prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The Panel with striding lion  was one of many that lined the way north of the gate to the inner city of what location?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Varugad
Varugad Fort  (Man T; 18� 00' N, 74� 00' E; RS Lonand 22 m  NW; p  880), in Man  lies, as the crow flies, about twelve miles north-west of Dahivadi, within the limits of Panvan village  The best way to it is to camp at Pingli Budrukh four miles south-west of Dahivadi and to travel thence by the Tasganv-Mograla road for about ten miles to Jadhavvadi, a hamlet of Bijvadi village lying almost a quarter of a mile east and within sight of the road; from here a well marked track due west goes to the village of Tondle, and from Tondle a path leads direct to the fort over rough ground broken but perfectly passable by a pony, and skirting the northern base of the long plateau of Panvan  The direction of the path is generally a little north of west and it crosses innumerable small ravines and water-courses which lead through rough hill tracts to the edge of the plateau of which the Man  taluka chiefly consists  These streams pour down the bare sides of the main hill range, here some 1,000 to 1,500 feet high, on to the plain of Girvi adjoining the Phaltan taluka  The country all the way from Pingli is terribly bare and rocky  Here the stony hills and ravines are interrupted by fairly level plateaus with tolerable soil and good sites for cultivation and grazing  A few small deer and chinkharawill probably be seen, while cattle are everywhere browsing in considerable numbers  Three hamlets, one of them known as Ghodavadi, are reached, and some well-to-do cultivators will probably meet the visitor and turn out to be Gadkaris or descendants of the ancient hereditary fort garrison  The hamlet is situated on a projection between the two ravines, and has been built on a hill of a truncated conical shape 
The hill rises about 250 feet above the level of the plateau, which itself constitutes the summit of the Mahadev range at this point  The cone with the walls on it is seen from a great distance and appears very small indeed  But on near approach it is seen to be but the inner citadel of a place of considerable size and strength for the times in which it was built  On the south-west the outer wall or enceinte is entered by a rude gateway of a single pointed arch about eight feet high and five feet broad  As usual there is a curtain of solid masonry inside  The gate lies about 150 yards east of the edge of the plateau, which there terminates in an almost unbroken vertical precipice of several hundred feet in height and receding in a north-easterly direction  No wall was built along about three hundred yards of this part which is absolutely unscalable, but for the rest of the way the walling is continued along the edge of the cliff in a north-east direction for about another three hundred yards  Here it turns still following the cliff to the south-east for another seven hundred yards, and then gradually rounds to the westward covering four hundred and fifty yards more till it meets the gateway  But for the break of the inaccessible precipice this outer wall would form a nearly equilateral triangle with the corners rounded off, the side being of some six hundred and fifty yards  Facing nearly north, about fifty yards from the north-east angle, is a gateway with a couple of curtains in solid masonry  This entrance is cut in the sides of the cliff about twenty feet below the top which is reached by some dozen steps  It consisted as usual of a pointed arch, the top fallen in, about ten feet high by five broad  It leads out to the path down to Girvi, a village in the plains below and it probably formed the communication with Phaltan  This road winds down the face of the range for some five hundred feet till it hits the shoulder of a spur which it then follows to the base  The walling on the south side, from the edge of the cliff to some hundred yards east of the southern gate, is not more than a couple of feet in thickness and consists of all-fitting stones unmortared  The rest is massive and well mortared and still fairly preserved  The average height is from seven to ten feet  In the south-east angle is a rude temple of Bhairavnath and a few houses with the remains of Man y more  On the right side of the southern gate is a well preserved stone pond about thirty yards square with steps leading down to it  Next to and on the north of Bhairavnath's temple is another pond  The way up to the fort proper or upper and lower citadels is from the north side  The path up the hill side, which is steep but with grass and soil left in Man y places, is almost destroyed  About 150 feet up is the outer citadel built on a sort of shoulder of the hill and facing almost due west  It contains two massive bastions of excellent masonry looking north-west and south-west so that guns planted on them could comMan d respectively the north and south gateways  This citadel was connected with the main wall by a cross wall running across the whole breadth of the fort from east to west  Its entrance lies close below that to the upper citadel  A masonry curtain projects so as to hide the arch itself, which is not more than seven feet high by three broad, and has to be entered from due east  On the south side the walls are carried right up to the scarp of the upper citadel and are some ten feet high, so that to take the lower citadel in rear or flank must have been difficult  The upper citadel is above a vertical scarp some thirty feet high  The entrance to it lies some thirty feet above that to the lower citadel, and is cut in the rock about eight feet wide  There is a gateway of a pointed arch with the top fallen in and twenty odd steps leading up to it and ten more cut out of the rock, and winding up past the inside curtain on to the top  The walls of this upper citadel are still in tolerable preservation  They were originally about ten feet high and built of fair masonry  There is a large turret on the south-west corner, evidently meant to comMan d the southern gate  About ten yards to the east of this turret is a new looking building which was the headquarters or sadar  Immediately east of this and below it is a great pit about thirty feet square and equally deep roughly cut in the rock and said by the people to be a dungeon  Next to it on the south is a small pond evenly cut and lined with mortar used for storing water  There are some remains of sepoys' houses, and, near the turret, a small stone wheel said to belong to a gun  The outer walls east of the gates have bastions at every turn of the cliffs, and the masonry here is particularly strong and well preserved  It would appear that attacks were dreaded chiefly from the plain below  The assailants could either come up the spur towards the north entrance or they might attempt the spurs on the other side of the eastern ravine and attack the southern gateway  Hence apparently the reason for strengthening the walls of the enceinte on this side  After passing the southern gateway the assailants would be comMan ded from the lower citadel  They Would then be encountered by the cross wall  If that obstacle was overcome the besieged would run round the east side and into the two citadels  The appearance from the fort of the plain in the north is most formidable  The Panvan plateau completely comMan ds and indeed almost overhangs it  The fort is believed to have been built by Shivaji to resist the Moghals whose attacks he must have dreaded from the plain below  The Karkhanis or Superintendent of the fort was a Prabhu  The fort garrison consisted of 200 Ramoshis, Mahars, and other hereditary Gadkaris besides sepoys  It was surrendered in 1818 to Vitthal Pant Phadnis of the Raja of Satara left in charge of the town  He detached 200 men to take possession, being part of a force then raised to protect the town from the enterprizes of Bajirav's garrisons then in the neighbourhood  [Elphinstone in Pendhari and Maratha War Papers, 245 ]
Passage 2:
Zhengyangmen
Qianmen (simplified Chinese: 前门; traditional Chinese: 前門; pinyin: Qiánmén; Wade–Giles: Ch'ien-men; lit  'Front Gate') is the colloquial name for Zhengyangmen (simplified Chinese: 正阳门; traditional Chinese: 正陽門; pinyin: Zhèngyángmén; Wade–Giles: Cheng-yang-men; Manchu:ᡨᠣᠪᡧᡠᠨ ᡳᡩᡠᡴᠠ; Möllendorff:tob šun-i duka, literally meaning "Gate of the Zenith Sun"), a gate in Beijing's historic city wall  The gate is situated to the south of Tiananmen Square and once guarded the southern entry into the Inner City  Although much of Beijing's city walls were demolished, Zhengyangmen remains an important geographical marker of the city  The city's central north–south axis passes through Zhengyangmen's main gate  It was formerly named Lizhengmen (simplified Chinese: 丽正门; traditional Chinese: 麗正門; pinyin: Lìzhèngmén), meaning "beautiful portal" 

History
Zhengyangmen was first built in 1419 during the Ming dynasty and once consisted of the gatehouse proper and an archery tower, which were connected by side walls and together with side gates, formed a large barbican  The gate guarded the direct entry into the imperial city  The city's first railway station, known as the Qianmen Station, was built just outside the gate  During the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 in the late Qing dynasty, the gate sustained considerable damage when the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded the city  The Hui and Dongxiang Muslim Kansu Braves under Ma Fulu engaged in fierce fighting during the Battle of Beijing at Zhengyangmen against the Eight-Nation Alliance  Ma Fulu and 100 of his fellow Hui and Dongxiang soldiers from his home village died in that battle  Ma Fulu's cousins, Ma Fugui (馬福貴) and Ma Fuquan (馬福全), and his nephews, Ma Yaotu (馬耀圖) and Ma Zhaotu (馬兆圖), were killed in action during the battle  The Qing Empire later violated the Boxer Protocol by having a tower constructed at the gate The gate complex was extensively reconstructed in 1914  The barbican side gates were torn down in 1915 After the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the Zhengyangmen gatehouse was occupied by the Beijing garrison of the People's Liberation Army  The military vacated the gatehouse in 1980, which has now become a tourist attraction  At 42 metres high, the Zhengyangmen gatehouse was, and remains, the tallest of all gates in Beijing's city wall  Zhengyangmen gatehouse survived the demolition of city walls in the late 1960s during the construction of the Beijing Subway, while other gates such as Deshengmen in the north and Dongbianmen in the southeast only have their archery towers standing  Xibianmen retains only part of its barbican while Yongdingmen's gatehouse was rebuilt in 2007 Today, Qianmen Avenue (Dajie) cuts between the Zhengyangmen gatehouse and the archery tower to the south  Line 2's Qianmen Station is also located between the two structures inside the space once surrounded by the barbican 
Qianmen remains one of the enduring symbols of old Beijing 

Geographical Significance
The Zhengyangmen is situated on the central north–south axis of Beijing  The main gateway of the gatehouse is aligned with Yongdingmen Gate to the south, the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong and the Monument to the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square, the Tiananmen Gate itself, the Meridian Gate, and the imperial throne in the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City, the city's Drum and Bell Towers and the entrance to the Olympic Green in the far north 
The kilometre zero point for highways in China is located just outside the Zhengyangmen Gate  It is marked with a plaque in the ground, with the four cardinal points, four animals, and "Zero Point of Highways, China" in English and Chinese 

Surrounding area
The area near Qianmen includes several areas of historical significance  The avenue which proceeds south from the Qianmen is known as "Qianmen Street", and has been a commercial centre for several centuries, although it now mainly caters to tourists from other parts of China  Since a redevelopment in the 2000s by property developer SOHO China, shopfront tenants along Qianmen Street have been predominantly international brands which cater neither to local residents nor domestic visitors, with the result that Qianmen Avenue is now often largely deserted  Dashilanr is a well-known cross-street with a similar character  The Peking duck restaurant Quanjude is located on Qianmen Street  The Qianmen area is also home to Beijing's narrowest hutong, the Qianshi hutong 

Transportation
Beijing Subway Line 2 and Line 8 has a stop at Qianmen  Beijing bus routes 8, 17, 48, 66, 67, 69, 71, 82, 93, 126, 623, BRT1 (快速公交1), Tourist route 2 (观光2), Special 4 (特4), and Special 7 (特7) have a terminal at Qianmen 
Passage 3:
Striding Lion
Striding Lion, a wall relief made from polychrome glazed, fired bricks, is one of the most iconic objects on display at the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto  It came from Babylon, Iraq, and dates to the time of Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BCE), king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire  Striding Lion is one of many such reliefs that decorated the walls of the palace's ceremonial hall and very similar to the lions that line the processional way from the Ishtar Gate to the temple of Marduk 
A large group of such figures is part of the Processional Way leading to the Ishtar Gate, a centrepiece display of the Pergamon Museum in Berlin   Other panels were sold by Berlin, such as the Panel with striding lion in New York 

Description
The relief measures 122 cm (height) by 183 cm (width) by 8 cm (depth) Several of the bricks are stamped with the inscription: "Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, the first born son of Nabopolassar, the king of Babylon" 

Origin
The ceremonial hall in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II had a tiled wall decorated with glazed columns, lotus buds and palmettes with lions striding around the base, of which the example in the Royal Ontario Museum is one From 1899 to 1917, Robert Koldewey led a German expedition that excavated Babylon  The fragments of tile found in the ceremonial hall of the palace, also referred to as the throne room of the Southern Citadel, were taken back to Berlin and painstakingly reassembled, as were the tiles from the Ishtar Gate and Processional Way  In 1937 the Royal Ontario Museum purchased the reconstructed striding lion relief from the State Museums of Berlin 

Production method
Robert Koldewey suggested that the lions, and other reliefs lining the Processional Way, were made using molds taken from a master clay panel, or from a temporary wall with a plaster facing that had been cut down into brick sized segments  Care had been taken to ensure the joints were not too visible and the relief work such as to facilitate removal from a mold  The bricks were then fired in a kiln, and then glazed with the appropriate colours  Marks were made on a tile's upper edge to enable it to be placed in proper sequence when assembled  The system of marks used for assembling the reliefs could be most clearly seen on the tiles from the ceremonial hall because of the way they had fallen after robbers had taken bricks from the wall 

Significance of lion symbolism
Lions were symbolic of royalty because of their strength, and fighting a lion gave a king great prestige  The lion was also the symbol of Ishtar, the goddess of love and war  In her role of the goddess of war she is depicted, bow in hand, on a chariot drawn by seven lions 
Passage 4:
Chongwenmen
Chongwenmen (Chinese: 崇文門; pinyin: Chóngwénmén; Manchu: ᡧᡠᠪᡝᠸᡝᠰᡳᡥᡠᠯᡝᡵᡝᡩᡠᡴᠠ; Möllendorff: šu be wesihulere duka) was a gate that was part of Beijing's city wall in what is now Dongcheng District  The gate stood in the southeastern part of Beijing's inner city, immediately south of the old Beijing Legation Quarter  In the 1960s, the gate and much of the wall was torn down to make room for Beijing's second ring road  Today, Chongwenmen is marked by the intersection of Chongwenmen Nei (Inner) and Chongwenmen Wai (Outer) Street, which run north-south through the former gate, Chongwenmen East and Chongwenmen West Street, which run east-west where the wall stood, and Beijing Station West Street, a diagonal street, going northwest to the Beijing railway station  Chongwenmen is a transport node in Beijing   Chongwenmen Station is an interchange station on Lines 2 and 5 of the Beijing Subway   Chongwen District, an administrative division of the city from 1952 to 2010 and now folded into Dongcheng District, was named after Chongwenmen 

History
During the Yuan dynasty, the gate was called Wenmingmen (文明門)  Because the residence of the Mongol prince Hada was located close by, the gate was also popularly known as Hadamen (traditional 哈達門, simplified 哈大門) or Hademen (traditional 哈德門, simplified 哈德门)  The name Hademen survived well into the twentieth century, and was even the name of a popular cigarette brand  The Hademen Hotel now overlooks where the gate once stood   To the east of Chongwenmen, the Ming City Wall Relics Park has the best preserved remaining section of Beijing's Ming city wall 

Transport
Chongwenmen is served by Chongwenmen Station on Line 2 and Line 5 of the Beijing Subway  It is also served by numerous Beijing Bus routes 
Passage 5:
New Town, Tasmania
New Town is a suburb of the city of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, about 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of the central business district of Hobart   It is generally considered Hobart's oldest suburb, settled just a week after Sullivans Cove  It was historically the home of many of Hobart's wealthiest citizens, and New Town features a large number of grand residences, churches, and public buildings  The large farms were broken up following the world wars and it is now an inner city residential suburb  Many of its streets are lined with Federation style cottages  It is surrounded by the suburbs of North Hobart, Mount Stuart, Lenah Valley and Moonah, with the Queen's Domain just to the south-east  Most of the locality is within the Hobart local government area, with 2 5% within Glenorchy 

History
At the time of Hobart's re-settlement on the western shore of the Derwent River in 1804, the first free settlers were landed at New Town Bay a day after the military and convict landing on Hunter Island on 20/21 February  Some early buildings remain including Pitt Farm which is the second oldest farmhouse in Australia 
St John's Anglican Church in New Town has an unbroken record of use as a parish church, from the first service on 20 December 1835 up to the present   The building was designed by the Tasmanian government civil engineer and architect, John Lee Archer 
New Town Post Office opened on 1 January 1842 Video City opened the largest video rental shop in Australia on New Town Road in 2002  The store remained a vibrant cultural institution long after the arrival of online streaming services in the 2010s  After selling its catalogue of over 30,000 video titles, the store ceased trading in 2019 

Today
New Town has the only two single-sex public schools in Tasmania - Ogilvie High School for girls, and New Town High School for boys   There is also a third main school in New Town, the Catholic Sacred Heart College, New Town Campus, with over 1000 students  New Town Primary School is over a hundred years old  The major shopping centre is Centro New Town Plaza, which houses a Kmart, a Coles Supermarket and several smaller specialty shops 
New Town is well known for its leafy streets flanked by Colonial, Georgian, Federation, Italianate and Art Deco residences, with many large homes and mansions scattered throughout the suburb  Architects who have worked on New Town homes include Thomas Reibey Atkinson, grandson of Mary Reibey, and Henry Hunter, one of Hobart's most prominent early colonial architects 
The InterCity Cycleway passes directly through the suburb, on its course from Claremont to the city 
The main road in New Town is known as "New Town Road" and follows on from Elizabeth Street in Hobart  The road connects Hobart with the neighbouring city of Glenorchy  Other main roads in New Town are Augusta Road, which leads into Lenah Valley, and Giblin Street which becomes Forster Street and then becomes Risdon Road as it continues down towards the Brooker Highway 
Passage 6:
Ishtar Gate
The Ishtar Gate was the eighth gate to the inner city of Babylon (in the area of present-day Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq)  It was constructed circa 575 BCE by order of King Nebuchadnezzar II on the north side of the city  It was part of a grand walled processional way leading into the city 
The original structure was a double gate with a smaller frontal gate and a larger and more grandiose secondary posterior section  The walls were finished in glazed bricks mostly in blue, with animals and deities (also made up of colored bricks) in low relief at intervals  The gate was 50 feet (15 meters) high, and the original foundations extended another 45 feet (14 meters) underground German archaeologist Robert Koldewey led the excavation of the site from 1904 to 1914  After the end of the First World War in 1918, the smaller frontal gate was reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin Other panels from the facade of the gate are located in many other museums around the world, including various European countries and the United States The façade of the Iraqi embassy in Beijing, China includes a replica of the Ishtar Gate 

History
King Nebuchadnezzar II reigned 604–562 BCE, the peak of the Neo-Babylonian Empire  He is known as the biblical conqueror who captured Jerusalem  He ordered the construction of the gate and dedicated it to the Babylonian goddess Ishtar  The gate was constructed using glazed brick with alternating rows of bas-relief mušḫuššu (dragons), aurochs (bulls), and lions, symbolizing the gods Marduk, Adad, and Ishtar respectively The roof and doors of the gate were made of cedar, according to the dedication plaque  The bricks in the gate were covered in a blue glaze meant to represent lapis lazuli, a deep-blue semi-precious stone that was revered in antiquity due to its vibrancy  The blue-glazed bricks would have given the façade a jewel-like shine  Through the gate ran the Processional Way, which was lined with walls showing about 120 lions, bulls, dragons, and flowers on yellow and black glazed bricks, symbolizing the goddess Ishtar  The gate itself depicted only gods and goddesses  These included Ishtar, Adad, and Marduk  During celebrations of the New Year, statues of the deities were paraded through the gate and down the Processional Way 

Design
The front of the gate has a low-relief design with a repeated pattern of images of two of the major gods of the Babylonian pantheon  Marduk, the national deity and chief god, with his servant dragon Mušḫuššu  is depicted as a dragon with a snake-like head and tail, a scaled body of a lion, and powerful talons for back feet  Marduk was seen as the divine champion of good against evil, and the incantations of the Babylonians often sought his protection 

The second god shown in the pattern of reliefs on the Ishtar Gate is Adad (also known as Ishkur), whose sacred animal was the aurochs, a now-extinct ancestor of cattle  Adad had power over destructive storms and beneficial rain  The design of the Ishtar Gate also includes linear borders and patterns of rosettes, often seen as symbols of fertility The bricks of the Ishtar gate were made from finely textured clay pressed into wooden forms  Each of the animal reliefs was also made from bricks formed by pressing clay into reusable molds  Seams between the bricks were carefully planned not to occur on the eyes of the animals or any other aesthetically unacceptable places  The bricks were sun-dried and then fired once before glazing  The clay was brownish red in this bisque-fired state The background glazes are mainly a vivid blue, which imitates the color of the highly prized lapis lazuli  Gold and brown glazes are used for animal images  The borders and rosettes are glazed in black, white, and gold  It is believed that the glaze recipe used plant ash, sandstone conglomerates, and pebbles for silicates  This combination was repeatedly melted, cooled, and then pulverized  This mixture of silica and fluxes is called a frit  Color-producing minerals, such as cobalt, were added in the final glaze formulations  This was then painted onto the bisque-fired bricks and fired to a higher temperature in a glaze firing The creation of the gate out of wood and clay glazed to look like lapis lazuli could possibly be a reference to the goddess Inanna, who became syncretized with the goddess Ishtar during the reign of Sargon of Akkad  In the myth of Inanna's descent to the underworld, Inanna is described as donning seven accoutrements of lapis lazuli symbolizing her divine power  Once captured by the queen of the underworld, Inanna is described as being lapis lazuli, silver, and wood, two of these materials being key components in the construction of the Ishtar Gate  The creation of the gate out of wood and "lapis lazuli" linking the gate to being part of the Goddess herself 
After the glaze firing, the bricks were assembled, leaving narrow horizontal seams from one to six millimeters  The seams were then sealed with a naturally occurring black viscous substance called bitumen, like modern asphalt  The Ishtar Gate is only one small part of the design of ancient Babylon that also included the palace, temples, an inner fortress, walls, gardens, other gates, and the Processional Way  The lavish city was decorated with over 15 million baked bricks, according to estimates The main gate led to the Southern Citadel, the gate itself seeming to be a part of Imgur-Bel and Nimitti-Bel, two of the most prominent defensive walls of Babylon  There were three primary entrances to the Ishtar Gate: the central entrance which contained the double gate structure (two sets of double doors, for a fourfold door structure), and doors flanking the main entrance to the left and right, both containing the signature double door structure 

