prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What American actress stars in Tainted?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Pamela Adlon
Pamela Fionna Adlon (; née Segall) (born July 6, 1966) is an American actress  She is known for voicing Bobby Hill in the animated comedy series King of the Hill (1997–2010), for which she won a Primetime Emmy Award  She also voiced Baloo in Jungle Cubs (1996–1998), the title role in the Pajama Sam video game series (1996–2001), Lucky in 101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997–1998), Ashley Spinelli in Recess (1997–2001), Otto Osworth in Time Squad (2001–2003), and Brigette Murphy in Milo Murphy's Law (2016–2019), among numerous others 
Adlon is also known for her roles in the comedy-drama series Californication (2007–2014) and Louie (2010–2015), the latter of which she additionally wrote and produced alongside Louis C K  Her work on Louie garnered her four Primetime Emmy Award nominations  From 2016 to 2022, Adlon starred as Sam Fox on the acclaimed FX comedy-drama series Better Things, which she also co-created, wrote, produced, and directed  The series won a Peabody Award, and she was nominated twice for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series  She also starred alongside Redd Foxx on The Redd Foxx Show as 'Toni' in 1986 
Adlon was featured in numerous films since making her acting debut in Grease 2 (1982)  Her most notable films include Say Anything    (1989), Bed of Roses (1996), Lucky 13 (2005), Conception (2011), I Love You, Daddy (2017), All Square (2018), and Holler (2020) 

Early life
Adlon was born in New York City  She is the daughter of Marina Lucy (Leece) and Donald Maxwell "Don" Segall, who was a television comedy writer-producer and author of comic books and science fiction pulp novels  Her father produced The Dave Garroway Show, which became AM New York and then The Today Show  He was a page at NBC with Gil Cates and wrote erotic fiction under various pseudonyms, including Troy Conway  Adlon's mother is English, while her father, an American, was from Boston  Her father was born to a Jewish family of Russian-Jewish and Ukrainian-Jewish descent and her mother, originally an Anglican, converted to Judaism  Adlon has said that her parents met at the USO event in Paris As a child, Adlon lived in the Carnegie House at 100 West 57th Street  She has said that she and her family lived bi-coastally, moving between Los Angeles and New York because her father was a journeyman writer and producer for TV  She began performing at age nine; one of her father's friends had a radio studio, so she would do voice-over work there  While in Los Angeles she did TV and film acting work  She attended Sarah Lawrence College for a semester  After moving to Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles, she shared a house with Anna Gunn 

Career
Adlon made her acting debut as Dolores Rebchuck in the 1982 musical sequel film Grease 2  She had a recurring role as Kelly Affinado in the sitcom The Facts of Life (1983–1984)  This was followed by appearances in Bad Manners (1984), Night Court (1984), Willy/Milly (1986), Star Trek: The Next Generation (1989), Say Anything    (1989), Sgt  Bilko (1996), and Plump Fiction (1997)  Although she was successful as a child actress she struggled to find parts in her 20s  It led her to develop a substantial voice-over career which she cited as saving her career Adlon gained further acclaim and recognition for voicing the starring role of Bobby Hill in the animated comedy series King of the Hill (1997–2010), for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance in 2002  Adlon also gained recognition for voicing Margaret "Moose" Pearson in Pepper Ann (1997–2000), Ashley Spinelli in Recess (1997–2001), Brigette Murphy in Milo Murphy's Law (2016–2019), and the voice of newborn Halley Wolowitz in The Big Bang Theory 
Adlon is recognizable for her husky voice, which led to her voicing young boys in numerous animated series and films  She voiced Baloo in Jungle Cubs (1996–1998), the title role in the video game series Pajama Sam (1996–2001), Lucky in 101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997–1998), Hector McBadger in Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks (2003–2007), and Andy in Squirrel Boy (2006–2007), among numerous others  She was nominated for an Annie Award for her role as Otto Osworth in the Cartoon Network animated comedy series Time Squad (2001–2003)  She continued to voice characters in films, such as The Animatrix (2003) and as Vidia in the Tinker Bell film series (2008–2015) 
Adlon had notable live-action roles as Emma Path in the ABC legal drama series Boston Legal (2007–2008), Marcy Runkle in the Showtime comedy-drama series Californication (2007–2014), and as Pamela in the FX comedy series Louie (2010–2015)  She was also a writer and consulting producer for the lattermost series 
Adlon's professional relationship with Louis C K  began in 2006 when she played his wife in the short-lived HBO sitcom Lucky Louie  She appeared as the friend of Louie (a fictional character based on C K ) in his FX single-camera series Louie  She appeared in every season but the third  Adlon co-wrote seven episodes of the series and became a consulting producer  She earned a total of four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for her work on Louie  She earned two nominations as a producer for Best Comedy Series, one nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for co-writing the episode "Daddy's Girlfriend Part 1", and one nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series In 2015, FX gave a pilot order to Better Things, a comedy created by and starring Adlon  She plays an actress raising three daughters  The pilot was written by Adlon and Louis C K , who also directed it  It was picked up for a 10-episode series on August 7, 2015  The show, which premiered on September 8, 2016, is semi-autobiographical  C K  served as a co-writer and occasional director for the first two seasons, while Adlon has served as director and writer throughout the series' run 
The series received widespread critical acclaim and was honored with a Peabody Award  Adlon received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for the first two seasons of Better Things  She also received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy, and four nominations for the TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy  Adlon was represented by manager Dave Becky until November 2017, when she fired him following his involvement in the Louis C K  sexual harassment scandal Adlon had recent live-action roles in the romantic drama film First Girl I Loved (2016), the science fiction action film Bumblebee (2018), and the comedy-drama film The King of Staten Island (2020)  She had a guest role as Mrs  Wolowitz in the CBS sitcom Young Sheldon (2017) and a recurring role as Dr  Leigh in the acclaimed NBC drama series This Is Us (2020) 

Personal life
In 1996, Adlon married Felix O  Adlon, the son of German director Percy Adlon  Felix O  Adlon directed Pamela in Eat Your Heart Out (1997)  They divorced in 2010, and he then moved to Germany  They have three daughters who are actresses: Gideon, Odessa, and Valentine "Rocky" Adlon Adlon was the inspiration for Toto's song, Pamela (song)   She was in a short-lived relationship with Toto vocalist Joseph Williams in the 1980s 
Adlon splits her time between the Upper West Side of Manhattan and Los Angeles In January 2020, Adlon became a citizen of the United Kingdom 

Filmography
Adlon is known for her collaborations with Louis C K and her performances in Lucky Louie (2006), Louie (2010–2015), and Better Things (2016–2022)  She has had major performances in The Facts of Life (1983–1984) and Californication (2007–2014) as well as making guest appearances in The Jeffersons (1984), Boston Legal (2007–2008), Parenthood (2012), and This is Us (2020)  She is also a well known voice artist  Her voice credits include the animated programs Kiki's Delivery Service (1989), Bobby's World (1992–1998), Rugrats (1992–2004), Recess (1997–2001), King of the Hill (1997–2010), and Bob's Burgers (2012–2020) 

Awards and nominations
Passage 2:
Drea de Matteo
Andrea Donna de Matteo (born January 19, 1972) is an American actress  She is best known for her role as Adriana La Cerva on the HBO television drama The Sopranos (1999–2006), for which she received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2004  Other notable roles include Gina Tribbiani on Joey (2004–2006), Wendy Case on Sons of Anarchy (2008–2014), Angie Bolen on Desperate Housewives (2009–2010), and Detective Tess Nazario on Shades of Blue (2016–2018) 

Early life
De Matteo was born in Whitestone, Queens, New York City  Her mother, Donna, is a playwright and playwriting teacher who has been on faculty at HB Studio, and her father, Albert, was a furniture manufacturer who was owner and CEO of Avery Boardman and Carlyle  She is of Italian descent, and grew up in a Catholic family After graduating from the Loyola School, de Matteo earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in film production from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, intending to become a film director  She additionally studied acting at the HB Studio 

Career
De Matteo's role in The Sopranos was one of her earliest, helping to launch her career  She has appeared in several films including Swordfish, Deuces Wild, The Perfect You, Prey for Rock & Roll and the 2005 remake of John Carpenter's 1976 action film Assault on Precinct 13  She had the starring role in Abel Ferrara's R Xmas for which she received some very positive reviews In 2004, de Matteo won an Emmy for Best Supporting Actress (Drama) for her role as Adriana on The Sopranos (season 5) and was nominated for a Golden Globe the same year, for the same role From 2004 to 2006, de Matteo portrayed Joey Tribbiani's sister Gina in the Friends spin-off Joey  The show was cancelled after two seasons De Matteo played the role of Wendy Case in the FX original series Sons of Anarchy  The pilot episode aired September 3, 2008, and De Matteo continued making regular appearances into the series' sixth season  She was promoted to a series regular for the seventh and final season 
De Matteo played Angie Bolen, the mother of the Bolen family, on season 6 of the ABC show Desperate Housewives  She left Desperate Housewives at the season 6 finale in 2010, due to personal reasons In 2012, she guest starred in Showtime's Californication 
De Matteo played the stepmother of Steve Wilde, the main character of the FOX comedy Running Wilde, appearing in season 1, episode 9  De Matteo co-starred as Krissi Cates in the film adaptation of Dark Places (2015), with Charlize Theron, Chloë Grace Moretz, and Nicholas Hoult  In 2015, she was cast as Det  Tess Nazario in the NBC drama series Shades of Blue, starring alongside Jennifer Lopez and Ray Liotta 
De Matteo and Chris Kushner began hosting a rewatch podcast of The Sopranos on March 13, 2020, called Made Women; in July, the podcast was retooled and renamed Gangster Goddess Broad-Cast 

Personal life
In 1997, de Matteo opened Filth Mart, an East Village clothing store with her then-boyfriend Michael Sportes  They closed the store in 2004 De Matteo started dating musician Shooter Jennings in 2001  They became engaged on June 11, 2009, when Jennings proposed onstage at the Stanley Theater during a show in Utica, New York  They have two children together, daughter Alabama Gypsyrose Jennings and son Waylon Albert "Blackjack" Jennings  Jennings and de Matteo eventually ended their relationship without marrying  In July 2015, de Matteo became engaged to Whitesnake bass guitarist Michael Devin De Matteo lost her apartment home of 22 years, as did dozens of other residents, when a gas explosion and raging fire destroyed three East Village, Manhattan buildings on March 26, 2015 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 3:
Shari Shattuck
Shari Shattuck (born November 18, 1960) is an American actress and author 
Shattuck was born in Atlanta, Georgia  She has appeared in hundreds of commercials, TV, film, and stage productions  Some roles include "Dallas", "Life Goes On", "On Deadly Ground" as well as multiple Shakespearean roles  She appeared in both nighttime and daytime soaps, sitcoms, mini-series and starred in multiple films  As a model, she appeared on the cover of Playboy in April 1980, and numerous other magazines  In 1982, while working as a model in Atlanta, she was cast in the music video of the  38 Special song "Caught Up in You" 

Personal life
Shattuck was married to actor Ronn Moss (with whom she has two daughters — Creason  and Calee) from January 1990 to July 2002   She later married Joseph Paul Stachura, the owner and managing artistic director of the Knightsbridge Theatre, The National American Shakespeare Company, as well as the Director of Knightsbridge Theatre Films  The couple has produced two movies together, "Redemption" and "Scream at the Devil "In addition to acting, Shattuck has written for the stage and directed multiple productions  Her play, In Progress, was produced at the Matrix Theatre Shattuck is also a fiction writer who has written four mystery novels featuring Callaway Wilde, a wealthy Los Angeles socialite, the first of which, Loaded, was picked as one of the best of 2003 by Publishers Weekly  Other titles in the Callaway Wilde series are Lethal, Liar, and Legacy  She also wrote a psychic series featuring Greer Sands, Eye of the Beholder and Speak of the Devil and two hardcover literary fiction novels, Invisible Ellen and the sequel, Becoming Ellen 

Filmography
Passage 4:
Tainted
Taint or tainted may refer to:

Impurities
Contamination, the presence of a minor and unwanted element (a contaminant)
a wine fault, such as cork taint, ladybird taint, or phenolic taint, producing undesirable odors or tastes in bottled wine
Infection, the colonization of a host organism by parasites
Taint (legal), the quality of illegally obtained court evidence
Taint checking, a feature of some programming languages that prevents unauthorized users from remotely executing commands on a computer

Titles
The Taint (novel) (or Doctor Who and the Taint), a novel written by Michael Collier and based on the British television series Doctor Who
Taint (band), a sludge-metal band from Wales
The Taint (film), a 1915 American silent film
Tainted (film), a 1987 American film

Other uses
Taint (anatomy), colloquial name for the space between the anus and genitals
Tint, an archaic form, referring to a color mixed with white
Tainted kernel, when proprietary modules are loaded into Linux
Passage 5:
Robin Wright
Robin Gayle Wright (born April 8, 1966) is an American actress and director  She has received various accolades, including a Golden Globe Award, and nominations for eight Primetime Emmy Awards 
Wright first gained attention for her role as Kelly Capwell in the NBC Daytime soap opera Santa Barbara  from 1984 to 1988  She transitioned to film with a starring role in the fantasy film The Princess Bride (1987), and she gained a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the top-grossing drama Forrest Gump (1994)  She had further starring roles in the romantic drama Message in a Bottle (1999) and the thriller Unbreakable (2000), as she gained praise for her performances in the independent films Loved (1997), She's So Lovely (1997), Nine Lives (2005) and Sorry, Haters (2006)  She has since taken on supporting roles in the sports drama Moneyball (2011), the thriller The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), the adventure film Everest (2015), the superhero film Wonder Woman (2017), and the science fiction film Blade Runner 2049 (2017) 
On television, Wright starred in the HBO miniseries Empire Falls in 2005  From 2013 to 2018, she starred as Claire Underwood in the Netflix political drama series House of Cards  Her performance earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress and six nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress  In 2016, Wright was named one of the highest paid actresses in the United States, earning US$420,000 per episode for House of Cards  She has also directed ten episodes of the series as well as two episodes of the Netflix crime series Ozark in 2022 

Early life
Wright was born April 8, 1966, in Dallas to Gayle Wright (née Gaston), a cosmetics saleswoman for Mary Kay, and Fred Wright, a pharmaceutical company employee  She has an elder brother, Richard (b  1962), who is a photographer  Her parents divorced when she was two, which led to her relocating to San Diego, California with her mother  She grew up in Southern California, attending La Jolla High School in La Jolla and Taft High School in Los Angeles 

Career
Wright began her career as a model, when she was 14  At the age of 18, she played Kelly Capwell in the NBC Daytime soap opera Santa Barbara, for which she received several Daytime Emmy Award nominations 

1980s–2000s: Transition into feature films
Wright transitioned into feature film work with a role in Hollywood Vice Squad in 1986, followed by her breakthrough role as Princess Buttercup in the cult film The Princess Bride in 1987  She gained critical acclaim in her role as Jenny Curran in Forrest Gump (1994), receiving Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild nominations for Best Supporting Actress 
In 1996, she starred in the lead role of the film adaptation of Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders (1996), for which she received a Satellite Award nomination for Best Actress in a Drama  She was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress for her role in She's So Lovely (1997), a film in which she co-starred with her then-husband Sean Penn  Wright received her third Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for her role in the television film Empire Falls (2005) 

2013–2018: House of Cards
From 2013 to 2018, Wright appeared in the Netflix political drama streaming television series House of Cards in the role of Claire Underwood, the ruthless wife of political mastermind Frank Underwood  On January 12, 2014, she won a Golden Globe for the role, becoming the first actress to win the award for a streaming television series; she was nominated for the same award the following year  She also received nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award in 2013 and 2014 for the same role  Following Season 4 in 2016, Wright stated that she felt Claire Underwood was the equal of Frank Underwood and demanded equal pay for her performance as her co-star Kevin Spacey; Netflix acquiesced  In 2017, for her performance in the fifth season, Wright was nominated for her fifth consecutive Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series  For the years 2014, 2016, and 2017, Wright received Best Actress in a Drama Series nominations for the Critics' Choice Television Awards, with her being the only nomination for the show in December 2017 
In October 2017, she was set as the show's new lead for the final season, following the firing of Kevin Spacey due to sexual misconduct allegations against Spacey  For her last appearance as Underwood, her performance was acclaimed - described as a "commanding performance [that] is more than enough to keep [the final season] standing strong"  - earning her her final nominations for the role at the Screen Actors Guild and Primetime Emmy Awards in 2019  For the latter, she became one of seven women to be nominated for the category six or more times for the same show (the first in 10 years since Mariska Hargitay for Law & Order: Special Victims Unit) 

Further film and directorial work
In 2017, Wright directed a short film, The Dark of Night, which starred Sam Rockwell and premiered at the Cannes Film Festival  Additionally, Wright played General Antiope in Wonder Woman (2017) and its 2020 sequel alongside Gal Gadot and Chris Pine  The film earned positive reviews and emerged as a financial success, grossing $822 8 million at the box office  She appears in the Blade Runner sequel Blade Runner 2049 alongside Ryan Gosling, Harrison Ford, and Jared Leto, directed by Denis Villeneuve 
In April 2019, it was announced that she would make her feature film directorial debut in the film Land  Wright would also be starring as its lead, Edee Mathis, a lawyer who retreats in grief to the Shoshone National Forest in Wyoming  Sales for the film would start at Cannes the following month  Filming began by October that year and the movie was picked up by distributor Focus Features  Land premiered in January 2021 at the Sundance Film Festival to generally positive reviews, with specific praise towards the direction and the performances  Peter Debruge in a review for Variety wrote: "So bless Wright for paring “Land” down to a beautiful haiku, and for delivering a performance that’s ambiguous and understated in all the right ways," and "in a directorial debut so pure and simple it speaks to enormous self-confidence, has better instincts than to reveal outright "In 2022, Wright directed the final two episodes of the first part of season 4 of the Netflix show, Ozark; the episodes being entitled: "Sangre Sobre Todo" and "Sanctified"  Kayla Cobb for Decider praised Wright's direction in the latter episode as "powerful" with the pairing of her direction, the script and actress Julia Garner's performance as a "masterful collaboration "Wright will next star in and produce Ben Young's thriller Where All Light Tends to Go, an adaptation of the book of the same name by David Joy  In April 2022, Wright joined the cast of Netflix's fantasy film Damsel directed by Juan Carlos Fresnadillo  Wright will additionally star in a Sony Pictures Classics and Miramax adaptation of Richard McGuire's Here in a Forrest Gump reteam with director Robert Zemeckis, actor Tom Hanks and writer Eric Roth for a 2023 release 

Personal life
From 1986 to 1988, Wright was married to actor Dane Witherspoon, whom she met in 1984 on the set of the soap opera Santa Barbara In 1989, Wright became involved with actor Sean Penn following his divorce from Madonna  Wright was offered the role of Maid Marian in the film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, but turned it down because she was pregnant  Their daughter, Dylan Frances, was born in April 1991  She backed out of the role of Abby McDeere in The Firm (1993) due to her pregnancy with her second child, and their son, Hopper Jack, was born in August 1993 After breaking up and getting back together, Wright and Penn married in 1996  Their on-and-off relationship seemingly ended in divorce plans, announced in December 2007, but the divorce petition was withdrawn four months later at the couple's request  In February 2009, Wright and Penn attended the 81st Academy Awards together, at which Penn won the Best Actor award  Penn filed for legal separation in April 2009, but withdrew the petition in May  On August 12, 2009, Wright filed for divorce, declaring she had no plans to reconcile  The divorce was finalized on July 22, 2010 In February 2012, Wright began dating actor Ben Foster, and their engagement was announced in January 2014  The couple called off their engagement in November 2014, but reunited in January 2015  On August 29, 2015, they announced they were ending their second engagement  In 2017, Wright began dating Clément Giraudet, a Saint Laurent executive, and they secretly wed in August 2018 in La Roche-sur-le-Buis, France  Wright filed for divorce from Giraudet in September 2022 

