prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What public radio network in New York has allowed Eric Plakun to dis his psychiatric work?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
KCND
KCND (90 5 FM) is a public radio station licensed to Bismarck  It signed on the air in 1981 as Prairie Public Radio, which later became part of the statewide North Dakota Public Radio network, the entirety of which was later renamed Prairie Public Radio  It currently broadcasts with an effective radiated power of 50 kW on 90 5 MHz 

External links
Prairie Public radio website
KCND in the FCC FM station database
KCND on Radio-Locator
KCND in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
Passage 2:
Eric Plakun
Eric M  Plakun is an American psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, researcher and forensic psychiatrist  He is the current medical director/CEO at the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge, Massachusetts  Plakun's primary interests include the mental health advocacy, full implementation of the mental health parity law, access-to-care issues, and reducing health disparities; the value of and evidence base for psychosocial treatments and the diagnosis, treatment, longitudinal course and outcome of patients with borderline personality disorder and treatment resistant disorders  Plakun has been widely published and quoted in the media on psychotherapy and psychiatry, including in The New York Times and The Globe and Mail  He has appeared in the media to discuss his psychiatric work on WAMC, the Albany, New York, affiliate of NPR  and on CBS 60 Minutes  His psychiatric research has been widely cited 

Career
Plakun attended Hofstra University and received an M D  from the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1972  After an internship in medicine at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Plakun worked as a rural primary care practitioner in Vermont before completing a psychiatric residency also at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and a Fellowship and Advanced Fellowship in Psychoanalytic Studies at the Austen Riggs Center 
He is a Distinguished Life Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association, and serves on the APA Board of Trustees representing New England and Eastern Canada  He is a former member of the APA Assembly, where he served as chair of the Assembly Committee of Representatives of Subspecialties and Sections and on the Assembly Executive Committee  In the APA he has also been past chair of the Committee on Psychotherapy by Psychiatrists, and the founding leader of the APA Psychotherapy Caucus  Plakun is a Fellow of the American College of Psychiatrists and a Fellow of the American College of Psychoanalysts  He is a Psychoanalytic Fellow and former Trustee of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry  He is an associate editor of the journal Psychodynamic Psychiatry  Plakun also served for more than a decade with the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology as a member of the written test committee and as an oral examiner  In 2003, Plakun was selected by the 1700 member Massachusetts Psychiatric Society as the "Outstanding Psychiatrist in Clinical Psychiatry " In addition, Plakun is a member of the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP) Committee on Psychotherapy  and the American College of Psychoanalysts Board of Regents 

APA Psychotherapy Caucus
Plakun led the effort that culminated in the founding of the American Psychiatric Association Psychotherapy Caucus, established in 2014  The purpose of the caucus is to connect APA members who share an interest in psychotherapy and psychosocial treatments as well as to "raise the profile of psychotherapy and psychosocial treatment in psychiatry, and to secure skills in these areas as part of the training and identity of future psychiatrists so the field and its practitioners are practicing within a genuinely biopsychosocial model " The caucus is engaged in a number of advocacy and educational activities and currently has close to 300 members 

Research and writing
Plakun is the editor of New Perspectives on Narcissism (American Psychiatric Press, 1990) and Treatment Resistance and Patient Authority: The Austen Riggs Reader (W W  Norton & Company, 2011) and author of nearly 100 articles and book chapters on the diagnosis, treatment, longitudinal course and outcome of patients with borderline personality disorder, treatment resistant disorders, and on shared elements of various schools of psychotherapy  An advocate for the value of psychotherapy and psychosocial treatment, Plakun has argued for the full implementation of the Mental Health Parity and Addictions Equity Act, served as Plaintiffs’ expert on adult mental disorders in Wit v  United Behavioral Health federal class-action, and has presented and written about the case  He has also researched and written on what he calls "Psychiatry’s False Assumptions":  [1] genes = disease; [2] patients present with single disorders that respond to specific evidence-based treatments; and [3] the best treatments are pills  Separately, he has written about psychodynamic residential treatment for patients who have encountered an impasse in their treatment and has called for an evidence-based, inclusive reconceptualization of how psychotherapy competencies are presented and taught to residents 

Selected publications
Plakun, Eric M ; Burkhardt, Paul E ; Muller, John P  (September 1985)  "14-year follow-up of borderline and schizotypal personality disorders"  Comprehensive Psychiatry  26 (5): 448–455  doi:10 1016/0010-440X(85)90081-1  PMID 4028695 
Plakun, Eric M  (September 1989)  "Narcissistic Personality Disorder: A Validity Study and Comparison to Borderline Personality Disorder"  Psychiatric Clinics of North America  12 (3): 603–620  doi:10 1016/S0193-953X(18)30417-9 
Plakun, E  M  (February 1996)  "Treatment of personality disorders in an era of limited resources"  Psychiatric Services  47 (2): 128–130  doi:10 1176/ps 47 2 128  PMID 8825245 
Plakun, Eric M (2001)  "Making the alliance and taking the transference in work with suicidal patients"  The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research  10 (4): 269–276  PMC 3330670  PMID 11696654 
Plakun, EM (1994)  "Principles in the psychotherapy of self-destructive borderline patients"  The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research  3 (2): 138–48  PMC 3330365  PMID 22700187 
Plakun, Eric M  (January 2006)  "Finding Psychodynamic Psychiatry's Lost Generation"  The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry  34 (1): 135–150  doi:10 1521/jaap 2006 34 1 135  PMID 16548752  ProQuest 198147134  Cited in 29 publications 
Plakun, Eric M  (June 1991)  "Prediction of Outcome in Borderline Personality Disorder"  Journal of Personality Disorders  5 (2): 93–101  doi:10 1521/pedi 1991 5 2 93  ProQuest 848889730  Cited in 41 publications 
Plakun, Eric M ; Sudak, Donna M ; Goldberg, David (January 2009)  "The Y Model: An Integrated, Evidence-Based Approach to Teaching Psychotherapy Competencies"  Journal of Psychiatric Practice  15 (1): 5–11  doi:10 1097/01 pra 0000344914 54082 eb  PMID 19182560  S2CID 2520530 
Sledge, William; Plakun, Eric M; Bauer, Stephen; Brodsky, Beth; Caligor, Eve; Clemens, Norman A; Deen, Serina; Kay, Jerald; Lazar, Susan; Mellman, Lisa A; Myers, Michael; Oldham, John; Yeomans, Frank (2014)  "Psychotherapy for suicidal patients with borderline personality disorder: an expert consensus review of common factors across five therapies"  Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation  1 (1): 16  doi:10 1186/2051-6673-1-16  PMC 4579509  PMID 26401300 
Eric M , Plakun (May 27, 2015)  "Correcting Psychiatry's False Assumptions and Implementing Parity"  Psychiatric Times  32 (5) 
Passage 3:
Steve Robinson (executive)
Steve Robinson (born September 7, 1946) is an American radio manager, producer and executive producer  He has held senior management positions with numerous American radio stations, including WFMT and the WFMT Radio Network/Chicago, WBUR/Boston, WGBH/Boston, WCRB/Boston, KPFA/Berkeley, WBGO/Newark, Vermont Public Radio and Nebraska Public Radio Network ork  Robinson served as general manager of the statewide Nebraska Public Radio Network (1990-2000) and WFMT and the WFMT Radio Network from 2000 until October 2016 A 50-year radio veteran, he has produced programs ranging from classical music documentaries to public affairs programs and has directed over 100 on-air pledge drives 

Personal life and career
He was born in Boston in 1946  He completed graduation from Boston University in 1969 with a degree in music education  Robinson started his professional career in 1967 at WBUR/Boston while will an undergraduate at Boston University  At WBUR, he produced and hosted six two-hour classical music programs per week  He also created and co-hosted a Saturday morning live call-in program about high fidelity called Shop Talk which ran from 1968 to 1978 After WBUR, Robinson held positions at WGBH and WCRB/Boston and KPFA/Berkeley  In 1976 he was appointed the first development director of Vermont Public Radio (VPR)  At VPR, he won a national award from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) for “The Sky Report with Professor Delo Mook”, a five-minute daily program about astrophysics that was syndicated throughout the U S  CPB cited the program for “innovative idea and superb execution ” In 1980, he became the first development director for the newly created Jazz station, WBGO/Jazz88 in Newark  At WBGO, Robinson helped establish the station as one of the most important Jazz stations in the U S In 1971, Robinson met multi-reed instrumentalist, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, and worked with him on several projects, including Radio Free Rahsaan, an eight-part series of one-hour radio programs  After Mr  Kirk’s untimely passing in 1977, he produced Memories of Rahsaan, a series of 30-minute programs that became part of Radio Free Rahsaan In 1984, he co-founded AIR, the Association of Independents in Radio, a service organization to assist independent radio producers in the United States  Robinson wrote AIR’s first two successful grants from the New York State Council on the Arts and the National Endowment for the Arts In 1990, Robinson became the general manager of the newly formed Nebraska Public Radio Network (NPRN), a nine-station system of transmitters throughout the state that reached over one million listeners Throughout his career, Robinson has produced dozens of radio programs that have been heard throughout the world, including live broadcasts from Salzburg, Austria (on the occasion of Mozart’s 250th birthday); Durbin, South Africa (for the world premiere for the opera, “Princess Magogo); Quebec City, Canada (for a live broadcast of Mahler’s Symphony of a Thousand with 1000 performers); Jerusalem, Israel (for a broadcast from the Jerusalem International Chamber Music Festival); and has produced numerous live broadcasts from Chicago and throughout the U S He has worked with William Schuman, Elliott Carter, Charles Dodge, Roger Reynolds, Alan Hovhaness and other composers on programs about their music  In 2003, he created the daily classical music appreciation radio program, Exploring Music with Bill McGlaughlin  The series is carried by state networks throughout the world including Australia and China  At the WFMT Radio Network he created the first classical music radio exchange between the United States and China 

WFMT and the WFMT Radio Network
In 2000, Robinson became the general manager of WFMT and the WFMT Radio Network  Founded in 1951, WFMT is considered as one of the most admired classical music stations in the U S  and under his leadership many new programs were added to the local schedule, including Introductions, Impromptu and others  Robinson worked on diversifying the programs of WFMT by expanding the amount of live broadcasting from the station One of his most important initiatives at the WFMT Radio Network was the creation of Exploring Music with Bill McGlaughlin, in 2003  This daily, one-hour music appreciation program is heard on over 60 U S  stations and has a weekly audience of over 400,000 unique listeners  The program is also heard in Australia, Guam, the Philippines and in Beijing  Initial funding for Exploring Music was provided by the National Endowment for the Arts with additional funding from individuals and foundations The station under his leadership focused on live music by broadcasting a wide array of local Chicago groups and ensembles  In 2007, the Chicago Tribune named him “Chicagoan of the Year” in the arts In 2015, he executed a cross-cultural broadcast relationship between America and China by exporting to China for the first time broadcasting concerts by the NY Philharmonic, LA Philharmonic, San Francisco Symphony, Dallas Symphony, Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center and Carnegie Hall  He also arranged for concerts from the Shanghai Spring International Music Festival and the Shanghai Symphony Orchestra to be exported to the West with broadcasts in the U S , Canada and Europe In 2022, Robinson launched a YouTube channel for his series, The Architects of Music with Lawrence Rapchak 

Other work
In 2004 and again in 2010, Robinson created and produced two, live, 17-hour fundraising campaigns involving all Chicago radio and TV stations to aid victims of the tsunami in southeast and the earthquake in Haiti  Each campaign raised over $3 million  Robinson received two Wesbury Award from the American Red Cross of Greater Chicago for the fundraising campaigns In 2008, Robinson and Bill McGlaughlin received the Dushkin Award for Exploring Music with Bill McGlaughlin from the Music Institute of Chicago  He has received local and national awards for his work in Chicago, including the Champion Award from the Merit School of Music, the ASCAP/Deems Taylor Award for creative programming and others 
Passage 4:
New Jersey Network
The New Jersey Network (NJN) was a network of public television and radio stations serving the U S  state of New Jersey   NJN was a member of the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) for television and the National Public Radio (NPR) for radio, broadcasting their programming as well as producing and broadcasting their own programming, mostly relating to issues in New Jersey   With studios in both Trenton and Newark, NJN's television network covered all of New Jersey, plus parts of Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut and Delaware   The radio network primarily served several areas of New Jersey that were not covered by Philadelphia and New York City public radio stations 
New Jersey Network ended operations on June 30, 2011   The television network was succeeded by NJTV (now branded as "NJ PBS"), and the radio stations were split through two separate sales to NPR-member stations in Philadelphia and New York 

Early history
The system was founded in 1968 by an act of the New Jersey Legislature establishing the New Jersey Public Broadcasting Authority (NJPBA)   New Jersey already had a public television station licensed within the state, WNET (channel 13), licensed to Newark  However, while WNET had offices and studios in Newark, for all practical purposes it was a New York City station, effectively leaving New Jersey without a public station of its own 
With state funding and four UHF licenses assigned years earlier by the Federal Communications Commission, the NJPBA went to work building the state's public television stations  The first station, WNJT (channel 52) in Trenton, went on the air on April 5, 1971, with the other three stations signing on over the next two years  The system was known on-air as New Jersey Public Television (NJPTV) until 1981, when it adopted the New Jersey Network identity 
Due to New Jersey being split between the New York City and Philadelphia television markets, NJN's television network reached one of the largest potential audiences in the country  At the time of its closure, it potentially reached over 25 million people in parts of five states  However, it also forced NJN to compete directly against three of the highest-rated PBS stations in the nation–WNET, secondary New York City member station WLIW, and Wilmington, Delaware-licensed WHYY-TV, in the Philadelphia market  Two other PBS member stations based in Pennsylvania, WLVT-TV in Allentown and WVIA-TV in Scranton, were also viewable in portions of NJN's coverage area 
NJN spent most of its existence trying to carve out a niche of its own  One of its solutions had been to air some of the more popular PBS shows on a delayed basis, after the nearby stations had carried the national PBS feed  Programs that might be seen on WNET and WHYY-TV would air on NJN a week or two later   Another solution was to focus on its news operation  The latter worked very well, as NJN and its reporters won many awards for their journalistic efforts  In the 1980s, NJN was the first media outlet to break the "Taggart affair" political patronage scandal  NJN's news and public affairs programming was initially co-produced by WNET until 1981, and continued simulcasting on WNET for several years afterward  This was part of a longstanding agreement between the FCC, New Jersey officials, and WNET that allowed WNET to fulfill its local programming obligations (since it was still licensed to Newark) 
NJN's radio network began operation on May 20, 1991, when WNJT-FM in Trenton started operations  Eight other stations were established over the following seventeen years  They served mainly to bring NPR programming to the few areas of New Jersey without a clear signal from New York's WNYC AM-FM and Philadelphia's WHYY-FM 
In the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks of 2001, the station temporarily broadcast WABC-TV 

Transition
In 2008, in the face of a proposed 35 percent cut in funding, NJN officials asked the state legislature for permission to become an independent nonprofit entity  Under this proposal, the state network would have likely been transferred to its nonprofit fundraising arm, the NJN Foundation  Two consultants looking into fundraising options speculated that breaking off from the state would have triggered an avalanche of private funding After assuming the office of New Jersey Governor in 2010, Chris Christie voiced his support for transforming NJN into a not-for-profit organization in his March 2010 budget speech  Christie believed the state taxpayers should not have to support a TV and radio network which many never watched or listened to, a stand in keeping with the growing Republican interest at the time in populism 
On October 15, 2010, a bipartisan legislative task force called for a "dramatic reconfiguration" of the state network, but not full privatization  Christie nonetheless moved forward with plans to remove state funding  On November 17, NJN handed termination notices to 130 employees, leading to speculation that the state network would shut down on January 1, 2011, when funding from the state would end  On December 17, 2010, Governor Christie signed legislation to transfer the state network to independent funding  The legislation also suspended the layoffs 

Endgame
On June 6, 2011, the split of NJN's radio and television operations was announced by Gov  Christie   They were as follows:
Television: WNET assumed control of NJN's television stations for what was, initially, a five-year term under a new nonprofit entity called Public Media NJ  The television network was renamed NJTV, and promised to feature increased coverage of news and issues pertinent to New Jersey, as well as programming from the WNET and PBS libraries  Caucus Educational Corporation, which produces Caucus: New Jersey, serves as a producing partner with NJTV for New Jersey-focused public affairs programming  The agreement did not include transfer of the station licenses, which were retained by the New Jersey Public Broadcasting Authority; the contracts are instead tantamount to local management agreements in commercial broadcasting which nominally do not require approval from the FCC  Ironically, NJN was created in part due to concerns that WNET and WHYY-TV were not adequately serving the New Jersey portions of their service area 
Radio: NJN's radio network was divided in a pair of multi-station sales, with New York Public Radio (owners of WNYC-AM-FM in New York City and Newark-licensed WQXR-FM) acquiring four stations and WHYY-FM in Philadelphia obtaining the other five  New York Public Radio used its stations to start a new New Jersey-oriented network, New Jersey Public Radio, while WHYY turned its new acquisitions into repeaters of WHYY-FM  These sales were approved by the FCC on August 29, 2011 On June 23, 2011, the New Jersey State Assembly voted, 45 to 30, in favor of rejecting the WNET/Caucus proposal for transfer of control of the NJN television stations  The state Senate, however, passed the resolution on June 27 by a 20 to 19 margin, allowing the deal to go into effect as scheduled on July 1  All 130 NJN employees, who had been New Jersey state civil servants, either retired, were reassigned to other state agencies, or were terminated as a result of the system's closure The last scheduled program aired on NJN television was Theatre Talk, which was followed by a previously-aired news report and a pre-taped farewell message by Janice Selinger, NJN's acting executive director  NJN's website, www njn net, was archived and remained active for about a year after the shutdown; it redirected to the NJTV webpage, www njtvonline org for some time afterward  However, as of September 2014, it no longer redirected to that website, as the domain name was sold  Some of NJN's in-house public affairs programs, such as Due Process, On the Record and Reporters Roundtable, were picked up by, and continue to air on, its successor, NJTV 

