prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which filmmaker was known for animation, Lev Yilmaz or Pamela B. Green?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Pamela B  Green
Pamela B  Green is a two-time Emmy-nominated, award-winning American film director and producer known for her work in feature film titles and motion graphics  She is the director, writer, editor and producer of the documentary Be Natural: The Untold Story of Alice Guy-Blaché  In 2020, she was awarded the Jane Mercer Researcher of the Year award at the FOCAL International awards for her work on Be Natural 

PIC Collective
In 2005, Green co-founded PIC Collective, an audiovisual communications studio focused on entertainment and motion design  PIC Collective designs and produces content for motion pictures, television, and commercials, and has done main title sequences for over 100 feature films and for every major Hollywood studio  Since PIC Collective's founding, Green has creative-directed and produced main titles and marketing campaigns for The Kingdom, Twilight, The Cabin in the Woods, The Muppets, 42, and numerous others, as well as TV show packages for the Academy Awards, the Billboard Awards, the Critics’ Choice Awards, and the mini-documentary sequences for VH1ʼs Soul Divas: History of Soul Music The title sequence for The Kingdom was honored with a place on the Independent Film Channel's list “The 50 Greatest Opening Title Sequences of All Time”  PIC Collective was also awarded a 2013 Key Art Award in Audio/Visual Technique for the titles of The Wolverine On November 21, 2019, PIC Collective won Silver for a Clio Award in the category best Audio Visual Technique in Motion Graphics 

Be Natural
In 2012, Green began working on Be Natural: The Untold Story of Alice Guy-Blaché, a feature-length documentary about the first female film director  Green produced, directed, wrote and edited the documentary with executive producer Robert Redford  In 2013, Green and her team raised over $200,000 via Kickstarter to further fund the documentary   
In addition, Green was a recipient of the Sundance Institute Documentary Fund  The film premiered in the Official Selection of Cannes Classics 2018 and then had its North American premiere at the Telluride Film Festival, followed by the Deauville American Film Festival, New York Film Festival, and the BFI London film Festival  It was acquired by Zeitgeist Films in association with Kino Lorber and was released in theaters in April 2019  The film was well-received by most critics, with Deadline's Pete Hammond calling it "the Best Film In Cannes" and Katie Walsh for the Los Angeles Times calling it "illuminating"  Be Natural was nominated by the Critics Choice Documentary Awards in the  Best First Documentary Category  Be Natural was recently awarded Best Documentary at the 2020 Vancouver International Women in Film Festival  On November 17, 2019, after a screening of the film at the Barrymore Film Center, the Fort Lee Film Commission awarded director Pamela B  Green with the Barrymore Film Center Alice Guy-Blaché Award and narrator Jodie Foster with the Barrymore Film Center Award 
Be Natural was nominated for five awards at the 2020 FOCAL International Awards and took home the prize for Best Use of Footage in a Cinematic Feature and the Jane Mercer Researcher of the Year Award 
In December, the film was named one of the 50 Best Films of 2020 in the UK by The Guardian  
Later in December, the film was named one of the 10 Best Documentaries in Peter Bradshaw's film picks of 2020 In 2021, Be Natural was nominated for a Peabody Award 

Legwork Collective
In 2018, Green founded Legwork Collective, a media company that focuses on telling inspiring and moving scripted and unscripted stories that bring overlooked figures to the forefront via film, television, and audio In 2020, Legwork Collective received a grant from The Redford Center to direct a nonpartisan Public Service Announcement encouraging young people to Take Action and Vote!

Filmmaker
Green directed the 2008 short Compact Only, which was nominated for Best Short at the Milan International Film Festival, for the Audience Award in the Fresno Film Festival, Best Short at the Beverly Hills Shorts Festival, and for the Best Short at The Int'l Fest of Cinema and Technology  The film won Best Short at the Tallahassee Film Festival, Best Short at the Treasure Coast International Film Festival, Accolade Film Award Winner, Best Comedy Short at the Gone With the Film Festival, Winner Aloha Accolade Award Honolulu, and much more 
Green was a co-producer on the 2010 documentary Bhutto about the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto 
In 2011, Green directed the music video for The Click Five's song “Don’t Let Me Go”, which was created in partnership with MTV EXIT and featured a message to raise awareness about human trafficking 
In 2012, Green directed a commercial for Super-Max Razors which starred actor Gerard Butler In 2012, Bhutto was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Continuing Coverage of a News Story – Long Form In 2014, Green was included in Saul Bass's book Anatomy of Film Design, listing her as being part of a "wholly digitally trained generation of title designers "In 2014, Green was selected to serve as a juror for Excellence in Title Design category at the 2014 South by Southwest Film Festival In 2016, Green directed an Audi commercial 
In 2016, Green was selected to serve as a judge for The Motion Awards for motionographer com In 2018, Green's documentary Be Natural: The Untold Story of Alice Guy-Blaché premiered at Cannes 
In 2020, Green directed the nonpartisan PSA, Take Action and Vote! for the Redford Center In 2021, Green's documentary Be Natural: The Untold Story of Alice Guy-Blaché was nominated for a Peabody In 2021, Be Natural was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Research:Documentary Green is currently working with co-writer Joan Simon and co-producer Cosima Littlewood on a feature biopic script about the mother of cinema, Alice Guy-Blaché, which will feature new material not seen in the documentary Be Natural Green has also developed Aces Never Sleep, a female-driven detective series, with Jamie Wolf's Foothill Productions and former CAA agent John Ptak, and they are in talks with different financiers  The series takes place during a pandemic, social unrest, economic crisis, racism and a polarized America   Kate Warn and her team of lady operatives are behind the true origins of the Pinkerton Detective Agency, founded by fervent abolitionist Allan Pinkerton  Historical figures appear throughout the series, including Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln, notably when the agency's most valued Ace Kate Warn and fellow detectives thwart an assassination attempt on the President-Elect 

Awards and accolades
Selected filmography
See also
Alice Guy-Blaché
Passage 2:
Anani ben Sason
Rabbi Anani ben Sason (Hebrew: רבי ענני בר ששון; also called 'Anani, 'Inani, and 'Inyani) was a Jewish Talmudist who lived in the Land of Israel in the third century (third generation of amoraim) 

Teachings
He was a contemporary of Rabbi Ammi  He rarely discussed Halakhot, and his discussions of them were not original  Once he recited a Halakhah in the patriarch's mansion, without naming its author, which provoked Ammi to ask: "Is it his own? It is what Rabbi Eleazar had reported in the name of Rabbi Oshaiah" In aggadah, he sometimes reported the sayings of others, but more often he was original  Thus, to explain the juxtaposition of the laws of sacrifice and priestly vestments, he argues that the priestly vestments were to provide atonement just as the sacrifices do  He represents the miter as atoning for haughtiness, and cites R  Chanina as saying, "That which rests highest on the priest atones for one's considering himself high"; and similarly with the rest of the priestly garments Referring to God's appearance in the burning bush he remarks, "The Holy One—blessed be He!—said to Moses, 'When I will it, one of my angels stretches forth his hand from heaven and reaches to the ground,' as Scripture says, 'He put forth the form of a hand, and took me by a lock of my head'; and when it so pleases me, I make three angels sit under one tree; when I choose, my glory fills the universe, as it is written, 'Do I not fill heaven and earth? says the Lord'; and when I so willed, I spoke to Job in a whirlwind, as it is said "The Lord answered Job out of the whirlwind"" The same idea, though in different form, is found elsewhere in the name of R  Chanina b  Issi (Sissi)  As the name of the subject of this article is sometimes written 'Inani and also 'Inyani—which forms are dialectic variations of Chanina, though with the initial aleph instead of ayin—the circumstance probably suggested the identity of the two names  But this identification meets with insuperable chronological difficulties, Chanina b  Sissi being a contemporary of Johanan, while 'Anani was younger even than Johanan's pupils 
Isaac Reichlin aptly suggests that Anani's real name was Ananiel, as it is still preserved in Exodus Rabbah 3:7, and that its apocopated form was adopted to avoid the mention of the name "El" (God) in common speech 
Passage 3:
Lev Yilmaz
Levni Yilmaz (born 1973) is an American independent film maker, artist and publisher, best known for his "Tales of Mere Existence" animated comic series  He is based in San Francisco 

Early life
Yilmaz was born in Boston, Massachusetts to parents Karen Carlson and physicist Hüseyin Yılmaz (the author of the Yilmaz theory of gravitation)  He is of Turkish and Swedish descent He attended art school in Boston before he moved to San Francisco in 1998 

Tales of Mere Existence
The "Tales of Mere Existence" series began in 2002 as a series of animated comics that were shown at film festivals 
Each video in the "Tales of Mere Existence" series shows a series of static cartoons, which appear gradually as if being drawn by an invisible hand   Yilmaz' technique is inspired by the French documentary The Mystery of Picasso (1956), which similarly shows Picasso's paintings appearing from the other side 
Yilmaz writes, draws, films, edits, and narrates all of the "Tales of Mere Existence" videos  He often recounts personal anecdotes and observations and discusses his views on interpersonal relationships, society and human behavior  His videos are told from a rather pessimistic viewpoint and  tend to have a sarcastic undertone 
In 2003, Yilmaz began to sell DVDs that contained some of his short comic films  Along with the DVD came the first print version of the "Tales of Mere Existence" book  Over the next six years, Yilmaz published three more books, as his fan base grew to thousands  His first official book, Sunny Side Down, was published by Simon & Schuster in 2009 

Popularity
In recent years Yilmaz gained a large fan base with millions of followers around his animated comics on YouTube  He uses this online popularity to promote his books and DVDs, which are sold from his personal website  
Yilmaz has made appearances in New York for events such as Rooftop Film Festival, performing live readings from his books 
In October 2010, his comic God was featured on Franco-German TV Network arte  In December 2010 A Few of My High School Teachers  aired on Showtime 

Publications
Tales of Mere ExistenceTales of Mere Existence I (2003)
Tales of Mere Existence II (2004)
The 7 Habits of Highly Negative People (2006)
Sunny Side Down (2009)
The Doom Room (2013)
Passage 4:
AES+F
AES+F is a collective of four Russian artists: Tatiana Arzamasova (born 1955), Lev Evzovich (born 1958), Evgeny Svyatsky (born 1957), and Vladimir Fridkes (born 1956)  It was first formed as AES Group in 1987 by Arzamasova, Evzovich, and Svyatsky, becoming AES+F when Fridkes joined in 1995  The collective works in photography, video, installation, and animation, as well as more traditional media, such as painting, drawing, and sculpture  AES+F's early work included performance, installation, painting, and illustration  Well known for their monumental video-art installations that Gareth Harris describes as "monumental painting set in motion", AES+F create grand visual narratives that explore contemporary global values, vices and conflicts 

Members
Tatiana Arzamasova
Tatiana Arzamasova was born in 1955 in Moscow, where she graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute (MArchI) – State Academy in 1978  Prior to founding AES Group, Arzamasova was a conceptual architect  She participated in conceptual architecture exhibitions in London, Paris, and Venice 

Lev Evzovich
Evzovich was born in 1958 in Moscow, where he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute (MARCHI) – State Academy in 1982  Prior to founding AES Group, Evzovich also worked in conceptual architecture  He participated in conceptual architecture exhibitions in Milan, Frankfurt-on-Main, and Paris  He also worked as an art director in film 

Evgeny Svyatsky
Evgeny Svyatsky was born in 1957 in Moscow, where he graduated from the Moscow University of Print Design in 1980  Prior to founding AES Group, Svyatsky worked in book illustration, advertising, and graphic design  He also worked as the creative director for publishing houses in Moscow 

Vladimir Fridkes
Vladimir Fridkes was born in Moscow in 1956, where he worked as a fashion photographer prior to joining the collective  His work was published in many leading fashion magazines: VOGUE, Harper's Bazaar, ELLE, Marie Claire, Cosmopolitan and the Sunday Times Style 

Career
AES+F began their career as AES Group, with Arzamasova, Evzovich, and Svyatsky forming the group in 1987  The collective exhibited internationally for the first time in 1989 with a solo show at Howard Yezerski Gallery in Boston, and a performance at the Carpenter Center at Harvard University in Cambridge  The group expanded with the addition of the photographer Vladimir Fridkes in 1995 and subsequently changed its name to AES+F  
The collective achieved wider recognition in the Russian Pavilion at the 52nd Biennale di Venezia in 2007 with Last Riot (2007), the first in a trilogy of large-scale, multi-channel video installations  The second of the series, The Feast of Trimalchio (2009), appeared in Venice in 2009, and the third, Allegoria Sacra (2011), debuted at the 4th Moscow Biennale in 2011  Together, all three projects premiered as The Liminal Space Trilogy in September 2012 at the Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin, and the Moscow Manege, the central exhibition hall of the artists’ home city  The Trilogy was shown in the Museum of Fine Arts in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland (June–September 2014)  Most recently all three videos were shown at Albright–Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY (June–September 2015) AES+F have exhibited at numerous international festivals: (namely the biennales of Venice, Lyon, Sydney, Gwangju, Moscow, Gothenburg, Havana, Tirana, Istanbul, Bratislava, Seoul etc ), ARS-06 (KIASMA, Helsinki)  Their works appear in some of the world's most important collections, such as Moderna Museet (Stockholm), Musée de l'Elysée (Lausanne), MOCAK (Kraków), Sammlung Goetz (Munich), ZKM (Karlsruhe), Maison européenne de la photographie (Paris), Art Gallery of South Australia (Adelaide), and the Museum of Old and New Art (Tasmania), Centro de Arte Dos de Mayo (Madrid), Centre Georges Pompidou (Paris), and the Louis Vuitton Foundation (Paris)  Their work is represented in some of Russia's principal national museums, such as Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow), Russian Museum (St  Petersburg), and the Multimedia Art Museum (Moscow) AES+F's project Inverso Mundus was presented at the 56th Venice Biennale as a collateral event at the Magazzini del Sale and later presented at COME ALIVE (Niet Normaal INT) in Het Nieuwe Muntgebouw, Utrecht, The Netherlands On 22 April 2022, they publicly denounced the Russian invasion of Ukraine, declaring "The Putin regime continues to commit war crimes, destroying Ukrainian cities, killing thousands of people, depriving millions of their homes, families and futures"  They thus called for people to donate to NGO charities helping war refugees 

Works
Islamic Project (1996-2003)
Islamic Project began in 1996 as a performance and public intervention  AES+F created the "AES Travel Agency to the Future," an imitation of a travel office with subversive materials - souvenirs from a future in which the influence of Islam has been superimposed upon all of Western culture in the form of architectural and cultural transformations  In one of the images, the artists transformed the Statue of Liberty to show her in a Burka, holding a Quran; in another, they prophetically depict the New York skyline absent of the Twin Towers  The project has been met with attempts to censor certain imagery when it was shown in the New Art Gallery in Walsall, United Kingdom in 2006 In 2000, AES+F created another installation in the form of a Bedouin tent titled "Oasis", consisting of a series of traditional carpets, each with imagery from the Islamic Project printed on silk in the center " Oasis was first exhibited at the La Caixa Foundation in Barcelona, Spain 

King of the Forest (2001-2003)
The King of the Forest is a trilogy of projects inspired by Erlkönig, the Ogre - a mythological creature of medieval Europe and also the subject of an eponymous novel by Michele Tournier  The King of the Forest stole beautiful children from nearby villages and kept them in his palace  According to AES+F, this series of projects concerns itself with the theft of youth by mass media culture - a contemporary analogue to the medieval Ogre In AES+F's King of the Forest, the artists created three videos on different continents - Le Roi des Aulnes in St  Petersburg, More than Paradise in Cairo, and KFNY in New York  The first in the series, Le Roi des Aulnes, was shot at Catherine the Great's palace in Tsarskoye Selo  The second, More than Paradise, was shot at the Mosque of Muhammad Ali  The final project in the series, KFNY, was shot on Military Island in Times Square 

The Liminal Space Trilogy
The Liminal Space Trilogy attempts to analyze the 21st century from the perspective of a centuries-old art-historical tradition of depicting Hell, Heaven, and Purgatory  The trilogy is presented as three projects consisting of video installations, prints, drawings, paintings, and sculptures  It is set respectively in a video game landscape, an exotic luxury resort, and a futuristic airport, each of which is depicted as a unique surrealistic fantasy that explores contemporary themes 

Last Riot (2005-2007)
The project consists of an HD video installation (3- and 1-channel versions), series of stills from the video, series of pictures, series of drawings, series of sculptures
Last Riot premiered at the Russian pavilion at the Venice Biennale in 2007  The work depicts an imagined future digitally manipulated where snow-capped mountains sit next to desolate beaches, neon dragons rest atop oil platforms, planes collide without flames, and a band of attractive teens with completely ambiguous and detached facial expressions are engaged in ritualistic battle with one another and with themselves Conceived as a reflection of the 21st century, Last Riot raises questions regarding Western values, and reflects contemporary Western mythology without passing judgment  The visual ethos of Last Riot is rife with allusions to art history, from Caravaggio and Baroque painting, to Romanticism, combined with contemporary visual culture in the form of advertising, film, and video games, and traversing the aesthetic line between beauty and ugliness 

The Feast of Trimalchio (2009-2010)
The second project in the Liminal Space Trilogy, The Feast of Trimalchio, is titled as such in reference to the epic "Satyricon" by Gaius Petronius Arbiter, namely, the Cena Trimalchionis, which describes the life of a wealthy former slave who hosts gluttonous and orgiastic feasts  In AES+F's The Feast of Trimalchio, an imaginary island with an absurdly luxurious resort-hotel, which is a de-personification of Petronius' Trimalchio, serves as a "temporary paradise" that guests pay to enter   The guests of the hotel indulge in all of the contemporary pleasures perpetuated in advertisements of resort getaways, from leisurely fitness to "body purification," while the viewer sees any notion of social hierarchy dissipate as the masters begin to court the servants, acting out their fantasies of a Roman Saturnalia The project consists of an HD video installation (9-, 3-, and 1-channel versions), series of pictures, series of stills from the video, series of portfolios with photographs and drawings 