Philanthropy and activism
Wright is the honorary spokesperson for the Dallas, Texas-based non-profit The Gordie Foundation In 2014, she co-partnered with two California-based companies; Pour Les Femmes and The SunnyLion  The SunnyLion donates a portion of its profits to the Raise Hope For Congo movement 
Wright is an activist for human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  She is the narrator and executive producer of the documentary When Elephants Fight which highlights how multinational mining corporations and politicians in the Democratic Republic of Congo threaten human rights, and perpetuate conflict in the region  She also is a supporter of Stand With Congo, the human rights campaign behind the film  In 2016, Wright spoke publicly in support of the campaign at a film screening at the TriBeCa Film Institute in New York City, in media interviews, with journalists, and across her social media accounts 

Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
Passage 6:
Faye Dunaway filmography
Faye Dunaway is an American actress who appeared in over seventy films, thirty television shows, thirteen plays and two music videos  Regarded as one of the greatest actresses of her generation, she was one of the leading actresses during the golden age of New Hollywood  After her film debut  The Happening, she starred in the gangster film Bonnie and Clyde, in which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress  She starred with Steve McQueen in The Thomas Crown Affair (1968)   In 1969, she co-starred with Kirk Douglas in Elia Kazan's drama The Arrangement  The following year, she starred with Dustin Hoffman in Little Big Man  In 1970, her performance in Jerry Schatzberg's experimental drama Puzzle of a Downfall Child earned her a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama  She portrayed Milady de Winter in Richard Lester's The Three Musketeers (1973) and The Four Musketeers (1974) 
In 1974, Dunaway starred in Roman Polanski's crime film Chinatown, in which she was nominated for the Academy Award, a Golden Globe and a BAFTA for her performance  That same year, she appeared in the all-star disaster epic The Towering Inferno  In 1975, her role in Sydney Pollack's political thriller Three Days of the Condor earned her a fourth Golden Globe nomination  Dunaway received the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama for her performance in Sidney Lumet's satire Network (1976)  She then starred in the thriller Eyes of Laura Mars (1978) and the drama The Champ (1979)  Her controversial portrayal of Joan Crawford in the 1981 film Mommie Dearest became one of her most famous roles, but she later blamed the film for hurting her career 
She won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for her work in the miniseries Ellis Island (1985) and received critical acclaim for her performance in Barbet Schroeder's drama Barfly (1987), opposite Mickey Rourke  Her role in a 1993 episode of Columbo earned her a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series  She co-starred with Johnny Depp twice, in the surrealist comedy-drama Arizona Dream (1993) and the romantic comedy Don Juan DeMarco (1995)  Her portrayal of Wilhelmina Cooper in the drama Gia (1998) with Angelina Jolie earned her a third Golden Globe Award, for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television  Dunaway also appeared in the James Gray-directed crime film The Yards (2000) and Roger Avary's satirical black comedy The Rules of Attraction (2002) 
Dunaway started her acting career on Broadway and appeared in several plays throughout her career, including A Man for All Seasons (1961–63), After the Fall (1964), Hogan's Goat (1965–67) and A Streetcar Named Desire (1973)  She was awarded the Sarah Siddons Award for her portrayal of opera singer Maria Callas in Master Class (1996)  Dunaway also appeared in two music videos, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers' Into the Great Wide Open in 1991 and Hill Zaini's I Heard in 2010 

Film
Television
Theatre
Music video appearances
Passage 7:
Rozie Curtis
Rozanne Damone "Rozie" Curtis is an American choreographer and voice actress  She is mostly known for doing voiceovers in English dubs for Japanese anime and works with ADV Films and Seraphim Digital  Currently, she is the manager of community outreach for Theatre Under the Stars and associate director for Crosswind Productions 

Filmography
Voice Roles
AD Police - Kyoko Miyano
All Purpose Cultural Cat Girl Nuku Nuku - Maho
Clannad - Rie Nishima
Clannad After Story - Rie Nishima (episode 13-14), Yagi (eps 15-16, 22), Additional Voices
Compiler - Interpreter (as Rozanne Curtis)
Cyber Team in Akihabara - Kamome's Mom (eps 7, 16), Magazine Stand Lady (ep 9)
Demon King Daimao - Mitsuko Torii
Generator Gawl - Masami
Girls und Panzer - Anzu Kadotani
Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere - Musashi
Kill Me Baby - Agiri Goshiki
Le Chevalier d'Eon - Additional Voices
Legend of the Mystical Ninja - Rumie Himuro
Mystical Detective Loki Ragnarok - Hel (ep 14)
Needless - Kasumi Ogiha
Pani Poni Dash - Behomi
Saiyuki - Huang
Samurai Girls - Kanetsugu Naoe (as Vestal Vee)
Steel Angel Kurumi 2 - Uruka Sumeragi
Street Fighter II V - Party Guest, Receptionist (ADV dub)
Those Who Hunt Elves - Ritsuko Inoue

Live-Action Roles
Paradise, Texas - Records Clerk, Choreographer (staff role)
Passage 8:
Laura Dern
Laura Elizabeth Dern (born February 10, 1967) is an American actress  She is the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, a BAFTA Award, and five Golden Globe Awards 
Born to actors Bruce Dern and Diane Ladd, Dern embarked on an acting career in the 1980s and rose to prominence for her performances in Mask (1985) and the David Lynch films Blue Velvet (1986) and Wild at Heart (1990)  She received her first Academy Award nomination for her portrayal of the titular orphan in the drama film Rambling Rose (1991), and achieved international recognition for her role as Ellie Sattler in Steven Spielberg's adventure film Jurassic Park (1993), a role that she reprised in the sequels Jurassic Park III (2001) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022) 
After winning two Golden Globe Awards for her performances as Katherine Harris in the television film Recount (2008), and Amy Jellicoe on the comedy drama series Enlightened (2011–2013), Dern garnered her second Academy Award nomination for her performance as the mother of Cheryl Strayed in the biopic Wild (2014)  In 2017, she began starring as Renata Klein on the drama series Big Little Lies, winning a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award, and reunited with David Lynch for Twin Peaks: The Return  She had supporting roles in the films Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), Little Women (2019), and Marriage Story (2019)  Her performance in the last won her numerous accolades, including an Academy Award and her fifth Golden Globe Award 

Early life
Laura Elizabeth Dern was born on February 10, 1967, in Los Angeles, California  The daughter of actors Diane Ladd and Bruce Dern and great-granddaughter of former Utah governor and Secretary of War George Dern, she was conceived while her parents were filming The Wild Angels  Poet, writer, and Librarian of Congress Archibald MacLeish was her great-great-uncle  After her parents divorced when she was two years old, Dern was largely brought up by her mother and maternal grandmother, Mary, who had Norwegian ancestry, from Oslo  She was raised Catholic  Her godmother was actress Shelley Winters  She developed scoliosis as a child Her first film foray was an appearance as an extra in White Lightning (1973), a film in which her mother starred  Her official film debut was an appearance in Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974), opposite her mother  In 1982, Dern served as Miss Golden Globe at 15 years old  In the same year, she portrayed a rebellious rock band member in the cult film Ladies and Gentlemen, The Fabulous Stains  At 16, after doubling on her classes to graduate high school a semester early, she sought and attained emancipation, which allowed her to work the same amount of hours as an adult on films  After moving out of her home at the age of 17, Dern became roommates with Marianne Williamson, and enrolled at UCLA intending to double major in psychology and journalism, but withdrew two days into the semester to film Blue Velvet 

Career
1980–1999: Career beginnings and breakthrough
Dern got her first credited role, Debbie, appearing alongside Jodie Foster in the 1980 coming-of-age film Foxes  At the age of 11, she had originally auditioned for a different role after telling casting directors that she was 14  In 1985, she was cast two weeks before production began as the protagonist, a carefree 15-year-old girl, Connie Wyatt, who grabs the attention of a predatory stranger, in the film Smooth Talk  The film won the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival in the Dramatic category in 1986 and received largely favorable reviews  It is seen as the film that launched Dern's career Between 1985 and 1990, Dern gained critical acclaim for her performances in Mask, Blue Velvet, and Wild at Heart–the latter two of which were directed by David Lynch–which began a longstanding collaboration between Dern and Lynch  In the biographical drama film, Mask, she played the role of Diana Adams, a blind girl who becomes Rocky Dennis' love interest, starring alongside Eric Stoltz and Cher  At the age of 16, Dern was cast as Sandy Williams, one of the starring roles alongside Kyle MacLachlan and Isabella Rossellini in the critically successful mystery thriller film Blue Velvet  It is widely regarded as Dern's breakthrough performance In 1990, Dern once again collaborated with Lynch, starring as Lula Fortune alongside Nicolas Cage in the black comedy crime film Wild At Heart, where she portrays a vastly different character from her previous role in Blue Velvet  Dern called the role an opportunity 'to play not only a very sexual person, but also someone who was, in her own way, incredibly comfortable with herself'  The film, which had won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, was met with generally positive reviews from critics but polarized some audiences at the time  Lynch cast Dern's mother, Diane Ladd, to play Lula's overbearing mother in the film Dern auditioned for the role of Clarice Starling in The Silence of the Lambs (1991), but lost the role due to studio's skepticism about her level of fame at the time  In 1992, Dern and her mother, Diane Ladd, became the first mother and daughter to be nominated for Academy Awards for acting in the same film for their performances in Rambling Rose–Ladd received a Best Supporting Actress nomination, while Dern received one for Best Actress  The following year, she won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film and received her first Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Television Movie for her performance in the 1992 television film Afterburn Dern starred as Dr  Ellie Sattler in Steven Spielberg's 1993 film Jurassic Park, achieving international recognition with the role  Dern, who had been more focused on independent films prior to the film, was Spielberg’s first choice for the role of Ellie Sattler after having been impressed with her work in Smooth Talk and Rambling Rose  She was influenced by Wild At Heart costar Nicolas Cage to take the role and called the decision an "easy yes", recalling how Spielberg and producer Kathleen Kennedy made sure the character was a "no-nonsense feminist who had her own independent spirit and was brilliant in her craft" and wasn't an "oversexualized action heroine" while describing filming to be similar to an independent film That same year, Clint Eastwood contacted the actress for his film A Perfect World  After the release of Jurassic Park, Dern was offered many roles in blockbuster films and ultimately chose to star in Alexander Payne's directorial debut black comedy film Citizen Ruth to avoid typecasting as the character Ruth Stoops, a pregnant drug addict who unexpectedly attracts national attention from those involved in the abortion debate  The film debuted at Sundance Film Festival to critical acclaim for the film and for Dern's performance but only received a limited release from Miramax likely due to its controversial topic  Ladd made a cameo appearance, playing Dern's character's mother for the third time following Rambling Rose and Wild At Heart, with Dern's character screaming a torrent of abuse at her 
In 1997, Dern was asked by Ellen DeGeneres to guest star as Susan Richmond, a lesbian who helps Degeneres' character, Ellen Morgan, come out of the closet in "The Puppy Episode" of the sitcom Ellen, while DeGeneres herself came out at the same time offscreen  Despite protests from people around her, she shrugged off concerns and immediately accepted the role where she received her third Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress In A Comedy Series  The decision significantly impacted her career in the following years with Dern revealing in an April 2007 airing of The Ellen DeGeneres Show that she did not work for more than a year and that she needed a "full security detail" following her appearance in the historic episode due to the resulting backlash at the time, but nevertheless called it an "extraordinary experience and opportunity" and "an incredible honor"  The following year, Dern co-starred in the television film The Baby Dance, for which she received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film  While dating Billy Bob Thornton in 1999, she was cast as his love interest in his film Daddy and Them, which also includes Diane Ladd  Dern appeared in Joe Johnston's biographical drama film October Sky alongside Jake Gyllenhaal portraying his character's teacher Miss Riley 

2000–2011: Further film and television career
In 2000, Robert Altman cast Dern in his comedy Dr  T & the Women  In 2001, Dern reprised her role as Dr  Ellie Sattler in Jurassic Park III, which was directed by Joe Johnston whom she had worked with in October Sky  Originally hesitant to return for a cameo, Dern was convinced when it was suggested by executive producer Steven Spielberg to the writers, Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor who had previously collaborated with Dern for Citizen Ruth, to have the character play an important role by saving the other characters  That same year, she co-starred in Within These Walls and Arthur Miller's Focus  She starred in the film I Am Sam as Randy Carpenter, a woman running a foster home  In 2002, she starred in the film Damaged Care  In 2004, she starred in the film We Don't Live Here Anymore  Dern starred in the 2005 film Happy Endings, and in the same year, she appeared in the film The Prize Winner of Defiance, Ohio 
In 2006, Dern reunited with director David Lynch for the third time after Blue Velvet and Wild At Heart in the experimental film Inland Empire which was largely shot on a hand-held Sony DSR-PD150 by Lynch himself and without a complete screenplay  Dern portrays an actress, Nikki Grace, who starts to take on the personality of the character she plays  The film debuted at the Venice Film Festival to polarized reviews, the majority being positive, where Dern admitted that she was not sure what the film was about, but has said she would sign up for any project with Lynch  In the same year, Dern portrayed a supporting role in Lonely Hearts  Mike White, known for writing School of Rock and The Good Girl, hired Dern for his directorial debut in 2007, the comedy titled Year of the Dog, and starring Molly Shannon, John C  Reilly and Peter Sarsgaard  In 2008, Dern starred as Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris in Recount, for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film  The following year, Dern appeared in the independent drama Tenderness, and in 2010, she appeared in Little Fockers, portraying Prudence, an elementary school principal In November 2010, Dern and her parents Diane Ladd and Bruce Dern were presented with stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, becoming the first family to do so  In October 2011, she starred in a new HBO comedy-drama television series titled Enlightened in which she also served as co-creator and executive producer  Dern played Amy Jellicoe, a "health and beauty executive who returns from a post-meltdown retreat to pick up the pieces of her broken life " Dern brought screenwriter Mike White, whom she collaborated with on Year of the Dog, back into television work after he had suffered an on-the-job meltdown of his own  The series received critical acclaim and lasted two seasons  Dern's mother Diane Ladd plays the major supporting role of Helen Jellicoe, Dern's character's mother in the series  Dern received her third Golden Globe Award and fifth nomination, her first in the Best Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy category for her performance  She was also nominated for her fifth Primetime Emmy Award, her first in the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series category 

2012–present: Later career and acclaim
In 2012, Dern starred in Paul Thomas Anderson's psychological drama film The Master  In 2014, she co-starred alongside Reese Witherspoon in Jean-Marc Vallée's biographical drama film Wild portraying the character of Bobbi, mother of Cheryl Strayed in flashback scenes, for which she received her second Academy Award nomination and her first in the Best Supporting Actress category  That same year, she portrayed Frannie Lancaster in the coming-of-age romance film The Fault In Our Stars and she portrays Beverly Ladouceur in the sports drama film When the Game Stands Tall directed by Thomas Carter, starring Jim Caviezel and produced by David Zelon for Mandalay Pictures  She portrayed Lynn Nash, a widowed mother and grandmother who gets evicted with her family, in 2014's 99 Homes alongside Andrew Garfield In 2017, Dern reteamed with both Witherspoon and Vallée from Wild and The Fault In Our Stars co-star Shailene Woodley for the 2017 HBO miniseries Big Little Lies, the latter who Dern had helped convince to join the cast  For her portrayal as Renata Klein in the series, Dern won her first Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie and her fourth Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries, or Motion Picture Made for Television  That same year, she collaborated for the fourth time with David Lynch, appearing as Diane Evans in the third season of the mystery serial drama television series Twin Peaks and joined the Star Wars franchise portraying Vice-Admiral Amilyn Holdo in Rian Johnson's space opera film Star Wars: The Last Jedi In 2018, Dern starred as professor and documentary filmmaker Jennifer Fox, recalling her traumatic past in the autobiographical feature film The Tale, written and directed by Fox  The film premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2018 to a standing ovation, and later on HBO on May 26, 2018  Dern received her seventh Primetime Emmy nomination for the role in the category Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Series Or Movie  That same year, she starred in two biographical drama films, Trial By Fire and JT LeRoy as the author Laura Albert 
In 2019, Dern reprised her role of Renata Klein in Big Little Lies after the series was renewed for a second season where she once again received critical acclaim and received her eighth Primetime Emmy Award nomination, her first in the Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series category  In the same year, Dern starred in two films nominated for Best Picture at the Academy Awards  The first is Noah Baumbach's Marriage Story, portraying the character Nora Fanshaw, a divorce lawyer which was written by Baumbach with Dern in mind for the role  For her performance, Dern received major awards including earning her first Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress from three nominations, winning the first and only Oscar in an acting category for Netflix, and also received the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, the SAG Award for Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture  The second is Greta Gerwig's film adaptation of Little Women, where she portrayed Marmee March  In 2020, she served as an executive producer on the animated short film If Anything Happens I Love You which was released on Netflix and was a producer on the documentary film The Way I See It In 2022, Dern reprised her role as Dr  Ellie Sattler in Jurassic World Dominion  Due to the character's fan influence, Dern and director Colin Trevorrow felt protective of the character and her legacy, and were in agreement to have the character play a major role  With Neill and Goldblum having led in their own Jurassic Park sequel, Trevorrow wanted Dominion to be Dern's film explaining, "It was important for the plot to be driven by Ellie  She's the only one of those three characters that hasn't had her own movie " She is set to star in Florian Zeller's adaptation of his stage play, The Son  Dern appeared in the music video for Taylor Swift's "Bejeweled" from her tenth studio album Midnights (2022) Dern will star and serve as executive producer for the science fiction drama film Morning directed by Justin Kurzel  She is set to star in the Netflix film Lonely Planet, and will serve as executive producer and star in the upcoming Apple TV+ comedy series Mrs  American Pie  Dern is set to reunite with Wild author Cheryl Strayed and co-star Reese Witherspoon as executive producers for the upcoming Hulu television series Tiny Beautiful Things based on Strayed's book  She and Amy Adams signed on to executive produce a HBO adaptation of Claire Lombardo's The Most Fun We Ever Had 

Personal life
Relationships and family
Dern began dating musician Ben Harper after they met at one of his concerts in fall 2000  Harper and Dern married on December 23, 2005, at their home in Los Angeles  They have two children together, son Ellery Walker (born August 21, 2001) and daughter Jaya (born November 2004)  Through this marriage, Dern became a stepmother and is close with Harper's children from his first marriage, his son, Charles, and daughter, Harris  The two finalised their divorce in 2013 On October 18, 2017, in the wake of the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse scandal, Dern appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and revealed that she had been sexually assaulted at age 14 

Political views and activism
During the 66th Golden Globe Awards, on January 11, 2009, Dern expressed support for the incoming administration of Barack Obama during her acceptance speech for her Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film win, stating: "I will cherish this as a reminder of the extraordinary, incredible outpouring of people who demanded their voice be heard in this last election so we can look forward to amazing change in this country  Thank you so much!"An activist and supporter of various charities, Dern advocated Down syndrome awareness in a cover story for Ability Magazine  In 2018, Dern brought activist Mónica Ramírez to the 75th Golden Globe Awards as a guest  In the same year, she attended a Families Belong Together event and expressed her support for immigrants' rights  She is also an advocate for women's rights, gender pay parity, as well as combating gun violence and climate change  In 2019, she became a board member of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures  Dern is an ambassador for the American Lung Association and serves as an Advisor to the group's National Board of Directors 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Music videos
Awards and nominations
Passage 9:
All the Way to the Ocean
All the Way to the Ocean is a 2016 computer animated short film based on the children's book of the same name by Joel Harper  The screenplay was written by Joel Harper, Pete Michels, and Doug Rowell  The film was directed by Doug Rowell and produced by Joel Harper  The film is narrated by American actress Marcia Cross and features the song With My Own Two Hands by Ben Harper (brother of) Joel Harper  This is an alternate version of the original song featuring Jack Johnson and is also featured on the Curious George film soundtrack Sing-A-Longs and Lullabies for the Film Curious George  The lyrics focus on how changes in the world can come about when a single person decides to take action  The song's popularity in Europe was such that Ben Harper was awarded French Rolling Stone Magazine's "Artist of the Year" (Artiste De L'Année) in 2003  The film also features music by Joel Harper and Burning Spear with their collaboration on the song The Time is Now  The film stars voice-overs by actress and activist Amy Smart and Australian musician Xavier Rudd 