Television
The NJN television stations were:

Camden: WNJS (channel 23/RF 22)
Montclair: WNJN (channel 50/RF 51)1
New Brunswick: WNJB (channel 58/RF 8)
Trenton: WNJT (channel 52/RF 43)
Notes
1 WNJN used the callsign WNJM (the M standing for Montclair) from 1973 sign-on to 1994 Signal ReachWNJS: all of southern New Jersey (including, Camden, Haddon Township, Atlantic City), as well as Philadelphia and Wilmington, Delaware
WNJN: all of northern New Jersey (including Newark, Jersey City and Paterson), as well as southern New York state (New York City and western Long Island) and a small portion of southwestern Connecticut
WNJT: most of central New Jersey (including the city of Trenton, Monmouth, Mercer and Ocean counties)
WNJB: most of north-central New Jersey (including, New Brunswick, Hunterdon, Somerset and Middlesex counties)

Digital television
The state network's digital signals were multiplexed:

After NJN ceased operations and WNET took over the operations of NJN, NJN Kids was removed and sub-channel  3 remained with no programming  In October 2017, the third sub-channel was removed and the  2 sub-channel began broadcasting NHK World 

Analog-to-digital conversion
The four NJN stations shut down their analog signals on June 12, 2009, as part of the DTV transition in the United States  Each of the four NJN stations remained on their pre-transition digital assignments using PSIP to display virtual channels for each NJN station corresponding to their former analog channel numbers 

Television Programming
Original materials from New Jersey Public Broadcasting Authority have been contributed to the American Archive of Public Broadcasting 

NJN-produced
Another View
Caucus: New Jersey
Classroom Close-up, NJ
Congress Watch
Due Process
Homeless Tails
Images/Imagenes
Inside Trenton
New Jersey Works
NJN Classics
NJN News
On the Record
Reporters Roundtable
Shepherd's Pie (monologue program hosted by Jean Shepherd)
State of the Arts
Tomorrow's Medicine Today (produced by Medical Missions for Children)
The Uncle Floyd Show (aired in the 1980s)

Lottery Drawings
NJN aired live drawings from the New Jersey Lottery until the network's closure in 2011, at which point the Lottery began live-streaming its drawings (via Ustream, and later Livestream) 
NJN's successor, NJTV, aired Lottery drawings from September 2011 through the end of 2012; on January 1, 2013, the drawings moved to two CBS-owned stations, WLNY-TV in the New York area and WPSG in Philadelphia  As of 2016, these drawings are now aired on WPIX in New York and WPHL-TV in Philadelphia 

Radio
Unlike its television counterpart, NJN Radio covered mainly southern New Jersey, with only two transmitters in the northern part of the state  Due to the crowded state of the noncommercial end of the FM dial in the northeastern United States, the nine stations all operated at relatively low power  Much of the programming came from NPR and other public radio suppliers, with a simulcast of the audio of the television network's NJN News weekday evenings following All Things Considered 

Stations acquired by WHYY, Inc , simulcasting WHYY-FM:Stations acquired by New York Public Radio:
Passage 5:
WPPR
WPPR (88 3) is a public radio station in Demorest, Georgia   Originally, WPPR had the call letters WDEM (Radio Demorest), but changed to WPPR on August 19, 1996  It is part of the Georgia Public Broadcasting radio network, which in turn is a member of National Public Radio, Public Radio International, and American Public Media  Unlike many stations of the GPB network, WPPR does not only broadcast simulcasts from GPB  WPPR also produces its own programming about the local area including Habersham County  One of the community features, Community Life in Northeast Georgia, is an educational and informative program about an area that is not well known  WPPR's studios are located on the Piedmont College campus in Demorest  This allows for Piedmont Mass Communications students to work directly with WPPR as interns 

See also
List of radio stations in Georgia (U S  state)
Piedmont College
Passage 6:
Minnesota Public Radio
Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), is a public radio network for the state of Minnesota  With its three services, News & Information, YourClassical MPR and The Current, MPR operates a 46-station regional radio network in the upper Midwest 
MPR has won more than 875 journalism awards, including the Peabody Award, both the RTNDA Edward R  Murrow Award and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting award of the same name, and the Alfred I  duPont-Columbia University Gold Baton Award  As of September 2011, MPR was equal with WNYC for most listener support for a public radio network, and had the highest level of recurring monthly donors of any public radio network in the United States MPR also produces and distributes national public radio programming via its subsidiary American Public Media, which is the second-largest producer of public radio programming in the United States, and largest producer and distributor of classical music programming 

History
Minnesota Public Radio began on January 22, 1967, when KSJR-FM first signed on from the campus of Saint John's University in Collegeville, just outside St  Cloud  Colman Barry, then president of Saint John's, saw promise in the then-relatively-new technology of FM radio, and believed radio was an appropriate extension of Saint John's cultural and artistic functions to the broader community  He hired a 23-year-old graduate of St  John's, William H  Kling, as director of broadcasting It soon became apparent that St  Cloud and surrounding Stearns County did not have enough listeners for the station to be viable, so Kling more than tripled KSJR's power in hopes of reaching the Twin Cities  However, it only provided grade B coverage to Minneapolis and the western portion of the metro, and completely missed St  Paul and the east  Realizing that the station needed to cover the Twin Cities to have a realistic chance of survival, St  John's started KSJN, a low-powered repeater station for the Twin Cities, in 1968  The operation was awash in debt, and by 1969, St  John's realized it did not have the adequate financial or personnel resources to operate a full-fledged noncommercial radio station  With Barry's support, Saint John's transferred KSJR/KSJN's assets to a community corporation, St  John's University Broadcasting  This corporation later changed its name to Minnesota Educational Radio, and finally Minnesota Public Radio  Kling led MPR as president and CEO for 44 years, before retiring in 2011 MPR was a charter member of National Public Radio in 1971, and had helped lay the groundwork for forming that organization during 1969 and 1970  In 1971, the network moved its operations from Collegeville to St  Paul, funded in part with a news programming "demonstration" grant from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting  New studios were built and KSJN became the flagship station  During the 1970s, additional stations were added and the network expanded across Minnesota  It was during this period KSJN's news department won numerous regional and national awards and became one of the region's most highly-regarded news operations 
In 1974, MPR began live broadcasting of Garrison Keillor's A Prairie Home Companion, one of the best-known programs on public radio, from the Park Square Theatre in Saint Paul  In the early days of the program, members of the production staff were said to have to work hard to fill the theatre seats, sometimes bringing in radio station staff and urging passersby to come into the theatre from the street outside  In 1980, MPR originated the Peabody Award-winning show, Saint Paul Sunday, which went national via syndication in 1981 
MPR assisted in 1983 with the formation of American Public Radio - now known as Public Radio International, which merged with Public Radio Exchange in 2019 
Originally, MPR played a mix of classical music and NPR news/talk programming  However, as NPR expanded its offerings, Kling made plans to split MPR into separate classical and news/talk networks  MPR sought to buy a second FM frequency in the Twin Cities from the late 1970s onward  As a fallback, in 1980 it bought WLOL (AM 1330), one of the oldest stations in Minnesota, and changed its calls to KSJN (AM), a simulcast of KSJN-FM  In 1989, AM 1330 changed its calls to KNOW and began airing an expanded lineup of NPR programming  In 1991, MPR bought WLOL-FM, AM 1330's former FM sister, allowing it to finally split its services into two networks  The KNOW call letters and intellectual unit, including the NPR news and talk format, moved to KSJN's old frequency of 91 1  The KSJN calls moved to WLOL-FM's former frequency of 99 5, which began playing classical music full-time 
MPR acquired Marketplace Productions, which produces Marketplace, "Marketplace Morning Report" and "Marketplace Money" from studios in Los Angeles, in association with the University of Southern California, in 2000  That same year, MPR founded Southern California Public Radio, which entered into a public service operating agreement with Pasadena City College to run KPCC in Pasadena, California  In 2004, MPR began distributing its own shows through American Public Media, leaving PRI; APM was the third radio network in the U S  to have received founding support from MPR, probably an unmatched record for an American radio station or network In 2004, MPR announced it would buy WCAL (89 3 FM), the classical music station operated by St  Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota  WCAL (and a repeater station, KMSE in Rochester), were sold in a deal valued at $10 5 million, which was approved by the Federal Communications Commission in 2004  The next year, following the acquisition by MPR, WCAL changed its call letters to KCMP and was transformed into MPR's third service, "The Current" 
In 2008, a WCAL advocacy group took St  Olaf College to court for breach of trust in selling the radio station  (A June 2008 judge's opinion described the station as a charitable trust and therefore, not the college's property to freely dispose of  [1] MPR's General Counsel and three attorneys took part in the proceedings [2] However, a 2009 court found in favor of MPR due to its ruling that the statute of limitations on the matter had expired, nullifying the advocacy group's standing )
Today, MPR serves a regional audience of one million listeners through 43 stations presenting three broadcast network services 
Original materials from Minnesota Public Radio have been contributed to the American Archive of Public Broadcasting 

Services
With the addition of later stations, MPR originally offered a mix of classical music and NPR news/talk programming on a single service  Beginning in 1991, MPR's programming split in two, forming separate news and classical music services (although one station in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan still carries a combination of those two services)  The 2005 acquisition of WCAL in Northfield, Minnesota, which covers the Minneapolis-St  Paul and Rochester areas, provided the opportunity to launch another music service, "The Current " This third service has gradually expanded to most of southern eastern Minnesota 

MPR News
MPR's news and information service includes a mix of locally produced programs and national/international shows  The flagship station is KNOW-FM (91 1 FM) in the Twin Cities 
The MPR newsroom has garnered international acclaim, most recently earning the inaugural Knight News Innovation EPpy Award in 2008  MPR's newsroom is known for its Public Insight Network, a database of citizen sources who contribute their expertise on a wide array of topics  The Public Insight Network grew to 140,000 sources in 2011 and partners with other news media, journalism schools, foundations and community groups 
As of 2022, 24 full power stations carry MPR's News and Information service and various translator signals around the state offer additional coverage 
MPRNews org is a non-profit news website maintained by MPR  This online news source covers issues that affect the state including politics, business, education, health, environment and the economy  MPR News offers headline news, video, blogs, audio and multiple ways for readers to become involved in the news-making process 

YourClassical MPR
MPR's classical music network is carried on 18 full power stations and various translators offer additional coverage  The flagship station is KSJN (99 5 FM) in the Twin Cities  In April 2021, the station rebranded as YourClassical MPR, aligning it with the umbrella branding used for American Public Media's digital classical music platforms and nationally-distributed programming  Most of the network's schedule is a simulcast of APM's Classical 24 network, although a statewide morning show airs Monday-Friday, an afternoon drive request show airs Friday and the network airs various specials and live broadcasts  The HD 2 signal of KSJN-FM offers a 24 hour feed of the Classical 24 network 
On September 10, 2020, Garrett McQueen, the host of Classical 24's Music Through the Night, and MPR's only African-American classical music host, was terminated by American Public Media for "not following programming guidelines " According to McQueen, he was "given two warnings — one of which was about his need to improve communication and the other warning was for switching out scheduled music to play pieces he felt were more appropriate to the moment and more diverse "

The Current
MPR's third service, The Current, debuted on January 24, 2005, and airs an Adult album alternative format 
Several people on The Current's initial staff are well known in the area for previous work at stations that highlight music from Minnesota and the Upper Midwest  Many of the staffers and on-air personalities came from other similar stations, such as the University of Minnesota's KUOM, community-oriented KFAI, and commercial alternative rock outlets REV 105 and Cincinnati, Ohio's WOXY com 
Programming on The Current is mostly locally produced  The flagship station is KCMP (89 3 FM), licensed to Northfield on the southeastern periphery of the Twin Cities, though the signal covers most of the metro area  A lower-power station, KMSE (88 7 FM), serves Rochester and southeastern Minnesota, KZIO (104 3 FM) serves the Duluth area, and translators offer additional coverage in other parts of the state  The service is also carried as an HD service on several of MPR's full power stations  KPCC, the NPR affiliate in Los Angeles operated by MPR's parent company, APM, carries The Current on its HD 2 signal  The Current also streams online in a variety of formats 

Additional services
Minnesota Public Radio also programs several other music services, all available online, with a few offered on HD Radio in the Twin Cities area 
Carbon Sound is the newest MPR service, focused on R&B music and Black artists  In addition to streaming online, it is available on the HD 2 subchannel of KCMP in the Twin Cities 
Local Current is a service programmed by the staff of The Current, and features music from Minnesota artists  The service streams online 
Purple Current is an R&B and Hip-Hop service inspired by Prince 
Rock The Cradle is also programmed by personnel at The Current, and airs a variation of their AAA format, with music geared toward children and parents  It is available via a separate webstream 
Radio Heartland features an eclectic mix of acoustic, Americana and roots music  The service can be found on the HD2 subchannel of KNOW-FM and also via a separate webcast  KNOW-FM also features an HD3 subchannel consisting of programming from NPR and the BBC World Service  The signal carries additional hours of Morning Edition and All Things Considered not available on KNOW's main signal  Several other NPR and APM shows air on the service 
Subsidiary Communications Authority (SCA's) are used to transmit a Minnesota version of the Radio Talking Book Network to disabled listeners around the state, in cooperation with Minnesota State Services for the Blind  MPR also serves as the radio backbone for the radio portion of the state's Emergency Alert System, and as the backbone for the state's AMBER Alert System 
MPR owns WGGL, the NPR affiliate serving Houghton, Michigan  The station airs a combination of NPR News, BBC World Service and Classical 24 programming  While MPR supplies weather updates, local MPR programming and news updates are not aired on the station  KWRV in Sun Valley, Idaho, is also owned by MPR and airs a 24 hour classical music format, supplied by APM's Classical 24  5 minute NPR news updates are inserted during the morning and afternoon drives  Like the station in Michigan, MPR airs local weather to KWRV, but the station strictly airs national programming 

Programs
Funding
Minnesota Public Radio is a nonprofit, 501(c)(3) organization and relies on contributions from listeners, foundations, educational partners and corporations for its general operations  It also receives support through underwriting on the air and on the Web 
Listener contributions, corporations, foundations and educational partners account for approximately 60 percent of MPR's total budget  Additional funding is provided by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting  The State of Minnesota provides modest capital grants to upgrade infrastructure and equipment in greater Minnesota, but does not provide operating funding to the organization  MPR also receives operating funding through the sale of on-air and online underwriting 
The for-profit Rivertown Trading Company, once a subsidiary of MPR's parent company, was sold in 1998 for $124 million  Profits went toward creating MPR's endowment, a percentage of which contributes to MPR's overall annual budget 

Broadcast coverage
Minnesota Public Radio broadcasts on several dozen stations that serve Minnesota and its neighboring communities and various translators providing additional local coverage  Stations are located in Minnesota, South Dakota (Brookings and Sioux Falls), Michigan (Houghton), Iowa (Decorah), and Idaho (Sun Valley)  MPR also operates KPCC in Pasadena, California 
Most areas are served by both a classical music station and a news and information station  Duluth and Rochester are served by a classical music station, a news and information station, and The Current 
MPR's newest service, The Current, is available in Austin, Hinckley, Mankato, the Twin Cities, New Ulm, Rochester, St  Cloud (Collegeville) and St  Peter 
Minnesota Public Radio also broadcasts all three of its services – News, Classical and The Current – on HD Radio in several communities throughout the state of Minnesota  In the Twin Cities, MPR multicasts Classical 24, an additional news service and Purple Current 

See also
American Public Media
Saint Paul Sunday
Public Insight Journalism (a newsgathering and networking initiative founded by MPR)
Independent Public Radio (another public radio network in Minnesota, also known as AMPERS)
Passage 7:
WAMC
WAMC-FM (90 3 FM) is a non-commercial educational radio station licensed to Albany, New York, United States, featuring a public radio format  Owned by "WAMC Northeast Public Radio" with a legal name of "WAMC", WAMC-FM's primary signal encompasses the Capital District, along with parts of eastern New York, southern Vermont, Western Massachusetts and the Litchfield Hills region as the regional affiliate for National Public Radio (NPR), American Public Media, Public Radio Exchange and the BBC World Service  The station's reach is extended into west-central Connecticut, northeastern Pennsylvania and the Monadnock Region, Champlain Valley, Skylands Region and North Country areas, along with portions of Quebec, via a network of twelve full-power repeaters and sixteen low-power translators  One of these satellite stations operates on the AM band, WAMC (1400 AM) in Albany Unlike many NPR stations around the U S  which use mostly outside programming, much of WAMC's schedule is produced in-house  WAMC is a charitable, educational, non-commercial broadcaster meeting the requirements of Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U S C  §501(c)(3)) It had total annual revenues for the fiscal year 2010 of $6 36 million  The station operates The Linda, WAMC's Performing Arts Studio, near its Central Avenue studios in Albany  WAMC-FM's corporate officers include Dottie Reyonolds, chair of the board of trustees, and Alan S  Chartock, past president and chief executive officer 

History
Albany Medical Center
WAMC signed on the air in October 1958  Albert P  Fredette served as the first general manager  WAMC was put on the air by the local hospital and medical school, Albany Medical Center and Albany Medical College  Albany Medical Center is a large tertiary-care hospital serving the upper Hudson Valley, and the medical school is one of the country's ACGME-accredited medical schools  The affiliation with Albany Medical College was the source of the call sign WAMC  In 1981, the station became an independent institution, no longer associated with the medical school 
In its early days, WAMC had a mostly classical music radio format  The earliest years also included broadcasts of health information and lectures from visiting medical professors  Early on, part of WAMC's regular programming was the broadcast of live concerts by the Boston Symphony Orchestra from Tanglewood and Boston  When the NPR network was founded in 1970, WAMC signed on as one of NPR's original 90 "charter" members 

Separating from the medical school
Around 1980, financial pressures caused the hospital and medical school to begin divesting the station  In 1981, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license on 90 3 FM was transferred to a 501c3 tax-exempt entity, WAMC, Inc , which had been set up by a group of five corporators, including the current CEO and president, Alan S  Chartock  WAMC was initially affiliated with the State University of New York and New York State government 
In the years since the transfer, the station has eliminated classical music, except for live BSO concerts  It has become a producer of information-based, non-music programming, providing a variety of interview-format programs to radio stations across the country via the station's in-house subsidiary, National Productions  (WMHT-FM in nearby Schenectady and its network of repeater stations continues to program classical music in the region )