Allegoria Sacra (2011-2013)
The project consists of an HD video installation (5-, 3-, and 1-channel versions), series of pictures, series of stills from the video 
Allegoria Sacra is the final part of the Liminal Space Trilogy  Named after Giovanni Bellini's eponymous painting which hangs in the Uffizi Gallery, AES+F's Allegoria Sacra represents Purgatory  Taking place in a futuristic international airport, Allegoria Sacra serves as a metaphor for limbo, where the souls of "righteous sinners" await their fate  The characters that inhabit Giovanni Bellini's masterpiece, from biblical figures to mythological creatures, were transposed and sometimes reinterpreted by AES+F  The Saracen-Muslim was transformed into a group of refugees  St  Sebastian became a young, shirtless traveler, hitchhiking his way through tropical countries, while Apostle Paul is represented as an airport policeman  However, AES+F's piece is more of an allegory of contemporary life than a reinterpretation of Giovanni Bellini's painting  As the travelers enter dream-like states, the airport and the aircraft undergo several metamorphoses, while the landscape and the climate go through four phases - from being a snowy field to a desert, a jungle, and finally becoming an endless river Styx Maintaining their signature style, AES+F combine recognizable motifs from art-history and pop-culture, such as the numerous allusions to Stanley Kubrick's film 2001: A Space Odyssey  Allegoria Sacra weaves complex global issues into visually compelling metaphors, letting them unfold in the neutral transitory space of an airport, where all kinds of things can temporarily coexist before going to their destination 
Allegoria Sacra won the Sergey Kuryokhin Award (2011), the main award of the Kandinsky Prize (2012), the main award of the Nordart Festival (2014), and the Pino Pascali Prize (2015) (18th Edition) 
Passage 5:
Aryanto Yuniawan
Aryanto Yuniawan (born June 18, 1977 in Magelang; age 40) is Chief Executive Officer of PT Mataram Surya Visi Sinema, a multimedia and animation movie company located in Jogja Indonesia  Ary (his nickname) is best known as a director of Battle of Surabaya, the first 2D animation movie in Indonesia which got some awards i e  Gold Remi Award USA 2016, GrandPrize Winner of SICAF 2016 in South Korea, Winner of Nice International Filmmaker Festival 2017 in France,  Winner of Nioda International Film Festival in India and others  He is also acclaimed as a writer, a producer, and currently working on several articles and books related to his job and hobby  He started his career from directing and producing independent animation films including music videos  He was trusted to be one of the juries of several film festivals such as Festival Film Indonesia (FFI 2016), Noida International Film Festival (NIFF 2016), and Seoul International Cartoon and Animation Festival (SICAF 2017) 
Aryanto Yuniawan was chosen to be an individual recipient of the National Intellectual Property Award 2016 from the Directorate General of Intellectual Property, Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, Republic of Indonesia (DJKI Kemenkumham RI)  The award was submitted by Vice-president of the Republic of Indonesia (Vice-president), M  Jusuf Kalla to him with eight other recipients 

Education
Aryanto was born in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia   He is the oldest of two siblings  After finishing the middle school from SMPN 2 Magelang and highschool from SMAN 1 Magelang, he studied at STMIK Amikom (now University Amikom) in Diploma degree   He gained his bachelor of computer science then and completed his master in the same university in 2017 

Filmography
As director
Battle of Surabaya (2015)
The Profesional (2012)
Petualangan Abdan (2011)
Goodbye World (2010)
Lestari (2010)
The Letter of Heaven (2010)
Jatayu (2009)
Lembah Halilintar (2009)

Achievements
Career
Lecturer at STMIK AMIKOM Yogyakarta
General manager of PT Mataram Surya Visi Pictures (2003-2014)
Chief executive Officer of PT Mataram Surya Visi Sinema (2014–Present)

Awards
Best Animation  The International Filmmaker Festival of World Cinema  2017  Nice, France 
Gold Remi Award  Houston International Film Festival  2016  Houston, Texas 
Grand Prize  Seoul International Cartoon and Animation Festival   2016  Seoul, Korea 
Best Animation  Noida International Film Festival  2016  New Delhi, India 
Winner of People's Choice Award  International Movie Trailer Festival  2013  California, Amerika Serikat 
Official Selection  Holland Animation Film Festival  2016  Utrecht, Belanda 
Official Selection  Dingle International Film Festival  2016  Dublin, Irlandia 
Official Selection  Fantoche Internasional Animation Festival Film  2016  Baden, Swiss 
Special Screening  Athena Animfest  2016  Athena, Yunani 
Special Screening  New Chitose Internasional Animation Festival  2016  Hokkaido, Jepang 
Nominee of Best Foreign Animation Trailer  Annual Golden Trailer Award  2014  California, Amerika Serikat 
Nominee of Apresiasi Film Indonesia  Art and Film Board of Ministry of Culture & Education  2012  Jakarta, Indonesia 
First Winner of Indigo Fellowship Category  PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia  2012  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Winner of ICT Award Category  Digital Animation Inaicta   Minister for Communication and Information Technology  2012  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Nominee of Animafest 2D Short Animated Film MNCTV  (Briptu Dorman)  2011  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Second Winner of Digital Animation (The Adventure of Abdan – Honesty)  Exhibition of Indonesian Production   Minister of Industry Republic of Indonesia  2009  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Nominasi International Urbanimation  (The Adventure of Abdan – Kites)  2008  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Merit Winner ICT Award Category  Digital Animation Inaicta  Minister for Communication and Information Technology  2000  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Passage 6:
Seasoned Veteran
Seasoned Veteran is the third studio album by American rapper Richie Rich  It was released November 5, 1996 on Def Jam Recordings, and to date is the only major label release for the artist  The album was produced by Ali Malik, DJ Daryl, Doug Rasheed, Jermaine Dupri, Lev Berlak, Mike Mosley, Richie Rich and Rick Rock  It peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and at number 35 on the Billboard 200  Two of the singles released, "Let's Ride" and "Do G's Get To Go To Heaven?", both appeared on multiple Billboard singles charts  The album features guest performances by 2Pac, E-40, Luniz, D'wayne Wiggins, T-Boz, and Rame Royal of Rhythm & Green 
Along with the single, a music video was produced for the song, "Let's Ride"  A second single, "Do G's Get To Go To Heaven?", was also released as a music video, featuring Bo-Roc, and is dedicated to the memory of Tupac Shakur 
In the song "Niggas Done Changed" Feat  Tupac, 2Pac predicts his own death by saying “I been shot and murdered, can't tell you how it happened, word for word / But best believe niggas gonna get what they deserve ”

Critical reception
The Source – "   Seasoned Veteran is one of the few albums available in the reality rap genre that lives up to its name and comes close to meeting the listener's expectations   "

Track listing
Samples
Fresh Out

"For the Love of Money" by The O'JaysLet's Ride

"(Not Just) Knee Deep" by FunkadelicPillow

"(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow" by Tony! Toni! Toné!

Chart history
AlbumSingles

Personnel
Passage 7:
Lev Kuleshov
Lev Vladimirovich Kuleshov (Russian: Лев Владимирович Кулешов; 13 January [O S  1 January] 1899 – 29 March 1970) was a Russian and Soviet filmmaker and film theorist, one of the founders of the world's first film school, the Moscow Film School  He was given the title People's Artist of the RSFSR in 1969  He was intimately involved in development of the style of film making known as Soviet montage, especially its psychological underpinning, including the use of editing and the cut to influence the emotions of audience, a principle known as the Kuleshov effect  He also developed the theory of creative geography, which is the use of the action around a cut to connect otherwise disparate settings into a cohesive narrative 

Life and career
Lev Kuleshov was born in 1899 into an intellectual Russian family  His father Vladimir Sergeyevich Kuleshov was of noble heritage; he studied art in the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, despite his own father's disapproval  He then married a village schoolteacher Pelagia Aleksandrovna Shubina who was raised in an orphanage, which only led to more confrontation  They gave birth to two sons: Boris and Lev 
At the time Lev Kuleshov was born, the family became financially broke, lost their estate and moved to Tambov, living a modest life  In 1911 Vladimir Kuleshov died; three years later Lev and his mother moved to Moscow where his elder brother was studying and working as an engineer  Lev Kuleshov decided to follow the steps of his father and entered the Moscow School of Painting, although he didn't finish it  In 1916 he applied to work at the film company led by Aleksandr Khanzhonkov  He produced scenery for Yevgeni Bauer's pictures, such as The King of Paris, For Happiness and others  With time Kuleshov became more interested in film theory  He co-directed his first movie Twilight in 1917  His next film was released under the Soviet patronage During 1918–1920 he covered the Russian Civil War with a documentary crew  In 1919 he headed the first Soviet film courses at the National Film School  Kuleshov may well be the very first film theorist as he was a leader in the Soviet montage theory – developing his theories of editing before those of Sergei Eisenstein (briefly a student of Kuleshov)  He contributed the article "Kinematografichesky naturshchik" to the first issue of Zrelishcha in 1922  Among his other notable students were Vsevolod Pudovkin, Boris Barnet, Mikhail Romm, Sergey Komarov, Porfiri Podobed, Vladimir Fogel and Aleksandra Khokhlova who became his wife  For Kuleshov, the essence of the cinema was editing, the juxtaposition of one shot with another  To illustrate this principle, he created what has come to be known as the Kuleshov effect  In this now-famous editing exercise, shots of an actor were intercut with various meaningful images (a casket, a bowl of soup, etc ) in order to show how editing changes viewers' interpretations of images  Another one of his famous inventions was creative geography, also known as artificial landscape  Those techniques were described in his book The Basics of Film Direction (1941) which was later translated into many languages 
In addition to his theoretical and teaching work, Kuleshov directed a number of feature-length films  Among his most notable works are an action-comedy The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr  West in the Land of the Bolsheviks (1924), a psychological drama By the Law (1926) adapted from the short story by Jack London and a biographical drama The Great Consoler (1933) based on O  Henry's life and works  In 1934 and 1935 Kuleshov went to Tajikistan to direct there Dokhunda, a movie based on the novel by Tajik national poet Sadriddin Ayni, but the project was regarded with suspicion by the authorities as possibly exciting Tajik nationalism, and stopped  No footage survives 

After directing his last film in 1943, Kuleshov served as an artistic director and an academic rector at VGIK where he worked for the next 25 years  He was a member of the jury at the 27th Venice International Film Festival, as well as a special guest during other international film festivals 
Lev Kuleshov died in Moscow in 1970  He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery  He was survived by his wife Aleksandra Khokhlova (1897–1985) – an actress, film director and educator, granddaughter of Pavel Tretyakov and Sergey Botkin – and Aleksandra's son Sergei from her first marriage 

Awards and honours
Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1944)
Order of Lenin (1967)
People's Artist of the RSFSR (1969)

Filmography
Passage 8:
Pamela B  Davis
Pamela B  Davis is a pediatric pulmonologist specializing in cystic fibrosis research  She has been Dean of the School of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University since 2007  She was elected to the Institute of Medicine in 2014 
Passage 9:
Pamela Gilbert
Pamela B  Gilbert (born October 3, 1958) is an American lawyer and has been a partner of the law firm Cuneo Gilbert & LaDuca, LLP since 2003, where she heads the firm's lobbying practice   Gilbert is a noted consumer rights advocate who has testified before Congress over fifty times and made dozens of appearances in the national print and electronic media  Gilbert leads the Committee to Support Antitrust laws (COSAL), an organization supportive of antitrust legislation 

Early career and education
Gilbert graduated magna cum laude from Tufts University with a B A  in Mathematics in 1980 and received her J D  degree from New York University in 1984  She was a Root-Tilden scholar at NYU Law School After law school, Gilbert served as Consumer Program Director at the U S  Public Interest Research Group from 1984-1989 where she specialized in consumer protection issues  She led the effort for congressional enactment of legislation to protect children from toxic art supplies From 1989-1994, Gilbert was Legislative Director and later Executive Director of Public Citizen's Congress Watch, a Washington-based consumer advocacy organization 

Public service
Gilbert served as Executive Director of the U S  Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) from 1995-2001   In 2001 she left the government to serve as Chief Operating Officer of M&R Strategic Services, a national firm set up to lobby and conduct grassroots and media campaigns around public policy issues 
In 2009, after the election of President Barack Obama, Gilbert headed the Presidential Transition Team for the Consumer Product Safety Commission 

Post-government career
Gilbert represented the National Association of Shareholder and Consumer Attorneys to oppose efforts in Congress to change the rules for bringing class action lawsuits   Gilbert subsequently represented the Center for Justice & Democracy, opposing efforts in Congress to impose Federal government restrictions on malpractice laws 

2007-2009
In 2007, Gilbert worked with public interest organizations and victims of Enron's collapse to persuade the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Bush Administration to adopt a position in a case pending before the U S  Supreme Court – Stoneridge Investment Partners LLC v  Scientific-Atlanta Inc  and Motorola Inc  – that would ensure that people slighted by Enron could sue the investment banks that participated in the frauds that led to Enron's failure   Gilbert's firm held press conferences in Washington, D C  and elsewhere, meeting with administration officials such as then-SEC Chairman Christopher Cox 
On November 15 of that same year, Gilbert testified before the Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law of the House Committee on the Judiciary on "Protecting the Playroom: Holding Foreign Manufacturers Accountable for Defective Products "In 2008, Gilbert worked with the Center for Justice and Democracy to bring before Congress families with children who developed lead poisoning from hazardous toys, to urge the passage of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement act of 2008   This landmark legislation placed limits on the amount of lead that can be used in children's products 
Also that year, Gilbert testified before the Federal Communications Commission on behalf of consumers who were assessed fees for switching cell phone companies before their contracts expired  Her position was that such fees were unfair   She urged the FCC not to preempt state laws and state-based lawsuits intended to protect consumers from these allegedly unfair practices by cell phone companies Over the course of three years from 2007–2009, Gilbert organized a coalition of over a dozen labor and nonprofit organizations to support legislation that would provide a pathway for the approval of generic versions of costly medicines   A version of this legislation was later incorporated in national health care reform policies 
In 2009, Gilbert worked with people injured by defects in Chrysler and General Motors vehicles to urge the Obama administration and the automobile companies to modify their bankruptcy agreements to ensure that personal injury victims would have an opportunity to receive compensation   As a result, the agreements were modified to allow people injured in the future by vehicles manufactured before the bankruptcy to be compensated for their injuries 

2010
On February 4, 2010, Gilbert participated in a webcast sponsored by OMB Watch on "The Obama Administration and Public Protections "On behalf of the Committee to Support the Antitrust Laws, Gilbert worked with Congress and the Obama Administration to amend the Antitrust Criminal Penalty Enhancement and Reform Act to ensure that members of criminal antitrust conspiracies adequately cooperate with civil lawsuits in return for reduced damages 
On June 10, 2010, Pamela Gilbert was appointed to the board of directors of the AAI (American Antitrust Institute) 

2011–Present
On behalf of Consumers for Auto Reliability and Safety (CARS), Gilbert led the successful lobbying effort to pass a federal law prohibiting rental car companies from renting or selling recalled cars until they are repaired  Gilbert worked with Mrs  Cally Houck, whose two daughters were killed in a rental car that caught on fire and crashed as a result of an unrepaired defect that had been subject to a safety recall   President Obama on December 4, 2015 signed into law the "Raechel and Jacqueline Houck Safe Rental Car Act" (H R  2198, S  1173), sponsored by Reps  Capps, Jones, Schakowsky and Butterfield and Sens  Schumer, Boxer, McCaskill and others, as part of the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act) 
Gilbert represents SD3, LLC, which owns SawStop, a table saw manufacturer whose table saws are equipped with technology that stops a spinning saw blade in milliseconds when it comes in contact with human flesh   Gilbert has worked with SawStop and a coalition of consumer protection groups in an effort to enact a mandatory safety standard so that all table saws contain injury mitigation technology to prevent amputations and other serious laceration injuries  The CPSC published a notice of proposed rulemaking in 2011  and in 2015 the commission's staff urged adoption of the new requirement Gilbert is working with a coalition of patients with diseases caused by asbestos exposure and their families to defeat the proposed Furthering Asbestos Claims Transparency (FACT) Act of 2015 (H R  526, S  357)  The proposal would require asbestos trusts to file quarterly reports about the payouts they make and personal information on the victims who receive them in a publicly accessible database  Opponents argue that this would violate the privacy of victims and use trust funds to meet the new administrative requirements, making it more difficult for asbestos claimants to receive timely and full compensation 

Notable writings
In 2008, Gilbert wrote a chapter entitled "Consumer Product Safety Commission: Safety First" for Change for America: A Progressive Blueprint for the 44th President, published by the Center for American Progress and the New Democracy Project In 2010, Gilbert authored a chapter in Materials on Tort Reform by Professor Andrew Popper of the Washington College of Law at American University In 2012, Gilbert co-authored with Victoria Romanenko a chapter in Private Enforcement of the Antitrust Laws in the United States (edited by Albert A  Foer and Randy M  Stutz) 

Controversy
In 2001, Gilbert stepped down as executive director of the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) after President Bush sparked a constitutional controversy by seeking to replace the leadership of the Commission, citing his powers under Article Two of the United States Constitution   Later, in 2008, Gilbert was mentioned as a possible appointee by President Barack Obama to be Chairman of the Commission   However, her nomination was criticized on the grounds that while she was executive director of the CPSC, the agency was known for its "strident enforcement efforts" contrary to large business interests 

Personal life
Gilbert is married to Charles Lewis, Professor of Journalism at American University, founder of the Center for Public Integrity, and a former producer for 60 Minutes   With Lewis she raises two children, Cassandra and Gabriel 