Plot
A story about two best friends, Isaac and James (voiced by Katie Leigh), and their discovery of the cause and effect relationship between our cities' storm drains and the world's oceans, lakes and rivers  In the story James throws a wrapper and plastic bottle in the gutter and doesn't believe that it will go all the way to the ocean  His friend Isaac warns James about the consequences of his littering  There begins the adventures of James and Isaac as they learn about the harmful effects of storm drain pollution, and in turn, spread the word to their friends and the rest of their school  Helping the kids along this journey are a concerned Crane (voiced by Xavier Rudd) from the coast line, a surprisingly insightful Surfer Dude and James' Mom (voiced by Amy Smart) 

Awards
2022 Sylvia Earle OCEAN CONSERVATION AWARD - Inspiring the Future (My Hero in Partnership with One World One Ocean) https://myhero com/winner-of-the-inspiring-the-future-2022-sylvia-earle-ocean-conservation-award-all-the-way-to-the-ocean
2017 Official Selection - Wild & Scenic Film Festival 
Passage 10:
Jennifer Grey
Jennifer Grey (born March 26, 1960) is an American actress  She made her acting debut with the film Reckless (1984), and had her breakthrough with the teen comedy film Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986)  She subsequently earned worldwide fame for starring as Frances "Baby" Houseman in the romantic drama film Dirty Dancing (1987), which earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination  Her other feature films include Red Dawn (1984), The Cotton Club (1984), Bloodhounds of Broadway (1989), Bounce (2000), Redbelt (2008), The Wind Rises (2013), In Your Eyes (2014), Duck Duck Goose (2018), and Bittersweet Symphony (2019) 
Grey's early television work includes the made-for-TV films Murder in Mississippi (1990), Criminal Justice (1990), and If the Shoe Fits as Kelly Carter / Prudence (1990)  She starred as herself in the series It's Like, You Know    (1999–2001), won season eleven of the dancing competition series Dancing with the Stars (2010) and starred as Judy Meyers in the Amazon Prime Video comedy Red Oaks (2014–2017)  She has done voice work in film and television, providing her voice in the 2018 film Duck Duck Goose and the 2008–2014 animated television series Phineas and Ferb 

Early life
Jennifer Grey was born on March 26, 1960, in New York City, the daughter of stage and Academy Award-winning screen actor Joel Grey and former actress/singer Jo Wilder (née Brower)  Her paternal grandfather was comedian and musician Mickey Katz  Grey's parents both came from Jewish families Grey attended the Dalton School, a private school in Manhattan where she studied dance and acting, and where she met her best friend, actress Tracy Pollan  After graduating in 1978, Grey enrolled at Manhattan's Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre for two years of training as an actress  While waiting for roles, she supported herself waitressing 

Career
Grey's commercial debut was at the age of 19, in an ad for Dr Pepper, before making her film debut in Reckless (1984), in a small role  She appeared in a small role in Francis Ford Coppola's The Cotton Club (1984)  That year she starred in the war film Red Dawn  She then appeared in the 1985 John Badham project American Flyers 
In 1986 she played the role of jealous sister Jeannie Bueller in the John Hughes comedy film Ferris Bueller's Day Off, opposite Matthew Broderick  The film was commercially successful and received a positive critical reception The following year, she reunited with Patrick Swayze, her co-star in Red Dawn, to play Frances "Baby" Houseman in Dirty Dancing  The story is a coming of age love story: spending the summer at a Catskills resort with her family, Frances "Baby" Houseman falls in love with the resort's dance instructor, Johnny Castle  The low-budget film was a surprise hit, was the first film to sell one million copies on video, and is considered a classic  Paid $50,000 for her role, the film came to define Grey's career, and she was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the role Grey's sole Broadway theatre credit is her 1993 appearance in The Twilight of the Golds 
Despite the success of Dirty Dancing, Grey felt that her looks would place restrictions on the type of future roles she would be considered for  After consulting her mother and three plastic surgeons in the early 1990s, she underwent two rhinoplasty procedures  The second was necessary to correct an irregularity caused by the first operation and ended up more extensive than what Grey had expected  This resulted in a nose that caused even close friends to fail to recognize her, and the major change in her appearance affected her career  Of the experience she said, "I went in the operating room a celebrity—and came out anonymous  It was like being in a witness protection program or being invisible " Grey recalled in a 2020 interview that an airline employee who checked her identity refused to believe that she and the actress the employee knew from Dirty Dancing were one and the same  Grey briefly considered changing her name in order to start her career anew, but ultimately decided against this From March 1999 until January 2000, Grey starred as herself in the short-lived ABC sitcom It's Like, You Know   , which satirized her much-publicized nose job as a running gag Grey appeared with Shirley MacLaine, Liza Minnelli, and Kathy Bates in the CBS television movie The West Side Waltz, adapted by Ernest Thompson from his play  She appeared in one episode of Friends as Mindy, a high school friend of Jennifer Aniston's character Rachel  She had a small role in the 2000 film Bounce with Gwyneth Paltrow and Ben Affleck  In 2007, Grey portrayed Daphne on the HBO series John from Cincinnati  In 2010, she played Abbey, the mother of a sick child in the season seven House episode "Unplanned Parenthood" Grey was a contestant on season eleven of Dancing With the Stars  She was partnered with professional dancer Derek Hough  She came out very strong at first, frequently topping the leaderboard  However, injuries, stress, and exhaustion took their toll on Grey, and for a couple of weeks she fell behind  In week seven, however, she improved, tying with previous frontrunner Brandy Norwood  On November 23, 2010, Grey and her partner Hough won the competition 
In September 2011 Grey appeared in the Lifetime movie Bling Ring as Iris Garvey, the mother of Zack Garvey  On November 5 and 6, 2011, Grey stood in for head judge Len Goodman on the BBC One TV show Strictly Come Dancing Grey voiced Mrs  Kurokawa in the English dub version of Hayao Miyazaki's film The Wind Rises From 2014 to 2017, Grey portrayed Judy Meyers on Red Oaks  In 2018, Grey co-starred in the film Untogether; the film was released on February 8, 2019 Grey also appeared at the 2015 Tony Awards alongside her father Joel, presenting a performance from the musical Fun Home 
Ballantine Books published Grey's memoir, Out of the Corner, on May 3, 2022 

Personal life
On August 5, 1987, Grey suffered severe whiplash in a car collision in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland, while vacationing with actor Matthew Broderick, whom she had begun dating in semi-secrecy during the filming of Ferris Bueller's Day Off  The crash, the event through which their relationship became public, occurred when Broderick, at the wheel of a rented BMW, crossed into the wrong lane and collided head-on with a Volvo driven by a local mother and daughter, Margaret Doherty, 63, and Anna Gallagher, 28, who were killed instantly  Broderick was convicted of careless driving and fined $175  Dirty Dancing was released a few weeks after the collision, catapulting Grey to fame  But she has said that her grief and survivor's guilt over the crash prevented her from enjoying the film's success, and led her to withdraw from acting for some time Grey was also romantically involved with actors Michael J  Fox, Johnny Depp, William Baldwin and then-aide to President Clinton, George Stephanopoulos  She married actor/director Clark Gregg on July 21, 2001  They have a daughter  They lived in Venice, California  The couple co-starred in the Lifetime movie The Road to Christmas in 2006  On July 3, 2020, Grey and Gregg announced they had separated amicably in January, and were in the process of divorcing  Their divorce became final on February 16, 2021 According to a September 2015 Grey profile in Jewish Journal, Grey had recently reconnected with Judaism, saying, "I love being a Jew  I've gotten a lot more Jewish in the last five years because of my daughter's bat mitzvah, and I realized I really care about being a Jew "Prior to her 2010 appearances on Dancing with the Stars, Grey had a physical examination to ensure that she was fit enough to compete and saw a doctor to address chronic neck problems caused by the car crash decades earlier  Her spinal cord was compressed and her surgeon placed a titanium plate in her neck to stabilize it  He also found a cancerous nodule on her thyroid that he removed in 2009  Grey said she believed the cancer was caught before it could metastasize and that she was now cancer-free In January 2017, Grey participated in the Los Angeles 2017 Women's March 

Filmography
Film
Television
Dancing with the Stars performances
Book
Grey, Jennifer (May 3, 2022)  Out of the Corner: A Memoir  Ballantine Books  ISBN 978-0-593-35670-8 

Awards and nominations
Notes
^ a: Contrary to previous versions of this article, and some of the sources cited in it, Grey indicated in a February 8, 2012 tweet on her verified Twitter account that she does not have a middle name 
Context 2: Passage 1:
August Hirt
August Hirt (28 April 1898 – 2 June 1945) was an anatomist with Swiss and German nationality who served as a chairman at the Reich University in Strasbourg during World War II  He performed experiments with mustard gas on inmates at the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp and played a lead role in the murders of 86 people at Natzweiler-Struthof for the Jewish skull collection  The skeletons of his victims were meant to become specimens at the Institute of anatomy in Strasbourg, but completion of the project was stopped by the progress of the war  He was an SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain) and in 1944, an SS-Sturmbannführer (major) 

World War I, post-war education and joining the Nazi party
Hirt was the son of a Swiss business man  In 1914, he volunteered, while still a high school student, to fight in World War I on the German side  In October 1916, he was wounded in the upper jaw by a bullet  He received the Iron Cross and returned to Mannheim in 1917  He studied medicine at Heidelberg University  In 1921, he gained German citizenship  In 1922, Hirt obtained his doctorate in medicine with "Der Grenzstrang des Sympathicus bei einigen Sauriern" (English: The Ganglions in the Sympathetic Nervous System of Some Lizards)  He then worked at the Anatomical Institute in Heidelberg and in 1925 he was authorized to teach thanks to a thesis on nerve cells  In 1930 he became professor at Heidelberg University 
In September 1932, Hirt joined the Militant League for German Culture  On 1 April 1933, he joined the Schutzstaffel (SS-Nr  100 414), and was promoted to Hauptsturmführer (captain) on 1 July 1937, but he was only a member of the Nazi Party from 1 May 1937, when he enrolled in the universities of the Reich (Mitgliedsnr  4012784)  From 1 March 1942, he was a member of the personal staff of the RuSHA, the organisation in charge of "racial and ideological purity" of the members of the SS  He attained the rank of Sturmbannführer (major) in 1944 
Hirt was married and had a son and a daughter 

World War II
From 1 April 1936 Hirt was associate director of the Institute of  anatomy at University of Greifswald  On 1 October 1938, he obtained the same post at Goethe University  At the beginning of the Second World War he was an SS medical chief (from August 1939 to April 1941)  During this time the Battle of France took place, resulting in the fall of France and its occupation by German forces, and Hirt participated in the battle  He then became director of the new Institute of anatomy at the Reichsuniversität Straßburg 

Jewish skeleton collection
The Ahnenerbe under the Third Reich was a society that organised "medical experiments" on prisoners  Hirt conceived and directed one called the Jewish skeleton collection, which was begun but not completed as intended  He also performed experiments on cadavers and collected human skulls  He was appointed director since 1941 of the Institute of Anatomy in Strasbourg  He wanted to create a collection of skulls of "Judeo-Bolsheviks", as part of his research on race  According to him, the Jewish race was on the point of extinction and he wished to gather a collection of them while there was still time  Hirt sent his project to Heinrich Himmler  Hirt wrote of this project: "There are important collections of skulls of nearly all the races and peoples  Except for the Jews, of which science has so few skulls, so it is not possible to draw any meaningful inferences  The war in the East gives us the opportunity to fill the gap  We have the opportunity to acquire a tangible scientific document by procuring the skulls of Jewish-Bolsheviks who embody the disgusting but characteristic subhuman ": 882 Hirt conceived the project to go beyond a collection of skulls, to a collection of Jewish skeletons and so presented his research plan to Himmler  He approved the project so that Hirt could begin his "medical experiments " Working with the Ahnenerbe division, Wolfram Sievers, Bruno Beger, Hans Fleischhacker and Hirt together collected people from among the Auschwitz inmates in order to create an anatomical specimen collection specifically of Jews  Hirt proposed to use the small-scale gas chamber at Natzweiler-Struthof to murder the people selected, keeping their corpses intact, and then have their corpses shipped immediately to the Anatomical Institute in Strasbourg for the casts and skeletons he wanted for this collection : 882 Hirt directed that 115 persons be selected for measurements: 79 Jewish men, 30 Jewish women, 2 Poles, and 4 "Asians" : 882  They were selected among the inmates in August 1943 at Auschwitz by his assistants, the anthropologists Bruno Beger and Hans Fleischhacker  The group was quarantined to protect them from a typhus epidemic in the camp  Measurements were taken of the selected inmates at Auschwitz  Of those initially selected, it is believed that 89 persons (60 men and 29 women) were sent to Natzweiler-Struthof  Three men died en route, leaving 86 people 

Natzweiler-Struthof camp
These 86 people were sent to Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp on 30 July 1943  They were fed reasonably well to improve their appearance for the body casts  They were divided into four groups and successively gassed by Josef Kramer, on 11, 13, 17, and 19 August 1943  Their bodies were returned to Hirt at the anatomical laboratory of the Reich University in Strasbourg for preparation as an anthropological display, taking body casts and preparing the skeletons In September 1944, the rapid approach of the Allies led to the project being abandoned and Himmler ordered the destruction of all traces of this compromising collection : 883  That order was not completed, nor had the casts been taken or the skeletons been prepared  The Allies found corpses and partial remains preserved in formalin for eighty-six bodies upon the liberation of Strasbourg : 884  The corpses were buried 23 October 1945 in the municipal cemetery of Strasbourg-Robertsau before being transferred in 1951 to the Jewish cemetery of Strasbourg-Cronenbourg  The names of the victims were not known, and the purpose for their presence at the Anatomical Institute were not known  Some information was learned in post-war trials as to the project proposed by Hirt 
August Hirt fled Strasbourg in September 1944, hiding in Tübingen in southern Germany across the river from Alsace 

Death
Hirt committed suicide on 2 June 1945, aged 47, at Schluchsee, Baden-Württemberg, in the Black Forest  His suicide was not known when he was tried in absentia at the Military War Crimes Trial at Metz on 23 December 1953 for his war crimes  His death was finally confirmed in the mid-1960s when the Israeli secret service had his body exhumed, and an Israeli pathologist conclusively identified the bones Some records prepared for his trial are in possession of the US National Archives, including the list of identification numbers tattooed on the prisoners at Auschwitz and "Photocopies of certificates of proof of ancestry, in connection with research on prisoners in the Konzentrationslager Natzweiler,    Feb  9-Nov  3, 1942  Partial copies of slips for the admittance of prisoners into the Konzentrationslager Natzweiler, medical examinations on prisoners, and a death certificate, Dec  9, 1942-Aug  9, 1944  Feb  9, 1942-Aug  9, 1944" 

Posthumous
In the book, Die Namen der Nummern (The Names of the Numbers, 2004, ISBN 978-3455094640), Hans-Joachim Lang describes this mass murder  He also recounts how he was able to determine the identities of 86 victims, 60 years after they were murdered  In November 2005, the remains of some of these victims were buried in the Jewish cemetery of Cronenbourg on the outskirts of Strasbourg, in the same area where bodies of other victims were buried in 1951, names unknown  On 11 December 2005, a memorial engraved with the names of the 86 victims was placed there  In addition, a memorial plaque honoring the victims was placed outside the Anatomy Institute at Strasbourg's University Hospital  In 2015, a researcher, Raphael Toledano, identified tissue samples of victims in test tubes and a jar in the Strasbourg Medical Institute's closed collection  This followed his discovery of a 1952 letter from the then-director of the Institute, Camille Simonin, about the experiments directed by Hirt  On 6 September 2015, these remains were buried in the Cronenbourg Cemetery 

See also
Block 10
Anton Dilger
Eduard Pernkopf
Hermann Stieve
Passage 2:
BAFTA Rising Star Award
The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Rising Star Award, currently styled as the EE Rising Star Award for commercial reasons and previously known as the Orange Rising Star Award, is an award that acknowledges new talents in the acting industry  The award was created after Mary Selway's death in 2004  She has been recognised for her successful role as a casting director and has helped many new actors and actresses to their claim to fame  The five nominees are chosen regardless of gender, nationality and whether they have made a breakthrough in television, film or both  Despite the nominees being chosen by the BAFTA juries, the winner is chosen entirely by public votes via text, internet or phone  This award was sponsored by Orange UK until 2012 and has been sponsored by EE since 2013  The first winner was James McAvoy in 2006  Eva Green, Shia LaBeouf and Kristen Stewart have been the only non-British winners  The current holder of the award is Emma Mackey, who won in 2023 

Winners and nominees
2000s
2010s
2020s
Notes
Passage 3:
Jolyon James
Jolyon James is an Australian-born actor, writer and visual artist who creates work predominantly for young people  In 2018 he wrote directed and designed the Helpmann Award winning 'Robot Song' for Arena Theatre Company, the premiere work produced by the company after its relocation to regional Victoria  
Other recent works by Jolyon include Trapper and A Cautionary Tales for Children starring Virginia Gay  As a visual artist Jolyon has exhibited regularly in Victoria and was a finalist in the National Photographic Portrait Prize in 2012  He performed the role of the Moonshadow in Cat Stevens's musical of the same name which is played in Melbourne’s Princess Theatre for 12 weeks from 31 May 2012 

Early life
James was born in Western Australia in a remote country town  He studied at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA), graduating in 1997  He performed the role of Jean Prouvaire, and understudied and performed the role of Enjolras in the 1999 Australian tour of Les Misérables and appeared on numerous Australian TV shows before moving to the UK in 2002 to broaden his horizons 

Acting career
After graduating from WAAPA, James guest starred in Australian television shows Water Rats, Blue Heelers and The Secret Life of Us, as well as a role in the TV movie Never Tell Me Never  James secured the major role of Police Officer Con Stavros in the 2000 TV series Above the Law  In 2001 James starred as Sky in the Melbourne run of Mamma Mia! James directed the play This is Our Youth in Melbourne in 2002 and Perth in January 2003  After moving to London, James played a supporting role in the UK TV series Mad About Alice, and in 2005 appeared briefly in the Hollywood film The Wedding Date, playing Debra Messing's character's ex-boyfriend "Woody" 
Back in Australia, James appeared on TV screens again in shows such as Headland, City Homicide, Rush and Offspring, as well as playing Schuurman in the 2008 TV movie Krakatoa  He is a Director and member of the creative team behind Doorstep Ensemble, a theatre company which seeks to give up and coming community theatre performers a foot in the door to the professional industry, and he has both appeared in and directed a number of their productions  In 2011 James was both a tutor and mentor with Showfit, a 12-month course focused on developing performers’ skills and confidence and eventually showcasing them to industry professionals In 2012 James appeared in the title role of Moonshadow, a musical by Cat Stevens which premiered in Melbourne at the Princess Theatre, and performed the role of Indian John in Eddie Perfect's Shane Warne the Musical the following year James has been in two Stephen Sondheim musicals  He first appeared in the 1998 Melbourne cast of Into the Woods as Rapunzel's Prince, and then in the 2014 Melbourne cast of Passion as Major Rizzolli 

Photography
James is also a photographic artist and is involved in a long term collaboration with Raphael Ruz entitled BILLIEJEANISNOTMYLOVER  They are based in Melbourne 
James also creates animation and video content for theatre productions and music video clips including the single "Magnet" by Kate Ceberano  He is a writer, director and producer and is currently the Artistic Associate for the Arena Theatre Company 
Passage 4:
Cat Stevens
Yusuf Islam (born Steven Demetre Georgiou; 21 July 1948), commonly known by his stage names Cat Stevens, Yusuf, and Yusuf / Cat Stevens,  is a British singer-songwriter and musician  To date, he has sold over 100 million records and has over 2 billion streams  His musical style consists of folk, pop, rock, and, later in his career, Islamic music  Following two decades in which he only performed music which met strict religious standards, he returned to making secular music in 2006  He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014 His 1967 debut album and its title song "Matthew and Son" both reached top ten in the UK charts  Stevens' albums Tea for the Tillerman (1970) and Teaser and the Firecat (1971) were certified triple platinum in the US   His 1972 album Catch Bull at Four went to No 1 on the Billboard 200 and spent weeks at the top of several other major charts  He earned ASCAP songwriting awards in 2005 and 2006 for "The First Cut Is the Deepest", which has been a hit for four artists  His other hit songs include "Father and Son", "Wild World", "Moonshadow", "Peace Train", and "Morning Has Broken" 
Stevens converted to Islam in December 1977, and adopted the name Yusuf Islam the following year  In 1979, he auctioned all of his guitars for charity, and left his musical career to devote himself to educational and philanthropic causes in the Muslim community  He has since bought back at least one of these guitars as a result of the efforts of his son Yoriyos  He was embroiled in a long-running controversy regarding comments he made in 1989, about the death fatwa placed on author Salman Rushdie in response to the publication of Rushdie's novel The Satanic Verses  He has explained the incident stating: "I was cleverly framed by certain questions  I never supported the fatwa " He has received two honorary doctorates and awards for promoting peace as well as other humanitarian awards 
In 2006, he returned to pop music by releasing his first new studio album of new pop songs in 28 years, entitled An Other Cup  With that release and subsequent ones, he dropped the surname "Islam" from the album cover art – using the stage name Yusuf as a mononym  In 2009, he released the album Roadsinger and, in 2014, he released the album Tell 'Em I'm Gone and began his first US tour since 1978   His second North American tour since his resurgence, featuring 12 shows in intimate venues, ran from 12 September to 7 October 2016  In 2017, he released the album The Laughing Apple, now using the stage name Yusuf / Cat Stevens, using the Cat Stevens name for the first time in 39 years  In September 2020, he released Tea for the Tillerman 2, a reimagining of his classic album Tea for the Tillerman to celebrate its 50th anniversary, and in June 2023, King of a Land, a new studio album 