Ishtar Gate and Processional Way
Once per year, the Ishtar Gate and connecting Processional Way were used for a New Year's procession, which was part of a religious festival celebrating the beginning of the agricultural year  In Babylon, the rituals surrounding this holiday lasted twelve days  The New Year's celebrations started immediately after the barley harvest, at the time of the vernal equinox  This was the first day of the ancient month of Nisan, equivalent to today's date of March 20 or 21 The Processional Way, which has been traced to a length of over 800 meters, extended north from the Ishtar Gate and was designed with brick relief images of lions, the symbol of the goddess Ishtar (also known as Inanna) the war goddess, the dragon of Marduk, the lord of the gods, and the bull of Adad, the storm god  Worshipped as the Mistress of Heaven, Ishtar represented the power of sexual attraction and was thought to be savage and determined  Symbolized by the star and her sacred animal, the lion, she was also the goddess of war and the protector of ruling dynasties and their armies  The idea of protection of the city is further incorporated into this gateway design by the use of crenelated buttresses along both sides to this entrance into the city Friezes with sixty ferocious lions representing Ishtar decorated each side of the Processional Way, designed with variations in the color of the fur and the manes  On the east side, they had a left foot forward, and on the west side, they had the right foot forward  Each lion was made of forty-six molded bricks in eleven rows  The lion is pictured upon a blue enameled tile background and an orange coloured border that runs along the very bottom portion of the wall  Having a white body and yellow mane, the lion of Ishtar was an embodiment of vivid naturalism that further enhanced the glory of Babylon's Procession Street The purpose of the New Year's holiday was to affirm the supremacy of Marduk and his representative on Earth, the king, and to offer thanks for the fertility of the land The Processional Way was paved with large stone pieces set in a bed of bitumen and was up to 66 feet (20 meters) wide at some points  This street ran from the Euphrates through the temple district and palaces and onto the Ishtar Gate 

Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II
The inscription of the Ishtar Gate is written in Akkadian cuneiform in white and blue glazed bricks and was a dedication by Nebuchadnezzar to explain the gate's purpose  On the wall of the Ishtar Gate, the inscription is 15 meters tall by 10 meters wide and includes 60 lines of writing  The inscription was created around the same time as the gate's construction, around 605–562 BCE Inscription:

Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, the pious prince appointed by the will of Marduk, the highest priestly prince, beloved of Nabu, of prudent deliberation, who has learnt to embrace wisdom, who fathomed Their (Marduk and Nabu) godly being and pays reverence to their Majesty, the untiring Governor, who always has at heart the care of the cult of Esagila and Ezida and is constantly concerned with the well being of Babylon and Borsippa, the wise, the humble, the caretaker of Esagila and Ezida, the first born son of Nabopolassar, the King of Babylon, am I 
Both gate entrances of the (city walls) Imgur-Ellil and Nemetti-Ellil following the filling of the street from Babylon had become increasingly lower  (Therefore,) I pulled down these gates and laid their foundations at the water table with asphalt and bricks and had them made of bricks with blue stone on which wonderful bulls and dragons were depicted  I covered their roofs by laying majestic cedars lengthwise over them  I fixed doors of cedar wood adorned with bronze at all the gate openings  I placed wild bulls and ferocious dragons in the gateways and thus adorned them with luxurious splendor so that Mankind might gaze on them in wonder 

I let the temple of Esiskursiskur, the highest festival house of Marduk, the lord of the gods, a place of joy and jubilation for the major and minor deities, be built firm like a mountain in the precinct of Babylon of asphalt and fired bricks 

Excavation and display
A reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate and Processional Way was built at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin out of material excavated by Robert Koldewey  It includes the inscription plaque  It stands 14 m (46 ft) high and 30 m (100 ft) wide  The excavation ran from 1902 to 1914, and, during that time, 14 m (45 ft) of the foundation of the gate was uncovered 

Claudius Rich, British resident of Baghdad and a self-taught historian, did personal research on Babylon because it intrigued him  Acting as a scholar and collecting field data, he was determined to discover the wonders to the ancient world  C  J  Rich's topographical records of the ruins in Babylon were the first ever published, in 1815  It was reprinted in England no fewer than three times  C  J  Rich and most other 19th-century visitors thought a mound in Babylon was a royal palace, and that was eventually confirmed by Robert Koldewey's excavations, who found two palaces of King Nebuchadnezzar and the Ishtar Gate  Robert Koldewey, a successful German excavator, had done previous work for the Royal Museum of Berlin, with his excavations at Surghul (Ancient Nina) and Al-hiba (ancient Lagash) in 1887  Koldewey's part in Babylon's excavation began in 1899 The method that the British were comfortable with was excavating tunnels and deep trenches, which was damaging the mud brick architecture of the foundation  Instead, it was suggested that the excavation team focus on tablets and other artefacts rather than pick at the crumbling buildings  Despite the destructive nature of the archaeology used, the recording of data was immensely more thorough than in previous Mesopotamian excavations  Walter Andrea, one of Koldewey's many assistants, was an architect and a draftsman, the first at Babylon  His contribution was documentation and reconstruction of Babylon, and then later, the smuggling of the remains out of Iraq and into Germany  A small museum was built at the site, and Andrea was the museum's first director 
As the German Oriental Society had provided such large funding for the project, the German archeologists involved felt that they needed to justify the cost by smuggling much of the material back to Germany  For example, of the 120 lion friezes along the Procession Street, the Germans took 118  Walter Andrea played a key role in this endeavor using the strong links (or wasta) that he had cultivated with German intelligence officers and with local Iraqi tribal sheikhs  The Gate's ceramic pieces were disassembled according to a complex numbering system and were then packed in straw in coal barrels in order to disguise them  These barrels were then transported down the Euphrates River to Shatt al-Arab, where they were loaded onto German ships and taken to Berlin The rebuilding of Babylon's Ishtar Gate and Processional Way in Berlin was one of the most complex architectural reconstructions in the history of archaeology  Hundreds of crates of glazed brick fragments were carefully desalinated and then pieced together  Fragments were combined with new bricks fired in a specially designed kiln to re-create the correct color and finish  It was a double gate; the part that is shown in the Pergamon Museum today is the smaller, frontal part  The larger, back part was considered too large to fit into the constraints of the structure of the museum; it is in storage 

Parts of the gate and lions from the Processional Way are in various other museums around the world  Only four museums acquired dragons, while lions went to several museums  The Istanbul Archaeology Museum has lions, dragons, and bulls  Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen, Denmark, has one lion, one dragon and one bull  The Detroit Institute of Arts houses a dragon  The Röhsska Museum in Gothenburg, Sweden, has one dragon and one lion; the Louvre, the State Museum of Egyptian Art in Munich, the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Oriental Institute in Chicago, the Rhode Island School of Design Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, and the Yale University Art Gallery in New Haven, Connecticut, each have lions  One of the processional lions was recently loaned by Berlin's Vorderasiatisches Museum to the British Museum A smaller reproduction of the gate was built in Iraq under Saddam Hussein as the entrance to a museum that has not been completed  Along with the restored palace, the gate was completed in 1987  The construction was meant to emulate the techniques that were used for the original gate  The replica appears similar to the restored original but is notably smaller  The purpose of the replica's construction was an attempt to reconnect to Iraq's history  Damage to this reproduction has occurred since the Iraq War (see Impact of the U S  military) 

Controversy and attempted repatriation
The acquisition of the Ishtar Gate by the Pergamon Museum is surrounded in controversy as the gate was excavated as part of the excavation of Babylon, and immediately shipped off to Berlin where it remains to this day  The government of Iraq has petitioned the German government to return the gate many times, notably in 2002 as well as in 2009  The Ishtar Gate is frequently used as a prime example in the debate regarding repatriating artifacts of cultural significance to countries affected by war and whether these pieces of material culture are better off in a safer environment where they could be preserved  The example in the case of the Ishtar Gate is concerning its safety in the aftermath of the Iraq War, and whether or not the gate would be safer remaining at the Pergamon Museum 

Gallery
Passage 7:
Remuera
Remuera  is an affluent suburb in East Auckland, New Zealand  It is located four kilometres southeast of the city centre  Remuera is characterised by many large houses, often Edwardian or mid 20th century  A prime example of a "leafy" suburb, Remuera is noted for its quiet tree lined streets  The suburb has numerous green spaces, most obvious of which is Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson – a volcanic cone with views from the top overlooking Waitematā Harbour and Rangitoto 
The suburb extends from Hobson Bay and the Ōrākei Basin on the Waitematā Harbour to the north and east, to the main thoroughfare of State Highway 1 in the southwest  It is surrounded by the suburbs of Ōrākei, Meadowbank, Saint Johns, Mount Wellington, Ellerslie, Greenlane, Epsom, Newmarket and Parnell  Remuera is home to many well-known New Zealanders, including the late Sir Edmund Hillary and the race car driver Bruce McLaren 

History
Remuera has had a long history of human occupation, starting back in the early 13th century when Māori came to the area  The area was very attractive to Maori as much of the Auckland isthmus was devoid of trees and covered only in native flax, bracken and scrub  Remuera was different, having patches of woodland which were the habitat of many birds suitable for trapping while the adjacent harbour and basins were good fishing areas  Remuera Road began as a walking track, connecting the eastern and northern sections of the Auckland isthmus John Logan Campbell describes early 19th century Remuera in his book Poenamo:

Beautiful was Remuera's shore, sloping gently to Waitemata's sunlit waters in the days of which I write  The palm fern-tree was there with its crown of graceful bending fronds and black feathery-looking young shoots; and the karaka, with its brilliantly-polished green leaves and golden-yellow fruit, contrasting with the darker crimped and varnished leaf of the puriri, with its bright cherrylike berry  Evergreen shrubs grew on all sides, of every shade from palest to deepest green; lovely flowering creepers mounted high overhead, leaping from tree to tree and hanging in rich festoons; of beautiful ferns there was a profusion underfoot  The tui, with his grand rich note made the wood musical; the great fat stupid pigeon cooed down upon you almost within reach, nor took the trouble to fly away 
The suburb is named after a pā (fortification) named Remuwera, on Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson  Remu-wera literally translates to "burnt edge of kilt", commemorating the occasion where a chieftainess of Hauraki was allegedly captured and consumed  Although the most common definition in reference literature, the accuracy of this definition has been described as "highly doubtful" Around 1741, Te Wai-o-Hua iwi was driven away by the Ngāti Whātua and Te Taoū iwi  Later, these iwi merged with Te Roroa and Te Uri-o-Hau into Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei, which is the main iwi on the Tāmaki isthmus  In May 1844 one of the largest Māori feasts ever held in New Zealand took place in Remuera  It was organised by the Waikato iwi and about 4000 Māori and many Pākehā (Europeans) were present  The festivities lasted for a week and large amounts of food and drinks were served: 11,000 baskets of potatoes, 9,000 sharks, 100 pigs, and large amounts of tea, tobacco and sugar  Governor Robert FitzRoy visited the festivities on 11 May 1844 when a haka was performed by 1,600 Māori, armed with guns and tomahawks When the European settlers wanted to buy the land on the Tāmaki isthmus from the Māori, they first declined  But in 1851, Henry Tacy Kemp, an interpreter to the Land Claims Commissioners, bought 700 acres for £5000  Subsequently, more plots of land were sold and put up for public auction  The land was suitable for pasture land and as the town of Auckland was some distance away people did not really start to build houses (as opposed to farmhouses) until the 1860s  One of the early farmer-settlers who bought land at Remuera was Archibald Clark, who became Auckland's first mayor in 1851  Many of the large villas stood on quite big properties, as their owners needed pasturing for carriage and riding horses and enjoyed creating landscape gardens  Some even had secondary houses for gardeners or estate managers  Many of these early houses still stand, surrounded now by later suburban developments or converted into institutions such as schools 

Smaller suburban houses began appearing in the area nearest Newmarket and began to spread along Remuera Road  The first shops opened in 1890 at the intersection with Victoria Avenue  Railway stations at Newmarket and Market Road encouraged residents to commute to town  Likewise one of the most important routes for the electric tram system created in 1902 was to the Remuera shops, with an extension to the bottom of Victoria Avenue  One of the first businesses was L J  Keys' grocery store on the Clonbern Road corner, which currently houses a café  Nowadays, Remuera's main business and shopping area stretches along Remuera Road from Armadale Road to St Vincent's Avenue  Smaller shopping areas are situated at Upland Road and Benson Road 
Remuera Road initially began as an unsealed cart track leading from Newmarket to Tāmaki  By the 1860s, the Remuera Road Board was formed to help administer the area surrounding the road, by organising roads, drainage, water and power, and the Remuera District School was established in 1873  In the early 1900s the Auckland electric tramway service began servicing Remuera Road, which led to the district doubling in population between 1901 and 1911 to over 5,000 residents  By the 1910s, ratepayers in the area opposed the Remuera area being administered separately to Auckland  The Remuera Ratepayers Association organised a petition in 1912, which included 791 ratepayers (over 50%) signing to join with the adjacent Auckland City, against the Remuera Road Board's wishes  A commission of inquiry was appointed, which recommended amalgamation  Again the Road Board declined and it was only after the Department of Internal Affairs intervened that the Road Board gave in  The union was ratified in February 1915 and the 2,520 acres of Remuera became part of Auckland  J  Dempsey said that Auckland had received "the brightest jewel in her crown today", although a subsequent report by the city engineer pointed out that Remuera had not been surveyed, it had 60 miles of primitive roading, and lacked proper stormwater drainage, sewerage and other services 
The 1920s and 1930s saw increased development of Remuera, with commercial precincts such as the Avenue Buildings, Coles Building, Hellaby Building and the Skeltons Building allowing the area to act as a commercial hub  The first mile of Remuera Road was concreted in 1921, and the existing tram line was doubled in 1924, followed by an extension of the service to Meadowbank  Auckland City Council embarked on a series of improvements for the new area  One of its first acts was to provide a free public library for the area in 1915, later replaced by the current building in 1926  In 1919 however local residents were incensed by the council's building of public toilets at the Remuera shops that they demanded be torn down 
In 1927 the Remuera rugby league club reformed after initially forming in 1914 when former All Black and Kiwi, George A  Gillett coached the club  A year later in 1928, the Tudor Theatre cinema and dance hall opened, becoming a central part of Remuera social life for decades  The theatre closed in 1973, and after demolition the location became the Tudor Mall in 1980  In 1930, the electric tramway was extended from Remuera to Meadowbank In more recent history, the infamous Bassett Road machine gun murders took place in Remuera on 7 December 1963  Two men were shot with a  45 calibre Reising submachine gun at 115 Bassett Road and word quickly spread about a "Chicago-style" gang murder  Two suspects were sentenced to life imprisonment 

Demographics
Remuera covers 8 25 km2 (3 19 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 23,400 as of June 2022, with a population density of 2,836 people per km2 

Remuera had a population of 23,586 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 333 people (1 4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 918 people (4 0%) since the 2006 census  There were 8,028 households, comprising 11,298 males and 12,291 females, giving a sex ratio of 0 92 males per female, with 4,179 people (17 7%) aged under 15 years, 5,100 (21 6%) aged 15 to 29, 10,746 (45 6%) aged 30 to 64, and 3,564 (15 1%) aged 65 or older 
Ethnicities were 70 6% European/Pākehā, 4 0% Māori, 1 9% Pacific peoples, 27 4% Asian, and 2 9% other ethnicities  People may identify with more than one ethnicity 
The percentage of people born overseas was 37 4, compared with 27 1% nationally 
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 46 4% had no religion, 40 9% were Christian, 2 4% were Hindu, 0 9% were Muslim, 2 6% were Buddhist and 2 2% had other religions 
Of those at least 15 years old, 9,519 (49 0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,125 (5 8%) people had no formal qualifications  6,993 people (36 0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17 2% nationally  The employment status of those at least 15 was that 9,915 (51 1%) people were employed full-time, 2,877 (14 8%) were part-time, and 498 (2 6%) were unemployed 

Landmarks and features
Notable buildings and sites
Remuera has several places of historic interest, some of which have been incorporated into the Remuera Heritage Walk 
St Mark's Anglican Church  This is a Selwyn church (wooden Gothic church) built in the 1860s by Philip Herepath replacing an earlier structure from 1848 by Frederick Thatcher  Consecrated by Bishop Selwyn  John Kinder was minister here at a time when this was a rural parish  Scoriarock foundations 
St Mark's Graveyard  The first burial was in 1849, and the last in 1963  The names of many well-known early Aucklanders appear here, including James Dilworth 
Former Remuera Freemasons Hall, Remuera Road   Probably designed by the architect Henry G  Wade, the Hall was consecrated on 9 November 1880, at a ceremony presided over by the Deputy Grand Master of the Auckland Grand Lodge District (E C ), William Lodder  The Remuera Masonic Hall survives as the oldest purpose-built lodge premises in the former Auckland Grand Lodge District (E C )  Sold by the Freemasons in 1993 
Saint Michael's Catholic Church, 6 Beatrice Road  A large Italian Romanesque style church designed by the noted architects Tole and Massey  Opened on 1 October 1933 
St Luke's Presbyterian Church, Remuera Road  Masonry Gothic church from 1932 replacing an 1874 wooden building  Designed by Francis Drummond Stewart who also designed the Chateau Tongariro (1928)  The present church was modeled on the parish kirk in the Scottish mining village of Twechar, built in 1902  Reinforced concrete and  brick construction, with an external cladding of Putāruru stone  The foundation stone was laid in 1931 by Miss Sarah Dingwall 
King's School, 258 Remuera Road  King's College started in 1896 occupying the house called "The Tower", built for David Graham, brother of the founder of Ellerslie, Robert Graham 
4 Garden Road  Garden Road was originally the driveway to Number 4, a house designed by prominent architect C  Reginald Ford (of the firm Gummer and Ford)as his own residence  Built in an eclectic architectural mix with French and Italian influences, number 4 later became the "Remuera Ladies College" whose students included Jean Batten 
Skeltons Building 1928, 339–345 Remuera Road  Built for Robert Skelton, a carrier and one of Remuera's first businessmen  This set of shops retain their original tiled shopfronts 
Hellaby Building 1926, 357–365 Remuera Road was built for Frederick Hellaby whose family ran a chain of Butcher's shops 
Remuera Pharmacy, 375–377 Remuera Road  1909 building for a business operated by Fred Blott 
Cole's Building, 382–394 Remuera Road  1923 building; the first tenant was Wylies Pharmacy 
L J  Keys’ grocery store  Corner of Clonbern Road – this was the first shop in the area (1907) 
Former Remuera Post Office, cnr Victoria Ave and Remuera Road  Built in 1914 to the designs of the Government Architect John Campbell 
Brick shops 1929  411–413 Remuera Road  These two-storey shops replaced the wooden building constructed in 1902 as the Remuera Road Board office, which later became the first Remuera Public Library after the demise of the Board in 1915 
The Remuera Public Library  Designed by the Auckland architects Gummer and Ford, the library was built in 1928 in a neo-Georgian style reminiscent of American colonial architecture  Faced with red brick, this building has very fine details, especially around the windows  In 1928, the architects were awarded Gold Medals from the New Zealand Institute of Architects (NZIA) for the design of the building  The building has also won the conservation award in 2004 for the renovations that were done 
Cotter House, 4 St Vincent Avenue  Built around 1848 for prominent teetotaller Joseph Newman, who died childless at 77 following injuries sustained when a billboard on Queen Street advertising whisky fell on his head  The house was sold to Thomas Cotter, a prominent Auckland solicitor and King's Counsel, whose family owned it until 1926, when the land was further subdivided 
St Paul's Methodist Church, 12 St Vincent Avenue  Red brick church from 1922 
Saint Aidan's Anglican Church, 1904 wooden gothic / Arts & Crafts style church noted for its lychgate 
Elmstone, 468 Remuera Rd  Large Neo-Classical House with Arts&Crafts features built in 1904 for V J Larner 
Hellaby House, 542 Remuera Rd  Designed in 1921 by Roy Keith Binney for Amy Mary Hellaby Other special buildings in Remuera are the Remuera Railway Station and Signal Box  These were built in 1907–1908 and the station is the best preserved in Auckland  Whilst the other stations were regularly modernised, Remuera's has been kept almost in its original state and is still used for suburban passenger trains 

