prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Yut and Tsuro both board games?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
List of word board games
This is a list of board games  See the article on game classification for other alternatives, or see Category:Board games for a list of board game articles 

Single-player board games
Some board games have solo variants, such as Arkham Horror and Agricola  Others are specifically designed for one player 

Two-player abstract strategy games
In abstract strategy games, players know the entire game state at all times, and random generators such as dice are not used 

Two-player board games
Multi-player elimination board games
Participants are typically eliminated before game end 

European race games
Multiplayer games without elimination
Everyone can play along to the end  These games are especially suited for mixed play with adults and children 

Economics strategy games
Games involving scarce resources and strategy 

Games of physical skill
Coordination, finesse, or other physical skills are necessary  Also known as dexterity games 

Children's games
The rules are easy to learn and the outcome is mostly or entirely due to chance 

Cooperative games
Cooperative games in which all players need to work together to win 

Word games
These games are based on construction of words to score points 

Gaming systems
These are sets that can be used to play multiple games 

See also
Spiel des Jahres (Game of the Year)
Games 100
List of board wargames
List of Japanese board games
List of mancala games
List of board game publishers
List of game manufacturers
List of cross and circle games

External links
Board Game Geek
Boardgames org
A Zen Guide to Board Games
Gamerate Game database
Board Games Land
Board Game Theories
Passage 2:
Glossary of board games
This glossary of board games explains commonly used terms in board games, in alphabetical order  For a list of board games, see List of board games; for terms specific to chess, see Glossary of chess; for terms specific to chess problems, see Glossary of chess problems 

A
active  
See in play 

B
bear off  
To remove game piece(s) from the board and out of play  Past tense: borne off 

bit  
See piece 

Black  
Used often to refer to one of the players in two-player games  Black's pieces are typically a dark color but not necessarily black (e g  in English draughts official play they are red)  Cf  White  See also White and Black in chess 

board  
Short for gameboard 

C
capture  
A method that removes another player's piece(s) from the board  For example: in checkers, if a player jumps an opponent's piece, that piece is captured  Captured pieces are typically removed from the game  In some games, captured pieces remain in hand and can be reentered into active play (e g  shogi, Bughouse chess)  See also Game mechanics § Capture/eliminate 

card  
A piece of cardboard often bearing instructions, and usually chosen randomly from a deck by shuffling 

cell  
See hex and space 

checker  
See piece 

checkerboard 
A square gameboard with alternating dark and light-colored squares 

chessboard 
The square gameboard used in chess, having 64 squares of alternating dark and light-colors 

column  
See file 

component  
A physical item included in the game  E g  the box itself, the board, the cards, the tokens, zipper-lock bags, inserts, rule books, etc  See also equipment 

counter  
See piece 

currency  
A scoring mechanic used by some games to determine the winner, e g  money (Monopoly) or counters (Zohn Ahl) 

custodian capture 
A capture method whereby an enemy piece is captured by being blocked on adjacent sides by opponent pieces  (Typically laterally on two sides as in Tablut and Hasami shogi, or laterally on four sides as in Go  Capture by blocking on two sides diagonally is done in Stone Warriors, and surrounding on three sides is required in Bizingo ) Also called escort capture and interception capture 

custodian method 
See custodian capture 

D
deck  
A stack of cards 

die  
sing  of dice 

dice  
Modern cubic dice are used to generate random numbers in many games – e g  a single die in Trivial Pursuit, or two dice per player in backgammon  Role-playing games typically use one or more polyhedral dice  Games such as Pachisi and chaupur traditionally use cowrie shells  The games Zohn Ahl and Hyena chase use dice sticks  The game yut uses yut sticks 

direction of play  
The order of turns in a multiplayer game, e g  clockwise around the board means the player to the left has the next turn  
  
disc  
See piece    
 
displacement capture  
A capture method whereby a capturing piece replaces the captured piece on its square, cell, or point on the gameboard 

doublet  
1   The same number displayed by two dice 
2   The number displayed by one or more die is doubled 
3   The union of two game pieces to move as one 

E
empty board  
Many games start with all pieces out of play; for example, Nine men's morris, Conspirateurs, Entropy, and Go (if a handicap is not employed)  Some gameboards feature staging areas for the pieces before any are put into play; for example, Ludo and Malefiz 

enemy  
An enemy piece is a piece in the same army or set of pieces controlled by the opponent; or, in a multiplayer game, a piece controlled by the partner of an opponent 

Engine-building  
A board game genre and gameplay mechanic that involves adding and modifying combinations of abilities or resources to assemble a virtuous circle of increasingly powerful and productive outcomes  A successfully built engine can create a snowball or domino effect 

equipment  
Refers to physical components required to play a game, e g  pieces, gameboard, dice 

escort capture  
See custodian capture 

exchange  
For games featuring captures, the capture of a piece followed immediately by the opponent's recapture 

F
file 
A straight line of spaces running from top to bottom of a gameboard at right angle to a rank  Also called column 

friendly  
A piece in the same army or set of pieces controlled by a player; or, in a multiplayer game, a piece controlled by a player's partner 

G
gameboard  
Or game board  The (usually quadrilateral) marked surface on which one plays a board game  The namesake of the board game, gameboards would seem to be a necessary and sufficient condition of the genre, though card games that do not use a standard deck of cards (as well as games that use neither cards nor a gameboard) are often colloquially included  Most games use a standardized and unchanging board (chess, Go, and backgammon each have such a board), but some games use a modular board whose component tiles or cards can assume varying layouts from one session to another, or even during gameplay 

game component  
See component 

game equipment  
See equipment 

game piece  
See piece 

gameplay  
The execution of a game; or specifically its strategy, tactics, conventions, or mechanics 

gamer  
A person who plays board game(s)  See also player 
 
gamespace  
A gameboard for a three-dimensional game (e g , the 5×5×5 cubic board for Raumschach) 

grace  
An extra turn 

H
handicap  
An advantage given to a weaker side at the start of a game to level the winning chances against a stronger opponent  Go has formal handicap systems (see Go handicaps); chess has traditional handicap methods not used in rated competitions (see Chess handicap) 

hex  
In hexagon-based board games, this is the common term for a standard space on the board  This is most often used in wargaming, though many abstract strategy games such as Abalone, Agon, hexagonal chess, GIPF project games, and connection games use hexagonal layouts 

huff  
The forfeiture of a piece as a penalty for infringing a rule 

I
in hand  
A piece in hand is one currently not in play on the gameboard, but may be entered into play on a turn  Examples are captured pieces in shogi or Bughouse chess, able to be dropped into play as a move; or pieces that begin the game in a staging area off the main board, as in Ludo or Chessence 

in play  
A piece active on the main board, not in hand or in a staging area  Antonym: out of play 

interception capture  
See custodian capture 

intervention capture  
A capture method the reverse of the custodian method: a player captures two opponent pieces by moving to occupy the empty space between them 

J
jump  
To move a piece over one or more pieces or spaces on the gameboard  Depending on the context, jumping may include  capturing an opponent's piece  See also Game mechanics § Capture/eliminate 

L
leap  
See jump 

M
man  
In chess, a piece or a pawn  In draughts, an uncrowned (i e  not a king) piece 

meeple  
A game piece that represents a person in concept, shaped like an approximation of a person 

mill  
Three or more pieces in a line of adjacent spaces 

move  
See turn 

O
odds  
See handicap 

open board  
A gameboard with no pieces, or one piece, in play  Typically for demonstration or instruction 

order of play  
See direction of play 

orthogonal  
A horizontal (straight left or right) or vertical (straight forward or backward) direction a piece moves on a gameboard 

out of play  
A piece not active on the main board, it might be in hand or in a staging area  Antonym: in play 

over the board 
A game played face to face with the opponent, as opposed to playing remotely (online or other means, for e g  correspondence chess) 

P
pass  
The voluntary or involuntary forfeiture of a turn by a player 

pie rule  
Used in some two-player games to eliminate any advantage of moving first  After the first player's opening move, the second player may optionally swap sides 

piece  
Or bit, checker, chip, counter, disc, draughtsman, game piece, man, meeple, mover, pawn, player piece, playing piece, singleton, stone, token, unit  A player's representative on the gameboard made of a piece of material made to look like a known object (such as a scale model of a person, animal, or inanimate object) or otherwise general symbol  Each player may control one or more pieces  Some games involve commanding multiple pieces, such as chess pieces or Monopoly houses and hotels, that have unique designations and capabilities within the parameters of the game; in other games, such as Go, all pieces controlled by a player have the same capabilities  In some modern board games, such as Clue, there are other pieces that are not a player's representative (i e  weapons)  In some games, such as mancala games, pieces may not represent or belong to any particular player  Mancala pieces are undifferentiated and  typically seeds but sometimes beans, coins, cowry shells, ivory balls, or pebbles  Note that in chess usage the term piece in some contexts only refers to some of the pieces, which are also known as chessmen  See also Counter (board wargames) 
playboard  
See gameboard 

player  
The participant(s) in the game  See also gamer 

playing area 
The spaces on a gameboard for use by pieces in play 

playspace 
See playing area 

point  
See space 

polyhedral dice  
Dice that are not cubes, usually some kind of Platonic solid  Polyhedral dice are generally referred to through the construction "d + number of sides" (ex  d4, d8, d12, d20)  See also dice 

R
rank 
A straight line of spaces running from one side to the other across a gameboard at right angle to a file  Also called row 

replacement capture  
See displacement capture 

row  
See rank 

rule  
A condition or stipulation by which a game is played 

ruleset  
The comprehensive set of rules which define and govern a game 

S
singleton  
A game piece that is isolated and often prone to attack 

space  
A physical unit of progress on a gameboard delimited by a distinct border, and not further divisible according to the game's rules  Alternatively, a unique position on the board on which a piece in play may be located  For example, in Go, the pieces are placed on grid line intersections called points, and not in the areas bounded by the borders, as in chess  The bounded area geometries can be square (e g  chess), rectangular (e g  shogi), hexagonal (e g  Chinese Checkers), triangular (e g  Bizingo), quadrilateral (e g  three-player chess), cubic (e g  Raumschach), or other shapes (e g  Circular chess)  Cf  gamespace  See also Game mechanics § Movement 

square  
See space 

staging area  
A space set aside from the main gameboard to contain pieces in hand  In Ludo, the staging areas are called yards  In shogi, pieces in hand are placed on komadai 

starting area  
See staging area   
  
stone  
See piece 

swap  
See exchange 

T
take  
See capture 

token  
See piece 

trade  
See exchange 

triplet  
The same number displayed by three dice 

turn  
A player's opportunity to move a piece or make a decision that influences gameplay  Turns to move usually alternate equally between competing players or teams  See also Turn-based game 

W
White  
Used often to refer to one of the players in two-player games  White's pieces are typically a light color but not necessarily white (e g  backgammon sets use various colors for White; shogi sets have no color distinction between sides)  White often moves first but not always (e g  Black moves first in English draughts, shogi, and Go)  Cf  Black  See also White and Black in chess 

Worker Placement 
A genre of board games in which players take turns selecting an action while optimizing their resources and making meaningful decisions 

Notes
Passage 3:
Bear games
Bear games is a category of board games of which many have historical roots in the Roman Empire  They were played in parts of the Empire as far away as Turkey and France and are still played today, especially in Italy   All of the games are two-player abstract strategy board games   Normally, the game is played with three hunters and one bear on a patterned board   It bears similarity to the hunt games such as the Fox games, Rimau-rimau, and Bagha-Chall, however, there are no captures involved   The three hunters are trying to hem in the bear, and block its movements 
The closest relative of the Bear games are the Hare games   In this case, the hares are the "hunters" (a reversal in the naming procedure where the bear in the Bear games is the "hunted"), and there are three of them which is the same number of hunters in the Bear games   The difference is that the hares cannot move backwards in any way, whereas, the hunters can move in any direction   As a result, the boards used are also different   Another close relative is the game called Watermelon Chess   In one of the Bear game variants, the board is the same as that of Watermelon Chess   Furthermore, the game Sz'Kwa also uses the same board, although it is not actually related to the Bear games since the rules and game play are completely different 

Goal
The hunters attempt to hem in the bear and block its movements   The goal of the bear is to avoid this fate   As an optional rule, if the hunters cannot stalemate the bear in a given number of moves, e g  40 moves, the bear wins 

Equipment
There are a variety of patterned boards anywhere from round to rectangular boards   The first link below shows seven   There are normally three hunters, and one bear, however, these quantities especially for the hunters can change drastically depending upon the variant 

Rules
Initial positions of the pieces vary depending upon the variant   Usually the bear is placed in the middle of the board, and the hunters are placed together on one end of the board   One player plays the hunters (normally three pieces), and the other player plays the bear 
Both hunters and bears move one space at a time following the pattern on the board   Only one piece may be moved by each player   Players alternate their turns   There are no captures in this game 
As an optional rule – the bear wins if the hunters cannot stalemate the bear in a given number of moves, e g  40 moves 

Analysis
With perfect play, the hunters win 
This is a great example of a game where the humans have an edge over the computer   In some variants, the Zillions of Games program takes longer to win a game for the hunters as compared to human players 

Related Games
Hare games
Watermelon Chess
Sz'Kwa
Fox games
Rimau-rimau
Bagha-Chall
Main Tapal Empat
Adugo
Passage 4:
BoardGameGeek
BoardGameGeek (BGG) is an online forum for board gaming hobbyists and a game database that holds reviews, images and videos for over 125,600 different tabletop games, including European-style board games, wargames, and card games  In addition to the game database, the site allows users to rate games on a 1–10 scale and publishes a ranked list of board games As of 10 March 2019, boardgamegeek com has an Alexa rank of
1,745 

History
BoardGameGeek was founded in January 2000 by Scott Alden and Derk Solko, and marked its 20th anniversary on 20 January 2020 Since 2005, BoardGameGeek hosts an annual board game convention, BGG CON, that has a focus on playing games, and where winners of the Golden Geek Awards are announced  New games are showcased and convention staff is provided to teach rules  There is also an annual Spring BGG CON which is family friendly, and an annual BGG@Sea which is held on a cruise 
In 2010, BoardGameGeek received the Diana Jones Award, which recognized it as "a resource without peer for board and card gamers, the recognized authority of this online community " The New York Times has called BoardGameGeek "the hub of board gaming on the Internet "In 2020, BoardGameGeek was inducted into the Origins Award Hall of Fame The site has branched out into other fields by using the same system for RPGs and video games (rpggeek com and videogamegeek com) 

Golden Geek Award
Since 2006, the site annually awards the best new board games of the year with the Golden Geek Award  Winners are selected based on a vote by registered users 

2006–2009
2010–2019
RPG and Video Game awardsRPG and Video game awards were introduced in 2014 and awarded through 2017  Only 1 category was awarded in 2018, and none in following years 

2020–present
2020 saw many awards replaced with new categories, such as "Board Game of the Year" replaced with "Game of the Year, Light", "Medium" and "Heavy" 

See also
Going Cardboard (documentary)
Passage 5:
David Parlett
David Parlett (born 18 May 1939 in London) is a games scholar, historian, and translator from South London, who has studied both card games and board games  He is the president of the British Skat Association 

Life
David Sidney Parlett was born in London on 18 May 1939 to Sidney Thomas Parlett and Eleanor May Parlett, née Nunan  He is one of three brothers  During the Second World War, Parlett lived in Barry, Glamorgan  Parlett was educated at Battersea Grammar School and the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth  He has a BA in Modern Languages  Parlett was a technical writer with PR companies and later a freelance write for Games & Puzzles magazine  He is married to Barbara and they have a son and a daughter 

Works
His published works include many popular books on games such as Penguin Book of Card Games, as well as the more academic volumes The Oxford Guide to Card Games and The Oxford History of Board Games, both now out of print  Parlett has also invented many card games and board games   The most successful of these is Hare and Tortoise (1974)  Its German edition was awarded Spiel des Jahres (Game of the Year) in 1979 
Parlett is a Quaker 

Books
Games and gaming
All the Best Card Games
Anarquía y Otros Juegos Sociales de Cartas
Botticelli and Beyond
Card Games for Everyone
Family Card Games
Know the Game: Patience
Original Card Games
Solitaire: Aces Up and 399 other Card Games
Teach Yourself Card Games
Teach Yourself Card Games for Four
Teach Yourself Card Games for One
Teach Yourself Card Games for Three
Teach Yourself Card Games for Two
Teach Yourself Poker and Brag
The Guinness Book of Word Games
The Oxford Dictionary of Card Games
The Oxford Guide to Card Games / A History of Card Games
The Oxford History of Board Games reprinted as History of Board Games
The Penguin Book of Card Games
The Penguin Book of Patience
The Penguin Book of Word Games
The Penguin Encyclopedia of Card Games
The Popular Dictionary of Card Games

Other subjects
A Short Dictionary of Languages
Dalcroze Today (translation of Marie-Laure Bachmann's work)
Learning a Language Alone
Selections from the Carmina Burana (translations)

Games invented
Board games
Since 1974, David Parlett has published numerous games, including the following:
Around the World in 80 Days (2016)
Asterix: Das Kartenspiel (1990)
Chicken Out! (2017)
Die Wilden Kerle (The Wild Kids) (2017)
Hare and Tortoise (1973)
Katarenga (Colorado) (2017)
LifeCards
Metal Mickey's All Around the House Game (1982)
Ninety-Nine (1974) / Four Seasons (2016)
Pot Black: Snooker Dice (1980)
Rainbow Junior Scrabble (1989)
Roman Poker (2015)
Shoulder to Shoulder (1975)
Star Wars: Duell der Mächte (2015)
Sushi Spiel (Chinese Take-Away)
The Gnümies Party Game (2001)
The Puzzle of Oz (2012)
Zoo Party / 7Safari (2000) / Alles für die Katz

Card games
Parlett has invented more than 70 original card games that can be played with a standard deck of playing cards 

Solitaire games
Archway
Black Hole
Gay Gordons
Penguin
Passage 6:
Yut
Yut nori, also known as yunnori, nyout, and yoot, is a traditional board game played in Korea, especially during Korean New Year  The game is also called cheok-sa (척사; 擲柶) or sa-hui (사희; 柶戲)  The combining-form -nori means 'game' 
Although the origins of this popular family game are unclear, some research suggests that yut was played as early as the Three Kingdoms (57 BCE – 668 CE)  The Taiping Imperial Reader states that people of Baekje played a board game similar to po yut, which is believed to be similar to Pachisi, a board game originating in India There is a folk explanation for the game, describing a bet by some villagers to raise five different kind of livestock: pigs, dogs, sheep, cows and horses  Each of the villagers would raise only one type 
The board and the game are known to have been used in casting hexagrams, particularly in mountain-areas and small farming-villages, but this is no longer practiced 

Equipment
The board (mal-pan, 말판) is normally made of stitched cloth  The modern board is a rectangular shape, but historically there was also a round variation  There are four straight courses and two diagonal ones  Each of the straight courses comes with five stations, the diagonal ones have five stations, too, but one is shared  This brings the number of stations to twenty-nine in total  The board is also known to sometimes be drawn onto the floor 
Instead of dice, yut-sticks are used  (These are similar to those used in the Egyptian board game Senet ) There are two kinds of yut-stick: jang-jak yut (장작 윷) and bam yut (밤 윷)  Jang-jak yut are made of firewood  There are four sticks of about 15 cm in length and from 2 cm to 3 cm  in diameter  These sticks are split into halves  Chestnut-wood is most commonly used, but birch-wood is also common  These woods are chosen for their weight and the fresh sound they make when playing  Bam yut, on the other hand, are wooden sticks of about 3 cm in length  They have a diameter of about 1 cm, and also are split into halves  The bam yut are played in a small bowl, shaken in the palm, and then released 
There are small tokens (marks) used for the game, called mal (말, literally a "horse")  There are four tokens for each team, although there are no common rules what a token can be made of  The only rule is that the mals of the opponent teams must be clearly distinguishable  Apart from black and white plastic tokens generally found today, common mals are coins, buttons, small pebbles, or even chess beads (both from Western chess and Korean chess)  When choosing the mal, some Koreans consider its speed, because the faster a horse runs, the better it is thought to run 