Expanding the network
Listener contributions (often obtained during periodic pledge drives) and corporate contributions have helped the original single station grow over the years into a network of 22 facilities with large primary service contours covering the Capital District, the Adirondacks section of New York State, Western Massachusetts, Southern Vermont, and parts of New Hampshire, Connecticut, Pennsylvania and New Jersey 
It has been a custom on WAMC to play two songs to mark the end of every fund drive: Kate Smith's "God Bless America" and Ray Charles' rendition of "America the Beautiful"  The station's February 2017 fund drive raised over $1,000,000 in less than one day The main 90 3 mHz signal has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 10,000 watts, which on paper is somewhat modest for a full NPR member on the FM band  However, its height above average terrain (HAAT) of 600 meters (2,000 ft) gives it one of the largest coverage areas of any NPR station in the Northeast  It provides at least grade B coverage to most of east-central New York (including the Capital District), southwestern Vermont, western Massachusetts, southwestern New Hampshire, and northwestern Connecticut 

Mount Greylock
While WAMC-FM is based in Albany, its transmitter is actually in Massachusetts  WAMC-FM's antenna tower is atop Mount Greylock in Adams, in the Mount Greylock State Reservation  It is the tallest mountain in Massachusetts  The transmitter had formerly been a tenant on the tower, which was built and maintained by the Albany ABC-TV affiliate WTEN (channel 10) for its satellite station for the Berkshire region and Pittsfield, WCDC  WCDC had broadcast on channel 19 but that signal was shut down in 2017  The tower also features a radio facility for the Massachusetts State Police and a translator station for the Albany NBC affiliate, WNYT (channel 13) 
On December 22, 2017, WAMC entered into an agreement to purchase the Mount Greylock WCDC transmitter and tower from the owner of WTEN/WCDC, Nexstar Media Group, for just above $1 million  WCDC-TV had gone permanently silent on November 19, 2017, two weeks ahead of a planned December 1 shutdown amid declining over-the-air viewership, following damage to the station's transmission line in a storm  The TV station license was surrendered for cancellation on February 12, 2018, as a result of the FCC's 2016 spectrum auction for $34 5 million in compensation  Due to the tower sitting on Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation land, as well as WTEN's lease on the land having expired two years prior, WAMC-FM could have been taken off the air if it had not purchased the facility  WAMC now owns the tower itself, but not the land beneath, which is under lease with the MDCR until 2025 

Accusations of bias
NPR's official news policy says its affiliate stations should be "fair, unbiased, accurate, honest, and respectful of the people that are covered"  A Washington-based NPR news producer, who requested anonymity, stated that Chartock, the station's president and a frequently heard voice on the station, presents politically-biased commentary Chartock responded that WAMC's editorial neutrality is maintained by "including as many conservative commentators on the air as liberal ones" 

First Amendment Fund
In 2005, WAMC's board of trustees established a "First Amendment Fund" to promote and preserve the First Amendment and the right of free speech by providing a source of funding "to support WAMC if special situations or needs should arise"  The contributions in this "unrestricted, board designated" fund reported on WAMC's 2006 IRS tax forms was $482,577 

Other stations
WAMC-FM extends its signal throughout much of New York and portions of Pennsylvania, Connecticut, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts, along with portions of Quebec, via the following network of full-power satellite stations and low-power analog translators:

Repeaters
Translators
Programs
WAMC syndicates many of its shows to other public radio stations  These programs include    

Legislative Gazette
Women's news show 51% with Jesse King
Environmental news show Earth Wise
Person Place Thing with Randy Cohen
The Academic Minute with Lynn Pasquerella
Ideas show The Best Of Our Knowledge with Bob Barrett
Author interview program The Book Show with Joe Donahue
The Capitol Connection with Alan S  Chartock
Media criticism show The Media Project 

See also
David Guistina
Passage 8:
AMPERS
AMPERS (Association of Minnesota Public Educational Radio Stations) is an association of 18 independent community radio stations in Minnesota  Each station is locally managed and programmed by and for the local community it serves  AMPERS is the largest statewide association of community radio stations in the United States  The stations primarily serve underserved populations including greater Minnesota, diverse communities, and students for a combined audience of about 300,000 listeners  AMPERS has no affiliation with Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) and receives no financial support from MPR 

AMPERS Member Stations
External links
AMPERS
Passage 9:
KMXT (FM)
KMXT (100 1 FM) is an NPR–member non-commercial  radio station in Kodiak, Alaska, United States  In addition to its NPR membership, KMXT is also affiliated with the Alaska Public Radio Network and the BBC World Service  It also airs many hours of locally originated news, talk and music programming, and relies heavily on non-paid citizen volunteers to host numerous shows 

HD programming
Currently KMXT broadcasts one analog and three digital signals:

KMXT-HD1 rebroadcasts the programming from the analog signal 
KMXT-HD2 classical and jazz 
KMXT-HD3 KMX3 is a mono news and talk channel An HD Radio receiver is required to pick up the digital channels  KMXT also streams its analog signal over the web 

Translators
In addition to five low-powered, separate-frequency translators, one low-powered booster also extends coverage  Boosters are licensed on the same frequency as the parent station but at a different location  They are given the same callsign as the parent station with a number added to differentiate the transmitter site 
Passage 10:
WGPB
WGPB FM 97 7  is a public radio station in Rome, Georgia   It is part of the Georgia Public Broadcasting radio network, a state network which in turn is a member of National Public Radio, Public Radio Exchange, and American Public Media   Unlike most stations on the GPB network, WGPB does not completely simulcast with the network   WGPB also produces its own programs   The studios are located at Georgia Highlands College's Heritage Hall campus in downtown Rome, from which locally produced programming originates  The station began broadcasting as WGPB at 5 AM on June 30, 2006 

History
The station began broadcasting May 22, 1965 as WROM-FM, sister station to WROM AM 710  It had that callsign until November 1979 when it became WKCX, known as "K98", most recently with a hot adult contemporary format   A satellite-delivered format was used during most of the broadcast day, except for mornings and afternoons   The station was previously owned by Mills Fitzner, who owned WKCX for 20 years under the name Briar Creek Broadcasting Corp 

Format and callsign change
In 2006, WKCX was sold to Georgia Public Broadcasting, with the format changed from hot adult contemporary, to public broadcasting  The deal was announced in March 2006, and was finalized after a 45-day waiting period on June 29, one day before GPB began broadcasting on the frequency   Most of WKCX's staff left the station on May 31 in preparation for the changeover  The station began broadcasting as WGPB at 5 AM on June 30, 2006 

Coverage
WGPB is the first GPB or NPR radio station in northwest Georgia, and covers all of Floyd and about half of each neighboring county reliably   The only other NPR/PRI stations available are WABE FM 90 1 from Atlanta, and WUTC FM 88 1 and WSMC-FM 90 5 from Chattanooga, both of which have marginal to poor reception in the Rome area   GPB Radio is also usually available on the second audio program of GPB TV station WNGH-TV 18, from near Chatsworth, except for when WNGH is using the SAP channel for other uses 
The station broadcasts with a power of 4,200 watts at 241 meters (791 ft) HAAT, and is class C3   Despite what seems like a low effective radiated power, its height makes it approximately equivalent to the class C3 maximum of 25,000 watts at 100 meters, which gives a reference distance of nearly 40 km or 25 miles from the radio antenna site   This is the first GPB station, and one of the few non-commercial educational stations in the country, that use a channel outside of the 88-92 MHz reserved band   WQMT FM 98 9 in Chatsworth was purchased under similar circumstances for $3 2 million and switched to GPB programming on January 2, 2008 as WNGH-FM   Both stations have a single station ID done together each hour and heard on both stations, indicating they use the same feed 
In early February 2013, GPB applied to the FCC to move the station eastward, which would reduce coverage in northeast Alabama and increase it in northwestern metro Atlanta, bringing Cartersville and Acworth within its protected signal contour   This would increase power from 4 2 to 17 5 kW, but decrease HAAT from 241 to 120 meters (394 ft), leaving the station with approximately the same or slightly greater coverage area, and with greater population within its broadcast range   This radio tower, just west-northwest of Kingston (34°15′3″N 84°59′5″W), has been used by WTSH-FM 107 1, which is moving south-southwest to a higher tower located west-northwest of Euharlee according to that station's construction permit   WGPB's application references two other stations in Alabama which would also be moving as the result of its signal being pulled away from that state 

Broadcast translator
The station was also assigned broadcast translator W221CG FM 92 1 MHz, licensed to, but not reaching any part of, Kennesaw with 55 watts at 19 meters HAAT   It was located along Cobb Parkway (U S  Route 41) on the north-northeast corner of Awtrey Church Road (34°3′57″N 84°43′24″W), west of Acworth and just north of SR 92, and reached as far north as the southern parts of Emerson according to FCC maps 
It was owned by Radio Assist Ministry, not GPB/GPTC, and may not have actually been airing WGPB   It has since been reassigned to relay commercial station WWWQ FM 99 7 MHz, and was sold by RAM to Cumulus Licensing, owner of WWWQ   The station was moved west-southwest in 2009 to the far exurbs between Dallas and Hiram, and had a construction permit to move between Powder Springs and Austell to serve Lithia Springs on 92 5 MHz, where it became W223BP in early 2012 

See also
Context 2: Passage 1:
Portland International Airport MAX Station
Portland International Airport, or just Airport on station signage, is a light rail station in Portland, Oregon, United States, served by TriMet as part of the MAX Light Rail system  It serves Portland International Airport as the eastern terminus of the Red Line, which connects travelers to downtown Portland and Beaverton  The station is attached to ground floor of the main passenger terminal, near the southern end of the arrivals hall and baggage claim area  It features a wedge-shaped island platform, just beyond which both tracks join because the section approaching the terminal is single-tracked 
Portland International Airport station was built as part of the Airport MAX project; construction began in July 2000, and it opened on September 10, 2001  Trains serve it for 22 hours daily with headways of 15 minutes during most of the day  In late 2018, the station recorded an average of 2,461 weekday boardings 

History
Portland's regional transit agency, TriMet, had served Portland International Airport with bus routes since 1970, notably with route 12–Sandy Boulevard since 1986, the same year planners from Metro (the Portland metropolitan area's regional government) first proposed an airport light rail line  Early plans envisioned a line running from Clackamas to the airport via Interstate 205 (I-205) using rights-of-way provided by the I-205 busway, which was originally built to accommodate a bus rapid transit line that never operated  In 1991, the Port of Portland adopted a multi-phased, $300 million airport master plan to address expected passenger traffic growth through 2010; the plan raised the capacity of the main passenger terminal building, as well as provisioned for a future light rail station outside the terminal's arrivals hall  By 1994, travelers using the airport had risen by 34 percent, far exceeding the Port's projections  Port officials, struggling to meet the surge in demand, moved to accelerate airport light rail plans, which regional planners did not anticipate until the late 2000s  TriMet—which by then was operating the region's light rail system called Metropolitan Area Express (MAX)—also aimed to complete its Westside MAX and the South/North Corridor projects before it would consider extending MAX to the airport In 1996, engineering firm Bechtel approached the Port with an unsolicited proposal to build the airport line  After negotiations between Bechtel, the Port, and local jurisdictions, Bechtel was granted the design–build contract for the light rail extension in exchange for development rights to the 120-acre (48 6 ha) Portland International Center, the largest commercially zoned property in Portland at the time  Bechtel later developed this property and renamed it Cascade Station  The Port projected the airport terminal station to cost $8 4 million and allocated a $3 ticket fee to fund its construction  Delta Airlines, Reno Air, and United Airlines protested the use of ticket fees but the Federal Aviation Administration authorized it in May 1999  Construction of the Airport MAX extension commenced the following month  Hoffman Construction began building the station's platform in July 2000 and by August, Stacy and Witbeck had started to lay the 3,000 ft (914 4 m) of rail along the segment closest to the terminal On September 10, 2001, the station opened along with the entire Airport MAX extension that introduced Red Line service between downtown Portland and the airport  Celebrations planned for the following weekend were canceled following the September 11 attacks, and the airport was closed for three days  Planners projected single-car trains to initially serve Portland International Airport station but TriMet deployed two-car consists on the line after recording 3,800 riders over Thanksgiving weekend in November 2001  In September 2003, TriMet extended Red Line service farther west using the existing Westside MAX tracks to Beaverton Transit Center  This was done in an effort to provide a one-seat ride to the airport for westside riders  In 2006, the station handled more than one million passengers in a single year for the first time TriMet had reintroduced bus service to the airport with the 272–PDX Night Bus route on September 2, 2018  The bus route ran in the late night and early morning hours when the Red Line was not operating  It was indefinitely suspended on April 5, 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic 

Station details
The station's platform is situated at ground level just outside the main passenger terminal, near the southernmost entrance and within 150 ft (45 7 m) of the baggage claim area  It features a wedge-shaped island platform and a glass canopy designed by ZGF Architects, which also designed the airport terminal's main-entrance canopy  An 80-seat station lobby is located inside the terminal and has ticket vending machines and real-time displays showing train departure times  The station occupies the end of a single-track section of the Airport MAX segment; the only other such section on the MAX system is located on another segment of the Airport MAX near Gateway/Northeast 99th Avenue Transit Center 

Public art
Public art pieces commissioned for the Airport MAX Project have a common theme of "flight"  The station houses one art installation as part of TriMet's Public Art Program, which is funded at 1 5 percent of a project's total cost  Time Flies by Christine Bourdette is a large, porcelain enamel mural that is displayed on a wall between the station platform and the baggage claim area  The work is described as "a sequence of images related to time and motion"   Bourdette also installed bronze rails that lead passengers from the escalators to the platform and blue chevrons on the platform pavement to depict movement 

Services
Portland International Airport station is served by TriMet's MAX Red Line, which connects the airport to Northeast Portland, Portland City Center, and central Beaverton  In late 2018, the station recorded an average of 2,461 boardings on weekdays  The day's first train arrives from Beaverton Transit Center  The last three westbound trips travel eastbound to Ruby Junction/East 197th Avenue station as through services of the Blue Line  Headway between trains varies from 15 minutes for most of the day to 30 minutes during the early mornings and late evenings  Services operate on all days of the week and are the most frequent on weekdays  Trains from the station take approximately 40 minutes to reach Pioneer Square in downtown Portland—where transfers to all lines are available—and approximately 65 minutes to reach the other end of the line at Beaverton Transit Center 
Passage 2:
Gerald R  Ford International Airport
Grand Rapids Gerald R  Ford International Airport (IATA: GRR, ICAO: KGRR, FAA LID: GRR) is a commercial airport in Cascade Township approximately 13 miles (21 km) southeast of Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States  The facility is owned by the Kent County Board of Commissioners and managed by an independent authority   The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a small hub primary commercial service facility The facility opened as the Kent County Airport and later became Kent County International Airport  In December 1999, the airport was renamed for Gerald R  Ford, the 40th Vice President and the 38th President of the United States  Ford represented the Grand Rapids area in the United States House of Representatives from 1949 to 1973 
The airport is the largest commercial airport in the West Michigan region and is the second-largest airport in Michigan after Detroit Metropolitan Airport  GRR covers 3,127 acres (1,265 ha) The airport currently has flights to 37 domestic airports 

History
Grand Rapids' first airport broke ground in November 1919, four miles (6 4 km) south of downtown  This was eight years after the area witnessed its first landing, a Wright biplane at Comstock Park State Fairgrounds on September 10, 1911  The airport was operated by the Kent County Board of Supervisors 
The first scheduled air service in the United States was between Grand Rapids and Dearborn on a Ford-Stout monoplane named Miss Grand Rapids, which started July 26, 1926 
In 1938–39, the Works Progress Administration made improvements including new runways and runway widening, fencing, sodding, lighting, remodeling the administration building and construction of a new restaurant Circa 1940, the airport extended between 32nd and 36th Streets, from Jefferson Avenue east to the railroad; the west end was soon expanded south to just north of Himes Street and in the 1950s runway 18/36 was extended to 5700’ and reached south to 44th Street 
In 1959, the county began construction on the present airport in Cascade Township, several miles east of the first airport  The new airport opened November 23, 1963, and was dedicated June 6, 1964; it had a 6,600-foot (2,000 m) runway designated 08/26 and a 3,400-foot (1,000 m) designated 18/36  The first scheduled jet was a United Airlines Boeing 737-200 on April 28, 1968, from Chicago O'Hare  The aircraft, N9003U, was named 'City of Grand Rapids'  In 1968, the only scheduled non-stops beyond Michigan were to Chicago and Green Bay 
On January 27, 1977, the Board of Commissioners renamed Kent County Airport as Kent County International Airport with the opening of a U S  Customs Service Office in the main terminal building 
In 1997, the board added the 8,500-foot (2,600 m) runway 17/35 to allow continued operations during a $32 million reconstruction of runway 8R/26L, completed in 2001  It completed a passenger terminal renovation in 2000 at a cost of approximately $50 million In 2004, the airport served more than 2 million passengers for the first time in a year  In 2010, the airport broke the 2004 record with almost 2 2 million passengers, as increase of over 23% from 2009 
On January 2, 2007, a U S  Air Force jet carried the remains of former president Gerald Ford to his namesake airport as part of funeral services culminating in burial at his presidential museum in Grand Rapids the next day 
From April 2010 through October 2011, the airport was a focus city for Allegiant Air Air Canada operated the airport's only international flights to Toronto Pearson International Airport from July 2008 until September 2013   It was the airline's second attempt at service between the two markets Delta Air Lines operates Boeing 757-200s seasonally between Grand Rapids and Detroit during the summer, making it the largest aircraft to serve GRR Allegiant Air announced in mid-January 2019 that they would be making the airport one of Allegiant's 16 focus cities once again  After dropping GRR as a focus city in 2011, Allegiant is upgrading GRR again to a focus city adding Nashville, Tennessee, and Savannah-Hilton Head, Georgia, as new routes In 2013 the airport began building a natural treatment system to improve stormwater management practices and safeguard the waters of the Thornapple River  The new, innovative system will include a biological treatment system that will improve collection of stormwater runoff and naturally remove sediments and pollutants before sending the water to the Thornapple River, which flows just east of the airfield The airport eliminated the two separate security checkpoints in each concourse and created one consolidated checkpoint in the grand hall area to help traffic flow much faster and to be prepared for future growth  In addition, the grand hall area and the entrance area to the airport was renovated with more shopping and dining options  Work began in late 2015 and completed in June 2017 The airport began construction of a roof over the parking deck in March 2015 to increase close-in, covered, long-term parking  The roof covers most of the fourth floor, though some spaces on the fourth and third floors remain uncovered due to airfield sight-line requirements for the FAA control tower  The garage roof was completed in November 2015 and will allow use of the fourth floor spaces during heavy snow In 2016, the airport partnered with the Cascade Community Foundation on plans to renovate the current outdoor viewing area to make it a larger, more inviting place for people to relax   The renovated park opened in May 2017 In November 2018 the airport began the phase II of the Gateway Transformation Project, reconstructing the baggage claim, check-in, and front of house areas, and have completed the apron reconstruction adding new pavement to the apron and taxiway areas 