Nature areas
Remuera includes some interesting nature areas and parks  Unlike the rest of the isthmus of Auckland, which was largely void of large trees and covered with native grass, flax and manuka, Remuera retained patches of native bush and woodland 
The Ōrākei Basin, a tidal lagoon popular for water sport activities, is the submerged crater of a volcano  There is a 3 km public walkway around the basin whereby the flora and fauna of the area can be observed at close hand Mount Hobson Domain includes the volcanic cone, previously used as a pā (a defended settlement) by the Māori and in later times as a quarry and pasture land  Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson (143m high) is one of Auckland's better preserved and least modified volcanic cones  Formed some 25,000 years ago, the volcanic hill has a horse-shoe shaped crater opening to the southwest  Terraces and pits are still evident from the Maori occupation  Like the other volcanic hills of the Auckland isthmus, in the 20th century, water reservoirs were built on the summit and the lower southwest side  a water reservoir was incorporated into Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson to supply water to the surrounding area  Still evident on the south-east side of the mountain is the concrete base remnant of a WWII medical store for the US Navy Mobile Hospital in nearby Market Rd – a site now occupied by the Dilworth Junior School  As you walk up the path from the entrance, you will soon come to a stone seat – a memorial to Remuera boys who died in WWII  This overlooks a field of jonquils and daffodils which bloom in winter or early spring Waiatarua Reserve  To the south of Remuera Road lies Waiatarua Reserve  This is a natural basin, prone to seasonal flooding  On several 19th century maps this was shown as a lake and referred to as 'Lake Remuera', 'Lake St John' or 'Lake Waiatarua' although in reality it was largely an area of swampy ground in which a sheet of shallow water would appear sporadically in the wet season  In 1918, 133 acres (54 hectares) of this land was given to the City Council to create Waiatarua Reserve  As the surrounding farm land was transformed into suburban housing this area became problematic – although in theory the "lake" afforded a picturesque view for the new houses, it was also a breeding ground for mosquitos  Moreover, the basin was composed of a peat-like substance subject to smouldering fires which were difficult to put out  In 1929 a drain was bored through the hill to the south west enabling the water to be drained into the adjacent natural stream which feeds into the nearby Ōrākei Basin; this drainage system is still in place  In 1934, 50 acres (20 hectares) of the park were leased to the Remuera Golf Club and a course was laid out  The clubhouse was completed in 1935  In 1938 a new course was built around the original layout in response to members’ complaints about the course conditions  In 1968 the Course was redesigned by golf course specialist Harold Babbage and a new Club House built 

Economy
Retail
The Remuera Town Centre includes Airlie Court, Remuera Mall, Tudor Mall, Victoria Mews Arcade and Remuera Village Green  It has 130 shops including a 
New World supermarket and has about 400 carparks 

Education
Remuera Intermediate is a coeducational intermediate school (years 7-8) with a roll of 850 Remuera School, Meadowbank School and Victoria Avenue School are coeducational contributing primary schools  (years 1-6) with rolls of 555, 728 and 430 respectively Baradene College of the Sacred Heart is a state integrated Catholic girls' secondary school  (years 7-13) with a roll of 1417  St Michael's Catholic School is a coeducational state-integrated contributing primary school (years 1-6) with a roll of 227 Mount Hobson Middle School is a private coeducational composite school (years 7-10) with a roll of 97 King's School, St Kentigern Primary School and Saint Kentigern Girls' School are private single-sex full primary schools (years 1-8) with rolls of 719, 647 and 343 respectively Rolls are as of April 2023 

Politics
Remuera is a part of the Epsom electorate for the Parliamentary representation  Local government of Remuera is the responsibility of the Ōrākei Local Board, which also includes the suburbs of Ōrākei, Mission Bay, Kohimarama, St Heliers, Glendowie, St Johns, Meadowbank, and Ellerslie 

Remuera Golf Club
The Remuera Golf Club started to develop in 1934 and the club house was finished in 1935  It was not an ideal location for a golf club, as it was established in a natural basin prone to seasonal flooding  In fact on several 19th century maps this was actually shown as a lake and referred to as 'Lake Remuera' or 'Lake St John' although in reality it was largely an area of swampy ground in which a sheet of shallow water would appear sporadically in the wet season  133 acres (54 hectares) of land in the gully was given to the City Council in 1918 as Waiatarua Reserve  As the surrounding farm land was transformed into suburban housing this area became problematic – although the "lake" afforded a picturesque view for the new houses it was also a breeding ground for mosquitos  Moreover, the basin was composed of a peat-like substance subject to smouldering fires which were difficult to put out  In 1929 a drain was bored through the hill to the south west enabling the water to be drained into the adjacent natural stream which feeds into the nearby Oraki Basin; this drainage system is still in place 
Fifty acres of the park were leased to the Golf Club in 1934 and a course was laid out  In 1938 a new course was built around the original layout in response to members’ complaints about the course conditions  In 1968 the Course was redesigned by golf course specialist Harold Babbage and a new Club House has been built 

Connections
Remuera's reputation as a desirable residential area around the turn of the 20th century was reflected in the use of its name for a luxury liner  SS Remuera was a steamship launched in 1911  She was the last delivered of three 11000 tonners built by the William Denny Organization between 1909 and 1911 for the New Zealand Shipping Company (sister ships Ruahine and Rotorua)  Her inaugural voyage in 1911 was from London to Wellington  In September 1914 she was the first British ship to pass through the newly complete Panama Canal 
During the First War she was commandeered by the British Government  After the war she returned to the UK to New Zealand route, as a sign of the changing times she was now refitted to accommodate two classes of passengers as opposed to her initial layout of First, Second and Steerage  Again commandeered at the outbreak of war in 1939 she was torpedoed in the North Sea in September 1940 

Notable residents
Jean Batten was a student at a Girls School at 4 Garden Road 
Archibald Clark – MP (1805–1875) Auckland's first Mayor in 1851 
James Clark – Mayor of Auckland 1880–1883  Lived at 258 Remuera Road (now King's School) 
Thomas Cotter – Auckland solicitor and King's Counsel – Lived at 4 Vincent Avenue 
William Crowther (1834–1900) – Mayor of Auckland  Horse Tram Company Operator 
James Dilworth –  Served on the Auckland Provincial Council for eight years  He and his wife Isabella left money to create the well known Dilworth School which takes in and educates boys living in straitened circumstances 
Sir Edmund Hillary (1919–2008) – Mountaineer, explorer and Bee-Keeper  Hillary built a home in Remuera in 1956 where he lived until his death in 2008  His home was removed from its original location in 2010 and stored until moved in 2011 to Sir Edmund Hillary Collegiate in Otara where it now houses a training programme for young leaders 
Sir Paul Holmes (1950–2013)
Alfred George Horton (1842–1903) – Founder of The New Zealand Herald newspaper 
Dame Rosie Horton (philanthropist) and Michael Horton – 44 Victoria Avenue 
Rev John Kinder MA DD MD – Minister of St Mark's Remuera 
Bruce McLaren (1937–1970) – Race car driver  He was born in the suburb and his family lived above their garage and service station on 586–592 Remuera Road until they moved around the corner to 8 Upland Road when he was 9 
Sir Edwin Mitchelson (1845–1934) Mitchelson was an MP, Chairman of the Remuera Road Board and Auckland's Mayor at the same time  He was Mayor from 1903 to 1905 and was knighted in 1920 
Joseph Newman – Lived at 4 St Vincent Avenue in a house he built in 1848, now called Cotter House  Newman was a Stockbroker  A well-known teetotaller, Newman died at the age of 77 from injuries sustained when a billboard on Queen Street advertising whisky fell on his head (10 September 1890) 
James Pascoe – Jeweller
Sir John Reed, Supreme Court Judge – 239 Remuera Rd 
Hon  Joseph Tole, Minister of Justice from 1884 to 1887 – 251 Remuera Rd 
William Chisholm Wilson – founder of The New Zealand Herald newspaper 
Desley Simpson – local council politician 
Christopher Luxon – Leader of the National Party, Leader of the Opposition 
Passage 8:
Panel with striding lion
The Panel with striding lion (MA 31 13 1) is a panel of Neo-Babylonian glazed ceramic bricks or tiles dated to 604–562 B C , now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York  It was one of many that lined the Processional Way north of the Ishtar Gate  It was excavated by R  Koldewey in 1902, and at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin from 1926, before coming into the possession of the Met in 1931 A large group of such figures is part of the Processional Way leading to the Ishtar Gate, a centrepiece display of the Pergamon Museum in Berlin 
Lions were symbolic of royalty because of their strength, and fighting a lion gave a king great prestige  The lion was also the symbol of Ishtar, the goddess of love and war  In her role of the goddess of war she is depicted on a chariot drawn by seven lions with bow in hand

See also
Striding Lion, a similar panel in Toronto

Notes


== Sources ==
Context 2: Passage 1:
Mika Häkkinen
Mika Pauli Häkkinen (Finnish: [ˈmikɑ ˈhækːinen] (listen); born 28 September 1968), nicknamed "The Flying Finn", is a Finnish former racing driver  He won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship in 1998 and 1999, both times driving for McLaren  Häkkinen is one of three Formula One drivers from Finland that have won the World Drivers' Championship, and the only one to have done so more than once  He currently works in driver management and is a brand ambassador for various companies 
Häkkinen began his career in karting at the age of five and achieved success by winning regional and national kart championships  He progressed to car racing when he entered the Formula Ford and Formula Three series in Italy and the United Kingdom  After success in the series, Häkkinen entered Formula One in 1991 with the Team Lotus where he remained until 1992  The following year, he moved to McLaren as test driver before he was promoted to the race team following the departure of Michael Andretti 
After four years which yielded minor success, Häkkinen scored his first Formula One victory in 1997  He went on to win eight races of the 1998 season, securing the World Drivers' Championship at the season-ending Japanese Grand Prix; his success also helped McLaren secure the World Constructors' Championship  He repeated his World Championship success in 1999, taking five victories  He finished as runner-up in the Drivers' Championship in 2000, behind Michael Schumacher and secured two more victories in 2001 before announcing a sabbatical from the sport, which became full-time retirement in mid-2002 
For 2005, Häkkinen moved to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) series, where he secured his first victory that year  His form faded during 2006 although he secured two more victories in 2007  He retired from top-level active motorsport at the end of 2007, and subsequently moved into driver management along with becoming a brand ambassador for Johnnie Walker and Mercedes-Benz AMG 

Early life and career
Häkkinen was born in Helsingin maalaiskunta, Finland, on 28 September 1968 to Harri, a shortwave radio operator and a part-time taxi driver, and Aila Häkkinen, who worked as a secretary  He has one sister, Nina, who ran a fan site for him until its closure in 1998  Häkkinen lived in the same street as Mika Salo with the two later becoming friends  As a child, Häkkinen played ice hockey and football When Häkkinen was five years old, his parents rented a go-kart for him to take to a track near their home  Despite an early crash, Häkkinen wished to continue racing, and his father bought him his first go-kart, one that Henri Toivonen had previously competed with  He later won his first karting race in 1975 at the Keimola Motor Stadium where he raced in the regional karting championships in 1978 and 1979, winning the Keimola Club Championship in both years  Häkkinen found further success in 1980 when he won the Swedish Lapland Cup and finished fourth in the 85cc class of the Lapland Karting Championship  Around this time, Häkkinen also drove a Volkswagen Beetle on the frozen lakes of Finland with friend Mika Sohlberg In 1981, Häkkinen won his first major karting title, the 85cc class of the Finnish Karting Championship  The following year, he finished runner-up in the 85cc class of the Formula Mini series and later won the Ronnie Peterson Memorial event and the Salpauselka Cup in Lahti  Häkkinen moved to the Formula Nordic 100cc class for 1983, where he became the champion on his first attempt and also participated in the A Junior Team Races for Finland alongside Taru Rinne, Jaana Nyman and Marko Mankonen, with the line-up taking the championship In 1984, Häkkinen won the 100cc Formula Nordic title and later participated in the World Kart Championship race held in Liedolsheim  He took his second consecutive 100cc Formula Nordic Championship in 1985 ahead of Jukka Savolainen  He took part in the Nordic Championship A-Class in the same year, finishing runner-up to Tom Kristensen  Häkkinen went to Parma to participate in the World Kart Championship where he retired before the event's final heat due to a mechanical problem  In 1986, he reached his third consecutive Formula Nordic 100cc title and also took part in karting events across Europe  To further fund his career, Häkkinen got a job with a friend repairing bicycles In 1987, Häkkinen made the transition from karting to car racing when he purchased a 1986 Reynard Formula Ford 1600 from fellow Finn JJ Lehto  In that year, he entered the Finnish, Swedish and Nordic Formula Ford Championships, winning each title on his first attempt and won nine races combined  Häkkinen also entered two races of the EDFA 1600 Championship and raced in the Formula Ford Festival held at Brands Hatch, where he finished in seventh position  In 1988, Häkkinen entered the EFDA Formula GM Lotus Euroseries with the Dragon team, where he secured four victories and finished the runner-up in the championship, behind Allan McNish  He later entered the Opel-Lotus EDFA Euroseries, taking four victories and became Champion with 126 points, ahead of nearest rival Henrik Larsen Going into 1989, Häkkinen moved from the Euroseries into the British Formula 3 Championship driving a Reynard 893 chassis for Dragon  He finished seventh position in the championship, scoring 18 points  He was later invited to participate in the Cellnet Formula Three SuperPrix for West Surrey Racing as a guest driver where he secured pole position and the victory  He also raced in the tenth round of the French Formula 3 championship at Le Mans-Bugatti on 24 September and finished third behind Éric Hélary and Laurent Daumet 
In 1990, Häkkinen applied to become a member of the "Marlboro World Championship Team" through what was akin to a fully sponsored racing driver academy  Its members were short-listed for testing by a judging panel including McLaren Formula One team boss Ron Dennis (whose team was sponsored by Marlboro), Formula One World Champion James Hunt, and Formula 3000 team bosses, Mike Earle and Hugues de Chaunac  In an April 2015 interview, Earle recounted that Häkkinen's application was the last one that he reviewed at the end of a long day, despite protests by Hunt who had already made plans to head to a pub for a beer  Häkkinen performed strongly in his test and went on to secure Marlboro's sponsorship  That same year, therefore, Häkkinen left Dragon and moved to the West Surrey Racing team and won the British Formula 3 series, by taking nine victories en route to the Championship, with 121 points, ahead of fellow Finn Salo  In November, Häkkinen entered the Macau Grand Prix where he drove to pole position and won the first heat of the event  He retired from the second heat due to a last-lap collision with German Formula Three driver and future Formula One rival Michael Schumacher, who was classified as the overall winner 

Formula One career
Team Lotus (1991–1992)
1991
Häkkinen made his first test in a Formula One car with the Benetton team driving 90 laps around the Silverstone Circuit and set quicker lap times than regular driver Alessandro Nannini  He found it difficult to fit into the Benetton but liked the steering and throttle response  Häkkinen expected not to be offered a seat at Benetton and he decided to sign with the Lotus team for the 1991 season  Making his debut in the United States Grand Prix alongside teammate Julian Bailey, Häkkinen qualified thirteenth on the grid and suffered an engine failure on the sixtieth lap and was classified thirteenth  The next race in Brazil saw him finish ninth, and scored his first Formula One points by reaching fifth place in San Marino  Häkkinen suffered from a dip in race form as he encountered consecutive retirements in the next two races—his car suffered from an oil leak in Monaco and spun out in Canada  Before Canada, Bailey lost his seat at Lotus due to a lack of funding, so Häkkinen was partnered by Johnny Herbert and Michael Bartels throughout the remainder of the season Although Häkkinen secured a ninth-place finish in Mexico, he did not qualify for the French Grand Prix  Over the remainder of the season, he did not finish four of the nine races he entered  Häkkinen finished his debut season sixteenth in the Drivers' Championship, scoring two points 

1992
Häkkinen remained at Lotus for 1992 and was partnered by Herbert  At the opening round of the season in South Africa, Häkkinen finished in ninth position, which he followed up with his first points of the season in Mexico  He took a further finish in Brazil, although he did not qualify for the San Marino Grand Prix and suffered consecutive retirements in the following two races  At Monaco, Lotus introduced their new car, the Lotus 107  Häkkinen later gathered further consecutive points in the following two races, before he was forced into retirement at the German Grand Prix due to an engine failure  A similar pattern followed in the next three races, which was broken when he finished fifth in Portugal and suffered a retirement at the penultimate round of the year in Japan  Häkkinen concluded the season with a seventh-place finish in Australia During the season, Häkkinen became embroiled in a contract dispute  Häkkinen, who was under contract to Lotus, opted to join Williams  However, Williams had not submitted their entry for the 1993 season, and Häkkinen was unable to join the team when he learnt that Lotus team principal Peter Collins would veto the Williams team entry if they had signed Häkkinen  Häkkinen later approached Ligier although his contract contained a clause of which his manager Keke Rosberg disagreed  He later approached McLaren team principal Ron Dennis for a contract with the team, which was drafted at Courchevel Airport  The dispute eventually went to the Formula One Contract Recognition Board, who ruled in favour of McLaren after two days of deliberation 

McLaren (1993–2001)
1993
For 1993, Häkkinen joined McLaren, originally as a race driver, although he became the team's official test driver when CART driver Michael Andretti was hired by the team  Apart from regular testing duties, Häkkinen entered two Porsche Supercup races, held as a support race for the Monaco Grand Prix, where he started at pole position and took victory in both races  He was promoted to a Formula One race seat after the Italian Grand Prix, when Andretti left Formula One  Häkkinen entered the Portuguese Grand Prix where he out-qualified regular driver Ayrton Senna  During the race, he retired due to collision with a concrete wall  At the next race held in Japan, Häkkinen claimed the first podium of his career with a third-place finish, and ended the season when his McLaren car suffered a brake pipe failure in Australia  Häkkinen concluded the season with 15th in the Drivers' Championship, scoring 4 points  In December, McLaren confirmed that Häkkinen would remain with the team on a three-year contract from the 1994 season onwards During 1993, Häkkinen, along with Senna, tested the Lamborghini V12 engine in a modified version of the McLaren MP4/8 race car dubbed the "MP4/8B" at both Estoril and Silverstone  Both drivers were impressed with the engine, with Häkkinen reportedly lapping Silverstone some 1 4 seconds faster in the MP4/8B with its V12 engine than he had with the team's race car fitted with the Ford V8 

1994
Häkkinen stayed at McLaren for 1994 and was partnered by experienced driver Martin Brundle  He endured a torrid start: at the first two races of the season, Häkkinen retired as his car developed engine problems in the Brazilian Grand Prix and gearbox issues in the Pacific Grand Prix which included a collision with Senna on the first lap  He later reached his first podium finish of the season at the San Marino Grand Prix, although he suffered a dip in form as he was forced into consecutive retirements in the next four races Häkkinen raced to  a further podium finish at the British Grand Prix, despite a last-lap collision with Jordan driver Rubens Barrichello for which he received a one-race ban, suspended for three races  The ban was enforced after the German Grand Prix, where Häkkinen collided with Williams driver David Coulthard with the Finn's car sliding into another group of cars  He was replaced by Philippe Alliot for the next race in Hungary Häkkinen returned for the Belgian Grand Prix, initially coming third but was later promoted to second after the disqualification of Benetton driver Michael Schumacher  He got consecutive 3rd-place podium finishes in the next three races, before rounding off the season by finishing the final two races in Japan and Australia, albeit outside of the points scoring positions  Häkkinen managed a fourth place in the Drivers' Championship, scoring 26 points 

1995
Häkkinen remained at McLaren for 1995, and was partnered by Nigel Mansell  During pre-season testing, Häkkinen and teammate Mansell complained the car, the McLaren MP4/10, was not wide enough to fit in, resulting in their hands and elbows striking the sides of the cockpit  Mansell was forced to miss the opening two rounds, so Häkkinen was partnered with Mark Blundell Häkkinen started off the season by finishing fourth in Brazil, and later retired in Argentina due to a collision which punctured his left rear tyre that followed a spin  He took a further points finish with a 5th place at San Marino, before suffering from consecutive retirements in the next three races  For the French Grand Prix, McLaren introduced a revised version of their car, the McLaren MP4/10B  This did not revive Häkkinen's fortunes as he did not finish in the points scoring positions, and later suffered consecutive retirements in the next four races, but got second place at the Italian Grand Prix  He was forced to miss the Pacific Grand Prix due to an operation for appendicitis and was replaced by Jan Magnussen  He returned for the Japanese Grand Prix, with a second-place finish At the season finale held in Australia, Häkkinen's car suffered a tyre failure during the event's first qualifying session on Friday, which resulted in his car becoming airborne and crashing sideways into the crash barrier on the outside of Brewery corner, the fastest corner of the Adelaide Street Circuit, at an estimated speed of 120 mph  The session was suspended with Häkkinen being critically injured due to sustaining a skull fracture, internal bleeding and a blockage of his airway  His life was saved by the efforts of the trackside medical team including the President of the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety, Sid Watkins and volunteer doctors Jerome Cockings and Steve Lewis from the Royal Adelaide Hospital  Cockings performed an emergency tracheotomy on the track, delivering oxygen to enable Häkkinen to breathe  Watkins later arrived in the medical car, allowing the doctors to continue, restarting Häkkinen's heart twice  Häkkinen was immediately transported by ambulance to the nearby Royal Adelaide Hospital which was luckily located only about half a kilometre from the circuit  There he remained in a critical condition under care of the Trauma Service, the Neurosurgical Unit, and the Intensive Care Unit and remained in the hospital for approximately two months  He eventually made a remarkable recovery  As an expression of thanks for the elite class medical attention he received, Häkkinen donated a substantial undisclosed sum of money to help build a much-needed helipad for The Royal Adelaide Hospital, and made a special trip to Australia for the official opening ceremony in March 1997 Häkkinen finished the 1995 season seventh in the Drivers' Championship, with 17 points 