Yut sticks
The sticks are cast to determine how far a token can advance  The score is determined by counting the sticks that are over, and those that are up  Each combination has a name  One stick over (flat side up) and three sticks up (round side up) is called "do" (도, pig)  Two sticks up and two sticks over is called "gae" (개, dog)  One stick up and three sticks over is called "geol" (걸, sheep)  All sticks over is called "yut" (윷, cow), whereas all sticks up is called "mo" (모, horse)  A "do" is worth one space advancement, a "gae" is worth two space advancement, a "geol" is worth 3 space advancement, "yut" is worth 4 space advancement, and "mo" is worth 5 space advancement  When the sticks come to the result of either "yut" or "mo", the player has another chance of throwing the sticks up again (optional- some people prefer not to play with this rule)  If you get "yut" or "mo" consecutively, you play (throw) again 

Game rules
The game is played between two partners or two teams who play in turns, sometimes it is played with more teams  There is no limit in the number of participants in a game, which means that the game can be played by a considerable group  When played with large groups it is not uncommon for some group members never to cast the sticks: they still participate discussing the strategy 
The start of the game is determined by each team casting the yut-sticks  The team with the highest score starts first 
Each team then casts the sticks in turn, then moves a mal according to the score achieved  One turn usually consists of only one cast   However, a player achieving a yut or mo earns an extra cast for the turn; if the player casts a yut or mo at the second cast, they earn an extra cast again, so there is no limit to the number of times a player can cast again before the end of a turn, provided they keep casting yuts or mos  The respective scores can be played separately if wished, each given to another mal (or group of mals, see below), but a score earned from one cast cannot be split into two moves—for example, a geol (advance three steps) cannot be split into a do (one step) and a gae (two steps) 

As long as there are mals outside the board, a team can either put a new mal onto the board according to the scores it got, or move a mal already on the board  The mals travel around the board and can move forward only  However, when landing on one of the big stations (in the corner and the centre), the team can choose to take the shorter way should they wish to  There are four possible courses, the default course being longest one with no abbreviation (No  4) 
If a mal lands on a station occupied by the opponent's team, the opponent's mal is removed from the course and returned to the starting position, and the current player is allowed to cast again 
If a mal lands on a station occupied by the own team, these mals can form a group and travel together from that point on   However, this bears a risk: If an opponent lands their mal on a station occupied by a group of mals of the opponent, all mals in the group are removed from the course 
For example, if one casts two yuts and one do at their first turn in the game, possible moves would include (see The Stations below for the station names):

Put a mal on the board at the yut station (uses the first yut score); advance to mo (uses the do score), then to sok-yut (uses the second yut) 
Put a mal on the board at the yut station (uses first yut score); put another mal on the board at the same yut station (uses the second yut score), causing the two mals to move together from then on; advance them to mo (uses the do) 
Put a mal on the board at the yut station (uses the first yut); advance to duet-geol (uses the second yut), then to duet-yut (uses the do) The game is won by the team who brings all their mals home first, that is complete the course with all their mals  A course is completed if a mal passes the station where the game is started (cham-meoki)  Landing on cham-meoki is no finish, but any score going "beyond" this station completes a home run  Yut is often played for three or more wins 

Special rules
The game is sometimes enhanced by labeling one, two, or three of the yut stick on their flat side  The Seoul rule can be played if one of the sticks is labelled Seoul (서울)  If this stick is the only one facing down (do so that the letters Seoul can be read), a mal can be placed directly into the centre (bang), which in this case is called Seoul  If all the mals are already on the course, this counts as a do  The Busan rule is similar  One of the yut sticks is labelled Busan (부산)  Rather than to the centre, the mal travels directly to the far corner (mo)  Again, this only applies if this is the only stick facing down, and not all mals are on the course already 
There is also the back rule, where one of the sticks is labelled back (후퇴)  If this is the only stick facing down, one of the mals has to go back one step  Depending on the rules used, if none of the mals are on the course, then this is counted as either a do or a skipped turn   Alternatively, if the do rule is not being used, the other most common rule is for a mal to be placed onto the arrow next to the start  The mal remains there until another back is cast  In this case, however, the mal completes the course at once  Furthermore, if a mal is placed on the do spot, and then gets a back, then they will be on the cham-meoki spot and then will exit the malpan when a do, gae or geul, yut or mo is thrown  Another back will put them on the nal-yut spot 

Social meaning
The game is a popular board game throughout Korea, and it is considered a game of deep tradition  The game is often treated as a social spectacle with onlookers and team members shouting loudly, encouraging each other, or wishing for a certain score  This game is played in almost every Seollal gathering and is commonly played in almost any region of the world with a significant Korean population   The rare scores of yut and mo in particular cause excitement, particularly if cast more than one at a time 
The Australian film and theatre group, Yut Art, takes its names from the game as a result of the excitement and crowd participation associated with its activities 

The stations
Each station of the gameboard has its own name, although they are obscure to most Koreans  It is thought that the outer stations symbolize heaven, and the inner square, the earth  The whole board can be also interpreted as a reflection of universal symmetry and celestial procession, reflecting elements of Korean shamanism The mid-Joseon writer Gim Munpyo described the Yut board as symbolising the circle of the cosmos, with the North Star in the centre, surrounded by 28 constellations 

Yut Fortune
According to the Dongguksesigi (literally meaning a Book on Eastern Country's Annual Observances), a book listing 22 Korean annual observances, on New Year's Eve or New Year's Day, there was a game of fortune-telling good and bad with a hand-thrown out of yut  The possible combinations of yut are do, gae, geol, yut, and mo, but yut and mo hit the same thing  As a result, there are 64 fortune tellings in total, and in each case, matters to be careful about behavior and the answer for the year's luck are set 

See also
Lambs and Tigers
Korean culture
List of cross and circle games
Passage 7:
Francis Tresham (game designer)
Francis Tresham (1936 – 23 October 2019) was a British board game designer who produced board games since the early 1970s  Tresham founded and ran games company Hartland Trefoil (founded 1971), a company well-known for its Civilization board game, until its sale to MicroProse in 1997  His 1829 game was the first of the 18xx board game series and some of his board games inspired Sid Meier computer games such as Railroad Tycoon 
Francis Tresham was the first to introduce a technology tree into his boardgames  This idea had a large influence on later board and computer games 
He was managing director of Tresham Games, which produced 18xx-style board games  In 2013, he was one of the first inductees in the UK Games Expo Hall of Fame  He died on 23 October 2019 

Published board games
1825
1829
1829 Mainline
1830
1853
Civilization
Revolution: The Dutch Revolt 1568–1648
Shocks & Scares
Spanish Main
The Game of Ancient Kingdoms
Passage 8:
Days of Wonder
Days of Wonder is a board game publisher founded in 2002 and owned by Asmodee Group since 2014  Days of Wonder distributes its games to 25 countries  It specializes in German-style board games and has branched out to include some online games  Days of Wonder has published games in several languages including English, Dutch, French, German, Russian, and Greek  Days of Wonder was co-founded by Eric Hautemont, Mark Kaufmann and Yann Corno 

History
Days of Wonder was founded in 2002 by Mark Kaufmann, Eric Hautemont and Yann Corno  It released its first game, Gang of Four in 2002  In March 2004, the company released Ticket to Ride, designed by Alan R  Moon  In 2004, Ticket to Ride was awarded the Spiel des Jahres  In 2006, the company released a digital version of Ticket to Ride  Also in 2006, the company's game Shadows Over Camelot was named the Best Fantasy Game at the 2006 Spiel des Jahres In 2009, Smallworld received three awards including "Best Game of the Year", "Best Family Game", and "Best Game Artwork" from the Dice Tower Gaming Awards In 2014, Days of Wonder was acquired by French game distributor Asmodee Group 

Games Published
Below are all of the games published by Days of Wonder from 2002 to 2018:

Small Box games
Awards and honors
See also
Going Cardboard (Documentary)
Passage 9:
Tsuro
Tsuro is a tile-based board game designed by Tom McMurchie, originally published by WizKids and now published by Calliope Games 
Tsuro is a board game for two to eight players  To play, players compete to have the last playing piece remaining on the board  Player turns consist of placing tiles on the board from the player's hand  Then they move their respective pieces along these paths  Players are eliminated by following a path that ends at the board edge 
There have also been a number of differently themed Tsuro editions and expansions released, beginning with Tsuro of the Seas  Although core gameplay remains the same, some versions feature expanded rules or larger boards 
The name of the game is taken from the Japanese word tsūro (wikt:通路) meaning "route"   The word, written in kanji, appears in the art on the game board 

Gameplay
The game is played on a square board that is divided into a six-by-six grid of squares  There are eight player markers, thirty-five standard path tiles, and one Dragon tile  Before the game begins, the Dragon tile is set aside 
To start, each player chooses a different colored playing piece and places their marker on any of the white notches that surround the edge of the board; each edge has twelve notches  The path tiles are shuffled and each player is dealt three path tiles; the remainder are left as a draw pile  Each turn includes a tile-laying phase and then a marker movement phase  The turn ends with the active player drawing another path tile In each turn, the active player must place a tile in the square adjacent to their piece  Once placed, the piece moves along the line in front of it  If the placed tile connects to the path that another player's piece is on, the other (inactive) player must move their piece to the end of the line on the newly-placed tile  Sometimes this will cause the piece to go off the board, in which case that player is eliminated  The active player may not choose to connect their path to the edge of the board (eliminating that player), unless no other move is available  If two pieces end up on the same path, both players are out  The unused path tiles of the players that are eliminated are shuffled into the draw pile  The winner is the player with the last remaining marker on the board 
The Dragon tile is only used when there are three or more players  When there are no more tiles to draw from, the player takes the Dragon tile  This is to indicate that they will draw from the pile after the eliminated players give up their unplayed tiles, regardless of whether they are the active player or not  The Dragon tile is set aside once the draw pile has been restocked 

Tiles
There are thirty-five possible permutations for a four-sided tile with two entry points per side and four paths linking the eight points  In the table below, tiles are named according to the connected points  Points are numbered sequentially anti-clockwise from the left point on the bottom edge, so the bottom edge contains points 1 (left) and 2 (right), the right edge contains points 3 (lower) and 4 (upper), the top edge contains points 5 (right) and 6 (left), and the left edge contains points 7 (upper) and 8 (lower)  The nomenclature AB-CD-EF-GH indicates that points A and B are connected, C and D are connected, E and F are connected, and G and H are connected  A single 90° rotation anti-clockwise will increment each number by 2 (modulo 8) to determine path connections when rotated 

Alternate Editions and Expansions
History
McMurchie received a patent for the "Squiggle game" in 1979  The 1979 patent described two different implementations; the first, commercialized largely intact as Tsuro, used the square tiles with two entry points per side and four paths, while the second used square tiles similarly with eight entry points and four paths per tile, but the entry points were changed to the middle of each side and at each corner instead  In both cases, the preferred board size was a 6×6 grid and what became the Dragon tile was initially called the NEXT card  The patent also provided specific names for player actions:
SHORT CUTS: when a player is connected to a previously unused path, the player is required to advance their piece to the end of the newly-connected path 
SUICIDE: an illegal move in which a player connects their own path to the edge of the board, unless no other legal move is possible) 
MEDDLING: a player's legal move which extends the path of another player; the other player is required to advance their piece to the end of the newly-connected path 
COLLISIONS: connecting the paths of two players, forcing them both out of the game  In effect, the start of one player's path serves as the connection to the edge for the other player and vice versa 
INHERITANCE: when a player's action results in another player (or players) being eliminated, the active player may exchange any number of cards in their own hand with the cards held by the eliminated player(s); the remaining cards from the eliminated player(s) are shuffled back into the draw pile 
One of the patents cited by the examiner was US3309092A (1963) by Hardesty and Schenck, entitled "Competitive road building and travel game", which included a variety of square tiles, including what they called "tiles with two, three or four roads" similar in pattern to the Tsuro tiles  Dawne and Jordan Weisman, the owners of Games and Gizmos in Redmond, Washington watched McMurchie playing Squiggles and asked him if he would be interested in publishing the game  The Weismans had founded the games publishing company WizKids and reworked Squiggles into Tsuro, switching the original 1950s theme to one that was Japanese-inspired  The game was released in 2005 
WizKids was later acquired by Topps and then NECA, and the rights for the game reverted back to Tom McMurchie  Ray Wehrs, who had been the director of sales for WizKids, purchased a license from McMurchie and founded Calliope Games in 2011 with Tsuro as its flagship product  In 2012, actor and blogger Wil Wheaton featured the game in one of his YouTube videos, causing sales to spike 

Variants
After Calliope Games began publishing Tsuro, different versions and spin-offs of the game were created   The game also has an app for mobile devices created by Thunderbox Entertainment  The game also has been published in multiple languages including a German, a Greek and a multilingual version 
The German version of Tsuro was published in 2007 by KOSMOS  In addition to the language translation, the game's individual player pieces were little tree figures instead of the dragon stones, and the board was made two-sided, with the other side being a 7×7 grid  The 35 unique tiles were expanded to a set of 64, with some duplication of paths, and players would randomly choose 35 (plus the Dragon/Next tile) for play on the 6×6 side of the board  The KOSMOS-published variant was licensed by a Greek publisher, Kaissa, and released in that market The first Tsuro spin-off created was a Star Wars-themed spin-off called Asteroid Escape  This version of Tsuro was published in 2011 by Abysse Corp, exclusively in France  Asteroid Escape has additional asteroid tiles, which remove any player that lands on them instantly  They are placed on the board randomly at the start of (and occasionally during) the game, and move randomly as the game progresses, consuming any tiles or players in their path  The board is also slightly larger, 7x7 instead of 6x6  In addition, the player's individual pieces are cardboard spaceships In 2012, Calliope Games published Tsuro of the Seas, which included similar changes, after receiving funding from Kickstarter  The game's creators included the original creator of Tsuro, Tom McMurchie, and Jordan Weisman  Tsuro of the Seas has a few changed gameplay aspects and visuals, including player pieces shaped like boats and daikaiju tiles, which are equivalent to the asteroid tiles Tsuro of the Seas later received an expansion called Veterans of the Seas, published in 2013 by Calliope Games  This expansion includes four new types of tiles that all do different things   There is the mystical portal tile that moves ships and daikaiju tiles to new paths on the board   The tsunami tile moves steadily across the board, giving players a new obstacle they must overcome by rolling a die  If the player does not roll high enough they are eliminated from the game   The whirlpool tile destroys all ships and daikaiju tiles it comes in contact with   The cannon tiles are a defensive card players can use to defend themselves from daikaiju Tsuro: Phoenix Rising was initially funded by Kickstarter and released in 2019 by Calliope  Like the original game, Phoenix Rising is played on a 6×6 board with 36 square tiles, each with four paths  However, the tiles in Phoenix are classified as either "center" tiles (total of 16 "center" tiles) or "edge" tiles (20 "edge" tiles)  These tiles have additional entry points at the corners and the center tiles are pre-placed in the center of the board prior to starting play  Tiles are flipped or rotated during play, and the goal of the game is to create and collect seven stars by traversing paths In 2022, Calliope Games announced that a "Luxury Limited Edition" of the original Tsuro would be released later that year; changes included upgraded materials, including carved stone tiles, satin tile storage bag, bamboo rules scroll, and wooden box, individually numbered  The limited edition set was priced at US$350 

Reviews
Pyramid

See also
Black Path Game
Passage 10:
Robert Charles Bell
Robert Charles Bell (1917–2002) was the author of several books on board games, most importantly Board and Table Games 1 & 2 (reprinted as Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations)   This work won the Premier Award of the Doctors' Hobbies Exhibition, London   He was instrumental in popularizing traditional games, and is acknowledged as one of 11 "principal sources" in David Parlett's The Oxford History of Board Games 

Life
He was born 1917 in Sudbury, Ontario and moved to England in 1928; and was educated at Haileybury College, Hertfordshire and St Bartholomew's Hospital by 1941  He became a consultant plastic surgeon and was on the editorial board of the British Journal of Plastic Surgery   Outside medicine, Bell was a polymath who became an international authority on board games and wrote books for collectors on Tyneside Pottery and Trade Tokens  His first work on games was Board and Table Games (1960), and he later produced many articles on coin collecting for World Coins He died in 2002  As of 2007, much of his extensive collection of games and game paraphernalia resides at the University of Durham 

Categories of board and table games
Bell gives origins, history and some game-playing details for some 180 games in the 2 volumes of his main work (Board and Table Games)  He divides board games into four main categories:

A race game requires the pieces to move from a start point to a finish point usually based on the throw of dice (e g  Ludo) 
A wargame involves movement (and occasionally placement) and is typically won with the capture of all opponent pieces (e g  draughts) or a special opponent piece (e g  chess) 
A positional game requires the winning player to form a pattern or shape by merely placing (noughts and crosses and Go are respectively the simplest and most complex examples) or placing and moving pieces on a board (nine men's morris) 
Mancala games involve players distributing seeds across a series of holes and collecting the contents of holes that achieve specific numeric or numeric/positional status  Typically one wins by collecting the most seeds, or rendering the opponent unable to move Bell used the basic categories suggested by Murray with some alterations   Because his treatment extended beyond board games, Bell also included the categories of dice and domino games; and in his second volume added "Games of Words and Numbers", "Card Games Requiring Boards", and "Games of manual dexterity"  In addition, there is mention of the subgenre of solitaire and puzzle games 
Bell drew on a wide range of sources, including Edward Falkener, Stewart Culin, Willard Fiske, H  J  R  Murray, John Scarne, and many others; as well as his own research and collection 

Publications
Books about board and table games
Robert Charles Bell MB, FRCS (R  C  Bell)

Board And Table Games From Many Civilizations 1 – Oxford University Press, 1960 
Board And Table Games From Many Civilizations 2 – Oxford University Press, 1969 Board And Table Games From Many Civilizations (revised edition with above two volumes bound into a single book) - Dover Publications, Mineola, New York, 1979  ISBN 0-486-23855-5; reprinted by Exeter Books, New York City, 1983 Tangram Teasers: A Selection Of Ch'i Ch'iau Puzzles – Corbitt & Hunter, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1965  ISBN 978-0900309069 
Discovering Old Board Games – Shire Publications #182, 1973  ISBN 0-85263-235-5
Discovering Backgammon – Shire Publications  #201, 1975  ISBN 0-85263-263-0
Discovering Mah-Jong – Shire Publications #222, 1976  ISBN 0 85263 444 7
Discovering Chess – Shire Publications #221, 1976  ISBN 0 85263 478 1  A second edition, revised by Ken Whyld, was published in 1979 
The Boardgame Book – Bookthrift Company / Marshall Cavendish / Knapp Press / Viking Press / Penguin Books, London, 1979  ISBN 0 89535 007 6 Les Plus Beaux Jeux Du Monde (French edition of the above) – Fernand Nathan, 1979  ISBN 978-2092846216 
Das Große Buch Der Brettspiele (German edition of the above) – ?, 1979? Discovering Dice And Dominoes - Shire Publications #255, 1980  ISBN 0 85263 532 X 
Oriental Games - Gulbenkian Museum of Oriental Art / University of Durham, 1981 
Board And Table Game Antiques - Shire Publications (Shire Album 60), 1981  ISBN 0 85263 538 9 
Games to Play: Board And Table Games For All The Family - Michael Joseph / Penguin Group / Guild Publishing, 1988  ISBN 0 7181 2993 8 
A Compendium Of Games: Family Entertainment From Around The World – Smithmark Publications, 1999  ISBN 978-0765117083 Robbie Bell and Michael Cornelius

Board Games Round The World: A Resource Book For Mathematical Investigations – Cambridge University Press, 1988  ISBN 0 521 35924 4 

Other books
R  C  Bell

Commercial Coins 1787–1804 – Corbitt & Hunter, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1963 
Copper Commercial Coins 1811–1819 – Corbitt & Hunter, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1964 
Tradesmen's Tickets And Private Tokens 1785-1819 – Corbitt & Hunter, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1966 
Specious Tokens And Those Struck For General Circulation 1784-1804 – Corbitt & Hunter, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1968 
Tyneside Pottery - Littlehampton Book Services Ltd, 1971  ISBN 978-0289700532 
Monographs On Plastic Surgery, volume 1: The Use Of Skin Grafts – Oxford University Press, 1973 
Unofficial Farthings 1820-1870 – B A  Seaby, London, 1975  ISBN 978-0900652400 
The Building Medalets Of Kempson And Skidmore 1796-1797 – Frank Graham, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1978  ISBN 978-0859831055 
Maling And Other Tyneside Pottery – Shire Publications, 1986  ISBN 978-0852637920 
Political And Commemorative Pieces Simulating Tradesmen's Tokens 1770-1802 - ?, Felixstowe, 1987 
Bell's Unofficial Farthings: A Supplement – Whitmore, 1994  ISBN 978-0951325735 R  C  Bell and M  A  V  Gill

