in Traverse City, including Dallas Drake and the legendary Gordie Howe  For this reason, Traverse City is often referred to as Hockeytown North, in reference to Detroit's popular nickname, Hockeytown 

Economy
Traverse City is home to a number of local businesses including Hagerty Insurance Agency and Munson Medical Center  There is a significant manufacturing presence, as well  In recent years, the city has developed a growing technology industry, with numerous tech start-ups, a startup incubator, podcasts, and breweries  Traverse City and its micropolitan area are known for their small business, which bring in a multitude of people during the summer months 

Traverse City's central business district is located along Front Street downtown  Another major shopping district is on US 31 southwest of town, where several big box stores are located, as well as a shopping malls, the Grand Traverse Mall, anchored by Target, JCPenney, Macy's  The Buffalo Ridge Shopping Center is also on US 31 about a mile northwest of the Grand Traverse Mall  Another mall, the Cherryland Center, is located on Garfield Avenue on the south end of town; this mall features Big Lots  Two Meijer stores, one Walmart, one Sam's Club, one Costco, one Target, one Menards, and a multitude of local grocery store chains offer grocery and other options to big-box shopping 

Transportation
Airports
With a new terminal completed in 2004, Cherry Capital Airport provides regularly scheduled passenger airline service to Chicago and Detroit, with seasonal flights to Dallas-Fort Worth, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Atlanta, New York City, Denver, Boston, Mesa, Ponte Vedra, St  Petersburg, Orlando, and Newark  It is the fourth largest airport in Michigan  Around the area, there are smaller nearby paved and unpaved airports 

Ships and boats
Adjacent to the airport is Coast Guard Air Station Traverse City, responsible for both maritime and land-based search and rescue operations in the northern Great Lakes region  On April 7, 2010, the USCG designated Traverse City a Coast Guard City  Traverse City is the second city in Michigan and tenth in the country to receive this honor 
Located in the harbor of the Great Lakes Maritime Academy is the T/S State of Michigan, a 224-foot (68 m) former Navy submarine surveillance vessel  The vessel is used as a classroom and laboratory while cadets of the academy are underway and shore side 
A tall ship, the schooner Manitou is berthed at Traverse City, and offers passages to the public 
Near Traverse City, there are two other tall ships, the schooner Madeline and the 55-foot-long (17 m) replica of the sloop Welcome, an 18th-century British warship sloop, which was built for the 1976 Bicentennial of the American Revolution  They are the only two boats recognized by the State of Michigan for their historic significance  From May through October, trained volunteers conduct tours (when in port), and give a history of the boats and Great Lakes sailing  The Madeline is berthed at Elmwood Township "Coal Dock" (Heritage Harbor), West Bayshore, just south of the Elmwood Township Marina Both are maintained by the Maritime Heritage Alliance 
The Nauti-Cat, a 43-passenger catamaran books passages on Grand Traverse bay  The Nauti-Cat is the largest commercial sailing catamaran on the Great Lakes at 47 feet (14 m) long, 29 feet (8 8 m) wide and has a 63-foot (19 m) mast  They offer cruises seven days a week, four times a day 

Buses
The area is served by Indian Trails Bus service, an intercity bus system that connects to St  Ignace to the north and to Grand Rapids and Kalamazoo to the south  The bus station is located at 107 Hall Street with connection to the BATA transfer station 
Traverse City also has a public transportation system, the Bay Area Transportation Authority (BATA) which serves most of the Grand Traverse and Leelanau region  With link services and a fixed route bus service, called the Loops, serves Traverse City and the urbanized areas of Garfield Township  BATA put into service its first hybrid bus in December 2005  BATA's downtown bus transfer terminal on Hall Street opened July 21, 2006  The terminal is used to transfer riders to different buses on different routes 

Major highways
US 31 is a major north–south highway, and serves as the primary thoroughfare through Traverse City  US 31 enters Michigan from Indiana, and runs through communities such as Benton Harbor, Holland, Grand Haven, Muskegon, Ludington, Manistee, Charlevoix, and Petoskey  Throughout its route, US 31 parallels the coast of Lake Michigan 
 M-22 is a scenic highway that parallels the shore of Grand Traverse Bay and Lake Michigan  The highway begins at an intersection in Traverse City, and runs north through Greilickville and Suttons Bay, before turning back south along Lake Michigan, through communities such as Leland, Glen Arbor, Empire, Frankfort, and Onekama, before ending at US 31 near Manistee 
 M-37 is a north–south highway  Largely following the route of US 31 in Traverse City, M-37 exits to the north, running about 18 miles (29 km) up the Old Mission Peninsula before terminating at a cul-de-sac near the Mission Point Lighthouse  South of Traverse City, M-37 runs through communities such as Mesick, Baldwin, Grand Rapids, Hastings, and Battle Creek 
 M-72 is an east–west highway that traverses the width of the Lower Peninsula  Beginning at M-22 in Empire, M-72 follows the Grandview Parkway in Traverse City, and continues east toward communities such as Kalkaska, Grayling, Mio, and Harrisville on Lake Huron 

Railroads
The Great Lakes Central Railroad (GLCR) provides freight rail service to the Traverse City area on track owned by the state of Michigan  The tracks were once owned by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (ex-Pere Marquette Railway) and the Pennsylvania Railroad (ex-Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad) but were purchased by the state in the late 1970s and early 1980s to preserve rail service in the area  Current freight traffic includes fruit/perishables, scrap metal, and lumber 
On February 20, 1982, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway stopped using the line after the last long train serve Traverse City  Then the railroad was dismantled next year from Manistee to Grawn and from Williamsburg to Charlevoix Since then, excursion passengers trains have operated in and out of Traverse City on an irregular basis  Recently, Lake Central Rail Tours has operated a summer excursion during the Cherry Festival until 2008  On May 11, 1996, the Grand Traverse Dinner Train began year round service from the Traverse City depot to Williamsburg and to Walton Junction  Dinner train service was suspended in 2004 after a contract dispute with the Tuscola and Saginaw Bay Railway and additional difficulties  The train itself was removed to Owosso in mid-July 2006  However, in 2015 a study was started by the Michigan Department of Transportation, and passenger rail is gaining interest 

Sister city
Traverse City has one sister city:
 Tsuchiyama (Koka), Shiga (Japan) 

Notable people
See also
Cherry production in Michigan
Former Traverse City State Hospital, historical Kirkbride Building
Munson Medical Center, regional medical referral center serving patients from 32 counties in Northern Michigan and the Upper Peninsula
Watershed Center Grand Traverse Bay

Notes



ground_truth: 143,372