prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What profession do Raj Kapoor and Mike Cahill share?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Ram Teri Ganga Maili
Ram Teri Ganga Maili (transl  Ram, Your Ganga is Tainted) is a 1985 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Raj Kapoor  The film stars Mandakini and Rajiv Kapoor in lead roles  Music director Ravindra Jain received a Filmfare Award for this film 
The film generated controversy because of Mandakini's bold scenes of breastfeeding and bathing in a transparent saree, which wasn't something the conservative Indian Film Certification Board allowed then  Yet, it had a U (Universal) age rating, which was later amended to U/A  It was the last film directed by Raj Kapoor 
Ram Teri Ganga Maili is included in the 'All-Time Blockbusters' list of Indian Cinema  It was certified Diamond Jubilee in Mumbai and Golden Jubilee in other major cities  The film was the year's highest-grossing film  It was also one of the highest-grossing films of the 1980s, alongside Kranti (1981) and Maine Pyar Kiya (1989) 

Plot
Narendra Sahay a k a  "Naren" is the son of Jeeva Sahay  He is a rich politician in Calcutta  Naren visits Gangotri to study the source of the holy river Ganga, and to get some holy water for his wheelchair-using paternal grandmother  There he meets a very pretty girl named Ganga Singh  Ganga lives near Gangotri with her brother, Karam  Soon, they fall in love and decide to marry  They are happily married but suddenly Naren has to return to Calcutta as he wanted to convince his parents about Ganga  While leaving for Calcutta, he promised that he will soon return to her  But he is prevented from doing so 
Ganga became pregnant at the time of his leaving and soon, she becomes mother of a child  She faces many problems at her place because of her child and her beauty  Ganga was alone and no one was there to look after her; finally she decides to go to her husband, Naren  Ganga travels from her place, Gangotri to Calcutta to find her husband  At Rishikesh, she was exploited by two women and a man  Then at Benaras, she was molested by a Pandit, rescued by the police and given a ticket to Calcutta  She fell into the clutches of Manilal who lured her to a brothel near Benaras  At the end she meets her husband when he was marrying another girl  His father fixes his marriage with Radha Choudhary, who is the daughter of his friend, Bhagwat Choudhary  Naren was being informed that Ganga is dead  So, he decided to marry according to his father's wish  On the other hand, Ganga is invited to dance on her husband's marriage  But lastly, love wins and Naren recognizes his wife Ganga  They try to go away from there with their son but Bhagwat Choudhary shoots Ganga in a fit of rage  Ganga gets shot by him on her hand and Naren starts beating Bhagwat Choudhary, believing that he killed Ganga  But then Radha informs him that Ganga isn't dead yet  Naren stops beating Bhagwat and leaves with Ganga and their son 

Cast
Rajiv Kapoor as Narendra "Naren" Sahay
Mandakini as Ganga Sahay
Divya Rana as Radha B  Choudhary
Sushma Seth as Dadima
Saeed Jaffrey as Kunj Bihari
Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Jeeva Sahay
Raza Murad as Bhagwat Choudhary
Geeta Siddharth as Mrs  Sahay
Trilok Kapoor as Professor
Krishan Dhawan as Manilal
Vishwa Mehra as Postbabu
Urmila Bhatt as Tajeshwaribai
A K  Hangal as Brij Kishore
Gautam Sarin as Naren's fellow student
Monty Nath as Naren's fellow student who lost his watch
Kamaldeep as Chamanlal
Tom Alter as Karam Singh (Ganga's elder brother)
Javed Khan Amrohi as Manglu (Ganga's fiancé)

Production
According to Padmini Kolhapure, she was the initial choice for the female lead role but declined because the script had a kissing scene  Mandakini, who ultimately played the role, disputed Kolhapure's claims  She said Raj Kapoor wanted only a new face, rather than an established actress, as he believed he could not "make someone pure Ganga if they have an established image"  Mandakini also stated that she did not breastfeed despite popular belief, but the scene was shot in a way to suggest that 

Cultural allusions
According to Philip Lutgendorf, the movie is an allegory that "synthesizes classical and mythic narrative, soft-core political and social commentary (here condemning the corruption of politicians and capitalists and championing the nascent environmental initiatives of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi)  The narrative recapitulates the Abhijñānaśākuntalam story that first appeared in the epic Mahabharata and then was reworked, some six hundred years later, by the poet Kalidasa "
The final song sequence "Ek Radha ek Meera" brings Raj Kapoor's personal experiences with filmdom and reality  This song sequence is the climax of the plot where the bride-to-be is face-to-face with the other "saut", the culturally "polluted" dancer who has made that journey from the pure source of the Himalayas to the ever-flowing and ever-absorbing Ganges with all of the human impurities  It also differentiates between the love of Radha and Meera and reconnects the movie back to the Krishna Leelas 
The movie was a hit, and it earned Mandakini a Filmfare nomination as Best Actress  The film also caused a stir because of two scenes: one in which Mandakini bathes under a waterfall wearing only a flimsy white saree through which her breasts are clearly visible and another in which she is shown breast-feeding a child  Some critics claimed that the scenes were vulgar and exploitative, and were used to get around the Censor Board's stringent rules against nudity  Kapoor defended the inclusion of the scenes stating that they were tasteful 