Potteries Of Tyneside – Frank Graham, 1973  ISBN 978-0902833777 R  C  Bell and Simon Rodway

Fun at the Lathe - Guild of Master Craftsman Publications Ltd, 1998 Edited by R  C  Bell

Diaries From The Days Of Sail (with an Introduction by Alan Villiers) – Holt Rinehart & Winston, 1974  ISBN 978-0030129414 

Miscellaneous
Token Tales – a series of articles, originally appearing in 'World Coins' in the 1960s and 1970s, republished by the Conder Token Collector's Club from 2003
Games of the World – this book, edited by Frederic V  Grunfeld and published by Ballantine Books of New York in 1975, cited R C  Bell and Léon Vié as Editorial Consultants 

Notes
Context 3: Passage 1:
Gorse Hill
Gorse Hill is an area of Stretford, Greater Manchester, England  The population at the 2011 census was 11,894  It is a residential area with two minor industrial estates on either side of the main A56 Chester Road, which divides the two halves of the ward  Gorse Hill Park is a park which has recently had its historic main gates renovated and sits in between the two halves of the ward also, bridging Chester Road and Talbot Road  Gorse Hill is also the northernmost ward of Trafford council and is home to Trafford Town Hall, housing the council offices  Gorse Hill shares a border with the Clifford and Longford wards, and is town is home to two teams; both Manchester United F C  and Lancashire County Cricket Club 
Passage 2:
Trafford Bar tram stop
Trafford Bar is a tram stop on Greater Manchester's light rail system, Metrolink, at the junction of Talbot Road and Seymour Grove in Old Trafford  It opened on 15 June 1992 as part of Phase 1 of Metrolink's expansion, before which it was a mainline railway station 

History
The station was opened as Old Trafford on 20 July 1849 by the Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway (MSJ&AR)  It closed as a British Rail station on 24 December 1991, and the "Old Trafford" name was transferred to the former Warwick Road Station, to avoid confusion for passengers travelling to Old Trafford Football Ground and Old Trafford Cricket Ground  It was renamed Trafford Bar when it reopened as a Metrolink station on 15 June 1992  Due to the station's close proximity to Old Trafford football ground it is frequently used on match-days by fans using the East Didsbury – Rochdale service 

Service pattern
At peak times (07:15 – 19:30 Monday to Friday, 09:30 – 18:30 Saturday):

10 trams per hour to Altrincham
10 trams per hour to East Didsbury
5 trams per hour to Bury
5 trams per hour to Manchester Airport
5 trams per hour to Piccadilly
5 trams per hour to Rochdale Town Centre
5 trams per hour to Shaw and Crompton
5 trams per hour to VictoriaOffpeak (all other times during operational hours):

5 trams per hour to Altrincham
5 trams per hour to East Didsbury
5 trams per hour to Manchester Airport
5 trams per hour to Piccadilly
5 trams per hour to Rochdale Town Centre
5 trams per hour to Victoria

Connecting bus routes
It is served nearby by Go North West service 53 to Pendleton via Salford Quays and to Cheetham Hill via the universities, Rusholme, Gorton and Harpurhey 
Stagecoach service 250 to Trafford Centre,
Stagecoach service 255 to Partington via Stretford and Urmston,
Stagecoach service 256 to Flixton via Stretford,
Arriva service 263 to Altrincham Interchange via Stretford and Sale 
All these services run to Piccadilly Gardens 
Passage 3:
Trojans Rugby Football Club
The Trojans Rugby Football Club is an under-nineteen-year-old rugby club originally based out of Lassiter High School  It is one of the original high school rugby clubs which are part of the Georgia High School Rugby Association (GHSRA)  The club was founded in 2005, and has made its mark on rugby in Georgia  Matches and practices are held at Noonday Creek Park in Marietta  Coach Randall Joseph has been the head coach since the club's founding, with John Green, Winston Daniels and Michael Murrell as assistant coaches  The club has taken park in many tournaments and state final matches in Georgia and the Southeast United States   A major goal of the Trojans Rugby Football Club is to teach and play the sport of rugby in the United States  This is a great struggle throughout Georgia because of opposition from the high school's football coaches and athletic directors  The club plays the most common version of rugby, called rugby union but often just referred to as rugby  Although the club plays by rugby union rules, they also play by the rules of the International Rugby Board (IRB) for those under 19 years of age  In the summer of 2011, the Trojan Rugby Football Club took part in another version of rugby called rugby sevens  This variation of rugby is faster paced, with the same size fields but fewer people, and shorter half lengths 

Location, practices and games
Noonday Creek Park serves as the Trojans Rugby Football Club's home pitch  Although Lassiter High School is associated with the Trojans Rugby Football Club they do not permit the club to use fields at the school  Noonday Creek Park is located off Shallowford Rd , and at 489 Hawkins Store Rd , NE, Kennesaw, GA, 30144  The park has been part of high school rugby in Georgia since the first game was played there on March 4, 2005  Most practices and all home games for the Trojans take place at this park  Although Fall is the off season, practices currently occur every Wednesday at 4:45pm on field 13  During the formal spring season practices are held on Tuesdays and Thursdays at 5pm and games are typically played on Friday nights   When the park is closed, practices are held on the field at McCleskey Middle School, located at 4080 Maybreeze Road Marietta, Georgia, 30066 

History
The Trojans Rugby Football Club began as one of the first three high school rugby teams in Georgia, in 2005  To create these teams the coaches got together and used the graduate thesis, "The Bryant Model " This graduate thesis was written by Phillip C  Bryant, MBA, to provide a manual to starting a high school rugby club  After the first year the Trojans Rugby Football Club had earned a State Championship title for beating Pope High School's team 23-19  By the next season in 2006, the Georgia High School Rugby Association had created two divisions due to the increase in teams  The Trojan Rugby Football Club was placed in the Cobb County Division along with the Pope High School, the Sequoyah High School, and the Campbell High School Rugby Football Clubs  In the 2006 season, the Trojan Rugby Football Club lost all of their games to the other teams in the Cobb County Division  The club entered the 2007 season with growing numbers of new competition and notable performance  At the season's end the Trojans Rugby Football Club had an 11-1 record with the one loss coming from a defeat in the Southeast Tournament, by the Rummel Raiders Rugby Club of New Orleans, Louisiana  The club earned a second State Championship title after defeating the Alpharetta Phoenix Rugby Football Club, and participated in its first Southeast Tournament  In 2008, the club added to their success with yet another State Championship title and traveled to Nashville, Tennessee to play in the 2008 Southeast Tournament  The State Championship match was won in over time against the Alpharetta Phoenix Rugby Football Club with a final score of 17-15  For the second year in a row, the Trojans finished with an 11-1 record, only losing in the Southeast Championship Final match to the Jesuit High School Rugby Club from New Orleans, Louisiana  The 2009 and 2010 carried on their winning traditions by finishing those seasons undefeated in state play, due to Phoenix playing illegal players who were over the age limits during the 2009 and 2010 state title games  In the 2010 season, the Trojans passed up the opportunity to play for the Southeast title and allowed Phoenix to go in their place, Phoenix eventually moved to Nationals  In 2011 the Trojans again took the Georgia Rugby State Champion title from Alpharetta Phoenix  The Trojan Rugby Football Club ended their 2011 spring regular season 8-0 and beat Phoenix Club 55-14 in the State Championship match at Walton High School  The Trojans attended the Southeast Championship in Sanford, Florida the weekend of April 30, 2011  Out of all of the teams attending, the Trojans were seated first overall for the tournament  The morning of Saturday, April 30 the Trojans won their first match against Brother Martin, from Louisiana, 27-0  Later that day the Trojans suffered their first loss of 2011 against Raleigh Rattlesnakes, from North Carolina, 12-26  On Sunday the Trojans lost their final match to the Tampa Barbarians, from Florida, 5-18, earning themselves the sixth-place position of the tournament  In 2016, the Trojans combined with local Pope and Walton high school rugby teams to form "East Cobb Rugby Club" 

Record
Trojans Rugby Football Club Record: 51 matches won and 6 matches lost with no draws  Along with a winning streak against competition inside the state of GA stretching from 2006-2011  Updated on 27 September 2011 

Notable players
Hanno Dirksen

Position: Fly Half (10), Center (12, 13), Wing (11, 14)
Teams: U17 USA team, St  Ives, Cornwall Men's team, Ospreys
Honors: Selected to play for the Under 17 age USA team in 2008  Contracted to the Ospreys


== Notes and references ==
Passage 4:
Aquinas Old Collegians Football Club
Aquinas Old Collegians Football Club, nicknamed the Bloods, is an amateur Australian rules football club in Ringwood, Victoria, playing in the Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA)  Previously called Aquinas Old Boys Football Club when it was founded in 1981, the club plays at Aquinas College  The club song is "We're a team of Champions", to the tune of "Join in the Chorus"  
The Bloods won the 1987 and 1996 Grand Finals and have played D1 football 
Aquinas won the Senior and Reserve D4 Premierships in 2017 and will be competing in D3 in 2018 
Passage 5:
Old Trafford, Greater Manchester
Old Trafford () is a football stadium in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England, and the home of Manchester United  With a capacity of 74,310 it is the largest club football stadium (and second-largest football stadium overall after Wembley Stadium) in the United Kingdom, and the eleventh-largest in Europe  It is about 0 5 miles (800 m) from Old Trafford Cricket Ground and the adjacent tram stop 
Nicknamed "The Theatre of Dreams" by Bobby Charlton, Old Trafford has been United's home ground since 1910, although from 1941 to 1949 the club shared Maine Road with local rivals Manchester City as a result of Second World War bomb damage  Old Trafford underwent several expansions in the 1990s and 2000s, including the addition of extra tiers to the North, West and East Stands, almost returning the stadium to its original capacity of 80,000  Future expansion is likely to involve the addition of a second tier to the South Stand, which would raise the capacity to around 88,000  The stadium's record attendance was recorded in 1939, when 76,962 spectators watched the FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town 
Old Trafford has hosted an FA Cup Final, two final replays and was regularly used as a neutral venue for the competition's semi-finals  It has also hosted England fixtures, matches at the 1966 World Cup, Euro 96 and the 2012 Summer Olympics, including women's international football for the first time in its history, and the 2003 Champions League Final  Outside football, it has been the venue for rugby league's annual Super League Grand Final every year except 2020, and the final of Rugby League World Cups in 2000, 2013 and 2022 

History
Construction and early years
Before 1902, Manchester United were known as Newton Heath, during which time they first played their football matches at North Road and then Bank Street in Clayton  However, both grounds were blighted by wretched conditions, the pitches ranging from gravel to marsh, while Bank Street suffered from clouds of fumes from its neighbouring factories  Therefore, following the club's rescue from near-bankruptcy and renaming, the new chairman John Henry Davies decided in 1909 that the Bank Street ground was not fit for a team that had recently won the First Division and FA Cup, so he donated funds for the construction of a new stadium  Not one to spend money frivolously, Davies scouted around Manchester for an appropriate site, before settling on a patch of land adjacent to the Bridgewater Canal, just off the north end of the Warwick Road in Old Trafford Designed by Scottish architect Archibald Leitch, who designed several other stadia, the ground was originally designed with a capacity of 100,000 spectators and featured seating in the south stand under cover, while the remaining three stands were left as terraces and uncovered  Including the purchase of the land, the construction of the stadium was originally to have cost £60,000 all told  However, as costs began to rise, to reach the intended capacity would have cost an extra £30,000 over the original estimate and, at the suggestion of club secretary J  J  Bentley, the capacity was reduced to approximately 80,000  Nevertheless, at a time when transfer fees were still around the £1,000 mark, the cost of construction only served to reinforce the club's "Moneybags United" epithet, with which they had been tarred since Davies had taken over as chairman In May 1908, Archibald Leitch wrote to the Cheshire Lines Committee (CLC) – who had a rail depot adjacent to the proposed site for the football ground – in an attempt to persuade them to subsidise construction of the grandstand alongside the railway line  The subsidy would have come to the sum of £10,000, to be paid back at the rate of £2,000 per annum for five years or half of the gate receipts for the grandstand each year until the loan was repaid  However, despite guarantees for the loan coming from the club itself and two local breweries, both chaired by club chairman John Henry Davies, the Cheshire Lines Committee turned the proposal down  The CLC had planned to build a new station adjacent to the new stadium, with the promise of an anticipated £2,750 per annum in fares offsetting the £9,800 cost of building the station  The station – Trafford Park – was eventually built, but further down the line than originally planned  The CLC later constructed a modest station with one timber-built platform immediately adjacent to the stadium and this opened on 21 August 1935  It was initially named United Football Ground, but was renamed Old Trafford Football Ground in early 1936  It was served on match days only by a shuttle service of steam trains from Manchester Central railway station  It is currently known as Manchester United Football Ground Construction was carried out by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester and development was completed in late 1909  The stadium hosted its inaugural game on 19 February 1910, with United playing host to Liverpool  However, the home side were unable to provide their fans with a win to mark the occasion, as Liverpool won 4–3  A journalist at the game reported the stadium as "the most handsomest [sic], the most spacious and the most remarkable arena I have ever seen  As a football ground it is unrivalled in the world, it is an honour to Manchester and the home of a team who can do wonders when they are so disposed" Before the construction of Wembley Stadium in 1923, the FA Cup Final was hosted by a number of different grounds around England including Old Trafford  The first of these was the 1911 FA Cup Final replay between Bradford City and Newcastle United, after the original tie at Crystal Palace finished as a no-score draw after extra time  Bradford won 1–0, the goal scored by Jimmy Speirs, in a match watched by 58,000 people  The ground's second FA Cup Final was the 1915 final between Sheffield United and Chelsea  Sheffield United won the match 3–0 in front of nearly 50,000 spectators, most of whom were in the military, leading to the final being nicknamed "the Khaki Cup Final"  On 27 December 1920, Old Trafford played host to its largest pre-Second World War attendance for a United league match, as 70,504 spectators watched the Red Devils lose 3–1 to Aston Villa  The ground hosted its first international football match later that decade, when England lost 1–0 to Scotland in front of 49,429 spectators on 17 April 1926  Unusually, the record attendance at Old Trafford is not for a Manchester United home game  Instead, on 25 March 1939, 76,962 people watched an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town 

Wartime bombing
In 1936, as part of a £35,000 refurbishment, an 80-yard-long roof was added to the United Road stand (now the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand) for the first time, while roofs were added to the south corners in 1938  Upon the outbreak of the Second World War, Old Trafford was requisitioned by the military to be used as a depot  Football continued to be played at the stadium, but a German bombing raid on Trafford Park on 22 December 1940 damaged the stadium to the extent that a Christmas day fixture against Stockport County had to be switched to Stockport's ground  Football resumed at Old Trafford on 8 March 1941, but another German raid on 11 March 1941 destroyed much of the stadium, notably the main stand (now the South Stand), forcing the club's operations to move to Cornbrook Cold Storage, owned by United chairman James W  Gibson  After pressure from Gibson, the War Damage Commission granted Manchester United £4,800 to remove the debris and £17,478 to rebuild the stands  During the reconstruction of the stadium, Manchester United played their "home" games at Maine Road, the home of their cross-town rivals, Manchester City, at a cost of £5,000 a year plus a percentage of the gate receipts  The club was now £15,000 in debt, not helped by the rental of Maine Road, and the Labour MP for Stoke, Ellis Smith, petitioned the Government to increase the club's compensation package, but it was in vain  Though Old Trafford was reopened, albeit without cover, in 1949, it meant that a league game had not been played at the stadium for nearly 10 years  United's first game back at Old Trafford was played on 24 August 1949, as 41,748 spectators witnessed a 3–0 victory over Bolton Wanderers 

Completion of the master plan
A roof was restored to the Main Stand by 1951 and, soon after, the three remaining stands were covered, the operation culminating with the addition of a roof to the Stretford End (now the West Stand) in 1959  The club also invested £40,000 in the installation of proper floodlighting, so that they would be able to use the stadium for the European games that were played in the late evening of weekdays, instead of having to play at Maine Road  In order to avoid obtrusive shadows being cast on the pitch, two sections of the Main Stand roof were cut away  The first match to be played under floodlights at Old Trafford was a First Division match between Manchester United and Bolton Wanderers on 25 March 1957 However, although the spectators would now be able to see the players at night, they still suffered from the problem of obstructed views caused by the pillars that supported the roofs  With the 1966 FIFA World Cup fast approaching, at which the stadium would host three group matches, this prompted the United directors to completely redesign the United Road (north) stand  The old roof pillars were replaced in 1965 with modern-style cantilevering on top of the roof, allowing every spectator a completely unobstructed view, while it was also expanded to hold 20,000 spectators (10,000 seated and 10,000 standing in front) at a cost of £350,000  The architects of the new stand, Mather and Nutter (now Atherden Fuller), rearranged the organisation of the stand to have terracing at the front, a larger seated area towards the back, and the first private boxes at a British football ground  The east stand – the only remaining uncovered stand – was developed in the same style in 1973  With the first two stands converted to cantilevers, the club's owners devised a long-term plan to do the same to the other two stands and convert the stadium into a bowl-like arena  Such an undertaking would serve to increase the atmosphere within the ground by containing the crowd's noise and focusing it onto the pitch, where the players would feel the full effects of a capacity crowd  Meanwhile, the stadium hosted its third FA Cup Final, hosting 62,078 spectators for the replay of the 1970 final between Chelsea and Leeds United; Chelsea won the match 2–1  The ground also hosted the second leg of the 1968 Intercontinental Cup, which saw Estudiantes de La Plata win the cup after a 1–1 draw  The 1970s saw the dramatic rise of football hooliganism in Britain, and a knife-throwing incident in 1971 forced the club to erect the country's first perimeter fence, restricting fans from the Old Trafford pitch 

Conversion to all-seater
With every subsequent improvement made to the ground since the Second World War, the capacity steadily declined  By the 1980s, the capacity had dropped from the original 80,000 to approximately 60,000  The capacity dropped still further in 1990, when the Taylor Report recommended, and the government demanded that all First and Second Division stadia be converted to all-seaters  This meant that £3–5 million plans to replace the Stretford End with a brand new stand with an all-standing terrace at the front and a cantilever roof to link with the rest of the ground had to be drastically altered  This forced redevelopment, including the removal of the terraces at the front of the other three stands, not only increased the cost to around £10 million, but also reduced the capacity of Old Trafford to an all-time low of around 44,000  In addition, the club was told in 1992 that they would only receive £1 4 million of a possible £2 million from the Football Trust to be put towards work related to the Taylor Report 
The club's resurgence in success and increase in popularity in the early 1990s ensured that further development would have to occur  In 1995, the 30-year-old North Stand was demolished and work quickly began on a new stand, to be ready in time for Old Trafford to host three group games, a quarter-final and a semi-final at Euro 96  The club purchased the Trafford Park trading estate, a 20-acre (81,000 m2) site on the other site of United Road, for £9 2 million in March 1995  Construction began in June 1995 and was completed by May 1996, with the first two of the three phases of the stand opening during the season  Designed by Atherden Fuller, with Hilstone Laurie as project and construction managers and Campbell Reith Hill as structural engineers, the new three-tiered stand cost a total of £18 65 million to build and had a capacity of about 25,500, raising the capacity of the entire ground to more than 55,000  The cantilever roof would also be the largest in Europe, measuring 58 5 m (192 ft) from the back wall to the front edge  Further success over the next few years guaranteed yet more development  First, a second tier was added to the East Stand  Opened in January 2000, the stadium's capacity was temporarily increased to about 61,000 until the opening of the West Stand's second tier, which added yet another 7,000 seats, bringing the capacity to 68,217  It was now not only the biggest club stadium in England but the biggest in all of the United Kingdom  Old Trafford hosted its first major European final three years later, playing host to the 2003 UEFA Champions League Final between Milan and Juventus 
From 2001 to 2007, following the demolition of the old Wembley Stadium, the England national football team was forced to play its games elsewhere  During that time, the team toured the country, playing their matches at various grounds from Villa Park in Birmingham to St James' Park in Newcastle  From 2003 to 2007, Old Trafford hosted 12 of England's 23 home matches, more than any other stadium  The latest international to be held at Old Trafford was England's 1–0 loss to Spain on 7 February 2007  The match was played in front of a crowd of 58,207 