See also
Cuneo Gilbert & LaDuca, LLP
U S  Consumer Product Safety Commission
Passage 10:
Eliezer ben Jacob I
Eliezer ben Jacob I (Hebrew: אליעזר בן יעקב) was a Tanna of the 1st century; contemporary of Eleazar Chisma and Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, and senior to Judah ben Ilai Of his personal history nothing is known, except that he had seen the Temple at Jerusalem and was familiar with the specific purposes of its many apartments, a subject on which he was considered an authority  Some of the details, however, he eventually forgot, and was reminded of them by Abba Saul ben Batnit Simon ben Azzai, Rabbi Akiva's contemporary, relates that he had discovered a genealogical roll wherein was stated, "The Mishnah of R  Eliezer ben Jacob is only a kab [small in proportion], but clean [of all deficiencies]"; as a result, subsequent generations generally adopted Eliezer's views as law In the aggadah, too, he is mentioned  According to him, Deuteronomy 11:13 ("To serve Him with all your heart and with all your soul") is an admonition to the priests that, when officiating, they shall entertain no thought foreign to their duty Eliezer ben Jacob bequeathed to Israel many agrarian laws, such as the laws concerning the bringing of the Bikkurim to Jerusalem and who is eligible to recite the Avowal, as well as the laws concerning Kil'ayim grown in a vineyard He is buried near the old Kefar Hanaiah, in Galilee 



ground_truth: Levni Yilmaz

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What American actress stars in Tainted?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Pamela Adlon
Pamela Fionna Adlon (; née Segall) (born July 6, 1966) is an American actress  She is known for voicing Bobby Hill in the animated comedy series King of the Hill (1997–2010), for which she won a Primetime Emmy Award  She also voiced Baloo in Jungle Cubs (1996–1998), the title role in the Pajama Sam video game series (1996–2001), Lucky in 101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997–1998), Ashley Spinelli in Recess (1997–2001), Otto Osworth in Time Squad (2001–2003), and Brigette Murphy in Milo Murphy's Law (2016–2019), among numerous others 
Adlon is also known for her roles in the comedy-drama series Californication (2007–2014) and Louie (2010–2015), the latter of which she additionally wrote and produced alongside Louis C K  Her work on Louie garnered her four Primetime Emmy Award nominations  From 2016 to 2022, Adlon starred as Sam Fox on the acclaimed FX comedy-drama series Better Things, which she also co-created, wrote, produced, and directed  The series won a Peabody Award, and she was nominated twice for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series  She also starred alongside Redd Foxx on The Redd Foxx Show as 'Toni' in 1986 
Adlon was featured in numerous films since making her acting debut in Grease 2 (1982)  Her most notable films include Say Anything    (1989), Bed of Roses (1996), Lucky 13 (2005), Conception (2011), I Love You, Daddy (2017), All Square (2018), and Holler (2020) 

Early life
Adlon was born in New York City  She is the daughter of Marina Lucy (Leece) and Donald Maxwell "Don" Segall, who was a television comedy writer-producer and author of comic books and science fiction pulp novels  Her father produced The Dave Garroway Show, which became AM New York and then The Today Show  He was a page at NBC with Gil Cates and wrote erotic fiction under various pseudonyms, including Troy Conway  Adlon's mother is English, while her father, an American, was from Boston  Her father was born to a Jewish family of Russian-Jewish and Ukrainian-Jewish descent and her mother, originally an Anglican, converted to Judaism  Adlon has said that her parents met at the USO event in Paris As a child, Adlon lived in the Carnegie House at 100 West 57th Street  She has said that she and her family lived bi-coastally, moving between Los Angeles and New York because her father was a journeyman writer and producer for TV  She began performing at age nine; one of her father's friends had a radio studio, so she would do voice-over work there  While in Los Angeles she did TV and film acting work  She attended Sarah Lawrence College for a semester  After moving to Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles, she shared a house with Anna Gunn 

Career
Adlon made her acting debut as Dolores Rebchuck in the 1982 musical sequel film Grease 2  She had a recurring role as Kelly Affinado in the sitcom The Facts of Life (1983–1984)  This was followed by appearances in Bad Manners (1984), Night Court (1984), Willy/Milly (1986), Star Trek: The Next Generation (1989), Say Anything    (1989), Sgt  Bilko (1996), and Plump Fiction (1997)  Although she was successful as a child actress she struggled to find parts in her 20s  It led her to develop a substantial voice-over career which she cited as saving her career Adlon gained further acclaim and recognition for voicing the starring role of Bobby Hill in the animated comedy series King of the Hill (1997–2010), for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance in 2002  Adlon also gained recognition for voicing Margaret "Moose" Pearson in Pepper Ann (1997–2000), Ashley Spinelli in Recess (1997–2001), Brigette Murphy in Milo Murphy's Law (2016–2019), and the voice of newborn Halley Wolowitz in The Big Bang Theory 
Adlon is recognizable for her husky voice, which led to her voicing young boys in numerous animated series and films  She voiced Baloo in Jungle Cubs (1996–1998), the title role in the video game series Pajama Sam (1996–2001), Lucky in 101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997–1998), Hector McBadger in Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks (2003–2007), and Andy in Squirrel Boy (2006–2007), among numerous others  She was nominated for an Annie Award for her role as Otto Osworth in the Cartoon Network animated comedy series Time Squad (2001–2003)  She continued to voice characters in films, such as The Animatrix (2003) and as Vidia in the Tinker Bell film series (2008–2015) 
Adlon had notable live-action roles as Emma Path in the ABC legal drama series Boston Legal (2007–2008), Marcy Runkle in the Showtime comedy-drama series Californication (2007–2014), and as Pamela in the FX comedy series Louie (2010–2015)  She was also a writer and consulting producer for the lattermost series 
Adlon's professional relationship with Louis C K  began in 2006 when she played his wife in the short-lived HBO sitcom Lucky Louie  She appeared as the friend of Louie (a fictional character based on C K ) in his FX single-camera series Louie  She appeared in every season but the third  Adlon co-wrote seven episodes of the series and became a consulting producer  She earned a total of four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for her work on Louie  She earned two nominations as a producer for Best Comedy Series, one nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for co-writing the episode "Daddy's Girlfriend Part 1", and one nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series In 2015, FX gave a pilot order to Better Things, a comedy created by and starring Adlon  She plays an actress raising three daughters  The pilot was written by Adlon and Louis C K , who also directed it  It was picked up for a 10-episode series on August 7, 2015  The show, which premiered on September 8, 2016, is semi-autobiographical  C K  served as a co-writer and occasional director for the first two seasons, while Adlon has served as director and writer throughout the series' run 
The series received widespread critical acclaim and was honored with a Peabody Award  Adlon received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for the first two seasons of Better Things  She also received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy, and four nominations for the TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy  Adlon was represented by manager Dave Becky until November 2017, when she fired him following his involvement in the Louis C K  sexual harassment scandal Adlon had recent live-action roles in the romantic drama film First Girl I Loved (2016), the science fiction action film Bumblebee (2018), and the comedy-drama film The King of Staten Island (2020)  She had a guest role as Mrs  Wolowitz in the CBS sitcom Young Sheldon (2017) and a recurring role as Dr  Leigh in the acclaimed NBC drama series This Is Us (2020) 

Personal life
In 1996, Adlon married Felix O  Adlon, the son of German director Percy Adlon  Felix O  Adlon directed Pamela in Eat Your Heart Out (1997)  They divorced in 2010, and he then moved to Germany  They have three daughters who are actresses: Gideon, Odessa, and Valentine "Rocky" Adlon Adlon was the inspiration for Toto's song, Pamela (song)   She was in a short-lived relationship with Toto vocalist Joseph Williams in the 1980s 
Adlon splits her time between the Upper West Side of Manhattan and Los Angeles In January 2020, Adlon became a citizen of the United Kingdom 

Filmography
Adlon is known for her collaborations with Louis C K and her performances in Lucky Louie (2006), Louie (2010–2015), and Better Things (2016–2022)  She has had major performances in The Facts of Life (1983–1984) and Californication (2007–2014) as well as making guest appearances in The Jeffersons (1984), Boston Legal (2007–2008), Parenthood (2012), and This is Us (2020)  She is also a well known voice artist  Her voice credits include the animated programs Kiki's Delivery Service (1989), Bobby's World (1992–1998), Rugrats (1992–2004), Recess (1997–2001), King of the Hill (1997–2010), and Bob's Burgers (2012–2020) 

Awards and nominations
Passage 2:
Drea de Matteo
Andrea Donna de Matteo (born January 19, 1972) is an American actress  She is best known for her role as Adriana La Cerva on the HBO television drama The Sopranos (1999–2006), for which she received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2004  Other notable roles include Gina Tribbiani on Joey (2004–2006), Wendy Case on Sons of Anarchy (2008–2014), Angie Bolen on Desperate Housewives (2009–2010), and Detective Tess Nazario on Shades of Blue (2016–2018) 

Early life
De Matteo was born in Whitestone, Queens, New York City  Her mother, Donna, is a playwright and playwriting teacher who has been on faculty at HB Studio, and her father, Albert, was a furniture manufacturer who was owner and CEO of Avery Boardman and Carlyle  She is of Italian descent, and grew up in a Catholic family After graduating from the Loyola School, de Matteo earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in film production from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, intending to become a film director  She additionally studied acting at the HB Studio 

Career
De Matteo's role in The Sopranos was one of her earliest, helping to launch her career  She has appeared in several films including Swordfish, Deuces Wild, The Perfect You, Prey for Rock & Roll and the 2005 remake of John Carpenter's 1976 action film Assault on Precinct 13  She had the starring role in Abel Ferrara's R Xmas for which she received some very positive reviews In 2004, de Matteo won an Emmy for Best Supporting Actress (Drama) for her role as Adriana on The Sopranos (season 5) and was nominated for a Golden Globe the same year, for the same role From 2004 to 2006, de Matteo portrayed Joey Tribbiani's sister Gina in the Friends spin-off Joey  The show was cancelled after two seasons De Matteo played the role of Wendy Case in the FX original series Sons of Anarchy  The pilot episode aired September 3, 2008, and De Matteo continued making regular appearances into the series' sixth season  She was promoted to a series regular for the seventh and final season 
De Matteo played Angie Bolen, the mother of the Bolen family, on season 6 of the ABC show Desperate Housewives  She left Desperate Housewives at the season 6 finale in 2010, due to personal reasons In 2012, she guest starred in Showtime's Californication 
De Matteo played the stepmother of Steve Wilde, the main character of the FOX comedy Running Wilde, appearing in season 1, episode 9  De Matteo co-starred as Krissi Cates in the film adaptation of Dark Places (2015), with Charlize Theron, Chloë Grace Moretz, and Nicholas Hoult  In 2015, she was cast as Det  Tess Nazario in the NBC drama series Shades of Blue, starring alongside Jennifer Lopez and Ray Liotta 
De Matteo and Chris Kushner began hosting a rewatch podcast of The Sopranos on March 13, 2020, called Made Women; in July, the podcast was retooled and renamed Gangster Goddess Broad-Cast 

Personal life
In 1997, de Matteo opened Filth Mart, an East Village clothing store with her then-boyfriend Michael Sportes  They closed the store in 2004 De Matteo started dating musician Shooter Jennings in 2001  They became engaged on June 11, 2009, when Jennings proposed onstage at the Stanley Theater during a show in Utica, New York  They have two children together, daughter Alabama Gypsyrose Jennings and son Waylon Albert "Blackjack" Jennings  Jennings and de Matteo eventually ended their relationship without marrying  In July 2015, de Matteo became engaged to Whitesnake bass guitarist Michael Devin De Matteo lost her apartment home of 22 years, as did dozens of other residents, when a gas explosion and raging fire destroyed three East Village, Manhattan buildings on March 26, 2015 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 3:
Shari Shattuck
Shari Shattuck (born November 18, 1960) is an American actress and author 
Shattuck was born in Atlanta, Georgia  She has appeared in hundreds of commercials, TV, film, and stage productions  Some roles include "Dallas", "Life Goes On", "On Deadly Ground" as well as multiple Shakespearean roles  She appeared in both nighttime and daytime soaps, sitcoms, mini-series and starred in multiple films  As a model, she appeared on the cover of Playboy in April 1980, and numerous other magazines  In 1982, while working as a model in Atlanta, she was cast in the music video of the  38 Special song "Caught Up in You" 

Personal life
Shattuck was married to actor Ronn Moss (with whom she has two daughters — Creason  and Calee) from January 1990 to July 2002   She later married Joseph Paul Stachura, the owner and managing artistic director of the Knightsbridge Theatre, The National American Shakespeare Company, as well as the Director of Knightsbridge Theatre Films  The couple has produced two movies together, "Redemption" and "Scream at the Devil "In addition to acting, Shattuck has written for the stage and directed multiple productions  Her play, In Progress, was produced at the Matrix Theatre Shattuck is also a fiction writer who has written four mystery novels featuring Callaway Wilde, a wealthy Los Angeles socialite, the first of which, Loaded, was picked as one of the best of 2003 by Publishers Weekly  Other titles in the Callaway Wilde series are Lethal, Liar, and Legacy  She also wrote a psychic series featuring Greer Sands, Eye of the Beholder and Speak of the Devil and two hardcover literary fiction novels, Invisible Ellen and the sequel, Becoming Ellen 

Filmography
Passage 4:
Tainted
Taint or tainted may refer to:

Impurities
Contamination, the presence of a minor and unwanted element (a contaminant)
a wine fault, such as cork taint, ladybird taint, or phenolic taint, producing undesirable odors or tastes in bottled wine
Infection, the colonization of a host organism by parasites
Taint (legal), the quality of illegally obtained court evidence
Taint checking, a feature of some programming languages that prevents unauthorized users from remotely executing commands on a computer

Titles
The Taint (novel) (or Doctor Who and the Taint), a novel written by Michael Collier and based on the British television series Doctor Who
Taint (band), a sludge-metal band from Wales
The Taint (film), a 1915 American silent film
Tainted (film), a 1987 American film

Other uses
Taint (anatomy), colloquial name for the space between the anus and genitals
Tint, an archaic form, referring to a color mixed with white
Tainted kernel, when proprietary modules are loaded into Linux
Passage 5:
Robin Wright
Robin Gayle Wright (born April 8, 1966) is an American actress and director  She has received various accolades, including a Golden Globe Award, and nominations for eight Primetime Emmy Awards 
Wright first gained attention for her role as Kelly Capwell in the NBC Daytime soap opera Santa Barbara  from 1984 to 1988  She transitioned to film with a starring role in the fantasy film The Princess Bride (1987), and she gained a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the top-grossing drama Forrest Gump (1994)  She had further starring roles in the romantic drama Message in a Bottle (1999) and the thriller Unbreakable (2000), as she gained praise for her performances in the independent films Loved (1997), She's So Lovely (1997), Nine Lives (2005) and Sorry, Haters (2006)  She has since taken on supporting roles in the sports drama Moneyball (2011), the thriller The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), the adventure film Everest (2015), the superhero film Wonder Woman (2017), and the science fiction film Blade Runner 2049 (2017) 
On television, Wright starred in the HBO miniseries Empire Falls in 2005  From 2013 to 2018, she starred as Claire Underwood in the Netflix political drama series House of Cards  Her performance earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress and six nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress  In 2016, Wright was named one of the highest paid actresses in the United States, earning US$420,000 per episode for House of Cards  She has also directed ten episodes of the series as well as two episodes of the Netflix crime series Ozark in 2022 

Early life
Wright was born April 8, 1966, in Dallas to Gayle Wright (née Gaston), a cosmetics saleswoman for Mary Kay, and Fred Wright, a pharmaceutical company employee  She has an elder brother, Richard (b  1962), who is a photographer  Her parents divorced when she was two, which led to her relocating to San Diego, California with her mother  She grew up in Southern California, attending La Jolla High School in La Jolla and Taft High School in Los Angeles 

Career
Wright began her career as a model, when she was 14  At the age of 18, she played Kelly Capwell in the NBC Daytime soap opera Santa Barbara, for which she received several Daytime Emmy Award nominations 

1980s–2000s: Transition into feature films
Wright transitioned into feature film work with a role in Hollywood Vice Squad in 1986, followed by her breakthrough role as Princess Buttercup in the cult film The Princess Bride in 1987  She gained critical acclaim in her role as Jenny Curran in Forrest Gump (1994), receiving Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild nominations for Best Supporting Actress 
In 1996, she starred in the lead role of the film adaptation of Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders (1996), for which she received a Satellite Award nomination for Best Actress in a Drama  She was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress for her role in She's So Lovely (1997), a film in which she co-starred with her then-husband Sean Penn  Wright received her third Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for her role in the television film Empire Falls (2005) 

2013–2018: House of Cards
From 2013 to 2018, Wright appeared in the Netflix political drama streaming television series House of Cards in the role of Claire Underwood, the ruthless wife of political mastermind Frank Underwood  On January 12, 2014, she won a Golden Globe for the role, becoming the first actress to win the award for a streaming television series; she was nominated for the same award the following year  She also received nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award in 2013 and 2014 for the same role  Following Season 4 in 2016, Wright stated that she felt Claire Underwood was the equal of Frank Underwood and demanded equal pay for her performance as her co-star Kevin Spacey; Netflix acquiesced  In 2017, for her performance in the fifth season, Wright was nominated for her fifth consecutive Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series  For the years 2014, 2016, and 2017, Wright received Best Actress in a Drama Series nominations for the Critics' Choice Television Awards, with her being the only nomination for the show in December 2017 
In October 2017, she was set as the show's new lead for the final season, following the firing of Kevin Spacey due to sexual misconduct allegations against Spacey  For her last appearance as Underwood, her performance was acclaimed - described as a "commanding performance [that] is more than enough to keep [the final season] standing strong"  - earning her her final nominations for the role at the Screen Actors Guild and Primetime Emmy Awards in 2019  For the latter, she became one of seven women to be nominated for the category six or more times for the same show (the first in 10 years since Mariska Hargitay for Law & Order: Special Victims Unit) 