Awards
33rd Filmfare Awards:Won

Best Film – Randhir Kapoor
Best Director – Raj Kapoor
Best Music Director – Ravindra Jain
Best Art Direction – Suresh J  Sawant
Best Editing – Raj KapoorNominated

Best Actress – Mandakini
Best Supporting Actor – Saeed Jaffrey
Best Lyricist – Hasrat Jaipuri for "Sun Sahiba Sun"
Best Male Playback Singer – Suresh Wadkar for "Main Hi Main Hoon"
Best Story – Raj Kapoor

Songs
Music of this movie was given by late Ravindra Jain, who won Fimfare Award for Best Music Director for this 

"Ek Dukhiyari Kahe" – Lata Mangeshkar & chorus Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Ek Radha Ek Meera" – Lata Mangeshkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Husn Pahadon Ka" – Lata Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Ram Teri Ganga Maili Ho Gayee" – Part 1 – Suresh Wadkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Sun Sahiba Sun Pyaar Ki Dhun Maine Tujhe Chun Liya" – Lata Mangeshkar & chorus; Lyrics – Hasrat Jaipuri
"Tujhe Bulayen Yeh Meri Bahen" – Lata Mangeshkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Yaara O Yaara" – Lata Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Ram Teri Ganga Maili Ho Gayee" – Part 2 – Suresh Wadkar & Chorus Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Main Hi Main Hoon -Suresh Wadkar; Lyrics – Amir Qazalbash
Passage 2:
Kal Aaj Aur Kal
Kal Aaj Aur Kal (transl  Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow) is a 1971 Indian Hindi-language film produced by Raj Kapoor and directed by his son Randhir Kapoor  The film's USP is the appearance of three generations of the famous Kapoor family  The film stars Prithviraj Kapoor, Raj Kapoor, Randhir Kapoor (in his acting debut) and his real-life wife-to-be Babita It was also the last Shankar Jaikishan score in a Raj Kapoor film  This film came after the heavy debacle of Mera Naam Joker, which was Raj Kapoor's dream project  It more than made up for his loss although it was still only a moderate success at the box office  The film marked one of Prithviraj Kapoor's final films as he died the following year of the film's release 

Plot
The title is an allegory to the ideological clash between three generations: Kal (Grandparent – representing the past), Aaj (Parent – representing the present), and Kal(Youth – representing the future)  Diwan Bahadur Kapoor (Prithviraj Kapoor) is the father of Ram Bahadur Kapoor (Raj Kapoor)  Ram's son Rajesh (Randhir Kapoor), who had been sent to London for higher studies, returns to India  Diwan Bahadur has promised his childhood friend that Rajesh's marriage will be done with the latter's granddaughter, Laxmi 
However, Rajesh is in love with his girlfriend Monica "Mona" (Babita),and objects to the marriage alliance by his grandfather  Both the grandfather and the grandson stick to their guns, little realizing that Ram is the real sufferer in the clash  Ram finds himself in trouble when Diwan threatens to leave if Rajesh marries Mona and Rajesh threatens to leave if Diwan makes him marry Laxmi  Unable to decide whether he wants his father or son, Ram leaves his home, leaving the grandfather and grandson blaming each other  
Ram's friend gives him a idea, where he pretends to only want to stay in a hotel and drink a lot  Rajesh and Diwan see his state and decide to pretend to have sorted their issues  The overjoyed Ram throws a party in celebration, however, he overhears his father and son talk about the act  Angered, he leaves the party 
Soon later, Diwan falls sick  He tells Rajesh and his father that he's happy with everything except not getting to see his grandson's wedding  The sad Rajesh decides to give up his love for his grandfather's happiness  He tells Mona the news and she accepts his decision and is ready to come to his wedding  At the wedding, he marries Laxmi but can't see Mona at all  Diwan asks him why he looks so sad and tells the bride to lift up the veil, revealing that the girl he married wasn't Laxmi but Mona instead  Diwan tells him that if he was ready to sacrifice so much for him, so he must sacrifice a little bit for Rajesh  After marriage, Rajesh scatters his grandfather's ashes and his son is born, with Ram happy at becoming a grandfather 

Cast
Prithviraj Kapoor as Diwan Bahadur Kapoor
Raj Kapoor as Ram Kapoor
Randhir Kapoor as Rajesh Kapoor
Babita Kapoor as Mona
Achala Sachdev as Achala
David as Munshi
Iftekhar as Ram's Friend
Roopesh Kumar as Sunny

Soundtrack
All music composed by Shankar–Jaikishan, in their last collaboration with R  K  Films  Three months prior to the film's release, Jaikishan passed away due to cirrhosis of the liver  Nonetheless, three Kishore Kumar numbers from the soundtrack became subsequent hits  These were the solo, Bhanware Ki Gunjan, and a couple duets with Asha Bhosle, Aap Yahan Aaye Kisliye and Tick Tick Tick Chalti Jaye Ghadi 
Passage 3:
Divya Rana
Divya Rana is a former Bollywood actress most noted for her role in Raj Kapoor's Ram Teri Ganga Maili  Divya began her career with the film Ek Jaan Hain Hum (1983) opposite Raj Kapoor's youngest son Rajiv Kapoor  Then she was selected as the second lead in Raj Kapoor's Ram Teri Ganga Maili (1985) co-starring Rajiv Kapoor & Mandakini  Divya later acted in films like Watan Ke Rakhwale, Ek Hi Maqsad, Aasmaan (1984), Maa Kasam (1985 film), Param Dharam and many others  She quit her acting career after her marriage and lives in Mumbai with her husband Fazal and goes by the name Salma Manekia   She works as a photographer and makes ceramic sculptures 