Life and career
Early life (1948–1965)
Steven Demetre Georgiou, born on 21 July 1948 in the Marylebone area of London, was the youngest child of a Cypriot father, Stavros Georgiou (1900–1978), and a Swedish mother, Ingrid Wickman (1915–1989)   He has an older sister, Anita (b  1937), and a brother, David Gordon  The family lived above the Moulin Rouge, a restaurant his parents operated on the north end of Shaftesbury Avenue, a short walk from Piccadilly Circus in the Soho theatre district of London  All family members worked in the restaurant  His parents divorced when he was about eight years old but continued to maintain the family restaurant and live above it  Stevens has a half-brother, George Georgiou, born in Greece, presumably from his father's first marriage in Greece Although his father was Greek Orthodox and his mother was a Baptist, Georgiou was sent to St Joseph Roman Catholic Primary School, Macklin Street, which was closer to his father's business on Drury Lane  Georgiou developed an interest in piano at a young age, eventually using the family baby grand piano to work out the chords, since no one else there played well enough to teach him  At 15, inspired by the popularity of the Beatles, he became interested in the guitar  He persuaded his father to pay £8 (equivalent to £200 in 2021) for his first guitar, and he began playing it and writing songs  He occasionally escaped his family responsibilities by going to the rooftop above their home and listening to the tunes of the musicals drifting from around the corner on Denmark Street, then the centre of the British music industry  Stevens said that West Side Story particularly affected him and gave him a "different view of life"  With interests in both art and music, he and his mother moved to Gävle, Sweden, where he attended primary school (Solängsskolan) and started developing his drawing skills after being influenced by his uncle Hugo Wickman, a painter  They subsequently returned to England He attended other local West End schools, where he says he was constantly in trouble and did poorly in everything but art  He was called 'the artist boy' and said, "I was beat up, but I was noticed"  He took a one-year course at Hammersmith School of Art, considering a career as a cartoonist  Though he enjoyed art (his later record albums featured his original artwork), he decided to pursue a musical career  He began performing under the name "Steve Adams" in 1965 while at Hammersmith  At that point, his goal was to become a songwriter  As well as the Beatles, other musicians who influenced him were the Kinks, Bob Dylan, Nina Simone, blues artists Lead Belly and Muddy Waters, Biff Rose (particularly Rose's first album), Leo Kottke and Paul Simon  He also sought to emulate composers of musicals, such as Ira Gershwin and Leonard Bernstein  In 1965, he signed a publishing deal with Ardmore & Beechwood and recorded several demos, including "The First Cut Is the Deepest" 

Musical career (1966–1978)
Early musical career
Georgiou began performing his songs in London coffee houses and pubs  At first he tried to form a band, but realised he preferred performing solo  Thinking his birth name might be difficult to remember, he chose the stage name Cat Stevens, partly because a girlfriend said he had eyes like a cat, but mainly because "I couldn't imagine anyone going to the record store and asking for 'that Steven Demetre Georgiou album'  And in England, and I was sure in America, they loved animals "In 1966, at age 18, he was heard by manager/producer Mike Hurst, formerly of British vocal group the Springfields  Hurst arranged for him to record a demo and helped him get a record deal  Stevens's first singles were hits: "I Love My Dog" reached number 28 on the UK Singles Chart; and "Matthew and Son", the title song from his debut album, reached number 2 in the UK  "I'm Gonna Get Me a Gun" was his second UK top 10 single, reaching number 6, and the album Matthew and Son reached number 7 on the UK Albums Chart Over the next two years, Stevens recorded and toured with an eclectic group of artists ranging from Jimi Hendrix to Engelbert Humperdinck  He was considered a fresh-faced teen star, placing several single releases in the British pop music charts  Some of that success was attributed to the pirate radio station Wonderful Radio London, which gained him fans by playing his records  In August 1967, he was one of several recording artists who had benefited from the station to broadcast messages during its final hour to mourn its closure His December 1967 album New Masters failed to chart in the United Kingdom  The album is now most notable for "The First Cut Is the Deepest", a song he sold for £30 (equivalent to £600 in 2021) to P  P  Arnold and which became a massive hit for her and an international hit for Keith Hampshire, Rod Stewart, James Morrison, and Sheryl Crow  Forty years after he recorded the first demo of the song, it earned him back-to-back ASCAP "Songwriter of the Year" awards, in 2005 and 2006 

Tuberculosis
Stevens contracted tuberculosis in 1969 and was close to death at the time of his admission to the King Edward VII Hospital, Midhurst, Sussex  He spent months recuperating in the hospital and a year of convalescence  During this time, Stevens began to question aspects of his life and spirituality  He later said, "To go from the show business environment and find you are in hospital, getting injections day in and day out, and people around you are dying, it certainly changes your perspective  I got down to thinking about myself  It seemed almost as if I had my eyes shut "He took up meditation, yoga, and metaphysics, read about other religions and became a vegetarian  As a result of his serious illness and long convalescence and as a part of his spiritual awakening and questioning, he wrote as many as 40 songs, many of which would appear on his albums in later years 

Changes in musical sound after illness
The lack of success of Stevens' second album mirrored a difference of personal tastes in musical direction  He felt a growing resentment of producer Mike Hurst's attempts to re-create the style of his debut album, with heavy-handed orchestration and over-production, rather than the folk rock sound Stevens was attempting to produce  He admits having purposely sabotaged his own contract with Hurst, by making outlandishly expensive orchestral demands and threatening legal action; this achieved his goal: to be released from his contract with Deram Records, a sub-label of Decca Records On regaining his health at home after his release from the hospital, Stevens recorded some of his newly written songs on his tape recorder and played his changing sound for several new record executives  He hired an agent, Barry Krost, who arranged an audition with Chris Blackwell of Island Records  Blackwell offered him a "chance to record [his songs] whenever and with whomever he liked and, more importantly to Cat, however he liked"  With Krost's recommendation, Stevens signed Paul Samwell-Smith, previously the bassist of the Yardbirds, as his new producer 

Height of popularity
Samwell-Smith paired Stevens with guitarist Alun Davies, who was at that time working as a session musician  Davies was the more experienced veteran of two albums that had already begun to explore the emerging genres of skiffle and folk rock music  Davies was also thought to be a perfect fit with Stevens, particularly for his "fingerwork" on the guitar, harmonising, and backing vocals  They originally met just to record Mona Bone Jakon, but soon developed a friendship  Davies, like Stevens, was a perfectionist, appearing at all sound checks to be sure that all the equipment and sound were prepared for each concert The first single released from Mona Bone Jakon was "Lady D'Arbanville", which Stevens wrote about his young American girlfriend Patti D'Arbanville  The record had a madrigal sound, unlike most music played on pop radio, with djembes and bass in addition to Stevens' and Davies' guitars  It reached number 8 in the UK and was the first of his hits to get real airplay in the US  The single sold over 1 million copies and earned him a gold record in 1971  Other songs written for D'Arbanville included "Maybe You're Right" and "Just Another Night"  "Pop Star", a song about his experience as a teen star, and "Katmandu", with Genesis frontman Peter Gabriel playing flute, were also featured  Mona Bone Jakon was an early example of the solo singer-songwriter album format that was becoming popular for other artists as well  Rolling Stone magazine compared its popularity with that of Elton John's Tumbleweed Connection, saying it was played "across the board, across radio formats" 
Mona Bone Jakon was the precursor of Stevens' international breakthrough album, Tea for the Tillerman, which became a Top 10 Billboard hit  Within six months of its release, it had sold over 500,000 copies, attaining gold record status in the United Kingdom and the United States  The combination of Stevens' new folk rock style and accessible lyrics, which spoke of everyday situations and problems, mixed with the beginning of spiritual questions about life, remained in his music from then on  The album features the Top 20 single "Wild World"; a parting song after D'Arbanville moved on  "Wild World" has been credited as the song that gave Tea for the Tillerman 'enough kick' to get it played on FM radio  The head of Island Records, Chris Blackwell, was quoted as calling it "the best album we've ever released"  Other album tracks include "Hard-Headed Woman", and "Father and Son" – sung by Stevens in baritone and tenor, portraying the struggle between fathers and sons who contrast their personal choices in life  In 2001, this album was certified by the RIAA as a Multi-Platinum record, having sold 3 million copies in the United States at that time  It is ranked at No  206 in the 2003 list of "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" After his relationship with D'Arbanville ended, Stevens noted the effect it had on his writing, saying, "Everything I wrote while I was away was in a transitional period and reflects that  Like Patti  A year ago we split; I had been with her for two years  What I write about Patti and my family    when I sing the songs now, I learn strange things  I learn the meanings of my songs late    "
Having established a signature sound, Stevens enjoyed a string of successes in the following years  1971's Teaser and the Firecat album reached number two and achieved gold record status within three weeks of its release in the United States  It yielded several hits, including "Peace Train", "Morning Has Broken", and "Moonshadow"  The album was also certified by the RIAA as a Multi-Platinum record in 2001, with over 3 million sold in the United States through that time  When interviewed on a Boston radio station, Stevens said about Teaser and the Firecat:

I get the tune and then I just keep on singing the tune until the words come out from the tune  It's kind of a hypnotic state that you reach after a while when you keep on playing it where words just evolve from it  So you take those words and just let them go whichever way they want    'Moonshadow'? Funny, that was in Spain, I went there alone, completely alone, to get away from a few things  And I was dancin' on the rocks there     right on the rocks where the waves were, like, blowin' and splashin'  Really, it was so fantastic  And the moon was bright, ya know, and I started dancin' and singin' and I sang that song and it stayed  It's just the kind of moment that you want to find when you're writin' songs 
For seven months, in 1971 and 1972, Stevens was romantically linked to popular singer Carly Simon, while both were being produced by Samwell-Smith  During that time, they each wrote songs for, and about, one another  Simon wrote and recorded at least two Top 50 songs, "Legend in Your Own Time" and "Anticipation" about Stevens  He reciprocated with a song to her, written after their romance, entitled "Sweet Scarlet" His next album, Catch Bull at Four, released in 1972, was his most rapidly successful album in the United States, reaching gold record status in 15 days and holding the number one position for three weeks on the Billboard 200 and fifteen weeks at number one in the Australian ARIA Charts 

Film and television soundtracks
In July 1970, Stevens recorded one of his songs, "But I Might Die Tonight", for the Jerzy Skolimowski film Deep End  He contributed two songs to the 1971 film Harold and Maude, but was annoyed when director Hal Ashby decided to use the original demos instead of allowing Stevens to finish them  The film used seven other Stevens songs as well but, perhaps because of the dispute, the soundtrack album was not released until 2007 After his religious conversion in the late 1970s, Stevens stopped granting permission for his songs to be used in films  However, almost 20 years later, in 1997, the film Rushmore received his permission to use his songs "Here Comes My Baby" and "The Wind"; this showed a new willingness on his part to release music from his Western "pop star" days  In 2000, "Peace Train" was included in the movie Remember the Titans, and Almost Famous used the song "The Wind"  In 2006 "Peace Train" featured in the soundtrack to We Are Marshall 

Later recordings
Subsequent releases in the 1970s also did well on the charts and in ongoing sales, although they did not touch the success Stevens had from 1970 to 1973  In 1973, Stevens moved to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as a tax exile from the United Kingdom; however, he later donated the money to UNESCO  During that time he created the album Foreigner, which was a departure from the music that had brought him to the height of his fame  It differed in several respects: it was entirely written by Stevens; he dropped his band; and, with the exception of some guitar on the title track and "100 I Dream", he produced the record without the assistance of Samwell-Smith, who had played a large role in catapulting him to fame 

In June 1974, while in Australia, Cat Stevens was presented with a plaque representing the sale of forty gold records, the largest number ever presented to an artist in Australia In April 1977, his Izitso album updated his pop rock and folk rock style with the extensive use of synthesisers, giving it a more synthpop style  "Was Dog a Doughnut", in particular, was an early techno-pop fusion track and a precursor to the 1980s electro music genre, making early use of a music sequencer  Izitso included his last chart hit, "(Remember the Days of the) Old Schoolyard", an early synthpop song that used a polyphonic synthesiser; it was a duet with fellow UK singer Elkie Brooks His final original album under the name Cat Stevens was Back to Earth, released in late 1978  It was also the first album produced by Samwell-Smith since the peak in Stevens' single album sales in the early 1970s  Several compilation albums were released before and after he stopped recording  After Stevens left Decca Records, they bundled his first two albums together as a set, hoping to ride the commercial tide of his early success; later his newer labels did the same, and Stevens also released compilations  The most successful of the compilation albums was the 1975 Greatest Hits which has sold over 4 million copies in the United States  In May 2003, he received his first Platinum Europe Award from the IFPI for Remember Cat Stevens: The Ultimate Collection, indicating over one million European sales 

Religious conversion
While on holiday in Marrakesh, Stevens was intrigued by the sound of the adhān, the Islamic ritual call to prayer, which was explained to him as "music for God"  Stevens said, "I thought, music for God? I'd never heard that before – I'd heard of music for money, music for fame, music for personal power, but music for God!?"In 1976, Stevens nearly drowned off the coast of Malibu, California, and said he shouted, "Oh, God! If you save me I will work for you "  He stated that, immediately afterwards, a wave appeared and carried him back to shore  This brush with death intensified his long-held quest for spiritual truth  He had looked into "Buddhism, Zen, I Ching, numerology, tarot cards, and astrology"  Stevens' brother David Gordon, a convert to Judaism, brought him a copy of the Qur'an as a birthday gift from a trip to Jerusalem Stevens said on BBC's Desert Island Discs: "I would never have picked up the Qur'an myself as a free spirit; I was more aligned to my father's Greek Orthodox beliefs " His brother's timely gift was quickly absorbed and he was taken with its content, soon beginning his transition and conversion to Islam, which would change forever his private and professional life During the time he was studying the Qur'an, Stevens began to identify more and more with the story of Joseph, a man bought and sold in the market place, which is how he said he had increasingly felt within the music business  Regarding his conversion, in his 2006 interview with Alan Yentob, he stated, "To some people, it may have seemed like an enormous jump, but for me, it was a gradual move to this " And, in a Rolling Stone magazine interview, he reaffirmed that, saying, "I had found the spiritual home I'd been seeking for most of my life  And if you listen to my music and lyrics, like "Peace Train" and "On The Road To Find Out", it clearly shows my yearning for direction and the spiritual path I was travelling "Stevens formally converted to the Muslim faith on 23 December 1977, taking the name Yusuf Islam in 1978  Yusuf is the Arabic rendition of the name Joseph; he stated that he "always loved the name Joseph" and was particularly drawn to the story of Joseph in the Qur'an  Although he discontinued his pop career, he was persuaded to perform one last time before what became his 25-year musical hiatus  Appearing with his hair freshly shorn and an untrimmed beard, he headlined a charity concert on 22 November 1979 in Wembley Stadium to benefit UNICEF's International Year of the Child  The concert closed with his performance along with David Essex, Alun Davies, and Islam's brother, David Gordon, who wrote the finale song  "Child for a Day" After a brief engagement to Louise Wightman, Islam married Fauzia Mubarak Ali on 7 September 1979, at Regent's Park Mosque in London   They have one son, four daughters, and nine grandchildren; a second son died in infancy  They have a home in London while currently preferring to spend a major part of each year in Dubai 

Life as Yusuf Islam (1978–present)
Muslim faith and musical career
Following his conversion to Islam, Cat Stevens (now named Yusuf Islam), abandoned his musical career for nearly two decades  When he became a Muslim in 1977, the Imam at his mosque told him that it was fine to continue as a musician, as long as the songs were morally acceptable, but others were saying that "it was all prohibited", and he decided to avoid the question by ceasing to perform  He has said that there was "a combination of reasons, really", and that the continuing demands of the music business had been "becoming a chore, and not an inspiration anymore" In a 2004 interview on Larry King Live, he said "A lot of people would have loved me to keep singing  You come to a point where you have sung, more or less     your whole repertoire and you want to get down to the job of living  You know, up until that point, I hadn't had a life  I'd been searching, been on the road "Estimating in January 2007 that he was continuing to earn approximately US$1 5 million a year from his Cat Stevens music, he said he would use his accumulated wealth and ongoing earnings from his music career for philanthropic and educational causes in the Muslim community of London and elsewhere  In 1983, he founded the Islamia Primary School in Brondesbury Park, later moved to Salusbury Road, in the north London area of Queen's Park and, soon after, founded several Muslim secondary schools; in 1992, he set up The Association of Muslim Schools (AMS-UK), a charity that brought together all the Muslim schools in the UK  He is also the founder and chairman of the Small Kindness charity, which initially assisted famine victims in Africa and now supports thousands of orphans and families in the Balkans, Indonesia, and Iraq  He was chairman of the charity Muslim Aid from 1985 to 1993 

Salman Rushdie controversy
In 1989, following an address by Islam to students at London's Kingston Polytechnic (now Kingston University), where he was asked about the fatwa calling for the killing of Salman Rushdie, author of the novel The Satanic Verses, Islam made a series of comments that appeared to show support for the fatwa  He stated, "He (Rushdie) must be killed  The Qur'an makes it clear – if someone defames the prophet, then he must die " He released a statement the following day denying that he supported vigilantism and claiming that he had merely recounted the Islamic Sharia law punishment for blasphemy  Subsequently, he commented in a 1989 interview on Australian television that Rushdie should be killed and stated he would rather burn Rushdie instead of an effigy  In a statement in the FAQ section of one of his websites, Islam asserted that while he regretted the comments, he was joking and that the show was improperly edited  In the years since these comments he has repeatedly denied ever calling for the death of Rushdie or supporting the fatwa, a position contradicted by his contemporary public statements in 1989  Yusuf appearing on BBC's Desert Island Discs on 27 September 2020 claimed clever "sharp-toothed" journalists had framed his fatwa comment in a misleading way  In a 2007 letter to the editor of The Daily Telegraph, Rushdie complained of what he believed was Islam's attempts to "rewrite his past", and called his claims of innocence "rubbish"  On August 12, 2022, Salman Rushdie suffered a knife attack as he was about to give a public lecture at the Chautauqua Institution in Chautauqua, New York, United States  In response to the awful attack Yusuf tweeted "Saddened and shocked to learn about the horrific act on Salman Rushdie my wish is for us all to live in peace  May God grant him and every one else who has suffered from the manic pandemic of violence in this world, a full recovery  Peace" 

11 September attacks
Immediately following the September 11 attacks on the United States, he said:

I wish to express my heartfelt horror at the indiscriminate terrorist attacks committed against innocent people of the United States yesterday  While it is still not clear who carried out the attack, it must be stated that no right-thinking follower of Islam could possibly condone such an action  The Qur'an equates the murder of one innocent person with the murder of the whole of humanity  We pray for the families of all those who lost their lives in this unthinkable act of violence as well as all those injured; I hope to reflect the feelings of all Muslims and people around the world whose sympathies go out to the victims of this sorrowful moment 
He appeared on videotape on a VH1 pre-show for the October 2001 Concert for New York City, condemning the attacks and singing his song "Peace Train" for the first time in public in more than 20 years, as an a cappella version  He also donated a portion of his box-set royalties to the fund for victims' families and the rest to orphans in underdeveloped countries  During the same year, he dedicated time and effort in joining the Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism, an organisation that worked towards battling misconceptions and acts against others because of their religious beliefs or their racial identity (or both), after many Muslims reported a backlash against them due in part to the grief caused by the events in the United States on 11 September 