2006 expansion
Old Trafford's most recent expansion, which took place between July 2005 and May 2006, saw an increase of around 8,000 seats with the addition of second tiers to both the north-west and north-east quadrants of the ground  Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006, when an attendance of 69,070 became a new Premier League record  The record continued to be pushed upwards before reaching its current peak on 31 March 2007, when 76,098 spectators saw United beat Blackburn Rovers 4–1, meaning that just 114 seats (0 15% of the total capacity of 76,212) were left unoccupied  In 2009, a reorganisation of the seating in the stadium resulted in a reduction of the capacity by 255 to 75,957, meaning that the club's home attendance record would stand at least until the next expansion 
Old Trafford celebrated its 100th anniversary on 19 February 2010  In recognition of the occasion, Manchester United's official website ran a feature in which a memorable moment from the stadium's history was highlighted on each of the 100 days leading up to the anniversary  From these 100 moments, the top 10 were chosen by a panel including club statistician Cliff Butler, journalist David Meek, and former players Pat Crerand and Wilf McGuinness  At Old Trafford itself, an art competition was run for pupils from three local schools to create their own depictions of the stadium in the past, present and future  Winning paintings were put on permanent display on the concourse of the Old Trafford family stand, and the winners were presented with awards by artist Harold Riley on 22 February  An exhibition about the stadium at the club museum was opened by former goalkeeper Jack Crompton and chief executive David Gill on 19 February  The exhibition highlighted the history of the stadium and features memorabilia from its past, including a programme from the inaugural match and a 1:220 scale model hand-built by model artist Peter Oldfield-Edwards  Finally, at Manchester United's home match against Fulham on 14 March, fans at the game received a replica copy of the programme from the first Old Trafford match, and half-time saw relatives of the players who took part in the first game – as well as those of the club chairman John Henry Davies and stadium architect Archibald Leitch – taking part in the burial of a time capsule of Manchester United memorabilia near the centre tunnel  Only relatives of winger Billy Meredith, wing-half Dick Duckworth and club secretary Ernest Mangnall could not be found Old Trafford was used as a venue for several matches in the football competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics  The stadium hosted five group games, a quarter-final and a semi-final in the men's tournament, and one group game and a semi-final in the women's tournament, the first women's international matches to be played there  Since 2006, Old Trafford has also been used as the venue for Soccer Aid, a biennial charity match initially organised by singer Robbie Williams and actor Jonathan Wilkes; however, in 2008, the match was played at Wembley Stadium 
On 27 March 2021, Old Trafford hosted its first game of the Manchester United women's team, with West Ham United as the opposition in the Women's Super League  Exactly one year on, Manchester United's women's team face Everton at Old Trafford in front of a crowd for the first time (the 2021 game was behind closed doors due to the COVID-19 pandemic)  A crowd of 20,241 attended the match, marking the highest home attendance of the women's team, and saw Manchester United come out with a 3–1 victory On 6 July 2022, Old Trafford hosted the opening match of UEFA Women's Euro 2022 between England and Austria, in front of a record attendance for the Women's European Championships of 68,871 – the second highest women's football attendance in the United Kingdom Old Trafford was included in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland's shortlist of stadiums to host UEFA Euro 2028 however was not included on the final list of 10 

Structure and facilities
The Old Trafford pitch is surrounded by four covered all-seater stands, officially known as the Sir Alex Ferguson (North), East, Sir Bobby Charlton (South) and West Stands  Each stand has at least two tiers, with the exception of the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand, which only has one tier due to construction restrictions  The bottom tier of each stand is split into Lower and Upper sections, the Lower sections having been converted from terracing in the early 1990s 

Sir Alex Ferguson Stand
The Sir Alex Ferguson Stand, formerly known as the United Road stand and the North Stand, runs over the top of United Road  The stand is three tiers tall, and can hold about 26,000 spectators, the most of the four stands  It can also accommodate a few fans in executive boxes and hospitality suites  It opened in its current state in 1996, having previously been a single-tiered stand  As the ground's main stand, it houses many of the ground's more popular facilities, including the Red Café (a Manchester United theme restaurant/bar) and the Manchester United museum and trophy room  Originally opened in 1986 as the first of its kind in the world, the Manchester United museum was in the south-east corner of the ground until it moved to the redeveloped North Stand in 1998  The museum was opened by Pelé on 11 April 1998, since when numbers of visitors have jumped from 192,000 in 1998 to more than 300,000 visitors in 2009 
The North Stand was renamed as the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand on 5 November 2011, in honour of Alex Ferguson's 25 years as manager of the club  A 9-foot (2 7 m) statue of Ferguson, sculpted by Philip Jackson, was erected outside the stand on 23 November 2012 in recognition of his status as Manchester United's longest-serving manager 

Sir Bobby Charlton Stand
Opposite the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand is the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand, formerly Old Trafford's main stand and previously known as the South Stand  Although only a single-tiered stand, the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand contains most of the ground's executive suites, and also plays host to any VIPs who may come to watch the match  Members of the media are seated in the middle of the Upper South Stand to give them the best view of the match  The television gantry is also in the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand, so the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand is the one that gets shown on television least often  Television studios are located at either end of the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand, with the club's in-house television station, MUTV, in the East studio and other television stations, such as the BBC and Sky, in the West studio 
The dugout is in the centre of the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand, raised above pitch level to give the manager and his coaches an elevated view of the game  Each team's dugout flanks the old players' tunnel, which was used until 1993  The old tunnel is the only remaining part of the original 1910 stadium, having survived the bombing that destroyed much of the stadium during the Second World War  On 6 February 2008, the tunnel was renamed the Munich Tunnel, as a memorial for the 50th anniversary of the 1958 Munich air disaster  The current tunnel is in the South-West corner of the ground, and doubles as an entrance for the emergency services  If large vehicles require access, then the seating above the tunnel can be raised by up to 25 feet (7 6 m)  The tunnel leads up to the players' dressing room, via the television interview area, and the players' lounge  Both the home and away dressing rooms were re-furbished for the 2018–19 season, and the corridor leading to the two was widened and separated to keep the opposing teams apart On 3 April 2016, the South Stand was renamed the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand before kick-off of the Premier League home match against Everton, in honour of former Manchester United player Sir Bobby Charlton, who made his Manchester United debut 60 years earlier 

West Stand
Perhaps the best-known stand at Old Trafford is the West Stand, also known as the Stretford End  Traditionally, the stand is where the hard-core United fans are located, and also the ones who make the most noise  Originally designed to hold 20,000 fans, the Stretford End was the last stand to be covered and also the last remaining all-terraced stand at the ground before the forced upgrade to seating in the early 1990s  The reconstruction of the Stretford End, which took place during the 1992–93 season, was carried out by Alfred McAlpine  When the second tier was added to the Stretford End in 2000, many fans from the old "K Stand" moved there, and decided to hang banners and flags from the barrier at the front of the tier



ground_truth: yes

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: A wide receiver for the Toronto Argonauts played college football for a team that represents the University of Oklahoma, which belongs to what conference?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Chad Plummer
Chad J  Plummer (born November 30, 1975) is a former American and Canadian football wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL)  He was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the sixth round of the 1999 NFL Draft  He also played for the Indianapolis Colts, Toronto Argonauts, Winnipeg Blue Bombers and Hamilton Tiger-Cats  He played college football at Cincinnati as a quarterback and wide receiver  He was the MVP of the 1997 Humanitarian Bowl 
Passage 2:
Mike Eben
Michael Eben (born January 29, 1946) is a former wide receiver who played ten seasons in the Canadian Football League, mainly for the Toronto Argonauts  Eben also played for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Ottawa Rough Riders and Edmonton Eskimos  Eben was initially drafted by the BC Lions in 1968 as the first overall draft pick in the CFL draft  Eben played college football at the University of Toronto and won the Hec Crighton Trophy in 1967 as the most outstanding Canadian university player  While playing professional football he earned his doctorate in German literature from the University of Toronto 
He taught at Upper Canada College for 22 years  Eben taught French at Sterling Hall School, an independent school in Toronto, Canada following his retirement from UCC  He now consults at various schools in the Toronto area  Married with two children, Eben has been doing voice over work and narration for radio and television for more than fifteen years  He has done numerous commercials, sports promotions and recently was a German translator on the 10 part series "The Greatest Tank Battles" featured on The History Channel 

External links
MIKE EBEN (1968-69, 71-77)
Passage 3:
Arland Bruce III
Arland Richard Bruce III (born November 23, 1977) is a former Canadian football wide receiver  He is a two-time Grey Cup champion, having won in 2004 with the Toronto Argonauts and in 2011 with the Lions  He has played 10 seasons in the CFL with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Toronto Argonauts, Hamilton Tiger-Cats and BC Lions  During the 2011 season, he became the 14th CFL receiver to record over 10,000 yards receiving in a career 

High school career
Bruce attended Olathe North High School in Olathe, Kansas, and was a letterman in football  As a senior, he was a BlueChip Illustrated Top-100 pick, the Kansas State Player of the Year, and finished the year with 1,696 rushing yards   Bruce finished his high school career with more than 3,000 rushing yards and 50 touchdowns 

Junior college career
Bruce then attended Hutchinson Community College in Hutchinson, Kansas  As a freshman, he was named a First-team All-American selection and rushed for over 1,000 yards  During his sophomore season, he ran for 997 yards and 10 touchdowns and was named a Second-team All-American selection 

NCAA Division I-A career
Bruce played college football for the University of Minnesota   As a senior, he helped lead his team to an 8–3 record and a Sun Bowl berth 

Professional career
Kansas City Chiefs
On April 19, 2000, Bruce was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs only to be cut by the team later on 

Winnipeg Blue Bombers
On May 1, 2001, Bruce joined the CFL's Winnipeg Blue Bombers where he got his first opportunity as a professional to receive significant playing time, playing in all 18 regular season games   In his rookie season, Bruce had 818 receiving yards with 7 touchdowns   His team went on to play in the Grey Cup championship, only to lose to the Calgary Stampeders 
In 2002, Bruce surpassed the 1000 yard receiving mark by amassing 1062 receiving yards with 12 touchdowns in 17 games 

San Francisco 49ers
In 2003, Bruce returned to the U S  to try his luck once more with the NFL   On March 3 of that year, he signed with the San Francisco 49ers where he spent much of his playing time on special teams 

Toronto Argonauts
In 2004, after being released by the 49ers following their training camp, Bruce returned to the CFL with the Toronto Argonauts, signing with them on September 3, more than halfway through the CFL season and just shortly before their Labour Day Classic game against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in which he played   For the remaining seven games in the regular season, Bruce had 247 receiving yards with just one touchdown   In addition to playing receiver, Bruce also served as one of two kick returners on the team alongside incumbent Bashir Levingston   In that role, Bruce returned two kick returns for touchdowns that season   In the East Division final, Bruce led all receivers with 12 receptions for 101 yards, and returned a kickoff 97 yards for a touchdown in the first quarter, helping the Argonauts advance to the Grey Cup championship that year   In the big game, the kick returning threat of both Bruce & Levingston induced the opposing BC Lions to punt the ball out of bounds for much of the game to neutralize the threat   In addition, Bruce was once again a go to receiver amassing 79 yards on 5 receptions   Bruce and the Argos went on to win the Grey Cup 

In 2005, Bruce established himself as the Argonauts top receiver with 1205 receiving yards and 11 touchdowns   In that same year, Bruce was named an East division all-star marking the first time in his CFL career he had ever been named to an all-star team 
In 2008, after acquiring a touchdown against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Bruce was fined an undisclosed amount by the CFL for donning a Spider-Man mask during his touchdown celebration In 2009, he received two objectionable conduct penalties and an undisclosed fine from the CFL for a touchdown celebration against the Tiger-Cats on July 1, in which he removed his helmet, jersey, and shoulder pads, and laid down in the end zone in what he said was a tribute to the recently deceased pop star, Michael Jackson  The Argonauts publicly supported the fine and disciplined Bruce additionally and he apologized to teammates at a team meeting the following day  Head coach Bart Andrus took some responsibility on himself, however, noting that, "I made the mistake of telling him in camp that once he got to the end zone I didn't care what he did but he's straight with it now and I think next time around he will celebrate in an appropriate manner "

Hamilton Tiger-Cats
On July 29, 2009, Bruce was traded to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in exchange for the rights to Corey Mace, a third round pick in the 2010 CFL Draft, and a conditional third round pick in the 2011 CFL Draft a week after a dispute with coach Andrus became public and Bruce was left home for the Week 4 game in Winnipeg In July 2011, Bruce declared his intention to change his name to "Runako Reth" 

BC Lions
On August 3, 2011, Bruce was traded to the BC Lions in exchange for a third-round draft pick in the 2012 CFL Draft and an additional conditional draft pick in the 2013 CFL Draft  Bruce had a productive season with the Lions, recording 49 catches for 755 yards and eight touchdowns in 12 games  In the 99th Grey Cup game against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, he had 73 yards receiving and a touchdown and won his second championship  During the following off-season, he signed a contract extension with the Lions  On January 18, 2013, Bruce was released by the BC Lions 

Montreal Alouettes
On January 21, 2013, Bruce signed with the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League  Arland Bruce had a respectable 2013 season with the Alouettes  He contributed 64 pass receptions, his most since 2010, for 851 yards with 5 touchdowns  In February 2014, Bruce was fined an undisclosed amount by the CFL following his Instagram post in which he told openly gay NFL prospect Michael Sam to, "get on his knees and submit to God fully"  Bruce was released by the Alouettes in late February  Bruce's high salary along with the belief that new head coach Tom Higgins would start two Canadian wide receivers were cited as the reasons for his dismissal 

Statistics
Personal life
His parents are Yolanda Bruce and Arland Richard Bruce Jr  Bruce was married to Linda Bruce, their children include three sons named Arland Bruce IV, Aiden Bruce, and Akobi Bruce  He has two sisters Denise (Kansas) and Kama (California) and one brother Bryson (North Carolina)  Bruce is the cousin of former NFL wide receiver Isaac Bruce 
Passage 4:
Oklahoma Sooners football
The Oklahoma Sooners football program is a college football team that represents the University of Oklahoma (variously "Oklahoma" or "OU")  The team is a member of the Big 12 Conference, which is in Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)  The program began in 1895 and is one of the most successful in history, having won 934 games and possessing a  725 winning percentage, both sixth all time  As of the end of the 2022 season, Oklahoma has appeared in the AP poll 882 times, including 101 No  1 rankings, both third all time 
The program claims seven national championships, 50 conference championships, 167 first-team All-Americans (82 consensus), and seven Heisman Trophy winners  In addition, the school has had 29 former players and coaches inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and holds the record for the longest winning streak in Division I history with 47 straight victories  Oklahoma is also the only program with which four coaches have won more than 100 games each The Sooners play their home games at Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Oklahoma  Brent Venables is the head coach and has served since 2022 
On July 26, 2021, while showing interest in joining the Southeastern Conference (SEC), the University of Oklahoma and the University of Texas sent a joint letter of intent to the Big 12 Conference stating that they do not intend to extend their media rights contracts with the conference, which are set to expire after the 2024 season  In February 2023, the Big 12 announced that the schools had negotiated a combined $100 million early termination fee in order to leave for the SEC in 2024, prior to the expiration of the media rights deals and a year earlier than initially intended 

History
Early history (1895–1904)
The first football game in the university's history was played on December 14, 1895, 12 years before Oklahoma became a state  The team was organized by John A  Harts, a student from Winfield, Kansas who had played the game in his home state  Oklahoma was shut out 34–0 by a more experienced team from the Oklahoma City High School in what was the Sooners' only game that season  Oklahoma failed to record a first down throughout the entire game, which was played on a field of low prairie grass just Northwest of the current site of Holmberg Hall  Several members of the Oklahoma team were injured, including Harts; by the end of the game, the Oklahoma team was borrowing members from the opposing squad so they would have a full lineup  After that year, Harts left Oklahoma to become a gold prospector 

After playing two games without a coach in 1896, a professor named Vernon Louis Parrington became head coach in 1897  Parrington had played football at Harvard and was more exposed to the game, having come from the East Coast  In his four years as head coach, Parrington's teams recorded nine wins, two losses, and one tie  After the 1900 season, football began interfering with Parrington's teaching, and he stepped down as head coach  He would go on to win the Pulitzer Prize for History in 1928 at the University of Washington The Sooners had three more coaches over the next four seasons, beginning with Fred Roberts, who led the Sooners to a 3–2 record in 1901  Mark McMahon followed, finishing 11–7–3 in his two years as coach in 1902 and 1903  Fred Ewing followed McMahon, achieving a 4–3–1 record in 1904  The 1904 season marked the first game between Oklahoma and in-state rival Oklahoma A&M  The game was played on November 6 at Mineral Wells Park in Guthrie, Oklahoma, with Oklahoma winning 75–0  The game was the first football matchup in the Bedlam Series, the athletic rivalry between the University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University 

Bennie Owen era (1905–1926)
After a decade of football, the program acquired its first long-term head coach in Bennie Owen, a former quarterback of the undefeated 1899 Kansas Jayhawks team led by coach Fielding H  Yost  Owen had previously coached under Yost at Michigan, and his Bethany College teams had defeated Oklahoma in 1903 and 1904 

Owen's first two years at Oklahoma were spent between Norman and Arkansas City since Oklahoma lacked a large enough budget to employ him all year  As a result of these budgetary limitations, Owen would occasionally schedule up to three road games in a single short trip, exhausting his players in the process  However, even early in his tenure, Owen's teams found success  In 1905, Oklahoma won its first victory over rival Texas, winning the eighth meeting between the two schools by a 2–0 margin  In 1908, the Sooners went 8–1–1, losing only to the undefeated Kansas Jayhawks  Owen's 1908 team relied on hand-offs to large runners, as the forward pass was just becoming common  In contrast, his 1911 team had several small and fast players that the quarterback would pass to directly  That team finished 8–0 Oklahoma had undefeated seasons in 1915 and 1918  In 1920, the Sooners moved to the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association after three seasons in the Southwest Conference, of which it was a founding member  In the new conference, they went 6–0–1, tying only Kansas State  Owen retired after the 1926 season  During his 22-year career at Oklahoma, he went 122–54–16 ( 677), won three conference championships, and achieved four undefeated seasons  In 1951, the inaugural year of the College Football Hall of Fame, he became Oklahoma's first inductee 

Between Owen and Wilkinson (1927–1946)
In 1927, Adrian Lindsey became Oklahoma's first new head coach in over two decades  Like Owen, Lindsey had played football at Kansas and been the head coach at Bethany College prior to his arrival in Norman  However, he was unable to achieve Owen's success, resigning quietly after a five-year tenure  The Sooners achieved a notable win in 1930, defeating Nebraska 20–7 in the Cornhuskers' worst in-conference loss in two decades  Despite this achievement, Lindsey finished an inconsistent stint in Norman with a 19–19–6 record Following Lindsey's resignation, Owen, who had remained Oklahoma's athletic director after his retirement from coaching, hired Vanderbilt backfield coach Lewie Hardage as head coach  Upon his hire, Hardage emphasized speed by fabricating new lighter uniforms and trimming the grass on Owen Field  However, in three seasons he failed to produce a successful team  His final record at Oklahoma was 11–12–4, making him the first coach in program history with a losing record aside from John A  Harts, who only coached a single game 