Further film and directorial work
In 2017, Wright directed a short film, The Dark of Night, which starred Sam Rockwell and premiered at the Cannes Film Festival  Additionally, Wright played General Antiope in Wonder Woman (2017) and its 2020 sequel alongside Gal Gadot and Chris Pine  The film earned positive reviews and emerged as a financial success, grossing $822 8 million at the box office  She appears in the Blade Runner sequel Blade Runner 2049 alongside Ryan Gosling, Harrison Ford, and Jared Leto, directed by Denis Villeneuve 
In April 2019, it was announced that she would make her feature film directorial debut in the film Land  Wright would also be starring as its lead, Edee Mathis, a lawyer who retreats in grief to the Shoshone National Forest in Wyoming  Sales for the film would start at Cannes the following month  Filming began by October that year and the movie was picked up by distributor Focus Features  Land premiered in January 2021 at the Sundance Film Festival to generally positive reviews, with specific praise towards the direction and the performances  Peter Debruge in a review for Variety wrote: "So bless Wright for paring “Land” down to a beautiful haiku, and for delivering a performance that’s ambiguous and understated in all the right ways," and "in a directorial debut so pure and simple it speaks to enormous self-confidence, has better instincts than to reveal outright "In 2022, Wright directed the final two episodes of the first part of season 4 of the Netflix show, Ozark; the episodes being entitled: "Sangre Sobre Todo" and "Sanctified"  Kayla Cobb for Decider praised Wright's direction in the latter episode as "powerful" with the pairing of her direction, the script and actress Julia Garner's performance as a "masterful collaboration "Wright will next star in and produce Ben Young's thriller Where All Light Tends to Go, an adaptation of the book of the same name by David Joy  In April 2022, Wright joined the cast of Netflix's fantasy film Damsel directed by Juan Carlos Fresnadillo  Wright will additionally star in a Sony Pictures Classics and Miramax adaptation of Richard McGuire's Here in a Forrest Gump reteam with director Robert Zemeckis, actor Tom Hanks and writer Eric Roth for a 2023 release 

Personal life
From 1986 to 1988, Wright was married to actor Dane Witherspoon, whom she met in 1984 on the set of the soap opera Santa Barbara In 1989, Wright became involved with actor Sean Penn following his divorce from Madonna  Wright was offered the role of Maid Marian in the film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, but turned it down because she was pregnant  Their daughter, Dylan Frances, was born in April 1991  She backed out of the role of Abby McDeere in The Firm (1993) due to her pregnancy with her second child, and their son, Hopper Jack, was born in August 1993 After breaking up and getting back together, Wright and Penn married in 1996  Their on-and-off relationship seemingly ended in divorce plans, announced in December 2007, but the divorce petition was withdrawn four months later at the couple's request  In February 2009, Wright and Penn attended the 81st Academy Awards together, at which Penn won the Best Actor award  Penn filed for legal separation in April 2009, but withdrew the petition in May  On August 12, 2009, Wright filed for divorce, declaring she had no plans to reconcile  The divorce was finalized on July 22, 2010 In February 2012, Wright began dating actor Ben Foster, and their engagement was announced in January 2014  The couple called off their engagement in November 2014, but reunited in January 2015  On August 29, 2015, they announced they were ending their second engagement  In 2017, Wright began dating Clément Giraudet, a Saint Laurent executive, and they secretly wed in August 2018 in La Roche-sur-le-Buis, France  Wright filed for divorce from Giraudet in September 2022 

Philanthropy and activism
Wright is the honorary spokesperson for the Dallas, Texas-based non-profit The Gordie Foundation In 2014, she co-partnered with two California-based companies; Pour Les Femmes and The SunnyLion  The SunnyLion donates a portion of its profits to the Raise Hope For Congo movement 
Wright is an activist for human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  She is the narrator and executive producer of the documentary When Elephants Fight which highlights how multinational mining corporations and politicians in the Democratic Republic of Congo threaten human rights, and perpetuate conflict in the region  She also is a supporter of Stand With Congo, the human rights campaign behind the film  In 2016, Wright spoke publicly in support of the campaign at a film screening at the TriBeCa Film Institute in New York City, in media interviews, with journalists, and across her social media accounts 

Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
Passage 6:
Faye Dunaway filmography
Faye Dunaway is an American actress who appeared in over seventy films, thirty television shows, thirteen plays and two music videos  Regarded as one of the greatest actresses of her generation, she was one of the leading actresses during the golden age of New Hollywood  After her film debut  The Happening, she starred in the gangster film Bonnie and Clyde, in which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress  She starred with Steve McQueen in The Thomas Crown Affair (1968)   In 1969, she co-starred with Kirk Douglas in Elia Kazan's drama The Arrangement  The following year, she starred with Dustin Hoffman in Little Big Man  In 1970, her performance in Jerry Schatzberg's experimental drama Puzzle of a Downfall Child earned her a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama  She portrayed Milady de Winter in Richard Lester's The Three Musketeers (1973) and The Four Musketeers (1974) 
In 1974, Dunaway starred in Roman Polanski's crime film Chinatown, in which she was nominated for the Academy Award, a Golden Globe and a BAFTA for her performance  That same year, she appeared in the all-star disaster epic The Towering Inferno  In 1975, her role in Sydney Pollack's political thriller Three Days of the Condor earned her a fourth Golden Globe nomination  Dunaway received the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama for her performance in Sidney Lumet's satire Network (1976)  She then starred in the thriller Eyes of Laura Mars (1978) and the drama The Champ (1979)  Her controversial portrayal of Joan Crawford in the 1981 film Mommie Dearest became one of her most famous roles, but she later blamed the film for hurting her career 
She won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for her work in the miniseries Ellis Island (1985) and received critical acclaim for her performance in Barbet Schroeder's drama Barfly (1987), opposite Mickey Rourke  Her role in a 1993 episode of Columbo earned her a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series  She co-starred with Johnny Depp twice, in the surrealist comedy-drama Arizona Dream (1993) and the romantic comedy Don Juan DeMarco (1995)  Her portrayal of Wilhelmina Cooper in the drama Gia (1998) with Angelina Jolie earned her a third Golden Globe Award, for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television  Dunaway also appeared in the James Gray-directed crime film The Yards (2000) and Roger Avary's satirical black comedy The Rules of Attraction (2002) 
Dunaway started her acting career on Broadway and appeared in several plays throughout her career, including A Man for All Seasons (1961–63), After the Fall (1964), Hogan's Goat (1965–67) and A Streetcar Named Desire (1973)  She was awarded the Sarah Siddons Award for her portrayal of opera singer Maria Callas in Master Class (1996)  Dunaway also appeared in two music videos, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers' Into the Great Wide Open in 1991 and Hill Zaini's I Heard in 2010 

Film
Television
Theatre
Music video appearances
Passage 7:
Rozie Curtis
Rozanne Damone "Rozie" Curtis is an American choreographer and voice actress  She is mostly known for doing voiceovers in English dubs for Japanese anime and works with ADV Films and Seraphim Digital  Currently, she is the manager of community outreach for Theatre Under the Stars and associate director for Crosswind Productions 

Filmography
Voice Roles
AD Police - Kyoko Miyano
All Purpose Cultural Cat Girl Nuku Nuku - Maho
Clannad - Rie Nishima
Clannad After Story - Rie Nishima (episode 13-14), Yagi (eps 15-16, 22), Additional Voices
Compiler - Interpreter (as Rozanne Curtis)
Cyber Team in Akihabara - Kamome's Mom (eps 7, 16), Magazine Stand Lady (ep 9)
Demon King Daimao - Mitsuko Torii
Generator Gawl - Masami
Girls und Panzer - Anzu Kadotani
Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere - Musashi
Kill Me Baby - Agiri Goshiki
Le Chevalier d'Eon - Additional Voices
Legend of the Mystical Ninja - Rumie Himuro
Mystical Detective Loki Ragnarok - Hel (ep 14)
Needless - Kasumi Ogiha
Pani Poni Dash - Behomi
Saiyuki - Huang
Samurai Girls - Kanetsugu Naoe (as Vestal Vee)
Steel Angel Kurumi 2 - Uruka Sumeragi
Street Fighter II V - Party Guest, Receptionist (ADV dub)
Those Who Hunt Elves - Ritsuko Inoue

Live-Action Roles
Paradise, Texas - Records Clerk, Choreographer (staff role)
Passage 8:
Laura Dern
Laura Elizabeth Dern (born February 10, 1967) is an American actress  She is the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, a BAFTA Award, and five Golden Globe Awards 
Born to actors Bruce Dern and Diane Ladd, Dern embarked on an acting career in the 1980s and rose to prominence for her performances in Mask (1985) and the David Lynch films Blue Velvet (1986) and Wild at Heart (1990)  She received her first Academy Award nomination for her portrayal of the titular orphan in the drama film Rambling Rose (1991), and achieved international recognition for her role as Ellie Sattler in Steven Spielberg's adventure film Jurassic Park (1993), a role that she reprised in the sequels Jurassic Park III (2001) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022) 
After winning two Golden Globe Awards for her performances as Katherine Harris in the television film Recount (2008), and Amy Jellicoe on the comedy drama series Enlightened (2011–2013), Dern garnered her second Academy Award nomination for her performance as the mother of Cheryl Strayed in the biopic Wild (2014)  In 2017, she began starring as Renata Klein on the drama series Big Little Lies, winning a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award, and reunited with David Lynch for Twin Peaks: The Return  She had supporting roles in the films Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), Little Women (2019), and Marriage Story (2019)  Her performance in the last won her numerous accolades, including an Academy Award and her fifth Golden Globe Award 

Early life
Laura Elizabeth Dern was born on February 10, 1967, in Los Angeles, California  The daughter of actors Diane Ladd and Bruce Dern and great-granddaughter of former Utah governor and Secretary of War George Dern, she was conceived while her parents were filming The Wild Angels  Poet, writer, and Librarian of Congress Archibald MacLeish was her great-great-uncle  After her parents divorced when she was two years old, Dern was largely brought up by her mother and maternal grandmother, Mary, who had Norwegian ancestry, from Oslo  She was raised Catholic  Her godmother was actress Shelley Winters  She developed scoliosis as a child Her first film foray was an appearance as an extra in White Lightning (1973), a film in which her mother starred  Her official film debut was an appearance in Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974), opposite her mother  In 1982, Dern served as Miss Golden Globe at 15 years old  In the same year, she portrayed a rebellious rock band member in the cult film Ladies and Gentlemen, The Fabulous Stains  At 16, after doubling on her classes to graduate high school a semester early, she sought and attained emancipation, which allowed her to work the same amount of hours as an adult on films  After moving out of her home at the age of 17, Dern became roommates with Marianne Williamson, and enrolled at UCLA intending to double major in psychology and journalism, but withdrew two days into the semester to film Blue Velvet 

Career
1980–1999: Career beginnings and breakthrough
Dern got her first credited role, Debbie, appearing alongside Jodie Foster in the 1980 coming-of-age film Foxes  At the age of 11, she had originally auditioned for a different role after telling casting directors that she was 14  In 1985, she was cast two weeks before production began as the protagonist, a carefree 15-year-old girl, Connie Wyatt, who grabs the attention of a predatory stranger, in the film Smooth Talk  The film won the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival in the Dramatic category in 1986 and received largely favorable reviews  It is seen as the film that launched Dern's career Between 1985 and 1990, Dern gained critical acclaim for her performances in Mask, Blue Velvet, and Wild at Heart–the latter two of which were directed by David Lynch–which began a longstanding collaboration between Dern and Lynch  In the biographical drama film, Mask, she played the role of Diana Adams, a blind girl who becomes Rocky Dennis' love interest, starring alongside Eric Stoltz and Cher  At the age of 16, Dern was cast as Sandy Williams, one of the starring roles alongside Kyle MacLachlan and Isabella Rossellini in the critically successful mystery thriller film Blue Velvet  It is widely regarded as Dern's breakthrough performance In 1990, Dern once again collaborated with Lynch, starring as Lula Fortune alongside Nicolas Cage in the black comedy crime film Wild At Heart, where she portrays a vastly different character from her previous role in Blue Velvet  Dern called the role an opportunity 'to play not only a very sexual person, but also someone who was, in her own way, incredibly comfortable with herself'  The film, which had won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, was met with generally positive reviews from critics but polarized some audiences at the time  Lynch cast Dern's mother, Diane Ladd, to play Lula's overbearing mother in the film Dern auditioned for the role of Clarice Starling in The Silence of the Lambs (1991), but lost the role due to studio's skepticism about her level of fame at the time  In 1992, Dern and her mother, Diane Ladd, became the first mother and daughter to be nominated for Academy Awards for acting in the same film for their performances in Rambling Rose–Ladd received a Best Supporting Actress nomination, while Dern received one for Best Actress  The following year, she won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film and received her first Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Television Movie for her performance in the 1992 television film Afterburn Dern starred as Dr  Ellie Sattler in Steven Spielberg's 1993 film Jurassic Park, achieving international recognition with the role  Dern, who had been more focused on independent films prior to the film, was Spielberg’s first choice for the role of Ellie Sattler after having been impressed with her work in Smooth Talk and Rambling Rose  She was influenced by Wild At Heart costar Nicolas Cage to take the role and called the decision an "easy yes", recalling how Spielberg and producer Kathleen Kennedy made sure the character was a "no-nonsense feminist who had her own independent spirit and was brilliant in her craft" and wasn't an "oversexualized action heroine" while describing filming to be similar to an independent film That same year, Clint Eastwood contacted the actress for his film A Perfect World  After the release of Jurassic Park, Dern was offered many roles in blockbuster films and ultimately chose to star in Alexander Payne's directorial debut black comedy film Citizen Ruth to avoid typecasting as the character Ruth Stoops, a pregnant drug addict who unexpectedly attracts national attention from those involved in the abortion debate  The film debuted at Sundance Film Festival to critical acclaim for the film and for Dern's performance but only received a limited release from Miramax likely due to its controversial topic  Ladd made a cameo appearance, playing Dern's character's mother for the third time following Rambling Rose and Wild At Heart, with Dern's character screaming a torrent of abuse at her 
In 1997, Dern was asked by Ellen DeGeneres to guest star as Susan Richmond, a lesbian who helps Degeneres' character, Ellen Morgan, come out of the closet in "The Puppy Episode" of the sitcom Ellen, while DeGeneres herself came out at the same time offscreen  Despite protests from people around her, she shrugged off concerns and immediately accepted the role where she received her third Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress In A Comedy Series  The decision significantly impacted her career in the following years with Dern revealing in an April 2007 airing of The Ellen DeGeneres Show that she did not work for more than a year and that she needed a "full security detail" following her appearance in the historic episode due to the resulting backlash at the time, but nevertheless called it an "extraordinary experience and opportunity" and "an incredible honor"  The following year, Dern co-starred in the television film The Baby Dance, for which she received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film  While dating Billy Bob Thornton in 1999, she was cast as his love interest in his film Daddy and Them, which also includes Diane Ladd  Dern appeared in Joe Johnston's biographical drama film October Sky alongside Jake Gyllenhaal portraying his character's teacher Miss Riley 

2000–2011: Further film and television career
In 2000, Robert Altman cast Dern in his comedy Dr  T & the Women  In 2001, Dern reprised her role as Dr  Ellie Sattler in Jurassic Park III, which was directed by Joe Johnston whom she had worked with in October Sky  Originally hesitant to return for a cameo, Dern was convinced when it was suggested by executive producer Steven Spielberg to the writers, Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor who had previously collaborated with Dern for Citizen Ruth, to have the character play an important role by saving the other characters  That same year, she co-starred in Within These Walls and Arthur Miller's Focus  She starred in the film I Am Sam as Randy Carpenter, a woman running a foster home  In 2002, she starred in the film Damaged Care  In 2004, she starred in the film We Don't Live Here Anymore  Dern starred in the 2005 film Happy Endings, and in the same year, she appeared in the film The Prize Winner of Defiance, Ohio 
In 2006, Dern reunited with director David Lynch for the third time after Blue Velvet and Wild At Heart in the experimental film Inland Empire which was largely shot on a hand-held Sony DSR-PD150 by Lynch himself and without a complete screenplay  Dern portrays an actress, Nikki Grace, who starts to take on the personality of the character she plays  The film debuted at the Venice Film Festival to polarized reviews, the majority being positive, where Dern admitted that she was not sure what the film was about, but has said she would sign up for any project with Lynch  In the same year, Dern portrayed a supporting role in Lonely Hearts  Mike White, known for writing School of Rock and The Good Girl, hired Dern for his directorial debut in 2007, the comedy titled Year of the Dog, and starring Molly Shannon, John C  Reilly and Peter Sarsgaard  In 2008, Dern starred as Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris in Recount, for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film  The following year, Dern appeared in the independent drama Tenderness, and in 2010, she appeared in Little Fockers, portraying Prudence, an elementary school principal In November 2010, Dern and her parents Diane Ladd and Bruce Dern were presented with stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, becoming the first family to do so  In October 2011, she starred in a new HBO comedy-drama television series titled Enlightened in which she also served as co-creator and executive producer  Dern played Amy Jellicoe, a "health and beauty executive who returns from a post-meltdown retreat to pick up the pieces of her broken life " Dern brought screenwriter Mike White, whom she collaborated with on Year of the Dog, back into television work after he had suffered an on-the-job meltdown of his own  The series received critical acclaim and lasted two seasons  Dern's mother Diane Ladd plays the major supporting role of Helen Jellicoe, Dern's character's mother in the series  Dern received her third Golden Globe Award and fifth nomination, her first in the Best Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy category for her performance  She was also nominated for her fifth Primetime Emmy Award, her first in the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series category 