Denial of entry into the United States
On 21 September 2004, Islam was on a United Airlines flight from London to Washington, travelling to a meeting with US entertainer Dolly Parton, who had recorded "Peace Train" several years earlier and was planning to include another Cat Stevens song on an upcoming album  While the plane was in flight, his name was flagged as being on the No Fly List  Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers alerted the United States Transportation Security Administration, which then diverted his flight to Bangor, Maine, where he was detained by officers from the Department of Homeland Security The following day, he was denied entry and flown back to the United Kingdom  A spokesman for Homeland Security claimed there were "concerns of ties he may have to potential terrorist-related activities"  The Israeli government had deported Islam in 2000 over allegations that he provided funding to the Palestinian organisation Hamas, but he denied doing so knowingly  Islam stated "I have never knowingly supported or given money to Hamas"  "At the time I was reported to have done it, I didn't know such a group existed  Some people give a political interpretation to charity  We were horrified at how people were suffering in the Holy Land "However, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) added him to a "watch list" which provoked an international controversy and led the British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw to complain personally to the United States Secretary of State Colin Powell at the United Nations  Powell responded by stating that the watchlist was under review, adding, "I think we have that obligation to review these matters to see if we are right" Islam believed his inclusion on a "watch list" may have simply been an error: a mistaken identification of him for a man with the same name, but different spelling  On 1 October 2004 he requested the removal of his name, "I remain bewildered by the decision of the US authorities to refuse me entry to the United States"  According to his statement, the man on the list was named "Youssef Islam", indicating that Islam was not the suspected terrorism supporter  Romanisation of Arabic names can easily result in different spellings: the transliteration of Yusuf gives rise to a dozen spellings 
Two years later, in December 2006, Islam was admitted without incident into the United States for several radio concert performances and interviews to promote his new record  He said of the incident at the time, "No reason was ever given, but being asked to repeat the spelling of my name again and again, made me think it was a fairly simple mistake of identity  Rumours which circulated after made me imagine otherwise "Islam wrote a song about his 2004 exclusion from the US, entitled "Boots and Sand", recorded in 2008 and featuring Paul McCartney, Dolly Parton, and Terry Sylvester 

Libel cases
Lawsuit over News UK newspaper reports that he had supported terrorism
In October 2004, The Sun and The Sunday Times newspapers voiced their support for Yusuf's exclusion from the United States and claimed that he had supported terrorism  He sued for libel and received an out-of-court financial settlement from the newspapers, which both published apology statements saying that he had never supported terrorism and mentioning that he had recently been given a Man of Peace award from the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates  However The Sunday Times managing editor Richard Caseby said that while there was an "agreed settlement", they "always denied liability" and "disagreed with Cat Stevens' lawyers interpretation", but took a "pragmatic view" of the lawsuit Yusuf responded that he was "delighted by the settlement [which] helps vindicate my character and good name      It seems to be the easiest thing in the world these days to make scurrilous accusations against Muslims and, in my case, it directly impacts on my relief work and damages my reputation as an artist  The harm done is often difficult to repair", and added that he intended to donate the financial award given to him by the court to help orphans of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami  He wrote about the experience in a newspaper article entitled "A Cat in a Wild World" 

Lawsuit about allegations that he would not talk to unveiled women
On 18 July 2008, Islam received substantial undisclosed damages from the World Entertainment News Network following their publication of a story which claimed that the singer refused to speak to unveiled women  The allegations first surfaced in the German newspaper BZ after Islam's trip to Berlin in March 2007 to collect the Echo music award for "life achievements as musician and ambassador between cultures"  Once again he was awarded damages after the World Entertainment News Network allowed an article to be published on Contactmusic com alleging that he would not speak to unveiled women with the exception of his wife  His solicitor said "he was made out to be 'so sexist and bigoted that he refused at an awards ceremony to speak to or even acknowledge any women who were not wearing a veil'"  The news agency apologised and issued a statement saying that Islam has never had any problem in working with women and that he has never required a third party to function as an intermediary at work  The money from this lawsuit went to his Small Kindness Charity On his website, he discussed the false allegation, saying,

The accusation that I do not speak or interact with ladies who are not veiled is an absurdity     It's true that I have asked my manager to respectfully request that lady presenters refrain from embracing me when giving awards or during public appearances, but that has nothing to do with my feelings or respect for them  Islam simply requires me to honour the dignity of ladies or young girls who are not closely related to me, and avoid physical intimacy, however innocent it may be 
    My four daughters all follow the basic wearing of clothes which modestly cover their God-given beauty  They're extremely well educated; they do not cover their faces and interact perfectly well with friends and society 

Return to music
1990s–2006: as Yusuf Islam
Islam gradually resumed his musical career in the 1990s  These initial recordings did not include any musical instruments other than percussion, and they featured lyrics about Islamic themes, some in spoken word or hamd form  He invested in building his own recording studio which he named Mountain of Light Studios in the late 1990s, and he was featured as a guest singer on "God Is the Light", a song on an album of nasheeds by the group Raihan  In addition, he invited and collaborated with other Muslim singers, including Canadian artist Dawud Wharnsby  After Islam's friend, Irfan Ljubijankić, the Foreign Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was killed by a Serbian rocket attack, Islam appeared at a 1997 benefit concert in Sarajevo and recorded a benefit album named after a song written by Ljubijankić, I Have No Cannons That Roar Realising there were few educational resources designed to teach children about the Islamic religion, Islam wrote and produced a children's album, A Is for Allah, in 2000 with the assistance of South African singer-songwriter Zain Bhikha  The title song was one Islam had written years before to introduce his first child to both the religion and the Arabic alphabet  He also established his own record label, "Jamal Records", and Mountain of Light Productions, and he donates a percentage of his projects' proceeds to his Small Kindness charity, whose name is taken from the Qur'an On the occasion of the 2000 re-release of his Cat Stevens albums, at the urging of his label rep Sujata, Islam agreed to interviews with the media to tell his story and reconnect with his fans  Islam explained that he had stopped performing in English due to his misunderstanding of the Islamic faith  "This issue of music in Islam is not as cut-and-dried as I was led to believe     I relied on heresy,  that was perhaps my mistake " He also participated in the first documentary on his life for a two-part VH1 Behind the Music Islam has reflected that his decision to leave the Western pop music business was perhaps too quick with too little communication for his fans  For most it was a surprise, and even his long-time guitarist Alun Davies said in later interviews that he hadn't believed that his friend would actually go through with it after his many forays into other religions throughout their relationship  Islam himself has said the "cut" between his former life and his life as a Muslim might have been too quick, and too severe, and that more people might have been better informed about Islam, and given an opportunity to better understand it, and himself, if he had simply removed those items that were considered harām, in his performances, allowing him to express himself musically and educate listeners through his music without violating any religious constraints In 2003, after repeated encouragement from within the Muslim world, Islam once again recorded "Peace Train" for a compilation CD, which also included performances by David Bowie and Paul McCartney  He performed "Wild World" in Nelson Mandela's 46664 concert with his earlier collaborator, Peter Gabriel, the first time he had publicly performed in English in 25 years  In December 2004, he and Ronan Keating released a new version of "Father and Son": the song entered the charts at number two, behind Band Aid 20's  "Do They Know It's Christmas?" They also produced a video of the pair walking between photographs of fathers and sons, while singing the song  The proceeds of "Father and Son" were donated to the Band Aid charity  Keating's former group, Boyzone, had a hit with the song a decade earlier  As he had been persuaded before, Islam contributed to the song, because the proceeds were marked for charity 

On 21 April 2005, Islam gave a short talk before a scheduled musical performance in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, on the anniversary of the prophet Muhammad's birthday  He said: There is a great deal of ignorance in the world about Islam today, and we hope to communicate with the help of something more refined than lectures and talks  Our recordings are particularly appealing to the young, having used songs as well as Qur'an verses with pleasing sound effects    
Islam observed that there are no real guidelines about instruments and no references about the business of music in the Qur'an, and that Muslim travellers first brought the guitar to Moorish Spain  He noted that Muhammad was fond of celebrations, as in the case of the birth of a child, or a traveller arriving after a long journey  Thus, Islam concluded that healthy entertainment was acceptable within limitations, and that he now felt that it was no sin to perform with the guitar   Music, he now felt, is uplifting to the soul; something sorely needed in troubled times  At that point, he was joined by several young male singers who sang backing vocals and played a drum, with Islam as lead singer and guitarist  They performed two songs, both half in Arabic and half in English; "Tala'a Al-Badru Alayna", an old song in Arabic which Islam recorded with a folk sound to it, and another song, "The Wind East and West", which was newly written by Islam and featured a distinct R&B sound 
With this performance, Islam began slowly to integrate instruments into both older material from his Cat Stevens era (some with slight lyrical changes) and new songs, both those known to the Muslim communities around the world and some that have the same Western flair from before with a focus on new topics and another generation of listeners In a 2005 press release, he explained his revived recording career:

After I embraced Islam, many people told me to carry on composing and recording, but at the time I was hesitant, for fear that it might be for the wrong reasons  I felt unsure what the right course of action was  I guess it is only now, after all these years, that I've come to fully understand and appreciate what everyone has been asking of me  It's as if I've come full circle; however, I have gathered a lot of knowledge on the subject in the meantime 

In early 2005, Islam released a new song, entitled "Indian Ocean", about the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami disaster  The song featured Indian composer/producer A  R  Rahman, a-ha keyboard player Magne Furuholmen and Travis drummer Neil Primrose  Proceeds of the single went to help orphans in Banda Aceh, one of the areas worst affected by the tsunami, through Islam's Small Kindness charity  At first, the single was released only through several online music stores but later featured on the compilation album Cat Stevens: Gold  "I had to learn my faith and look after my family, and I had to make priorities  But now I've done it all and there's a little space for me to fill in the universe of music again "On 28 May 2005, Islam delivered a keynote speech and performed at the Adopt-A-Minefield Gala in Düsseldorf  The Adopt-A-Minefield charity, under the patronage of Paul McCartney, works internationally to raise awareness and funds to clear landmines and rehabilitate landmine survivors  Islam attended as part of an honorary committee which also included George Martin, Richard Branson, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Klaus Voormann, Christopher Lee and others In mid-2005, Islam played guitar for the Dolly Parton album Those Were the Days on her version of his "Where Do the Children Play?" (Parton had also covered "Peace Train" a few years earlier )
Islam has credited his then 21-year-old son Muhammad Islam, also a musician and artist, for his return to secular music, when the son brought a guitar back into the house, which Islam began playing  Muhammad's professional name is Yoriyos and his debut album was released in February 2007  Yoriyos created the art on Islam's album An Other Cup, something that Cat Stevens did for his own albums in the 1970s 
In May 2006, in anticipation of his forthcoming new pop album, the BBC1 programme Imagine aired a 49-minute documentary with Alan Yentob called Yusuf: The Artist formerly Known as Cat Stevens  This documentary film features rare audio and video clips from the late 1960s and 1970s, as well as an extensive interview with Islam, his brother David Gordon, several record executives, Bob Geldof, Dolly Parton, and others outlining his career as Cat Stevens, his conversion and emergence as Yusuf Islam, and his return to music in 2006  There are clips of him singing in the studio when he was recording An Other Cup as well as a few 2006 excerpts of him on guitar singing a few verses of Cat Stevens songs including "The Wind" and "On the Road to Find Out" In December 2006, Islam was one of the artists who performed at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo, Norway, in honour of the prize winners, Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank  He performed the songs "Midday (Avoid City After Dark)", "Peace Train", and "Heaven/Where True Love Goes"  He also gave a concert in New York City that month as a Jazz at Lincoln Center event, recorded and broadcast by KCRW-FM radio, along with an interview by Nic Harcourt  Accompanying him, as in the Cat Stevens days, was Alun Davies, on guitar and vocals 

2006–2017: as Yusuf
2006–2008: An Other Cup and appearances
In March 2006, Islam finished recording his first all-new pop album since 1978  The album, An Other Cup, was released internationally in November 2006 on his own label, Ya Records (distributed by Polydor Records in the UK, and internationally by Atlantic Records)—the 40th anniversary of his first album, Matthew and Son  An accompanying single, called "Heaven/Where True Love Goes", was also released  The album was produced with Rick Nowels, who has worked with Dido and Rod Stewart  The performer is noted as "Yusuf", with a cover label identifying him as "the artist formerly known as Cat Stevens"  The art on the album is credited to Yoriyos  Islam wrote all of the songs except "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood", and recorded it in the United States and the United Kingdom Islam actively promoted this album, appearing on radio, television and in print interviews  In November 2006, he told the BBC, "It's me, so it's going to sound like that of course     This is the real thing     When my son brought the guitar back into the house, you know, that was the turning point  It opened a flood of, of new ideas and music which I think a lot of people would connect with " Originally, he began to return only to his acoustic guitar as he had in the past, but his son encouraged him to "experiment", which resulted in the purchase of a Stevie Ray Vaughan Fender Stratocaster in 2007 
Also in November 2006, Billboard magazine was curious as to why the artist is credited as just his first name, "Yusuf" rather than "Yusuf Islam"  His response was "Because 'Islam' doesn't have to be sloganised  The second name is like the official tag, but you call a friend by their first name  It's more intimate, and to me that's the message of this record " As for why the album sleeve says "the artist formerly known as Cat Stevens", he responded, "That's the tag with which most people are familiar; for recognition purposes I'm not averse to that  For a lot of people, it reminds them of something they want to hold on to  That name is part of my history and a lot of the things I dreamt about as Cat Stevens have come true as Yusuf Islam "Islam was asked by the Swiss periodical Das Magazin why the title of the album was An Other Cup, rather than "Another Cup"  The answer was that his breakthrough album, Tea for the Tillerman in 1970, was decorated with Islam's painting of a peasant sitting down to a cup of steaming drink on the land  He commented that the two worlds "then, and now, are very different"  His new album shows a steaming cup alone on this cover  His answer was that this was actually an other cup; something different; a bridge between the East and West, which he explained was his own perceived role  He added that, through him, "Westerners might get a glimpse of the East, and Easterners, some understanding of the West  The cup, too, is important; it's a meeting place, a thing meant to be shared "On CBS Sunday Morning in December 2006, he said, "You know, the cup is there to be filled     with whatever you want to fill it with  For those people looking for Cat Stevens, they'll probably find him in this record  If you want to find [Yusuf] Islam, go a bit deeper, you'll find him " He has since described the album as being "over-produced" and refers to An Other Cup as being a necessary hurdle he had to overcome before he could release his new album, Roadsinger In April 2007, BBC1 broadcast a concert given at the Porchester Hall by Islam as part of BBC Sessions, his first live performance in London in 28 years (the previous one being the UNICEF "Year of the Child" concert in 1979)  He played several new songs along with some old ones like "Father and Son", "The Wind", "Where Do the Children Play?", "Don't Be Shy", "Wild World", and "Peace Train" In July 2007, he performed at a concert in Bochum, Germany, in benefit of Archbishop Desmond Tutu's Peace Centre in South Africa and the Milagro Foundation of Deborah and Carlos Santana  The audience included Nobel Laureates Mikhail Gorbachev, Desmond Tutu and other prominent global figures  He later appeared as the final act in the German leg of Live Earth in Hamburg performing some classic Cat Stevens songs and more recent compositions reflecting his concern for peace and child welfare  His set included Stevie Wonder's "Saturn", "Peace Train", "Where Do the Children Play?", "Ruins", and "Wild World"  He performed at the Peace One Day concert at the Royal Albert Hall on 21 September 2007 
In 2008 Islam contributed the song "Edge of Existence" to the charity album Songs for Survival, in support of the indigenous rights organisation Survival International 

2009–2014: Roadsinger, "My People" and tours
In January 2009, Yusuf released a single in aid of children in Gaza, a rendition of the George Harrison song, "The Day the World Gets Round", along with the German bassist Klaus Voormann, who had formerly collaborated with The Beatles  To promote the new single, Voormann redesigned his famous Beatles Revolver album cover, drawing a picture of a young Cat Stevens along with himself and Harrison  Proceeds from the single were donated to charities and organisations including UNESCO, UNRWA, and the nonprofit group Save the Children, with the funds earmarked for Gaza children  Israeli Consul David Saranga criticised Yusuf for not dedicating the song to all of the children who are victims of the conflict, including Israeli children On 5 May 2009, Yusuf released Roadsinger, a new pop album recorded in 2008  The lead track, "Thinking 'Bout You", received its debut radio play on a BBC programme on 23 March 2009  Unlike An Other Cup, he promoted the new album with appearances on American television as well as in the UK  He appeared on The Chris Isaak Hour on the A&E network in April 2009, performing live versions of his new songs, "World O'Darkness", "Boots and Sand", and "Roadsinger"  On 13 May he appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in Los Angeles, and on 14 May, on The Colbert Report in New York City, performing the title song from the Roadsinger album  On 15 May, he appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, performing "Boots and Sand" and "Father and Son"  On 24 May he appeared on the BBC's The Andrew Marr Show, where he was interviewed and performed the title track of Roadsinger  On 15 August, he was one of many guests at Fairport Convention's annual Fairport's Cropredy Convention where he performed five songs accompanied by Alun Davies, with Fairport Convention as his backing band A world tour was announced on his web site to promote the new album  He was scheduled to perform at an invitation-only concert at New York City's Highline Ballroom on 3 May 2009 and to go on to Los Angeles, Chicago and Toronto, as well as some to-be-announced European venues  However, the New York appearance was postponed due to issues regarding his work visa  He appeared in May 2009 at Island Records' 50th Anniversary concert in London  In November and December 2009, Yusuf undertook his "Guess I'll Take My Time Tour" which also showcased his musical play Moonshadow  The tour took him to Dublin, where he had a mixed reception; subsequently he was well received in Birmingham and Liverpool, culminating in an emotional performance at the Royal Albert Hall in London  In June 2010 he toured Australia for the first time in 36 years, and New Zealand for the first time ever 
On 30 October 2010, Yusuf appeared at Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert's spoof Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear in Washington, DC, singing alongside Ozzy Osbourne  Yusuf performed "Peace Train" and Ozzy performed "Crazy Train" at the same time, followed by The O'Jays performance of "Love Train" On 2 March 2011, Yusuf released his latest song, "My People", as a free download available through his official website, as well as numerous other online outlets  Said to have been recorded at a studio located within a hundred yards of the site of the Berlin Wall, the song is inspired by a series of popular uprisings in the Arab world, known as the Arab Spring On 1 April 2011, he launched a new tour website (yusufinconcert com) to commemorate his first European tour in over 36 years scheduled from 7 May to 2 June 2011  The ten-date tour visited Germany, France, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium and cities such as Stockholm, Hamburg, Oberhausen, Berlin, Munich, Rotterdam, Paris, Mannheim, Vienna and Brussels In May 2012, Moonshadow, a new musical featuring music from throughout his career opened at the Princess Theatre in Melbourne, Australia  The show received mixed reviews and closed four weeks early In October 2013, Yusuf was nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for his work under the Cat Stevens name (this was his second nomination – the first being an unsuccessful nomination in 2005)  He was selected and was inducted by Art Garfunkel in April 2014 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York, where he performed "Father and Son", "Wild World", and "Peace Train"  A record of his travel from Dubai to New York is captured in an episode of the National Geographic Channel television show Ultimate Airport Dubai (season 2, episode 6), first aired in China on 17 January 2015  In this episode he talks about his difficulty in entering the US 