1996
The 1996 season was the first in which Häkkinen was the more experienced driver in his team and was partnered by David Coulthard  Häkkinen was confident going into the season and set himself a target of winning races  To ensure his fitness, Häkkinen spent time training in Bali and in February, McLaren conducted a secret test at the Paul Ricard Circuit  In the event that Häkkinen was not prepared, McLaren had Magnussen to replace him should the need arise  The season started well for Häkkinen: He earned consecutive points-scoring positions in the opening two rounds, before he suffered his first retirement of the season in Argentina as his car developed a throttle problem  He later finished the next two races, albeit outside of the points scoring positions, before returning consecutive finishes inside of the points in the following four races In the following race held in Britain where McLaren brought a revised version of the car, their McLaren MP4/11B, Häkkinen reached his first podium finish of the season with third place  However, he retired from the next race held in Germany due to a gearbox failure  This marked a turning point in Häkkinen's season as he finished the next three races, including consecutive third-place finishes in Belgium and Italy  In September, it was announced that Häkkinen would remain at McLaren for 1997, having previously been linked to Williams and Benetton  He retired from the penultimate round in Portugal resulting a collision with teammate Coulthard, damaging Häkkinen's front wing and eventually led to his retirement on the 52nd lap of the race  He rounded off the season with a third-place finish in season finale held in Japan  Häkkinen finished the season fifth in the Drivers' Championship, scoring 31 points 

1997
Häkkinen again remained at McLaren for 1997 and Coulthard remained his teammate  Häkkinen's season got off to a good start: In the season-opening race in Australia, he drove up to the third position and later scored further consecutive finishes inside of the points scoring positions in the next three races  He suffered his first retirement of the season at the Monaco Grand Prix when he was involved in a collision with Benetton driver Jean Alesi  Häkkinen later took ninth position at the Spanish Grand Prix, but later suffered three consecutive retirements in the next three races—a collision with Ferrari driver Eddie Irvine in Canada and engine failures in France and Britain  At the latter race, he had seemed set for his first win, but his engine blew while he was holding off eventual winner Jacques Villeneuve Häkkinen secured another podium finish with second place in Germany and later retired from an hydraulic problem in Hungary  He later secured third place in the Belgian Grand Prix but was later disqualified when it was discovered that his car used an illegal type of fuel during the event  He secured a ninth-place finish in Italy and later suffered from consecutive retirements in the next two races—engine failures in the Austrian Grand Prix and the Luxembourg Grand Prix while leading both races  Häkkinen ended the season with a fourth position in the penultimate round in Japan and raced to his first Formula One victory at the season closing European Grand Prix  Häkkinen ended the season sixth in the Drivers' Championship, with 27 points 

1998
Häkkinen remained at McLaren for 1998, partnered by Coulthard  Häkkinen was confident going about the challenge for the World Championship into the season, citing the involvement of technical director Adrian Newey  The season started off with controversy in Australia when teammate Coulthard let Häkkinen past to win the race  Häkkinen had earlier been called into the pit lane by an engineer by mistake  Coulthard later revealed a pre-race agreement by the team that whoever led into the first corner on the first lap would be allowed to win the race  Despite this, Häkkinen took back-to-back victories by winning the next race in Brazil  He maintained his good form at the Argentine Grand Prix where he finished second, although he retired from the San Marino Grand Prix when his car's gearbox failed  However, Häkkinen managed consecutive victories in the next two rounds, which was followed by a retirement from the race in Canada as his car suffered another gearbox failure Häkkinen followed this up by taking consecutive podiums in the next two rounds—third in France and second in Britain  He managed further consecutive victories in the next two rounds, and followed this up with a sixth-place finish in Hungary  In August, it was announced that Häkkinen and Coulthard would be retained for 1999  Häkkinen retired from the following race held in Belgium when Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher collided with the Finn and was also hit by Sauber driver Johnny Herbert  He later managed a fourth position in Italy despite suffering from brake problems resulting from a spin  Häkkinen finished the season by taking victory in the final two rounds at the Luxembourg Grand Prix and the Japanese Grand Prix, which ensured he took enough points to clinch the 1998 World Championship, with 100 points, ahead of nearest rival Schumacher  Häkkinen was awarded the Autosport International Racing Driver Award for 1998  He was also named the Finnish Sports Personality of the Year by journalists  The Finnish Post Office issued stamps to commemorate Häkkinen's World Championship in January 1999 

1999
Häkkinen remained at McLaren for 1999, with Coulthard partnering him for the upcoming season  The team suffered problems with their car, the McLaren MP4/14, during pre-season testing, resulting in a lack of preparation  Despite these setbacks, Häkkinen was confident going into the season, saying: "I've gained confidence and experience and am more relaxed  With this title I no longer have to tell myself every morning I can win, to put pressure on myself "At the opening round in Australia, Häkkinen was forced into retiring as his car developed a throttle issue  However, he managed his first victory of the season in Brazil, despite his car developing a gearbox problem early in the race  Häkkinen retired from the race in San Marino when he collided with a barrier while leading  At the Monaco Grand Prix, Häkkinen finished in third place, having slid on oil left on the track surface in the race  He followed up the results by having consecutive victories in the races held in Spain and Canada  Häkkinen took a second-place finish in France, and was forced into another retirement in Britain, as a result of a wheel failure  During the Austrian Grand Prix, Häkkinen who started from pole position, was hit by Coulthard from behind and rejoined at the back of the field  Häkkinen eventually finished in 3rd place During the German Grand Prix, it was announced that Häkkinen would remain at McLaren for 2000  Häkkinen encountered further bad fortunes in the race when his car's right rear tyre exploded at high speed, forcing his car into a 360° spin before resting on a tyre wall  He managed his fourth victory of the year at Hungary, and followed up the result with a second place in Belgium  Häkkinen retired from the following race held in Italy, due to a spin while leading the race  He finished further with fifth place at the European Grand Prix, and achieved a podium finish with third place in Malaysia  At the season finale held in Japan, Häkkinen took victory, which ensured he took enough points to win the 1999 World Championship, with 76 points, ahead of nearest rival Eddie Irvine  In November, Häkkinen was ranked seventh in the Reuters Sports Personality of the Year Poll scoring 46 out of a possible 260 points  He was also awarded his second consecutive Autosport International Racing Driver Award for 1999  In November, Häkkinen was announced as one of the seven men shortlisted for the Finnish Sports Personality of the Year  At the awards ceremony on 28 December, Häkkinen was awarded second place behind skier Mika Myllylä 

2000
For 2000, Häkkinen set himself new limits along with physical and psychological preparations for the upcoming season  He also believed that he along with Schumacher and Coulthard would be the key drivers of 2000  He endured a bad start: at the opening round in Australia, both McLaren cars retired with engine failure after completing less than half of the race distance; and in the following race in Brazil, Häkkinen was forced into retirement when his car's oil pressure became problematic  However, this marked a turning point as Häkkinen took consecutive second-place finishes in the next two rounds, and later reached his first victory of the season in Spain Häkkinen finished in second position at the European Grand Prix, having traded the lead position with Schumacher throughout the race  He followed up the result by taking sixth place at Monaco, fourth in Canada and a podium finish with second position in France  The day after the French Grand Prix, it was announced that Häkkinen would remain at McLaren for 2001  Häkkinen won the following race held in Austria, although his team were stripped of constructors' points due to a missing seal on the electronic control unit in Häkkinen's car  He took another podium finish with a second place in Germany, and later had another victory at the Hungarian Grand Prix where he took the lead of the World Drivers' Championship from Schumacher  Häkkinen raced to his second consecutive victory in Belgium, which included a simultaneous pass on Schumacher and Ricardo Zonta in the Kemmel straight  Häkkinen later took second place in Italy, and retired with an engine failure in the United States  He rounded off the year with a second place in Japan where he conceded the World Championship to Schumacher, and held fourth position in the season closing race held in Malaysia 

2001
For 2001, Häkkinen pledged to make a challenge for the World Championship, citing inspiration from the birth of his son Hugo  He also added that he was under less pressure to compete, saying that results over the previous year increased his desire to win  The season started badly for Häkkinen, as he was forced into retirement in the opening round held in Australia due to a failure with his car's suspension resulting in his car spinning violently into a tyre barrier  The McLaren cars were off the pace in Malaysia, with Häkkinen managing to end at the 6th place  He retired from the following race in Brazil when his car stalled on the starting grid, Further points came at the San Marino Grand Prix  At the Spanish Grand Prix, Häkkinen looked on course to win his first victory of the season, until the final lap of the race, when his car was hampered with a clutch failure and was classified ninth He suffered further consecutive retirements in Austria where he stalled his car on the starting grid, and Monaco where his car's steering failed after fifteen laps of the race  At the following race held in Canada, Häkkinen took his first podium of the season with a third-place finish  He finished sixth at the European Grand Prix, and was unable to start the French Grand Prix as his car developed a gearbox problem  However, this marked a brief turning point for Häkkinen as he gained a victory in the British Grand Prix  He was forced into another retirement in Germany when his engine failed, later managing fifth position in Hungary and fourth place in Belgium Before the Italian Grand Prix, Häkkinen announced that he would be on a sabbatical for the 2002 season, citing the reason to spend more time with his family  His seat was taken by fellow countryman Kimi Räikkönen in 2002  Häkkinen later stated that fear after crashes during practice for the 1995 Australian Grand Prix and the 2001 Australian Grand Prix as well as a loss of a desire to compete for race victories were factors  He was forced into another retirement during the race due to a gearbox issue  He raced to his final victory of his career in the United States despite incurring a grid penalty, and ended the season with a fourth-place finish in Japan  Häkkinen finished the season fifth in the Drivers' Championship, with 37 points 

Post-Formula One (2002–2004)
In July 2002, nine months into his sabbatical, Häkkinen announced that he would be retiring from Formula One  It was later revealed that Häkkinen approached McLaren team principal Ron Dennis during the 2001 Monaco Grand Prix and agreed a sabbatical, then returned to Monaco the following year to discuss and agree full-time retirement with Dennis  In October, Häkkinen made his first appearance as a commentator for pay-for-view channel Canal Digital at the United States Grand Prix In December 2002, it was announced that Häkkinen would be participating in the Finnish Rally Championship driving a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution WRC2 with his co-driver Arto Kapanen  He also stated that he would not move full-time into rallying and learn about driver control, although he later stated he would enter more rally events if he finished within the top two  Making his debut in the Arctic Rally, Häkkinen was delayed by four minutes as his team changed a tyre and eventually finished 30th  He once again entered the event in 2004 driving a Toyota Corolla with co-driver Risto Pietiläinen and finished seventh During 2004, rumors circulated that Häkkinen was making a possible return to Formula One to fill in the vacant Williams seat left by Juan Pablo Montoya  In May, McLaren team principal Ron Dennis dismissed the rumors, stating that Häkkinen was not prepared for a comeback  Häkkinen held talks with BAR and Williams and later decided against returning to Formula One saying in 2005: "It's impossible to think that I would race a Formula One car again because as time passes my reactions become slower and my eyesight gets worse – that's life" 

Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters
2005
On 6 November 2004, it was announced that Häkkinen would make his debut in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) series for the HWA Team in the 2005 season  He was partnered by Gary Paffett, Jean Alesi and Bernd Schneider  Häkkinen had previous experience of driving touring cars in July 2001 at the Brno Circuit alongside Schneider  In January, Häkkinen once again participated in the Arctic Rally driving a Toyota Corolla with co-driver Risto Pietiläinen  Häkkinen retired when he slid off the road on the eleventh stage His debut season started well: He secured eighth position in his first race at the Hockenheimring; and in the following race at the EuroSpeedway Lausitz, held his first podium in his DTM career  Two weeks later at Spa-Francorchamps, Häkkinen qualified on pole position and later took his first DTM win after only three starts  Despite the early success, he did not score points in the next three races which included consecutive retirements at Oschersleben and the Norisring  He later scored a further points position at the race held at the Nürburgring, before further consecutive 12th-place finishes in the next two races  Häkkinen ended the 2005 season by taking a second-place finish at Istanbul Park and finished outside of the points scoring positions with 15th place at Hockenheim  Häkkinen finished the season fifth in the Drivers' Championship, with 30 points 

2006
On 15 November 2005, it was announced that Häkkinen would remain with HWA for the 2006 season, and was partnered by Alesi, Spengler and Jamie Green  For the upcoming season, Häkkinen set his target of winning the championship, although he believed the competition from Audi would make the title challenge difficult  Outside of DTM, Häkkinen participated in his fourth Arctic Rally, driving a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VII with co-driver Risto Pietiläinen  He finished 36th overall His season got off well: At the opening race held at Hockenheim, he finished in fourth position; and in the following race held at the EuroSpeedway Lausitz, he drove to his first podium of the season with third place  Häkkinen did not score points in the next two consecutive races, although he later held another podium position with third place at the Norisring  In the next three races, he was unable to score more points, although he had another podium position at the Bugatti Circuit  Häkkinen concluded his season with a retirement at the Hockenheimring when his car's diffuser became damaged  Häkkinen ended the year sixth in the Drivers' Championship, scoring 25 points In November, Häkkinen tested a McLaren MP4-21 for one day at the Circuit de Catalunya where he completed 79 laps  To prepare himself, Häkkinen spent time at the McLaren Technology Centre to acquaint himself with Formula One's revised regulations  In a 2017 retrospective interview Häkkinen revealed that he had been in advanced talks with McLaren for a return in the 2007 season  He had however been frustrated by problems with McLaren's car in the test, which had reminded him of the reasons why he had taken the sabbatical in the first place, so the plans had collapsed 

2007
On 28 January 2007, it was announced that Häkkinen would remain in DTM for the 2007 season for HWA, and was partnered by Spengler, Green and Schneidler  Häkkinen stated that during 2006, his team's potential was not realised and aimed during 2007 to improve on his results  He started the season by earning consecutive finishes in the first two races, albeit outside of the points scoring positions  At the third race of the season held at EuroSpeedway Lausitz, Häkkinen won his first race of the season although only half points were awarded due to errors made by race organisers, resulting in the official race result remaining provisional  He held pole for the following race at Brands Hatch where he finished in fourth position, and followed the result with a ninth-place finish at the Norisring Häkkinen had his second victory of the season at Mugello, after starting from 15th position  He later managed 7th place at Zandvoort and later finished with a 10th-place finish at the Nürburgring  At the race held at the Circuit de Catalunya, Häkkinen was involved in a collision with Audi driver Martin Tomczyk  Häkkinen was penalised with a €20,000 fine, received a ten-place grid penalty for the next round and was disqualified from the race  He finished the season with a 17th-place finish at the Hockenheimring  Häkkinen finished the season 7th place in the Championship, with 22 points 

Retirement (2008–present)
Häkkinen announced his retirement from competitive motorsport in November 2007  He was quoted as saying that the decision "was not an easy one", but added that "racing is still in my blood and this decision does not mean that this will prevent me from racing for pleasure" In November 2008, it was announced that Häkkinen would start a new career in driver management and would work alongside Didier Coton in his firm Aces Associate Group  Häkkinen contested his fifth Arctic Rally event in January 2009 driving a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IX alongside co-driver Ilkka Kivimaki and finished 19th overall
Context 3: Passage 1:
August Hirt
August Hirt (28 April 1898 – 2 June 1945) was an anatomist with Swiss and German nationality who served as a chairman at the Reich University in Strasbourg during World War II  He performed experiments with mustard gas on inmates at the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp and played a lead role in the murders of 86 people at Natzweiler-Struthof for the Jewish skull collection  The skeletons of his victims were meant to become specimens at the Institute of anatomy in Strasbourg, but completion of the project was stopped by the progress of the war  He was an SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain) and in 1944, an SS-Sturmbannführer (major) 

World War I, post-war education and joining the Nazi party
Hirt was the son of a Swiss business man  In 1914, he volunteered, while still a high school student, to fight in World War I on the German side  In October 1916, he was wounded in the upper jaw by a bullet  He received the Iron Cross and returned to Mannheim in 1917  He studied medicine at Heidelberg University  In 1921, he gained German citizenship  In 1922, Hirt obtained his doctorate in medicine with "Der Grenzstrang des Sympathicus bei einigen Sauriern" (English: The Ganglions in the Sympathetic Nervous System of Some Lizards)  He then worked at the Anatomical Institute in Heidelberg and in 1925 he was authorized to teach thanks to a thesis on nerve cells  In 1930 he became professor at Heidelberg University 
In September 1932, Hirt joined the Militant League for German Culture  On 1 April 1933, he joined the Schutzstaffel (SS-Nr  100 414), and was promoted to Hauptsturmführer (captain) on 1 July 1937, but he was only a member of the Nazi Party from 1 May 1937, when he enrolled in the universities of the Reich (Mitgliedsnr  4012784)  From 1 March 1942, he was a member of the personal staff of the RuSHA, the organisation in charge of "racial and ideological purity" of the members of the SS  He attained the rank of Sturmbannführer (major) in 1944 
Hirt was married and had a son and a daughter 

World War II
From 1 April 1936 Hirt was associate director of the Institute of  anatomy at University of Greifswald  On 1 October 1938, he obtained the same post at Goethe University  At the beginning of the Second World War he was an SS medical chief (from August 1939 to April 1941)  During this time the Battle of France took place, resulting in the fall of France and its occupation by German forces, and Hirt participated in the battle  He then became director of the new Institute of anatomy at the Reichsuniversität Straßburg 

Jewish skeleton collection
The Ahnenerbe under the Third Reich was a society that organised "medical experiments" on prisoners  Hirt conceived and directed one called the Jewish skeleton collection, which was begun but not completed as intended  He also performed experiments on cadavers and collected human skulls  He was appointed director since 1941 of the Institute of Anatomy in Strasbourg  He wanted to create a collection of skulls of "Judeo-Bolsheviks", as part of his research on race  According to him, the Jewish race was on the point of extinction and he wished to gather a collection of them while there was still time  Hirt sent his project to Heinrich Himmler  Hirt wrote of this project: "There are important collections of skulls of nearly all the races and peoples  Except for the Jews, of which science has so few skulls, so it is not possible to draw any meaningful inferences  The war in the East gives us the opportunity to fill the gap  We have the opportunity to acquire a tangible scientific document by procuring the skulls of Jewish-Bolsheviks who embody the disgusting but characteristic subhuman ": 882 Hirt conceived the project to go beyond a collection of skulls, to a collection of Jewish skeletons and so presented his research plan to Himmler  He approved the project so that Hirt could begin his "medical experiments " Working with the Ahnenerbe division, Wolfram Sievers, Bruno Beger, Hans Fleischhacker and Hirt together collected people from among the Auschwitz inmates in order to create an anatomical specimen collection specifically of Jews  Hirt proposed to use the small-scale gas chamber at Natzweiler-Struthof to murder the people selected, keeping their corpses intact, and then have their corpses shipped immediately to the Anatomical Institute in Strasbourg for the casts and skeletons he wanted for this collection : 882 Hirt directed that 115 persons be selected for measurements: 79 Jewish men, 30 Jewish women, 2 Poles, and 4 "Asians" : 882  They were selected among the inmates in August 1943 at Auschwitz by his assistants, the anthropologists Bruno Beger and Hans Fleischhacker  The group was quarantined to protect them from a typhus epidemic in the camp  Measurements were taken of the selected inmates at Auschwitz  Of those initially selected, it is believed that 89 persons (60 men and 29 women) were sent to Natzweiler-Struthof  Three men died en route, leaving 86 people 

Natzweiler-Struthof camp
These 86 people were sent to Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp on 30 July 1943  They were fed reasonably well to improve their appearance for the body casts  They were divided into four groups and successively gassed by Josef Kramer, on 11, 13, 17, and 19 August 1943  Their bodies were returned to Hirt at the anatomical laboratory of the Reich University in Strasbourg for preparation as an anthropological display, taking body casts and preparing the skeletons In September 1944, the rapid approach of the Allies led to the project being abandoned and Himmler ordered the destruction of all traces of this compromising collection : 883  That order was not completed, nor had the casts been taken or the skeletons been prepared  The Allies found corpses and partial remains preserved in formalin for eighty-six bodies upon the liberation of Strasbourg : 884  The corpses were buried 23 October 1945 in the municipal cemetery of Strasbourg-Robertsau before being transferred in 1951 to the Jewish cemetery of Strasbourg-Cronenbourg  The names of the victims were not known, and the purpose for their presence at the Anatomical Institute were not known  Some information was learned in post-war trials as to the project proposed by Hirt 
August Hirt fled Strasbourg in September 1944, hiding in Tübingen in southern Germany across the river from Alsace 

Death
Hirt committed suicide on 2 June 1945, aged 47, at Schluchsee, Baden-Württemberg, in the Black Forest  His suicide was not known when he was tried in absentia at the Military War Crimes Trial at Metz on 23 December 1953 for his war crimes  His death was finally confirmed in the mid-1960s when the Israeli secret service had his body exhumed, and an Israeli pathologist conclusively identified the bones Some records prepared for his trial are in possession of the US National Archives, including the list of identification numbers tattooed on the prisoners at Auschwitz and "Photocopies of certificates of proof of ancestry, in connection with research on prisoners in the Konzentrationslager Natzweiler,    Feb  9-Nov  3, 1942  Partial copies of slips for the admittance of prisoners into the Konzentrationslager Natzweiler, medical examinations on prisoners, and a death certificate, Dec  9, 1942-Aug  9, 1944  Feb  9, 1942-Aug  9, 1944" 