Although the next head coach, Lawrence "Biff" Jones, went an unspectacular 9–6–3 across two seasons, his impact on the athletic department's administration and finances was significant  Jones was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1954 following a career that also included coaching stints at Army, LSU, and Nebraska  After his departure from Norman, assistant coach Tom Stidham became head coach  In 1938, Stidham led the team to a 10–1 record, a fourth-place finish in the final AP poll, and the first bowl game in school history, a 17–0 Orange Bowl loss to undefeated Tennessee  Although Stidham's other teams would not be as successful, he left Oklahoma after four seasons with a  750 winning percentage, the highest of any coach since Vernon Louis Parrington ( 792) Stidham left for Marquette in 1941, and assistant coach Dewey "Snorter" Luster succeeded him  After Luster's first season, a 6–3 campaign, with the United States having entered World War II, many players left the team to join the military  The Sooners regressed to a 3–5–2 record in 1942 but rebounded to finish 7–2 in 1943 and 6–3–1 in 1944  Luster stepped down after the 1945 season due to ill health  He attained a 27–18–3 record in five seasons at Oklahoma, and his teams never finished below second place in the Big Six  However, despite two conference championships, the Sooners were not invited to a bowl game during Luster's tenure After Luster's resignation, several candidates were interviewed for the head coaching job, among them North Carolina native Jim Tatum  Tatum was joined at his interview by his assistant, Bud Wilkinson, with whom athletic director Lawrence Haskell was more impressed  However, it was decided that usurping Tatum and giving the job to Wilkinson would be unethical  Tatum was hired as head coach, with Wilkinson joining the staff as an assistant, over several other coaches, including Bear Bryant  The 1946 season saw the Sooners finish 8–3, including a 73–12 Bedlam Series win and a victory over NC State in the Gator Bowl  Tatum left Oklahoma after one season to accept the head coach position at Maryland 

Bud Wilkinson era (1947–1963)
Following Tatum's departure, Bud Wilkinson was promoted to head coach 
In his first season, the Sooners went 7–2–1 and shared the conference title with Kansas for the second year in a row  Over the next two years, Oklahoma lost only a single game and went undefeated in conference play, winning two straight Sugar Bowls  In 1949, despite going undefeated and winning the Sugar Bowl, the Sooners were not awarded the national championship, which went to the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, though they did not play in a bowl game  At the time, however, most major championship selectors, including the AP and Coaches Polls, did not consider bowl game results when deciding their champion In 1950, Wilkinson guided the Sooners to their first national championship, though they lost the Sugar Bowl to Bear Bryant's Kentucky team  That loss was the Sooners' first since a season-opening defeat to Santa Clara in 1948, 31 games earlier  The team's success began to influence the culture of football at the university  "People talk a lot about the tradition of football at Oklahoma  The person who started that tradition was Bud Wilkinson," Oklahoma native and Hall of Fame wide receiver Steve Largent later said  In 1951, while seeking funding to improve the school, university president George Lynn Cross told the Oklahoma legislature that he "would like to build a university of which the football team would be proud "In 1952, Oklahoma had its first Heisman Trophy winner in halfback Billy Vessels, a local player from Cleveland, Oklahoma  Vessels became the first thousand-yard rusher to win the Heisman and scored 18 touchdowns for the Sooners, who finished 8–1–1, their only loss coming on the road to Notre Dame  The 1953 team would open the season with a loss to the Fighting Irish and a tie with Pitt 

47-game winning streak
The Sooners went undefeated for the remainder of the 1953 season, culminating in an Orange Bowl victory over national champions Maryland, coached by Jim Tatum  They went 10–0 in 1954 and 11–0 in 1955, concluding the latter season with another Orange Bowl win over Tatum and Maryland  The Sooners won the national championship in 1955 and repeated the feat in 1956, when they went 10–0, including a 40–0 rout of Notre Dame that marked the 35th win in the streak At the start of the 1957 season, with the streak standing at 40 games, speculation arose that the team was not as good as it had been in previous years, having lost 18 lettermen from 1956  Wilkinson commented that "this year we'll have to work faster and organize better than ever before " The Sooners won their first seven games that year, but fell to Notre Dame on November 16, suffering their first defeat in more than three years The record of 47 consecutive wins has never been seriously threatened; since it ended, no FBS school has achieved a streak longer than 35 wins  During the streak, the Sooners outscored their opponents 1620–269 and recorded 23 shutouts  In addition to their back-to-back national championships during the streak, the Sooners won 14 straight conference titles from 1946 to 1959, one under Jim Tatum and 13 under Wilkinson  Oklahoma went undefeated in conference play from November 23, 1946, to October 31, 1959; their record was only blemished by two ties 

Dominance and decline
Wilkinson's best teams came during the first 11 years of his tenure  In that time, he recorded winning streaks of 31 and 47 games and went 114–10–3 for a  909 winning percentage  After a pair of one-loss seasons in 1957 and 1958, the Sooners fell to 7–3 in 1959, then 3–6–1 in 1960  Oklahoma would finish that season unranked, the first time that they had done so under Wilkinson  They finished unranked in 1961 as well, and although they rebounded to secure a conference championship in 1962, the Sooners were unable to replicate the success of the previous decade  Wilkinson retired from coaching after the 1963 season, finishing with a record of 145–29–4, 14 conference titles, and 123 straight games without being shut out  He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1969 

Prentice Gautt
During Wilkinson's tenure, Prentice Gautt became the first black football player at the University of Oklahoma  Gautt had been a superior student in high school, where during his junior and senior years he had helped his team amass a 31-game winning streak  He was also the first black player to participate in the Oklahoma state all-star game  Some members of Gautt's team did not want to play with him; one player even left Oklahoma because he refused to play with an African American  However, most of the team had his support  After a freshman game in Tulsa, when Gautt was refused service at a restaurant, his teammates left and found a restaurant that would serve him  Gautt was twice named to the All-Conference team and scored a touchdown in the 1959 Orange Bowl 

Jones, Mackenzie, and Fairbanks (1964–1972)
Following Wilkinson's retirement, his assistant coach, Gomer Jones, was promoted to head coach, a move supported by Wilkinson  His first year was a sharp contrast from Wilkinson's early years; the Sooners went 6–4–1  Less than a month before the team's Gator Bowl loss to Florida State, it was discovered that four starters had signed professional football contracts before their college eligibility had expired, and they were dismissed from the team Following a 3–7 season in his second year as head coach, Oklahoma's worst record since its inaugural season in 1895, Jones was replaced by Arkansas assistant Jim Mackenzie  Seeking discipline from his players, Mackenzie set a curfew and required them to enroll in a physical education class  His first team went 6–4, including a win in the Red River Showdown over a rival Texas team coached by former Oklahoma defensive back Darrell Royal, their first win over Texas since 1957  They also beat rival Nebraska, then ranked fourth in the nation, by a score of 10–9  On April 28, 1967, at the age of 37, Mackenzie died of a heart attack Assistant coach Chuck Fairbanks succeeded Mackenzie, and in 1967, the Sooners went 10–1, including a 26–24 win over second-ranked Tennessee in the Orange Bowl  The Sooners finished the season ranked third in the country  The Sooners lost four games in each of the next three seasons, with highlights including Steve Owens becoming the Sooners' second Heisman Trophy winner in 1969 

The wishbone offense
In the 1970s, several college football teams began implementing the wishbone offense, a run-based scheme designed to expand the possibilities of the option offense by placing three rushers in the backfield behind the quarterback  In a traditional option play, the quarterback determines which rusher carries the ball by reading the alignment of the defense  The wishbone relies on the triple option, in which the quarterback has three potential candidates to carry the ball (himself and two backfield rushers)  One innovation of the wishbone was to place a third rusher in the backfield to serve as a lead blocker  Head coach Fairbanks and offensive coordinator Barry Switzer were among the early adopters of the wishbone and used it to widespread success in Norman  Their 1970 team tied an Alabama squad that also used the wishbone in the Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl  During the next season, the Sooners beat No  17 USC, No  3 Texas and No  6 Colorado in consecutive weeks  After these wins, Oklahoma was ranked second in the country ahead of a "Game of the Century" matchup against top-ranked Nebraska  On November 25, Nebraska edged Oklahoma, 35–31, Oklahoma's only loss of the season  Nebraska went on to win the national championship with a 13–0 record, while Oklahoma went on to beat No  5 Auburn in the Sugar Bowl to finish the season ranked second  Led by quarterback Jack Mildren and running back Greg Pruitt, Oklahoma's wishbone offense averaged 44 5 points per game, at the time the second most in team history  The offense gained 472 36 rushing yards per game, an FBS record that still stands  Pruitt averaged nine yards per carry, and Mildren's performance led to his adopting the moniker "the Godfather of the Wishbone "In 1972, the Sooners went 11–1, finishing the year at No  2 after a Sugar Bowl victory over Penn State  Following the season, Fairbanks left Oklahoma to become the head coach of the New England Patriots 

Barry Switzer era (1973–1988)
Switzer ascended to head coach following the departure of Fairbanks  His tenure began with a scandal when the university self-reported violations involving the alteration of a player's high school transcript  Although the Sooners forfeited eight games from the 1972 season, the university now recognizes the wins and the Big Eight Conference championship won that year 
The Big Eight punished the team with a two-year bowl ban beginning in 1973 and a two-year ban on television appearances beginning in 1974  During the next three years, while the bans were in place, Oklahoma went 32–1–1 and won three straight conference championships  They claimed back-to-back national championships in 1974 and 1975, the two years in which they could not appear on television during the regular season  As it was a postseason game, NBC did air Oklahoma's 1976 Orange Bowl win over Michigan, which secured the team's fifth national championship Oklahoma performed exceptionally well during their probation  In 1973, the Sooners had seven ranked teams on their 11-game schedule and beat six of them, tying No  1 USC and finishing the year undefeated  In 1974, the run-heavy wishbone offense averaged 43 points per game and set an FBS record that still stands with 73 91 rushing attempts per game  In both 1974 and 1975, the team had six players rush for over 300 yards, with Joe Washington earning All-America honors in both seasons as the team's rushing leader  Additionally, due to the frequency of quarterback rushes in the wishbone, signal caller Steve Davis rushed for more yards than he passed in both seasons Following the 1975 season, several key players left the team  Defensive tackle Lee Roy Selmon was selected first overall in the 1976 NFL Draft, and Washington was taken three picks later  Davis departed and was replaced at quarterback by Dean Blevins, who was unable to match his predecessor's contributions in the running game  In 1978, Oklahoma would get their third Heisman Trophy winner in running back Billy Sims, who rushed for 1,896 yards and broke the Big Eight regular season rushing record  The Sooners finished third in the final AP poll after an Orange Bowl victory over Nebraska, the closest they came to a national championship in the second half of the 1970s  Despite never losing more than two games in any season during the these years, Oklahoma never finished in the top two in the final AP poll During the 1970s, Switzer's teams went 73–7–2 in seven years, and the Sooners won the Big Eight every year from 1972 to 1980  However, during the early 1980s, the team's performance worsened  They lost four games each in 1981, 1982, and 1983  In 1984, the team improved to 9–2–1 and defeated Nebraska when the Cornhuskers were ranked No  1 in the country  The win allowed Oklahoma to claim a share of the conference championship and receive an Orange Bowl bid against Washington, which they subsequently lost Switzer's teams returned to contention for the national championship during the next three seasons, earning an 11–1 record and a Big Eight title in each  However, in all three years, the Sooners lost to Miami, directly costing them the opportunity to win at least one championship  In 1985, the Sooners won the national championship despite their loss, rebounding to defeat top-ranked Penn State in the Orange Bowl  In 1986, the Sooners won another Orange Bowl but finished No  3 behind Penn State and Miami, who had faced each other for the championship in the Fiesta Bowl with the Nittany Lions emerging victorious  1987 saw the Sooners play in two No  1 vs  No  2 games in a row, defeating top-ranked Nebraska to end their regular season undefeated before facing Miami the Orange Bowl to decide the national title  No  2 Miami defeated the Sooners, who had risen to the top of the polls following the Nebraska game, 20–14  In 1988, the Sooners finished 9–3, with highlights including a 70–24 win against Kansas State in which the team rushed for 768 yards, which remains an FBS record Switzer's tenure ended in scandal  After the 1988 season, the NCAA placed the Sooners on probation for violating several rules, including offering improper benefits to players and recruits  In one example, a recruit was offered $1,000 to enroll at the university  It was determined that Switzer had personally paid for rental cars for students entertaining recruits on campus  Meanwhile, several of his players were in trouble with the law  Despite knowing that certain players had problems with alcohol or drugs, Switzer had recruited them anyway due to their talent  Notable players Charles Thompson and Brian Bosworth were found to be involved with drugs or steroids  Switzer's home was robbed in 1989, and Thompson was alleged to be one of the burglars  On multiple occasions, players were caught attempting to sell cocaine to undercover agents  A shooting and a gang rape took place in the athletic dorm within eight days of each other; two players were later convicted for the rape  Former Sooner Jim Riley later said that amid the turmoil, "Barry was just trying to keep it together "The probation lasted three years, including a two-year bowl ban, a one-year television ban, and a two-year reduction in scholarships  Facing immense pressure to resign, Switzer stepped down as head coach in 1989  He finished his tenure in Norman with a 157–29–4 record, an  837 winning percentage, 12 conference championships, and three national titles 

Gibbs, Schnellenberger, and Blake (1989–1998)
Switzer's ouster marked the beginning of what Stan Dorsey, writing for The Sporting News, called "a pratfall of unspeakable scope and unfathomable dimension" for the Sooners  Defensive coordinator Gary Gibbs was promoted to head coach  Dorsey characterized Gibbs as being uncomfortable around alumni and the media, as well as with being a head coach in general  During his six-year tenure, while Oklahoma attempted to recover from probation, the team finished a combined 44–23–2, never reaching higher than second in the conference or No  16 in the final AP poll  Gibbs punctuated a middling record with losses to Oklahoma's rivals; the Sooners went a combined 2–15–1 against Texas, Nebraska, and Colorado during his tenure  He announced his resignation prior to the end of the 1994 season Gibbs was replaced by Howard Schnellenberger, whose resume included a national championship at Miami  Convinced that the 1994 Copper Bowl loss to BYU was "clearly the lowest point in the great history of Oklahoma football," Schnellenberger sought to reshape the program, beginning by ordering files from previous seasons to be thrown out  Instead, they were archived without his knowledge  Schnellenberger often said that "they will write books and make movies about my time [at Oklahoma]," and his first team started out well  The Sooners rose to No  10 in the AP poll after three wins to begin the 1995 season, but a home loss to fourth-ranked Colorado started a 2–5–1 stretch to finish the year  The season ended with shutout losses to Oklahoma State and national champions Nebraska  Schnellenberger resigned after one season in Norman, having failed to live up to his own expectations for success Oklahoma then hired former player John Blake as head coach  Although he was Switzer's preferred candidate, Blake had very little experience, having never previously held a head coach or coordinator position  In the 101 years preceding Blake's hire, Oklahoma had nine losing seasons  Under Blake, the Sooners had three losing seasons in three years  The team's eight losses in 1996 set a team record that was matched the following season  Blake's 12–22 record gave him the worst winning percentage of any Oklahoma head coach since the single-game tenure of John A  Harts in 1895  He was fired after presiding over the worst three-year stretch in team history Despite his poor record as head coach, Blake contributed to success after his tenure by recruiting several players who would help achieve more favorable results for his successor  Future NFL players Roy Williams and Rocky Calmus were key starters on teams that returned the Sooners to national prominence under Bob Stoops 

Bob Stoops era (1999–2016)
Under pressure to find a head coach who would turn the program around, athletic director Joe Castiglione vetted each candidate personally  He eventually selected Stoops, then the defensive coordinator at Florida, who improved the Sooners to 7–5 in his first season 

Perennial BCS contention
Oklahoma began the 2000 season ranked No  19 in the AP poll, their first preseason AP poll appearance in five years  After a 4–0 start, the Sooners defeated No  11 Texas 63–14; running back Quentin Griffin broke a school record with six rushing touchdowns in the game  The next week, the Sooners beat No  2 Kansas State 41–31, then defeated top-ranked Nebraska 31–14 two weeks later  The Sooners finished the regular season undefeated and beat Kansas State in the conference championship game to win their first conference title since 1987  In the years since that victory, the Big Eight had dissolved and the Sooners had joined its successor conference, the Big 12  Additionally, the BCS format had been established, with each season culminating in a national championship game between the top two teams in the system's rankings  Oklahoma was ranked No  1 following the conference championship win and played Florida State in the Orange Bowl for the BCS title  The Sooners defeated the heavily favored Seminoles 13–2 to claim the school's seventh national championship  The team produced consensus All-Americans for the first time since 1988, including quarterback Josh Heupel, who finished runner-up for the Heisman in one of the closest votes in the award's history to that point The influence of John Blake's recruiting classes on the championship would be a difficult question for Stoops, even years after the title  More than half of the 2000 team's starters were recruited by Blake, although Stoops brought in the quarterback (Heupel) and running back (Griffin)  Despite continued success throughout the rest of his tenure in Norman, Stoops never won another national championship after 2000 
The following years saw Oklahoma contend for conference and national championships while qualifying for major bowl games  In 2001, after rivalry losses to Nebraska and Oklahoma State, Oklahoma did not earn a spot in the conference championship game, but the Sooners were granted a Cotton Bowl Classic berth, their first in school history, against unranked Arkansas and won 10–3  In 2002, the Sooners won the Big 12 and advanced to the Rose Bowl for the first time, defeating No  7 Washington State 34–14 

Oklahoma went undefeated in the regular season in both 2003 and 2004  2003 included a 77–0 defeat of 2003 Texas A&M and a 65–13 defeat of Texas, the latter being the biggest win in Red River Showdown history  Led by Heisman Trophy winner Jason White, the team was ranked No  1 in every AP poll of the season until an upset in the Big 12 Championship Game by Kansas State dropped them to third  However, the Sooners were ranked first in the BCS rankings and were thus able to play for the national championship in the Sugar Bowl  They were defeated 21–14 by LSU  White, a Tuttle, Oklahoma native, threw for 3,846 yards and 40 touchdowns in his Heisman campaign but was kept in check by the LSU defense, completing just over 35 percent of his passes and throwing two interceptions  The next year, freshman running back Adrian Peterson emerged as a star with 1,925 yards and 15 touchdowns on the ground  The AP, Coaches Poll, and BCS all ranked USC at No  1 and Oklahoma at No  2 in every poll of the season until the two undefeated conference champions met in the Orange Bowl for the national championship  Oklahoma would lose their second straight national championship game, and Peterson would finish second in Heisman voting behind USC quarterback Matt Leinart  Following the season, several key players departed as 10 Sooners were selected in the 2005 NFL Draft, more than any other school 

Postseason letdowns
The 2005 season saw Oklahoma fall out of the AP poll for the first time since the 1999 season en route to an 8–4 record and a Holiday Bowl victory over No  6 Oregon  In both 2006 and 2007, the Sooners won the Big 12 but suffered upset losses in their bowl games  In the 2007 Fiesta Bowl, the Sooners lost a back-and-forth game in overtime when Boise State executed a Statue of Liberty play on a two-point conversion attempt to win 43–42  Oklahoma qualified for the Fiesta Bowl again the following year and were favored against West Virginia, however, a 48–28 loss ended their season Prior to the 2007 season, the NCAA announced sanctions due to violations committed by players on the 2005 team who had been paid for unperformed work at a Norman car dealership  The NCAA found Oklahoma guilty of a "failure to monitor" the improper employment benefits and punished the team by vacating its victories from the 2005 season  However, in 2008, the NCAA partially reversed its decision and reinstated the vacated wins At the end of the 2008 regular season, the Big 12 South finished in a three-way tie between Oklahoma, Texas, and Texas Tech, with each team having suffered one loss at the hands of another  As the team with the highest BCS ranking, Oklahoma advanced to the conference championship game on a tie-breaker  The Sooners won the game, and quarterback Sam Bradford won the Heisman Trophy  His 53 combined passing and rushing touchdowns are tied for the most ever in a Heisman campaign  The Sooners advanced to the BCS National Championship Game but were defeated by Florida 

Late Stoops era
After a Fiesta Bowl victory in 2010, the Sooners, led by Stoops and new co-offensive coordinator Josh Heupel, were ranked No  1 in the polls to start the 2011 season  After maintaining their ranking for three weeks, the Sooners achieved their 100th No  1 ranking in the AP poll, becoming the first team to accomplish the feat since the poll began in 1936 2011 marked the final time that the Sooners were ranked No  1 under Stoops  However, Oklahoma remained competitive throughout the rest of the BCS era, including a 2014 Sugar Bowl win over defending national champions Alabama in their last game before the introduction of the College Football Playoff  Under this system, four teams are selected to compete in yearly national semifinal games in which the winners advance to the national championship game  The Sooners received their first playoff berth in 2015 and subsequently lost 37–17 to Clemson in their semifinal game, the Orange Bowl  Despite winning the Big 12 in 2016, Oklahoma lost two regular season games and did not make the playoff  They defeated Auburn in the Sugar Bowl, 35–19 In 2017, Stoops announced that he was stepping down as head coach, with offensive coordinator Lincoln Riley immediately appointed as his replacement  Stoops said that he felt that the time was right to retire, with a source indicating to Gene Wojciechowski of ESPN that Stoops wanted to leave on his own terms while he still could, without the university or his health forcing him to step aside  During his tenure in Norman, Stoops produced a 190–48 ( 798) record, 10 conference titles, and a school-record 18 bowl game appearances  His 2008 team scored the most points in college football history to that point, averaging over 51 per game  In 2021, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame 