2014–2017: Tell 'Em I'm Gone, "He Was Alone" and tours
On 15 September 2014, Yusuf announced the forthcoming release on 27 October 2014 of his new studio album, Tell 'Em I'm Gone, and two short tours: a November 2014 (9-date) Europe tour and a December 2014 (6-date) North America tour, the latter being his first one since 1976  On 4 December 2014, he played to his first public US audience since the 1970s at the Tower Theater in Philadelphia Yusuf performed two shows in early 2015: on 27 February at the Viña del Mar Festival, Quinta Vergara, Viña del Mar, Chile and on 22 April at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff Bay, area of Cardiff, Wales 
On 1 June 2016, Yusuf shared a new song called "He Was Alone" and its corresponding video  Part of his newly launched fundraising campaign for child refugees, #YouAreNotAlone, the song was inspired by a trip to southern Turkey's camps for Syrian refugees   He performed the song live for the first time in a special charity concert, his first show in more than a year, on 14 June 2016 at the Westminster Central Hall in London On 26 July 2016, Yusuf announced he would be part of the Global Citizen Festival  held on 24 September 2016 in Central Park, New York, New York On 9 August 2016, Yusuf announced "A Cat's Attic Tour", his second North American tour since 1978, beginning on 12 September 2016 at the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts in Toronto and ending on 7 October 2016 at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles  The string of 12 dates roughly coincides with the 50th anniversary of his first single, I Love My Dog, and would "feature a limited run of stripped down, introspective performances " The tour included three shows in New York City (two shows at the Beacon Theatre and one show in Central Park at the Global Citizen Festival), his first shows in New York City since 1976  In keeping with his spirit of humanitarianism, he would be donating a portion of the revenue from each ticket sale towards his charity Small Kindness, as well as UNICEF and the International Rescue Committee in an effort to assist children affected by the current Syrian refugee crisis  The tour continued in the UK with shows in Manchester, Glasgow, Newcastle and London  The London show took place at the Shaftesbury Theatre, only a block away from where he grew up 

2017–present: as Yusuf / Cat Stevens, The Laughing Apple, TT2
On 15 September 2017, he released his fifteenth studio album, The Laughing Apple  The album is credited to "Yusuf / Cat Stevens" and is his first record under the Cat Stevens name since Back to Earth in 1978  The album earned him his first nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Folk Album  In July 2018, Yusuf signed with BMG Rights Management, which will publish his songwriting credits worldwide and distribute nine of his studio albums  On 29 March 2019, Yusuf performed in Christchurch, New Zealand, at the National Remembrance Service for victims of the Christchurch mosque shootings On 3 March 2020, Yusuf played the Music for the Marsden benefit concert at the O2 Arena in London  On 28 May 2020, Yusuf announced his next album, Tea for the Tillerman 2, and it was released on 18 September 2020, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the original LP  Known as TT2, Tea for the Tillerman 2 is a re-imagining and re-recording of the songs from the earlier album, with updated interpretations and arrangements  On 25 September 2020, Yusuf was the guest on the BBC's Desert Island Discs  Yusuf is one of a small number of guests that have chosen their own music as a desert island choice, however he picked the Stevie Wonder Motown hit 'As' for his favoured choice in front of his own recording, if only one could be saved 
Teaming up with Playing for Change, in 2021 Yusuf / Cat Stevens recorded a new version of "Peace Train" with over 25 musicians from 12 countries 

2023: Yusuf / Cat Stevens - European Tour and King of a Land
In June 2023, Yusuf / Cat Stevens performed shows in Berlin, Hamburg, Rome, Marbella and made his first ever appearance at Glastonbury Festival On 16 June 2023, Yusuf/Cat Stevens released King of a Land, a new studio album with children's music and religious music influences, 
On the 25th June 2023, Yusuf played the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury, including covering iconic Beatles hits and his Teacup album memories 

Awards
Humanitarian awards
2003: World Award (also known as the "World Social Award"), an award organised by Mikhail Gorbachev, for "humanitarian relief work helping children and victims of war" 
2004: Man of Peace Award of the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates (an award organisation founded by Mikhail Gorbachev) for his "dedication to promote peace, the reconciliation of people and to condemn terrorism" 
2009: Honorary Award of the German Sustainability Award
2015: Global Islamic Economy Awards for contributions toward peace through the Arts
2015: Steiger Award honoured in the category "International" for his commitment to charitable projects

Honorary degrees
2005: Honorary doctorate by the University of Gloucestershire for services to education and humanitarian relief 
2007: Honorary doctorate (LLD) by the University of Exeter, in recognition of "his humanitarian work and improving understanding between Islamic and Western cultures" 

Music awards and recognitions
2019: Inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame
2017: Grammy Award nomination for Best Folk Album
2015: Lifetime Achievement Award at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards
2014: Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
2008: Nomination (unsuccessful) for Songwriters Hall of Fame
2007: The Mediterranean Art and Creativity Award by the Fondazione Mediterraneo 
2007: Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Song Collection from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) 
2007: ECHO "Special Award for Life Achievements as a Musician and Ambassador Between Cultures"
2006: ASCAP Songwriter of the Year for "The First Cut Is the Deepest" (second time)
2006: Ranked 49th in Paste's "100 Best Living Songwriters"
2005: ASCAP Songwriter of the Year and Song of the Year for "The First Cut Is the Deepest"

Discography
As Cat Stevens1967: Matthew and Son
1967: New Masters
1970: Mona Bone Jakon
1970: Tea for the Tillerman
1971: Teaser and the Firecat
1972: Catch Bull at Four
1973: Foreigner
1974: Buddha and the Chocolate Box
1975: Numbers
1977: Izitso
1978: Back to EarthAs Yusuf Islam1995: The Life of the Last Prophet
1999: Prayers of the Last Prophet
2000: A Is for Allah
2001: Bismillah
2002: In Praise of the Last Prophet
2003: I Look I See
2008: I Look, I See 2
2014: The Story of Adam and CreationAs Yusuf2006: An Other Cup
2009: Roadsinger
2014: Tell 'Em I'm GoneAs Yusuf / Cat Stevens2017: The Laughing Apple
2020: Tea for the Tillerman 2
2023: King of a Land

Books
The Life of The Last Prophet, 1996  London: Mountain of Light  ISBN 1-900675-00-5 
Prayers of The Last Prophet, 1998/2000  London: Mountain of Light  ISBN 1-900675-05-6 
Why I Still Carry A Guitar: My Spiritual Journey from Cat Stevens to Yusuf, 2014  London: HarperCollins  ISBN 978-0-06-240623-1 

See also
List of peace activists
List of best-selling music artists
List of converts to Islam
Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time

Notes and references
Notes
Passage 5:
London 03 06 17
London 03 06 17 (alternatively titled London 03 06 17 [field day]) is an extended play by English electronic musician Richard D  James, released under the pseudonym AFX on 3 June 2017 on Warp  The EP was made available for sale in unknown limited numbers at the Field Day festival on the same day that Richard D  James performed there  The record sold out soon after its announcement  The EP was released with extra tracks on James' Bleep Store on 20 July 2017 

Track listing



ground_truth: Shari Shattuck

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Jolyon James performed the role of Moonshadow in a musical by a composer of what nationality?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Bennington Triangle
"Bennington Triangle" is a phrase coined by American author Joseph A  Citro to denote an area of southwestern Vermont within which a number of people went missing between 1945 and 1950  This was further popularized in two books, including Shadow Child, in which Citro devoted chapters to discussion of these disappearances and various items of folklore surrounding the area  According to Citro, the area shares characteristics with the Bridgewater Triangle in Southeastern Massachusetts 
Precisely what area is encompassed in this hypothetical "mystery triangle" is not clear, but it is purportedly centered on Glastenbury Mountain and would include some or most of the area of the towns immediately surrounding it, especially Bennington, Woodford, Shaftsbury, and Somerset  Glastenbury and its neighboring township Somerset were both once moderately thriving logging and industrial towns, but began declining toward the late 19th century and are now essentially ghost towns, unincorporated by an act of the Vermont General Assembly in 1937 
According to Citro's books, stories of strange happenings had been told about Glastonbury and the surrounding area for many years, the best-known of which is probably that of the disappearance of Paula Jean Welden 

Reported disappearances
Middie Rivers (1945)
Between 1945 and 1950, five people disappeared in the area surrounding Bennington, Vermont  The first disappearance occurred on November 12, 1945, when 74-year-old Middie Rivers disappeared while out hunting, in the vicinity of Long Trail Road and Vermont Route 9  Rivers was on a weekend hunting trip with four other hunters up the mountains  The morning of November 12, 1945, Rivers and his son-in-law, Joe Lauzon, were walking together before reaching a fork  Rivers and Lauzon would separate here with Rivers telling Lauzon he'd "only be going a short distance" before he would join them at camp for lunch  As 3pm had come and gone, the rest of the hunting party would begin searching before getting authorities  An extensive search was conducted, but the only evidence discovered was a single rifle cartridge that was found in a stream  The speculation was that Rivers had leaned over and the cartridge had dropped out of his pocket into the water  Rivers was an experienced outdoorsman who was familiar with the local area 

Paula Welden (1946)
Paula Jean Welden, aged 18, disappeared on December 1, 1946  Welden, a sophomore at Bennington College, had set out for a hike on the Long Trail  Many saw her depart, including Ernest Whitman, a Bennington Banner employee who gave her directions  She was not wearing a jacket during her journey; it was 50 °F outside, later dropping to 9 °F  Welden was alleged to have been seen on the trail itself by an elderly couple who were about 100 yards (91 m) behind her  According to them, she turned a corner in the trail, and when they reached the same corner she had disappeared  An extensive search was conducted, which included the posting of a $5,000 reward and help from the FBI, but no evidence of her was ever found  Welden's disappearance was the inspiration for the 1951 novel Hangsaman by Shirley Jackson 

James Tedford (1949)
James E  Tedford, a veteran, allegedly went missing on December 1, 1949, three years to the day after Welden was last seen  Tedford, a resident of the Bennington Soldiers' Home, had been in St  Albans visiting relatives and was accompanied to a local bus station, which was the last location where he was seen  According to witnesses, Tedford got on the bus and was still aboard at the last stop before arriving in Bennington  Somewhere between the last stop and Bennington, he vanished  His belongings were still in the luggage rack and an open bus timetable was on his vacant seat  Tony Jinks discusses this claim, saying that "The popular conception is that he vanished into thin air while on the bus, but like many missing person stories there's a gap between when he was last seen and when he was reported missing a week or so later  Regarding Tedford's disappearance, there's enough evidence to suggest he didn’t "dematerialize,” even though no trace of him was ever found "

Paul Jepson (1950)
On October 12, 1950, Paul Jepson, aged 8, had accompanied his mother in a truck  She left her son unattended for about an hour while she fed some pigs  When she returned, her son was nowhere in sight  Search parties were formed to look for the child  Nothing was ever found, though Jepson was wearing a bright red jacket that should have made him more visible  According to one story, bloodhounds tracked the boy to a local highway where, according to local legend, Welden had disappeared four years earlier 

Frieda Langer (1950)
On October 28, 1950, sixteen days after Jepson had vanished, Frieda Langer, aged 53, and her cousin, Herbert Elsner, left their family campsite near the Somerset Reservoir to go on a hike  During the journey, Langer slipped and fell into a stream  She told Elsner if he would wait, she would go back to the campsite, change clothes and catch up to him  When she did not return, Elsner made his way back to the campsite and discovered that Frieda Langer had not returned, and that nobody had seen her since they had left  Over the next two weeks, five searches were conducted, involving aircraft, helicopters, and up to 300 searchers  No trace of Langer was found during the search 
On May 12, 1951, Frieda Langer's body was found three and a half miles from the campsite in the eastern branch of the Deerfield River, an area that had been only lightly searched seven months previously  No cause of death could be determined because of the condition of her remains  No direct connections have been identified that tie these cases together, other than the general geographic area and time period 

In popular culture
The Bennington Triangle was discussed in Season 3, Episode 8 of the television program William Shatner's Weird or What? The episode, entitled "Mysterious Vanishings," first aired on July 23, 2012 The events of 1945 to 1950 are told in episode 67 of Lore, titled "The Red Coats" The Bennington Triangle was featured as one of the haunted locations in the paranormal TV series Most Terrifying Places in America which aired on the Travel Channel in 2018  The episode, title "Unnatural World" told the stories about the reportedly missing persons in a five-year span, and local lore of the "Bennington Monster", a Bigfoot-like creature that supposedly roams these wooded areas The Bennington Triangle is discussed in Episode 374 of the podcast My Favorite Murder  The Episode aired on April 13, 2023   Robert Singley, a 27 year old Bennington College student got lost in Bennington Triangle but found safe by Vermont State Police in 2008 
Passage 2:
Van Arkel–Ketelaar triangle
Bond triangles or Van Arkel–Ketelaar triangles (named after Anton Eduard van Arkel and J  A  A  Ketelaar) are triangles used for showing different compounds in varying degrees of ionic, metallic and covalent bonding 

History
In 1941 Van Arkel recognised three extreme materials and associated bonding types  Using 36 main group elements, such as metals, metalloids and non-metals, he placed ionic, metallic and covalent bonds on the corners of an equilateral triangle, as well as suggested intermediate species  The bond triangle shows that chemical bonds are not just particular bonds of a specific type  Rather, bond types are interconnected and different compounds have varying degrees of different bonding character (for example, covalent bonds with significant ionic character are called polar covalent bonds) 
Six years later, in 1947, Ketelaar developed van Arkel's idea by adding more compounds and placing bonds on different sides of the triangle 
Many people developed the triangle idea  Some (e g  Allen's quantitative triangle) used electron configuration energy as an atom parameter, others (Jensen's quantitative triangle, Norman's quantitative triangle) used electronegativity of compounds  Nowadays, electronegativity triangles are mostly used to rate the chemical bond type 

Usage
Different compounds that obey the octet rule (sp-elements) and hydrogen can be placed on the triangle  Unfortunately, d-elements cannot be analysed using van Arkel-Ketelaar triangle, as their electronegativity is so high that it is taken as a constant  Using electronegativity - two compound average electronegativity on x-axis and electronegativity difference on y-axis, we can rate the dominant bond between the compounds  Example is here
On the right side (from ionic to covalent) should be compounds with varying difference in electronegativity  The compounds with equal electronegativity, such as Cl2 (chlorine) are placed in the covalent corner, while the ionic corner has compounds with large electronegativity difference, such as NaCl (table salt)  The bottom side (from metallic to covalent) contains compounds with varying degree of directionality in the bond 
At one extreme is metallic bonds with delocalized bonding and the other are covalent bonds in which the orbitals overlap in a particular direction  The left side (from ionic to metallic) is meant for delocalized bonds with varying electronegativity difference 

See also
Covalent bonding
Ionic bonding
Metallic bonding
Atomic orbitals
Hund's rules
Ternary plot

External links
Van Arkel–Ketelaar Triangles of Bonding
Passage 3:
Urban agriculture
Urban agriculture refers to various practices of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in urban areas  The term also applies to the area activities of animal husbandry, aquaculture, beekeeping, and horticulture in an urban context  Urban agriculture is distinguished from peri-urban agriculture, which takes place in rural areas at the edge of suburbs Urban agriculture can appear at varying levels of economic and social development  It can involve a movement of organic growers, "foodies" and "locavores," who seek to form social networks founded on a shared ethos of nature and community holism  These networks can develop by way of formal institutional support, becoming integrated into local town planning as a "transition town" movement for sustainable urban development  For others, food security, nutrition, and income generation are key motivations for the practice  In either case, the more direct access to fresh vegetable, fruit, and meat products that may be realised through urban agriculture can improve food security and food safety 

History
Some of the first evidence of urban agriculture comes from Mesopotamia  Farmers would set aside small plots of land for farming within the city's walls  (3500BC) In Persia's semi-desert towns, oases were fed through aqueducts carrying mountain water to support intensive food production, nurtured by wastes from the communities  In Machu Picchu, water was conserved and reused as part of the stepped architecture of the city, and vegetable beds were designed to gather sun in order to prolong the growing season 
 The idea of supplemental food production beyond rural farming operations and distant imports is not new  It was used during war and depression times when food shortage issues arose, as well as during times of relative abundance  Allotment gardens emerged in Germany in the early 19th century as a response to poverty and food insecurity In 1893, citizens of a depression-struck Detroit were asked to use vacant lots to grow vegetables  They were nicknamed Pingree's Potato Patches after the mayor, Hazen S  Pingree, who came up with the idea  He intended for these gardens to produce income, food supply, and boost independence during times of hardship  Victory gardens sprouted during WWI and WWII and were fruit, vegetable, and herb gardens in the US, Canada, and UK  This effort was undertaken by citizens to reduce pressure on food production that was to support the war effort 
During World War I, President Woodrow Wilson called upon all American citizens to utilize any available open food growth, seeing this as a way to pull them out of a potentially damaging situation  Since most of Europe was consumed with war, they were unable to produce sufficient food supplies to be shipped to the US and a new plan was implemented with the goal of feeding the US and even supply a surplus to other countries in need  By 1919, over 5 million plots were growing food and over 500 million pounds of produce was harvested 

A very similar practice came into use during the Great Depression that provided a purpose, job and food to those who would otherwise be without anything during such harsh times  These efforts helped raise spirits and boost economic growth  Over 2 8 million dollars worth of food was produced from the subsistence gardens during the Depression  By World War II, the War/Food Administration set up a National Victory Garden Program that set out to systematically establish functioning agriculture within cities  With this new plan in action, as many as 5 5 million Americans took part in the victory garden movement and over nine million pounds of fruit and vegetables were grown a year, accounting for 44% of US-grown produce throughout that time 

Main types
There is no overarching term for agricultural plots in urban areas   Gardens and farms, while not easy to define, are the two main types  According to the USDA, a farm is "any place from which $1,000 or more of agricultural products were produced and sold " In Europe, the term "city farm" is used to include gardens and farms Any plot with produce being grown in it can be considered an urban farm   Size does not matter, it is more about growing produce on your own in your personal plot or garden 

Gardens
Many communities make community gardening accessible to the public, providing space for citizens to cultivate plants for food, recreation and education  In many cities, small plots of land and also rooftops are used for community members to garden  Community gardens give citizens the opportunity to learn about horticulture through trial and error and get a better understanding of the process of producing food and other plants  All while still being able to feed those people in need from the community   It holds as both a learning experience as well as a means of help for those people in need   A community gardening program that is well-established is Seattle's P-Patch  The grassroots permaculture movement has been hugely influential in the renaissance of urban agriculture throughout the world  During the 1960s a number of community gardens were established in the United Kingdom, influenced by the community garden movement in the United States  Bristol's Severn Project was established in 2010 for £2500 and provides 34 tons of produce per year, employing people from disadvantaged backgrounds 

Farms
The first urban agriculture method of growing occurs when family farms maintain their land as thr city grows around it  City farms/Urban farms are agricultural plots in urban areas, that have people working with animals and plants to produce food  They are usually community-run gardens seeking to improve community relationships and offer an awareness of agriculture and farming to people who live in urbanized areas  Although the name says urban, urban farming does not have to be in the urban area, it can be in the backyard of a house, or the rooftop of an apartment building   They are important sources of food security for many communities around the globe  City farms vary in size from small plots in private yards to larger farms that occupy a number of acres  In 1996, a United Nations report estimated there are over 800 million people worldwide who grow food and raise livestock in cities   Although some city farms have paid employees, most rely heavily on volunteer labour, and some are run by volunteers alone  Other city farms operate as partnerships with local authorities 
An early city farm was set up in 1972 in Kentish Town, London  It combines farm animals with gardening space, an addition inspired by children's farms in the Netherlands  Other city farms followed across London and the United Kingdom  In Australia, several city farms exist in various capital cities  In Melbourne, the Collingwood Children's Farm was established in 1979 on the Abbotsford Precinct Heritage Farmlands (the APHF), the oldest continually farmed land in Victoria, farmed since 1838 
In 2010, New York City saw the building and opening of the world's largest privately owned and operated rooftop farm, followed by an even larger location in 2012  Both were a result of municipal programs such as The Green Roof Tax Abatement Program and Green Infrastructure Grant Program In Singapore, hydroponic rooftop farms (which also rely on vertical farming) are appearing  The goal behind these is to rejuvenate areas and workforces that have thus far been marginalized  Simultaneously top level pesticide-free produce will be grown and harvested 

Perspectives
Resource and economic
The Urban Agriculture Network has defined urban agriculture as:

An industry that produces, processes, and markets food, fuel, and other outputs, largely 
in response to the daily demand of consumers within a town, city, or metropolis, many types of privately and publicly held land and water bodies were found throughout intra-urban and 
peri-urban areas  Typically urban agriculture applies intensive production methods, frequently using and reusing natural resources and urban wastes, to yield a diverse array of land-, water-, and air-based fauna and flora contributing to food security, health, livelihood, and environment of the individual, household, and community 

With rising urbanization, food resources in urban areas are less accessible than in rural areas  This disproportionately affects the poorest communities, and the lack of food access and increased risk of malnutrition has been linked to socioeconomic inequities  Economic barriers to food access are linked to capitalist market structures and lead to "socioeconomic inequities in food choices", "less    healthful foods", and phenomena such as food deserts  Additionally, racialized systems of governance of urban poor communities facilitates the increasing prominence of issues such as unemployment, poverty, access to health, educational and social resources, including a community's access to healthy food 
Today, some cities have much vacant land due to urban sprawl and home foreclosures  This land could be used to address food insecurity  One study of Cleveland shows that the city could actually meet up to 100% of its fresh produce need  This would prevent up to $115 million in annual economic leakage  Using the rooftop space of New York City would also be able to provide roughly twice the amount of space necessary to supply New York City with its green vegetable yields  Space could be even better optimized through the usage of hydroponic or indoor factory production of food  Growing gardens within cities would also cut down on the amount of food waste  In order to fund these projects, it would require financial capital in the form of private enterprises or government funding 

Environmental
The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) defines urban agriculture to include aspects of environmental health, remediation, and recreation:

Urban agriculture is a complex system encompassing a spectrum of interests, from a traditional core of activities associated with the production, processing, marketing, distribution, and consumption, to a multiplicity of other benefits and services that are less widely acknowledged and documented  These include recreation and leisure; economic vitality and business entrepreneurship, individual health and well-being; community health and well being; landscape beautification; and environmental restoration and remediation 

Modern planning and design initiatives are often more responsive to this model of urban agriculture because it fits within the current scope of sustainable design  The definition allows for a multitude of interpretations across cultures and time  Frequently it is tied to policy decisions to build sustainable cities Urban farms also provide unique opportunities for individuals, especially those living in cities, to get actively involved with ecological citizenship  By reconnecting with food production and nature, urban community gardening teaches individuals the skills necessary to participate in a democratic society  Decisions must be made on a group-level basis in order to run the farm  Most effective results are achieved when residents of a community are asked to take on more active roles in the farm Urban farming is not as regulated as commercial farming   So chemicals can be applied and not regulated like a commercial grower would   There is nothing in place that will tell anyone what was applied   It is not regulated as strict so a lot can happen without being known, as far as what is applied 

Food security
Access to nutritious food, both economically and geographically, is another perspective in the effort to locate food and livestock production in cities  The tremendous influx of the world population to urban areas has increased the need for fresh and safe food  The Community Food Security Coalition (CFSC) defines food security as:

All persons in a community having access to culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate food through local, non-emergency sources at all times 

Areas faced with food security issues have limited choices, often relying on highly processed fast food or convenience store foods that are high in calories and low in nutrients, which may lead to elevated rates of diet-related illnesses such as diabetes  These problems have brought about the concept of food justice which Alkon and Norgaard (2009; 289) explain that, "places access to healthy, affordable, culturally appropriate food in the contexts of institutional racism, racial formation, and racialized geographies    Food justice serves as a theoretical and political bridge between scholarship and activism on sustainable agriculture, food insecurity, and environmental justice "Some systematic reviews have already explored urban agriculture contribution to food security and other determinants of health outcomes (see )
Urban agriculture is part of a larger discussion of the need for alternative agricultural paradigms to address food insecurity, inaccessibility of fresh foods, and unjust practices on multiple levels of the food system; and this discussion has been led by different actors, including food-insecure individuals, farm workers, educators and academics, policymakers, social movements, organizations, and marginalized people globally The issue of food security is accompanied by the related movements of food justice and food sovereignty  These movements incorporate urban agriculture in how they address food-resources of a community  Food sovereignty, in addition to promoting food access, also seeks to address the power dynamics and political economy of food; it accounts for the embedded power structures of the food system, ownership of production, and decision-making on multiple levels (i e  growing, processing, and distribution): Under this framework, representative decision-making and responsiveness to the community are core features 

Agroecological
Agroecology is a scientific framework, movement, and applied practice of agricultural management systems that seeks to achieve food sovereignty within food systems and prioritizes sustainability, farmer and consumer well-being, traditional knowledge revival, and democratized learning systems  Transdisciplinarity and diversity of knowledge is a central theme to agroecology, so many urban agroecology initiatives address topics of social justice, gender empowerment, ecological sustainability, indigenous sovereignty, and participation in addition to promoting food access Under an agroecological framework, urban agriculture has the potential to play a role as a "public space, as an economic development strategy, and as a community-organizing tool" while alleviating food insecurity 

Impact
In general, Urban and peri urban agriculture (UPA) contributes to food availability, particularly of fresh produce, provides employment and income and can contribute to the food security and nutrition of urban dwellers 

Economic
Urban and Peri-urban agriculture (UPA) expands the economic base of the city through production, processing, packaging, and marketing of consumable products  This results in an increase in entrepreneurial activities and the creation of jobs, as well as reducing food costs and improving quality  UPA provides employment, income, and access to food for urban populations, which helps to relieve chronic and emergency food insecurity  Chronic food insecurity refers to less affordable food and growing urban poverty, while emergency food insecurity relates to breakdowns in the chain of food distribution  UPA plays an important role in making food more affordable and in providing emergency supplies of food  Research into market values for produce grown in urban gardens has been attributed to a community garden plot a median yield value of between approximately $200 and $500 (US, adjusted for inflation) 

Social
Urban agriculture can have a large impact on the social and emotional well-being of individuals  UA can have an overall positive impact on community health, which directly impacts individuals social and emotional well-being  Urban gardens are often places that facilitate positive social interaction, which also contributes to overall social and emotional well-being  Many gardens facilitate the improvement of social networks within the communities that they are located  For many neighborhoods, gardens provide a "symbolic focus", which leads to increased neighborhood pride  Urban agriculture increases community participation through diagnostic workshops or different commissions in the area of vegetable gardens  Activities which involve hundreds of people When individuals come together around UA, physical activity levels are often increased   This can also raise serotonin levels akin to working out at a gym  There is the added element of walking/biking to the gardens, further increasing physical activity and the benefits of being outdoors UPA can be seen as a means of improving the livelihood of people living in and around cities  Taking part in such practices is seen mostly as an informal activity, but in many cities where inadequate, unreliable, and irregular access to food is a recurring problem, urban agriculture has been a positive response to tackling food concerns  Due to the food security that comes with UA, feelings of independence and empowerment often arise  The ability to produce and grow food for oneself has also been reported to improve levels of self-esteem or of self-efficacy  Households and small communities take advantage of vacant land and contribute not only to their household food needs but also the needs of their resident city  The CFSC states that:

Community and residential gardening, as well as small-scale farming, save household food dollars  They promote nutrition and free cash for non-garden foods and other items  As an example, you can raise your own chickens on an urban farm and have fresh eggs for only $0 44 per dozen 

This allows families to generate larger incomes selling to local grocers or to local outdoor markets while supplying their household with the proper nutrition of fresh and nutritional products  With the popularity of farmers markets recently, this has allowed an even larger income 

Some community urban farms can be quite efficient and help women find work, who in some cases are marginalized from finding employment in the formal economy  Studies have shown that participation from women have a higher production rate, therefore producing the adequate amount for household consumption while supplying more for market sale As most UA activities are conducted on vacant municipal land, there have been raising concerns about the allocation of land and property rights  The IDRC and the FAO have published the Guidelines for Municipal Policymaking on Urban Agriculture, and are working with municipal governments to create successful policy measures that can be incorporated in urban planning Over a third of US households, roughly 42 million, participate in food gardening   There has also been an increase of 63% participation in farming by millennials from 2008-2013  US households participating in community gardening has also tripled from 1 to 3 million in that time frame  Urban agriculture provides unique opportunities to bridge diverse communities together  In addition, it provides opportunities for health care providers to interact with their patients  Thus, making each community garden a hub that is reflective of the community 

Energy efficiency
The current industrial agriculture system is accountable for high energy costs for the transportation of foodstuffs  According to a study by Rich Pirog, associate director of the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture at Iowa State University, the average conventional produce item travels 1,500 miles (2,400 km), using, if shipped by tractor-trailer, 1 US gallon (3 8 L; 0 83 imp gal) of fossil fuel per 100 pounds (45 kg)  The energy used to transport food is decreased when urban agriculture can provide cities with locally grown food  Pirog found that traditional, non-local, food distribution system used 4 to 17 times more fuel and emitted 5 to 17 times more CO2 than the local and regional transport Similarly, in a study by Marc Xuereb and Region of Waterloo Public Health, it was estimated that switching to locally-grown food could save transport-related emissions equivalent to nearly 50,000 metric tons of CO2, or the equivalent of taking 16,191 cars off the road In theory one would save money, but everything is being ran on the house's power grid most of the time   So prices can vary according to when you water, or how you water, etc 

Carbon footprint
As mentioned above, the energy-efficient nature of urban agriculture can reduce each city's carbon footprint by reducing the amount of transport that occurs to deliver goods to the consumer  Such areas can act as carbon sinks offsetting some of the carbon accumulation that is innate to urban areas, where pavement and buildings outnumber plants  Plants absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and release breathable oxygen (O2) through photosynthesis  The process of Carbon Sequestration can be further improved by combining other agriculture techniques to increase removal from the atmosphere and prevent the release of CO2 during harvest time  However, this process relies heavily on the types of plants selected and the methodology of farming  Specifically, choosing plants that do not lose their leaves and remain green all year can increase the farm's ability to sequester carbon 

Reduction in ozone and particulate matter
The reduction in ozone and other particulate matter can benefit human health   Reducing these particulates and ozone gases could reduce mortality rates in urban areas along with increase the health of those living in cities  
A 2011 article found that a rooftop containing 2000 m2 of uncut grass has the potential to remove up to 4000 kg of particulate matter and that one square meter of green roof is sufficient to offset the annual particulate matter emissions of a car 

Soil decontamination
Vacant urban lots are often victims to illegal dumping of hazardous chemicals and other wastes  They are also liable to accumulate standing water and "grey water", which can be dangerous to public health, especially left stagnant for long periods  The implementation of urban agriculture in these vacant lots can be a cost-effective method for removing these chemicals  In the process known as Phytoremediation, plants and the associated microorganisms are selected for their chemical ability to degrade, absorb, convert to an inert form, and remove toxins from the soil   Several chemicals can be targeted for removal, including heavy metals (e g  Mercury and lead), inorganic compounds (e g  Arsenic and Uranium), and organic compounds (e g  petroleum and chlorinated compounds like PBCs) Phytoremeditation is both an environmentally-friendly, cost-effective and energy-efficient measure to reduce pollution  Phytoremediation only costs about $5–$40 per ton of soil being decontaminated  Implementation of this process also reduces the amount of soil that must be disposed of in a hazardous waste landfill Urban agriculture as a method to mediate chemical pollution can be effective in preventing the spread of these chemicals into the surrounding environment  Other methods of remediation often disturb the soil and force the chemicals contained within it into the air or water  Plants can be used as a method to remove chemicals and also to hold the soil and prevent erosion of contaminated soil decreasing the spread of pollutants and the hazard presented by these lots One way of identifying soil contamination is through using already well-established plants as bioindicators of soil health  Using well-studied plants is important because there has already been substantial bodies of work to test them in various conditions, so responses can be verified with certainty  Such plants are also valuable because they are genetically identical as crops as opposed to natural variants of the same species  Typically urban soil has had the topsoil stripped away and has led to soil with low aeration, porosity, and drainage  Typical measures of soil health are microbial biomass and activity, enzymes, soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen, available nutrients, porosity, aggregate stability, and compaction  A new measurement is active carbon (AC), which is the most usable portion of the total organic carbon (TOC) in the soil  This contributes greatly to the functionality of the soil food web



ground_truth: British

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What types of activities occur in both the Bennington and Bridgewater Triangles?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Using common crops, which are generally well-studied, as bioindicators can be used to effectively test the quality of an urban farming plot before beginning planting 

Noise pollution
Large amounts of noise pollution not only lead to lower property values and high frustration, they can be damaging to human hearing and health  The study "Noise exposure and public health" found that exposure to continual noise is a public health problem  Examples of the detriment of continual noise on humans to include: "hearing impairment, hypertension and ischemic heart disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance " Since most roofs or vacant lots consist of hard flat surfaces that reflect sound waves instead of absorbing them, adding plants that can absorb these waves has the potential to lead to a vast reduction in noise pollution 

Nutrition and quality of food
Daily intake of a variety of fruits and vegetables is linked to a decreased risk of chronic diseases including diabetes, heart disease, and cancer  Urban agriculture is associated with increased consumption of fruits and vegetables which decreases risk for disease and can be a cost-effective way to provide citizens with quality, fresh produce in urban settings Produce from urban gardens can be perceived to be more flavorful and desirable than store bought produce which may also lead to a wider acceptance and higher intake  A Flint, Michigan study found that those participating in community gardens consumed fruits and vegetables 1 4 times more per day and were 3 5 times more likely to consume fruits or vegetables at least 5 times daily (p  1)   Garden-based education can also yield nutritional benefits in children  An Idaho study reported a positive association between school gardens and increased intake of fruit, vegetables, vitamin A, vitamin C and fiber among sixth graders  Harvesting fruits and vegetables initiates the enzymatic process of nutrient degradation which is especially detrimental to water soluble vitamins such as ascorbic acid and thiamin  The process of blanching produce in order to freeze or can reduce nutrient content slightly, but not nearly as much as the amount of time spent in storage  Harvesting produce from one's own community garden cuts back on storage times significantly 
Urban agriculture also provides quality nutrition for low-income households  Studies show that every $1 invested in a community garden yields $6 worth of vegetables if labor is not considered a factor in investment  Many urban gardens reduce the strain on food banks and other emergency food providers by donating shares of their harvest and providing fresh produce in areas that otherwise might be food deserts  The supplemental nutrition program Women, Infants and Children (WIC) as well as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) have partnered with several urban gardens nationwide to improve the accessibility to produce in exchange for a few hours of volunteer gardening work Urban farming has been shown to increase health outcomes  Gardeners consume twice as much fruit and vegetables than non-gardeners  Levels of physical activity are also positively associated with urban farming  These results are seen indirectly and can be supported by the social involvement in an individual's community as a member of the community farm  This social involvement helped raise the aesthetic appeal of the neighborhood, boosting the motivation or efficacy of the community as a whole  This increased efficacy was shown to increase neighborhood attachment  Therefore, the positive health outcomes of urban farming can be explained in part by interpersonal and social factors that boost health  Focusing on improving the aesthetics and community relationships and not only on the plant yield, is the best way to maximize the positive effect of urban farms on a neighborhood 

Economy of scale
Using high-density urban farming  with vertical farms or stacked greenhouses, many environmental benefits can be achieved on a citywide scale that would be impossible otherwise  These systems do not only provide food, but also produce potable water from waste water, and can recycle organic waste back to energy and nutrients  At the same time, they can reduce food-related transportation to a minimum while providing fresh food for large communities in almost any climate 

Health inequalities and food justice
A 2009 report by the USDA determined that "evidence is both abundant and robust enough for us to conclude that Americans living in low-income and minority areas tend to have poor access to healthy food", and that the "structural inequalities" in these neighborhoods "contribute to inequalities in diet and diet-related outcomes"   These diet-related outcomes, including obesity and diabetes, have become epidemic in low-income urban environments in the United States  Although the definition and methods for determining "food deserts" have varied, studies indicate that, at least in the United States,  there are racial disparities in the food environment  Thus using the definition of environment as the place where people live, work, play and pray, food disparities become an issue of environmental justice  This is especially true in American inner-cities where a history of racist practices have contributed to the development of food deserts in the low-income, minority areas of the urban core  The issue of inequality is so integral to the issues of food access and health that the Growing Food & Justice for All Initiative was founded with the mission of "dismantling racism" as an integral part of creating food security Not only can urban agriculture provide healthy, fresh food options, but also can contribute to a sense of community, aesthetic improvement, crime reduction, minority empowerment and autonomy, and even preserve culture through the use of farming methods and heirloom seeds preserved from areas of origin 

Environmental justice
Urban agriculture may advance environmental justice and food justice for communities living in food deserts   First, urban agriculture may reduce racial and class disparities in access to healthy food  When urban agriculture leads to locally grown fresh produce sold at affordable prices in food deserts, access to healthy food is not just available for those who live in wealthy areas, thereby leading to greater equity in rich and poor neighborhoods Improved access to food through urban agriculture can also help alleviate psychosocial stresses in poor communities  Community members engaged in urban agriculture improve local knowledge about healthy ways to fulfill dietary needs  Urban agriculture can also better the mental health of community members  Buying and selling quality products to local producers and consumers allows community members to support one another, which may reduce stress  Thus, urban agriculture can help improve conditions in poor communities, where residents experience higher levels of stress due to a perceived lack of control over the quality of their lives Urban agriculture may improve the livability and built environment in communities that lack supermarkets and other infrastructure due to the presence of high unemployment caused by deindustrialization  Urban farmers who follow sustainable agricultural methods can not only help to build local food system infrastructure, but can also contribute to improving local air, and water and soil quality  Urban farming serves as one type of green space in urban areas, it has a positive impact on the air quality in the surrounding area  A case study conducted on a rooftop farm shows the PM2 5 concentration in the urban farming area is 7-33% lower than the surrounding parts without green spaces in a city  When agricultural products are produced locally within the community, they do not need to be transported, which reduces CO2 emission rates and other pollutants that contribute to high rates of asthma in lower socioeconomic areas  Sustainable urban agriculture can also promote worker protection and consumer rights  For example, communities in New York City, Illinois, and Richmond, Virginia, have demonstrated improvements to their local environments through urban agricultural practices However, urban agriculture can also present urban growers with health risks if the soil used for urban farming is contaminated  Lead contamination is particularly common, with hazardous levels of lead found in soil in many United States cities  High lead levels in soil originate from sources including flaking lead paint which was widely used before being banned in the 1970s, vehicle exhaust, and atmospheric deposition  Without proper education on the risks of urban farming and safe practices, urban consumers of urban agricultural produce may face additional health-related issues 

Implementation
Creating a community-based infrastructure for urban agriculture means establishing local systems to grow and process food and transfer it from farmer to consumer 
To facilitate food production, cities have established community-based farming projects  Some projects have collectively tended community farms on common land, much like that of the eighteenth-century Boston Common  One such community farm is the Collingwood Children's Farm in Melbourne, Australia  Other community garden projects use the allotment garden model, in which gardeners care for individual plots in a larger gardening area, often sharing a tool shed and other amenities  Seattle's P-Patch Gardens use this model, as did the South Central Farm in Los Angeles and the Food Roof Farm in St  Louis  Independent urban gardeners also grow food in individual yards and on roofs  Garden sharing projects seek to pair producers with the land, typically, residential yard space  Roof gardens allow for urban dwellers to maintain green spaces in the city without having to set aside a tract of undeveloped land  Rooftop farms allow otherwise unused industrial roofspace to be used productively, creating work and profit  Projects around the world seek to enable cities to become 'continuous productive landscapes' by cultivating vacant urban land and temporary or permanent kitchen gardens 
Food processing on a community level has been accommodated by centralizing resources in community tool sheds and processing facilities for farmers to share  The Garden Resource Program Collaborative based in Detroit has cluster tool banks  Different areas of the city have tool banks where resources like tools, compost, mulch, tomato stakes, seeds, and education can be shared and distributed with the gardeners in that cluster  Detroit's Garden Resource Program Collaborative also strengthens their gardening community by providing access to their member's transplants; education on gardening, policy, and food issues; and by building connectivity between gardeners through workgroups, potlucks, tours, field trips, and cluster workdays  In Brazil, "Cities Without Hunger" has generated a public policy for the reconstruction of abandoned areas with food production and has improved the green areas of the community 
Farmers' markets, such as the farmers' market in Los Angeles, provide a common land where farmers can sell their product to consumers  Large cities tend to open their farmer's markets on the weekends and one day in the middle of the week  For example, the farmers' market of Boulevard Richard-Lenoir in Paris, France, is open on Sundays and Thursdays  However, to create a consumer dependency on urban agriculture and to introduce local food production as a sustainable career for farmers, markets would have to be open regularly  For example, the Los Angeles Farmers' Market is open seven days a week and has linked several local grocers together to provide different food products  The market's central location in downtown Los Angeles provides the perfect interaction for a diverse group of sellers to access their consumers 