Selected filmography
Passage 4:
Prem Rog
Prem Rog (transl  Sickness Of Love) is a 1982 Hindi-language musical romantic drama directed by Raj Kapoor, with screenplay written by Jainendra Jain and Kamna Chandra  The film tells the story of a man's (Rishi Kapoor) love towards a woman, who is a higher status widow (Padmini Kolhapure)  This film marked Raj Kapoor's return to social themes 
Prem Rog released on 30 July 1982 and emerged as a major commercial success at the box-office, becoming the second highest-grossing film of 1982 after Vidhaata (also starring Kolhapure and Shammi Kapoor)  It received widespread critical acclaim for its direction, story, screenplay, soundtrack, cinematography and performances of the cast, with particular praise directed towards Kolhapure's performance  
At the 30th Filmfare Awards, Prem Rog received a leading 12 nominations, including Best Film, Best Actor (Rishi) and Best Supporting Actress (Nanda), and won a leading 4 awards (tying with Shakti), including Best Director (Raj) and Best Actress (Kolhapure) 
Over the years, Prem Rog has achieved the status of an all-time classic of Raj, Rishi and Kolhapure's careers 

Plot
Devdhar (Rishi Kapoor) is a poor orphan who in his childhood had a magnetic friendship with Manorama (Padmini Kolhapure), the only niece of the rich and powerful Bade Thakur (Shammi Kapoor), and daughter of Virender Singh known as Chhote Thakur (Kulbhushan Kharbanda), who has a secret affair with Chamiya (Bindu)  The benevolent Thakur helped Devdhar go to the city for higher studies  8 years later, Devdhar returns to his village, where he finds Manorama has grown up  After seeing her again, Devdhar falls in love and expects that Manorama also has feelings for her  However Manorama does not have reciprocal emotions  The day Devdhar intends to ask her hand from Bade Thakur, whom he considers to be broad minded of all the village elders, he meets Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh (Vijayendra Ghatge) Manorama's to-be-groom, who not only is more wealthier than Manorama's family, but Manorama also expresses her infatuation towards the man  Devdhar does not express her feelings and only persons who with slight idea about it are his cousin Radha and Manorama's mother Chhoti Maa 
Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh loves Manorama dearly however he dies three days after the marriage in a road accident and she becomes a widow  At her own home, she is being prepared to have her head shaved against the protest of Chhoti Maa and Bade Thakur when Raj Rani (Tanuja), sister-in-law of Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh intervenes and takes Manorama with her  Where she slowly tries to piece her life together with help of her Raj Rani and her son but one day, after Raja Virendra Pratap Singh (Raza Murad), her brother-in-law, rapes her, she returns to her parental home  When Devdhar learns of the situation, he works to rebuild Manorama's life and bring a smile to her face  Devdhar is determined to revive her faith in life and love  In doing so, he eventually has to face the wrath of the powerful Thakur, armed with old-age traditions and customs in his favor 
Manorama had only confessed to her mother about the events post her widow ship  Her brother-in-law and father both are enraged about her affair with Devdhar and swear to kill Devdhar and force her to go back to her in-law's palace  A battle ensues in the village and in the end they both reunite 

Cast
Rishi Kapoor as Devdhar "Dev," a penniless-but-educated orphan raised by his maternal uncle
Padmini Kolhapure as Manorama "Rama" Singh, the daughter of the local aristocratic family
Shammi Kapoor as Bade Raja Thakur, Rama's paternal uncle
Nanda as Chhoti Maa, Rama's mother
Tanuja as Raj Rani, wife of Raja Virendra Pratap Singh
Sushma Seth as Badi Maa, wife of Bade Raja
Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Virendra "Vir" Singh, Rama's father
Raza Murad as Raja Virendra Pratap Singh Narendra's elder brother
Om Prakash as Panditji, the priest; Dev's maternal uncle
Dulari as Panditji's wife
Vijayendra Ghatge as Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh, Rama's ex husband
Bindu as Chamiya

Soundtrack
All songs are composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal 

Reception
Critical reception
Prem Rog received widespread critical acclaim for its direction, story, screenplay, soundtrack, cinematography and performances of the cast, with particular praise directed towards Kolhapure's performance 
It was listed by Cosmopolitan magazine as one of its "Top 10 Most Romantic Films Ever" 

Box-Office
Prem Rog grossed ₹13 crore, including a nett of ₹6 5 crore, becoming the second highest-grossing film of 1982 after Vidhaata  
Box Office India gave it a verdict of a 'blockbuster' 