Riley and Venables (2017–present)
In his first season, Riley led the Sooners to 12 wins, beating the 10-win record held by Chuck Fairbanks and Barry Switzer for most victories by a first-year coach in program history  The Sooners entered the playoff against Georgia in the Rose Bowl, losing 54–48 in double overtime  2017 was the first of three consecutive 12–2 seasons for the Sooners under Riley, however, each ended in a College Football Playoff semifinal loss  As of the end of the 2022 season, Oklahoma has an 0–4 playoff record and more playoff appearances without a win than any other FBS team  However, the Sooners did win the 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 Big 12 Championship Games during Riley's tenure Under Riley, the Sooners had two consecutive Heisman Trophy winners who became No  1 overall picks in the NFL Draft  In 2017, Baker Mayfield broke his own FBS record for single-season passing efficiency while throwing for over 4,600 yards and 43 touchdowns  He was selected first overall in the 2018 NFL Draft  The following season, ex-Texas A&M starter Kyler Murray topped Mayfield's passing efficiency mark and became the seventh Heisman winner in program history  He was selected first overall in the 2019 NFL Draft  To replace Murray for the 2019 season, Riley turned to ex-Alabama starter Jalen Hurts  The Sooners lost 63–28 to eventual national champion LSU in the Peach Bowl, and Hurts finished second in Heisman voting to LSU quarterback Joe Burrow  As of the end of the 2022 season, Mayfield, Murray, and Hurts collectively own four of the top 12 passing efficiency seasons in FBS history In July 2021, Oklahoma and Texas announced that they would leave the Big 12 for the Southeastern Conference (SEC) upon the conclusion of the Big 12's current media rights contracts, which are set to expire in 2025  The surprising move initiated a widespread wave of conference realignment that saw, among many other moves, Pac-12 teams USC and UCLA announce their intention to join the Big Ten  Oklahoma and Texas have been criticized for abandoning their historic conference roots and setting the stage for other teams to do so, thereby creating a landscape in which the SEC and Big Ten are poised to dominate the sport at the expense of other conferences  In February 2023, the two defecting universities negotiated a combined $100 million early termination fee with the Big 12 in order to leave the conference a year early, prior to the end of the media rights deals  Oklahoma and Texas are currently scheduled to begin SEC play in the 2024 season 
Prior to the end of the 2021 season, Riley accepted the head coach position at USC, becoming the first head coach to leave Oklahoma for a different job since Chuck Fairbanks in 1973  Chuck Carlton, writing for The Dallas Morning News, said that the departure "blindsided most of the college football world " During his tenure in Norman, Riley compiled a 55–10 ( 846) record and achieved the highest winning percentage of any coach in program history  Bob Stoops was named interim head coach for the team's Alamo Bowl appearance and led the Sooners to a victory  Clemson defensive coordinator Brent Venables, who had once held the same position at Oklahoma under Stoops, was hired as Riley's replacement  In his first year at the helm, the Sooners finished 6–7, their season punctuated by a 49–0 loss to Texas, Oklahoma's worst loss in Red River Showdown history and the biggest shutout loss that the Sooners have ever suffered 

Conference affiliations
Oklahoma has been independent and a member of three conferences 
Independent (1895–1914)
Southwest Conference (1915–1919)
Big Eight Conference (1920–1995)
Big 12 Conference (1996–present)
Southeastern Conference (joining on July 1, 2024)

Championships
National championships
Oklahoma claims seven consensus national championships won by selection in the major college football polls : 13  In addition, in ten years other than those seven championship seasons, Oklahoma has appeared atop lists by selectors designated by the NCAA as "major", primarily using math rating formulas : 108–115

Claimed national championships
Unclaimed national championships
In general, math formula rankings are not recognized as national championships   For years other than the seven in which Oklahoma was selected by a major poll as national champion, the following created math rating systems that selected Oklahoma:

Richard Billingsley: 1915*
Clyde P  Berryman: 1953*, 1957*, 1986*, 2003
Richard Poling: 1967, 1978
Richard C  Dunkel, Sr : 1973, 1978, 1980, 1986
Harry DeVold: 1973, 1978, 1986
Jeff Sagarin: 1973*, 1978, 1986
David Rothman: 1978
Edward Litkenhous: 1978
Herman Matthews: 1978, 1980
The New York Times: 1986Others:

own selection: Bill Schroeder 1978
member polling: College Football Researchers Association 1949* 1953*, 1973*, 1986* retrospective selection

Conference championships
The team has captured 50 conference titles, including 14 in a row from 1946 to 1959 
† Co-championship
‡ Both Nebraska and Oklahoma: 6  claim the 1972 championship, despite Oklahoma in early 1973 forfeiting eight games from the 1972 season and the Big 8 crown 

Division championships
The Sooners have been a member of only one division, the Big 12 South, in their entire history  They were members from 1996 until 2010, after which the Big 12 ceased divisional play 

† Co-championship

Head coaches
The Sooners have had 23 head coaches in their history  The current head coach, Brent Venables, was hired on December 5, 2021  Since the first head coach, John A  Harts, guided the team for one game in 1895, the Sooners have played in more than 1,300 games  Four men have coached the team in more than 100 games; all of them have more than 100 wins at Oklahoma  Oklahoma is the only program with four 100-win coaches in its history  The coach with the highest winning percentage in school history is Lincoln Riley, who went 55–10 ( 846) across five seasons  The lowest winning percentage aside from Harts, who lost his only game, belongs to John Blake, who went 12–22 ( 353) across three seasons Ten coaches have led the Sooners to postseason bowl games: Tom Stidham, Jim Tatum, Bud Wilkinson, Gomer Jones, Chuck Fairbanks, Barry Switzer, Gary Gibbs, Bob Stoops, Riley, and Venables  Nine coaches have won conference championships with the Sooners: Bennie Owen, Stidham, Dewey Luster, Tatum, Wilkinson, Fairbanks, Switzer, Stoops, and Riley 
Wilkinson, Switzer, and Stoops have each received National Coach of the Year honors from at least one organization  Six Sooner coaches (Owen, Lawrence Jones, Tatum, Wilkinson, Switzer, and Stoops) have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame 

Coaching staff
Stadium
The Sooners play their home games at Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium also known as The Palace on the Prairie  The stadium was formerly called Oklahoma Memorial Stadium but the administration decided to add 'Gaylord Family' to recognize the contributions made by Edward K  Gaylord and his family over the years (estimated at over $50 million)  The playing surface is called Owen Field after Bennie Owen, Oklahoma's coach from 1905 to 1926  The stadium was built in 1923 with an original capacity of 500  In 1925, 16,000 seats were added and 16,000 more seats were added in 1929 bringing the total capacity to 32,000  The stadium has had a natural grass playing surface for the majority of its existence  The stadium had an artificial turf from 1970 to 1994  The stadium had a major renovation in 2003 when a new upper deck was added to the east side of the stadium, adding over 8,400 new seats  The official seating capacity of the stadium, following renovations in 2015, is 83,489  which makes it the 15th largest college stadium in the U S  and second largest in the Big 12 Conference  Despite the official capacity, the Sooners routinely average well above capacity, most recently 86,735 for the 2018 season  The largest crowd ever was 88,308 on November 11, 2017, against TCU 

Rivalries
Nebraska
Oklahoma's rivalry with the Nebraska Cornhuskers historically had national championship implications, with the winner usually advancing to the Orange Bowl  The teams often met on Thanksgiving  For the majority of the 20th century Oklahoma and Nebraska competed as part of the Big Eight Conference where from 1907 to 1995 the programs won a combined 77 conference titles  The teams are noted for playing in the Game of the Century, in 1971 which OU lost 35–31  In 1996, the teams joined the Big XII Conference when Nebraska joined the North Division, and Oklahoma joined the South Division, thus ending the annual match-ups between the programs in 1998 and 1999  In 2000 the series resumed with Nebraska and Oklahoma being ranked number one and two in the BCS rankings  OU won 31–14  Oklahoma leads the series 47–38–3  On September 18, 2021, Oklahoma  defeated Nebraska 23–16  Oklahoma beat Nebraska 49–14 on the last matchup on September 17, 2022 

Oklahoma State
Oklahoma leads the series 91–19–7 through the end of the 2022 season 

Texas
The Red River Showdown or the OU–Texas Game is the annual matchup in Dallas during the State Fair of Texas between Oklahoma and the Texas Longhorns  Since 1929, the game has been played annually at the Cotton Bowl, halfway between Norman and Austin  For the majority of the 20th century the game was a non-conference match-up  Texas competed in the Southwest Conference  In 1996, the two programs became part of the Big XII Conference South division  That year Oklahoma won the first overtime game of the series, after a tie the previous year  The stadium is split along the 50-yard line with Oklahoma fans occupying the south half of the field  Texas leads the series 63–50–5 through the end of the 2022 season 

Missouri
Oklahoma leads the inactive series 67–24–5  As of the end of the 2022 season, the most recent game in the series was played in 2011  Once Oklahoma joins the SEC in 2024, the series, which will be Missouri's most-played conference rivalry by a significant margin, will continue 

Pageantry
School colors
Oklahoma's official school colors are crimson and cream  These colors were picked in 1895 by May Overstreet, the only female faculty member at the time  The colors were her own personal choice and she decided on them after viewing many color samples and materials  After her decision, the colors were brought in front of the student body who enthusiastically approved of her selections  In recent years, red and white have sometimes replaced crimson and cream 

Mascot
Oklahoma has had several mascots  The first was a stray dog named Mex  Mex was found in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution by Mott Keys, an army hospital medic  Keys' company adopted the dog and Keys took the dog back to Hollis, Oklahoma when he completed his duty  When Keys was enrolled in the university, he took Mex with him to Norman  With his experience as an army medic, Keys landed a job with the football team and a residence at the Kappa Sigma fraternity house  Mex's main duty during games was to keep stray dogs from roaming the field  He wore a red sweater with a big "O" letter on the side  Mex received national attention in October 1924 when the Oklahoma football team lost a game against Drake University  Mex was lost when the team boarded a train in Arkansas City, Kansas  The media blamed the loss on the field on the loss of their mascot  Mex was found later by two Oklahoma graduates  Mex died of old age on April 30, 1928  The campus was closed and classes were canceled on the day of his funeral  He was buried in a casket somewhere under the stadium 

Never an official mascot, Little Red began appearing at games in 1953  He was an Indian who wore red tights, breech cloth and a war bonnet and was last portrayed by Randy Palmer   In April 1970, Little Red was banished by Oklahoma president John Herbert Hollomon, Jr  The student court issued a temporary restraining order to keep Little Red from appearing at Sooner games  Despite this order, Palmer showed up as Little Red for the 1970 season opener where he was met with cheers from the crowd  When Palmer was drafted after the 1971 season, no one showed up for try-outs to replace him The mascot for Oklahoma is the Sooner Schooner, a conestoga wagon similar to the primary method of transportation used by early settlers in Oklahoma  The Schooner is maintained and driven by members of the RUF/NEKS, the university's all-male spirit organization, along with two white ponies named Boomer and Sooner  In 2005, the university also introduced two costumed mascots also named Boomer and Sooner to serve as mascots for football games and events that do not permit a covered wagon 

Music
The official fight song of the Sooners is "Boomer Sooner "  This song is played frequently at football games and is played by the band after touchdowns, field goals, after significant plays, and when the team or crowd need a boost of energy   "OK Oklahoma" is another school song that is played after an extra point and when the Sooner Schooner rolls onto the field   The official Alma Mater song is the "OU Chant", which is sung by OU fans before sporting events and at ceremonial occasions   Other tunes frequently heard at OU football games include the state song "Oklahoma" and "Fight for OKU "
The Pride of Oklahoma Marching Band is a nationally renowned ensemble founded in 1904   The largest student organization on campus, the band performs at all home games and frequently travels to other games   The band holds a game ball from the Bedlam Series game in 1983, the day "the Pride" won 

Awards
Heisman Trophy
The Heisman Trophy is awarded annually to the nation's most outstanding college football player  Seven Oklahoma players have won the Heisman Trophy, six more finished runner-up  Kyler Murray is the most recent winner having won the 2018 Heisman Trophy 

Other awards
All-Americans
Every year, several publications release rosters of the best college football players in the country  The athletes on these lists are referred to as All-Americans  The NCAA recognizes five All-American lists  They are the Associated Press, American Football Coaches Association, Football Writers Association of America, The Sporting News, and the Walter Camp Football Foundation  A consensus All-American is typically defined as a player who is named to three or more lists  Oklahoma has had 167 first-team All-Americans in its history, with 82 of them being named consensus All-Americans 

College Football Hall of Fame
Oklahoma has 29 inductees in the College Football Hall of Fame  The first was coach Bennie Owen, who was inducted as part of the inaugural class in 1951  The most recent is Roy Williams, who was inducted in 2022 

Future opponents
SEC Conference opponents
The Oklahoma football program will join the SEC in 2024  The SEC will expand the conference to 16 teams and will eliminate its two divisions in 2024, causing a new scheduling format for their members to play against the other members of the conference  Only the 2024 conference schedule was announced on June 14, 2023, while the conference still considers a new format for the future 

2024 Conference Schedule
Non-conference opponents
Announced non-conference schedules as of June 25, 2023 

See also
The Pride of Oklahoma Marching Band
RUF/NEKS
OU Chant
List of Oklahoma Sooners in the NFL Draft
Play Like a Champion Today
Heisman Trophy

Notes
Passage 5:
Djems Kouamé
Djems Kouamé (born April 5, 1989, in Montreal, Quebec) is a former professional Canadian football wide receiver and defensive back in the Canadian Football League who is currently a free agent  He was drafted 18th overall by the Toronto Argonauts in the 2011 CFL Draft and signed with the team on May 31, 2011  He played college football for the Montreal Carabins  On June 17, 2013, Kouamé was released by the Argonauts 
Passage 6:
Justin Brown (wide receiver)
Justin Brown (born March 10, 1991) is a wide receiver for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL)  Before his 2013 draft selection by the Pittsburgh Steelers, he played college football at Oklahoma for his senior season after transferring from Penn State   After being drafted, Brown was on the Steelers practice squad for his rookie season  He played eight games during the 2014 season for a total of 12 passes for 94 yards and one lost fumble  Following the 2014 NFL season, Brown was waived by the Steelers  On February 3, 2015, the Buffalo Bills claimed Brown off waivers  On August 9, 2015, Brown was waived/injured by the Bills  On August 13, 2015, he reached an injury settlement with the Bills and was released 
On May 11, 2017, Brown signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League 
Passage 7:
Mike Bradwell
Mike Bradwell (born July 11, 1986) is a former Canadian football wide receiver who played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League  He was drafted in the second round of the 2008 CFL Draft by the Toronto Argonauts  He began playing football in his final year at Leaside High School and played CIS football with McMaster University 

Personal life
Bradwell enjoys watching movies and golfing in his free time and is a strong supporter of the Sian Bradwell Fund For Children With Cancer  He has two older siblings, Dave, a PhD graduate from M I T , and Suzanne, an emergency department doctor in St  Catharines  Bradwell majored in civil engineering at McMaster University and works as a field co-op student with PCL Constructors during the off-season 
Passage 8:
Rashaun Woods
Rashaun Dorrell Woods (born October 17, 1980) is a former American college and professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL) for two seasons during the early 2000s   Woods played college football for Oklahoma State University, and received All-American honors   He was selected by the San Francisco 49ers in the first round of the 2004 NFL Draft, and played professionally for the NFL's 49ers and the CFL's Toronto Argonauts 
Woods currently coaches at Enid High School in Enid, Oklahoma (2019-present) 

Early years
Woods was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma   He attended Millwood High School in Oklahoma City, and played for the Millwood high school football team 

College career
While attending Oklahoma State University, Woods played for the Oklahoma State Cowboys football team from 2000 to 2003   He finished his college career with 293 receptions, 4,414 yards and 42 touchdowns—all Big 12 records   Woods was a two-time all-American, including being recognized as a consensus first-team All-American in 2002   He became the eighth player in NCAA Division I-A annals to gain over 1,000 yards receiving in a season three times in a career   Woods also holds the NCAA single-game record for most touchdown receptions in a game (7 against Southern Methodist University in 2003) and most touchdown receptions in a half (5 in the first half of the same SMU game)  All seven touchdowns were thrown by former Kansas City Royals infielder Josh Fields   In 2001, his biggest touchdown catch made during his college career was against Oklahoma Sooners down in Norman, where the unranked OSU Cowboys upset the highly ranked Sooners  Also, the following year he had 3 touchdowns against the Sooners, in the annual Bedlam game 2002 
Woods has two brothers who followed him to Oklahoma State  D'Juan who graduated in 2007, who played wide receiver and Donovan, a former Oklahoma State linebacker who spent time at safety and quarterback, graduated in 2008  D'Juan was picked up by the Jacksonville Jaguars as a free agent after the 2007 NFL draftJaguars com while Donovan was a practice squad member of the 2008-09 Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl Championship team 

Professional career
Woods had 7 catches for 160 yards and 1 touchdown in his rookie season (2004) and spent the 2005 season on injured reserve with torn ligaments in his thumb   In April 2006, he was traded to the San Diego Chargers for cornerback Sammy Davis  In August 2006, he was cut from the San Diego Chargers  On August 3, 2006, he was claimed off waivers by the Denver Broncos but failed his physical and was released  In Dec  of 2006 he worked out with the Minnesota Vikings [1]

NFL Europa
In 2007, the Hamburg Sea Devils selected Woods in the 5th round of the NFL Europa free agent draft 

CFL career
On July 23, 2007, Woods signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League   He was released by the Toronto Argonauts on August 8, 2007   He was signed by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats on October 4, 2007  On June 22, 2008 Woods was 1 of 14 players to be cut from the Hamilton Tiger-Cats final roster 

Coaching career
After his playing career ended, Woods worked as an assistant football coach at Millwood and at Star Spencer High School, and also as a high school football radio commentator and professional bass fisherman  In January 2013, Woods was selected to be head football coach at John Marshall High School in Oklahoma City  He led John Marshall to the 3A state championship in 2017  In January 2019, Woods was named head football coach for Enid High School in Enid, Oklahoma   Rashaun Woods announced Friday morning, Jan  20, 2023, he has accepted a head football coaching position at Tyler High School in Tyler, TX, effective immediately 

See also
List of NCAA major college football yearly receiving leaders
List of NCAA Division I FBS career receiving touchdowns leaders
Passage 9:
Emanuel Tolbert
Emanuel Tolbert (born December 2, 1958) is a former American college and professional football player who was a slotback and wide receiver in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for eleven seasons during the 1980s and early 1990s   Tolbert played college football for Southern Methodist University, where he was an All-American  He played professionally for the Saskatchewan Roughriders, Toronto Argonauts, Calgary Stampeders and British Columbia Lions of the CFL, and played a key role in the Argonauts' 1983 Grey Cup victory by recovering a fumble on the game-winning drive 
Tolbert was tried for and convicted of rape and violating a minor in 2001   He was sentenced to 15 years in prison for the rape plus four years for the violation, to be served concurrently 
Context 3:  So ingrained in Manchester United culture is the Stretford End, that Denis Law was given the nickname "King of the Stretford End", and there is now a statue of Law on the concourse of the stand's upper tier 