Posthumous
In the book, Die Namen der Nummern (The Names of the Numbers, 2004, ISBN 978-3455094640), Hans-Joachim Lang describes this mass murder  He also recounts how he was able to determine the identities of 86 victims, 60 years after they were murdered  In November 2005, the remains of some of these victims were buried in the Jewish cemetery of Cronenbourg on the outskirts of Strasbourg, in the same area where bodies of other victims were buried in 1951, names unknown  On 11 December 2005, a memorial engraved with the names of the 86 victims was placed there  In addition, a memorial plaque honoring the victims was placed outside the Anatomy Institute at Strasbourg's University Hospital  In 2015, a researcher, Raphael Toledano, identified tissue samples of victims in test tubes and a jar in the Strasbourg Medical Institute's closed collection  This followed his discovery of a 1952 letter from the then-director of the Institute, Camille Simonin, about the experiments directed by Hirt  On 6 September 2015, these remains were buried in the Cronenbourg Cemetery 

See also
Block 10
Anton Dilger
Eduard Pernkopf
Hermann Stieve
Passage 2:
BAFTA Rising Star Award
The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Rising Star Award, currently styled as the EE Rising Star Award for commercial reasons and previously known as the Orange Rising Star Award, is an award that acknowledges new talents in the acting industry  The award was created after Mary Selway's death in 2004  She has been recognised for her successful role as a casting director and has helped many new actors and actresses to their claim to fame  The five nominees are chosen regardless of gender, nationality and whether they have made a breakthrough in television, film or both  Despite the nominees being chosen by the BAFTA juries, the winner is chosen entirely by public votes via text, internet or phone  This award was sponsored by Orange UK until 2012 and has been sponsored by EE since 2013  The first winner was James McAvoy in 2006  Eva Green, Shia LaBeouf and Kristen Stewart have been the only non-British winners  The current holder of the award is Emma Mackey, who won in 2023 

Winners and nominees
2000s
2010s
2020s
Notes
Passage 3:
Jolyon James
Jolyon James is an Australian-born actor, writer and visual artist who creates work predominantly for young people  In 2018 he wrote directed and designed the Helpmann Award winning 'Robot Song' for Arena Theatre Company, the premiere work produced by the company after its relocation to regional Victoria  
Other recent works by Jolyon include Trapper and A Cautionary Tales for Children starring Virginia Gay  As a visual artist Jolyon has exhibited regularly in Victoria and was a finalist in the National Photographic Portrait Prize in 2012  He performed the role of the Moonshadow in Cat Stevens's musical of the same name which is played in Melbourne’s Princess Theatre for 12 weeks from 31 May 2012 

Early life
James was born in Western Australia in a remote country town  He studied at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA), graduating in 1997  He performed the role of Jean Prouvaire, and understudied and performed the role of Enjolras in the 1999 Australian tour of Les Misérables and appeared on numerous Australian TV shows before moving to the UK in 2002 to broaden his horizons 

Acting career
After graduating from WAAPA, James guest starred in Australian television shows Water Rats, Blue Heelers and The Secret Life of Us, as well as a role in the TV movie Never Tell Me Never  James secured the major role of Police Officer Con Stavros in the 2000 TV series Above the Law  In 2001 James starred as Sky in the Melbourne run of Mamma Mia! James directed the play This is Our Youth in Melbourne in 2002 and Perth in January 2003  After moving to London, James played a supporting role in the UK TV series Mad About Alice, and in 2005 appeared briefly in the Hollywood film The Wedding Date, playing Debra Messing's character's ex-boyfriend "Woody" 
Back in Australia, James appeared on TV screens again in shows such as Headland, City Homicide, Rush and Offspring, as well as playing Schuurman in the 2008 TV movie Krakatoa  He is a Director and member of the creative team behind Doorstep Ensemble, a theatre company which seeks to give up and coming community theatre performers a foot in the door to the professional industry, and he has both appeared in and directed a number of their productions  In 2011 James was both a tutor and mentor with Showfit, a 12-month course focused on developing performers’ skills and confidence and eventually showcasing them to industry professionals In 2012 James appeared in the title role of Moonshadow, a musical by Cat Stevens which premiered in Melbourne at the Princess Theatre, and performed the role of Indian John in Eddie Perfect's Shane Warne the Musical the following year James has been in two Stephen Sondheim musicals  He first appeared in the 1998 Melbourne cast of Into the Woods as Rapunzel's Prince, and then in the 2014 Melbourne cast of Passion as Major Rizzolli 

Photography
James is also a photographic artist and is involved in a long term collaboration with Raphael Ruz entitled BILLIEJEANISNOTMYLOVER  They are based in Melbourne 
James also creates animation and video content for theatre productions and music video clips including the single "Magnet" by Kate Ceberano  He is a writer, director and producer and is currently the Artistic Associate for the Arena Theatre Company 
Passage 4:
Cat Stevens
Yusuf Islam (born Steven Demetre Georgiou; 21 July 1948), commonly known by his stage names Cat Stevens, Yusuf, and Yusuf / Cat Stevens,  is a British singer-songwriter and musician  To date, he has sold over 100 million records and has over 2 billion streams  His musical style consists of folk, pop, rock, and, later in his career, Islamic music  Following two decades in which he only performed music which met strict religious standards, he returned to making secular music in 2006  He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014 His 1967 debut album and its title song "Matthew and Son" both reached top ten in the UK charts  Stevens' albums Tea for the Tillerman (1970) and Teaser and the Firecat (1971) were certified triple platinum in the US   His 1972 album Catch Bull at Four went to No 1 on the Billboard 200 and spent weeks at the top of several other major charts  He earned ASCAP songwriting awards in 2005 and 2006 for "The First Cut Is the Deepest", which has been a hit for four artists  His other hit songs include "Father and Son", "Wild World", "Moonshadow", "Peace Train", and "Morning Has Broken" 
Stevens converted to Islam in December 1977, and adopted the name Yusuf Islam the following year  In 1979, he auctioned all of his guitars for charity, and left his musical career to devote himself to educational and philanthropic causes in the Muslim community  He has since bought back at least one of these guitars as a result of the efforts of his son Yoriyos  He was embroiled in a long-running controversy regarding comments he made in 1989, about the death fatwa placed on author Salman Rushdie in response to the publication of Rushdie's novel The Satanic Verses  He has explained the incident stating: "I was cleverly framed by certain questions  I never supported the fatwa " He has received two honorary doctorates and awards for promoting peace as well as other humanitarian awards 
In 2006, he returned to pop music by releasing his first new studio album of new pop songs in 28 years, entitled An Other Cup  With that release and subsequent ones, he dropped the surname "Islam" from the album cover art – using the stage name Yusuf as a mononym  In 2009, he released the album Roadsinger and, in 2014, he released the album Tell 'Em I'm Gone and began his first US tour since 1978   His second North American tour since his resurgence, featuring 12 shows in intimate venues, ran from 12 September to 7 October 2016  In 2017, he released the album The Laughing Apple, now using the stage name Yusuf / Cat Stevens, using the Cat Stevens name for the first time in 39 years  In September 2020, he released Tea for the Tillerman 2, a reimagining of his classic album Tea for the Tillerman to celebrate its 50th anniversary, and in June 2023, King of a Land, a new studio album 

Life and career
Early life (1948–1965)
Steven Demetre Georgiou, born on 21 July 1948 in the Marylebone area of London, was the youngest child of a Cypriot father, Stavros Georgiou (1900–1978), and a Swedish mother, Ingrid Wickman (1915–1989)   He has an older sister, Anita (b  1937), and a brother, David Gordon  The family lived above the Moulin Rouge, a restaurant his parents operated on the north end of Shaftesbury Avenue, a short walk from Piccadilly Circus in the Soho theatre district of London  All family members worked in the restaurant  His parents divorced when he was about eight years old but continued to maintain the family restaurant and live above it  Stevens has a half-brother, George Georgiou, born in Greece, presumably from his father's first marriage in Greece Although his father was Greek Orthodox and his mother was a Baptist, Georgiou was sent to St Joseph Roman Catholic Primary School, Macklin Street, which was closer to his father's business on Drury Lane  Georgiou developed an interest in piano at a young age, eventually using the family baby grand piano to work out the chords, since no one else there played well enough to teach him  At 15, inspired by the popularity of the Beatles, he became interested in the guitar  He persuaded his father to pay £8 (equivalent to £200 in 2021) for his first guitar, and he began playing it and writing songs  He occasionally escaped his family responsibilities by going to the rooftop above their home and listening to the tunes of the musicals drifting from around the corner on Denmark Street, then the centre of the British music industry  Stevens said that West Side Story particularly affected him and gave him a "different view of life"  With interests in both art and music, he and his mother moved to Gävle, Sweden, where he attended primary school (Solängsskolan) and started developing his drawing skills after being influenced by his uncle Hugo Wickman, a painter  They subsequently returned to England He attended other local West End schools, where he says he was constantly in trouble and did poorly in everything but art  He was called 'the artist boy' and said, "I was beat up, but I was noticed"  He took a one-year course at Hammersmith School of Art, considering a career as a cartoonist  Though he enjoyed art (his later record albums featured his original artwork), he decided to pursue a musical career  He began performing under the name "Steve Adams" in 1965 while at Hammersmith  At that point, his goal was to become a songwriter  As well as the Beatles, other musicians who influenced him were the Kinks, Bob Dylan, Nina Simone, blues artists Lead Belly and Muddy Waters, Biff Rose (particularly Rose's first album), Leo Kottke and Paul Simon  He also sought to emulate composers of musicals, such as Ira Gershwin and Leonard Bernstein  In 1965, he signed a publishing deal with Ardmore & Beechwood and recorded several demos, including "The First Cut Is the Deepest" 

Musical career (1966–1978)
Early musical career
Georgiou began performing his songs in London coffee houses and pubs  At first he tried to form a band, but realised he preferred performing solo  Thinking his birth name might be difficult to remember, he chose the stage name Cat Stevens, partly because a girlfriend said he had eyes like a cat, but mainly because "I couldn't imagine anyone going to the record store and asking for 'that Steven Demetre Georgiou album'  And in England, and I was sure in America, they loved animals "In 1966, at age 18, he was heard by manager/producer Mike Hurst, formerly of British vocal group the Springfields  Hurst arranged for him to record a demo and helped him get a record deal  Stevens's first singles were hits: "I Love My Dog" reached number 28 on the UK Singles Chart; and "Matthew and Son", the title song from his debut album, reached number 2 in the UK  "I'm Gonna Get Me a Gun" was his second UK top 10 single, reaching number 6, and the album Matthew and Son reached number 7 on the UK Albums Chart Over the next two years, Stevens recorded and toured with an eclectic group of artists ranging from Jimi Hendrix to Engelbert Humperdinck  He was considered a fresh-faced teen star, placing several single releases in the British pop music charts  Some of that success was attributed to the pirate radio station Wonderful Radio London, which gained him fans by playing his records  In August 1967, he was one of several recording artists who had benefited from the station to broadcast messages during its final hour to mourn its closure His December 1967 album New Masters failed to chart in the United Kingdom  The album is now most notable for "The First Cut Is the Deepest", a song he sold for £30 (equivalent to £600 in 2021) to P  P  Arnold and which became a massive hit for her and an international hit for Keith Hampshire, Rod Stewart, James Morrison, and Sheryl Crow  Forty years after he recorded the first demo of the song, it earned him back-to-back ASCAP "Songwriter of the Year" awards, in 2005 and 2006 

Tuberculosis
Stevens contracted tuberculosis in 1969 and was close to death at the time of his admission to the King Edward VII Hospital, Midhurst, Sussex  He spent months recuperating in the hospital and a year of convalescence  During this time, Stevens began to question aspects of his life and spirituality  He later said, "To go from the show business environment and find you are in hospital, getting injections day in and day out, and people around you are dying, it certainly changes your perspective  I got down to thinking about myself  It seemed almost as if I had my eyes shut "He took up meditation, yoga, and metaphysics, read about other religions and became a vegetarian  As a result of his serious illness and long convalescence and as a part of his spiritual awakening and questioning, he wrote as many as 40 songs, many of which would appear on his albums in later years 

Changes in musical sound after illness
The lack of success of Stevens' second album mirrored a difference of personal tastes in musical direction  He felt a growing resentment of producer Mike Hurst's attempts to re-create the style of his debut album, with heavy-handed orchestration and over-production, rather than the folk rock sound Stevens was attempting to produce  He admits having purposely sabotaged his own contract with Hurst, by making outlandishly expensive orchestral demands and threatening legal action; this achieved his goal: to be released from his contract with Deram Records, a sub-label of Decca Records On regaining his health at home after his release from the hospital, Stevens recorded some of his newly written songs on his tape recorder and played his changing sound for several new record executives  He hired an agent, Barry Krost, who arranged an audition with Chris Blackwell of Island Records  Blackwell offered him a "chance to record [his songs] whenever and with whomever he liked and, more importantly to Cat, however he liked"  With Krost's recommendation, Stevens signed Paul Samwell-Smith, previously the bassist of the Yardbirds, as his new producer 

Height of popularity
Samwell-Smith paired Stevens with guitarist Alun Davies, who was at that time working as a session musician  Davies was the more experienced veteran of two albums that had already begun to explore the emerging genres of skiffle and folk rock music  Davies was also thought to be a perfect fit with Stevens, particularly for his "fingerwork" on the guitar, harmonising, and backing vocals  They originally met just to record Mona Bone Jakon, but soon developed a friendship  Davies, like Stevens, was a perfectionist, appearing at all sound checks to be sure that all the equipment and sound were prepared for each concert The first single released from Mona Bone Jakon was "Lady D'Arbanville", which Stevens wrote about his young American girlfriend Patti D'Arbanville  The record had a madrigal sound, unlike most music played on pop radio, with djembes and bass in addition to Stevens' and Davies' guitars  It reached number 8 in the UK and was the first of his hits to get real airplay in the US  The single sold over 1 million copies and earned him a gold record in 1971  Other songs written for D'Arbanville included "Maybe You're Right" and "Just Another Night"  "Pop Star", a song about his experience as a teen star, and "Katmandu", with Genesis frontman Peter Gabriel playing flute, were also featured  Mona Bone Jakon was an early example of the solo singer-songwriter album format that was becoming popular for other artists as well  Rolling Stone magazine compared its popularity with that of Elton John's Tumbleweed Connection, saying it was played "across the board, across radio formats" 
Mona Bone Jakon was the precursor of Stevens' international breakthrough album, Tea for the Tillerman, which became a Top 10 Billboard hit  Within six months of its release, it had sold over 500,000 copies, attaining gold record status in the United Kingdom and the United States  The combination of Stevens' new folk rock style and accessible lyrics, which spoke of everyday situations and problems, mixed with the beginning of spiritual questions about life, remained in his music from then on  The album features the Top 20 single "Wild World"; a parting song after D'Arbanville moved on  "Wild World" has been credited as the song that gave Tea for the Tillerman 'enough kick' to get it played on FM radio  The head of Island Records, Chris Blackwell, was quoted as calling it "the best album we've ever released"  Other album tracks include "Hard-Headed Woman", and "Father and Son" – sung by Stevens in baritone and tenor, portraying the struggle between fathers and sons who contrast their personal choices in life  In 2001, this album was certified by the RIAA as a Multi-Platinum record, having sold 3 million copies in the United States at that time  It is ranked at No  206 in the 2003 list of "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" After his relationship with D'Arbanville ended, Stevens noted the effect it had on his writing, saying, "Everything I wrote while I was away was in a transitional period and reflects that  Like Patti  A year ago we split; I had been with her for two years  What I write about Patti and my family    when I sing the songs now, I learn strange things  I learn the meanings of my songs late    "
Having established a signature sound, Stevens enjoyed a string of successes in the following years  1971's Teaser and the Firecat album reached number two and achieved gold record status within three weeks of its release in the United States  It yielded several hits, including "Peace Train", "Morning Has Broken", and "Moonshadow"  The album was also certified by the RIAA as a Multi-Platinum record in 2001, with over 3 million sold in the United States through that time  When interviewed on a Boston radio station, Stevens said about Teaser and the Firecat:

I get the tune and then I just keep on singing the tune until the words come out from the tune  It's kind of a hypnotic state that you reach after a while when you keep on playing it where words just evolve from it  So you take those words and just let them go whichever way they want    'Moonshadow'? Funny, that was in Spain, I went there alone, completely alone, to get away from a few things  And I was dancin' on the rocks there     right on the rocks where the waves were, like, blowin' and splashin'  Really, it was so fantastic  And the moon was bright, ya know, and I started dancin' and singin' and I sang that song and it stayed  It's just the kind of moment that you want to find when you're writin' songs 
For seven months, in 1971 and 1972, Stevens was romantically linked to popular singer Carly Simon, while both were being produced by Samwell-Smith  During that time, they each wrote songs for, and about, one another  Simon wrote and recorded at least two Top 50 songs, "Legend in Your Own Time" and "Anticipation" about Stevens  He reciprocated with a song to her, written after their romance, entitled "Sweet Scarlet" His next album, Catch Bull at Four, released in 1972, was his most rapidly successful album in the United States, reaching gold record status in 15 days and holding the number one position for three weeks on the Billboard 200 and fifteen weeks at number one in the Australian ARIA Charts 

Film and television soundtracks
In July 1970, Stevens recorded one of his songs, "But I Might Die Tonight", for the Jerzy Skolimowski film Deep End  He contributed two songs to the 1971 film Harold and Maude, but was annoyed when director Hal Ashby decided to use the original demos instead of allowing Stevens to finish them  The film used seven other Stevens songs as well but, perhaps because of the dispute, the soundtrack album was not released until 2007 After his religious conversion in the late 1970s, Stevens stopped granting permission for his songs to be used in films  However, almost 20 years later, in 1997, the film Rushmore received his permission to use his songs "Here Comes My Baby" and "The Wind"; this showed a new willingness on his part to release music from his Western "pop star" days  In 2000, "Peace Train" was included in the movie Remember the Titans, and Almost Famous used the song "The Wind"  In 2006 "Peace Train" featured in the soundtrack to We Are Marshall 

Later recordings
Subsequent releases in the 1970s also did well on the charts and in ongoing sales, although they did not touch the success Stevens had from 1970 to 1973  In 1973, Stevens moved to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as a tax exile from the United Kingdom; however, he later donated the money to UNESCO  During that time he created the album Foreigner, which was a departure from the music that had brought him to the height of his fame  It differed in several respects: it was entirely written by Stevens; he dropped his band; and, with the exception of some guitar on the title track and "100 I Dream", he produced the record without the assistance of Samwell-Smith, who had played a large role in catapulting him to fame 

In June 1974, while in Australia, Cat Stevens was presented with a plaque representing the sale of forty gold records, the largest number ever presented to an artist in Australia In April 1977, his Izitso album updated his pop rock and folk rock style with the extensive use of synthesisers, giving it a more synthpop style  "Was Dog a Doughnut", in particular, was an early techno-pop fusion track and a precursor to the 1980s electro music genre, making early use of a music sequencer  Izitso included his last chart hit, "(Remember the Days of the) Old Schoolyard", an early synthpop song that used a polyphonic synthesiser; it was a duet with fellow UK singer Elkie Brooks His final original album under the name Cat Stevens was Back to Earth, released in late 1978  It was also the first album produced by Samwell-Smith since the peak in Stevens' single album sales in the early 1970s  Several compilation albums were released before and after he stopped recording  After Stevens left Decca Records, they bundled his first two albums together as a set, hoping to ride the commercial tide of his early success; later his newer labels did the same, and Stevens also released compilations  The most successful of the compilation albums was the 1975 Greatest Hits which has sold over 4 million copies in the United States  In May 2003, he received his first Platinum Europe Award from the IFPI for Remember Cat Stevens: The Ultimate Collection, indicating over one million European sales 

Religious conversion
While on holiday in Marrakesh, Stevens was intrigued by the sound of the adhān, the Islamic ritual call to prayer, which was explained to him as "music for God"  Stevens said, "I thought, music for God? I'd never heard that before – I'd heard of music for money, music for fame, music for personal power, but music for God!?"In 1976, Stevens nearly drowned off the coast of Malibu, California, and said he shouted, "Oh, God! If you save me I will work for you "  He stated that, immediately afterwards, a wave appeared and carried him back to shore  This brush with death intensified his long-held quest for spiritual truth  He had looked into "Buddhism, Zen, I Ching, numerology, tarot cards, and astrology"  Stevens' brother David Gordon, a convert to Judaism, brought him a copy of the Qur'an as a birthday gift from a trip to Jerusalem Stevens said on BBC's Desert Island Discs: "I would never have picked up the Qur'an myself as a free spirit; I was more aligned to my father's Greek Orthodox beliefs " His brother's timely gift was quickly absorbed and he was taken with its content, soon beginning his transition and conversion to Islam, which would change forever his private and professional life During the time he was studying the Qur'an, Stevens began to identify more and more with the story of Joseph, a man bought and sold in the market place, which is how he said he had increasingly felt within the music business  Regarding his conversion, in his 2006 interview with Alan Yentob, he stated, "To some people, it may have seemed like an enormous jump, but for me, it was a gradual move to this " And, in a Rolling Stone magazine interview, he reaffirmed that, saying, "I had found the spiritual home I'd been seeking for most of my life  And if you listen to my music and lyrics, like "Peace Train" and "On The Road To Find Out", it clearly shows my yearning for direction and the spiritual path I was travelling "Stevens formally converted to the Muslim faith on 23 December 1977, taking the name Yusuf Islam in 1978  Yusuf is the Arabic rendition of the name Joseph; he stated that he "always loved the name Joseph" and was particularly drawn to the story of Joseph in the Qur'an  Although he discontinued his pop career, he was persuaded to perform one last time before what became his 25-year musical hiatus



ground_truth: Babylon

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: McLaren MP4/11 was driven by what Finnish former professional racing driver