Facilities
Gerald R  Ford International Airport has two parallel east–west runways and one north–south runway  Along with cargo and general aviation facilities, the airport has a passenger terminal with two concourses: A has seven gates and B has eight  Runways 08R/26L and runway 17/35 have ILS  The airport also has a 5,000-foot (1,500 m) general aviation runway north of the main 08R/26L runway 
In September 2017, the airport celebrated the opening of phase one of their Gateway Transformation, a 59,000 square foot addition onto the passenger terminal facility that included a consolidated passenger security screening checkpoint, a new Marketplace with expanded retail and food & beverage offerings, new business centers and lounges, and much more  Concourse A's tenants are Allegiant Air, Delta Air Lines, American Airlines and Frontier Airlines  Southwest Airlines and United Airlines occupy Concourse B  All gates have climate-controlled jetways 
The airport is served by Signature Flight Support, which operates an FBO on the field  Besides fuel, the facility provides general maintenance, aircraft parking, courtesy and rental cars, conference rooms, pilot supplies, a crew lounge, snooze rooms, and more When new baggage screening regulations were introduced by the Transportation Security Administration in 2002, the airport was the first in the nation to conduct trials on the new screening machines  The baggage processing areas were too small for the machines so they were placed in the passenger lobby The airport is also home to the West Michigan Aviation Academy, a public charter high school that focuses on aviation, STEM, and robotics educations  The school offers a fleet of Cessna 172 aircraft for flight training, allows students to build a Carbon Cub EX2 plane, and has a Redbird LD flight simulator 

Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Source:

Cargo
Source: Flight Aware

Statistics
Top domestic destinations
Airline market share
Annual traffic
Ground transportation
The airport is at the intersection of 44th Street and Patterson Avenue  It abuts I-96 on the east, M-6 on the south, M-37 on the west, and M-11 on the north 
Metro Cab and Metro Cars provides taxi and luxury sedan service and the airport is served by Avis, Budget, Enterprise, Hertz, and National/Alamo rental car companies on-site Rapid route 17, Woodland/Airport, travels between the airport and Woodland Mall (Kentwood Station) on weekdays between 6:30 a m  and 10:30 p m  From Woodland Mall, passengers can continue on to downtown or parts of the east side of Grand Rapids via routes 5 and 6, or across town to Grandville and Wyoming on routes 24, 28, and 44 

Planned development
In late August 2019, the airport made an announcement about its next focus, Project Elevate  This phase of airport development, consisting of three major projects, includes a $90 million expansion and extension of Concourse A to encompass 8 more gates, a $50 million relocation and construction of a new air traffic control tower as well as a $25 million federal inspection station to facilitate departures and arrivals of direct international flights A $156 million rental car facility was announced in 2023 and is expected to be completed by late 2025 

Accidents & Incidents
On May 9, 2008, a Cessna 208 Caravan operating for Federal Express by CSA Air crashed just north of Grand Rapids  The pilot was injured 
On September 6, 2010, a Cessna 210 Centurion that departed from Grand Rapids made an emergency landing in a field due to an engine failure  The aircraft was on a training flight at the time of impact  The probable cause of the accident was found to be a fatigue failure of the crankshaft due to the loss of engine case through-bold torque 
On October 29, 2012, a Delta Air Lines McDonnell Douglas MD-88 diverted to the airport after an engine issue  The engine was shut off and the plane was able to land safely 
On January 9, 2022, an aircraft returned to the airport due to a landing gear problem  It landed safely back at the airport 
On July 8, 2022, an American Airlines flight en route from Chicago to Buffalo, New York diverted to Grand Rapids due to smoke in the cockpit  The plane landed safely and there were no injuries 
On December 16, 2022, a Delta Air Lines Airbus A320 departed Grand Rapids for Minneapolis–Saint Paul and returned shortly after departure following an engine failure  The aircraft landed safely and the 147 passengers and crew were uninjured 
Passage 3:
Portland International Airport
Portland International Airport (IATA: PDX, ICAO: KPDX, FAA LID: PDX) is a joint civil–military airport and the largest airport in the U S  state of Oregon, accounting for 90% of the state's passenger air travel and more than 95% of its air cargo  It is within Portland's city limits just south of the Columbia River in Multnomah County, 6 miles (10 kilometers) by air and 12 mi (19 km) by highway northeast of downtown Portland  Portland International Airport is often referred to by its IATA airport code, PDX  The airport covers 3,000 acres (1,214 ha) of land Portland International Airport has direct flights and connections to most major airports throughout the United States, and non-stop international flights to Canada, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Iceland and the United Kingdom  The airport is a hub for Alaska Airlines  It also has a maintenance facility for Alaska Air subsidiary Horizon Air  General aviation services are provided at PDX by Atlantic Aviation  The Oregon Air National Guard has a base on the southwest portion of the airport property grounds, and is also the host unit of the 142nd Fighter Wing (142 FW), which operates the F-15 Eagle  Local transportation includes the MAX Red Line light rail, which takes passengers between PDX and downtown Portland, as well as farther west to Beaverton  There is also Interstate 205, which connects to southwestern Washington (north from PDX) along with many suburbs of Portland (south from PDX) 
PDX receives top honors among many polls: Travel + Leisure magazine 2013 readers' poll for best US airport; Condé Nast Traveler in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2010: top airport for business travelers; #1 in 2015, 2016, and 2019 by J D  Power and Associates for U S  "Large Passenger Airports" and overall highest amongst passenger satisfaction; the 2015 ALPA Airport of the Year 

History
Portland's first airport was the Swan Island Municipal Airport, northwest of downtown Portland on the Willamette River  The Port of Portland purchased 256 acres (104 ha) and construction began in 1926  Charles Lindbergh flew in and dedicated the new airfield in 1927 
By 1935 it was becoming apparent to the Port of Portland that the airport was becoming obsolete  The small airfield couldn't easily be expanded, nor could it accommodate the larger aircraft and passenger loads expected to become common to Portland  Plans immediately were conceived to relocate the outdated airfield to a larger site  The Swan Island area is now used by the Port of Portland as an industrial park 

Construction and early operations
The Portland City Council purchased the present PDX site in 1936  It was 700 acres (280 ha) bordered by the Columbia River in the north and the Columbia Slough in the south  The city council issued US$300,000 and asked the Port of Portland to sponsor a US$1 3 million Works Progress Administration (WPA) grant to develop the site into a "super airport"  The project provided badly needed Great Depression-era jobs  Construction of the airport steadily employed over 1,000 men, and was described by historian Neil Barker as "Portland's most significant public works improvement during the New Deal era"  The WPA and Port of Portland faced difficulties in preparing the site for construction because the low-lying area was frequently covered by flood waters from the Columbia River  Workers covered the area with over 4 million cubic yards (3,100,000 m3) of sand to help drain it of water, and constructed a series of dikes to control flooding  Two runways capable of serving the modern aircraft of the time were operational by 1941  The airport was designated Portland–Columbia Airport to distinguish it from then-operating Swan Island Airport  During World War II, the airfield was used by the United States Army Air Forces 
The "super airport" had a terminal on the north side, off Marine Drive, and five runways (NE-SW, NW-SE, and an E-W runway forming an asterisk)  This configuration was adequate until a new terminal and a longer, 8,800-foot (2,700 m) east–west runway were constructed in 1952  View airport diagrams: 1955 and 1965
In 1948 the entire airport grounds were flooded during the Vanport Flood, forcing scheduled airline services to reroute to nearby Troutdale Airport  The grounds were under water for several months 

New terminal (1950s)
A new terminal opened in 1959, which for the most part serves as the present facility  The new terminal is located to the east of the original runways, and north of the then-new 8,800 ft (2,700 m) runway  Construction of a second east–west runway to the north made this a midfield terminal  At this point, all but the NE-SW (3/21) runway in the original "X" were abandoned and turned into taxiways  3/21 was extended for use as a cross-wind runway  "International" was added to the airport's official designation after the 1950s-era improvements 
Plans made in 1968 to add a third runway by means of filling in parts of the Columbia River were met with vocal public opposition and scrapped  The airport switched from screening passengers at individual gates to screening all visitors at concourse entrances in 1973 as new FAA regulations went into effect  In 1974, the south runway was extended to 11,000 feet (3,400 m) to service the newest jumbo jets  The terminal building was renovated and expanded in 1977 By the 1980s, the terminal building began an extensive renovation in order to update PDX to meet future needs  The ticketing and baggage claim areas were renovated and expanded, and a new Concourse D for Alaska Airlines was added in 1986  Concourse E was first to be reconstructed in 1992, and featured PDX's first moving sidewalks  The Oregon Marketplace, a small shopping mall, was added in the former waiting areas behind the ticket counters 
The early 1990s saw a food court and extension added to Concourse C, and the opening of the new Concourse D in 1994  This marked the first concessions inside secured areas, allowing passengers to purchase items without having to be re-screened 
An expanded parking garage, new control tower, and canopy over the curbside were finished in the late 1990s  Although hailed by architectural critics, the canopy blocked views of Mount Hood from the curbside   On July 31, 1997, during construction, the garage addition collapsed due to inadequate bolts holding girders together and inadequate securing of structural members, killing three steelworkers The present H-shape of the PDX terminal, designed by Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership, was completed on September 10, 2001, when the new A, B and C concourses, as well as the light rail line, were finished  Probably the most stunning portion of PDX's interior, the new concourses reflect a Northwest theme, focusing heavily on the nearby Columbia River  A huge celebration was to be held the following weekend, but the events of September 11, 2001, interceded  The new concourses, designed to be public spaces, were closed to non-passengers 
In August 2005, the concourse connector was opened  This is a long hallway on the secure side of the airport that connects the A, B and C concourses to the D and E concourses on the other side of the airport  If there is a long line at the checkpoint at one end of the airport, passengers may use the other checkpoint and walk through the connector to their desired concourse  The connector closed permanently on January 5, 2021, to make room for terminal expansion The airport's carpet, installed in 1987, was designed to stylize the criss-crossing north and south runways  Beginning in 2014, a new design replaced the original pattern  In response, many residents created products to celebrate the carpet as a local icon In December 2016, The Port of Portland renovated the security checkpoints and immigration facilities as part of its PDXNext project  This included the relocation, and wider of the exit lanes by the security checkpoints and upgraded security on both sides of the terminal 

Terminal expansion (2020s)
In the latter half of 2016, the Port of Portland and several airlines at PDX approved a project intended to balance the use of the terminal and concourses at Portland International Airport  The subsequent project extended Concourse E by 750 feet (230 m) and added 6 new gates to the facility  After the project, Southwest Airlines relocated its operations from Concourse C to the newly expanded Concourse E, alongside United Airlines  With the relocation of Southwest Airlines to Concourse E, Alaska Airlines, American Airlines and JetBlue Airways became the primary users of Concourses B and C  Construction on this project began in the spring of 2017 and opened to passengers on July 15, 2020 Concourse A was demolished in November 2019 due to the age and space of the structure and was replaced by an expanded Concourse B  The extension featured 4 jet bridges, 6 ground loading zones, and improved concession stands  All Horizon operations that operated out of Concourse A was temporarily moved to Concourse C until the expanded Concourse B was completed  The new concourse opened on December 8, 2021 In March 2020, the main terminal began a 5-year expansion process to generate more open space in the pre-security area and an expansion of 150 feet toward the west  The Concourse Connector was closed in January 2021 and the Clocktower Plaza closed 3 months later to make room for the expansion  During construction, the remains of the concourse connector will be reused for passengers to bypass the construction zone to get to concourses C and D  Construction of the new main terminal is expected to be complete by 2025 

Domestic service
The April 1957 OAG shows 38 United departures per day, ten West Coast, eight Northwest and six Western  Alaska had four a week and Pacific Northern had three; Pan Am and Northwest both flew SEA-PDX-HNL and back, Pan Am with five DC-7C round trips a week and Northwest with four DC-6Bs  Portland's first jets were Pan Am 707-321s about October 1959 
In 1966 PDX had nonstop flights to SLC, DEN, ORD and no other cities farther east than Boise; in 1977 nonstops reached LAS–PHX–DEN–DFW–ORD and no others east of Boise  In 1967 United started PDX's first transcon nonstop, to JFK; it ended in 1973 
By 1974, the airport was served by Braniff, Cascade, Continental, Eastern, Hughes Airwest, Northwest Orient, Pan Am, United and Western, and the Seattle route was served by seven airlines with aircraft as large as Boeing 747s Air Oregon started short-haul service from Portland following deregulation in 1978, and by 1979 had routes to seven other cities in Oregon In the 1980s Air California had nonstop flights to Seattle, Reno and the Bay Area; PSA (Pacific Southwest Airlines) had nonstops to San Francisco and one or two to Reno and Sacramento  In 2010 Northwest's former Honolulu service was eliminated by Delta altogether  In 2015, Delta resumed its seasonal service to Honolulu 
United was the dominant carrier at PDX during the regulated era and through the 1980s On May 30, 2022, Alaska Airlines added New Orleans' Armstrong International Airport to its schedule, and in doing so, added the only domestic FAA-designated "large hub" airport missing from the southern airfield's roster  Flights AS142 and AS143 will operate daily, beginning January 5, 2023, between Portland and New Orleans, operated by a Boeing 737-900ER 

International service
The first international nonstop was Western's 720B to Vancouver in 1967 
United Airlines, then the dominant carrier at PDX, used Portland as a once-weekly stop for its Chicago–O'Hare-Tokyo–Narita service from 1983 to 1987  The flight stopped in Seattle/Tacoma six days a week and in Portland once a week  After United Airlines acquired Pan American World Airways' Asian routes in 1986, they were able to use Pan American World Airways' Boeing 747SP aircraft to eliminate the West Coast stop As United Airlines made plans to end Tokyo service from Portland, Delta Air Lines applied to begin Atlanta-Tokyo service via Portland using Lockheed L-1011 aircraft  Like United Airlines, Delta Air Lines lacked aircraft that could fly to Japan nonstop from the eastern United States; Delta Air Lines also lacked a West Coast hub at the time, and saw Portland as favorable international and domestic hub over Seattle, which was dominated by Northwest Airlines  After beginning Tokyo service in 1986, Delta Air Lines added a flight to Seoul in 1988, coinciding with the 1988 Summer Olympics; the Seoul flight was later extended to Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, and Taipei  By 1994, Delta Air Lines had introduced McDonnell Douglas MD-11 aircraft, and added another transpacific flight to Nagoya and domestic flights to New York City, Anchorage, Fairbanks, and other destinations  Delta Air Lines's hub had peaked in 1998, with additional service to Osaka and Fukuoka The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis hurt Delta Air Lines's operation, and international travel decreased even further due to complaints about treatment at the immigration facility in Portland, leading it to be nicknamed "DePortland"  The combination of these factors caused Delta Air Lines to discontinue what was then the last direct flight from Portland to Tokyo and from Portland to Nagoya in March 2001  This change brought local media scrutiny  This then combined with the resulting congressional pressure, caused the officials in charge of the immigration facility to address the problems 
Meanwhile, local travel businesses had begun recruiting other carriers  Lufthansa started direct flights to Frankfurt, Germany, in 2003, but suspended the route in 2009 citing lack of profitability  Northwest Airlines introduced non-stop flights to Tokyo–Narita on June 10, 2004, reviving a route terminated by Delta  Mexicana Airlines also introduced service to Guadalajara and Mexico City; after 5 years of service, Mexicana Airlines withdrew in 2008 due to high fuel prices and change in demand Northwest Airlines added nonstop service to Amsterdam in 2008  The service was reduced that year to a Northwest-operated Delta-flown 767-300, and occasionally a Northwest-operated Delta-flown 767-400  The service has since been fluctuating between 767-300s, 767-400s and A330-300s depending on the season  Air Canada operated seasonal service to Toronto–Pearson from 2010 to 2012 but was then resumed in May 2016  Since 2014, three more foreign carriers have begun service at PDX: Volaris with service to Guadalajara, Condor with seasonal service to Frankfurt, and Icelandair with seasonal service to Reykjavík–Keflavík  British Airways also recently announced service to London–Heathrow beginning in June, 2022 
Following its acquisition of Northwest, Delta Air Lines has maintained Northwest's nonstop flights to Amsterdam and Tokyo  The latter required a one-time $3 5 million subsidy from the Port of Portland to Delta in 2009 to maintain the route On May 31, 2016, Delta Air Lines announced seasonal nonstop service to London–Heathrow in the United Kingdom, which began on May 26, 2017  This service ended the following year  British Airways announced a year-round service to LHR which is scheduled to start in June 2022 
In May 2017, Delta Air Lines and Aeroméxico announced new non-stop service from Portland to Mexico City using Aeroméxico flown Boeing 737-800 aircraft, which began on December 1, 2017, but ended on January 7, 2019 On June 3, 2022, British Airways launched a non-stop flight to London Heathrow 4x a week with a Boeing 787-8  It was the first time in 4 years the two cities were connected via nonstop flights 