2012–present: Later career and acclaim
In 2012, Dern starred in Paul Thomas Anderson's psychological drama film The Master  In 2014, she co-starred alongside Reese Witherspoon in Jean-Marc Vallée's biographical drama film Wild portraying the character of Bobbi, mother of Cheryl Strayed in flashback scenes, for which she received her second Academy Award nomination and her first in the Best Supporting Actress category  That same year, she portrayed Frannie Lancaster in the coming-of-age romance film The Fault In Our Stars and she portrays Beverly Ladouceur in the sports drama film When the Game Stands Tall directed by Thomas Carter, starring Jim Caviezel and produced by David Zelon for Mandalay Pictures  She portrayed Lynn Nash, a widowed mother and grandmother who gets evicted with her family, in 2014's 99 Homes alongside Andrew Garfield In 2017, Dern reteamed with both Witherspoon and Vallée from Wild and The Fault In Our Stars co-star Shailene Woodley for the 2017 HBO miniseries Big Little Lies, the latter who Dern had helped convince to join the cast  For her portrayal as Renata Klein in the series, Dern won her first Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie and her fourth Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries, or Motion Picture Made for Television  That same year, she collaborated for the fourth time with David Lynch, appearing as Diane Evans in the third season of the mystery serial drama television series Twin Peaks and joined the Star Wars franchise portraying Vice-Admiral Amilyn Holdo in Rian Johnson's space opera film Star Wars: The Last Jedi In 2018, Dern starred as professor and documentary filmmaker Jennifer Fox, recalling her traumatic past in the autobiographical feature film The Tale, written and directed by Fox  The film premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2018 to a standing ovation, and later on HBO on May 26, 2018  Dern received her seventh Primetime Emmy nomination for the role in the category Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Series Or Movie  That same year, she starred in two biographical drama films, Trial By Fire and JT LeRoy as the author Laura Albert 
In 2019, Dern reprised her role of Renata Klein in Big Little Lies after the series was renewed for a second season where she once again received critical acclaim and received her eighth Primetime Emmy Award nomination, her first in the Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series category  In the same year, Dern starred in two films nominated for Best Picture at the Academy Awards  The first is Noah Baumbach's Marriage Story, portraying the character Nora Fanshaw, a divorce lawyer which was written by Baumbach with Dern in mind for the role  For her performance, Dern received major awards including earning her first Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress from three nominations, winning the first and only Oscar in an acting category for Netflix, and also received the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, the SAG Award for Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture  The second is Greta Gerwig's film adaptation of Little Women, where she portrayed Marmee March  In 2020, she served as an executive producer on the animated short film If Anything Happens I Love You which was released on Netflix and was a producer on the documentary film The Way I See It In 2022, Dern reprised her role as Dr  Ellie Sattler in Jurassic World Dominion  Due to the character's fan influence, Dern and director Colin Trevorrow felt protective of the character and her legacy, and were in agreement to have the character play a major role  With Neill and Goldblum having led in their own Jurassic Park sequel, Trevorrow wanted Dominion to be Dern's film explaining, "It was important for the plot to be driven by Ellie  She's the only one of those three characters that hasn't had her own movie " She is set to star in Florian Zeller's adaptation of his stage play, The Son  Dern appeared in the music video for Taylor Swift's "Bejeweled" from her tenth studio album Midnights (2022) Dern will star and serve as executive producer for the science fiction drama film Morning directed by Justin Kurzel  She is set to star in the Netflix film Lonely Planet, and will serve as executive producer and star in the upcoming Apple TV+ comedy series Mrs  American Pie  Dern is set to reunite with Wild author Cheryl Strayed and co-star Reese Witherspoon as executive producers for the upcoming Hulu television series Tiny Beautiful Things based on Strayed's book  She and Amy Adams signed on to executive produce a HBO adaptation of Claire Lombardo's The Most Fun We Ever Had 

Personal life
Relationships and family
Dern began dating musician Ben Harper after they met at one of his concerts in fall 2000  Harper and Dern married on December 23, 2005, at their home in Los Angeles  They have two children together, son Ellery Walker (born August 21, 2001) and daughter Jaya (born November 2004)  Through this marriage, Dern became a stepmother and is close with Harper's children from his first marriage, his son, Charles, and daughter, Harris  The two finalised their divorce in 2013 On October 18, 2017, in the wake of the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse scandal, Dern appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and revealed that she had been sexually assaulted at age 14 

Political views and activism
During the 66th Golden Globe Awards, on January 11, 2009, Dern expressed support for the incoming administration of Barack Obama during her acceptance speech for her Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film win, stating: "I will cherish this as a reminder of the extraordinary, incredible outpouring of people who demanded their voice be heard in this last election so we can look forward to amazing change in this country  Thank you so much!"An activist and supporter of various charities, Dern advocated Down syndrome awareness in a cover story for Ability Magazine  In 2018, Dern brought activist Mónica Ramírez to the 75th Golden Globe Awards as a guest  In the same year, she attended a Families Belong Together event and expressed her support for immigrants' rights  She is also an advocate for women's rights, gender pay parity, as well as combating gun violence and climate change  In 2019, she became a board member of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures  Dern is an ambassador for the American Lung Association and serves as an Advisor to the group's National Board of Directors 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Music videos
Awards and nominations
Passage 9:
All the Way to the Ocean
All the Way to the Ocean is a 2016 computer animated short film based on the children's book of the same name by Joel Harper  The screenplay was written by Joel Harper, Pete Michels, and Doug Rowell  The film was directed by Doug Rowell and produced by Joel Harper  The film is narrated by American actress Marcia Cross and features the song With My Own Two Hands by Ben Harper (brother of) Joel Harper  This is an alternate version of the original song featuring Jack Johnson and is also featured on the Curious George film soundtrack Sing-A-Longs and Lullabies for the Film Curious George  The lyrics focus on how changes in the world can come about when a single person decides to take action  The song's popularity in Europe was such that Ben Harper was awarded French Rolling Stone Magazine's "Artist of the Year" (Artiste De L'Année) in 2003  The film also features music by Joel Harper and Burning Spear with their collaboration on the song The Time is Now  The film stars voice-overs by actress and activist Amy Smart and Australian musician Xavier Rudd 

Plot
A story about two best friends, Isaac and James (voiced by Katie Leigh), and their discovery of the cause and effect relationship between our cities' storm drains and the world's oceans, lakes and rivers  In the story James throws a wrapper and plastic bottle in the gutter and doesn't believe that it will go all the way to the ocean  His friend Isaac warns James about the consequences of his littering  There begins the adventures of James and Isaac as they learn about the harmful effects of storm drain pollution, and in turn, spread the word to their friends and the rest of their school  Helping the kids along this journey are a concerned Crane (voiced by Xavier Rudd) from the coast line, a surprisingly insightful Surfer Dude and James' Mom (voiced by Amy Smart) 

Awards
2022 Sylvia Earle OCEAN CONSERVATION AWARD - Inspiring the Future (My Hero in Partnership with One World One Ocean) https://myhero com/winner-of-the-inspiring-the-future-2022-sylvia-earle-ocean-conservation-award-all-the-way-to-the-ocean
2017 Official Selection - Wild & Scenic Film Festival 
Passage 10:
Jennifer Grey
Jennifer Grey (born March 26, 1960) is an American actress  She made her acting debut with the film Reckless (1984), and had her breakthrough with the teen comedy film Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986)  She subsequently earned worldwide fame for starring as Frances "Baby" Houseman in the romantic drama film Dirty Dancing (1987), which earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination  Her other feature films include Red Dawn (1984), The Cotton Club (1984), Bloodhounds of Broadway (1989), Bounce (2000), Redbelt (2008), The Wind Rises (2013), In Your Eyes (2014), Duck Duck Goose (2018), and Bittersweet Symphony (2019) 
Grey's early television work includes the made-for-TV films Murder in Mississippi (1990), Criminal Justice (1990), and If the Shoe Fits as Kelly Carter / Prudence (1990)  She starred as herself in the series It's Like, You Know    (1999–2001), won season eleven of the dancing competition series Dancing with the Stars (2010) and starred as Judy Meyers in the Amazon Prime Video comedy Red Oaks (2014–2017)  She has done voice work in film and television, providing her voice in the 2018 film Duck Duck Goose and the 2008–2014 animated television series Phineas and Ferb 

Early life
Jennifer Grey was born on March 26, 1960, in New York City, the daughter of stage and Academy Award-winning screen actor Joel Grey and former actress/singer Jo Wilder (née Brower)  Her paternal grandfather was comedian and musician Mickey Katz  Grey's parents both came from Jewish families Grey attended the Dalton School, a private school in Manhattan where she studied dance and acting, and where she met her best friend, actress Tracy Pollan  After graduating in 1978, Grey enrolled at Manhattan's Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre for two years of training as an actress  While waiting for roles, she supported herself waitressing 

Career
Grey's commercial debut was at the age of 19, in an ad for Dr Pepper, before making her film debut in Reckless (1984), in a small role  She appeared in a small role in Francis Ford Coppola's The Cotton Club (1984)  That year she starred in the war film Red Dawn  She then appeared in the 1985 John Badham project American Flyers 
In 1986 she played the role of jealous sister Jeannie Bueller in the John Hughes comedy film Ferris Bueller's Day Off, opposite Matthew Broderick  The film was commercially successful and received a positive critical reception The following year, she reunited with Patrick Swayze, her co-star in Red Dawn, to play Frances "Baby" Houseman in Dirty Dancing  The story is a coming of age love story: spending the summer at a Catskills resort with her family, Frances "Baby" Houseman falls in love with the resort's dance instructor, Johnny Castle  The low-budget film was a surprise hit, was the first film to sell one million copies on video, and is considered a classic  Paid $50,000 for her role, the film came to define Grey's career, and she was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the role Grey's sole Broadway theatre credit is her 1993 appearance in The Twilight of the Golds 
Despite the success of Dirty Dancing, Grey felt that her looks would place restrictions on the type of future roles she would be considered for  After consulting her mother and three plastic surgeons in the early 1990s, she underwent two rhinoplasty procedures  The second was necessary to correct an irregularity caused by the first operation and ended up more extensive than what Grey had expected  This resulted in a nose that caused even close friends to fail to recognize her, and the major change in her appearance affected her career  Of the experience she said, "I went in the operating room a celebrity—and came out anonymous  It was like being in a witness protection program or being invisible " Grey recalled in a 2020 interview that an airline employee who checked her identity refused to believe that she and the actress the employee knew from Dirty Dancing were one and the same  Grey briefly considered changing her name in order to start her career anew, but ultimately decided against this From March 1999 until January 2000, Grey starred as herself in the short-lived ABC sitcom It's Like, You Know   , which satirized her much-publicized nose job as a running gag Grey appeared with Shirley MacLaine, Liza Minnelli, and Kathy Bates in the CBS television movie The West Side Waltz, adapted by Ernest Thompson from his play  She appeared in one episode of Friends as Mindy, a high school friend of Jennifer Aniston's character Rachel  She had a small role in the 2000 film Bounce with Gwyneth Paltrow and Ben Affleck  In 2007, Grey portrayed Daphne on the HBO series John from Cincinnati  In 2010, she played Abbey, the mother of a sick child in the season seven House episode "Unplanned Parenthood" Grey was a contestant on season eleven of Dancing With the Stars  She was partnered with professional dancer Derek Hough  She came out very strong at first, frequently topping the leaderboard  However, injuries, stress, and exhaustion took their toll on Grey, and for a couple of weeks she fell behind  In week seven, however, she improved, tying with previous frontrunner Brandy Norwood  On November 23, 2010, Grey and her partner Hough won the competition 
In September 2011 Grey appeared in the Lifetime movie Bling Ring as Iris Garvey, the mother of Zack Garvey  On November 5 and 6, 2011, Grey stood in for head judge Len Goodman on the BBC One TV show Strictly Come Dancing Grey voiced Mrs  Kurokawa in the English dub version of Hayao Miyazaki's film The Wind Rises From 2014 to 2017, Grey portrayed Judy Meyers on Red Oaks  In 2018, Grey co-starred in the film Untogether; the film was released on February 8, 2019 Grey also appeared at the 2015 Tony Awards alongside her father Joel, presenting a performance from the musical Fun Home 
Ballantine Books published Grey's memoir, Out of the Corner, on May 3, 2022 

Personal life
On August 5, 1987, Grey suffered severe whiplash in a car collision in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland, while vacationing with actor Matthew Broderick, whom she had begun dating in semi-secrecy during the filming of Ferris Bueller's Day Off  The crash, the event through which their relationship became public, occurred when Broderick, at the wheel of a rented BMW, crossed into the wrong lane and collided head-on with a Volvo driven by a local mother and daughter, Margaret Doherty, 63, and Anna Gallagher, 28, who were killed instantly  Broderick was convicted of careless driving and fined $175  Dirty Dancing was released a few weeks after the collision, catapulting Grey to fame  But she has said that her grief and survivor's guilt over the crash prevented her from enjoying the film's success, and led her to withdraw from acting for some time Grey was also romantically involved with actors Michael J  Fox, Johnny Depp, William Baldwin and then-aide to President Clinton, George Stephanopoulos  She married actor/director Clark Gregg on July 21, 2001  They have a daughter  They lived in Venice, California  The couple co-starred in the Lifetime movie The Road to Christmas in 2006  On July 3, 2020, Grey and Gregg announced they had separated amicably in January, and were in the process of divorcing  Their divorce became final on February 16, 2021 According to a September 2015 Grey profile in Jewish Journal, Grey had recently reconnected with Judaism, saying, "I love being a Jew  I've gotten a lot more Jewish in the last five years because of my daughter's bat mitzvah, and I realized I really care about being a Jew "Prior to her 2010 appearances on Dancing with the Stars, Grey had a physical examination to ensure that she was fit enough to compete and saw a doctor to address chronic neck problems caused by the car crash decades earlier  Her spinal cord was compressed and her surgeon placed a titanium plate in her neck to stabilize it  He also found a cancerous nodule on her thyroid that he removed in 2009  Grey said she believed the cancer was caught before it could metastasize and that she was now cancer-free In January 2017, Grey participated in the Los Angeles 2017 Women's March 

Filmography
Film
Television
Dancing with the Stars performances
Book
Grey, Jennifer (May 3, 2022)  Out of the Corner: A Memoir  Ballantine Books  ISBN 978-0-593-35670-8 

Awards and nominations
Notes
^ a: Contrary to previous versions of this article, and some of the sources cited in it, Grey indicated in a February 8, 2012 tweet on her verified Twitter account that she does not have a middle name 



ground_truth: Shari Shattuck

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Henry Roth and Lewis Mumford are both this nationality?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Regional Planning Association of America
The Regional Planning Association of America ("RPAA"), formed by Clarence Stein was an urban reform association developed in 1923   The association was a diverse group of people all with their own talents and skills   The goal of this group was to “connect a diverse group of friends in a critical examination of the city, in the collaborative development and dissemination of ideas, in political action and in city building projects”   Throughout the ten-year span in which the association lasted, five leading members contributed to this goal   Clarence Stein, Benton MacKaye, Lewis Mumford, Charles Harris Whitaker, Alexander Bing, and Henry Wright were the essential backbone of the RPAA  Originally an idea of Clarence Stein’s, through a series of introductions and acquaintances in Washington DC in 1918, the Regional Planning Association began to form 

Founders
Clarence Stein
Clarence Stein attended the Ethical Culture Society’s Workingman’s School, which influenced his interest in the city life and social responsibility through its teaching  Stein was closely influenced by the founder of Ethical Culture, Felix Adler, and teacher, John Lovejoy Elliott, in involvement with movements and committees, such as the Hudson Guild Settlement House and the Progressive Reform movement in New York City at the turn-of-the-century   Therefore, Stein’s enrollment at Workingman’s School proved to be of strong influence on his later interests and achievements   The very principle of the Ethical Culture Society being “that an individual’s growth toward excellence comes from furthering the unlike excellence of others”, exemplifies the basis of Stein’s life achievements through the RPAA 
Stein first met future fellow RPAA members, Henry Wright and Alexander Bing, in Washington (in 1918) through a friend, Charles Whitaker (editor of the JAIA)   In 1920, Stein became the Associate Editor for Community Planning with the Journal of the American Institute of Architects and soon later discovered the idea to create the RPAA including his friends at the JAIA office, including Lewis Mumford, as well as many others  The group included members in various fields of study from architects to union leaders, city officials to writers, and engineers to sociologists  And so, on April 18, 1923, the first official meeting of the Regional Planning Association of America was held   The association began with only a total of eight people present at its first official meeting but it soon grew 

Benton MacKaye
The first major project of the RPAA was that of fellow RPAA member, Benton MacKaye; the Appalachian Trail, a trail which we would refer to today as a greenway, of which he wrote an article in the JAIA two years earlier (“An Appalachian Trail – A Project in Regional Planning”)   The trail was planned to connect a footpath from Maine to Georgia in an attempt to “lead civilization to the wilderness”   The project was not directly implemented by the RPAA, however, their part was successful in introducing their idea to others and helping the various groups of Mountain Clubs come together to create the final project   The majority of the trail was completed by the mid-1930s   From this project came another main goal of the RPAA which was to create “the preservation of large areas of the natural environment, including parts of the wilderness, as a green matrix for shaping a “regional city” and for serving its various-sized, spatially well defined, specialized communities” 

Lewis Mumford
The success in publicizing this project as well as others was in large part due to Lewis Mumford   Mumford was the RPAA’s leading journalist and spokesperson   Having published his first book in 1922, The Story of Utopia, and well on his way with another, Mumford was extremely useful to the association  He worked on not only books and articles related to the RPAA but also wrote/edited policy documents   Mumford also contributed to the group by sharing his interest of Patrick Geddes’ ideas on regional development and planning   Mumford contributed concepts of “a dispersed yet concentrated urban culture integrated with nature” which were integrated along with MacKaye’s concepts into the RPAA’s later projects 