Awards and nominations
Passage 5:
Shree 420
Shree 420 (also spelled as Shri 420; transl  Mr  420) is a 1955 Indian Hindi comedy-drama film directed and produced by Raj Kapoor from a story written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas whose use of Shree with the negative connotations of 420 caused controversy  The film stars Nargis, Nadira, and Kapoor  The number 420 refers to Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code, which prescribes the punishment for the offence of fraud; hence, "Mr  420" is a derogatory term for a fraud  The film centers on Raj Kapoor, a poor but educated orphan who comes to Bombay with dreams of success  Kapoor's character is influenced by Charlie Chaplin's "little tramp", much like Kapoor's character in his 1951 Awaara  The music was composed by the team of Shankar Jaikishan, and the lyrics were penned by Shailendra and Hasrat Jaipuri 
Shree 420 was the highest-grossing Indian film of 1955, the highest grossing Indian film of all time at the time of its release and the song "Mera Joota Hai Japani" ("My Shoes are Japanese"), sung by Mukesh, became popular and a patriotic symbol of the newly independent India 

Plot
A country boy, Raj (Raj Kapoor), from Allahabad, travels to the big city, Bombay, by walking, to earn a living  He falls in love with the poor but virtuous Vidya (Nargis), but is soon seduced by the riches of a freewheeling and unethical lifestyle presented to him by an unscrupulous and dishonest businessman, Seth Sonachand Dharmanand (Nemo) and the sultry temptress Maya (Nadira)  He eventually becomes a confidence trickster, or "420," who even cheats in card gambling  Vidya tries hard to make Raj a good man, but fails Meanwhile, Sonachand comes up with a Ponzi scheme to exploit poor people, whereby he promises permanent homes to them at just Rs  100  The scheme pays off, as people start hoarding money for a home, even at the cost of other important things  Vidya's contempt for Raj increases even more  Raj becomes wealthy but soon realizes that he paid a very high price for it  When Raj discovers that Sonachand has no plans to fulfill his promises, he decides to make wrongs right 
Raj takes all the bond papers of the people's homes and tries to flee Sonachand's home, only to be caught by Sonachand and his cronies  In a scuffle that occurs, Sonachand shoots Raj and he falls unconscious  When people hear the shooting, they come and see Raj nearly dead  Sonachand tells police that Raj was trying to flee after stealing money from his safe, hence Sonachand shot him 
Upon this, the "dead" Raj springs back to life, and using pure logic, proves Sonachand's guilt  Sonachand and his partners are arrested, while Vidya happily forgives Raj  The film ends with Raj saying "Yeh 420 Nahin, Shree 420 Hain" ("These are not simply con men, they are respectable con men") 

Cast
Cast in order of the opening credits of the film

Allusions
The title refers to section 420 of the Indian penal code, where crimes of theft and deception are punished, which relates to the troubles of the main character 
In Sanskrit, the name of the main character, "Vidya", means knowledge, while "Maya" means Illusion 
The title of one of the songs in the movie is "Ramaiya Vastavaiya" is in Telugu, which means "Lord Ram, you will come"  The title alone is derived from an old Telugu folk song  Apart from that, the rest of the song's lyrics (and the film) are in Hindi  The story goes, the Telugu dubbed version of the film Aah, 1953 was so well received that Raj Kapoor was elated and showed his gratitude for Telugu audiences by having a song in the film beginning with these lines 
At the beginning of the movie, the main protagonist explains to a policeman that one needs to stand on one's head to make sense of this world  He mentions that this is the reason why even great leaders stand on their heads  This is an allusion to several political leaders of that time who enjoyed practicing the Shirshasana, a yoga asana where one stands on his head  In his autobiography, Nehru described that the shirshasana was his favorite pose, and how he often did the shirshasana in jail, too 

Production
Raj Kapoor's real life children Randhir, Ritu and Rishi were featured in the song "Pyar Hua Iqrar Hua", Rishi revealed that Nargis bribed him with chocolate and recalled it in a 2017 interview 

Reception
The song "Mera Joota Hai Japani", in which the singer asserts his pride in being an Indian, despite his clothes being from other countries, became, and remains, a patriotic favourite among many Indians  It is often referenced, including in an acceptance speech at the Frankfurt Book Fair in 2006 by Bengali author Mahasweta Devi 
The film proved to be popular in other countries, including the Soviet Union, Romania, and Israel  In Russia, it was said that Raj Kapoor was as popular as Jawaharlal Nehru, due to the success of Awaara and Shree 420  In Israel, the song "Ichak Dana Beechak Dana" (transliterated as "Ichikidana") became popular and was re-recorded by local singer Naim Rajuan 

Box office
At the Indian box office in 1955, the film grossed ₹3 9 crore (equivalent to ₹421 crore or US$53 million in 2023), with a net income of ₹2 crore (equivalent to ₹216 crore or US$27 million in 2023)  This record was beaten two years later by Mother India in 1957 It was released in the Soviet Union in 1956, coming second on the Soviet box office charts that year  Despite being imported at an unusually high price, it was the most successful foreign film of the year at the Soviet box office, drawing an audience of 35 million viewers 

Soundtrack
Awards
1956: Filmfare Awards
Best Cinematographer: Radhu Karmakar
Best Editing: G G  Mayekar
National Film Awards1956: Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film in Hindi

See also
Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman

Notes
Passage 6:
Karan Kapoor
Karan Kapoor (born 18 January 1962) is an Indian photographer, actor and model  He is the son of actors Shashi Kapoor and Jennifer Kendal  His paternal grandfather was Prithviraj Kapoor and his paternal uncles are Raj Kapoor and Shammi Kapoor  His elder brother Kunal Kapoor and younger sister Sanjana Kapoor have also acted in some films  His maternal grandparents, Geoffrey Kendal and Laura Kendal, were actors who toured India and Asia with their theatre group, Shakespearana, performing Shakespeare and Shaw  The Merchant Ivory film, Shakespeare Wallah, was loosely based on the family, which starred his father and his maternal aunt, actress Felicity Kendal 