Terminal
There is one passenger terminal in the airport, with four concourses split between two sides  From January 5, 2021, until late 2023, the two sides are not connected beyond security  The airport also offers many complimentary services such as free Wi-Fi wireless internet access, a children's play area, and postal services 
The airport has a shopping mall behind its ticketing counters, with all shops and restaurants open every day  Because the state is one of the few in the nation with no sales tax, all stores offer tax-free shopping  The Port of Portland also requires all airport shops and restaurants to practice fair retail pricing—businesses are not allowed to charge more than at off-airport locations  Stores include national stores and Oregon-based ones such as Made in Oregon, Nike, Columbia Sportswear, Powell's Books, and Oregon Pendleton Shop among others   Food services also are a mix of national chains and local options Several local food carts are located within the pre-security concourse



ground_truth: WAMC

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Portland International Airport and Gerald R. Ford International Airport both located in Oregon?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

Concourses and terminals
The two sections of the main terminal (South and North) at Portland International Airport have four concourses (B, C, D, E)  In addition, Portland International Airport handles many operations from a variety of cargo transportation airlines 
The international section of Concourse D was renamed the Governor Victor G  Atiyeh International Concourse to honor the former Oregon governor, who was also known as "Trader Vic" for launching international tourism and trade initiatives during his gubernatorial term 

South TerminalConcourse B has 10 gates (B1–B10)
Concourse C has 23 gates (C1–C23)North TerminalConcourse D has 15 gates (D1–D15)
Concourse E has 12 gates (E2–E13)There are 60 gates within the two passenger terminals 

Airport lounges
South Terminal
Concourse B: None
Concourse C: Alaska Lounge – across from Gate C5North Terminal
Concourse D: Delta Sky Club – across from Gate D6
Concourse E: United Club – across from Gate E2

Airport facilities
Infrastructure
Jet fuel is supplied via the Portland Jet Line, an 8 inches (200 mm) Kinder Morgan fuel pipeline running from the Northwest Industrial area of Portland's Willbridge Terminal to the airport  Willbridge contains 40 tanks, connected to the 14 inches (360 mm) Olympic pipeline and 8 inches (200 mm) Eugene pipeline, BNSF rail, truck, and ships 

Bicycle resources
The lower terminal roadway near the TriMet MAX Red Line station has a work station and assembly for repairing bicycles  The Oregon Welcome Center also has a "Tool check-out" 

Mini-movie theater
In February 2017, the Hollywood Theatre opened a microcinema within the post-security section of concourse C near gate C5  The theater has seventeen seats, with an additional standing only room  The films shown run for approximately fifteen minutes, are free of charge and showcase the work of Portland-based filmmakers, primarily focused on the culture of the Pacific Northwest 

Distillery
Operating at Portland International Airport since the summer of 2013, House Spirits Distillery upgraded and expanded their presence at the airport in 2017 from a mobile kiosk to a larger, permanent retail location within concourse C, across from gate C6  Known for the anchor of Portland's "Distillery Row", House Spirits Distillery was recognized as the nation's "Best New Specialty Retail Concept, Small Operator" as awarded in 2015 by the Airport Revenue News  They were recognized for their immersive retail experience at the airport and its offerings of product tastings, branded apparel and distilled beverages  House Spirits Distillery is currently the first distillery in the world to operate a spirits tasting room within an airport location In addition to selling spirits and other curated items, House Spirits Distillery will also provide mini classes to introduce PDX fliers to their products during airport down time  The new retail experience is inspired by their new facility in Southeast Portland which opened in November 2015 and expanded the company's production capacity sixfold 

Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Cargo
Statistics
Top destinations
Airline market share
Annual traffic
Ground transportation
Public transit service to the airport is provided by TriMet, the metropolitan area's primary transit agency, with its MAX Red Line light rail service  During late nights, service is provided by the 272-PDX Night Bus route  The 1986-opened MAX Light Rail system was extended to the airport in 2001  The Red Line originally provided service as far as downtown Portland only, but in 2003 it was extended west to Beaverton  The light rail station is located only about 150 ft (50 m) from the airport's baggage claim area  Prior to 2001, TriMet service to the airport consisted of bus route 72-82nd Avenue from 1970 to 1986, and route 12-Sandy Blvd  from 1986 to 2001 C-Tran route 67 bus connects the airport to Fisher's Landing Transit Center in east Vancouver, Washington 
By road, the terminal is accessible from exit 24 on Interstate 205 

Accidents and incidents
On October 1, 1966, West Coast Airlines Flight 956 crashed in a desolate section of the Mount Hood National Forest during descent into Portland International Airport  Of the 18 passengers and crew, there were no survivors  The probable cause of the accident was "the descent of the aircraft below its clearance limit and below that of surrounding obstructing terrain, but the Board was unable to determine the cause of such descent " The accident was the first loss of a Douglas DC-9 
On December 28, 1978, United Airlines Flight 173 was en route to Portland International Airport from Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado  On approach to Portland International Airport, the crew lowered the landing gear which caused a loud thump, abnormal vibration, unusual yaw, and the landing gear indicator lights failed to light  The plane circled Portland while the crew investigated the problem  After about an hour, the plane exhausted its fuel supply and crashed into the suburban neighborhood of East Burnside Street and NE 158th Ave  Of the 189 passengers and crew on board, ten died and 24 more were injured  An investigation revealed that the crash was caused by "the failure of the captain to properly monitor the aircraft's fuel state"  This accident's investigation led to substantially improved aviation safety by widespread adoption of crew resource management which emphasizes crew teamwork and communication instead of a command hierarchy 
On February 16, 2008, visibility of 1/8 mile was a possible factor in the fatal accident that took the life of the pilot, Oregon doctor Richard Otoski, a Klamath Falls dermatologist flying his Columbia 400  The accident took place just short of runway 10R at Portland International Airport  Otoski was the only person on board the aircraft, manufactured by the former Lancair Company  "Damn it    we're gonna crash" were the last words PDX controllers heard from N621ER  The aircraft was apparently in the process of making another missed approach in poor visibility following the ILS when it clipped an airport perimeter fence, crashed, and soon caught fire  The aircraft had departed from Klamath Falls 90 minutes earlier 

Airport ratings
Travel + Leisure
In 2013, a Travel + Leisure magazine readers' poll named PDX as the best US airport, based on its on-time record, dining, shopping, and mass transportation into the main parts of the city  In 2015, ten new restaurants opened at PDX, making it a "foodie haven" according to travelers  PDX also got significant recognition for its unique carpet pattern, which was replaced throughout the entire airport with newer carpet that contains a similar design 

Condé Nast Traveler
In 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2010, PDX was identified as the top airport for business travelers in the United States by Condé Nast Traveler magazine  The Condé Nast ranking was based upon criteria including location and access, ease of connections, food, shops, amenities, comfort and design, and perceived safety and security; PDX received the top overall score, and the magazine noted the airport's environmentally friendly initiatives, including the airport's use of solar panels for power, its connection to the MAX Light Rail, and the recycling of its restaurants' used oil and grease 

J  D  Power and Associates
The 2015, 2016, and 2019 J D  Power and Associates rankings for US "Large Passenger Airports" lists PDX at the #1 spot and overall highest among passenger satisfaction criteria 

Air Line Pilots Association, International
In 2015 the Air Line Pilots Association, International, Airport and Ground Environment Group recognized Portland International Airport as the recipient of the Airport of the Year  The award was given as a result of the collaboration and partnering between PDX and ALPA on important on-going airport safety and construction issues 

Gallery
See also
Oregon World War II Army Airfields
Pearson Field
Portland-Mulino Airport
Tourism in Portland, Oregon
Western Air Defense Force
Passage 4:
United Airlines Flight 173
United Airlines Flight 173 was a scheduled flight from John F  Kennedy International Airport in New York City to Portland International Airport in Portland, Oregon, with a scheduled stop in Denver, Colorado  On December 28, 1978, the aircraft flying this route ran out of fuel while troubleshooting a landing gear problem and crashed in a suburban Portland neighborhood near NE 157th Avenue and East Burnside Street, killing 10 on board 

Aircraft
The aircraft involved was a Douglas DC-8 60 series, powered by four Pratt & Whitney JT3D engines and delivered new to United Airlines in May 1968    The aircraft was registered N8082U and was the 357th DC-8 built at the Long Beach assembly plant  The 60 series was a stretched version of the DC-8 that was 36 7 ft (11 2 m) longer than the DC-8 series 10 through 50 

Flight
Flight 173 was piloted by an experienced cockpit crew, consisting of Captain Malburn "Buddy" McBroom (age 52), First Officer Roderick "Rod" Beebe (45), and Flight Engineer Forrest "Frosty" Mendenhall (41)  McBroom had been with United Airlines for 27 years; he was one of the airline's most senior pilots with more than 27,600 hours of flight time, of which about 5,500 hours had been as a DC-8 captain  Beebe had been with the airline for 13 years and had logged more than 5,200 flight hours  Mendenhall had close to 3,900 flight hours and had been with the airline for 11 years  The first officer and flight engineer had over 2,500 hours of flying experience between them in the DC-8 Flight 173 departed from Denver's Stapleton International Airport at 15:47 MST with 189 people on board—eight crew and 181 passengers  The estimated flight time was 2 hours and 26 minutes, and the planned arrival time in Portland was 17:13 PST, about 40 minutes after sunset  According to the automatic flight plan and monitoring system, the total amount of fuel required for the flight to Portland was 31,900 lb (14,500 kg)  About 46,700 lb (21,200 kg) of fuel were on board the aircraft when it departed the gate in Denver 
As the landing gear was being lowered on approach to Portland International Airport, the crew felt an abnormal vibration and yaw of the aircraft and a lack of an indicator light showing the gear was lowered successfully  The crew requested a holding pattern to diagnose the problem, and for about the next hour, the crew flew over southeast Portland and worked to identify the status of the landing gear and prepare for a potential emergency landing  During this time, none of the three cockpit flight crew effectively monitored the fuel levels, which was exacerbated by the fact that the gear was down with the flaps at 15° during the entire hour-long holding maneuver, significantly increasing fuel burn rate  As a result, the number 3 and 4 engines flamed out 
As the crew prepared for a final approach for an emergency landing on runway 28L, they lost the number one and number two engines to a flameout, at which point a mayday was declared  This was the last radio transmission from Flight 173 to air traffic control; it crashed into a wooded section of a populated area of suburban Portland, about six nautical miles (11 km; 7 mi) southeast of the airport Of the crew members, two were killed, flight engineer Mendenhall and lead flight attendant Joan Wheeler; two sustained injuries classified by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) as "serious", and four sustained injuries classified as "minor/none"  Eight passengers died, and 21 had serious injuries The 304th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron of the Air Force Reserve, based at Portland International Airport, was conducting routine training flights in the area that evening  Airborne aircraft from this unit (HH-1H Huey helicopters) were immediately diverted to the crash scene and proceeded to transport many of the survivors to local hospitals 

Crash investigation and report
The NTSB investigation revealed that, when the landing gear was lowered, a loud thump was heard  That unusual sound was accompanied by abnormal vibration and yaw of the aircraft  The right main landing gear retract cylinder assembly had failed due to corrosion, and that allowed the right gear to free fall  Although it was down and locked, the rapid and abnormal free fall of the gear damaged a microswitch so severely that it failed to complete the circuit to the cockpit green light that tells the pilots that gear is down and locked  Those unusual indications (loud noise, vibration, yaw, and no green light) led the captain to abort the landing, so they would have time to diagnose the problem and prepare the passengers for an emergency landing  While the decision to abort the landing was prudent, the accident occurred because the flight crew became so absorbed with diagnosing the problem that they failed to monitor their fuel state and calculate a time when they needed to return to land or risk fuel exhaustion 
 The Safety Board believes that this accident exemplifies a recurring problem—a breakdown in cockpit management and teamwork during a situation involving malfunctions of aircraft systems in flight… Therefore, the Safety Board can only conclude that the flight crew failed to relate the fuel remaining and the rate of fuel flow to the time and distance from the airport, because their attention was directed almost entirely toward diagnosing the landing gear problem 
The NTSB determined the following probable cause:
 The failure of the captain to monitor properly the aircraft's fuel state and to properly respond to the low fuel state and the crewmember's advisories regarding fuel state  This resulted in fuel exhaustion to all engines  His inattention resulted from preoccupation with a landing gear malfunction and preparations for a possible landing emergency 
The NTSB also determined the following contributing factor:
 The failure of the other two flight crewmembers either to fully comprehend the criticality of the fuel state or to successfully communicate their concern to the captain
The fuel situation was known to be on the minds of the pilot and crew to some degree  Transcripts of cockpit recordings confirm this  Media reports at the time suggested that a not widely known problem existed with fuel state gauges on that model aircraft  The problem was not widely known in part because commercial aircraft are expected to fly with no less than a 45-minute reserve of fuel at all times  The gauge problem is addressed, though obliquely, in one of the safety board's recommendations:

 Issue an Operations Alert Bulletin to have FAA inspectors assure that crew training stresses differences in fuel-quantity measuring instruments and that crews flying with the new system are made aware of the possibility of misinterpretation of gauge readings  (Class II, Priority Action, A-79-32)
While the totalizer fuel gauge issue might have contributed to the crew's confusion toward the end of the flight, the NTSB report emphasized that the captain should never have allowed such a situation to develop in the first place  The NTSB made the following recommendation to specifically address that concern:

 Issue an operations bulletin to all air carrier operations inspectors directing them to urge their assigned operators to ensure that their flightcrews are indoctrinated in principles of flight deck resource management, with particular emphasis on the merits of participative management for captains and assertiveness training for other cockpit crewmembers  (Class II, Priority Action, X-79-17)

Aftermath
This last NTSB recommendation following the incident, addressing flight deck resource management problems, was the genesis for major changes in the way airline crewmembers were trained  This new type of training addressed behavioral management challenges such as poor crew coordination, loss of situational awareness, and judgment errors frequently observed in aviation accidents  It is credited with launching the crew resource management (CRM) revolution in airline training  Within weeks of the NTSB recommendation, NASA held a conference to bring government and industry experts together to examine the potential merits of this training United Airlines instituted the industry's first CRM for pilots in 1981  This program is now used throughout the world, prompting some to call the United 173 accident one of the most important in aviation history  The NTSB Air Safety Investigator who wrote the CRM recommendation was aviation psychologist Alan Diehl Assigned to investigate this accident, Diehl realized it was similar to several other major airline accidents including United Airlines Flight 2860, which occurred a little over a year before Flight 173 and under near identical circumstances; Eastern Air Lines Flight 401; and the Tenerife airport disaster  Diehl was familiar with the research being conducted at NASA’s Ames Research Center and believed these training concepts could reduce the likelihood of human error Held responsible for the accident, Captain McBroom lost his pilot's license and retired from United Airlines shortly afterwards  He spent his remaining years battling health problems related to injuries sustained in the crash, as well as lung and prostate cancers  Family members and passengers who spoke to McBroom at a 1998 reunion of crash survivors reported he was "a broken man" plagued by guilt over his role in the accident  He died on October 9, 2004 at age 77 One of the surviving passengers, a three-year-old in 1978, was awarded US$900,000 in damages from the airline by a Portland jury in 1984  She was injured and both her little sisters and her parents were killed Published in February 2018, Crash Course by Julie Whipple focuses on the events of the night of the crash, the investigation, and aftermath of the crash 

In popular culture
The events of Flight 173 were featured in "Focused on Failure" (also known as "Fatal Fixation"), a season-12 (2012) episode of the Canadian TV series Mayday (called Air Emergency in the US and Air Crash Investigation in the UK and elsewhere around the world) 
It is featured in season 2, episode 1, of the TV show Why Planes Crash, in an episode called "Crisis in the Sky" 
"One Against the Storm" By Stanley C  Mann 1980 ISBN 0938662007 Paperback Bailey/sullivan "About Joan Wheeler"

See also
Aviation safety
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
List of airline flights that required gliding
Passage 5:
Portland International Airport carpet
The carpet at Portland International Airport (PDX) in Portland, Oregon, featured geometric shapes on a teal background, representing the intersection of the north and south runways seen by air traffic controllers from the airport's tower at night  SRG Partnership designed it in 1987, and since then, the carpet has received much media attention 
In 2013, the Port of Portland announced the carpet's replacement with a new pattern conceptualized by the Portland-based firm Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Architects  The announcement generated a social media "phenomenon" and gained attention from local and national news outlets  Removal of the original carpet began in January 2015, with the airport recycling worn portions and making remaining pieces available for sale by local retail vendors 
In 2015,  Portland Trail Blazers point guard Damian Lillard released his first PDX carpet colorway on the Adidas D Lillard 1 sneaker  In 2016, Lillard released the colorway on the D Lillard 2, also inspired by the carpet 
In February 2022, it was announced that the iconic carpet would be returning to the airport when a new terminal opens in 2024 On November 14, 2022, the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA introduced their City Edition uniforms   The uniform pays homage to the airport carpet with a sash design that mimics the geometric pattern of the carpet 

Background
To reduce the amount of noise created by people walking across hard terminal floors, the Port of Portland contracted SRG Partnership to design new carpeting for PDX in 1987  The SRG principal and co-designer of the carpet, John Schleuning, visited several airports before deciding what to create for the carpet at Portland International Airport  SRG steered away from the earth tones traditionally used by airports in the 1980s, incorporating blue and green into their design early on and hoping to evoke "northwest to the core " Its pattern featured geometric shapes on a teal background, an abstract depiction of the intersecting north and south runways seen by air traffic controllers from the airport's tower at night  Several acres of the carpet were installed by the early 1990s Over time, the carpet gained a cult following  Multiple social media accounts were dedicated to it and more than 20,000 pictures were posted to its official Instagram hashtag, #pdxcarpet  Airport visitors often took pictures of their feet on the carpet The original carpet design received a positive reception by Portland residents and airport visitors, eventually reaching "local icon" status  Its pattern was used on a variety of products, including bicycle helmets, socks and T-shirts  In 2013, Portland Monthly published "Ode on a Carpet", a poem inspired by T  S  Eliot's "The Hollow Men" (1925)  In September 2014, PDX installed an 11 ft × 16 ft (3 4 m × 4 9 m) collage made of the carpet 