East Stand
The East Stand at Old Trafford was the second to be converted to a cantilever roof, following the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand  It is also commonly referred to as the Scoreboard End, as it was the location of the scoreboard  The East Stand can currently hold nearly 12,000 fans, and is the location of both the disabled fans section and the away section; an experiment involving the relocation of away fans to the third tier of the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand was conducted during the 2011–12 season, but the results of the experiments could not be ascertained in time to make the move permanent for the 2012–13 season  The disabled section provides for up to 170 fans, with free seats for carers  Old Trafford was formerly divided into sections, with each section sequentially assigned a letter of the alphabet  Although every section had a letter, it is the K Stand that is the most commonly referred to today  The K Stand fans were renowned for their vocal support for the club, and a large array of chants and songs, though many of them have relocated to the second tier of the Stretford End 
The East Stand has a tinted glass façade, behind which the club's administrative centre is located  These offices are the home to the staff of Inside United, the official Manchester United magazine, the club's official website, and its other administrative departments  Images and advertisements are often emblazoned on the front of the East Stand, most often advertising products and services provided by the club's sponsors, though a tribute to the Busby Babes was displayed in February 2008 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Munich air disaster  Above the megastore is a statue of Sir Matt Busby, who was Manchester United's longest-serving manager until he was surpassed by Sir Alex Ferguson in 2010  There is also a plaque dedicated to the victims of the Munich air disaster on the south end of the East Stand, while the Munich Clock is at the junction of the East and South Stands  On 29 May 2008, to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Manchester United's first European Cup title, a statue of the club's "holy trinity" of George Best, Denis Law and Bobby Charlton, entitled "The United Trinity", was unveiled across Sir Matt Busby Way from the East Stand, directly opposite the statue of Busby 
The Manchester United club shop has had six different locations since it was first opened  Originally, the shop was a small hut near to the railway line that runs alongside the ground  The shop was then moved along the length of the South Stand, stopping first opposite where away fans enter the ground, and then residing in the building that would later become the club's merchandising office  A surge in the club's popularity in the early 1990s led to another move, this time to the forecourt of the West Stand  With this move came a great expansion and the conversion from a small shop to a "megastore"  Alex Ferguson opened the new megastore on 3 December 1994  The most recent moves came in the late 1990s, as the West Stand required room to expand to a second tier, and that meant the demolition of the megastore  The store was moved to a temporary site opposite the East Stand, before taking up a 17,000 square feet (1,600 m2) permanent residence in the ground floor of the expanded East Stand in 2000  The floor space of the megastore was owned by United's kit sponsors, Nike, who operated the store until the expiry of their sponsorship deal at the end of July 2015, when ownership reverted to the club 

Pitch and surroundings
The pitch at the ground measures approximately 105 metres (115 yd) long by 68 metres (74 yd) wide, with a few metres of run-off space on each side  The centre of the pitch is about nine inches higher than the edges, allowing surface water to run off more easily  As at many modern grounds, 10 inches (25 cm) under the pitch is an underground heating system, composed of 23 miles (37 km) of plastic pipes  Former club manager Alex Ferguson often requested that the pitch be relaid, most notably half-way through the 1998–99 season, when the team won the Treble, at a cost of about £250,000 each time  The grass at Old Trafford is watered regularly, though less on wet days, and mowed three times a week between April and November, and once a week from November to March 
In the mid-1980s, when Manchester United Football Club owned the Manchester Giants, Manchester's basketball franchise, there were plans to build a 9,000-seater indoor arena on the site of what is now Car Park E1  However, the chairman at the time, Martin Edwards, did not have the funds to take on such a project, and the basketball franchise was eventually sold  In August 2009, the car park became home to the Hublot clock tower, a 10-metre (32 ft 10 in)-tall tower in the shape of the Hublot logo, which houses four 2-metre (6 ft 7 in)-diameter clock faces, the largest ever made by the company The east side of the stadium is also the site of Hotel Football, a football-themed hotel and fan clubhouse conceived by former Manchester United captain Gary Neville  The building is located on the east side of Sir Matt Busby Way and on the opposite side of the Bridgewater Canal from the stadium, and can accommodate up to 1,500 supporters  It opened in the summer of 2015  The venture is conducted separately from the club and was funded in part by proceeds from Neville's testimonial match 

Future
In 2009, it was reported that United continued to harbour plans to increase the capacity of the stadium further, with the next stage pointing to a redevelopment of the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand, which, unlike the rest of the stadium, remains single tier  A replication of the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand development and North-East and North-West Quadrants would see the stadium's capacity rise to an estimated 95,000, which would give it a greater capacity than Wembley Stadium (90,000)  Any such development is likely to cost around £100 million, due to the proximity of the railway line that runs adjacent to the stadium, and the corresponding need to build over it and thus purchase up to 50 houses on the other side of the railway  Nevertheless, the Manchester United group property manager confirmed that expansion plans are in the pipeline – linked to profits made from the club's property holdings around Manchester – saying "There is a strategic plan for the stadium     It is not our intention to stand still" In March 2016 (ten years after the previous redevelopment), talk of the redevelopment of the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand re-emerged  In order to meet accessibility standards at the stadium, an £11 million investment was made into upgrading its facilities, creating 118 new wheelchair positions and 158 new amenity seats in various areas around the stadium, as well as a new purpose-built concourse at the back of the Stretford End  Increasing capacity for disabled supporters is estimated to reduce overall capacity by around 3,000  To mitigate the reduction in capacity, various expansion plans have been considered, such as adding a second tier to the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand, bringing it to a similar height to the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand opposite but without a third level and increasing capacity to around 80,000  Replication of the corner stands on the other side of the stadium would further increase its capacity to 88,000 and increase the number of executive facilities  Housing on Railway Road and the railway line itself have previously impeded improvements to the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand, but the demolition of housing and engineering advances mean that the additional tier could now be built at reduced cost In 2018, it was reported that plans are currently on hold due to logistical issues  The extent of the work required means that any redevelopment is likely to be a multi-season project, due to the need to locate heavy machinery in areas of the stadium currently inaccessible or occupied by fans during match days and the fact that the stand currently holds the changing rooms, press boxes and TV studios  Club managing director Richard Arnold has said that "it isn't certain that there's a way of doing it which doesn't render us homeless " This would mean that Manchester United would have to leave Old Trafford for the duration of the works – and while Tottenham Hotspur were able to use the neutral Wembley Stadium for two seasons while their own new stadium was built, the only stadia of comparable size anywhere near Old Trafford are local rivals Manchester City's City of Manchester Stadium, or possibly Anfield, home of historic rivals Liverpool, neither of which are considered viable In 2021 United co-chairman Joel Glazer said at a Fans Forum meeting that "early-stage planning work" for the redevelopment of Old Trafford and the club's Carrington training ground was underway  This followed "increasing criticism" over the lack of development of the ground since 2006  The club is considering tearing down the current stadium and building an entirely new one on the same site, but this is believed to be the "least likely choice" 

Other uses
Rugby league
Old Trafford has played host to both codes of rugby football, although league is played there with greater regularity than union  Old Trafford has hosted every Rugby League Premiership Final since the 1986–87 season, in addition to the competition's successor, the Super League Grand Final from 1998 The first rugby league match to be played at Old Trafford was held during the 1924–25 season, when a Lancashire representative side hosted the New Zealand national team, with Manchester United receiving 20 per cent of the gate receipts  The first league match to be held at Old Trafford came in November 1958, with Salford playing against Leeds under floodlights in front of 8,000 spectators The first rugby league Test match played at Old Trafford came in 1986, when Australia beat Great Britain 38–16 in front of 50,583 spectators in the first test of the 1986 Kangaroo tour  The 1989 World Club Challenge was played at Old Trafford on 4 October 1989, with 30,768 spectators watching Widnes beat the Canberra Raiders 30–18  Old Trafford also hosted the second Great Britain vs Australia Ashes tests on both the 1990 and 1994 Kangaroo Tours  The stadium also hosted the semi-final between England and Wales at the 1995 Rugby League World Cup; England won 25–10 in front of 30,042 fans  The final rugby league international played at Old Trafford in the 1990s saw Great Britain record their only win over Australia at the ground in 1997 in the second test of the Super League Test series in front of 40,324 fans 

When the Rugby League World Cup was hosted by Great Britain, Ireland and France in 2000, Old Trafford was chosen as the venue for the final; the match was contested by Australia and New Zealand, and resulted in a 40–12 win for Australia, watched by 44,329 spectators  Old Trafford was also chosen to host the 2013 Rugby League World Cup final  The game, played on 30 November, was won by Australia 34–2 over defending champions New Zealand, and attracted a crowd of 74,468, a world record for a rugby league international  During the game, Australia winger Brett Morris suffered a heavy crash into the advertising boards at the Stretford End, emphasising questions raised pre-match over the safety of Old Trafford as a rugby league venue, in particular the short in-goal areas and the slope around the perimeter  In January 2019, Old Trafford was selected to host the 2021 Rugby League World Cup finals, with the men's and women's matches being played as a double header Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 was the first year in which Old Trafford did not host the Super League Grand Final due to concerns about having to possibly reschedule the match, which Manchester United were unable to accommodate 

Rugby union
Old Trafford hosted its first rugby union international in 1997, when New Zealand defeated England 25–8  A second match was played at Old Trafford on 6 June 2009, when England beat Argentina 37–15  The stadium was one of 12 confirmed venues set to host matches of the 2015 Rugby World Cup; however, in April 2013 United pulled out of the contract over concerns about pitch quality and not wanting to compromise their relationship with the 13-man code 

Other sports
Before the Old Trafford football stadium was built, the site was used for games of shinty, the traditional game of the Scottish Highlands  During the First World War, the stadium was used by American soldiers for games of baseball  On 17 September 1981, the North Section of cricket's Lambert & Butler Floodlit Competition was played there; in the semi-finals, Nottinghamshire defeated Derbyshire and Lancashire beat Yorkshire, before Lancashire beat Nottinghamshire by 8 runs in the final to reach the national final, played between the other regional winners at Stamford Bridge the next day  In October 1993, a WBC–WBO Super-Middleweight unification fight was held at the ground, with around 42,000 people paying to watch WBO champion Chris Eubank fight WBC champion Nigel Benn 

Concerts and other functions
Aside from sporting uses, several concerts have been played at Old Trafford, with such big names as Bon Jovi, Genesis, Bruce Springsteen, Status Quo, Rod Stewart and Simply Red playing  An edition of Songs of Praise was recorded there in September 1994  Old Trafford is also regularly used for private functions, particularly weddings, Christmas parties and business conferences  The first wedding at the ground was held in the Premier Suite in February 1996 

Records
The highest attendance recorded at Old Trafford was 76,962 for an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town on 25 March 1939  However, this was before the ground was converted to an all-seater stadium, allowing many more people to fit into the stadium  Old Trafford's record attendance as an all-seater stadium currently stands at 76,098, set at a Premier League game between Manchester United and Blackburn Rovers on 31 March 2007  Old Trafford's record attendance for a non-competitive game is 74,731, set on 5 August 2011 for a pre-season testimonial between Manchester United and New York Cosmos  The lowest recorded attendance at a competitive game at Old Trafford in the post-War era was 11,968, as United beat Fulham 3–0 on 29 April 1950  However, on 7 May 1921, the ground hosted a Second Division match between Stockport County and Leicester City for which the official attendance was just 13  This figure is slightly misleading as the ground also contained many of the 10,000 spectators who had stayed behind after watching the match between Manchester United and Derby County earlier that day The highest average attendance at Old Trafford over a league season was 75,826, set in the 2006–07 season  The greatest total attendance at Old Trafford came two seasons later, as 2,197,429 people watched Manchester United win the Premier League for the third year in a row, the League Cup, and reach the final of the UEFA Champions League and the semi-finals of the FA Cup  The lowest average attendance at Old Trafford came in the 1930–31 season, when an average of 11,685 spectators watched each game 

Transport
Adjacent to the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand of the stadium is Manchester United Football Ground railway station  The station is between the Deansgate and Trafford Park stations on the Southern Route of Northern Rail's Liverpool to Manchester line  It originally served the stadium on matchdays only, but the service was stopped at the request of the club for safety reasons  The stadium is serviced by the Altricham, Eccles, South Manchester and Trafford Park lines of the Manchester Metrolink network, with the nearest stops being Wharfside, Old Trafford (which it shares with the Old Trafford Cricket Ground) and Exchange Quay at nearby Salford Quays  All three stops are less than 10 minutes' walk from the football ground Buses 255 and 256, which are run by Stagecoach Manchester and 263, which is run by Arriva North West run from Piccadilly Gardens in Manchester to Chester Road, stopping near Sir Matt Busby Way, while Stagecoach's 250 service stop outside Old Trafford on Wharfside Way and X50 service stops across from Old Trafford on Water's Reach  There are also additional match buses on the 255 service, which run between Old Trafford and Manchester city centre  Other services that serve Old Trafford are Arriva's 79 service (Stretford – Swinton), which stops on Chester Road and 245 (Altrincham – Exchange Quay), which stops on Trafford Wharf Road, plus First Greater Manchester service 53 (Cheetham – Pendleton) and Stagecoach's 84 service (Withington Hospital – Manchester), which stop at nearby Trafford Bar tram stop  The ground also has several car parks, all within walking distance of the stadium; these are free to park in on non-matchdays 
Passage 6:
Maxine's Tap Room
Maxine's Tap Room is a historic bar in Fayetteville, Arkansas 

Original Bar
Located on 107 N  Block Ave  It is one of the oldest bars in Northwest Arkansas  Marjorie Maxine Miller opened the bar in 1950 when she was 24 years old with money she borrowed from her parents  She managed to pay her parents back within the year  In 1963 she tore down the old wooden building in which the bar had been located and had the current building—a long, narrow brick structure—built in its place  The new building had only one window, exactly 8 5 inches (220 mm) by 40 inches (1,000 mm), in the front, which was the minimum size allowed by the building codes at the time  This was more than likely a business decision aimed at limiting break-ins  Other examples of Miller's shrewd business style include keeping a club behind the bar, having only a pay phone available, and trying to hire football players as employees so the team would follow as patrons, a business style that led to the bar's longevity and success  Adding to the Tap Room's charm were a 50-foot (15 m)-long bar that stretched nearly the entire length of the building and dominated the room, an old coin-operated cigarette machine, a juke box that still played 45s, and a deer head adorned with Mardi Gras beads, sunglasses and a tie  Miller was a constant figure behind the cash register for 50 years until her health started to decline around 2000  She died at age 82 in May 2006  A month later the Tap Room caught fire  Due to lack of insurance the bar was closed for over a year, reopening in August 2007  Most of the furniture inside the bar was replaced, including the bar  The exposed rafters darkened by the fire were simply painted black, and a skylight was installed where the roof had burned through  Considerable efforts were made to retain many things that had been in the bar for a very long time, such as the older lights and signs 

Cocktail Bar
In March 2013 the bar was redeveloped into cocktail lounge under a partnership with Rebekah Champagne (Terra Tots), Matt Champagne (Hammer And Chisel), and Ben Gitchel and Hannah Withers (Little Bread Co ) all Block street businesses  The actual ownership of Maxine's remains in the family in the hands of Maxine's great niece, Andrea Foren 
 
Passage 7:
Manchester United F C  in European football
Manchester United Football Club is an English football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester  They were the first English club to participate in a European competition, entering the European Cup in 1956  Since then, the club has competed in every UEFA-organised competition, with the exception of the now-defunct Intertoto Cup and Conference League 
The competition in which Manchester United has had the most success is the European Cup (now known as the UEFA Champions League); they have won three European Cups, the first of which came in 1968; that victory made them the first English club to win the competition  The other two victories came in 1999 and 2008  The club has also won the Europa League in 2017, the Cup Winners' Cup in 1991, the Super Cup also in 1991, the Intercontinental Cup in 1999 and the Club World Cup in 2008 
After their Champions League wins in 1999 and 2008, Manchester United competed as a UEFA representative at the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship and the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup  They were knocked out of the 2000 tournament at the group stage, but went on to win the 2008 edition, highlighted above, becoming the first English side to do so 

History
Early years
Following their league title win the previous season, Manchester United first competed in European football competition in 1956–57  1954–55 Football League winners Chelsea had been denied the opportunity to take part in the inaugural European Cup by The Football League's chairman Alan Hardaker, who feared that European football would damage the integrity of the English game  However, Matt Busby, the manager of Manchester United, was a forward-thinking man and was determined to have his team compete on the European stage  With the backing of The Football Association's chairman, Stanley Rous (who would later go on to become the president of FIFA), Manchester United were allowed to compete in the 1956–57 European Cup 
The club's first match in European competition was a European Cup preliminary round tie against Anderlecht at Parc Astrid in Brussels; Manchester United won the match 2–0 in front of 35,000 spectators  The return leg was played at Maine Road, the home of Manchester United's local rivals Manchester City, as United's stadium, Old Trafford, had not yet been fitted with the necessary floodlighting for evening games  The match finished as a 10–0 win for Manchester United, a result that still stands as the club's record win in all competitions  A long run in the European Cup followed, including wins over Borussia Dortmund and Athletic Bilbao and culminating with a semi-final tie against Real Madrid  The first leg took United to the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, where they were defeated 3–1 in front of a record away crowd of 135,000 spectators  However, they were only able to draw 2–2 in the second leg back at Old Trafford, and the club's first European season came to an end as Real Madrid went on to record the second of their five consecutive European Cup titles 

Munich
United won the league title again that season, and were therefore eligible to compete in the European Cup for the second consecutive year  After dispatching Shamrock Rovers 9–2 on aggregate in the preliminary round, United were paired with Dukla Prague for the first round  After the second leg in Prague, the team was scheduled to fly back to Manchester the following day, but fog over Manchester prevented this and they were forced to make hasty arrangements to travel back via ferry from the Hook of Holland to Harwich and then by train up to Manchester  This long-winded journey took its toll on the players, who were only able to manage a 1–1 away draw against Birmingham City two days later 
Eager to avoid such a scenario again, the club's management chartered a plane for the quarter-final second leg away to Red Star Belgrade  Following a 2–1 win in the first leg at Old Trafford, a 3–3 draw in Belgrade was enough to secure passage to the semi-finals  On the return flight to Manchester, British European Airways Flight 609 stopped over in a snow-covered Munich for refuelling  Once the refuelling was complete, the pilot was given clearance to take off, only to be halted by a fault with the plane's engine  A second attempt was made a few seconds later, but the same fault kept the plane grounded  Half an hour later, after inspection by the airport's engineers, the plane was given clearance for another take-off attempt  The suggested solution was to have the plane accelerate more slowly, but this meant that the take-off velocity would not be reached until the plane was even further down the runway  Once the plane reached 117 knots – the speed at which it was no longer safe to abort the take-off – the pilot would have expected the plane's velocity to continue to increase; however, there was a sudden drop in velocity and the plane was unable to take off before the end of the runway  It skidded off the end of the runway, through a wire fence and across a road before crashing into a house 
The impact of the crash and the subsequent explosion of fuel killed 21 of the 44 people on board instantly, and another two died in hospital a few days later  Eight of those who died were Manchester United players, among them Duncan Edwards, Roger Byrne and Tommy Taylor, while club secretary Walter Crickmer, trainer Tom Curry and coach Bert Whalley were also killed  Matt Busby was also severely injured, but he made a full recovery after two months in hospital  With eight of the club's first team having been killed in the accident, and several more still recuperating, a threadbare side took to the field for the semi-final matches against Milan  A 2–1 win at Old Trafford in the first leg gave the team hope of a place in the final, but a 4–0 defeat back at the San Siro put paid to those dreams  In honour of those who died, UEFA offered United a berth in the 1958–59 European Cup, drawing them against BSC Young Boys in the preliminary round, but the Football League denied United entry to the competition as they had not won the Football League the previous season after their league campaign crumbled in the aftermath of the disaster  The games against Young Boys went ahead as friendlies 

Return to Europe
Victory in the 1962–63 FA Cup meant that United returned to European competition after a five-year absence for the 1963–64 Cup Winners' Cup  After sweeping aside Willem II of the Netherlands and the defending champions, England's Tottenham Hotspur, United were drawn against Sporting CP in the quarter-finals  A 4–1 home win in the first leg meant that United needed to avoid defeat by more than three goals at Estádio José Alvalade to progress to the semi-finals; however, the team succumbed to their heaviest defeat in European competition to date, losing 5–0 on the night and 6–4 on aggregate 
A second-place finish in the league in 1963–64 meant that United qualified for the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1964–65  They reached the semi-finals, knocking out Djurgården, Borussia Dortmund, Everton and Strasbourg before losing 2–1 to Ferencváros in a play-off after a 3–3 aggregate draw over two legs 