Sunnyside and Radburn
The leading community building experiments conceptualized and implemented by the RPAA were Sunnyside Gardens, Queens and Radburn, New Jersey   Sunnyside started as a small-scale housing development experiment in Queens, New York   The goal was “to produce good homes at as low a price as possible, to make the company’s investment safe, and to use the work of building and selling houses as a laboratory to work out better house and block plans and better methods of building”   Radburn, New Jersey, would be the new and improved built community utilizing the analysis from the Sunnyside community experiment 

through not only his own real estate company and wealth but through his outstanding real estate and business skills   Bing, president of the RPAA, found the funds through outside contributions and personal contribution (more so than any other member) to support the projects of the association   For the Sunnyside community project Bing founded the City Housing Corporation through which he would establish the funding and opportunity to complete the project 

Henry Wright
Henry Wright, known as the analyst due to his never-ending questioning and analysis on projects, worked alongside Stein in site designs and development on such projects as Sunnyside, New York   Studied architecture at the University of Pennsylvania along with work as a landscape architect and site planner, Wright shared many interests with Stein   Close work in 1923 on the Sunnyside Homes development with Stein led to a trip to England in 1924 to study the designs of Unwin and Parker as well as that of Ebeneezer Howard   Though close at the beginning of the association’s organization, Wright went on to establish “The Housing Study Guild” along with several RPAA members which Stein viewed to work more independently than directly with the RPAA’s projects   This slight dispute would be the beginning point of the division and end of the Regional Planning Association of America   In 1933, many members began to move away and/or join various other movements or committees which quickly led to the association's end 

Legacy
The Regional Planning Association of America, led by Clarence Stein, Benton MacKaye, Lewis Mumford, Alexander Bing, Henry Wright, as well as many others started simply as a group of people with similar interests wanting to make a difference in the American towns and cities  Through the collaboration of these five, Clarence Stein – the organizer and manager, Benton MacKaye – the conservationist, Lewis Mumford – the writer, Alexander Bing – the developer-builder, and Henry Wright – the analyst, as well as the many other members, the RPAA conceptualized, experimented, and changed our view of American towns, cities, architecture, and planning in America 
Passage 2:
Lewis Mumford House
The Lewis Mumford House is located on Leedsville Road (Dutchess County Route 2) in the Town of Amenia, New York, United States  It is a white Federal style building dating to the 1830s 
Social philosopher, historian and cultural critic Lewis Mumford and his wife bought the house in the late 1920s, originally using it as a summer house  By the mid-1930s, they decided to make it their permanent residence for a few years  That period extended to more than half a century, the rest of Mumford's life  His experience of living in a rural area informed some of Mumford's thinking about cities and how they should be shaped  In 1999, a few years after his death, the property was  listed on the National Register of Historic Places 

Buildings and grounds
The property listed on the Register consists of two adjoining parcels: a 1 9-acre (7,700 m2) lot with the house and carriage house and a larger 11 7-acre (4 7 ha) open field stretching back to Webutuck Creek  Both are located on the west side of Leedsville Road, a street of large semi-wooded residential lots, most formerly part of larger farms, in the eastern section of Amenia  There is a similar 19th-century farmhouse just across the street  The Mumford property is a half-mile (1 km) south of state highway NY 343 and a similar distance west of the Connecticut state line  The house, carriage house and landscaping on the property are all considered contributing resources to the listing 

House
The main house's east (front) section is a three-bay two-story frame structure on a stone foundation sided in clapboard  It is topped with a side-gabled roof shingled in asphalt, pierced by two brick chimneys at either end  A perpendicular rear wing, similarly sided, is one and a half stories in height, with side entrances and a single-story sunroom added to the rear A single-bay porch with arched pediment and two round columns shelters the main entrance at the northern end of the front facade  All windows have solid wooden shutters  Semicircular windows at the attic level on either side elevation have been boarded in Federal-style crown moldings, pilasters and fielded side panels surround the main entrance  It opens to a small main hall that gives onto a living room with exposed ceiling beams  A study, kitchen and pantry, bathroom and the sunroom complete the first floor  The flooring is wide pine boards  The brick kitchen fireplace has a large mantel and bake oven Two staircases lead up to the second floor  The front one has been opened up to provide more light to the upstairs  The kitchen stair is narrow and steep  The basement has a dirt floor and the original, unfinished stone walls 

Carriage house and landscaping
To the rear of the house, at the end of the driveway, is the former carriage house, modified for use as an automotive garage  It is a single-story post and beam wood pegged structure sided in clapboard with an asphalt-shingled roof  It has a low loft inside, a northern addition to accommodate a car, and three windows on the south side Stone paths lead from the driveway south to the house  They are complemented in the landscaping by mature plantings including ornamental shrubs around the house and curvilinear flower beds in the rear yard  Intersecting paths lead through the woods to the open field in the rear 

History
There is some uncertainty about the age of the house  In his 1982 autobiography Sketches of Life, Mumford gives its construction date as 1837  Research done by New York's State Historic Preservation Office in preparation for the Register nomination found that it might be as much as a decade older Mumford, a mostly self-taught New York City native, and his wife Sophia had lived in Greenwich Village and Sunnyside Gardens in Queens following their 1921 marriage  After the success of Sticks and Stones, his 1924 history of American architecture, critic Joel Elias Spingarn invited him up to his Amenia estate, Troutbeck  The Mumfords spent the summer of 1926 there, and returned in the following years By 1929 they had decided to purchase a property of their own for their summers, and found the house just down the road from Troutbeck  For $2,500 ($43,000 in contemporary dollars), they bought the house and what Mumford later called its "weedy acre"  After seven more summers, the family decided to settle there year-round in 1936, and began adding additional acreage and upgrading the house with electricity and heating to make it livable in wintertime It was a considerable adjustment for the Mumfords, both of whom had up to that point been city dwellers  "There," wrote one scholar three decades later, "the rural life that previously he had only glimpsed became real to him " He took up gardening in earnest, and the Mumfords began landscaping the property, eventually adding paths that opened up vistas across the Webutuck valley to Oblong Mountain on the west  They bought a used 1932 Chevrolet, their first car  Mumford left it to his wife to drive after he nearly crashed it into the maple trees in front of the house on one attempt to learn, and swore never to get behind the wheel again The Mumfords primarily socialized with the Spingarns up the road  They nevertheless appreciated their neighbors' help in lending them tools and garden equipment and watching the house when they were away from it; one large family nearby was extremely helpful with the Mumford children  The experience reinforced Mumford's belief that livable city neighborhoods needed to have "something of the village" in them They told their friends in New York that they initially meant to stay in Amenia for only a few years  But Lewis gradually found the quiet rural environment a good place to write, and it was in the downstairs study that he turned out many of his later major works on the role of cities in civilization and the roots of industrialization  In the early 1940s, after his son Geddes was killed in action during World War II, Mumford recalled his son's childhood in and around the house in Green Memories "We gradually fell in love with our shabby house as a young man might fall in love with a homely girl whose voice and smile were irresistible", Mumford later recalled  "In no sense was this the house of dreams  But over our lifetime it has slowly turned into something better, the house of our realities     [T]his dear house has enfolded and remodeled our family character—exposing our limitations as well as our virtues "Over the rest of their lives, the Mumfords sometimes took residence elsewhere for Lewis's teaching or research positions, up to a year at a time  They always returned to what they called the "Great Good Place"  Mumford's biographer Donald Miller wrote:

In the act of living in this house and making it over it became like a person to them; and like a good friend they grew more fond of it with closer and deeper acquaintance  Every patch garden and lawn, every vista and view, carried the imprint of some of the best hours of their lives 
They made some changes to it, siding the first story in shingles and removing the south chimney  Inside they put bookcases on almost every wall In the 1980s, when Lewis could no longer write due to his advanced age, he retreated to the house  He died there in his bed in 1990, at the age of 94  Sophia followed him seven years later After her death, the house was sold to a local carpenter who decided to restore it to its original appearance and resell it  He removed all the bookcases and the nine layers of linoleum the Mumfords had added to the kitchen floor every time one wore out  Later renovations restored the original siding and chimney In 1999, after being listed on the National Register, the house was again put up for sale with a list price of $375,000  The restorations made it more difficult to sell despite the historic provenance, since it still lacked many amenities sought by contemporary buyers of country houses  It eventually did, and is now an occupied residence again 

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Dutchess County, New York
Passage 3:
The City in History
The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects is a 1961 National Book Award winner by American historian Lewis Mumford 
It was first published by Harcourt, Brace & World (New York) 

Synopsis
Mumford argues for a world not in which technology rules, but rather in which it achieves a balance with nature  His ideal vision is what can be described as an "organic city," where culture is not usurped by technological innovation but rather thrives with it  Mumford contrasts these cities with those constructed around wars, tyrants, poverty, etc  However, the book is not an attack on the city, but rather an evaluation of its growth, how it came to be, and where it is heading, as evidenced by the final chapter "Retrospect and Prospect "
Mumford notes apologetically in his preface that his "method demands personal experience and observation," and that therefore he has "confined [him]self as far as possible to cities and regions [he is] acquainted with at first hand "

Style
Mumford's florid writing style is also "organic" compared to the cold, mechanical style of many history texts   Stylistically, his works are full of metaphors and similes, as well as quotations from famous novelists, giving his prose shades of poetry   He refers to such texts as Great Expectations and Hard Times, sometimes using citations to illustrate to the reader what life was like during the industrial era and the city in which Dickens lived 
Articles have been written on Mumford's use of metaphors and how his works can often be read as "fiction," in the sense that they have narrative flow   That is evident in this book, in which, instead of a human protagonist on which the story centers, we have the city and its growth in a quasi-bildungsroman fashion 

Editions
Hardcover, MJF Books (August 1997) ISBN 978-1-56731-211-9
Paperback, Harvest Books (October 1968) ISBN 978-0-15-618035-1
Passage 4:
Megalopolis
A megalopolis () or a supercity, also called a megaregion, is a group of metropolitan areas which are perceived as a continuous urban area through common systems of transport, economy, resources, ecology, and so on  They are integrated enough that coordinating policy is valuable, although the constituent metropolises keep their individual identities  The megalopolis concept has become highly influential as it introduced a new, larger scale thinking about urban patterns and growth 

Etymology and earlier definitions
The term has specific geographic definitions dating from 1832, when its meaning was "a metropolis," that is, "a very large, heavily populated urban complex" 
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Jean Gottmann, a professor of political science at the University of Paris and member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, directed "A Study of Megalopolis" for The Twentieth Century Fund, wherein he described a megalopolis as a "world of ideas"  Gottmann, in his extensive studies, applied the term megalopolis to an analysis of the urbanized northeastern seaboard of the U S , in particular from Boston, Massachusetts to Washington, D C 

Modern definitions
A megalopolis may also be called a megaregion  "Megalopolis" and other similar terms have been used by different scholars and countries to describe similar spatial forms 
A megalopolis, following the work of Gottmann, refers to two or more roughly adjacent metropolitan areas that, through a commonality of systems—e g , of transport, economy, resources, and ecologies—experience a blurring of the boundaries between the population centers, such that while some degree of separation may remain, their perception as a continuous urban area is of value, e g , "to coordinate policy at this expanded scale"  Simply put, a megalopolis (or a megaregion) is a clustered network of big cities  Gottmann defined its population as 25 million, while Doxiadis defined a small megalopolis a similar cluster with a population of about 10 million  America 2050, a program of the Regional Plan Association (RPA), lists 11 megaregions in the United States and Canada 
Megaregions of the United States were explored in a July 2005 report by Robert E  Lang and Dawn Dhavale of the Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech  A later 2007 article by Lang and Nelson uses 20 "megapolitan" areas grouped into 10 megaregions  The concept is based on the original "Megalopolis model" Modern interlinked ground transportation corridors, such as rail and highway, often aid in the development of megalopolises  Using these commuter passageways to travel throughout the megalopolis is informally called megaloping, a term coined by Davide Gadren and Stefan Berteau In Brazil, the term megarregião has a legal meaning, different from the English word megaregion: mesoregions of Brazil (mesorregião) and microregions of Brazil (microrregião) 
In China, the official term corresponding to the meaning of "megalopolis" is '城市群' (chéngshì qún), which, in Chinese, was originally coined by Yao Shimou and literally means "city cluster"  A "city cluster" is defined as "[a]n area in which cities are relatively densely distributed in a certain region"  In an older standard, the term was mistranslated as "agglomeration"  In 2019, National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)  published guidelines and made a distinction from a similar concept "metropolitan area" (都市圈), which is of a smaller scale than a city cluster  In the latest standard terminologies of both economics and urban planning, 城市群 is translated as "city cluster", replacing "agglomeration" 

List of megalopolises
In popular culture
Metropolis
Metropolis is a 1927 German expressionist science-fiction drama film directed by Fritz Lang  Written by Thea von Harbou in collaboration with Lang, it stars Gustav Fröhlich, Alfred Abel, Rudolf Klein-Rogge and Brigitte Helm  Erich Pommer produced it in the Babelsberg Studios for Universum Film A G  (Ufa)  The silent film is regarded as a pioneering science-fiction movie, being among the first feature-length movies of that genre  Filming took place over 17 months in 1925–26 at a cost of over five million Reichsmarks 

Judge Dredd
In the Judge Dredd (1977) comic book series and its spinoff series, Mega-City One is a huge fictional megalopolis-size city-state covering much of what is now the Eastern United States and some of Canada  The exact geography of the city depends on which writer and artist has done which story, but from its first appearance it has been associated with New York City's urban sprawl; originally it was presented as a future New York, which was retconned as the centre of a "Mega-City One" in the very next story  The Architects' Journal placed it at No  1 in their list of "comic book cities" 

Blade Runner
Blade Runner is a 1982 neo-noir science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott, written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples, and starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, and Edward James Olmos  It is a loose adaptation of Philip K  Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968)  The film is set in a dystopian future Los Angeles of 2019, in which synthetic humans known as replicants are bio-engineered by the powerful Tyrell Corporation to work on off-world colonies  When a fugitive group of replicants led by Roy Batty (Hauer) escapes back to Earth, burnt-out cop Rick Deckard (Ford) reluctantly agrees to hunt them down 

Sprawl trilogy
In William Gibson's Sprawl trilogy, "the Sprawl" is a colloquial name for the "Boston-Atlanta Metropolitan Axis" (BAMA), an urban sprawl environment on a massive scale, and a fictional extension of the real Northeast megalopolis   The Sprawl is a visualization of a future where virtually the entire East Coast of the United States, from Boston to Atlanta, has melded into a single mass of urban sprawl  It has been enclosed in several geodesic domes and merged into one megacity  The city has become a separate world with its own climate, no real night/day cycle, and an artificial sky that is always grey 

Further reading
Hagler, Yoav (November 2009)  "Defining U S  Megaregions" (PDF)  America 2050  Retrieved February 19, 2022 – via RPA org  This work, while dated, is from Associate Planner Yoav Hagler of America 2050, and while not used as a source in this article, is one of the most focused articles available on the American aspects of the title subject  It includes history, methodology, and statistical and other criteria sections, and identifies the U S  megaregions as of its publication date America 2050 Staff (February 19, 2022)  "Megaregions"  America 2050  Archived from the original (homepage) on May 16, 2017  Retrieved February 19, 2022 – via RPA org  Starting point for access to articles from the America 2050 effort, while it was active  Note, an earlier cited article by Matt Taylor, on urban transit issues, appears among the works linked at this home page 

See also
Passage 5:
Critical Mass (book)
Critical Mass: How One Thing Leads to Another, a non-fiction book by English chemist and physicist Philip Ball originally published in 2004, discusses the concept of a "physics of society"  Ball discusses thinkers such as Thomas Hobbes, Lewis Mumford, Emyr Hughes, and Gottfried Achenwall who have attempted to apply (or argue against the use of) physics, chemistry, or mathematics in the study of mass social phenomena  He also discusses how the concept relates to recent research, including his own 

Physics of society
The outlines of Ball's Critical Mass, the most popular of his many noted books, beginning in various circa 2001 lectures, talks, and articles focused on what he calls a 'physics of society', similar to the social physics in the Auguste Comte sense, a subject Ball approaches using statistical mechanics viewing people as atoms or molecules that show characteristic behaviours in bulk  The following is an excerpt of his 2003 talk on the physical modeling of society:
"There seem to be 'laws' [of] social systems that have at least something of the character of natural physical laws, in that they do not yield easily to planned and arbitrary interventions  Over the past several decades, social, economic and political scientists have begun a dialogue with physical and biological scientists to try to discover whether there is truly a 'physics of society', and if so, what its laws and principles are  In particular, they have begun to regard complex modes of human activity as collections of many interacting 'agents' - somewhat analogous to a fluid of interacting atoms or molecules, but within which there is scope for decision-making, learning and adaptation "In his 2004 book, Ball summarizes this to the effect that "to develop a physics of society, we must take a bold step that some might regard as a leap of faith and others as preposterous idealization: particles become people " Nearly as soon as he gives this definition, however, Ball falls back on the two biggest hurdles to this perspective: that of the theories of being alive and of free will, both of which seem to contradict the physics viewpoint 

Other topics
Other topics discussed in the book include the business cycle, random walks, phase transitions, bifurcation theory, traffic flow, Zipf's law, Small world phenomenon, catastrophe theory, the Prisoner's dilemma  The overall theme is one of applying modern mathematical models to social and economic phenomena 

Awards
Critical Mass was the winner of the 2005 Aventis Prize for Science Books and the 2005 Royal Society Winton Prize for Science Books 

See also
Critical mass (sociodynamics)
Psychohistory
Historical materialism
Network economics
Passage 6:
Technics and Civilization
Technics and Civilization is a 1934 book by American philosopher and historian of technology Lewis Mumford   The book presents the history of technology and its role in shaping and being shaped by civilizations   According to Mumford, modern technology has its roots in the Middle Ages rather than in the Industrial Revolution  It is the moral, economic, and political choices we make, not the machines we use, Mumford argues, that have produced a capitalist industrialized machine-oriented economy, whose imperfect fruits serve the majority so imperfectly 