Replacement
A $13 million replacement of the airport's carpet was announced in 2013, sparking social media attention that was picked up by local and national media outlets  The Port of Portland received a large number of comments from local residents who were concerned about the original carpet's future  Annie Linstrom, a spokesperson for the port district, confirmed they were investigating recycling options and considering giving away portions to locals as keepsakes  She also said that the Port of Portland "understand[s] that people have an emotional connection to the carpet " In December 2013, Portland Monthly published a preview of the redesign, which was conceptualized by Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Architects of Portland  The magazine reported that the new design included "mood-enhancing colors and a new repeating pattern, while clearly preserving key elements" from the original carpet  Linstrom said, "The Port hopes that travelers will grow to appreciate elements of the new carpet design over time, just as much as the old "
In January 2015, removal of the nearly-30-year-old carpet began in front of a crowd of airport employees and media  The Port of Portland's chief operating officer said: "Normally we do these ribbon cuttings when we’re introducing a new thing, but it’s actually the reverse of that in removing the old carpet  We’re going to miss the carpet and we appreciate the community and the love of this carpet " Any businesses that were able to receive, stockpile, and redistribute carpet could request 1,000 square yards (840 m2) from the Port of Portland The airport's new carpet design features natural and man-made shapes found around the airport—referencing flight, nature, and structures such as airplane wings, hiking trails, leaves, runways, and waterways  According to Oregon Public Broadcasting, the old and new carpet designs are similar in appearance "to the untrained, out-of-towner eye " Installation was scheduled to continue through November 2015  Local firm Hennebery Eddy Architects is overseeing its installation, having been contracted in June 2013 to select materials and manage logistics  The new carpet is made of materials from recycled carpet and plastic bottles and jars 
Passage 6:
PenAir
Peninsula Airways, operated as PenAir, was a U S -based regional airline headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska  It was Alaska's second-largest commuter airline operating scheduled passenger service, as well as charter and medevac services throughout the state  Its main base was Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport  PenAir had a code sharing agreement in place with Alaska Airlines with its flights operated in the state of Alaska 

History
Peninsula Airways was founded by Orin Seybert in 1955  Seybert was 19 years old, living in Pilot Point, Alaska, and owned a 1946 two-seat Taylorcraft  In 1956, a four-seat Piper Tri-Pacer was added  On March 1, 1965, Peninsula Airways became incorporated and purchased the fixed base operation (FBO) in King Salmon 
In 1967, Peninsula Airways became a full-time subcontractor to Reeve Aleutian Airways, meeting Reeve's certificate obligations to Chignik, Perryville and Ivanoff Bay 
In 1969, Peninsula Airways acquired all assets of Tibbetts-Herre Airmotive, which had operated from Naknek since 1950  By 1973, regular service was provided between King Salmon and the Pribilof Island communities, St  Paul and St  George  Charter service was also extended into the Aleutian Islands, Dutch Harbor, Atka and Adak with Grumman G-44 Widgeon amphibious aircraft 
In 1977, two Grumman Goose amphibious aircraft were purchased from Reeve Aleutian Airways, and the sub-contract was expanded to cover all locations certificated to Reeve throughout the Alaskan Peninsula and Aleutian Islands  This required setting up an operating base at Cold Bay, with hangars, offices and employee housing 
In 1980, the Civil Aeronautics Board awarded a Part 401 Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity to Peninsula Airways, and all aircraft operations were conducted under Part 135 of the Federal Air Regulations 
In 1983, Peninsula Airways acquired its first turboprop: a Cessna Conquest operated out of Cold Bay  Peninsula Airways was the first Alaskan air carrier to qualify for CAB Part 419 subsidy, allowing the airline to operate Essential Air Service (EAS) routes to Atka, St  George and Kodiak Island 

In 1985, Peninsula Airways acquired all assets of Air Transport Services, Inc , based in Kodiak  Included in the deal was a hangar and office facility with approximately six aircraft and scheduled year-round service to all points on the Island  A base was established in Anchorage with two Cessna Conquest turboprops offering charter service from Anchorage to the Pribilof Islands  Scheduled service from Anchorage to King Salmon and Dillingham was added a year later 
The first Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner propjet was placed into service in 1987 and Metro aircraft remained in the fleet until 2011 
In 1988, several bush operators in Dillingham had their certificates revoked by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), prompting Peninsula Airways to set up an operation there  A hangar and aircraft were purchased and service to the surrounding communities began 
In 1989, Peninsula Airways was contracted by Exxon to support the Exxon Valdez oil spill cleanup  At the same time, a contract was awarded to Peninsula Airways by Alaska Regional Hospital to provide 24-hour medevac service  Peninsula Airways' operations were inspected and approved by Exxon Corporation, U S  Department of the Interior Office of Aviation Services (OAS), U S  Department of Defense, and two (FAA) NASIP "white glove" inspections 
In 1991, Peninsula Airways began doing business as PenAir and became a code sharing and Mileage Plan partner with Alaska Airlines  PenAir transitioned to FAA Part 121 regulations in 1996, operating under both Part 135 and 121  PenAir was the first regional airline in the United States to make the 10-19 seat required conversion, including a dispatch department 
In 1997, PenAir acquired two Saab 340B aircraft and, in 1998, moved its headquarters into a new hangar/office complex in Anchorage, Alaska The airline expanded its operations outside of Alaska in 2012 after bidding on and being awarded Essential Air Service routes in the Northeastern United States  It established a hub at Boston's Logan International Airport and started operating service to Presque Isle, Maine and Plattsburgh, New York, with additional seasonal service to  Bar Harbor, Maine PenAir's presence in the continental United States greatly expanded in 2016 when the airline was awarded multiple Essential Air Service routes in the Midwestern and Western United States  The airline established its third and fourth hubs at Denver International Airport and Portland International Airport  From Denver, PenAir operated service to Dodge City and Liberal, Kansas and Kearney, North Platte, and Scottsbluff, Nebraska  From Portland, PenAir operated Essential Air Service to Crescent City, California and also began service to Arcata/Eureka and Redding, California and Klamath Falls and North Bend/Coos Bay, Oregon 
On August 7, 2017, PenAir filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy  PenAir made the decision to end all flights out of its Denver and Portland hubs  Routes in California and Oregon that were not funded by Essential Air Service subsidies were terminated within days  The terms of the Essential Air Service contract required that PenAir continue to operate those routes until a new airline could be awarded the contract, a process expected to be completed within 90 days  On August 30, 2017, PenAir announced it would cease all Denver operations effective after September 10, 2017 due to a mass resignation involving 17 crew members On November 30, 2017, PenAir announced it would end its service to Crescent City, California as of December 15  The city has chosen Contour Airlines to operate the Essential Air Service route, but PenAir stated it would be unable to continue the service until Contour begins operating On May 30, 2018, PenAir cancelled service via Boston to and from Plattsburgh, Bar Harbor and Presque Isle a month early, citing staffing issues, breaking their Essential Air Services contract with the Department of Transportation On June 1, 2019, PenAir ceased direct ticket sales under its own brand  From that day, all PenAir flights are marketed and sold using Ravn Alaska (7H) flight numbers 

Fleet
As of March 2019 the PenAir fleet consisted of the following aircraft:

PenAir was the only air carrier in the U S  operating the Saab 2000 regional turboprop in scheduled passenger airline service 
PenAir was among the last airlines in the world to operate the Grumman G-21A Goose seaplane on scheduled flights  This piston-powered amphibious aircraft was used to resupply remote coastal locations where no land-based airstrip existed  On December 21, 2012, the Grumman Goose made its final commercial flight from Unalaska to Anchorage   PenAir also previously operated another piston-powered amphibious aircraft type being the Grumman G-44 Widgeon 
The airline also previously operated several turboprop-powered aircraft types including the Cessna 208B Grand Caravan, Cessna 441 Conquest, as well as the Metro II, Metro III and Metro 23 variants of the Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner    

Previously operated piston-powered landplane aircraft included the Piper Navajo Chieftain and Piper Saratoga According to the July 1, 2016 Alaska Airlines system timetable, PenAir was then operating all of its code sharing flights in the state of Alaska on behalf of Alaska Airlines with Saab 340B and Saab 2000 turboprop aircraft   The Saab 2000 is a larger, high-speed version of the Saab 340B  All Alaska Airlines code sharing flights in the lower 48 states in the U S  were operated by PenAir with the Saab 340B 

Destinations
Using Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport as an operating base, PenAir operated scheduled service to the following destinations in Alaska as of June 2019 
Anchorage (ANC) – Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (to Cold Bay, Dillingham, Dutch Harbor, King Salmon, Kodiak, Fairbanks, and Sand Point)
Cold Bay (CDB) – Cold Bay Airport (to Anchorage)
Dillingham (DLG) – Dillingham Airport (to Anchorage)
Dutch Harbor / Unalaska (DUT) – Unalaska Airport (to Anchorage) (marketed and sold by Alaska Airlines)
King Salmon (AKN) – King Salmon Airport (to Anchorage)
Kodiak (ADQ) – Kodiak Airport (to Anchorage)
Fairbanks (FAI) – Fairbanks International Airport (to Anchorage)
Sand Point (SDP) – Sand Point Airport (to Anchorage)All flights in the state of Alaska were operated as code sharing service with Ravn Alaska, with the exception of service to Dutch Harbor / Unalaska which was operated under a capacity purchase agreement, where flights were marketed and sold by Alaska Airlines and operated by PenAir 

Community awareness
PenAir, along with Bering Air, Frontier Flying Service, Grant Aviation, Northern Air Cargo, and Ryan Air Services all participate in the Flying Can service, which allows rural Alaskan communities to recycle aluminum cans and number 1 PET bottles in cooperation with Alaskans for Litter Prevention and Recycling 

Accidents and incidents
On October 10, 2001, Peninsula Airways (PenAir) Flight 350, a Cessna 208 Caravan (N9530F) on a scheduled flight from Dillingham, Alaska to King Salmon, Alaska, crashed shortly after takeoff from Dillingham Airport  The pilot and all nine passengers were fatally injured, and the airplane was destroyed on impact  There was no fire 
On October 17, 2019, PenAir Flight 3296, a Saab 2000 (N686PA) on a scheduled flight from Anchorage, Alaska to Unalaska, Alaska, went off the runway after landing at the Unalaska Airport, teetering over a bank toward a nearby body of water  The left propeller was destroyed and at least part of one blade entered the passenger cabin  An eyewitness reported high winds at the time of the accident  There were 39 passengers, including a high school swim team from Cordova, Alaska, and 3 flight crew aboard the flight  One passenger was fatally injured, two passengers were critically injured, and 10 more received medical care at a local hospital  There was no fire 

See also
List of seaplane operators
Passage 7:
Pan Am Flight 845/26
Pan Am Flight 845/26 was a four-engined Boeing 377 Stratocruiser named Clipper United States and registered as N1032V  It departed Portland International Airport in Oregon on a flight to Honolulu International Airport in Hawaii on March 26, 1955  The aircraft was en route and about 35 miles (56 km) off the Oregon coast when at 11:12 Pacific Standard Time the No  3 engine and propeller tore loose from the wing causing a loss of control  The aircraft was ditched  
The aircraft floated for twenty minutes before sinking in 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) of water  Approximately two hours after the aircraft ditched, the United States Navy attack transport USS Bayfield (APA-33) arrived on the scene and rescued the 19 survivors  Four people died The probable cause was failure of No  3 propeller which caused the engine to detach and the aircraft to become uncontrollable 
The experience provided lessons that helped prevent any casualties in another ditching the following year, when Pan Am Flight 6 sank between Honolulu and San Francisco 
Passage 8:
Pre-Commissioning Unit
Pre-commissioning unit (PRECOMUNIT or PCU) is a designation used by the United States Navy to describe vessels under construction prior to their official commissioning  For example, prior to her commissioning, USS Gerald R  Ford (CVN 78) had been described by the Navy as " PCU Gerald R  Ford (CVN 78)"  Such descriptions can appear in the media as well 
"PCU" is a temporary, descriptive term, and is not a ship prefix or a part of the ship's official name  Until they are commissioned, U S  Navy vessels are officially identified by their given name and hull number, such as Gerald R  Ford (CVN 78) A "PCU" is also the entity that the ships staff is assigned to for training while the ship is being constructed and fitted-out  Prior to reporting to the ship, sailors will report to a PCU at one of two fleet training centers, located at either Naval Station Norfolk or Naval Base San Diego 

See also
List of current United States Navy ships
Passage 9:
Twin Cities Air Service
Twin Cities Air Service was an American fixed-base operator and charter airline based at Auburn, Maine and operated from Auburn/Lewiston Municipal Airport and the Portland International Jetport  The airline was a certified Part 135 operator, provided on demand and commuter service, while the FBO provided standard aircraft services and maintenance, specializing in overhauls of the Cessna 400 series aircraft   Beginning in March 2010, Twin Cities Air Service began a scheduled commuter route between Portland, Maine, and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia   At the time of the initiation of this route, Twin Cities was the only scheduled carrier into the Yarmouth Airport, and was the only scheduled international service into the Portland International Jetport 

History
Twin Cities Air Service was founded in 1992 as a fixed-base operator at the Auburn airport   The company has since expanded to include on demand air charter services, airframe maintenance and support, and scheduled international air service 
Ch-aviation stated "Out of Business", the last change on the Website was 2012, it seems the company has ceased 

Fleet
Twin Cities Air Service currently operated a fleet of five aircraft  The majority of these aircraft are available for on-demand charter operations throughout the Northeastern United States, although the aircraft are certified to operate in Canada, Bermuda, and parts of The Caribbean and Central America   A single Cessna aircraft is devoted to the scheduled service between Portland, Maine and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia 
As of March 2010 the Twin Cities fleet includes:
1 Beechcraft King Air 200
1 Cessna 310
3 Cessna 402 Utililiner
1 Gates Learjet 35A
Context 3: Passage 1:
American Nerd
American Nerd: The Story of My People is a book by Benjamin Nugent  The book discusses the history and origin of the term "nerd", as well as what the term means in today's age  Some of the important topics discussed include the racial differences for the term "nerd", such as how race played into Urkel, a nerdy character played by Jaleel White on the TV series Family Matters 

Appearances
The book and the author were featured on Last Call with Carson Daly as well as The Sound of Young America on NPR 
Passage 2:
Steve Urkel
Steven Quincy Urkel is a fictional character on the American ABC/CBS sitcom Family Matters, portrayed by Jaleel White  Although originally slated to be a one-time-only character on the show, he broke out to be its most popular character and gradually became its protagonist   Due to the Urkel character's off-putting characteristics and the way he would stir up events and underscore the plot or even move it along, he is considered a nuisance by the original protagonist's family, the Winslows, though they come to accept him over time 
The character is the epitome of a geek or nerd of the era, due to traits such as large, thick eyeglasses, flood pants held up by suspenders, multi-colored cardigan sweaters, saddle shoes, and a high-pitched voice  He professes love for his neighbor Laura Winslow, who is a character in the main family of the series, but this love of his is written as an accent on or trigger for events and crises and is therefore unrequited until the series' end 
Throughout the series, starting from Urkel's debut, he is central to many of its running gags, primarily property damage and/or personal injury resulting from of his inventions going awry or his outright clumsiness  He becomes known by viewers and characters alike for several catchphrases uttered after some humorous misfortune occurs, including "I've fallen and I can't get up!" "I don't have to take this  I'm going home " "Did I do that?" "Whoa, Mama!" and "Look what you did!" (on occasions when someone else caused the damage, though usually the accident was indirectly caused by Urkel) 

Character development
In syndication, Steve Urkel first appeared on the 4th episode of the first season, "Rachel's First Date" (as the show staff wanted to more naturally introduce him to audiences upon repeated viewings)  In the 12th episode of the first season, "Laura's First Date", he reappears as a nerdy young boy who takes Laura Winslow out on a date  Despite him being madly in love with her, Laura finds Steve grating and doesn't return his affection  
While initially intended to be a minor character, Urkel became very popular for his oddball antics, soon becoming a recurring character and joining the main cast, beginning with the season-two premiere "Rachel's Place" Family Matters co-creator Michael Warren named the character after his friend, writer, and director Steve Urkel  Due to the show and the character's tremendous popularity during the early 1990s, Erkel encountered difficulties using his own name; he received many prank phone calls from "Laura" asking for "Steve", and businesses found his name to be suspicious  Warren stated that had he known if the character would reappear for years, he would not have named him after his friend 

Portrayal
Steve Urkel embodies the stereotype of a socially inept intellectual who means well but often messes things up  Despite his intelligence, his actions often come across as clumsy and foolish  He is fiercely protective of and obsessed with his unrequited love, Laura Winslow, and this admiration extends to the rest of the Winslow family  However, Steve is comically clumsy and inept, and his attempts to help the Winslows often go awry  This puts him at odds with the family patriarch, Carl, who routinely throws Urkel out of his house  He has been shown to take responsibility for his own mistakes and reimburses the Winslows for the damages he's done  Steve is close to Harriette Winslow, who is delighted each time he comes over, much to Carl's chagrin 
Later episodes suggest that Steve's attachment to the Winslows stems from his bad relationship with his own family  Urkel often hints that most of his relatives, including his (never seen) parents, despise him and refuse to associate with him  This culminates in the two moving to Russia without him, whereupon he moves in with the Winslows  The show has also revealed that Steve has at least four relatives who care about him who are Uncle Ernie who owns a horse trailer; Uncle Cecil who, despite his gambling problems, visits the Urkel home to keep an eye on him; Aunt Oona from Altoona, (played by singer, Donna Summer), who is like a mother to him; and cousin Myrtle  In the series finale, Steve responds to Carl talking about how proud he is of his future son-in-law by saying "Thanks, Dad "
Urkel dresses unfashionably for someone his age (he is most commonly seen wearing suspenders, brightly colored shirts, and high water pants) and has a number of hobbies and interests, including polka dancing and accordion playing  His motor vehicle of choice is the small three-wheeled Isetta  Unlike his friends, he has little interest in popular culture and athletic endeavors, though he enjoys playing basketball, once attempting to join the school team  This has caused Myra to be attracted to Urkel himself due to them not being interested in pop culture  However, Steve has shown little interest in her mainly due to her stalker behavior 
While he is unpopular with his schoolmates, Urkel is a brilliant student and is on a first-name basis with his teachers  He is a genius inventor as well, and his fantastical but unreliable gadgets (including a transformation device and a time machine) are central to many Family Matters plots and gags 
Urkel also has an adept sense of lawbreaking that involves peer pressure  This was explored four times, mainly with Eddie, since he often has to learn his lesson the hard way when he finds himself in situations outside of his control 