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Häkkinen made his debut in sports cars when Team AMG China entered a Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG in November 2011 to participate in the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup at the 6 Hours of Zhuhai race alongside Lance David Arnold and Cheng Congfu  During the event, the team retired after completing two hours  In October 2013, Häkkinen participated in the GT Asia series for the two races held at the Zhuhai International Circuit, driving a Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG 300 alongside co-driver Matthew Solomon  Häkkinen drove to victory in the first race after starting from sixth position  The victory resulted in a 15-second handicap during his mandatory pitstop for his second race and finished in fourth position On 16 March 2017, McLaren announced that Häkkinen has rejoined the team as partner ambassador  In November 2021, Häkkinen helped McLaren IndyCar driver Pato O'Ward prepare for his test of the McLaren MCL35M by familiarizing O'Ward on his championship winning MP4/13 around Laguna Seca In August 2019, Häkkinen raced in the Suzuka 10 Hours, the fourth round of the 2019 Intercontinental GT Challenge driving a McLaren 720S GT3 alongside two-time Super Formula champion Hiroaki Ishiura and Japanese Formula 3 racer Katsuaki Kubota, with Planex Smacam Racing Häkkinen and Emma Kimiläinen competed together for Team Finland at the Race of Champions on 5–6 February 2022  He is set to again compete in the race in 2023 alongside Formula One driver Valtteri Bottas, who was originally going to be his partner at the 2022 edition before backing out In December 2021, Häkkinen was announced as a Formula One analyst for the sports broadcaster Viaplay  From 2022 onwards, Häkkinen became part of a permanent team of analysts on-site at the Grands Prix  In the team of analysts, Häkkinen is accompanied by David Coulthard and Jos Verstappen 

Driving style and personality
Häkkinen is known for his unique driving style; journalist Peter Windsor analysed in F1 Racing magazine that Häkkinen was an "oversteering" driver, resulting in driving faster on slippery surfaces and the preference of using "tail-happy" cars  This allowed him to perform better at circuits that have medium-speed corners  During his karting career, Häkkinen developed the skill of using the brake pedal with his left foot  He reverted to using his right foot when he participated in DTM, later discovering he became uncomfortable with this style and reverted to left-foot braking in mid-2006  He became known as a "late season driver"; the second half of a season suited Häkkinen due to experience on these tracks and allowed time for his car to be altered towards his preference Häkkinen was criticized for being a poor car developer, though this may have been exaggerated due to his initial struggles with the English language early in his career  Adrian Newey, the designer of Häkkinen's championship-winning McLarens, described an instance of Häkkinen's approach to input on car development when Häkkinen kept telling him during the initial testing of the McLaren MP4/13 that the car was understeering  Newey subsequently adjusted the car to correct for understeer, but this only made it slower  After digging deeper into the test data and listening closely to what Häkkinen was describing Newey realized the car was not understeering but had rear end biased instability on corner entry that Mika was compensating for with understeer  This experience proved crucial for Newey's relationship with Häkkinen during their run together at McLaren, as after that Newey no longer had issues understanding Häkkinen's inputs on car development  Newey also said Mika's countryman, protege, and future McLaren driver Kimi Räikkönen also had a similar approach to input on car development During his Formula One career, Häkkinen became known as a "taciturn" character—an individual who took lengthy pauses before answering questions placed before him and would give virtually nothing away to the media  This allowed him to prevent problems and potential scandals from within his team becoming public knowledge  Since his retirement, Häkkinen has often been voted among the greatest Formula One drivers  Michael Schumacher has stated that Häkkinen was the driver whom he gained the most satisfaction of racing against 

Personal life
Häkkinen has resided in Monaco since 1991  He also owns properties in France and Finland  On 18 May 2008, his newly completed mansion in France was burned down after a light in one of his trophy cabinets short circuited  No injuries were reported, although Häkkinen's collection of Formula One trophies was destroyed  Outside motorsport, Häkkinen enjoys skiing, swimming, tennis, scuba diving and jet ski  His favourite music acts are Phil Collins, Michael Jackson, Frank Sinatra and J  Karjalainen Häkkinen married Erja Honkanen, a former TV journalist, in 1998  The couple have one son and one daughter  The couple applied for divorce in 2008  Häkkinen also has two daughters and a son by his Czech second wife Markéta Remešová Häkkinen joined Johnnie Walker as Global Responsible Drinking Ambassador for Diageo in September 2006, campaigning for the message of responsible drinking  He also led the organisation's Join the Pact campaign to spread consumer commitments for the prevention of drunk driving  He is also brand ambassador for Mercedes-Benz and UBS  In 2016, he became an official brand ambassador for Nokian Tyres 

Car collection
Häkkinen maintains a collection of McLaren hypercars, all of which he keeps in Monaco  His collection is valued at an estimated €6 million 
The collection includes:

a McLaren P1, chassis VP3, painted in Dark Grey 
a McLaren Senna, painted in Mariana Blue, with a special plaque with Häkkinen's "Flying Finn" signature 
a McLaren Speedtail, painted in Volcano Red 

Karting record
Karting career summary
Racing record
Career summary
Complete British Formula 3 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

† Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance 

Complete DTM results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

‡ Half points were awarded in the race due to several errors made by the race officials 
Passage 2:
McLaren MP4/13
The McLaren MP4/13 was the car with which the McLaren team competed in the 1998 Formula One World Championship  The chassis was designed by Adrian Newey, Steve Nichols, Neil Oatley and Henri Durand, with Mario Illien designing the bespoke Ilmor engine  Driven by Mika Häkkinen and David Coulthard, the MP4/13 proved to be the dominant car of the season, with Häkkinen winning eight races en route to his first Drivers' Championship, while McLaren won their first Constructors' Championship since 1991 and, as of January 2023, their last 
The team's main sponsor was West, whose logos were not featured on the cars at the French, British and German Grands Prix due to the tobacco sponsorship bans in these countries 

History
Designer Adrian Newey had joined McLaren from Williams in 1997, but was unable to influence the design of the McLaren MP4/12 other than adjustment during the season  His work was rewarded when drivers Mika Häkkinen and David Coulthard finished first and second at the season-ending European Grand Prix 
When the 1998 season got underway four months later, it became clear that Newey had adapted to the rule changes for 1998 best  With the cars now narrower and running on grooved tyres, the all-new design of the MP4/13 made it the car to beat 
The dominance of the MP4/13 was displayed in the opening race of 1998 in Australia, as Häkkinen and Coulthard finished a lap ahead of the rest of the field  Newey's aerodynamic design was by far the most efficient one and Mercedes produced the most powerful engine of the season  The team was aided by a unique brake-steer system which allowed the driver to use any one of the car's brakes independently to aid cornering, a system first used in 1997  The Ferrari team protested, stating that the brake-steer system was a violation of the technical rules, which banned four-wheel steering  The FIA eventually sided with Ferrari and the system was banned, although the team was allowed to keep their results up to that point McLaren's dominance continued in the second race of the season in Brazil, before Ferrari started to close the gap from the Argentine Grand Prix onwards  The MP4/13 retained its superiority on high-speed tracks like Hockenheim and Silverstone, while Ferrari's F300 was closer to the McLaren on more technical circuits  Speaking of the MP4/13 some years later, Coulthard said that the car was fast but understeered through slow corners; this was due to Newey's design that maximized the car's aerodynamic grip over its mechanical grip  Häkkinen initially found the car to be nervous in testing due to a rearward biased instability, but this was corrected before the season started During 1998, Coulthard's MP4/13 speed-trapped the highest of all F1 cars that year when he was clocked at 353 km/h (219 mph) at the old Hockenheim circuit 
Although Ferrari's Michael Schumacher took the Drivers' Championship battle to the final race in Japan, Häkkinen took the title with his eighth race win of the season  Coulthard won one race, in San Marino, en route to third place overall, while McLaren won the Constructors' Championship  This was McLaren's first championship victory since 1991 with Ayrton Senna and, in terms of race wins, the team's most successful year since 1989 During 1998 both Nick Heidfeld and Ricardo Zonta acted as test drivers for McLaren and drove the MP4/13 at test sessions  The record time for the Goodwood Festival of Speed hillclimb was set in 1999 when Heidfeld drove an MP4/13 up the hill in 41 6 seconds  Twenty four years later the MP4/13 set the second outright fastest lap time around  Laguna Seca in the hands of Mexican IndyCar driver Pato O'Ward, when O'Ward lapped the circuit at 1 minute 10 3 seconds, nearly a second faster than a McLaren IndyCar around the same circuit 

Other
In July 2017, video game developer Codemasters announced that the MP4/13 would appear in the video game F1 2017 as a classic car  It also appears in F1 2018 and F1 2019 

Technical specifications
Car: McLaren MP4/13
Chassis: carbon fibre, aluminium
Gearbox: 6 gears
Cooling system: two McLaren/Calsonic water radiators, two McLaren/Marston oil radiators 
Length of the whole car: 4,550 mm (179 1 in)
Weight with water, oil and driver: 600 kg (1,322 8 lb)

Engine: Mercedes-Benz FO-110G
Cylinders: 10, in a 72° angle
Valves: 4 per cylinder
Length: 590 mm (23 2 in)
Breadth: 546 4 mm (21 5 in)
Height: 476 mm (18 7 in)
Weight: 107 kilograms (236 lb)
Power: 780–800 bhp (582–597 kW)

Supplies
Tyres: Bridgestone
Wheels: Enkei 13-in
Brakes: AP Racing discs and claws
Oil and Petrol: Mobil
Ignition: TAG 2000
Spark plugs: NGK

Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
Passage 3:
McLaren MP4/1
The McLaren MP4/1 (initially known as the MP4) was a Formula One racing car produced by the McLaren team  It was used during the 1981, 1982 and 1983 seasons  It was the second Formula One car to use a monocoque chassis wholly manufactured from carbon fibre composite, after the Lotus 88 (which never raced), a concept which is now ubiquitous  The MP4/1 was first entered in a Formula One race at the third grand prix of the season in Argentina 
The chassis was designed by John Barnard, Steve Nichols and Alan Jenkins, with the car being powered by a Cosworth DFV engine 
The MP4 was the first car to be built following the merger of the McLaren team and Ron Dennis' Project 4 Formula 2 team; its designation was short for "Marlboro Project 4" 

Design and construction
The main engineer for the MP4 was John Barnard, who began drawing the car in late 1979  After a visit to the Rolls-Royce factory where he saw engineers working with carbon fibre technology on the Rolls-Royce RB211 jet engine, Barnard saw the potential of this technology and convinced Ron Dennis to fund the design and build of a whole new car out of this new bodywork material  The chassis itself was built by McLaren using carbon supplied by American firm Hercules Aerospace in Salt Lake City on the advice of McLaren engineer and former Hercules apprentice Steve Nichols, and quickly revolutionised car design in Formula One with new levels of rigidity and driver protection and its Carbon-Fibre-Composite (CFC) construction  Dennis and Barnard took Nichols' advice after being rejected by multiple British firms due to the ambitiousness of this method of chassis construction  Within months and subsequent years carbon fibre started being used by all of McLaren's rivals  The car was far more advanced than any of McLaren's previous cars- including its predecessor, the M29 and M30, and its design and construction was of a far more precise nature than before- just about at the level of fighter aircraft 
From 1981 until late 1983 the MP4/1 was powered by the 3 0 litre Ford-Cosworth DFV V8 engine, but in late 1983 the team switched to turbocharging, using a 1 5 litre TAG V6 engine built by Porsche 
In both 1981 and 1982 McLaren International benefited from the exclusive use of a development Nicholson-McLaren Cosworth DFV which powered the MP4  Developed and re-built in John Nicholson's Colnbrook workshops (an agreement with McLaren going back to the mid-1970s) the Nicholson DFV featured bigger pistons and valves that a conventional factory DFV, and thus could rev to around 11,500 RPM, producing around 510 BHP, enabling John Watson and Niki Lauda to all but match the factory Ferrari and Renault V6 twin-turbos in straight line speed during the 1982 season  The Nicholson DFV also used different castings to reduce frictional losses, as well as using MAHLE pistons rather than Cosworth's in house piston/con rods 
Hercules Aerospace keeps John Watson's car which was destroyed in the 1981 Italian Grand Prix and shows it off to visitors after allowing them to view footage of the accident, highlighting how it was possible for him to survive in a carbon fibre car 

Racing
John Watson and Andrea de Cesaris drove the MP4/1 for most of the 1981 season with Niki Lauda replacing de Cesaris for the 1982 and 1983 seasons  In 1982, the updated MP4B nearly brought Watson to the World Championship, but he finished third behind Keke Rosberg and Didier Pironi, with 39 points  In the same year, however, it did take second in the Constructors' Championship, collecting 69 points 

For the 1983 season, the car was then updated into the MP4/1C, and the season started with a 1–2 finish for the MP4/1C at Round 2 in Long Beach, in which Watson won from 22nd on the grid – the farthest back on the grid a driver has won from in Formula One – and Lauda finished second from 23rd despite suffering from a worsening leg cramp  This car was used throughout most of the season but against the more powerful turbos of Renault, Ferrari and BMW, results with the outdated Cosworth V8 were becoming harder to come by, though Watson did finish third at the Detroit Grand Prix and the final race for the Cosworth car in Holland 

With Porsche: the MP4/1E
During the 1983 season, McLaren worked with Techniques d'Avant Garde and Porsche to develop a turbocharged V6 engine built to John Barnard's specifications and the MP4/1D was the test mule  Later in the season at the Dutch Grand Prix at Zandvoort the Cosworth-powered MP4/1C was replaced by the TAG-powered MP4/1E, which was essentially also a test mule that competed in only 4 races; according to Watson in an interview given in 2009 this was a car that was forced into appearing at the Dutch Grand Prix after political maneuvering by Lauda  He went to Marlboro executive Aleardo Buzzi (the man responsible for giving McLaren their primary sponsorship money), behind the back of the McLaren team and complained extensively to Buzzi about the uncompetitiveness of the team without a turbo engine  Buzzi then withheld money that had been committed to McLaren to develop the TAG/Porsche turbo engine  This infuriated Dennis and designer John Barnard, who had designed the MP4/2 specifically for the new turbo-charged engine, but now had to re-design his MP4/1 to "E" spec for the TAG engine The MP4/1E was first driven by Watson, not Lauda, at the Porsche proving ground  It was competitive but the new engine was, thanks to Lauda's political maneuvering, underdeveloped and had teething troubles  This made the car very unreliable, and it did not win any races  However, this car was not really expected to win or even finish races  In total, the MP4/1 brought McLaren 6 wins, 11 other podium finishes and a total of 131 points 
BBC commentator Murray Walker drove the MP4/1C at Silverstone in 1983 The MP4B (listed as the MP4/1B) is available as a classic car in the video game F1 2019 

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
Passage 4:
McLaren MP4/10
The McLaren MP4/10 was the Formula One car with which the McLaren team competed in the 1995 Formula One World Championship  The chassis was designed by Neil Oatley, Steve Nichols, Matthew Jeffreys, David North, David Neilson, Paddy Lowe  and Henri Durand with Mario Illien designing the bespoke Ilmor engine  It was driven mainly by Mark Blundell, who started the year without a drive, and Mika Häkkinen, who was in his second full season with the team  The car was also driven by 1992 champion Nigel Mansell, and Jan Magnussen 

Early season
1995 was a season of great expectation for McLaren  The disappointing 1994 alliance with Peugeot had been annulled, and Mercedes-Benz switched to the team from Sauber including third-party engine builder partnership with Ilmor Engineering Ltd  after Ilmor decided to reposition its Formula One program by becoming a third-party engine builder and assembler, and thus earned full-factory works support from Mercedes-Benz  In addition, Mansell had been tempted out of retirement from his two prior years spent in the Indy Car series to partner the youthful Häkkinen  The MP4/10 was a radical design, incorporating a high "needle"-nose design and a wing mounted atop the airbox, among other innovations 
However, it became apparent that Mansell was unable to fit properly in the narrow cockpit, which affected his elbows and hips, that meant he was forced to miss the first two races of the season whilst a wider monocoque was built  His racing return lasted just two further Grands Prix, in San Marino and Spain, before leaving the team altogether, disgusted with the car's poor performance  Blundell, who had replaced Mansell for both the Brazil and Argentina, became a permanent race driver 
Despite handling problems due to a lack of front-end grip, and an often unreliable engine, the package proved competitive enough for the team to usually be "best of the rest", behind Benetton, Williams and Ferrari, and Häkkinen was able to score two podium finishes  Team-mate Blundell also took several points finishes 

Upgrades
The McLaren MP4/10B update made its debut at San Marino and was retained for most of the season  A further modification, the MP4/10C, appeared at the Portuguese and European Grands Prix, but was not used further 
McLaren endured a mixed end to the season  Häkkinen missed the Pacific Grand Prix with a case of appendicitis and was replaced by the rookie Jan Magnussen, but returned to finish a fine second in Japan  This was tempered by the fact that Blundell wrote off a chassis in practice, but this setback paled in comparison to Häkkinen's accident during qualifying for the final race of the season in Australia  A sudden left-rear puncture saw his car fly out of control and hit a concrete wall at high speed  Häkkinen was pulled out of his car unconscious with blood pouring from his mouth and nose  However, he made a full recovery for the first Grand Prix of 1996, which was also in Australia 
The team eventually finished fourth in the Constructors' Championship, with 30 points  The McLaren MP4/10 was the first McLaren car to run Mobil fuel before rebranding to Esso in 2015, beginning with the McLaren MP4-30 

Complete Formula One results
(key)
Passage 5:
McLaren MP4/6
The McLaren MP4/6 is a successful Formula One racing car designed by McLaren's Neil Oatley, Matthew Jeffreys, David North, David Neilson, Bob Bell and Mike Gascoyne; powered by the Honda RA121E V12 engine for use in the 1991 Formula One season, with the engine's design and development led by Osamu Goto  It was driven by reigning World Champion, Brazilian Ayrton Senna, and Austria's Gerhard Berger  Ayrton Senna would win his third World Championship in the MP4/6  The MP4/6 was notable for being the last F1 car to win the championship with a manual gearbox and the only F1 car powered by a V12 engine to do so 

Design and pre-season testing
The MP4/6 was the first McLaren to be powered by a Honda V12 engine, which Honda quote at 735 PS (725 bhp; 541 kW) at 13,500rpm  The car was tested by Berger in the off-season, but he was unimpressed with the initial version of the new engine, feeling it was underpowered compared to the 690 bhp (515 kW; 700 PS) V10 engine used in the 1990 car, the MP4/5B  When Senna returned for pre-season testing he and Berger, along with Honda, knuckled down to try to solve the engine's problems  McLaren's domination in the early part of the year was mainly due to the lack of reliability of the 700 bhp (522 kW; 710 PS) Renault V10-powered Williams FW14 By the latter half of the season, Honda (at Senna's urging) had managed to improve the engine to 780 hp (581 6 kW) @ 14,800 rpm 
The MP4/6 raced throughout 1991 with a manual "H" pattern gearbox  A semi-automatic transmission was tested during the season (and shown at the Hungarian Grand Prix; the car equipped with it ran 4 laps on track in practice before Senna spun off; the car was then converted back to a manual) but was never regarded as good enough to be used in a race; Ferrari and Williams were the only teams to use semi-automatic gearboxes during 1991  The MP4/6 would go down as the last Formula One car to win a World Championship using a manual transmission and the only F1 car to win the World Championship with a V12 engine 

Season summary
Senna won the first four races of the season, in the United States, Brazil, San Marino and Monaco, before Williams and Nigel Mansell found their feet with the FW14, which dominated in mid-season  Consistent podium finishes on Senna's part throughout the year helped McLaren, but Senna insisted that Honda step up their engine development programme and demanded further improvements to the car before it was too late  Honda responded with updated versions of the V12 engine, while Oatley redesigned various features of the car, particularly the sidepods and wings  Senna won in Hungary and Belgium before clinching his third and final Drivers' Championship in Japan with second place behind Berger; he then won the final race in Australia to secure the team's fourth consecutive Constructors' Championship McLaren continued with the MP4/6, upgraded to 'B' specification, for the first two races of 1992, Senna finishing third in South Africa  The car was then replaced with the official 1992 car, the MP4/7A, though three MP4/6Bs were brought to the 1992 Brazilian Grand Prix as spares 
The MP4/6 was considered by some to be the most competitive car in the Formula One field until Williams sorted the FW14, which was aerodynamically and technically more advanced  In all, the MP4/6 took eight Grand Prix wins and ten pole positions and scored 148 points  The car brought a close to McLaren's and Honda's domination of the sport, stretching back to the mid-1980s 