Back in the European Cup
The following season saw United return to the European Cup for the first time since Munich after they had beaten Leeds United to top spot in the Football League on goal average  After seeing off Finland's HJK Helsinki and Vorwärts Berlin of East Germany in the first two rounds, Manchester United were drawn against four-time finalists, two-time winners and the previous season's runners-up, Benfica  Benfica's most famous player, the Portuguese international Eusébio, had just been named the European Footballer of the Year and his team went into the tie as favourites  Despite this tag, United ran out 3–2 winners in the first leg at Old Trafford, before beating the Lisbon side 5–1 back at the Estádio da Luz, in what is considered to be the greatest match of George Best's career  The result set up a semi-final tie with Partizan, a tie that would take United back to Belgrade for the first time since the tragedy in Munich  Best had injured his knee in an FA Cup Sixth Round match against Preston North End a couple of weeks before, and although he played in the first leg against Partizan, he was not fully fit and United struggled, losing 2–0 at the JNA Stadium  A goal from Nobby Stiles secured a 1–0 win in the second leg back at Old Trafford, but it was not enough and Matt Busby, believing that his dream of winning the European Cup was over, considered retirement; however, he resolved to win another league title and have one last shot at Europe's biggest prize 

First European title
Manchester United won the 1966–67 Football League title by four points over Nottingham Forest with a game to spare; this secured their second European Cup appearance in three seasons for 1967–68  After overcoming the Maltese champions, Hibernians, in the first round, United were handed yet another trip to Yugoslavia, this time to take on FK Sarajevo  The Red Devils faced a long journey to Sarajevo for the first leg, and they were held to a 0–0 draw in a very physical match  The second leg was equally robust, but United took control of the tie with goals from John Aston and George Best  Sarajevo were only able to pull back one goal and United went through to the quarter-finals, where they were drawn against Polish side Górnik Zabrze  United won the first leg at Old Trafford 2–0; an own goal from Stefan Florenski put them 1–0 up after an hour, and Brian Kidd doubled their lead in the final minute  The Poles had come to be considered one of the better sides in the last eight, and they were able to come away with a 1–0 win in the second leg, but it was not enough to prevent United from progressing to a semi-final tie with Real Madrid  United's 1–0 win in the first leg at Old Trafford was all that separated the sides after a 3–3 draw at the Bernabéu, setting up a meeting with Benfica in the final at Wembley Stadium  Best was again on the scoresheet, along with two goals from Charlton and one from Kidd on his 19th birthday, as United beat the Portuguese champions 4–1 after extra time to claim their first European trophy 
United reached the semi-finals of the European Cup as holders in the 1968–69 season, but lost to Milan  They would not compete in Europe for another seven years 

European comeback
Following the retirement of Sir Matt Busby as manager at the end of the 1968–69 season, United entered a barren period that culminated in relegation to the Second Division in 1974  Promotion was achieved at the first attempt under the management of Tommy Docherty, who had taken over in December 1972, and in that first season back in the top flight, United finished third in the league to qualify for the UEFA Cup 
Although United did qualify for the European Cup Winners' Cup as FA Cup winners in 1977 and for the UEFA Cup in 1980 and 1982 with top-five finishes, they failed to make an impact on European competitions until the 1983–84 season, when they qualified for the European Cup Winners' Cup as FA Cup winners under Ron Atkinson  The United squad of this era was arguably the finest of the post-Busby era, containing star players including Ray Wilkins, Bryan Robson, Frank Stapleton and teenage forward Norman Whiteside  United achieved a famous victory over Barcelona in the quarter-finals of the 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup, winning the second leg 3–0 at Old Trafford after being beaten 2–0 in Spain in the first leg, made all the more impressive by the fact that Barcelona's team contained Diego Maradona, rated by many as the best footballer in the world at the time 
United reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup in 1984–85, but this would be their last contribution to European football for half a decade; the subsequent Heysel Stadium disaster at the European Cup final, in which rioting by Liverpool fans resulted in the death of 39 spectators and led to a ban on all English clubs in European competitions which would not be lifted in 1990  This resulted in United missing out on qualification for the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1985, and the UEFA Cup in 1986 and 1988  During this exile from Europe, United replaced Ron Atkinson with Alex Ferguson as their manager, and he remained in charge more than a quarter of a century later 

1990s, 2000s and early 2010s: rise to the European elite and Champions League titles
When the ban on English clubs in European competitions was lifted for the 1990–91 season, United were England's representatives in the European Cup Winners' Cup, as FA Cup winners, and they marked their return to Europe by winning the competition, with a 2–1 win over Barcelona (by now without Maradona) in the final, in which Mark Hughes scored twice  Their defence of the trophy in the 1991–92 season was short-lived, ending at the hands of Atlético Madrid in the second round, and they lost at the first hurdle in the 1992–93 UEFA Cup  League title glory in 1993 saw United enter the European Cup (now branded the Champions League) for the first time in 25 years, but in spite of their excellent domestic form during this era, they failed to make much of an impact in European competitions until the 1996–97 season, when they reached the semi-finals of the Champions League and were beaten by Borussia Dortmund  This campaign in Europe also saw them suffer their first home defeat in a European competition, 40 years after first competing on the continent, losing 1–0 to Turkish side Fenerbahçe in the group stage They finally ended a 31-year wait for a second European Cup in 1999 when stoppage-time goals from Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær gave them a 2–1 win over Bayern Munich in the final in Barcelona  In 2003–04, United were beaten by Porto in the last 16 of the Champions League, ending a seven-year run of quarter-final appearances in the competitions, which also included one run to the final and a further two to the semi-finals 
After three short-lived Champions League campaigns, United made an impact on the competition in the 2006–07 season  After going down 2–1 in Italy to Roma in the quarter-final first leg, they triumphed 7–1 in the second leg to reach the semi-finals for the first time in five years  They took a 3–2 lead against Milan in the first leg, only for their hopes of an all-English final with Liverpool to be ended by a 3–0 second leg defeat  A year later, however, they won the trophy for the third time, beating fellow English side Chelsea on penalties in Moscow after a 1–1 draw in the first all-English European Cup final 

United reached a further two European Cup finals in the next three years, but lost to Barcelona on both occasions: first in the 2009 final in Rome, and then in the 2011 final at the new Wembley Stadium in London  Poor performances in the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League group stage saw United finish third, giving them another chance in Europe via the UEFA Europa League  This was the first time United entered the tournament since its rebrand from the UEFA Cup in 2009, in which they last competed in 1995–96  They were eventually knocked out in the round of 16, losing 5–3 on aggregate to Athletic Bilbao 

2010s and 2020s: decline and resurgence
After finishing seventh in the Premier League in 2013–14 under David Moyes, United missed out on European football in 2014–15 for the first time in 25 years, but returned to European action the following season after Moyes' replacement Louis van Gaal guided the club to fourth in the league and a place in the Champions League play-off round  It was the first time that Manchester United had played in the qualifying phase of the Champions League since beating Hungarian side Debrecen in the 2005–06 competition By virtue of winning the 2015–16 FA Cup (compounded by a fifth-place finish in the Premier League that season), United started their 2016–17 European campaign in the Europa League, the first time since 1995–96  United won the tournament after defeating Ajax 2–0 in the final, giving them their first win of the competition and becoming the fifth club to win all three of UEFA's major titles  Underperformance in the league has led the club to another Europa League participations in 2019–20, in which United lost to Sevilla in the one-leg semi-final  In the 2020–21 Europa League they lost the final to Villarreal—their first major trophy; United qualified to the competition after a third-place finish in the 2020–21 Champions League group stage, a feat repeated from 2015–16  Since the club last won the league title in 2012–13, they are yet to qualify for the semi-finals of the Champions League  In the 2021–22 Champions League, the Reds topped their group but were knocked out in the round of 16 by Atlético Madrid, losing 1–2 on aggregate  As a result of a sixth-place finish in the 2021–22 Premier League, Manchester United were again qualified for the 2022-23 Europa League  United performed well in the competition, beating Barcelona in the Round of 32 play-offs, but were knocked out by Sevilla 5-2 on aggregate in the quarter-finals 

Matches
Overall record
By competition
As of 20 April 2023

By country
As of 20 April 2023

By club
As of 20 April 2023

Honours
European
European Cup / UEFA Champions League:
Winners (3): 1967–68, 1998–99, 2007–08
Runners-up (2): 2008–09, 2010–11
UEFA Europa League:
Winners (1): 2016–17
Runners-up (1): 2020–21
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup:
Winners (1): 1990–91
UEFA Super Cup:
Winners (1) 1991
Runners-up (3): 1999, 2008, 2017

Worldwide
Intercontinental Cup:
Winners (1): 1999
Runners-up (1): 1968
FIFA Club World Cup:
Winners (1): 2008

Notes
Passage 8:
Ragbi Klub Mornar Bar
Ragbi Klub Mornar Bar (Montenegrin:Рагби клуб Морнар Бар, English: Rugby Club Mornar Bar) is a Montenegrin rugby club based in Bar, Montenegro  It was founded in 2013  The club plays in the Montenegrin national division  During its first match in Bar, Mornar played against Nikšić on April 19, 2014 

Current squad
The provisional Mornar Bar Rugby Squad for the 2022–23 season is:

External links
Rugby Klub Mornar Bar on facebook



ground_truth: Big 12 Conference

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What football club plays in the area between the old tool gates: Brook Bar and Trafford bar?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  His first hit, Kokooko, made him and Lord Kenya, who was featured on a song, gain huge success in Ghana and also among Ghanaians abroad In January 2016, Gyamenah released what turned out to be his final album, Yenfii Ta, and in May released a song from the album and his final single, "Ntamago" 

Death
He died in the early hours of 29 July 2016 at the 37 Military Hospital in Accra 

Honours and awards
He won two and four awards during the 2000 and 2002 editions of the Ghana Music Awards respectively 

Discography
Kokooko
Ahoofe
You Can't Touch Me
Calling
How Far?
I Beg
A Friend In Need
Yeegye Apem
Odo Yede
Yenfii Ta
Passage 6:
Selena singles discography
American singer Selena released twenty-four official singles, seven promotional singles  Her career began as the lead vocalist of Los Dinos in 1980  Her albums with Los Dinos on indie labels failed to achieve any chart success  In 1987, her remake of Ritchie Valens' "La Bamba" peaked at number 19 on the United States Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart, her first entry  She signed with EMI Latin nine years later as a solo artist though her band continued to tour with her  Selena appeared on "Buenos Amigos" with Salvadoran singer Álvaro Torres  The track peaked at number one on the U S  Hot Latin Songs chart in 1991, the singer's first number one song  Subsequent singles, "Baila Esta Cumbia" and "Como la Flor", became popular songs on Mexican radio, with "Como la Flor" launching the singer's career in that country  "Como la Flor" peaked at number six on the Hot Latin Songs chart, despite popular culture claims that it was the singer's first number one single  The track has charted on the U S  Regional Mexican Digital Songs list since its inception in 2010 and remains the singer's signature number and most popular recording Selena's first live album, Live (1993), contained three studio tracks and produced two top-five U S  singles, "No Debes Jugar" and "La Llamada"  After her collaboration with the Barrio Boyzz on the single "Donde Quiera Que Estés" peaked at number one on the Hot Latin Songs chart, Selena released her fourth studio album, Amor Prohibido (1994)  The album continued the singer's streak of US number one singles with "Amor Prohibido", "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", "No Me Queda Más", and The Pretenders' cover "Fotos y Recuerdos"  The latter peaked at number one posthumously following the shooting death of Selena on March 31, 1995  "Amor Prohibido" and "No Me Queda Más" became the most successful U S  Latin singles of 1994 and 1995, respectively  At the time of her death, Selena was in the process of crossing over into the American pop market  Recording labels EMI Latin and EMI Records jointly released Dreaming of You several months after her death  Fearful that the song might cannibalize sales of the album in the U S , EMI Records released "I Could Fall in Love" as a promotional single  It became the highest charting English-language song on the Hot Latin Songs chart for two years and became her first number one single in Canada  The title track, "Dreaming of You" became the highest charting Billboard Hot 100 song of the singer's career, peaking at number 22  Her cover of Pedro Infante's "Tú Sólo Tú" peaked at number one on the Hot Latin Songs for ten consecutive weeks; the longest number-one single of her career  "I'm Getting Used to You" peaked at number one on the U S  Dance/Electronic Singles Sales; her first number one on that chart Selena's last recorded song, "A Boy Like That" (a song from the 1967 musical West Side Story) was part of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences honoring the musical  The song was also a benefit recording for AIDS Project Los Angeles  It peaked at number four on the U S  Dance Club Songs chart after its release in 1996  In 2002, Selena's brother and music producer A B  Quintanilla mashed "Como la Flor", "Amor Prohibido", and "Si Una Vez" into a medley entitled "Con Tanto Amor Medley" to promote the album Ones  Since Billboard magazine began monitoring music downloads in 2010, Selena's songs re-entered the U S  charts including first time entries "La Carcacha" (1990), "Ya Ves" (1990), "Enamorada de Ti" (1990), "Baila Esta Cumbia" (1992), and "El Chico del Apartamento 512" (1994) 

Singles
Solo career
Selena y Los Dinos singles
Promotional singles and other charted songs
Other appearances
See also
Billboard Top Latin Songs Year-End Chart
List of songs recorded by Selena
Selena albums discography
Selena videography

Notes
Passage 7:
Ten Walls
Marijus Adomaitis (born 19 January 1983), better known by his stage names Ten Walls or Mario Basanov, is a Lithuanian producer who is best known for his 2014 single "Walking with Elephants", which peaked at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart 
In June 2015, Ten Walls was dropped from several festivals and by his booking agency after making controversial comments comparing gay people to pedophiles in a Facebook post, and referring to the LGBT community as a "different breed" 

Career
2009–12: Mario Basanov
In 2012 under the name Mario Basanov Adomaitis won Best Electronic Act at Lithuanian M A M A  music awards 

2013–15: Breakthrough
On 10 May 2013 Ten Walls released his debut EP Gotham  On 9 December 2013 he released his debut single "Requiem"  On 7 September 2014 he released the single "Walking with Elephants"  On 10 September 2014 the song was at number 3 on The Official Chart Update in the UK  On 14 September 2014 the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 6  The song also peaked at number 3 on the UK Dance Chart and number 8 on the Scottish Singles Chart 

Homophobia controversy
In June 2015, Ten Walls posted a rant on his Facebook pages condemning homosexuality and comparing it to pedophilia  According to the Gay Star News, the post stated: "I remember producing music for one Lithuanian musician, who tried to wash my brain that I don't need to be so conservative and intolerant about [gay people]  When I asked him 'what would you do if you realized that your 16-year-old son's browny (anus) is ripped by his boyfriend?' Well he was silent  In the good 90s     these people of different breed were fixed  One of my first gigs in Ireland, on my way to my hotel I saw a church with a fence decorated with hundreds of baby shoes   Unfortunately a priest's lie for many years was uncovered when children were massively raped  Unfortunately the people of other breed continue to do it and everyone knows it but does nothing " As a result of his comments, he was dropped from several festival line-ups  His booking agency, Coda Music Agency, announced that they no longer represented him  Fort Romeau pulled his support for him at London club venue Koko 
Ten Walls' posts were later deleted after a backlash, and he put out an apology claiming that he cancelled the festival dates himself  Organizers of Dutch festival Pitch, Belgian festival Pukkelpop, the German festival Dockville, British festival Creamfields, and Spanish festival Sónar publicly confirmed that they cancelled Ten Walls performances due to his homophobic statements  Ten Walls also received criticism from Lithuanian LGBT activists Three months after his post, in September 2015, Ten Walls issued a formal apology for the incident, calling it "completely out of character" 

Discography
Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
Awards
On 30 January 2015 at M A M A  awards Ten Walls won awards for best electronic act and best music video ("Walking with Elephants") 
Passage 8:
Walking with Elephants
"Walking with Elephants" is a song by Lithuanian producer Ten Walls  It was released as a digital download on 13 April 2014 by German record label BOSO and on 28 April 2014 in the United Kingdom  The song peaked to number 6 on the UK Singles Chart and also charted in Belgium  It was one of the most popular songs in Ibiza in 2014 

Music video
A music video to accompany the release of "Walking with Elephants" was first released onto YouTube on 3 September 2014 at a total length of three minutes and two seconds 

Track listing
Chart performance
Release history
Passage 9:
Do You Realize??
"Do You Realize??" is a song by the Flaming Lips, released as the first single from their 2002 album Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots  It is widely considered to be one of the group's most accessible and popular songs  It reached No  32 in the UK Singles Chart and was adopted as the Official Rock Song of Oklahoma from 2009 to April 2013  The song was ranked No  31 on Rolling Stone's 100 Best Songs of the 2000s  It is also the band's most popular live song, and has rarely been excluded from setlists since its inception into their live shows in 2002  Wayne Coyne also considers it to be the best song they've ever written 

Structure and recording
In an interview with Mojo, Coyne revealed that during the recording of Yoshimi   , band member Steven Drozd was trying to kick a heroin addiction  When they took breaks from playing, Drozd would have a really tough time with his withdrawal   Listening to him cry, and with the death of his father in mind, Coyne wrote: "Do You Realize??" 
Wayne Coyne, commenting on "Do You Realize??" said, "Whenever I analyze the scientific realities of what it means to be living here on Earth – in this galaxy – spinning around the sun – flying through space – a terror shock seizes me!!! I'm reminded once again of how precarious our whole existence is   "

UK track listing
7""Do You Realize??"
"Up Above the Daily Hum"CD1"Do You Realize??"
"If I Go Mad/Funeral in My Head"
"Syrtis Major"CD2"Do You Realize??"
"Up Above the Daily Hum"
"Xanthe Terra"DVD single"Do You Realize??" (video)
"Do You Realize??" (audio)
"The Southern Oklahoma Trigger Contest"
"Noodling Theme (Epic Sunset Mix #5)""Syrtis Major" and "Xanthe Terra" are instrumental pieces intended to be taken from the forthcoming Christmas on Mars soundtrack 

Video
The music video was recorded on Fremont Street in Las Vegas and features Wayne Coyne, people dressed as bunnies and pigs, four female dancers in negligee and a live elephant   No other members of the band are seen 

Oklahoma state song
In March 2009, "Do You Realize??" was announced as the official state rock song of Oklahoma, after winning an online vote among ten finalists as authorized by the Oklahoma state legislature: out of 21,000 votes cast, nearly 51% were for "Do You Realize??" The Oklahoma Senate approved this choice unanimously   However, on 23 April 2009, a vote in the Oklahoma House of Representatives fell three votes short of the 51 votes necessary to ratify the resolution: one Republican state legislator attacked the band for its use of offensive language, while another said he opposed the song because band member Michael Ivins had worn a red T-shirt with a yellow sickle and hammer during a previous appearance by the band  Democratic Governor Brad Henry subsequently announced that he would issue an executive order in lieu of the resolution rejected by the Oklahoma House  However, it was revealed in 2013 that Republican Governor Mary Fallin removed the song's designation as the Official Rock Song of Oklahoma by not renewing Brad Henry's executive order upon taking office in 2011 

Commercial appearances
Hewlett-Packard featured the band alongside Penn and Teller in its 2002 commercial for its HP Media Center PC, which included a clip of the music video  In a review of the ad, music journalist Jim DeRogatis said, "It was a commercial for the Flaming Lips," as much as it was for HP's computer In 2003, VH1 featured the song in a spot that promoted its network  In 2004, Mitsubishi used the song in a television ad for one of its cars, as did Land Rover in 2007 with voice-over by Charles Shaughnessy 
A cover version was used in the teaser trailer of Transformers: The Last Knight in late 2016 
The song was used in the trailer for Guardians of the Galaxy Vol  3 shown at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2022 and would later be included in the film as a part of Awesome Mix Vol  3 

Covers
The song was covered by The Reign of Kindo on their eponymous debut album  It was also covered in 2012 by Ball Park Music for Australian radio station Triple J's Like a Version 
Father John Misty, American folk singer-songwriter and former member of indie rock bands Saxon Shore and Fleet Foxes, performed a version of the song in July 2012 for The A V  Club's A V  Undercover series  Father John Misty's version is featured in the 2022 film Press Play American Jewish rock band Blue Fringe covered the song on their 2007 album The Whole World Lit Up 
In 2015, the song was covered by British singer/composer Ursine Vulpine (aka Frederick Lloyd)  This version was used for the first theatrical trailer of Transformers: The Last Knight as well as the trailer for the third season of the television series Penny Dreadful)  In 2016, Sharon Van Etten covered the song for Amazon's Gortimer Gibbon's Life on Normal Street soundtrack 

Chart positions
Certifications



ground_truth: Manchester United