Benefits
The benefits that UPA brings along to cities that implement this practice are numerous  The transformation of cities from only consumers of food to generators of agricultural products contributes to sustainability, improved health, and poverty alleviation 

UPA assists to close the open-loop system in urban areas characterized by the importation of food from rural zones and the exportation of waste to regions outside the city or town 
Wastewater and organic solid waste can be transformed into resources for growing agriculture products: the former can be used for irrigation, the latter as fertilizer 
Vacant urban areas can be used for agriculture production 
Other natural resources can be conserved  The use of wastewater for irrigation improves water management and increases the availability of fresh water for drinking and household consumption 
UPA can help to preserve bioregional ecologies from being transformed into cropland 
Urban agriculture saves energy (e g  energy consumed in transporting food from rural to urban areas) 
Local production of food also allows savings in transportation costs, storage, and in product loss, what results in food cost reduction 
UPA improves the quality of the urban environment through greening and thus, a reduction in pollution 
Urban agriculture also makes the city a healthier place to live by improving the quality of the environment 
UPA is a very effective tool to fight against hunger and malnutrition since it facilitates the access to food by an impoverished sector of the urban population Poverty alleviation: It is known that a large part of the people involved in urban agriculture is the urban poor  In developing countries, the majority of urban agricultural production is for self-consumption, with surpluses being sold in the market  According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), urban poor consumers spend 60–80% of their income on food, making them very vulnerable to higher food prices 

UPA provides food and creates savings in household expenditure on consumables, thus increasing the amount of income allocated to other uses 
UPA surpluses can be sold in local markets, generating more income for the urban poor Community centers and gardens educate the community to see agriculture as an integral part of urban life  The Florida House Institute for Sustainable Development in Sarasota, Florida, serves as a public community and education center in which innovators with sustainable, energy-saving ideas can implement and test them  Community centers like Florida House provide urban areas with a central location to learn about urban agriculture and to begin to integrate agriculture with the urban lifestyle Urban farms also are a proven effective educational tool to teach kids about healthy eating and meaningful physical activity 

Trade-offs
Space is at a premium in cities and is accordingly expensive and difficult to secure 
The utilization of untreated wastewater for urban agricultural irrigation can facilitate the spread of waterborne diseases among the human population 
Although studies have demonstrated improved air quality in urban areas related to the proliferation of urban gardens, it has also been shown that increasing urban pollution (related specifically to a sharp rise in the number of automobiles on the road), has led to an increase in insect pests, which consume plants produced by urban agriculture  It is believed that changes to the physical structure of the plants themselves, which have been correlated to increased levels of air pollution, increase plants' palatability to insect pests  Reduced yields within urban gardens decreases the amount of food available for human consumption 
Studies indicate that the nutritional quality of wheat suffers when urban wheat plants are exposed to high nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide concentrations  This problem is particularly acute in the developing world, where outdoor concentrations of sulfur dioxide are high and large percentages of the population rely upon urban agriculture as a primary source of food  These studies have implications for the nutritional quality of other staple crops that are grown in urban settings 
Agricultural activities on land that is contaminated (with such metals as lead) pose potential risks to human health  These risks are associated both with working directly on contaminated land and with consuming food that was grown in contaminated soil Municipal greening policy goals can pose conflicts  For example, policies promoting urban tree canopy are not sympathetic to vegetable gardening because of the deep shade cast by trees  However, some municipalities like Portland, Oregon, and Davenport, Iowa are encouraging the implementation of fruit-bearing trees (as street trees or as park orchards) to meet both greening and food production goals 

See also
Passage 4:
Displacement activity
Displacement activities occur when an animal experiences high motivation for two or more conflicting behaviours: the resulting displacement activity is usually unrelated to the competing motivations  Birds, for example, may peck at grass when uncertain whether to attack or flee from an opponent; similarly, a human may scratch their head when they do not know which of two options to choose   Displacement activities may also occur when animals are prevented from performing a single behaviour for which they are highly motivated   Displacement activities often involve actions which bring comfort to the animal such as scratching, preening, drinking or feeding 
In the assessment of animal welfare, displacement activities are sometimes used as evidence that an animal is highly motivated to perform a behaviour that the environment prevents  One example is that when hungry hens are trained to eat from a particular food dispenser and then find the dispenser blocked, they often begin to pace and preen themselves vigorously  These actions have been interpreted as displacement activities, and similar pacing and preening can be used as evidence of frustration in other situations Psychiatrist and primatologist Alfonso Troisi proposed that displacement activities can be used as non-invasive measures of stress in primates  He noted that various non-human primates perform self-directed activities such as grooming and scratching in situations likely to involve anxiety and uncertainty, and that these behaviours are increased by anxiogenic (anxiety-producing) drugs and reduced by anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) drugs  In humans, he noted that similar self-directed behaviour, together with aimless manipulation of objects (chewing pens, twisting rings), can be used as indicators of "stressful stimuli and may reflect an emotional condition of negative affect" More recently the term 'displacement activity' has been widely adopted   to describe a form of procrastination  It is commonly used in the context of what someone does intentionally to keep themselves busy whilst, at the same time, avoiding doing something else that would be a better use of their time 

History of the concept
The subsequent development of research on displacement activities was a direct consequence of Konrad Lorenz's works on instincts  However, the first mentions of the phenomenon came in 1940 by the two Dutch researchers Nikolaas Tinbergen and Adriaan Kortlandt Tinbergen in 1952 noted, for example, that "two skylarks engaged in furious combat [may] suddenly peck at the ground as if they were feeding", or birds on the point of mating may suddenly begin to preen themselves  Tinbergen adopted the term "displacement activities" because the behaviour appeared to be displaced from one behavioural system into another In 1902, in The Little White Bird, J  M  Barrie refers to sheep in Kensington Gardens nibbling the grass in nervous agitation immediately after being shorn, and to Solomon, the wise crow, drinking water when he was frustrated and outwitted in an argument with other birds  Another bird encourages him to drink in order to compose himself  These references to displacement activities in a work of literature indicate that the phenomenon was well recognized at the turn of the twentieth century  A further early description of a displacement activity (though not the use of the term) is by Julian Huxley in 1914 

See also
Displacement (psychology)
Ethogram
Procrastination
Vacuum activity
Passage 5:
Race engineer
A race engineer is a motorsport team member who analyses data to achieve the best performance from the vehicle and driver  The race engineer communicates with the team's data analyst, mechanics, and driver, both between and during races  Off the race track, the race engineer analyses historical data to determine the initial set-up for the next race event or test  The race engineer's duties also include hands-on management of the vehicle mechanics, organization of the testing schedule, and assurance of compliance with regulations  The race engineer seeks to make these activities occur as seamlessly as possible for the driver  Race engineers almost always have an academic degree in engineering or a related field A good race engineer must have good people skills  To be effective, the race engineer must have a good working relationship with not only the driver but also the rest of the team, both at and away from the track  Many times the race engineer is also "the face" of the team for the media; this is especially true during the race while the driver is inaccessible  This makes the race engineer's media skills a priority 

History
The role of the race engineer on racing teams has grown in importance since the adoption of on-board sensors that collect performance data  The race engineer's job is to evaluate the vehicle's performance gathered from both telemetry and the driver's feedback  The race engineer then seeks to improve performance with regard to the driver's desires by adjusting suspension, engine calibrations, aerodynamics, and other variables which affect the vehicle's performance on the race track 

Travel
Race engineers tend to travel extensively, especially during the racing season of their motorsport teams  At the highest level of professional motorsports, international travel is common  Offseason travel for race engineers is usually for testing, training, and visiting vendors 

See also
Automotive aerodynamics
Automotive engineering
Control theory
Mechanical engineering
Passage 6:
JAK Members Bank
The JAK Members Bank, or JAK Medlemsbank, is a cooperative, member-owned financial institution based in Skövde, Sweden, and based on a concept that arose in Denmark in 1931  JAK is an acronym for Jord Arbete Kapital in Swedish or Land Labour Capital, the factors of production in classical economics  A membership of approximately 39,000 (as of December 2015) dictates the Bank's policies and direction  The Board of Directors is elected annually by members, who are each allowed only one share in the bank  JAK Members Bank does not offer any interest on saved money  All of the bank's activities occur outside of the capital market as its loans are financed solely by member savings  Administrative and developmental costs are paid for by membership and loans 
JAK banking employs the "Saving Points" system: members accumulate Saving Points during saving periods and use them when applying for a loan  The concept is that one is allowed to take out a loan for oneself to the same extent as one allows other people to be granted loans, saving into one's account  For this reason (applying for a loan), earned Saving Points must be equal to  spent Saving Points to ensure sustainability  If a member is borrowing more saving points than they currently possess, they are obliged to continue accumulating "aftersavings" during the repayment period  Aftersavings are a fixed quota of money that a member must save after one's loan was made, so they can continue to earn Saving Points  This way, at the end of the repayment period, Saving Points earned will be equal to Saving Points spent, and at that time they will be able to have back all their aftersavings 
JAK also offers a couple of loans where you do not need any saving points 

History
The co-operative society Jord Arbejde Kapital was founded in Denmark during the Great Depression in 1931  The society issued a popular local currency which was subsequently outlawed by the Danish government in 1933  In 1934 it founded an interest-free savings and loan system and a Local Exchange Trading System  Though both systems were forced to close, the savings and loan system re-emerged in 1944  The experience of JAK-banking in Denmark inspired a group in Sweden to develop a non-profit organisation named Jord Arbete Kapital - Riksförening för Ekonomisk Frigörelse (National Association for Economic Emancipation) in 1965  This pioneers' group developed a mathematical system based on Saving Points, designated the "balanced saving system"  The association grew slowly at first  In 1997, a legislative amendment required the association to receive a banking license from the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority in order to continue operating as a financial institution, which was granted in that year  The bank's deposits are insured by the government 

Philosophy
According to JAK's philosophy, economic instability arises out of and is a consequence of the levying of interest 
JAK operates under the following principles:

Interest moves money from the poor to the rich
Interest favours projects which yield high profits in the short termThe main aim of the bank is to provide its members with a viable, feasible financial instrument, sustainable for the environment and serving the local economy 

Membership
Marketing for JAK is done primarily by volunteers and word-of-mouth advertising  Deposits are accepted and loans are given in Swedish Krona (SEK)  Mortgages or personal guarantees may be made only if the property or the guarantor is Swedish  It is compulsory to have Swedish residency to apply for a loan from JAK  The savings of members are covered under the deposit guarantees of the Swedish banking system 

JAK in other countries
JAK organisations exist in Denmark, Germany and Italy, in addition to Sweden  There was also an earlier attempt to start such a bank in Norway 
The Danish organisations, which date back to 1931, are known as J A K  Andelskasser, and there are 14 independent organisations which hold the legal status of andelskasse, which is a form of bank in Denmark  They are all members of Landsforeningen J A K , the association of JAK organisations 

Literature
Margunn Bjørnholt: Pengene mot strømmen: Alternative finansieringsorganisasjoner, Oslo, University of Oslo, 1995, ISBN 8257004383, sida 82-129

See also
Grameen Bank
WIR Bank
Passage 7:
Bridgewater Triangle
The Bridgewater Triangle is an area of about 200 square miles (520 km2) within southeastern Massachusetts in the United States, claimed to be a site of alleged paranormal phenomena, ranging from UFOs to poltergeists, and other spectral phenomena, various bigfoot-like sightings, giant snakes and thunderbirds  The term was coined by New England based cryptozoologist Loren Coleman 

Location
Specific boundaries of the Bridgewater Triangle were first described by cryptozoologist Loren Coleman who coined the term in the 1970s, and later in his book Mysterious America 

Historic places and landmarks
Freetown-Fall River State Forest - The Freetown-Fall River State Forest has reportedly been the site of various cult activity including animal sacrifice, ritualistic murders committed by admitted Satanists, as well as a number of gangland murders and a number of suicides 
Profile Rock - The supposed site of where Wampanoag historical figure Anawan received the lost wampum belt from Philip, legend has it the ghost of a man can be seen sitting on the rock with his legs crossed or with outstretched arms  Located within the Freetown-Fall River State Forest 
Solitude Stone - An inscribed stone located near Forest Street in West Bridgewater which was found near a missing person's body  Also known as "suicide stone," the rock was found with the inscription: "All ye, who in future days, Walk by Nunckatessett stream Love not him who hummed his lay Cheerful to the parting beam, But the beauty that he wooed "
Bridgewater State University - Several buildings and rooms on campus are alleged to be haunted by ghosts and other paranormal phenomena 
Taunton State Hospital - Some visitors have claimed that they had strange paranormal experiences in the hospital including being touched and pulled in certain areas of the hospital  It is also claimed that the hospital was used by satanic cults during the 1960s and 70s 
Hornbine School - The one-room schoolhouse was built during the 1840s and remained in active use until 1937  The building is alleged to be haunted by its former inhabitants 

Paranormal claims
Common to most of these areas is a mix of reported phenomena, that includes reports of:

Unidentified flying objects, often in the form of bright balls of light or large, unusual spacecraft 
Unnatural animal sightings, ranging from unusual reports of animals that are not found within the area (such as panthers and bears) to more supernatural claims of giant snakes and enormous vicious dogs 
Paranormal humanoids, including sightings of Bigfoot, ghosts, poltergeists, and shadow people 
Thunderbird sightings: Giant birds or pterodactyl-like flying creature with wingspans up to twelve feet are claimed to have been seen in Hockomock Swamp and neighboring Taunton and Easton, including a report by Norton Police Sergeant Thomas Downy 
Cult activity, especially animal mutilations: Various incidents of animal mutilation have been reported, particularly in Freetown and Fall River, where local police were called to investigate mutilated animals believed to be the work of a cult  Two specific incidents in 1998 were reported: one in which a single adult cow was found butchered in the woods; the other in which a group of calves were discovered in a clearing, grotesquely mutilated as if part of a ritual sacrifice 
Native American curses: According to one tale, Native Americans had cursed the swamp centuries ago because of conflict with Colonial settlers  A revered object of the Wampanoag people, a belt known as the wampum belt, was lost during King Philip's War  Legend says that the area owes its paranormal unrest to the fact that this belt was lost from the Native people 
Pukwudgie: A creature from Algonquian folklore  The local Wampanoag people consider them to be dangerous tricksters  They have been especially associated with the Freetown State Forest within the Bridgewater Triangle 

See also
Lovecraft Country
Pukwudgie
Passage 8:
Context-sensitive solutions (transport)
Context-sensitive solutions (CSS) is a theoretical and practical approach to transportation decision-making and design that takes into consideration the communities and lands through which streets, roads, and highways pass ("the context")  The term is closely related to but distinguishable from context-sensitive design in that it asserts that all decisions in transportation planning, project development, operations, and maintenance should be responsive to the context in which these activities occur, not simply the design process  CSS seeks to balance the need to move vehicles efficiently and safely with other desirable outcomes, including historic preservation, environmental sustainability, and the creation of vital public spaces  In transit projects, CSS generally refers to context sensitive planning, design, and development around transit stations, also known as transit-oriented development 

Overview
In contrast to long-standing practices in transportation design that place primary importance on moving traffic (vehicular throughput), the CSS process emphasizes that transportation facilities should fit their physical settings and preserve scenic, aesthetic, historic and environmental resources, while maintaining safety and mobility  For instance, if a state highway that passes through a downtown main street, applying CSS principles would entail creating a street where the movement of vehicles does not impede pedestrian activity and sidewalk commerce, rather than a street that is simply widened and straightened to increase speed, capacity and mobility for vehicles as a singular transportation objective  CSS therefore includes principles for context-sensitive decision-making that place a high value on community input and consensus, and more technical principles of context sensitive design 
When CSS principles are applied to transportation projects, the process involves a much broader range of disciplines than traditional transportation design methods, which rely exclusively on the judgment of traffic engineers  CSS is a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach that involves everyone with a significant stake in the project, such as the residents, businesses and local institutions that will be affected by an intervention or a failure to address the transportation implications of development such as congestion  Rather than approaching these stakeholders at the tail end of the design process in an attempt to gain approval, CSS emphasizes the need to incorporate their feedback from the very outset of the planning and design development processes and during all subsequent stages of construction, operations and maintenance 

Qualities of a CSS project
The following list of qualities (developed at a 1998 conference for transportation planners called "Thinking Beyond the Pavement") describe the core goals of the CSS process 

The CSS Product: Qualities of Excellence in Transportation DesignThe "Qualities that Characterize Excellence in Transportation Design" – that is, of the physical end product of the CSS process – are: 

The project satisfies the purpose and needs as agreed to by a full range of stakeholders 
This agreement is forged in the earliest phase of the project and amended as warranted as the project develops 
The project is a safe facility for both the user and the community 
The project is in harmony with the community, and it preserves environmental, scenic, aesthetic, historic, and natural resource values of the area, i e , exhibits context sensitive design 
The project exceeds the expectations of both designers and stakeholders and achieves a level of excellence in people's minds 
The project involves efficient and effective use of the resources (time, budget, community) of all involved parties 
The project is designed and built with minimal disruption to the community 
The project is seen as having added lasting value to the community 

The CSS process
This outline of the core steps in the CSS process was also developed at the "Thinking Beyond the Pavement" conference 

The CSS Process: Characteristics of the Process That Yield Excellence"The Characteristics of the Process that will Yield Excellence in Transportation Design" are: 

Communication with all stakeholders is open, honest, early, and continuous 
A multidisciplinary team is established early, with disciplines based on the needs of the specific project, and with the inclusion of the public 
A full range of stakeholders is involved with transportation officials in the scoping phase (the period before design is begun when the scope of the project is agreed upon)  The purposes of the project are clearly defined, and consensus on the scope is forged before proceeding 
The highway development process is tailored to meet the circumstances  This process should examine multiple alternatives that will result in a consensus of approach methods 
A commitment to the process from top agency officials and local leaders is secured 
The public involvement process, which includes informal meetings, is tailored to the project 
The landscape, the community, and valued resources are understood before engineering design is started  A full range of tools for communication about project alternatives is used (e g , visualization) 

History
The initial guiding principles of CSS came out of the 1998 "Thinking Beyond the Pavement" conference as a means to describe and foster transportation projects that preserve and enhance the natural and built environments along with economic and social assets for neighborhoods they pass through  In 2003, the Federal Highway Administration announced that under one of its three Vital Few Objectives (Environmental Stewardship and Streamlining) they had a target goal of  achieving CSS integration within all state Departments of Transportation by September 2007 
The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Organizations (AASHTO) is now (fall 2006) developing strategic goals and objectives for CSS which it describes as a "fundamental change in the way we do business " One principal element of this change is the way transportation planners and engineers address speed  Historically, the speed at which a vehicle can safely travel through the landscape has been regarded as a primary goal of transportation planning since it shortens travel time, saves money (time is money), and improves driver convenience  However, CSS recognizes that designing a facility for the maximum safe speed that is economically feasible can be detrimental to other community goals, and even to vehicle passengers themselves  CSS recognizes that the goal of transportation is social and economic exchange, which cannot occur at high speeds  Instead, CSS attempts to identify, through a community-based process, a  "target speed" that promotes the optimum amount of social and economic exchange, with lowest environmental impacts, that is appropriate for the context  Thus, in cities, if higher vehicle speeds lower the amount of social exchange on a residential street (fewer friends, less street life etc ) then the street will be designed to encourage drivers to slow down so as not to reduce social exchange  In a similar manner, commercial streets will be designed to maximize commercial exchange and designed accordingly  In more rural areas where a primary goal is to move people and goods between human settlements, CSS can be compatible with much higher design speeds  Setting a target speed that is appropriate for the context, and then designing roads, highway and streets to make it difficult for drivers to exceed that target speed, is a central CSS principle and represents a fundamental shift in transportation planning practice 

See also
Transportation planning
Complete streets
Placemaking
New Urbanism
Transit-oriented development
Town meeting

Notes



ground_truth: alleged paranormal phenomena