Stefan Urquelle
During the season five episode "Dr  Urkel and Mr  Cool", in a takeoff on The Nutty Professor films, Urkel devises a plan to win Laura's heart: transforming his DNA using a serum, which suppresses his "nerd genes" and brings out his "cool" genes  This results in the alter ego known as Stefan Urquelle, played by Jaleel White in more casual attire  Initially, Laura is enamored with the smoother Stefan, but asks that he turn back into Steve when Stefan's self-centeredness makes itself apparent 
Steve improves the formula in the season five episode "Stefan Returns" to reduce its negative effects on his personality, and invents a "transformation chamber" allowing him to become Stefan at will  He would change into Stefan several times – even while dating Myra – but some circumstance would force Steve to turn into his normal self again  With his narcissistic tendencies toned down, Laura falls deeply in love with Steve's alter-ego 
In the seventh-season finale "Send in the Clones", Steve creates a cloning machine and winds up creating a perfect duplicate of himself  Myra is initially excited, but eventually realizes that two Steves are just too much  To clear up the situation, Laura proposes that one of the Steves be permanently turned into Stefan, so that she and Myra can both be with the one they love  This Stefan becomes a recurring character and eventually proposes to Laura in the ninth season  After weighing her choices in the episode "Pop Goes the Question", Laura chooses Steve over Stefan  Stefan leaves and does not appear again 

Cultural impact
In 2010, Westside Middle School in Memphis, Tennessee, outlined its dress code policy on sagging pants, asking students to pull them up or get "Urkeled", a reference to the character  In this practice, teachers would forcibly pull students' pants up and attach them to their waist using zip ties  Students would also have their photo taken and posted on a board in the hallway, for all of their classmates to view  In an interview with NBC affiliate WMC-TV, Principal Bobby White stated that the general idea is to fight pop culture with pop culture  One teacher at the school claimed to have "Urkeled" up to 80 students per week, although after five weeks the number dropped to 18 

Ratings effect
In syndication, Steve is incorporated into the teaser scene of "Rachel's First Date"; his first appearance in the original broadcasts is in the 1989 episode "Laura's First Date", in which Carl and Eddie separately set up dates for Laura for a dance or party (both terms are used in the episode), and the first thing known about him is that he allegedly ate a mouse, and he later makes reference to a mouse when speaking to Carl, implying that it might be true  Prior to Steve Urkel's introduction, the show was on the brink of cancellation due to mediocre ratings  After Urkel was introduced, several scripts had to be hastily rewritten to accommodate the character, while several first-season episodes that had been completed had new opening gag sequences filmed featuring Steve trying to push open the Winslows' front door while the family holds it shut  The addition of Steve immediately helped the show boost its modest ratings  White was credited as a guest star in the first season and became a regular member of the cast in season two  In the opening credits for Seasons 5-9, White was the only regular whose character's name appeared alongside his own during the opening credits (Season 9 did not have the same credit sequence showing all the actors, it simply listed their names across the bottom of the screen, but White was listed "as Steve Urkel" there as well) 
Jo Marie Payton, who played Harriette Winslow, admitted that she felt the Urkel character had hogged much of the show's attention and disrupted the close family relationship she had formed with the rest of the cast  Payton took particular umbrage when youngest sibling Judy Winslow was dismissed as a disposable character and her portrayer, Jaimee Foxworth, was fired to make room for more Urkel stories, because she felt particularly close to Foxworth as the baby of the cast  Payton experienced increasing burnout over the course of the show, became increasingly upset over the production staff allowing White free rein to misbehave, and felt that the overbearing focus on Urkel had made the show jump the shark; she very nearly quit when the show moved to CBS but agreed to stay for the first several episodes while a new actress, Judyann Elder, was cast as Harriet  In an interview with Entertainment Tonight, Payton recalled an instance where White insisted upon inserting something that would have violated Broadcast Standards and Practices, to the point where he and Payton nearly came to physical blows with each other  White is one of the few living members of the cast with whom Payton no longer speaks regularly  She nevertheless speaks well of her experiences and appreciates the effect that Urkel had on the show's popularity and thus the residuals everyone receives from the show  Reginald VelJohnson, in a 2022 interview with Entertainment Tonight, acknowledged that White could be difficult to work with on set but attributed the difficulties to White's young age and being surrounded by other teenagers, which VelJohnson (who himself never had children) found overwhelming  On the whole, VelJohnson had "nothing but good memories" of working with White 

The Urkel Dance
The Urkel Dance was a novelty dance that originated in the season two episode, "Life of the Party"  It was based around the character of Steve Urkel and essentially incorporated movements that made the dancer's posture more like his 
The dance was popular enough to appear on another show, Step by Step, when the Steve Urkel character appeared in a crossover in the season one episode, "The Dance" 
Jaleel White also performed the song, in character as Steve Urkel, on the 5th Annual American Comedy Awards  Bea Arthur (from Maude & The Golden Girls) joined him on stage to "Do The Urkel", after which she said, "Hey, MC Hammer, try and touch that!"A promotional cassette single of the song that accompanies the dance was produced and distributed in limited numbers  A T-shirt was also produced featuring lyrics and Urkel's likeness 
Rick Sanchez pays some form of homage to The Urkel Dance with "The Rick Dance" in the Rick and Morty episode "Ricksy Business" 

Appearances on other shows
Full House – In the 1991 episode, "Stephanie Gets Framed", Steve is called in to help Stephanie Tanner (Jodie Sweetin) deal with her anxieties after she has to get glasses  He was cousin to a friend of D J  He also jams with Uncle Jesse and gives Michelle a penny for her piggy bank, telling her that "with prevailing interest rates, that penny will be worth three cents by the turn of the century"  Incidentally, Family Matters did not air on the night of the episode's original airdate (January 25, 1991)  It is implied that he found himself in San Francisco in the Full House universe before paying a visit to the Lambert household from Step by Step 
Step by Step – In the series' second episode, "The Dance", Steve lands in the Lambert-Foster family's backyard after launching himself with a rocket pack from the living room of the Winslows' house in the Family Matters episode "Brain Over Brawn" (the two scenes being shown in uninterrupted sequence, as Family Matters and Step by Step aired back to back on ABC's TGIF lineup at the time)  He then helps his science-fair pen pal, Mark Foster (Christopher Castile), and lifts Alicia "Al" Lambert (Christine Lakin)'s spirits after her potential date dumps her just before a school dance  White reprises his "Do the Urkel" dance in the scene where Al gives the boy that dumped her his comeuppance  White also makes a brief two-second cameo as Steve in the 1997 episode "A Star Is Born", snapping a clapperboard on the set of the movie that Al was cast in over her two sisters 
In the Family Matters episode "Beauty and the Beast", Steve sends a chain letter to his friend Cory Matthews, who lived in Philadelphia  The reference is to Ben Savage's character from Boy Meets World, but there were no on-screen crossovers  In an episode of Boy Meets World, Cory says he receives a chain letter from his friend Steve 
Fuller House - In the Season 3 finale, Urkel was mentioned by D J   In a January 2018 interview with TVLine's Andy Swift, series creator and former show runner Jeff Franklin mentioned that they have talked about White reprising the role and that they had some ideas for the character if White decides to reprise the role (Franklin was dismissed from the show before this materialized, and Urkel never appeared in the series) 
Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? - White reprised his role on the animated series Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? in the episode "When Urkel- Bots Go Bad!"

Merchandise
At the height of his popularity, Urkel's name was branded to several products including a short-lived fruit flavored cereal known as Urkel-Os and a Steve Urkel pull string doll, which were both released in 1991  There was also a T-shirt line that was created in 2002, but was discontinued shortly after its inception In 2021 White launched his own cannabis brand that featured a strain called "Purple Urkel"  He reprised the role of Urkel in a skit with Snoop Dogg to promote the strain 

Reception
In 1999, TV Guide ranked Urkel #27 on its list of the "50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time"  In 2004, he was listed at #98 in Bravo's 100 Greatest TV Characters 


== Notes ==
Passage 3:
Family Matters
Family Matters is an American television sitcom that debuted on ABC on September 22, 1989, and ended on May 9, 1997  However it moved to CBS, where it was shown from September 19, 1997, to July 17, 1998  A spin-off of Perfect Strangers, the series revolves around the Winslow family, an African-American middle class family living in Chicago, Illinois  Midway through the first season, the show introduced the Winslows' nerdy neighbor Steve Urkel (Jaleel White), who was originally scripted to appear as a one-time character  However, he quickly became the show's breakout character (and eventually the main character), joining the main cast Running for nine seasons, Family Matters became the second-longest-running live action U S  sitcom with a predominantly African-American cast, behind only The Jeffersons (11 seasons)  It aired for 215 episodes, being ranked third, behind only Tyler Perry's House of Payne (280+ as of 2021), and The Jeffersons (253)  Family Matters was the last live-action scripted primetime show that debuted in the 1980s to leave the air; the only scripted show that started in the 1980s and lasted longer in continuous production was The Simpsons 

History
The series was a spinoff from the ABC sitcom Perfect Strangers; both shows aired Friday nights on ABC's primetime slot called "TGIF"  Jo Marie Payton played Harriette Winslow, the elevator operator at a newspaper where Larry Appleton and Balki Bartokomous also worked  Reginald VelJohnson, who was coming off of growing fame from his role in Die Hard, made an appearance on the show as Harriette's husband Carl Winslow, a Chicago police officer  ABC and the producers loved the character Harriette for her great morale and quick-witted humor and decided to create a show that would focus on her and her family, husband Carl, son Eddie, elder daughter Laura, and younger daughter Judy (who appeared until the character was retconned after season four as having not existed) In the pilot episode, "The Mama Who Came to Dinner", the family had also opened their home to Carl's street-wise mother, Estelle (Rosetta LeNoire), usually known as "Mother Winslow"  Prior to the start of the series, Harriette's sister, Rachel Crawford and her infant son, Richie, had moved into the Winslow household after the death of Rachel's husband  The Winslows' nerdy teenage next-door neighbor, Steve Urkel (Jaleel White), was introduced midway through the first season in the episode "Laura’s First Date" and quickly became the focus of the show The popular sitcom was a mainstay of ABC's TGIF lineup from 1989 until 1997, at which point it became part of the CBS Block Party lineup for its final season  Family Matters was produced by Bickley-Warren Productions (1991–1998) and Miller-Boyett Productions, in association with Lorimar Television (1989–1993) and later Warner Bros  Television (1993–1998)  As the show progressed, episodes began to center increasingly on Steve Urkel, and other original characters also played by White, including Steve's suave alter-ego, Stefan Urquelle (who is Jaleel White's real-life self), and his female cousin, Myrtle Urkel 

Network change
In early 1997, CBS picked up Family Matters and Step by Step in a $40 million deal to acquire the rights to the programs from ABC  ABC then promised to pay Miller-Boyett Productions $1 5 million per episode for a ninth and tenth season of Family Matters  However, tensions had risen between Miller-Boyett Productions and ABC's corporate parent, The Walt Disney Company (which had bought the network in 1996 as part of its merger with ABC's then-parent Capital Cities/ABC Inc )  Miller-Boyett thought that it would not be a big player on ABC after the network's recent purchase by Disney Miller-Boyett Productions agreed to a $40 million offer from CBS for a 22-episode season for both Family Matters and Step By Step  CBS scheduled Family Matters along with Meego and Step By Step as a part of its new Friday lineup, branded as the CBS Block Party  The network scheduled the family-oriented block against ABC's TGIF lineup, where the two series originated  Jo Marie Payton's contract had just expired and she was reluctant to continue, feeling the show had jumped the shark years prior  She agreed to stay to keep continuity but left midseason shortly after very nearly getting into a physical altercation with White in what would be her last regular episode; in that episode, White (playing a gangster instead of his usual Urkel) was attempting to insert material that violated Broadcast Standards and Practices  The resulting dispute between White and Payton escalated to the point where Darius McCrary had to separate the two  Payton would appear in only one more episode after that—a Christmas episode that also brought back several former characters from the ABC run who had been written out on CBS—before Judyann Elder took over as Harriette for the remainder of the season 
While Family Matters continued to lose viewership compared to previous years, it was initially a modest success on CBS, beating the show that replaced it, You Wish  Meego, however, was a ratings failure and was canceled after six weeks  Near the end of the ninth season, the cast was informed that a tenth and final season was planned, so scripts and plot synopses were written for the show  After the holiday special season, CBS replaced Meego with Kids Say the Darndest Things, and with that show's child-centered focus, it was placed in Family Matters' 8/7c time slot, with Family Matters pushed an hour later and paired with Step by Step  The ratings for Family Matters fell even further in this later slot, and the entire block except for Kids Say    was canceled in spring 1998, with the remaining episodes burned off in the summer,  On November 28, 2019 Bryton McClure who played the 2nd version of Richard "Richie" Crawford Sayed To OWN  "it was about time, relationships gone a little south and time to move on", on November 28th, 2020  TV One Did a Thanksgiving Marathon called Family Matters: Turkel 
Marathon, Michelle Thomas went to talk to fellow co-star Reginald VelJohnson that she was sick, and the rest of the main cast never said their goodbyes after 25 years of her passing

Cast
Episodes
Production notes
Family Matters was created by William Bickley and Michael Warren (who also wrote for, and were producers of, parent series Perfect Strangers) and developed by Thomas L  Miller and Robert L  Boyett (who also served as executive producers on Perfect Strangers); all four also served as executive producers of the series  The series was produced by Miller-Boyett Productions, in association with Lorimar Television who co-produced the show until 1993, when Warner Bros  Television absorbed Lorimar (a sister company under the co-ownership of Time Warner) 
Starting with season three, the series was also produced by Bickley-Warren Productions  The series was filmed in front of a live studio audience; the Lorimar-produced episodes were shot at Lorimar Studios (later Sony Pictures Studios) in Culver City, California, while the Warner Bros -produced episodes were filmed at Warner Bros  Studios in nearby Burbank 
The show's original theme was Louis Armstrong's "What a Wonderful World"; it was scrapped after the fifth episode of season one ("Straight A's"), though it was heard only in the pilot episode in syndicated reruns  The second theme, "As Days Go By", written by Jesse Frederick, Bennett Salvay and Scott Roeme and performed by Frederick, was the theme for the majority of the series until 1995  The sixth season's opening credits was last used in the season seven episodes "Talk's Cheap" and "Fa La La La Laagghh", the only two episodes during the final three seasons to feature the theme song (this was heard in season one episodes in ABC Family and syndicated airings)  A longer version of "As Days Go By" was used during the first three seasons, though in syndicated reruns the short version is heard (in ABC Family airings, the long theme was used for all of the episodes during the first three seasons) 
Family Matters is set in the same fictional universe as several other TV shows related to ABC's TGIF or CBS's Block Party  Before Family Matters, Harriette Winslow was originally the elevator operator at the Chicago Chronicle newspaper office in the third and fourth seasons of Perfect Strangers  Family Matters was a spin-off series given to this character in 1989  Characters from Family Matters appeared on other shows, including Full House, Boy Meets World, Step by Step and Meego 

Syndication
In September 1993, Warner Bros  Television Distribution began distributing Family Matters for broadcast in off-network syndication; most television stations stopped carrying the show by around 2002, though some stations in larger markets such as WTOG in Tampa, Florida continued to air Family Matters until as recently as 2005 and New York's WPIX as 2006  In 1995, reruns of the series began airing on TBS Superstation, where it ran until 2003  TBS would air two episodes of Family Matters each weekday afternoon from October 1995 to September 1999   From 1999 to 2003, TBS only aired the series once per weekday typically playing in the early mornings  The series would return to TBS 17 years later on February 3, 2020 and airs in the early morning time slots paired with George Lopez 
From 1997 to 2003, reruns of the series aired on WGN America  In 2003, ABC Family picked up the series and aired it for five years until February 29, 2008  From 2004 to 2006, UPN aired the show for 2 years  BET aired reruns briefly in December 2009 and began airing the series on a regular basis on March 1, 2013; the series returned to BET in mid-February 2023  MTV2 also began airing reruns on September 7, 2013  The show aired on Nick at Nite from June 29, 2008 to December 31, 2012  ABC Family and Nick at Nite airings cut the tag scenes at the end of all episodes, despite the fact that many episodes during the series have tag scenes during the closing credits  The series also currently airs on TV One since 2019  In Canada, the series also aired on CTV, CBC and currently airs on Family Channel 
On September 29, 2017, Family Matters became available for streaming on Hulu  In the UK it aired on Sky One whilst Perfect Strangers aired on BBC One 
Reruns of the series also started airing on Cartoon Network's ACME Night block on September 19, 2021 
On October 1, 2021, Family Matters began streaming on HBO Max after its streaming rights expired from Hulu, but has since returned to the Hulu platform 

International airings
In France, it aired as La Vie de famille (Family Life) as part of the show Club Dorothée on January 1, 1995 and on RTL9 (from August 28, 1995), France 2 & M6 (from June 1, 2000) 
In Italy, it aired as Otto sotto un tetto (Eight under one roof) on Canale 5, Italia 1 in 1992, with subsequent airings on Fox Retro & Sky Atlantic 