In popular culture
The McLaren MP4/6 is included as included as a classic car in Codemasters F1 2017, F1 2018, F1 2019 and F1 2020 video games 

Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position, results in italics indicate fastest lap)

* Only 9 points scored with the MP4/6B  Remaining points scored with MP4/7A 
Passage 6:
McLaren MP4/9
The McLaren MP4/9 was a Formula One car designed by Neil Oatley and used by the McLaren team in the 1994 Formula One World Championship  The number 7 car was driven by Finn Mika Häkkinen, in his first full season with the team, while the number 8 car was driven by Briton Martin Brundle, who had signed from Ligier  Frenchman Philippe Alliot deputised in the number 7 car at the Hungarian Grand Prix when Häkkinen was banned from driving in this race  For the 21st consecutive year, Marlboro was the team's title sponsor, with additional sponsorship from Hugo Boss, Shell and Goodyear  The MP4/9 was the first and only McLaren F1 car to utilise Peugeot engines 

Background and design
Due to changes in Formula One regulations intended to return emphasis on driver skills, many technologies designed to aid the driver, such as active suspension, power-assisted brakes, ABS and traction control, which had featured on the previous season's car, were no longer permitted  Visually the car was otherwise very similar to the preceding MP4/8 
The MP4/9 was initially powered by the Peugeot A4 V10 engine which produced around 700 bhp (522 kW; 710 PS)  The engine proved unreliable and both Häkkinen and Brundle retired from the first two races with each suffering one engine failure  The 760 bhp (567 kW; 771 PS) A6 V10 was then introduced, and while it gave Häkkinen third place at San Marino and Brundle second at Monaco, the engine was generally regarded as a "hand grenade" due to frequent failures in testing, qualifying and races  It was not until Italy that Peugeot started to get reliability from the engine 

Second driver disputes
At the behest of Peugeot, the team's test driver was Frenchman Philippe Alliot  The French company preferred Alliot, who had been a lead driver with their World Sportscar team, over Brundle for the role of the second driver—something which infuriated McLaren team boss Ron Dennis, as he did not think much of Alliot's driving and clearly preferred Brundle; Alliot had been in F1 since 1984 and had a reputation for being fast but accident-prone  Brundle had also been racing Grands Prix since 1984 and, while fast, was also a much more steady driver  Alliot, whose only role in the team was as a test and reserve driver, only raced for the team as a one-off replacement for Häkkinen in Hungary, as the Finn was serving a one-race ban after being held responsible for a large accident on the first lap at the preceding German Grand Prix 

1994 season summary
By the standards of McLaren's recent cars the MP4/9 was a disappointment, failing to win any races (the first time McLaren had failed to win a race since 1980) and hampered by poor reliability and performance from its Peugeot engine (taken from the Peugeot 905 sports car that won Le Mans twice)  Early in the season, Ron Dennis had believed rivalry between the French manufacturer and compatriots Renault would lead to rapid development and performance  As the season progressed the engines suffered regular and frequently spectacular failures (including at the British Grand Prix where Brundle's engine erupted into flames within a second of the green flag), and causing the team to doubt Peugeot's commitment to the project  By late 1994 the team announced it had parted company with the engine supplier in favour of a long-term deal with Mercedes 
The MP4/9 was replaced in 1995 by the McLaren MP4/10 

Complete Formula One results
(key)
Passage 7:
McLaren MP4/11
The McLaren MP4/11 was the car with which the McLaren team competed in the 1996 Formula One World Championship  The chassis was designed by Neil Oatley, Steve Nichols, Matthew Jeffreys, David North, David Neilson, Paddy Lowe and Henri Durand, with Mario Illien designing the bespoke Ilmor engine  It was driven by Finn Mika Häkkinen, who was in his third full season with the team, and Briton David Coulthard, who moved from Williams 

Overview
Background
McLaren had endured a mostly disappointing season in 1995, with the MP4/10 beset by handling and reliability problems in the team's first year in partnership with Mercedes-Benz, although it did score two podiums and regular points  The second year of the arrangement was to be far more productive with both performance and reliability improved, but the team had yet to make the serious breakthrough necessary to challenge the "big three" of Williams, Ferrari and Benetton 

Pre-season testing
In pre-season testing, which took place at Estoril in February 1996 and Silverstone in March, four-times world champion Alain Prost was brought in as a technical advisor to test-drive the MP4/11 in Häkkinen's absence, who was still recovering from his near-fatal crash during qualifying for the 1995 Australian Grand Prix 

Racing history
The car's best result came in Monaco, with Coulthard finishing a close second to Olivier Panis' Ligier at the end of a chaotic race  However, Coulthard was outscored and generally outpaced by his teammate 
The car was developed throughout the season, with improvements initiated to eradicate an initial handling imbalance in time for Coulthard to lead the first 19 laps in San Marino   On the MP4/10, a small additional wing was mounted on the engine cover, but this was removed in mid-1995   The wing was brought back for the MP4/11 in Monaco, and was also used at Hungary   A "B" version of the chassis was developed for Silverstone, and Häkkinen responded with four podium finishes from then until the end of the season 
1996 was also notable for McLaren losing its long-term Marlboro sponsorship at the end of the season, but the team responded by recruiting rival German tobacco brand West, who had previously (1985–89) been the major sponsor of the small German Zakspeed team 
The team eventually finished fourth in the Constructors' Championship, with 49 points 

Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position)
Passage 8:
McLaren MP4/3
The McLaren MP4/3 was the car with which the McLaren team competed in the 1987 Formula One World Championship  The car was designed under the leadership of long-time McLaren engineer Steve Nichols, in collaboration with Neil Oatley, Gordon Kimball, Tim Wright and Bob Bell  It was also the last McLaren car to be powered by the TAG-Porsche turbo engine that had been introduced in 1983  The car was driven by double World Champion Alain Prost, in his fourth season with the team, and Stefan Johansson, who moved from Ferrari 

Design
The MP4/3's aerodynamics were completely different from the MP4/2, and the car appeared much more low-slung, to take advantage of the maximum fuel capacity limit of 195 litres, rather than the 220 litre limit in effect from 1984 to 1985  With addition of side-ducted radiators, the car's basic exterior shape was all-new and sleeker than its bulbous looking predecessor with the only visual reminder of the car being its nose section, though this too had been re-designed and was in fact lower and approximately 10% smaller  The suspension set up of the new car was virtually identical to the MP4/2C
To many, the MP4/3 seemed to have been designed along the lines of the lowline Brabham BT55 used by the Brabham team in 1986  Brabham's long time designer Gordon Murray had joined McLaren in 1987 as its new Technical Director taking over from Barnard and this led to the popular belief that he had played a major role in the design of the new look McLaren  However, team manager Jo Ramírez downplayed Murray's involvement in the design of the MP4/3, saying that the BT55's design had no bearing on the car and that Murray had primarily been in charge of quality control  However, Murray himself has since said that this car, and its successor the McLaren MP4/4, were designed using his original Brabham BT55 drawings as a base (as they were legally his, Murray had brought the BT55's drawings with him to McLaren)  The claim has since been disputed by engineering director Steve Nichols 

Engine
The engine was the same 1 5 litre, Porsche built, TAG funded and badged twin-turbo V6 engine that had so successfully powered the MP4/2, but with slight changes in compression and engine balancing, to cope with not only the new reduced fuel limit, but also with the FIA's mandated pop-off valve which restricted turbo boost to 4 0 bar after turbo charging was unrestricted prior to 1987 

Success
There were three wins in 1987 with the MP4/3 by Alain Prost at Grand Prix of Brazil, Belgium, and Portugal  Stefan Johansson managed a few podium places, but he would be replaced in 1988 by Ayrton Senna  McLaren still managed to finish 2nd overall, with 76 points, in the Constructor's Championship  The MP4/3 represented the pinnacle of the development of the McLaren TAG-Porsche partnership  The Porsche-TAG engine featured an updated Motronic 1 7 engine management system, and now produced 790 bhp (590 kW) in race trim and up to 850 bhp (630 kW) in qualifying 
Although a number of teams, notably Benetton with their Ford V6 turbo and Arrows with their 4 cyl Megatron turbo (formerly the BMW turbo), encountered problems with the pop-off valve during 1987 when it would often come in lower than the 4 0 bar limit thus giving less horsepower, McLaren got around this by generally setting their TAG's turbo limit at 3 6 bar in 1987  This also allowed McLaren the advantage of better fuel economy 
Even today the MP4/3 is still considered to be one of the most powerful F1 cars ever made, since turbo boost pressure would be further reduced to 2 5 bar in 1988, reducing the power output of the turbo engines to around 650 bhp (480 kW) in a bid to make the naturally aspirated cars more competitive  Turbocharged engines were then banned completely in 1989, so the turbo era in Formula One may remain possibly the high-water mark for horsepower levels in Formula 1 
The MP4/3 was also the car with which Prost won the 1987 Portuguese Grand Prix to become the driver with the most wins in Formula One history beating Jackie Stewart's record of 27 wins which had stood since Stewart retired at the end of 1973 
The MP4/3 was the last McLaren Grand Prix car to use the TAG-Porsche engine  Its successor, the highly successful MP4/4, would be powered by the Honda V6 turbo 

Chassis log history
Five new MP4/3 cars were moulded from carbon fibre with assistance from Hercules Aerospace, as since the creation of the all-new MP4/1 in 1981  The chassis numbers, 1 through 5, were used throughout the year, with three new cars ready for the first race in Brazil Two MP4/3s were destroyed during 1987, but three complete MP4/3s still exist: Chassis #4 is on display at the Donington Museum, chassis #5 is still owned by McLaren, and chassis #1, the only one in private hands, belongs to a Porsche collector in the United States and was auctioned on 9 March 2012 at Amelia Island, FL by Gooding & Company 
#1: Used as a spare car for every race except Österreichring  Stefan Johansson raced this chassis only once, at the aborted start (1st) at Österreichring 
#2: Raced by Johansson at Rio, Imola, Spa, Monaco, Detroit, Paul Ricard, Silverstone, Hockenheim, and Hungaroring  The car was written off in practice at Österreichring by Johansson, after a deer struck the car, and crashed 
#3: Raced by Alain Prost at Rio, Imola, Spa, Monaco, Detroit, and Paul Ricard  Car modified for Johansson for race use at Österreichring  It was originally a spare car at Mexico City, but then raced by Johansson, but written off in 1st-lap accident 
#4: New car for Prost to race at Silverstone, Hockenheim, Hungaroring, Österreichring, Monza, Estoril, Jerez, Mexico City, Suzuka, and Adelaide 
#5: New car for Johansson at Monza, Estoril, Jerez, Suzuka, and Adelaide 
The sixth car, known as the MP4/3B, was a test mule for the Honda turbo engine that would power McLaren's hopes for 1988  The MP4/3B never raced, but was tested by Prost, and later his 1988 teammate Ayrton Senna, until the all-new MP4/4 made its track debut at Imola a week before the start of the 1988 season (Prost lapped Imola over 2 seconds faster in the MP4/4 than he had in the MP4/3B  The MP4/4 would go on to be the most dominant single season car in F1 history, winning 15 of 1988's 16 races, as well as claiming pole in 15)  After finishing the role, the sixth car went to Argentina and is on display at the Juan Manuel Fangio Museum in Balcarce 

Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in italics indicate fastest lap)



ground_truth: Mika Häkkinen

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Jolyon James performed the role of Moonshadow in a musical by a composer of what nationality?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Appearing with his hair freshly shorn and an untrimmed beard, he headlined a charity concert on 22 November 1979 in Wembley Stadium to benefit UNICEF's International Year of the Child  The concert closed with his performance along with David Essex, Alun Davies, and Islam's brother, David Gordon, who wrote the finale song  "Child for a Day" After a brief engagement to Louise Wightman, Islam married Fauzia Mubarak Ali on 7 September 1979, at Regent's Park Mosque in London   They have one son, four daughters, and nine grandchildren; a second son died in infancy  They have a home in London while currently preferring to spend a major part of each year in Dubai 

Life as Yusuf Islam (1978–present)
Muslim faith and musical career
Following his conversion to Islam, Cat Stevens (now named Yusuf Islam), abandoned his musical career for nearly two decades  When he became a Muslim in 1977, the Imam at his mosque told him that it was fine to continue as a musician, as long as the songs were morally acceptable, but others were saying that "it was all prohibited", and he decided to avoid the question by ceasing to perform  He has said that there was "a combination of reasons, really", and that the continuing demands of the music business had been "becoming a chore, and not an inspiration anymore" In a 2004 interview on Larry King Live, he said "A lot of people would have loved me to keep singing  You come to a point where you have sung, more or less     your whole repertoire and you want to get down to the job of living  You know, up until that point, I hadn't had a life  I'd been searching, been on the road "Estimating in January 2007 that he was continuing to earn approximately US$1 5 million a year from his Cat Stevens music, he said he would use his accumulated wealth and ongoing earnings from his music career for philanthropic and educational causes in the Muslim community of London and elsewhere  In 1983, he founded the Islamia Primary School in Brondesbury Park, later moved to Salusbury Road, in the north London area of Queen's Park and, soon after, founded several Muslim secondary schools; in 1992, he set up The Association of Muslim Schools (AMS-UK), a charity that brought together all the Muslim schools in the UK  He is also the founder and chairman of the Small Kindness charity, which initially assisted famine victims in Africa and now supports thousands of orphans and families in the Balkans, Indonesia, and Iraq  He was chairman of the charity Muslim Aid from 1985 to 1993 

Salman Rushdie controversy
In 1989, following an address by Islam to students at London's Kingston Polytechnic (now Kingston University), where he was asked about the fatwa calling for the killing of Salman Rushdie, author of the novel The Satanic Verses, Islam made a series of comments that appeared to show support for the fatwa  He stated, "He (Rushdie) must be killed  The Qur'an makes it clear – if someone defames the prophet, then he must die " He released a statement the following day denying that he supported vigilantism and claiming that he had merely recounted the Islamic Sharia law punishment for blasphemy  Subsequently, he commented in a 1989 interview on Australian television that Rushdie should be killed and stated he would rather burn Rushdie instead of an effigy  In a statement in the FAQ section of one of his websites, Islam asserted that while he regretted the comments, he was joking and that the show was improperly edited  In the years since these comments he has repeatedly denied ever calling for the death of Rushdie or supporting the fatwa, a position contradicted by his contemporary public statements in 1989  Yusuf appearing on BBC's Desert Island Discs on 27 September 2020 claimed clever "sharp-toothed" journalists had framed his fatwa comment in a misleading way  In a 2007 letter to the editor of The Daily Telegraph, Rushdie complained of what he believed was Islam's attempts to "rewrite his past", and called his claims of innocence "rubbish"  On August 12, 2022, Salman Rushdie suffered a knife attack as he was about to give a public lecture at the Chautauqua Institution in Chautauqua, New York, United States  In response to the awful attack Yusuf tweeted "Saddened and shocked to learn about the horrific act on Salman Rushdie my wish is for us all to live in peace  May God grant him and every one else who has suffered from the manic pandemic of violence in this world, a full recovery  Peace" 

11 September attacks
Immediately following the September 11 attacks on the United States, he said:

I wish to express my heartfelt horror at the indiscriminate terrorist attacks committed against innocent people of the United States yesterday  While it is still not clear who carried out the attack, it must be stated that no right-thinking follower of Islam could possibly condone such an action  The Qur'an equates the murder of one innocent person with the murder of the whole of humanity  We pray for the families of all those who lost their lives in this unthinkable act of violence as well as all those injured; I hope to reflect the feelings of all Muslims and people around the world whose sympathies go out to the victims of this sorrowful moment 
He appeared on videotape on a VH1 pre-show for the October 2001 Concert for New York City, condemning the attacks and singing his song "Peace Train" for the first time in public in more than 20 years, as an a cappella version  He also donated a portion of his box-set royalties to the fund for victims' families and the rest to orphans in underdeveloped countries  During the same year, he dedicated time and effort in joining the Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism, an organisation that worked towards battling misconceptions and acts against others because of their religious beliefs or their racial identity (or both), after many Muslims reported a backlash against them due in part to the grief caused by the events in the United States on 11 September 

Denial of entry into the United States
On 21 September 2004, Islam was on a United Airlines flight from London to Washington, travelling to a meeting with US entertainer Dolly Parton, who had recorded "Peace Train" several years earlier and was planning to include another Cat Stevens song on an upcoming album  While the plane was in flight, his name was flagged as being on the No Fly List  Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers alerted the United States Transportation Security Administration, which then diverted his flight to Bangor, Maine, where he was detained by officers from the Department of Homeland Security The following day, he was denied entry and flown back to the United Kingdom  A spokesman for Homeland Security claimed there were "concerns of ties he may have to potential terrorist-related activities"  The Israeli government had deported Islam in 2000 over allegations that he provided funding to the Palestinian organisation Hamas, but he denied doing so knowingly  Islam stated "I have never knowingly supported or given money to Hamas"  "At the time I was reported to have done it, I didn't know such a group existed  Some people give a political interpretation to charity  We were horrified at how people were suffering in the Holy Land "However, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) added him to a "watch list" which provoked an international controversy and led the British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw to complain personally to the United States Secretary of State Colin Powell at the United Nations  Powell responded by stating that the watchlist was under review, adding, "I think we have that obligation to review these matters to see if we are right" Islam believed his inclusion on a "watch list" may have simply been an error: a mistaken identification of him for a man with the same name, but different spelling  On 1 October 2004 he requested the removal of his name, "I remain bewildered by the decision of the US authorities to refuse me entry to the United States"  According to his statement, the man on the list was named "Youssef Islam", indicating that Islam was not the suspected terrorism supporter  Romanisation of Arabic names can easily result in different spellings: the transliteration of Yusuf gives rise to a dozen spellings 
Two years later, in December 2006, Islam was admitted without incident into the United States for several radio concert performances and interviews to promote his new record  He said of the incident at the time, "No reason was ever given, but being asked to repeat the spelling of my name again and again, made me think it was a fairly simple mistake of identity  Rumours which circulated after made me imagine otherwise "Islam wrote a song about his 2004 exclusion from the US, entitled "Boots and Sand", recorded in 2008 and featuring Paul McCartney, Dolly Parton, and Terry Sylvester 

Libel cases
Lawsuit over News UK newspaper reports that he had supported terrorism
In October 2004, The Sun and The Sunday Times newspapers voiced their support for Yusuf's exclusion from the United States and claimed that he had supported terrorism  He sued for libel and received an out-of-court financial settlement from the newspapers, which both published apology statements saying that he had never supported terrorism and mentioning that he had recently been given a Man of Peace award from the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates  However The Sunday Times managing editor Richard Caseby said that while there was an "agreed settlement", they "always denied liability" and "disagreed with Cat Stevens' lawyers interpretation", but took a "pragmatic view" of the lawsuit Yusuf responded that he was "delighted by the settlement [which] helps vindicate my character and good name      It seems to be the easiest thing in the world these days to make scurrilous accusations against Muslims and, in my case, it directly impacts on my relief work and damages my reputation as an artist  The harm done is often difficult to repair", and added that he intended to donate the financial award given to him by the court to help orphans of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami  He wrote about the experience in a newspaper article entitled "A Cat in a Wild World" 

Lawsuit about allegations that he would not talk to unveiled women
On 18 July 2008, Islam received substantial undisclosed damages from the World Entertainment News Network following their publication of a story which claimed that the singer refused to speak to unveiled women  The allegations first surfaced in the German newspaper BZ after Islam's trip to Berlin in March 2007 to collect the Echo music award for "life achievements as musician and ambassador between cultures"  Once again he was awarded damages after the World Entertainment News Network allowed an article to be published on Contactmusic com alleging that he would not speak to unveiled women with the exception of his wife  His solicitor said "he was made out to be 'so sexist and bigoted that he refused at an awards ceremony to speak to or even acknowledge any women who were not wearing a veil'"  The news agency apologised and issued a statement saying that Islam has never had any problem in working with women and that he has never required a third party to function as an intermediary at work  The money from this lawsuit went to his Small Kindness Charity On his website, he discussed the false allegation, saying,

The accusation that I do not speak or interact with ladies who are not veiled is an absurdity     It's true that I have asked my manager to respectfully request that lady presenters refrain from embracing me when giving awards or during public appearances, but that has nothing to do with my feelings or respect for them  Islam simply requires me to honour the dignity of ladies or young girls who are not closely related to me, and avoid physical intimacy, however innocent it may be 
    My four daughters all follow the basic wearing of clothes which modestly cover their God-given beauty  They're extremely well educated; they do not cover their faces and interact perfectly well with friends and society 