Background
Apart from its significance as a monumental work of scholarship in several disciplines, Mumford explicitly positioned the book as a call-to-action for the human race to consider its options in the face of the threats to its survival posed by possible ecological catastrophe or industrialised warfare  Technics and Civilization is the first book in Mumford's four-volume Renewal of Life series, followed by The Culture of Cities (1938), The Condition of Man (1944), and The Conduct of Life (1951) 

Synopsis
Mumford divides the development of technology into three overlapping phases: eotechnic (Greek, eos meaning "dawn"), paleotechnic and neotechnic The first phase  of technically civilized life (AD 1000 to 1800) begins with the clock, to Mumford the most important basis for the development of capitalism because time thereby becomes fungible (thus transferable)   The clock is the most important prototype for all other machines   He contrasts the development and use of glass, wood, wind and water with the inhumanly horrific work that goes into mining and smelting metal   The use of all of these materials, and the development of science during the eotechnic phase, is based on the abstraction from life of the elements that could be measured   He approves those people, cities and cultures who strove for a harmonious balance between the senses and the freedom from labor provided by science 

The second phase, the paleotechnic (roughly 1700 to 1900), is "an upthrust into barbarism, aided by the very forces and interests which originally had been directed toward the conquest of the environment and the perfection of human nature "  Inventions of the paleotechnic are made by men trying to solve specific problems rather than hunting for general scientific principles; in fact, scientific learning is devalued by men of business   The invention of coal-fired steam powered factories and the installation of capital-intensive machinery leads to a necessarily gigantic round-the-clock scale of production supported by unskilled machine tenders  Labour becomes a commodity, rather than an inalienable set of skills, the labourer who tended machines, lived in slums, and was paid starvation wages, became physically stunted and socially and spiritually stultified   Mumford notes that the death rate of urban slums compares unfavorably to the agricultural worker of the same time period, and furthermore that life in the nineteenth century compares unfavorably to cleanliness and standards of living available to workers in thirteenth century cities   He also identifies iron as the primary building material of the paleotechnic, and skyscrapers, bridges and steamships as première accomplishments of the age   War and mass sport he saw as social releases from mechanized life, and the hysteric duties of wartime production (or even the hysteria of a baseball team's victory) is a natural outgrowth of the tensions and structures of such paleotechnic life 
In describing the neotechnic age (from about 1900 to Mumford's present, 1930), he focuses on the invention of electricity, freeing the factory production line from the restrictions of coal through the addition of small electric motors to individual machines, and freeing the laborer to create small but competitive factories   Mumford presciently notes that a small producer can deliver what is needed when it is needed more efficiently than paleotechnic assembly lines  The neotechnic phase he saw was dominated by men of science, rather than mechanically apt machinists  Rather than pursuing accomplishments on the scale of the trains, it is concerned with the invisible, the rare, the atomic level of change and innovation   Compact and lightweight aluminum is the metal of the neotechnic,  and communication and information—even inflated amounts—he claimed was the coin 


== Notes ==
Passage 7:
Jack Hillmer
Jack Hillmer (1918–2007) was an American architect based in San Francisco, California   An exponent of what Lewis Mumford called the "Bay Region style," Hillmer is known for his meticulously hand-crafted modernist homes built from redwood   Jack Hillmer's most notable projects include the Ludekens house on Belvedere island, the Munger house in Napa, and the Cagliostro house in Berkeley   Architectural writer Alan Hess called Jack Hillmer "one of the most original architects produced by California "

Early life
Hillmer was born and raised in Texas   As a 15-year-old boy, he travelled to Chicago with his mother, a cousin and a friend to visit the 1933 World's Fair   It was there, in the California exhibit, that he encountered the redwood boards that would become a key feature of his later architectural practice:  four-foot by twenty-foot planks displayed under spotlights to highlight one of that state's key products   Several years later Hillmer received a scholarship to the University of Texas, where he enrolled in architecture   After college, Hillmer joined the air force, and was stationed in San Diego   Hillmer used his time-off during the war to explore the new modernist buildings that were being built in southern California, including renting a room in the Pueblo Rivera Apartments by R  M  Schindler, and living for a time at the La Jolla Art Center by Irving Gill   Toward the end of the war, Hillmer visited Frank Lloyd Wright at Taliesen West in Scottsdale, Arizona   Hillmer was invited by Wright to join his Taliesen Fellowship, but Hillmer declined despite his appreciation for Wright's work Hillmer first visited the San Francisco Bay Area in 1945, when he flew up the coast to Hamilton Air Force Base to deliver a new bomber on which he had worked as a draftsman   Hillmer was transferred to Travis Air Force Base in Solano County, California toward the end of the war   After he was discharged, Hillmer decided to remain in the Bay Area, where he opened an architectural office with his friend Warren Callister at 425 Bush Street in San Francisco 

Career
Hillmer and Callister's first commission was the Haines and Betty Hall house in 1947, a house with an abstract geometry built from redwood boards that were reclaimed from a dismantled barn on the property   The house would later be published in Life magazine Shortly after the Hall house was published, Callister and Hillmer dissolved their partnership and set up individual practices   Hillmer's first commission on his own came in 1948 from Fred Ludekens, a successful graphic artist who had purchased a lot on Belvedere Island with views across the Bay to San Francisco   Arguably Hillmer's most successful design, the Ludekens house featured rough redwood walls and airplane wing-like ceilings that soared above the walls of the building, seemingly supported only by glass   Shortly after its completion in 1951, the Ludekens House would be featured in Architectural Forum In the early 1950s, Hillmer was invited to teach as a lecturer at the University of California, Berkeley by the dean of the architecture school, William Wurster, and again in the 1960s by Charles Moore   Several significant commissions followed over the next three decades, including the Milton Munger house in Napa (1950), the Owen Stebbins house in Kent Woodlands (1960), the John and Patti Wright house in Inverness (1962), and the Dominic Cagliostro house in Berkeley (1977) 

Style
Jack Hillmer's style is most closely identified with the Second Bay Tradition period of architecture in the California Bay Area   Hillmer's work is characterized by "bold exterior fascias and interior cornice lines [that] turn the structure into its own ornament   He hones unnecessary details to a minimum; window frames are typically absent; the glass is often embedded directly into the wood structure   This approach is thoroughly Modern   Beauty is drawn from the inherent structure itself rather than from applied carving "Architect Pierluigi Serraino described Hillmer's architecture as "assertive, but it's always benevolent   It's always very delicate in the way it fits onto the site   It's not architecture that wants to scream, but it has its own monumentality "In Hillmer's own words:  "My approach to architecture was as an art   The approach of most other architects is as a business   I never really thought about how much money I was getting "
Passage 8:
Henry Roth
Henry Roth (February 8, 1906 – October 13, 1995) was an American novelist and short story writer who found success later in life after his 1934 novel Call It Sleep was reissued in paperback in 1964 

Biography
Roth was born in Tysmenitz near Stanislawow, Galicia, Austro-Hungary (now known as Tysmenytsia, near Ivano-Frankivsk, Galicia, Ukraine)  Although his parents never agreed on the exact date of his arrival in the United States, it is most likely that he and his mother landed at Ellis Island and began his life in New York in 1908  The family briefly lived in Brooklyn, and then on the Lower East Side, in the slums where his classic novel Call It Sleep is set  In 1914, they moved to Harlem  Roth lived there until 1927, when, as a senior at City College of New York, he moved in with Eda Lou Walton, a poet and New York University instructor who lived on Morton Street in Greenwich Village 
With Walton's support, he began Call It Sleep in about 1930, completed the novel in the spring of 1934, and it was published in December 1934, to mostly good reviews  Yet the New York Herald Tribune's book critic Lewis Gannett foresaw that the book would not prove popular with its bleak depiction of New York's Lower East Side, but wrote readers would "remember it and talk about it and watch excitedly" for Roth's next book  Call It Sleep sold slowly and poorly, and after it was out-of-print, critics writing in magazines such as Commentary and Partisan Review kept praising it, and asking for it to be reprinted  After being republished in hardback in 1960 and paperback in 1964, with more than 1,000,000 copies sold, and many weeks on the New York Times bestseller list, the novel was hailed as an overlooked Depression-era masterpiece and classic novel of immigration  Today, it is widely regarded as a masterpiece of Jewish American literature 
After the book's 1934 publication, Roth began a second novel that was contracted with editor Maxwell Perkins, of Scribner's  But Roth's growing ideological frustration and personal confusion contributed to a profound writer's block, which lasted until 1979, when he began the earliest drafts of Mercy of a Rude Stream (although material written much earlier than 1979 was also incorporated into this later work)  In 1938, during an unproductive sojourn at the artists' colony Yaddo in Saratoga Springs, New York, Roth met Muriel Parker, a pianist and composer; much of this period is depicted in Roth's final work, An American Type  Roth severed his relationship with Walton, moved out of her apartment, and married Parker in 1939, to the disapproval of her family  With the onset of World War II, he became a tool-and-gauge maker  The couple moved first to Boston with their two young sons, Jeremy and Hugh, and then, in 1946, to Maine  There, Roth worked as a woodsman, a schoolteacher, a psychiatric attendant in the state mental hospital, a waterfowl farmer, and a Latin and math tutor 
Arthur Hertzberg credited editor Harold U  Ribalow with "rediscovering" Roth  Ribelow found him on a farm in Maine, persuaded him to permit a new edition of the novel, and wrote an introduction to the new edition, which was published by Pageant Books in 1960   Many years later, after Ribalow had died and Roth was awarded the Ribalow Prize, he wrote to Ribalow's son, Meir Z  Ribalow, "Thanks for the encomia  Things like that keep me alive, I'm sure: what little is left me capable of feeling swells with pride like the staves of an old barrel when filled  Harold, to whom I owe so much, would have been happy to witness the occasion "In fact, Roth did not initially welcome the success of the 1964 reprint of Call It Sleep, valuing his privacy instead  But his writing block slowly began to break  In 1968, after Muriel's retirement from the Maine state school system, the couple moved to a trailer home in Albuquerque, New Mexico, closer to where Roth had stayed as writer-in-residence at the D  H  Lawrence ranch outside of Taos  Muriel began composing music again, while Roth collaborated with his friend and Italian translator Mario Materassi to put out a collection of essays called Shifting Landscape, published by the Jewish Publication Society in 1987  After Muriel's death, in 1990, Roth moved into a ramshackle former funeral parlor and occupied himself with revising the final volumes of his monumental work, Mercy of a Rude Stream  It has been alleged that the incestuous relationships between the protagonist, a sister, and a cousin in Mercy of a Rude Stream are autobiographical  Roth's sister, however, has denied that such events occurred 
Roth failed to garner the acclaim some say he deserves, perhaps because after the publication of Call It Sleep he failed to produce another novel for 60 years  He attributed his massive writer's block to personal problems, such as depression, and to political conflicts, including his disillusionment with Communism  At other times, he cited his early break with Judaism and his obsessive sexual preoccupations as probable causes  Roth died in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1995 
The character E  I  Lonoff in Philip Roth's Zuckerman novels (The Ghost Writer and Exit Ghost in this case), is a composite of Roth, Bernard Malamud and fictional elements 

Works and writing
Call It Sleep
Published in 1934, Call It Sleep centers on the turbulent experiences of a young boy, David Schearl, growing up in the Jewish immigrant slum of New York's Lower East Side in the early 20th century 

Mercy of a Rude Stream
Mercy of a Rude Stream is a monumental epic published in four volumes  It follows protagonist Ira Stigman from his family's arrival in Jewish-Irish Harlem in 1914 to the night before Thanksgiving in 1927, when Ira decides to leave the family tenement and move in with Edith Welles   According to critic David Mehegan, Roth's Mercy represents a "landmark of the American literary century" The first volume, A Star Shines over Mt  Morris Park was published in 1994 by St  Martin's Press and the second volume, called A Diving Rock on the Hudson, appeared from St  Martin's in 1995   In A Diving Rock on the Hudson, "Roth writes graphically about the sexual relationship between the protagonist, Ira Stigman, and Stigman's sister, Minnie, as teen-agers  Roth also describes an incestuous relationship between Stigman and his cousin, Stella " Roth's sister "chastise[d] Roth for writing about the 'revelation'" and "threaten[ed] to sue him and St  Martin's Press     Roth and his sister entered into a contract in which he agreed to pay his sister $10,000 in exchange for immunity from legal action  The contract     also stipulated that future volumes of Roth's novel would no longer portray Minnie Stigman 'as having any further sexual relationship with her brother, Ira Stigman '"From Bondage, which appeared in hardcover in 1996, was the first volume of the four Mercy books to appear posthumously  Requiem for Harlem, the fourth and final volume, appeared in 1998   Roth was able to revise both the third and fourth volumes in 1994 and 1995 with the help of his assistant, Felicia Steele, shortly before his death 
Before his death, Roth commented numerous times that Mercy of a Rude Stream comprised six volumes   In fact, Roth did write six separate books  He called the first four "Batch One," and the last two, "Batch Two "  Roth's editor at St  Martin's, Robert Weil, along with Felicia Steele, Larry Fox, and Roth's agent, Roslyn Targ, found the epic would be best served in four volumes, as the four books of "Batch One" contained a stylistic and thematic unity inconsistent with the remaining two books 
Explaining the difference between Mercy of a Rude Stream and Call It Sleep, critic Mario Materassi, Roth's longtime friend, argues that "Call It Sleep can be read as a vehicle through which, soon after breaking away from his family and his tradition, young Roth used some of the fragments of his childhood to shore up the ruins of what he already felt was a disconnected self   Forty-five years later, Roth embarked on another attempt to bring some retrospective order to his life's confusion:  Mercy of a Rude Stream, which he has long called a 'continuum,' can be read as a final, monumental effort on the part of the elderly author to come to terms with the pattern of rupture and discontinuity that has marked his life" Fran Lebowitz, writer and public intellectual, in her Netflix special "Pretend It's a City" speaks about how you can still appreciate the art of an individual separate from his actions 

An American Type
Roth's final novel, An American Type, emerged from "Batch 2," which Roth wrote during the late 1980s and early 1990s  With his assistant's help, Roth produced 1,900 typed pages of scenes beginning where Mercy left off and continuing through 1990   The manuscript of "Batch 2" remained untouched for over a decade until Weil sent it to The New Yorker, which published two excerpts from "Batch 2" in the summer of 2006 under the titles "God the Novelist" and "Freight " At The New Yorker the book came into the hands of Willing Davidson, then a young assistant in the magazine's fiction department  At the suggestion of Weil and Roth's literary executor, Lawrence Fox, Davidson edited "Batch 2" into An American Type, which was published by W W  Norton in 2010 Both a love story and a lamentation, the novel opens in 1938, and reintroduces us to Ira Stigman of the Mercy cycle, a thirty-two-year-old "slum-born Yiddle" eager to assimilate but traumatized by his impoverished immigrant past  Restless with his lover and literary mentor, English professor Edith Welles, Ira journeys to Yaddo, where he meets M (who only appeared in the old man's reveries in the Mercy series), a blond, aristocratic pianist whose "calm, Anglo-Saxon radiance" engages him 
The ensuing romantic crisis, as well as the conflict between his ghetto Jewish roots and the bourgeois comforts of Manhattan, forces Ira to abandon his paramour's Greenwich Village apartment and set out with an illiterate, boorish Communist on a quest for the promise of the American West  But feeling like a total failure in LA, Ira begins an epic journey home, thumbing rides from truckers and riding the rails with hobos through the Dust Bowl  Ira only knows that he must return to M, the woman he truly loves 
Sixty-five pages of excerpts from Batch Two consisting of short journal entries appeared in the journal, Fiction, Number 57, in 2011  The majority of these pages are about Roth's move to Maine, afraid that his associations with the Communist Party would haunt him at his factory job in Massachusetts  Purchasing a small farm, and surrounded by Yankee neighbors, Roth questions his identity as a Jew and struggles to wrest a living out of a Maine countryside where the soil is so hard that he has to dynamite in order to lay pipe deep enough to avoid the winter freezes  The extreme cold that he and his family endured, his work logging, bargaining over antiques and livestock with neighbors, and the world of backwoods and village America form the principal and unlikely drama of these pages  There is also return to the tense, incestuous world of the Roth family in Henry's childhood in the last of these extracts 

Themes
Henry Roth's writing centers on immigrant experience, particularly a Jewish-American experience in Depression-era America  He has also been hailed as a chronicler of New York City life 
Roth's work reveals an obsession with cultural depravity: the internal dislocation of the intellectual and of society at large that features so prominently in the work of the greatest Modernist writers  Indeed, Roth often fixates on human depravity in a multitude of forms  Sexually abhorrent acts such as incest, infidelity, and predation, for instance, inform much of his work, as does a more general climate of violence or abuse, often inflicted on others and masochistically turned inwards 
Throughout his life, Roth simultaneously embraced and rejected the notion of a forgiving God, and this ambivalence is also registered in his writing  Mario Materassi suggests, in "Shifting Urbanscape: Roth's 'Private' New York," that Roth "has never been interested in any story other than the anguished one of a man who, throughout his life, has contradicted each of his previously held positions and beliefs "While Roth's works are generally tragic, and often relentlessly so, his later work holds out for the possibility of redemption, or of mercy in a rude stream  This notion is especially evident in An American Type where the love between Ira and M becomes a means of transcendence 