Home media
Warner Home Video has released the first four seasons of Family Matters on DVD in Region 1 while the remaining five seasons were released by the Warner Archive Collection  On February 4, 2014, Warner Home Video released season 4 on DVD, but consumers complained when it was found that the season 4 set contained syndication edits rather than the original broadcast masters  Warner Bros  responded to the complaints, offered a replacement program to receive corrected discs and reissuing the set with corrected broadcast copies on April 4, 2014  All episodes are the original broadcast form, except for the episode "Number One With a Bullet", disc 1, episode 6  The entire series is also available for digital download on Amazon com and the iTunes Store, all but season 6 remastered in both SD and HD 

Animated Christmas TV movie
On September 1, 2021, it was announced an animated Christmas film Did I Do That to the Holidays? A Steve Urkel Story would air on Cartoon Network as part of the block ACME Night in 2022  It was set to be released on HBO Max  However, on August 22, 2022, it was announced the film will not be moving forward on HBO Max and will be shopped elsewhere due to the Warner Bros  Discovery merger



ground_truth: no

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which American actor portray Steve Urkel in "Family Matters"

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Current bidders are Apple TV+, Hulu and Netflix 

Accolades
Notes
Passage 4:
Michelle Thomas
Michelle Doris Thomas (September 23, 1968 – December 23, 1998) was an American actress  She was known for her roles as Justine Phillips on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show (1988–90), as Myra Monkhouse on the ABC/CBS sitcom Family Matters (1993–98), and as Callie Rogers on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless (1998) 

Early life and education
Michelle Thomas was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on September 23, 1968, to Phynjuar "Penwah" Thomas, a stage actress, and musician father Dennis "Dee Tee" Thomas, a saxophonist and founding member of the band Kool & the Gang  Thomas grew up in Montclair, New Jersey, and graduated from West Essex High School in 1987 As a child, she would accompany her mother to her theater rehearsals and performances  Her mother was her first acting coach, and coached her throughout the course of her career  A friend of her mother who had heard Michelle Thomas sing before had requested that she enter Miss Talented Teens  Thomas was crowned Miss Talented Teen New Jersey at the state's Hal Jackson's Talented Teen pageant, and then in July 1984, at the age of 15, she was crowned Miss Talented Teen International in Montego Bay, Jamaica from among 35 state and national representatives 

Career
In 1983, Michelle Thomas appeared in her first television commercial  In December 1984, she appeared with Hal Jackson on Soul Train after having won the Miss Talented Teen International pageant earlier in the year From 1988 to 1990, Thomas portrayed Justine Phillips, the girlfriend of Theo Huxtable, on The Cosby Show  She appeared on various television programs, including A Man Called Hawk in 1989 and Thea in 1994  Thomas had a role in Dream Date in 1989 and had a small role in Hangin' with the Homeboys in 1991 
Thomas appeared in music videos for Mint Condition, Chubb Rock, and Dru Hill  Her publicist was Kahdijah Bell, daughter of Ronald Bell of Kool & the Gang  Thomas was a guest host of the weekly music series Soul Train in May 1996 and March 1997 From 1993 to 1998, she portrayed the role of Myra Monkhouse, the girlfriend of Steve Urkel, on Family Matters  After the sitcom ended in 1998, Thomas portrayed Callie Rogers, an aspiring singer and love interest of Malcolm Winters, on the daytime soap The Young and the Restless  In October 1998, Thomas took a medical leave from the series due to her ill health  Thomas had been in the studio recording music before her sudden turn in health  She appeared posthumously in the role of Anne in the film Unbowed in 1999 

Health and death
In August 1997, Thomas was diagnosed with a rare cancer, an intra-abdominal desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor (DSRCT)  Thomas never smoked or drank alcohol, and was a vegetarian  Her mother added that "they'd give her a sedation that was supposed to put her out for 20 minutes and she'd be asleep for four days  Her body couldn't take it " Thomas underwent surgery to remove a lemon-sized tumor shortly before landing her The Young and the Restless role in the spring of 1998  She underwent surgery again in October 1998 after a second cancerous growth ruptured  After being released from the hospital, Thomas flew home to New Jersey to spend Thanksgiving with her family in Weehawken, New Jersey On December 23, at age 30, Thomas died in New York City at Manhattan's Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center  Malcolm-Jamal Warner, Thomas' longtime friend and former boyfriend, was among those at her bedside  On December 26, 1998, a Muslim funeral service was held, per her request  She was buried in New Jersey 

Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
Honors
Passage 5:
Boy Meets World (season 2)
The second season of the television comedy series Boy Meets World aired between September 23, 1994 and May 19, 1995, on ABC in the United States  The season was produced by Michael Jacobs Productions and Touchstone Television with series creator Michael Jacobs as executive producer  It was broadcast as part of the ABC comedy block TGIF on Friday evenings  This is the last season to have Lily Nicksay portray Morgan Matthews   (She would be replaced by Lindsay Ridgeway in season three )

Cast
Main
Ben Savage as Cory Matthews
William Daniels as George Feeny
Betsy Randle as Amy Matthews
Will Friedle as Eric Matthews
Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter
Danielle Fishel as Topanga Lawrence
Lily Nicksay as Morgan Matthews
Anthony Tyler Quinn as Jonathan Turner
William Russ as Alan Matthews

Episodes
Passage 6:
Twenty Vicodin
"Twenty Vicodin" is the eighth season premiere episode of the American television medical drama series House and the 156th overall episode of the series  It aired on Fox on October 3, 2011  The episode introduces a new regular cast member to the series, Odette Annable, who plays Dr  Jessica Adams  Jaleel White, who played Steve Urkel on the ABC show Family Matters, makes a guest appearance in the episode  In the episode, the storyline picks up eleven months after the season seventh finale with House in prison 

Plot
Eight months after being imprisoned for driving his car into Cuddy's living room, House has five days before he is granted parole, to which he has become eligible due to space issues and relatively good behavior  He is faced with prison bullies, mainly their leader (Jude Ciccolella), who extorts him into paying them "twenty Vicodin" as "exit tax", and meets Jessica Adams (Odette Annable), a young prison doctor who becomes fascinated with his medical skills  When a fellow prisoner collapses due to mysterious symptoms, House races against the clock and the head prison doctor to find the cure   During his imprisonment period, House has not had any phone calls or visitors; as House explains, human contact is what brought him there to begin with   In the end, House cures the man, but not without punishment from the parole board 

Production
"Twenty Vicodin", the eighth season premiere of House, was written by Peter Blake  It debuted actress Odette Annable as Dr  Jessica Adams, a doctor working at the prison where Dr  House is incarcerated  David Shore stated that it was a challenge for him to appropriately punish House for the deed in the season 7 finale without turning the series into a prison show or changing House's characteristics (while changing the environment around him, i e  removing Cuddy and "chilling" his relationship with Wilson), and that is why he decided to pick up the story eight months after House's incarceration 

Reception
Critical reception
The episode was received with generally good reviews  The A V  Club initially gave this episode a B− rating  Anthony Ocasio of ScreenRant com gave the episode a positive review, stating "the House season 8 premiere presents a wonderfully crafted case study, penned by executive producer Peter Blake, on the man that is House, in which Hugh Laurie masterfully traverses a new environment filled with intriguing challenges and compelling characters " Joseph Oliveto from screencrave com gave the episode a very good review, awarding the episode 9/10  Oliveto commented that Twenty Vicodin was "A tense season-opener [that] assures us that “House” hasn’t lost the magic" 

Ratings
With 9 78 million viewers, "Twenty Vicodin" was the 8th most watched program of the night  This was a decrease of 0 76 million viewers from the season seven premiere, but an increase of 0 67 million from the season 7 finale  The episode was the 14th most watched program of the week for adults 18-49  The season premiere was the second most watched program of the week in Canada with 2 81 million viewers 
Passage 7:
Shawn Harrison (actor)
Shawn Harrison (born December 28, 1973) is an American actor best known for his role as Waldo Faldo, the dim-witted but lovable chef-in-training on the ABC sitcom Family Matters from 1990 to 1996 Before sixth grade, he appeared in seven commercials such as Fruity Pebbles and Burger King  In 1986, Harrison made an appearance in the Kidsongs video "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" in the role of Mike  His mother died when he was 17 
Harrison has also made occasional appearances as the hairstylist Peaches on the UPN sitcom Girlfriends, and made several guest appearances on other series prior to that, including Moesha 
He provided the voice of Timber Wolf on the animated series Legion of Super Heroes, which premiered in fall 2006  He was also in an episode of Punky Brewster  He also played William K in two episodes The Ms  Pat Show 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 8:
Total Blackout
Total Blackout is an American game show airing on Syfy that features contestants that have to complete challenges such as: identifying things with either their hands, nose, or mouth; gathering items; or getting from point A to Point B while being totally in the dark (hence the name "Total Blackout")  The host of the show is Jaleel White, known for roles like Steve Urkel on the ABC/CBS sitcom Family Matters, and Sonic the Hedgehog in three animated shows  Each episode has four players competing to win $5,000  On occasion, episodes will feature four teams of two  The player or team who either takes the longest to do a certain task or identifies the fewest items in the allowed time is eliminated at the end of each round  The show was renewed for a second season by SyFy that started on October 30, 2012  Season 1 and 2 are now available on iTunes 
The show is originally Danish and first aired in Denmark (created by Henrik Nielsen) on Kanal 5 in 2011, where Uffe Holm was host of the show  The show was later adapted to a U S version 

Episodes
Season 1 (2012)
Season 2 (2013)
Passage 9:
Jaleel White
Jaleel Ahmad White (born November 27, 1976) is an American actor  He is best known for his role as Steve Urkel on the sitcom Family Matters  The character was originally intended to be a one-time guest appearance on the show; however, he was an instant hit with audiences and White became a regular cast member  The series aired for a total of nine seasons, from 1989 to 1997 on ABC, mostly on its Friday night TGIF lineup, and from 1997 to 1998 on CBS, again on Friday nights, via their short-lived CBS Block Party attempt  White then reprised his role as Urkel for the first time in 21 years in the 2019 series Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? 
White is also the first actor to voice the popular Sega video game character Sonic the Hedgehog in animated media, doing so in Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic the Hedgehog (also known as Sonic SatAM) and Sonic Underground, all of which were produced by the now-defunct DIC Entertainment studio  He then reprised his role as Sonic in the 2013 Sonic fan film 
After Family Matters ended, White went on to star in the short-lived UPN comedy series Grown Ups (1999–2000)  White then took brief hiatus from acting to attend UCLA in Los Angeles, California, where he graduated in 2001, earning a degree in film and television  He returned to acting with supporting roles in Dreamgirls (2006), and cameo appearances on another ABC series, Boston Legal, Fox's House, ABC's Castle, and USA's Psych  In 2010, he portrayed Dr  McCormick in the sci-fi film Mega Shark Versus Crocosaurus  In March 2012, White was a contestant in season 14 of Dancing with the Stars before he was voted off in May of that year, leaving him with a 7th place finish overall  In April 2012, White hosted the Syfy game show Total Blackout  In January 2017, White appeared in Bones as Officer Adams  In 2020, White had a recurring role in the one season-long Netflix series The Big Show Show 

Early life
White was born in Culver City, California, the only child of Michael White, a dentist, and Gail White, who was a homemaker  His mother later became his manager  White attended John Marshall Fundamental High School in Pasadena, California, and South Pasadena High School before graduating from UCLA in 2001  On the advice of his preschool teacher, White began acting as a child  He got his start on TV commercials at age three  One of White's notable commercial appearances was for Jell-O pudding pops alongside Bill Cosby 

Career
After starting his career at the age of three, White's first television role was a guest stint on The Jeffersons, in 1984  He later auditioned for the role of Rudy Huxtable on The Cosby Show  According to White, he was cast in the role (the character was originally intended to be male) but was replaced by Keshia Knight Pulliam when Bill Cosby decided to mirror his television family after his real life family  The following year, he was cast as the son of Flip Wilson and Gladys Knight on the CBS sitcom Charlie and Company  The series was intended to be CBS' answer to the highly rated Cosby Show which debuted on NBC in 1984  Unlike The Cosby Show, Charlie and Company did not catch on with audiences and was canceled in May 1986  In 1987, he appeared in the pilot episode for Good Morning, Miss Bliss, and had a guest role on Mr  Belvedere  In 1988, White had a supporting role in Cadets, a sitcom starring Soleil Moon Frye  The pilot episode aired during a preview special on September 25, 1988, on ABC  The series, however, was not picked up by the network  Also during the 1980s, he appeared in a few segments of NBC's One to Grow On 
White had a role in the NBC television film Camp Cucamonga  The film features an ensemble cast including Sherman Hemsley, Jennifer Aniston, and Brian Robbins  Several other child actors of the era including Chad Allen, Candace Cameron, Danica McKellar, Josh Saviano, and Breckin Meyer also appear 

Family Matters
At the age of 12, White originated his most famous role, Steve Urkel, on Family Matters   The role was initially conceived as a one-time guest appearance, but the character proved to be popular and White was given a full-time starring role  He also played several other members of the Urkel family, including his alter ego Stefan Urquelle and Myrtle Urkel  During the height of Family Matters' popularity, the character of Urkel was marketed with breakfast cereal (Urkel-Os) and an Urkel doll  In addition to starring in the series, White also wrote several episodes, including one, at age 19, that was the series' highest rated for that year  The series was a staple of ABC's TGIF lineup and became one of the longest-running sitcoms with a predominantly black cast in television history In 1992, he was featured in The Jaleel White Special, in which he played a fictionalized version of himself making a film, while also playing Steve Urkel By the time the series ended in 1998, White, who was then 21 years old, was disillusioned with the role, and had been shaken by the death of his close friend and co-star Michelle Thomas from an aggressive form of stomach cancer  Shortly after the series' cancellation, he stated in a 1999 interview, "If you ever see me do that character again, take me out and put a bullet in my head and put me out of my misery " Due to the character's popularity, White was so tightly defined by his Urkel character that he encountered difficulty finding other roles In later years, White came to terms with the character  In a 2011 interview with Vanity Fair, he addressed the 1999 "bullet" quote stating, "It's one of those things that it's very unfortunate how quotes are taken out of context  I remember that interview very vividly  I loved playing those characters     But the fact is that I was maturing      To be honest, I was retarding my own growth as a man to maintain the authenticity to what I thought that character should be " When asked if he would ever reprise the Steve Urkel role, White said, "I'll always say never say never; I'm a pretty creative person  I can't envision how I could do it in a way that would be irreverent and fun for both me and the viewing audience" 

Other career highlights
White was the original English voice of the popular video game character Sonic the Hedgehog, having been cast in 1993 (pre-dating Martin Burke and Ryan Drummond)  He voiced the character in all of the DiC-produced animated series: Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic SatAM, and Sonic Underground, as well as the Christmas special, Sonic Christmas Blast  In Underground, White also voiced Sonic's brother and sister, Manic and Sonia  White did not return to voice Sonic when Sonic X was released in 2003 
In 1999, White returned to television in the UPN sitcom Grown Ups  The series was based around White as a young man striking out into adulthood  He also co-produced and wrote some episodes for the show, in which he starred as "J", a college graduate struggling to establish his role in life as an adult  The pilot episode featured another former child actor, Soleil Moon Frye, known for her role as Punky Brewster, as the girl whom he chose as a roommate  The show received poor reviews from critics but debuted in second place in the ratings upon its premiere  However, ratings soon dropped and UPN canceled the series after one season White's acting roles have not been restricted to sitcoms  He has provided his voice to several animated projects including Warner Bros ' 1998 film Quest for Camelot  In 1999, he provided the voice for a teenaged Martin Luther King Jr , in Our Friend, Martin 
In 2001, White graduated from UCLA with a degree in film and television  He has continued acting and has had small parts in the films Big Fat Liar (in a cameo role) and Dreamgirls, and was featured as the lead role in the direct-to-DVD comedy Who Made the Potatoe Salad? in 2006  In 2007, he guest-starred on the CW series The Game, followed by a role as a law school graduate interviewing for a job at Crane, Poole and Schmidt in the ABC legal drama Boston Legal In June 2009, White began appearing in the web series Road to the Altar  In the series, White stars as Simon, a 30-something black man marrying a young Jewish girl named Rochelle  In September 2009, White guest starred on the USA Network series Psych, as an estranged college singing buddy of the character Gus 
In June 2010, White starred in the web series Fake It Till You Make It  He also serves as writer and producer of the series  The series, which premiered on Hulu, follows the exploits of former child star Reggie Cullen (White) turned image consultant and his three protégés as they hustle to navigate Hollywood  In March 2011, White guest starred on the TBS sitcom Are We There Yet?, which reunited him with fellow Family Matters cast member Telma Hopkins  Later that same year, White appeared as the star in Cee-Lo Green's music video for his song "Cry Baby" In October 2011, White appeared in the season 8 premiere of House, titled "Twenty Vicodin", where he appears as a well-connected inmate, occasionally helping Hugh Laurie's character Gregory House to sneak contraband into the prison  In April 2012, White began hosting the Syfy game show Total Blackout In March 2012, White began competing on the 14th season of Dancing with the Stars  He was partnered with two-time dance champion Kym Johnson  In the opening night's performance, White and Johnson danced the Foxtrot to "The Way You Look Tonight"  They earned a total of 26 points out of 30  White was voted off the series in May 2012 In 2015, White appeared in a Scion commercial In 2017, it was announced that CBS picked up his single camera comedy series Me, Myself & I with Bobby Moynihan, that premiered in September 2017  After six episodes, it was pulled from the fall schedule, leaving seven episodes unaired, with the network airing the remaining episodes in the summer 

Personal life
White dated actress Christine Lakin from fellow TGIF show Step by Step in the early 90s 
White has one daughter, Samaya (born in 2009), with ex-girlfriend Bridget Hardy In 2021, White announced the launch of his ItsPurpl line of cannabis products featuring the Purple Urkle strain, set for debut on April 20 at California dispensaries White has a memorial set up in his home for his Family Matters co-star Michelle Thomas, who died in 1998 of stomach cancer, shortly after the series had wrapped  He has described Thomas as a 'big sister' who was, for a period of time in the early seasons of the show, his closest friend on set, and has stated that his childhood seemed to officially end with her death 

Filmography
Film
Television
Web
Awards and nominations



ground_truth: Jaleel Ahmad White