Return to music
1990s–2006: as Yusuf Islam
Islam gradually resumed his musical career in the 1990s  These initial recordings did not include any musical instruments other than percussion, and they featured lyrics about Islamic themes, some in spoken word or hamd form  He invested in building his own recording studio which he named Mountain of Light Studios in the late 1990s, and he was featured as a guest singer on "God Is the Light", a song on an album of nasheeds by the group Raihan  In addition, he invited and collaborated with other Muslim singers, including Canadian artist Dawud Wharnsby  After Islam's friend, Irfan Ljubijankić, the Foreign Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was killed by a Serbian rocket attack, Islam appeared at a 1997 benefit concert in Sarajevo and recorded a benefit album named after a song written by Ljubijankić, I Have No Cannons That Roar Realising there were few educational resources designed to teach children about the Islamic religion, Islam wrote and produced a children's album, A Is for Allah, in 2000 with the assistance of South African singer-songwriter Zain Bhikha  The title song was one Islam had written years before to introduce his first child to both the religion and the Arabic alphabet  He also established his own record label, "Jamal Records", and Mountain of Light Productions, and he donates a percentage of his projects' proceeds to his Small Kindness charity, whose name is taken from the Qur'an On the occasion of the 2000 re-release of his Cat Stevens albums, at the urging of his label rep Sujata, Islam agreed to interviews with the media to tell his story and reconnect with his fans  Islam explained that he had stopped performing in English due to his misunderstanding of the Islamic faith  "This issue of music in Islam is not as cut-and-dried as I was led to believe     I relied on heresy,  that was perhaps my mistake " He also participated in the first documentary on his life for a two-part VH1 Behind the Music Islam has reflected that his decision to leave the Western pop music business was perhaps too quick with too little communication for his fans  For most it was a surprise, and even his long-time guitarist Alun Davies said in later interviews that he hadn't believed that his friend would actually go through with it after his many forays into other religions throughout their relationship  Islam himself has said the "cut" between his former life and his life as a Muslim might have been too quick, and too severe, and that more people might have been better informed about Islam, and given an opportunity to better understand it, and himself, if he had simply removed those items that were considered harām, in his performances, allowing him to express himself musically and educate listeners through his music without violating any religious constraints In 2003, after repeated encouragement from within the Muslim world, Islam once again recorded "Peace Train" for a compilation CD, which also included performances by David Bowie and Paul McCartney  He performed "Wild World" in Nelson Mandela's 46664 concert with his earlier collaborator, Peter Gabriel, the first time he had publicly performed in English in 25 years  In December 2004, he and Ronan Keating released a new version of "Father and Son": the song entered the charts at number two, behind Band Aid 20's  "Do They Know It's Christmas?" They also produced a video of the pair walking between photographs of fathers and sons, while singing the song  The proceeds of "Father and Son" were donated to the Band Aid charity  Keating's former group, Boyzone, had a hit with the song a decade earlier  As he had been persuaded before, Islam contributed to the song, because the proceeds were marked for charity 

On 21 April 2005, Islam gave a short talk before a scheduled musical performance in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, on the anniversary of the prophet Muhammad's birthday  He said: There is a great deal of ignorance in the world about Islam today, and we hope to communicate with the help of something more refined than lectures and talks  Our recordings are particularly appealing to the young, having used songs as well as Qur'an verses with pleasing sound effects    
Islam observed that there are no real guidelines about instruments and no references about the business of music in the Qur'an, and that Muslim travellers first brought the guitar to Moorish Spain  He noted that Muhammad was fond of celebrations, as in the case of the birth of a child, or a traveller arriving after a long journey  Thus, Islam concluded that healthy entertainment was acceptable within limitations, and that he now felt that it was no sin to perform with the guitar   Music, he now felt, is uplifting to the soul; something sorely needed in troubled times  At that point, he was joined by several young male singers who sang backing vocals and played a drum, with Islam as lead singer and guitarist  They performed two songs, both half in Arabic and half in English; "Tala'a Al-Badru Alayna", an old song in Arabic which Islam recorded with a folk sound to it, and another song, "The Wind East and West", which was newly written by Islam and featured a distinct R&B sound 
With this performance, Islam began slowly to integrate instruments into both older material from his Cat Stevens era (some with slight lyrical changes) and new songs, both those known to the Muslim communities around the world and some that have the same Western flair from before with a focus on new topics and another generation of listeners In a 2005 press release, he explained his revived recording career:

After I embraced Islam, many people told me to carry on composing and recording, but at the time I was hesitant, for fear that it might be for the wrong reasons  I felt unsure what the right course of action was  I guess it is only now, after all these years, that I've come to fully understand and appreciate what everyone has been asking of me  It's as if I've come full circle; however, I have gathered a lot of knowledge on the subject in the meantime 

In early 2005, Islam released a new song, entitled "Indian Ocean", about the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami disaster  The song featured Indian composer/producer A  R  Rahman, a-ha keyboard player Magne Furuholmen and Travis drummer Neil Primrose  Proceeds of the single went to help orphans in Banda Aceh, one of the areas worst affected by the tsunami, through Islam's Small Kindness charity  At first, the single was released only through several online music stores but later featured on the compilation album Cat Stevens: Gold  "I had to learn my faith and look after my family, and I had to make priorities  But now I've done it all and there's a little space for me to fill in the universe of music again "On 28 May 2005, Islam delivered a keynote speech and performed at the Adopt-A-Minefield Gala in Düsseldorf  The Adopt-A-Minefield charity, under the patronage of Paul McCartney, works internationally to raise awareness and funds to clear landmines and rehabilitate landmine survivors  Islam attended as part of an honorary committee which also included George Martin, Richard Branson, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Klaus Voormann, Christopher Lee and others In mid-2005, Islam played guitar for the Dolly Parton album Those Were the Days on her version of his "Where Do the Children Play?" (Parton had also covered "Peace Train" a few years earlier )
Islam has credited his then 21-year-old son Muhammad Islam, also a musician and artist, for his return to secular music, when the son brought a guitar back into the house, which Islam began playing  Muhammad's professional name is Yoriyos and his debut album was released in February 2007  Yoriyos created the art on Islam's album An Other Cup, something that Cat Stevens did for his own albums in the 1970s 
In May 2006, in anticipation of his forthcoming new pop album, the BBC1 programme Imagine aired a 49-minute documentary with Alan Yentob called Yusuf: The Artist formerly Known as Cat Stevens  This documentary film features rare audio and video clips from the late 1960s and 1970s, as well as an extensive interview with Islam, his brother David Gordon, several record executives, Bob Geldof, Dolly Parton, and others outlining his career as Cat Stevens, his conversion and emergence as Yusuf Islam, and his return to music in 2006  There are clips of him singing in the studio when he was recording An Other Cup as well as a few 2006 excerpts of him on guitar singing a few verses of Cat Stevens songs including "The Wind" and "On the Road to Find Out" In December 2006, Islam was one of the artists who performed at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo, Norway, in honour of the prize winners, Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank  He performed the songs "Midday (Avoid City After Dark)", "Peace Train", and "Heaven/Where True Love Goes"  He also gave a concert in New York City that month as a Jazz at Lincoln Center event, recorded and broadcast by KCRW-FM radio, along with an interview by Nic Harcourt  Accompanying him, as in the Cat Stevens days, was Alun Davies, on guitar and vocals 

2006–2017: as Yusuf
2006–2008: An Other Cup and appearances
In March 2006, Islam finished recording his first all-new pop album since 1978  The album, An Other Cup, was released internationally in November 2006 on his own label, Ya Records (distributed by Polydor Records in the UK, and internationally by Atlantic Records)—the 40th anniversary of his first album, Matthew and Son  An accompanying single, called "Heaven/Where True Love Goes", was also released  The album was produced with Rick Nowels, who has worked with Dido and Rod Stewart  The performer is noted as "Yusuf", with a cover label identifying him as "the artist formerly known as Cat Stevens"  The art on the album is credited to Yoriyos  Islam wrote all of the songs except "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood", and recorded it in the United States and the United Kingdom Islam actively promoted this album, appearing on radio, television and in print interviews  In November 2006, he told the BBC, "It's me, so it's going to sound like that of course     This is the real thing     When my son brought the guitar back into the house, you know, that was the turning point  It opened a flood of, of new ideas and music which I think a lot of people would connect with " Originally, he began to return only to his acoustic guitar as he had in the past, but his son encouraged him to "experiment", which resulted in the purchase of a Stevie Ray Vaughan Fender Stratocaster in 2007 
Also in November 2006, Billboard magazine was curious as to why the artist is credited as just his first name, "Yusuf" rather than "Yusuf Islam"  His response was "Because 'Islam' doesn't have to be sloganised  The second name is like the official tag, but you call a friend by their first name  It's more intimate, and to me that's the message of this record " As for why the album sleeve says "the artist formerly known as Cat Stevens", he responded, "That's the tag with which most people are familiar; for recognition purposes I'm not averse to that  For a lot of people, it reminds them of something they want to hold on to  That name is part of my history and a lot of the things I dreamt about as Cat Stevens have come true as Yusuf Islam "Islam was asked by the Swiss periodical Das Magazin why the title of the album was An Other Cup, rather than "Another Cup"  The answer was that his breakthrough album, Tea for the Tillerman in 1970, was decorated with Islam's painting of a peasant sitting down to a cup of steaming drink on the land  He commented that the two worlds "then, and now, are very different"  His new album shows a steaming cup alone on this cover  His answer was that this was actually an other cup; something different; a bridge between the East and West, which he explained was his own perceived role  He added that, through him, "Westerners might get a glimpse of the East, and Easterners, some understanding of the West  The cup, too, is important; it's a meeting place, a thing meant to be shared "On CBS Sunday Morning in December 2006, he said, "You know, the cup is there to be filled     with whatever you want to fill it with  For those people looking for Cat Stevens, they'll probably find him in this record  If you want to find [Yusuf] Islam, go a bit deeper, you'll find him " He has since described the album as being "over-produced" and refers to An Other Cup as being a necessary hurdle he had to overcome before he could release his new album, Roadsinger In April 2007, BBC1 broadcast a concert given at the Porchester Hall by Islam as part of BBC Sessions, his first live performance in London in 28 years (the previous one being the UNICEF "Year of the Child" concert in 1979)  He played several new songs along with some old ones like "Father and Son", "The Wind", "Where Do the Children Play?", "Don't Be Shy", "Wild World", and "Peace Train" In July 2007, he performed at a concert in Bochum, Germany, in benefit of Archbishop Desmond Tutu's Peace Centre in South Africa and the Milagro Foundation of Deborah and Carlos Santana  The audience included Nobel Laureates Mikhail Gorbachev, Desmond Tutu and other prominent global figures  He later appeared as the final act in the German leg of Live Earth in Hamburg performing some classic Cat Stevens songs and more recent compositions reflecting his concern for peace and child welfare  His set included Stevie Wonder's "Saturn", "Peace Train", "Where Do the Children Play?", "Ruins", and "Wild World"  He performed at the Peace One Day concert at the Royal Albert Hall on 21 September 2007 
In 2008 Islam contributed the song "Edge of Existence" to the charity album Songs for Survival, in support of the indigenous rights organisation Survival International 

2009–2014: Roadsinger, "My People" and tours
In January 2009, Yusuf released a single in aid of children in Gaza, a rendition of the George Harrison song, "The Day the World Gets Round", along with the German bassist Klaus Voormann, who had formerly collaborated with The Beatles  To promote the new single, Voormann redesigned his famous Beatles Revolver album cover, drawing a picture of a young Cat Stevens along with himself and Harrison  Proceeds from the single were donated to charities and organisations including UNESCO, UNRWA, and the nonprofit group Save the Children, with the funds earmarked for Gaza children  Israeli Consul David Saranga criticised Yusuf for not dedicating the song to all of the children who are victims of the conflict, including Israeli children On 5 May 2009, Yusuf released Roadsinger, a new pop album recorded in 2008  The lead track, "Thinking 'Bout You", received its debut radio play on a BBC programme on 23 March 2009  Unlike An Other Cup, he promoted the new album with appearances on American television as well as in the UK  He appeared on The Chris Isaak Hour on the A&E network in April 2009, performing live versions of his new songs, "World O'Darkness", "Boots and Sand", and "Roadsinger"  On 13 May he appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in Los Angeles, and on 14 May, on The Colbert Report in New York City, performing the title song from the Roadsinger album  On 15 May, he appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, performing "Boots and Sand" and "Father and Son"  On 24 May he appeared on the BBC's The Andrew Marr Show, where he was interviewed and performed the title track of Roadsinger  On 15 August, he was one of many guests at Fairport Convention's annual Fairport's Cropredy Convention where he performed five songs accompanied by Alun Davies, with Fairport Convention as his backing band A world tour was announced on his web site to promote the new album  He was scheduled to perform at an invitation-only concert at New York City's Highline Ballroom on 3 May 2009 and to go on to Los Angeles, Chicago and Toronto, as well as some to-be-announced European venues  However, the New York appearance was postponed due to issues regarding his work visa  He appeared in May 2009 at Island Records' 50th Anniversary concert in London  In November and December 2009, Yusuf undertook his "Guess I'll Take My Time Tour" which also showcased his musical play Moonshadow  The tour took him to Dublin, where he had a mixed reception; subsequently he was well received in Birmingham and Liverpool, culminating in an emotional performance at the Royal Albert Hall in London  In June 2010 he toured Australia for the first time in 36 years, and New Zealand for the first time ever 
On 30 October 2010, Yusuf appeared at Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert's spoof Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear in Washington, DC, singing alongside Ozzy Osbourne  Yusuf performed "Peace Train" and Ozzy performed "Crazy Train" at the same time, followed by The O'Jays performance of "Love Train" On 2 March 2011, Yusuf released his latest song, "My People", as a free download available through his official website, as well as numerous other online outlets  Said to have been recorded at a studio located within a hundred yards of the site of the Berlin Wall, the song is inspired by a series of popular uprisings in the Arab world, known as the Arab Spring On 1 April 2011, he launched a new tour website (yusufinconcert com) to commemorate his first European tour in over 36 years scheduled from 7 May to 2 June 2011  The ten-date tour visited Germany, France, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium and cities such as Stockholm, Hamburg, Oberhausen, Berlin, Munich, Rotterdam, Paris, Mannheim, Vienna and Brussels In May 2012, Moonshadow, a new musical featuring music from throughout his career opened at the Princess Theatre in Melbourne, Australia  The show received mixed reviews and closed four weeks early In October 2013, Yusuf was nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for his work under the Cat Stevens name (this was his second nomination – the first being an unsuccessful nomination in 2005)  He was selected and was inducted by Art Garfunkel in April 2014 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York, where he performed "Father and Son", "Wild World", and "Peace Train"  A record of his travel from Dubai to New York is captured in an episode of the National Geographic Channel television show Ultimate Airport Dubai (season 2, episode 6), first aired in China on 17 January 2015  In this episode he talks about his difficulty in entering the US 

2014–2017: Tell 'Em I'm Gone, "He Was Alone" and tours
On 15 September 2014, Yusuf announced the forthcoming release on 27 October 2014 of his new studio album, Tell 'Em I'm Gone, and two short tours: a November 2014 (9-date) Europe tour and a December 2014 (6-date) North America tour, the latter being his first one since 1976  On 4 December 2014, he played to his first public US audience since the 1970s at the Tower Theater in Philadelphia Yusuf performed two shows in early 2015: on 27 February at the Viña del Mar Festival, Quinta Vergara, Viña del Mar, Chile and on 22 April at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff Bay, area of Cardiff, Wales 
On 1 June 2016, Yusuf shared a new song called "He Was Alone" and its corresponding video  Part of his newly launched fundraising campaign for child refugees, #YouAreNotAlone, the song was inspired by a trip to southern Turkey's camps for Syrian refugees   He performed the song live for the first time in a special charity concert, his first show in more than a year, on 14 June 2016 at the Westminster Central Hall in London On 26 July 2016, Yusuf announced he would be part of the Global Citizen Festival  held on 24 September 2016 in Central Park, New York, New York On 9 August 2016, Yusuf announced "A Cat's Attic Tour", his second North American tour since 1978, beginning on 12 September 2016 at the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts in Toronto and ending on 7 October 2016 at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles  The string of 12 dates roughly coincides with the 50th anniversary of his first single, I Love My Dog, and would "feature a limited run of stripped down, introspective performances " The tour included three shows in New York City (two shows at the Beacon Theatre and one show in Central Park at the Global Citizen Festival), his first shows in New York City since 1976  In keeping with his spirit of humanitarianism, he would be donating a portion of the revenue from each ticket sale towards his charity Small Kindness, as well as UNICEF and the International Rescue Committee in an effort to assist children affected by the current Syrian refugee crisis  The tour continued in the UK with shows in Manchester, Glasgow, Newcastle and London  The London show took place at the Shaftesbury Theatre, only a block away from where he grew up 

2017–present: as Yusuf / Cat Stevens, The Laughing Apple, TT2
On 15 September 2017, he released his fifteenth studio album, The Laughing Apple  The album is credited to "Yusuf / Cat Stevens" and is his first record under the Cat Stevens name since Back to Earth in 1978  The album earned him his first nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Folk Album  In July 2018, Yusuf signed with BMG Rights Management, which will publish his songwriting credits worldwide and distribute nine of his studio albums  On 29 March 2019, Yusuf performed in Christchurch, New Zealand, at the National Remembrance Service for victims of the Christchurch mosque shootings On 3 March 2020, Yusuf played the Music for the Marsden benefit concert at the O2 Arena in London  On 28 May 2020, Yusuf announced his next album, Tea for the Tillerman 2, and it was released on 18 September 2020, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the original LP  Known as TT2, Tea for the Tillerman 2 is a re-imagining and re-recording of the songs from the earlier album, with updated interpretations and arrangements  On 25 September 2020, Yusuf was the guest on the BBC's Desert Island Discs  Yusuf is one of a small number of guests that have chosen their own music as a desert island choice, however he picked the Stevie Wonder Motown hit 'As' for his favoured choice in front of his own recording, if only one could be saved 
Teaming up with Playing for Change, in 2021 Yusuf / Cat Stevens recorded a new version of "Peace Train" with over 25 musicians from 12 countries 

2023: Yusuf / Cat Stevens - European Tour and King of a Land
In June 2023, Yusuf / Cat Stevens performed shows in Berlin, Hamburg, Rome, Marbella and made his first ever appearance at Glastonbury Festival On 16 June 2023, Yusuf/Cat Stevens released King of a Land, a new studio album with children's music and religious music influences, 
On the 25th June 2023, Yusuf played the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury, including covering iconic Beatles hits and his Teacup album memories 

Awards
Humanitarian awards
2003: World Award (also known as the "World Social Award"), an award organised by Mikhail Gorbachev, for "humanitarian relief work helping children and victims of war" 
2004: Man of Peace Award of the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates (an award organisation founded by Mikhail Gorbachev) for his "dedication to promote peace, the reconciliation of people and to condemn terrorism" 
2009: Honorary Award of the German Sustainability Award
2015: Global Islamic Economy Awards for contributions toward peace through the Arts
2015: Steiger Award honoured in the category "International" for his commitment to charitable projects

Honorary degrees
2005: Honorary doctorate by the University of Gloucestershire for services to education and humanitarian relief 
2007: Honorary doctorate (LLD) by the University of Exeter, in recognition of "his humanitarian work and improving understanding between Islamic and Western cultures" 

Music awards and recognitions
2019: Inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame
2017: Grammy Award nomination for Best Folk Album
2015: Lifetime Achievement Award at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards
2014: Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
2008: Nomination (unsuccessful) for Songwriters Hall of Fame
2007: The Mediterranean Art and Creativity Award by the Fondazione Mediterraneo 
2007: Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Song Collection from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) 
2007: ECHO "Special Award for Life Achievements as a Musician and Ambassador Between Cultures"
2006: ASCAP Songwriter of the Year for "The First Cut Is the Deepest" (second time)
2006: Ranked 49th in Paste's "100 Best Living Songwriters"
2005: ASCAP Songwriter of the Year and Song of the Year for "The First Cut Is the Deepest"

Discography
As Cat Stevens1967: Matthew and Son
1967: New Masters
1970: Mona Bone Jakon
1970: Tea for the Tillerman
1971: Teaser and the Firecat
1972: Catch Bull at Four
1973: Foreigner
1974: Buddha and the Chocolate Box
1975: Numbers
1977: Izitso
1978: Back to EarthAs Yusuf Islam1995: The Life of the Last Prophet
1999: Prayers of the Last Prophet
2000: A Is for Allah
2001: Bismillah
2002: In Praise of the Last Prophet
2003: I Look I See
2008: I Look, I See 2
2014: The Story of Adam and CreationAs Yusuf2006: An Other Cup
2009: Roadsinger
2014: Tell 'Em I'm GoneAs Yusuf / Cat Stevens2017: The Laughing Apple
2020: Tea for the Tillerman 2
2023: King of a Land

Books
The Life of The Last Prophet, 1996  London: Mountain of Light  ISBN 1-900675-00-5 
Prayers of The Last Prophet, 1998/2000  London: Mountain of Light  ISBN 1-900675-05-6 
Why I Still Carry A Guitar: My Spiritual Journey from Cat Stevens to Yusuf, 2014  London: HarperCollins  ISBN 978-0-06-240623-1 

See also
List of peace activists
List of best-selling music artists
List of converts to Islam
Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time

Notes and references
Notes
Passage 5:
London 03 06 17
London 03 06 17 (alternatively titled London 03 06 17 [field day]) is an extended play by English electronic musician Richard D  James, released under the pseudonym AFX on 3 June 2017 on Warp  The EP was made available for sale in unknown limited numbers at the Field Day festival on the same day that Richard D  James performed there  The record sold out soon after its announcement  The EP was released with extra tracks on James' Bleep Store on 20 July 2017 

Track listing



ground_truth: British