Awards and honors
Roth received two honorary doctorates, one from the University of New Mexico and one from the Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of Religion  He won the 1987 International Nonino Prize in Italy  Posthumously, he was honored in 1995 with the Hadassah Harold Ribalow Lifetime Achievement Award and by the Museum of the City of New York with Manhattan Borough President Ruth Messinger having named February 29, 1996, as "Henry Roth Day" in New York City  From Bondage was cited by the National Book Critics Circle as being a finalist for its Fiction Prize in 1997, and it was in that same year that Henry Roth won the first Isaac Bashevis Singer Prize in Literature for From Bondage, an award put out by The Forward Foundation  In 2005, ten years after Roth's death, the first full biography of his life, the prize-winning Redemption: The Life of Henry Roth, by literary scholar Steven G  Kellman, was published, followed in 2006 by Henry Roth's centenary, which was marked by a literary tribute at the New York Public Library, sponsored by CCNY and organized by Lawrence I  Fox, Roth's literary executor 

Bibliography
Call It Sleep (1934)
"Where My Sympathy Lies," The New Masses, vol  22, no  10 (March 2, 1937), pg  9 —extols and justifies the Moscow Trials 
Nature's First Green (1979)
Shifting Landscape: A Composite, 1925–1987 (1987)
Mercy of a Rude Stream Vol  1: A Star Shines Over Mt  Morris Park (1994)
Mercy of a Rude Stream Vol  2: A Diving Rock on the Hudson (1995)
Mercy of a Rude Stream Vol  3: From Bondage (1996)
Mercy of a Rude Stream Vol  4: Requiem for Harlem (1998)
An American Type (2010)
Passage 9:
Lewis Mumford
Lewis Mumford (19 October 1895 – 26 January 1990) was an American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology, and literary critic  Particularly noted for his study of cities and urban architecture, he had a broad career as a writer  He made signal contributions to social philosophy, American literary and cultural history, and the history of technology He was influenced by the work of Scottish theorist Sir Patrick Geddes and worked closely with his associate the British sociologist Victor Branford  
Mumford was also a contemporary and friend of Frank Lloyd Wright, Clarence Stein, Frederic Osborn, Edmund N  Bacon, and Vannevar Bush 

Life
Early life and education
Mumford was born in Flushing, Queens, New York, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1912  He studied at the City College of New York and The New School for Social Research, but became ill with tuberculosis and never finished his degree  In 1918 he joined the navy to serve in World War I and was assigned as a radio electrician  He was discharged in 1919 and became associate editor of The Dial, an influential modernist literary journal  He later worked for The New Yorker where he wrote architectural criticism and commentary on urban issues 

First book
Mumford's earliest books in the field of literary criticism have had a lasting influence on contemporary American literary criticism  In The Golden Day (1926), he argued for a mid-19th-century American literary canon comprising Herman Melville, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Walt Whitman, all of whom he argued reflected an antebellum American culture of the period that would be destroyed by the late-19th-century social changes wrought by the American Civil War and industrialization of the United States  Herman Melville (1929), which combined an account of Melville's life with an interpretive discussion of his work, was an important part of the Melville revival 

Correspondence
Mumford was a close friend of the psychologist Henry Murray, with whom he corresponded extensively from 1928 until the 1960s on topics including Herman Melville, psychology, American values and culture, and the nature of the self 

Urban planning
In his early writings on life in an urban area, Mumford was optimistic about human abilities and wrote, that the human race would use electricity and mass communication to build a better world for all humankind  
Mumford would later take a more pessimistic stance on the sweeping technological improvements brought by the second industrial revolution  His early architectural criticism also helped to bring wider public recognition to the work of Henry Hobson Richardson, Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright 

Honours
Mumford was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1941 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1947  In 1963, Mumford received the Frank Jewett Mather Award for art criticism from the College Art Association  Mumford received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964  In 1975 Mumford was made an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)  In 1976, he was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca  In 1986, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts 

Further publications
He served as the architectural critic for The New Yorker magazine for over 30 years  His 1961 book, The City in History, received the National Book Award 

Retirement
Lewis Mumford died at the age of 94 at his home in Amenia, New York, on January 26, 1990  Nine years later the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  His wife Sophia died in 1997, at age 97 

Ideas
In his book The Condition of Man, published in 1944, Mumford characterized his orientation toward the study of humanity as "organic humanism "  The term is an important one because it sets limits on human possibilities, limits that are aligned with the nature of the human body  Mumford never forgot the importance of air quality, of food availability, of the quality of water, or the comfort of spaces, because all these elements had to be respected if people were to thrive  Technology and progress could never become a runaway train in his reasoning, so long as organic humanism was there to act as a brake  Indeed, Mumford considered the human brain from this perspective, characterizing it as hyperactive, a good thing in that it allowed humanity to conquer many of nature's threats, but potentially a bad thing if it were not occupied in ways that stimulated it meaningfully  Mumford's respect for human "nature", that is to say, the natural characteristics of being human, provided him with a platform from which to assess technologies, and technics in general  Thus his criticism and counsel with respect to the city and with respect to the implementation of technology was fundamentally organized around the organic humanism to which he ascribed  It was from the perspective of organic humanism that Mumford eventually launched a critical assessment of Marshall McLuhan, who argued that the technology, not the natural environment, would ultimately shape the nature of humankind, a possibility that Mumford recognized, but only as a nightmare scenario 
Mumford believed that what defined humanity, what set human beings apart from other animals, was not primarily our use of tools (technology) but our use of language (symbols)  He was convinced that the sharing of information and ideas amongst participants of primitive societies was completely natural to early humanity, and had obviously been the foundation of society as it became more sophisticated and complex   He had hopes for a continuation of this process of information "pooling" in the world as humanity moved into the future Mumford's choice of the word "technics" throughout his work was deliberate  For Mumford, technology is one part of technics  Using the broader definition of the Greek tekhne, which means not only technology but also art, skill, and dexterity, technics refers to the interplay of social milieu and technological innovation—the "wishes, habits, ideas, goals" as well as "industrial processes" of a society  As Mumford writes at the beginning of Technics and Civilization, "other civilizations reached a high degree of technical proficiency without, apparently, being profoundly influenced by the methods and aims of technics "

Megatechnics
In The Myth of the Machine Vol II: The Pentagon of Power (Chapter 12) (1970), Mumford criticizes the modern trend of technology, which emphasizes constant, unrestricted expansion, production, and replacement  He contends that these goals work against technical perfection, durability, social efficiency, and overall human satisfaction  Modern technology, which he called "megatechnics," fails to produce lasting, quality products by using devices such as consumer credit, installment buying, non-functioning and defective designs, planned obsolescence, and frequent superficial "fashion" changes  "Without constant enticement by advertising," he writes, "production would slow down and level off to normal replacement demand  Otherwise many products could reach a plateau of efficient design which would call for only minimal changes from year to year "
He uses his own refrigerator as an example, reporting that it "has been in service for nineteen years, with only a single minor repair: an admirable job  Both automatic refrigerators for daily use and deepfreeze preservation are inventions of permanent value      [O]ne can hardly doubt that if biotechnic criteria were heeded, rather than those of market analysts and fashion experts, an equally good product might come forth from Detroit, with an equally long prospect of continued use "

Biotechnics
Mumford was deeply concerned with the relationship between technics and bioviability   The latter term, not used by Mumford, characterizes an area's capability to support life up through its levels of complexity   Before the advent of technology, most areas of the planet were bioviable at some level or other; however, where certain forms of technology advance rapidly, bioviability decreases dramatically   Slag heaps, poisoned waters, parking lots, and concrete cities, for example, are extremely limited in terms of their bioviability  Non-bioviable regions are common in cinema in the form of dystopias (e g , Blade Runner)  Mumford did not believe it was necessary for bioviability to collapse as technics advanced, however, because he held it was possible to create technologies that functioned in an ecologically responsible manner, and he called that sort of technology biotechnics  Mumford believed that biotechnic consciousness (and possibly even community) was emerging as a later stage in the evolution of Darwinian thinking about the nature of human life  He believed this was the sort of technics needed to shake off the suicidal drive of "megatechnics " While Mumford recognized an ecological consciousness that traces back to the earliest communities, he regarded emerging biotechnics as a product of neo-Darwinian consciousness, as a post-industrial form of thinking, one that refuses to look away from the mutually-influencing relationship between the state of the living organism and the state of its environment  In Mumford's mind, the society organized around biotechnics would restrain its technology for the sake of that integral relationship 
In Mumford's understanding, the various technologies that arose in the megatechnic context have brought unintended and harmful side effects along with the obvious benefits they have bequeathed to us  He points out, for example, that the development of money (as a technology) created, as a side effect, a context for irrational accumulation of excess because it eliminated the burdensome aspects of object-wealth by making wealth abstract  In those eras when wealth was not abstract, plenitude had functioned as the organizing principle around its acquisition (i e , wealth, measured in grains, lands, animals, to the point that one is satisfied, but not saddled with it)  Money, which allows wealth to be conceived as pure quantity instead of quality, is an example of megatechnics, one which can spiral out of control  If Mumford is right in this conceptualization, historians and economists should be able to trace a relationship between the still-increasing abstraction of wealth and radical transformations with respect to wealth's distribution and role  And, indeed, it does appear that, alongside its many benefits, the movement toward electronic money has stimulated forms of economic stress and exploitation not yet fully understood and not yet come to their conclusion  A technology for distributing resources that was less given to abstract hoarding would be more suitable to a biotechnic conception of living 
Thus Mumford argued that the biotechnic society would not hold to the megatechnic delusion that technology must expand unceasingly, magnifying its own power and would shatter that delusion in order to create and preserve "livability " Rather than the megatechnic pursuit of power, the biotechnic society would pursue what Mumford calls "plenitude"; that is, a homeostatic relationship between resources and needs  This notion of plenitude becomes clearer if we suggest that the biotechnic society would relate to its technology in the manner an animal relates to available food–under circumstances of natural satisfaction, the pursuit of technological advance would not simply continue "for its own sake "
Alongside the limiting effect of satisfaction amidst plenitude, the pursuit of technological advance would also be limited by its potentially negative effects upon the organism  Thus, in a biotechnic society, the quality of air, the quality of food, the quality of water, these would all be significant concerns that could limit any technological ambitions threatening to them  The anticipated negative value of noise, radiation, smog, noxious chemicals, and other technical by-products would significantly constrain the introduction of new technical innovation  In Mumford's words, a biotechnic society would direct itself toward "qualitative richness, amplitude, spaciousness, and freedom from quantitative pressures and crowding  Self-regulation, self-correction, and self-propulsion are as much an integral property of organisms as nutrition, reproduction, growth, and repair " The biotechnic society would pursue balance, wholeness, and completeness; and this is what those individuals in pursuit of biotechnics would do as well 
Mumford's critique of the city and his vision of cities that are organized around the nature of human bodies, so essential to all Mumford's work on city life and urban design, is rooted in an incipient notion of biotechnics: "livability," a notion which Mumford got from his mentor, Patrick Geddes 
Mumford used the term biotechnics in the later sections of The Pentagon of Power, written in 1970  The term sits well alongside his early characterization of "organic humanism," in that biotechnics represent the concrete form of technique that appeals to an organic humanist  When Mumford described biotechnics, automotive and industrial pollution had become dominant technological concerns, along with the fear of nuclear annihilation  Mumford recognized, however, that technology had even earlier produced a plethora of hazards, and that it would do so into the future  For Mumford, human hazards are rooted in a power-oriented technology that does not adequately respect and accommodate the essential nature of humanity  Mumford is stating implicitly, as others would later state explicitly, that contemporary human life understood in its ecological sense is out of balance because the technical parts of its ecology (guns, bombs, cars, drugs) have spiraled out of control, driven by forces peculiar to them rather than constrained by the needs of the species that created them  He believed that biotechnics was the emerging answer and the only hope that could be set out against the problem of megatechnics   It was an answer, he believed, that was already beginning to assert itself in his time 
It is true that Mumford's writing privileges the term "biotechnics" more than the "biotechnic society " The reason is clear in the last sentence of The Pentagon of Power where he writes, "for those of us who have thrown off the myth of the machine, the next move is ours: for the gates of the technocratic prison will open automatically, despite their rusty ancient hinges, as soon as we choose to walk out " Mumford believed that the biotechnic society was a desideratum—one that should guide his contemporaries as they walked out the doors of their megatechnic confines (he also calls them "coffins")  Thus he ends his narrative, as he well understood, at the beginning of another one: the possible revolution that gives rise to a biotechnic society, a quiet revolution, for Mumford, one that would arise from the biotechnic consciousness and actions of individuals  Mumford was an avid reader of Alfred North Whitehead's philosophy of the organism 

Polytechnics versus monotechnics
A key idea, introduced in Technics and Civilization (1934) was that technology was twofold:

Polytechnic, which enlists many different modes of technology, providing a complex framework to solve human problems 
Monotechnic, which is technology only for its own sake, which oppresses humanity as it moves along its own trajectory Mumford commonly criticized modern America's transportation networks as being "monotechnic" in their reliance on cars  Automobiles become obstacles for other modes of transportation, such as walking, bicycle and public transit, because the roads they use consume so much space and are such a danger to people  Mumford explains that the thousands of maimed and dead each year as a result of automobile accidents are a ritual sacrifice the American society makes because of its extreme reliance on highway transport 

Three epochs of civilization
Also discussed at length in Technics and Civilization is Mumford's division of human civilization into three distinct epochs (following concepts originated by Patrick Geddes):

Eotechnic (the middle ages)
Paleotechnic (the time of the industrial revolution) and
Neotechnic (later, present-day)

Megamachines
Mumford also refers to large hierarchical organizations as megamachines—a machine using humans as its components  These organizations characterize Mumford's stage theory of civilization  The most recent megamachine manifests itself, according to Mumford, in modern technocratic nuclear powers—Mumford used the examples of the Soviet and United States power complexes represented by the Kremlin and the Pentagon, respectively  The builders of the pyramids, the Roman Empire and the armies of the World Wars are prior examples 
He explains that meticulous attention to accounting and standardization, and elevation of military leaders to divine status, are spontaneous features of megamachines throughout history  He cites such examples as the repetitive nature of Egyptian paintings which feature enlarged pharaohs and public display of enlarged portraits of Communist leaders such as Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin  He also cites the overwhelming prevalence of quantitative accounting records among surviving historical fragments, from ancient Egypt to Nazi Germany 
Necessary to the construction of these megamachines is an enormous bureaucracy of humans which act as "servo-units", working without ethical involvement  According to Mumford, technological improvements such as the assembly line, or instant, global, wireless, communication and remote control, can easily weaken the perennial psychological barriers to certain types of questionable actions  An example which he uses is that of Adolf Eichmann, the Nazi official who organized logistics in support of the Holocaust  Mumford collectively refers to people willing to carry out placidly the extreme goals of these megamachines as "Eichmanns" 

The clock as herald of the Industrial Revolution
One of the better-known studies of Mumford is of the way the mechanical clock was developed by monks in the Middle Ages and subsequently adopted by the rest of society  He viewed this device as the key invention of the whole Industrial Revolution, contrary to the common view of the steam engine holding the prime position, writing: "The clock, not the steam-engine, is the key-machine of the modern industrial age      The clock     is a piece of power-machinery whose 'product' is seconds and minutes     "

Urban civilization
The City in History won the 1962 U S  National Book Award for Nonfiction  In this influential book Mumford explored the development of urban civilizations  Harshly critical of urban sprawl, Mumford argues that the structure of modern cities is partially responsible for many social problems seen in western society  While pessimistic in tone, Mumford argues that urban planning should emphasize an 'organic' relationship between people and their living spaces 
Mumford uses the example of the medieval city as the basis for the "ideal city," and claims that the modern city is too close to the Roman city (the sprawling megalopolis) which ended in collapse; if the modern city carries on in the same vein, Mumford argues, then it will meet the same fate as the Roman city 
Mumford wrote critically of urban culture believing the city is "a product of earth     a fact of nature     man's method of expression " Further, Mumford recognized the crises facing urban culture, distrustful of the growing finance industry, political structures, fearful that a local community culture was not being fostered by these institutions  Mumford feared "metropolitan finance," urbanization, politics, and alienation  Mumford wrote: "The physical design of cities and their economic functions are secondary to their relationship to the natural environment and to the spiritual values of human community "

Suburbs
Suburbia did not escape Mumford's criticism either:

In the suburb one might live and die without marring the image of an innocent world, except when some shadow of evil fell over a column in the newspaper  Thus the suburb served as an asylum for the preservation of illusion  Here domesticity could prosper, oblivious of the pervasive regimentation beyond  This was not merely a child-centered environment; it was based on a childish view of the world, in which reality was sacrificed to the pleasure principle 

Religion and spirituality
Mumford is also among the first urban planning scholars who paid serious attention to religion in the planning field  In one of his least well-known books, Faith for Living (1940, p  216), Mumford argues that:

The segregation of the spiritual life from the practical life is a curse that falls impartially upon both sides of our existence 

Influence
Mumford's interest in the history of technology and his explanation of  "polytechnics", along with his general philosophical bent, has been an important influence on a number of more recent thinkers concerned that technology serve human beings as broadly and well as possible  Some of these authors—such as Jacques Ellul, Witold Rybczynski, Richard Gregg, Amory Lovins, J  Baldwin, E  F  Schumacher, Herbert Marcuse, Erich Fromm, Murray Bookchin, Thomas Merton, Marshall McLuhan, Colin Ward and Kevin Carson—have been intellectuals and persons directly involved with technological development and decisions about the use of technology 
Mumford also had an influence on the American environmental movement, with thinkers like Barry Commoner and Bookchin being influenced by his ideas on cities, ecology and technology  Ramachandra Guha noted his work contains "some of the earliest and finest thinking on bioregionalism, anti-nuclearism, biodiversity, alternate energy paths, ecological urban planning and appropriate technology "Mumford's influence is also evident in the work of some artists including Berenice Abbott's photographs of New York City in the late 1930s Mumford was an inspiration for Ellsworth Toohey, the antagonist in Ayn Rand's novel The Fountainhead (1943) 

Works



ground_truth: American