Personal life
Karan Kapoor was born on 18 January 1962 to actor Shashi Kapoor and British theatre actress Jennifer Kendal  Early in his career he was a popular model made famous by the Bombay Dyeing advertisement campaign and he also acted in Sultanat (1986), opposite Juhi Chawla as well as later in Loha with Dharmendra  Karan now runs a photography company in the UK  He was married to English model Lorna Tarling Kapoor; the couple are now separated  They have a daughter, Aliya Kapoor and son Zak Kapoor 
Kapoor has two siblings  His brother Kunal Kapoor formerly acted in Bollywood movies and now runs ad company Adfilms Valas  Kunal was married to filmmaker Ramesh Sippy's daughter Sheena, who is a well known photographer  They also have two children, Shaira and Zahan  Kunal and Sheena are now divorced His sister Sanjana Kapoor runs the Prithvi Theatre 
Jennifer Kapoor was diagnosed with terminal colon cancer in 1982 and succumbed to the disease in 1984 

Career
He made his debut in Shyam Benegal's critically acclaimed 1978 film Junoon, which also featured his parents and both siblings  He had a minor part in his father's production 36 Chowringhee Lane (1981)  He appeared in the British television series The Jewel in the Crown in 1984 
Karan had a short presenting stint for the BBC's Asian magazine Network East in 1994 
He made his debut in mainstream Bollywood films with Sultanat (1986), alongside Dharmendra, Sunny Deol and Juhi Chawla  He later acted in Loha (1987) and Afsar in 1988, but did not have many offers as an actor  He also modeled major Indian brands, including Bombay Dyeing He has since become a photographer and lives in Chelsea, London, with his wife Lorna, his daughter Aliya, and Zach, his son After a gap of nearly 25 years, Karan has now come back into the public and returned to India with a series of his photography exhibitions, Time & Tide  Karan's Time & Tide photography exhibition started in his home town Mumbai in November 2016 then taking place in Bangalore, Kolkata, New Delhi, Ahmedabad & Jaipur throughout 2017  Karan has done much research in the Anglo-Indian communities and travelled through various parts of India in the 1980s to meet these communities and has taken photographs  His articles were published in the BBC, Indian Express, Hindustan Times and other newspapers in November 2016  In his recent interview, Karan said that he is quite keen to do more photography projects in India, because his children have now grown up so he could spend more time in India  Karan also said that he was always interested in photography since his childhood even though being a part of very famous Bollywood family of Kapoors  Karan's elder brother Kunal Kapoor is now a leading ad-maker of India and younger sister Sanjana Kapoor runs the Junoon foundation to promote arts, culture and drama 

Filmography
Actor
TV Series
The Jewel in the Crown (1984 British TV Series on ITV) as Colin Lindsey
South of the Border (1990 British TV Series) as Max Wilding
The Tooting Lions (1993 British TV movie) as Kool
 BBC Network East 1994

Still photographer
The Bostonians (1984)
Utsav (1984)

Miscellaneous Crew
Vijeta (1982)

Awards
His photograph "Old Couple" won the International Photography Awards 2009 in the People/Lifestyle category  It was one of five nominations he received that year 
Passage 7:
Mera Naam Joker
Mera Naam Joker (transl  "My Name is Joker") is a 1970 Indian  romantic drama film, directed, edited and produced by Raj Kapoor under his banner R  K  Films, and written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas  The film stars Raj Kapoor as the eponymous character, with his son Rishi Kapoor making his screen debut playing his younger version, along with Simi Garewal, Kseniya Ryabinkina, Padmini, Manoj Kumar and Dharmendra in supporting roles  The plot focuses on a clown who must make his audience laugh at the cost of his own sorrows; three women who shaped his life view his final performance 
The film is one of the lengthiest films of Indian cinema  Mera Naam Joker is the second and to date last Indian film to have two intervals, the first being Sangam (1964)  After Sangam became a blockbuster, Mera Naam Joker was highly anticipated as it was under production for six years and heavily publicized, loosely based on Kapoor's own life  The film was partly made with the participation of Soviet actors and was partly shot in Moscow  The film's music, still very popular, was composed by Shankar Jaikishan, for which the duo got their ninth Filmfare award  In India, upon release the film was critical and commercial failure, putting Kapoor into a financial crisis, as the film was panned for its length and plot  The film has gained a cult status, and is regarded as a classic today  Both audience's and critics' response has turned highly favourable with the passage of time 
An abridged version was released in the 1980s and had a highly successful run at the box office  Kapoor termed it his favourite film and described it as having deep philosophical depth and meaning  The film is regarded as one of Kapoor's finest works today with film experts labeling it as a "misunderstood masterpiece"  The film later on became a cult classic and is regarded as one of Raj Kapoor's best films and among the best Bollywood films of the 20th century  In the Soviet Union, the film also initially drew mixed reviews from critics, yet commercially became a blockbuster at the Soviet box office after it released there in 1972  Rather than being released as a single film, the film's three chapters were released separately as three parts in the Soviet Union  The three parts of the film collectively sold 73 1 million tickets at the Soviet box office 

Plot
Three women, Mary, Marina, and Meena, are each sent a toy clown and invited to the last performance of the famous clown Raj Ranbir aka Raju, in his first time on stage in 20 years  The stories of these three women and their relationships with Raju are told through a series of flashbacks during his performance 

Chapter I
As a chubby, clumsy 16 year old, Raju is known to his schoolmates as the class clown  Unlike the rest of the students at his private Christian school, Raju is poor and lives nearby with his mother and no one else  When a new teacher, Mary, comes to his school, she encourages Raju to find his ambitions and makes him more confident in himself  One day, after coming home, Raju asks his mother what his deceased father did  Despite rejecting this question in the past, she finally answers that he had worked as a clown in the circus, and died in an accident there  Raju proclaims that he will be just like his father and make everyone laugh, to the horror of his mother, who says his father had only given her tears  On a school trip to the forest, Mary accidentally falls into the river   After she comes out, Raju becomes entranced by the sight of her leg  He then follows her to a grove, where he sees her undressing  When he tries to sleep that night, Raju imagines her nude  He goes to the church to confess (Raju thinks himself a sinner for imagining his teacher nude); and after he does that Mary sees him there, and when he says he committed a sin she says that he can't have committed a sin as he is a child, Raju replies that he isn't one  When Mary and the rest of the students leave for the holidays, Raju gifts her a toy clown that his father had  Afterwards, he roams around the school, lonely and depressed  When Mary comes back, Raju is startled to discover that she has a male companion named David with her  After Raju comes to the couple's house, David starts becoming suspicious, and confronts him after he leaves but still waits outside  When Raju drops his books in shock, David discovers a paper with her picture and a heart surrounding it  Raju's mother becomes sick, and he starts dressing as a clown to sell various concoctions on the roadside to pay the school fees  However, after his classmate's mother sees him, Raju is expelled  Mary consoles him, and tells him that she will also be leaving to marry David  He attends the wedding as best man  Before the newlyweds drive off to their new life, David gifts Raju back the toy clown 

Chapter II
Raju and his ill mother move to several cities over the years before coming to Bombay  Now an adult, Raju is working as a clown at a local fair  When a group of Russian entertainers come to Gemini Circus to promote Indo-Soviet relations, he sneaks in with them and pockets their first payment  Raju claims that he is the Russian ringleader, which immediately causes Gemini's own ringleader, Sher Singh, to conspire against him  During his initial performance, Sher Singh switched off the lights, which lands Raju in a dangerous situation  After the actual ringmaster comes in, Sher Singh saves Raju and brings him to a meeting to explain himself  Raju explains that he needed a job to take care of his mother, and that he had to resort to this drama to get into the circus  Realizing his potential, circus owner Mahendra Kumar hires him  Marina, the lead trapezist, also notices him, and despite the language barrier, they become close  He comes back to his mother and tells her that he got a job, but leaves out the details  She hopes that he will be able to find a wife to "complete" the family  Soon, Raju is hired as a clown, and eventually he and Marina fall in love, with his toy clown being given away once again  However, Mahendra reminds him that the artists will be going back soon, and discourages his love  Raju and Marina meet again, and Marina realizes that his mother sees her as his future wife  She visits her again, but leaves her the toy clown departs tearfully  Raju's mother realizes through the poster that wrapped the toy that he is a clown once again, and rushes to the circus on the day of the Russians' last performance  Seeing him on the trapeze, Raju's mother dies, being reminded of the accident which caused her husband's death  Despite his sorrow, Raju performs as a clown that night  Afterwards, he decides to resign, citing his mother death  The chapter ends with Raju seeing Marina off at the airport 

Chapter III
Alone again, Raju wanders on the beach and throws his toy clown into the sea  A dog runs out to catch it and give it back  The dog belongs to the orphan Meenu, and the three partner up to make a roadside show and live together in an abandoned house  One day, Meenu's shirt is torn and Raju, upon discovering that she is a girl, deserts her  After a while, he comes back to her home, where she explains that her real name is Meena and that she had to act like a boy to survive on her own in the city, which she had fled to, to achieve her dream of becoming a famous actress  Raju gifts her a saree, but despite the explanation, Raju is mad that their friendship was based on a lie and leaves  After Meena confesses her love for him, Raju changes his mind  Their singing gets noticed and the duo start performing at a qawwali venue  One day, the dog gets taken by the city pound, mistaken for a stray  While Raju mourns the loss of their companion, Meena says that they have no use for it anymore  Her attitude shocks Raju and he figures that she only uses love as a tool to use others  Despite his pity for the qawwali venue owner who had already pre-paid them, Meena makes them move into theatre acting  While Meena maintains that she loves him, Raju is suspicious  After a while, Meena is noticed by movie star Rajendra Kumar, who wants a new heroine for his next film  Although Raju accompanies Meena to the screen tests, Kumar tells him that in order for her to become a great actress, Raju must leave  After a farewell at their old house, Raju is left alone with his toy clown 
The film then transitions back to his last show  After a song Raju announces an intermission of indeterminate length, but then reassures the audience that the "joker" still has more to perform to keep his audience laughing  The film ends with the words "Positively Not The End" 

Cast
Raj Kapoor as Raju
Rajendra Kumar as Self
Manoj Kumar as David
Dharmendra as Mahendra Kumar
Padmini as Meena Bansal / Meenu Master
Simi Garewal as Mary
Kseniya Ryabinkina as Marina
Dara Singh as Sher Singh
Om Prakash as Circus Surgeon
Rishi Kapoor as Junior Raju
Rajendra Nath as Circus Surgeon
Achala Sachdev as Raju's mother
Eduard Sjereda as a Member of the Soviet State Circus

Soundtrack
Production
Mera Naam Joker was under production for six years, with Raj Kapoor investing much of his own personal fortune  All his assets were mortgaged  The film has three chapters  Originally, it was to have six chapters  Khwaja Ahmad Abbas wrote the screenplay with Kapoor on mind, and several instances in the story was based on Kapoor's own life, such as the Christian school teacher episode  Kapoor approached each chapter as it were three separate films  He shot the third chapter first as Padmini and Rajendra Kumar were available at the time  By the time he began the first chapter, he was behind schedule and over the budget  The school scenes were shot at St  Paul's School, Jalapahar, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India  The film was five hours long The film also makes references to Raj Kapoor's career throughout  The popular title track of 'Awaara' (1951) is used near the end of the second chapter  In the song 'Kehta Hai Joker Saara Zamana', a child looks up reels of 'Shree 420' (1955) in a bioscope, which feature Nargis, who formed an iconic pair with Raj Kapoor in the 40s and 50s   The poster of Kapoor's previous film 'Sangam (1964 Hindi film)' is also seen 

Reception
India
Upon release in India, Mera Naam Joker was widely derided for its length and the experimental nature of its plot, and it became a critical and commercial failure  The film had two intervals  It later came to be considered a cult classic, and it is considered one of Kapoor's best films  Its reputation was revived, which happened after India was introduced to world cinema  Kapoor's mask was burned in a fire at RK Studios 

Soviet Union
In the Soviet Union, the film's distribution rights were sold for ₹15 lakh (US$199,351 44), the highest for an Indian film up until then  Upon release, the film initially also drew a mixed reaction from Russian critics  Despite this, the film became a commercial blockbuster at the Soviet box office after it released there in 1972  Rather than being released as a single film, the film's three chapters were released separately as three parts in the Soviet Union  The first part drew 29 million box office admissions, the second part drew 22 6 million admissions, and the final part 21 5 million admissions, adding up to a total of 73 1 million admissions at the Soviet box office  This was equivalent to an estimated 18 28 million Rbls ($22 13 million, ₹16 81 crore) at the time, or $155 million (₹1,059 crore) adjusted for inflation in 2022 

Themes and Analysis
The film was deeply philosophical which was part of the reason it wasn't a success when it same out 
The crux of the film is how Raju, the joker, entertains people and makes them laugh, but to do so hides many hardships and heartbreaks of his own life  The 'Joker' is an allegory for not just clowns, but artists and entertainers of all kinds, like Raj Kapoor himself 
The film shows that the audience does not concern itself with the person who is performing but accepts only the performer divorced from his personal situation, his emotions and even from his real persona, the audience embraces only the character that entertains them and does not associate with the real person playing that character  It also implies that life itself is a performance, literally turning Raju's life into chapters of a film  
Therefore, to the “Joker” there is no reality outside performance, he only belongs to the stage, to his character, to the performance, and the audience 
In the end Raju gives a speech to the audience where he says that the "show" will always go on, although it may have different characters, meaning that artists will go through the same across generations  
The film is also semi-autobiographical, reportedly based on the life experiences of Raj Kapoor 

Awards
18th National Film Awards:Best Child Artist – Rishi Kapoor
Best Male Playback Singer – Manna Dey for "Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo"
Best Cinematography (Color) – Radhu Karmakar
19th Filmfare Awards:
Won

Best Director – Raj Kapoor
Best Music Director – Shankar–Jaikishan
Best Male Playback Singer – Manna Dey for "Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo"
Best Cinematography – Radhu Karmakar
Best Sound Design – Allauddin Khan QureshiNominated

Best Film – Raj Kapoor
Best Lyricist – Gopaldas Neeraj for "Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo"

See also
List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets
Passage 8:
Mike Cahill (director)
Mike Cahill (born July 5, 1979) is an American filmmaker 

Early life and education
Mike Cahill was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on July 5, 1979  His first forays into filmmaking were with Fisher-Price and VHS camcorders when he was young  He gained his first credit as a documentarian at the age of 17, when he and a friend directed a film titled The Pocket, about D C go-go music After high school, Cahill studied economics at Georgetown University, graduating in 2001  While a student there he formed a close relationship with professional colleague and friend Brit Marling, whom he met at a Georgetown film festival, and the two began working on short films together where Marling would act and Cahill would direct 

Career
While still in his senior year at Georgetown, Cahill began interning with National Geographic Television and Film, soon becoming their youngest field producer, editor and cinematographer  He and Marling collaborated on Boxers and Ballerinas (2004), an exploration of the U S –Cuba conflict through the lives of four characters, while living in Cuba  Cahill next moved to Los Angeles  There he was taken on as editor for two Sundance features, Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man and Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out 2011 was Cahill's pivotal year  His first feature film as director, co-written with Marling, Another Earth, about a parallel planet Earth, won the Alfred P  Sloan Prize at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival and was picked up for distribution by Fox Searchlight Pictures  Variety reported: "[It] has been deemed one of the more highly praised pics of the fest as it received a standing ovation after the screening and strong word of mouth from buyers and festgoers " The distributor Fox Searchlight Pictures won distribution rights to the film in a deal worth $1 5 million to $2 million, beating out other distributors including Focus Features and the Weinstein Company Cahill's second feature film I Origins again won the Alfred P  Sloan Prize, this time at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival, making Cahill the only person to have received the award twice  The film was picked up for distribution by Fox Searchlight In 2011, before the release of I Origins, a press release by Fox Searchlight stated that Cahill was working on a film about reincarnation and another about "a fashion designer who lives at the bottom of the sea " As of 2015 he is also working on a sequel of I Origins  "There's a sequel in the works  It's not scripted  We're not in production yet, but we set up at Fox Searchlight" Starting in 2015, Cahill is an executive producer of the Syfy TV show The Magicians, and directed the pilot episode  He is also an executive producer on The Path, and directed the first two episodes 

Influences
Cahill has cited Julian Schnabel as a significant influence on his work  He considers Krzysztof Kieslowski one of his favorite filmmakers, specifically citing The Double Life of Véronique as having a profound impact on him  Cahill, who has a casual interest in astronomy, was also influenced by the work of astronomer Richard Berendzen, in particular, Berendzen's audiobook Pulp Physics  He is also an admirer of Carl Sagan and Isaac Asimov He has always admired science His favorite movie of all time is 2001: A Space Odyssey  "Because that movie, what it presents to you, can’t be articulated in any other form than as a movie," he said 

Filmography
Awards and nominations
Passage 9:
Aag (1948 film)
Aag (English: Fire) is a 1948 Indian Hindi language musical drama film which is produced, directed by and stars Raj Kapoor  The film marked the debut of Kapoor as producer and director and was the first film produced by his R K  banner  Nargis, Premnath, Nigar Sultana and Kamini Kaushal also starred in supporting roles  Raj Kapoor's youngest brother Shashi Kapoor appeared as a child artist in this film playing the younger version of his character (Kewal)  This marked the first of more than a dozen films in which Raj Kapoor and Nargis appeared together

Plot
The film opens with a groom approaching his new bride, called Sudha, on their wedding night  The bride, upon seeing the groom screams because his face is disfigured due to burns  The groom then starts telling the bride his story and the remainder of the film is a flashback told to the bride by the groom  The story is about a boy, named Kewal (played by Shashi Kapoor), who is obsessed with theatre but is descended from a family of lawyers  The boy Kewal is fascinated by a girl named Nirmala, nicknamed Nimmi, a classmate in school when he was aged 10 years  They both enjoy theatre and Kewal shares his dream of opening a theatre company and starring in his play with Nimmi as the female lead while watching a play in their school  He soon plans to stage a play in his neighbourhood with Nimmi, but she deserts him because her family moves to a different city on the day of the premiere  The young Kewal takes this to heart, but after finishing school, Kewal (now played by Raj Kapoor) reluctantly submits to his father's (Kamal Kapoor) demands to continue the family tradition by studying law and become a successful lawyer just like him and his forefathers  At College, Kewal meets another Nirmala (who asks him to call her Nimmi, after hearing his story of childhood love)  He again plans to stage a play, but the second Nimmi also deserts him because her parents have decided to marry her off to a man who lives in England on the day of the premiere  Kewal is distracted and fails his law exam  This forces him to a reckoning that he has no real interest in becoming a lawyer and would like to pursue his childhood dream of owning his theatre company to write, direct, and produce plays  He argues with his father and is asked to leave the house and despite his mother's protestations, decides to chart his path in life and pursue his dreams  After a little struggle, he luckily finds a patron of the arts named Rajan, (Premnath), who is the owner of a theater company, that has closed down  Kewal and Rajin strike up a creative partnership and a friendship for Kewal to write and produce plays and Rajan to finance these  During the preparation for his play, Kewal discovers a woman made homeless by Partition (Nargis) and casts her as the lead in his play   With the finances and a leader in place, Kewal's dreams can now, at last, be realised; Kewal suggests that Nargis's character (who is not named) takes the name, Nimmi (a third incarnation)  Rajan is besotted by Nimmi, but Nimmi is in love with Kewal, who remains unaware of Nimmi's feelings towards him  This conflict comes to a head on the opening night of Rajan and Kewal's first production; Rajan goes berserk and rips all his pictures of Nimmi that he has painted  Kewal, only now, discovers the reality of the situation with Rajin and tries to convince Nimmi that she should get together with Rajan, who is his friend and mentor; Nimmi pleads that she is in love with Kewal and not Rajan  The play starts (with Kewal's parents with whom he has patched up relations are in the audience) and Kewal takes a lit torch (the Aag or fire) and burns his face  During this act, of what Kewal perceives as a sacrifice to save his friendship with Rajan, the stage catches fire and the whole production company is burnt to the ground and he is disfigured  Kewal then confronts Nimmi, who is repulsed by his disfigurement and tells her that she only liked him because of his outer beauty and only the true Nimmi liked him for who he is on the inside  Nimmi (Nargis's version) visits Kewal in the hospital with his face bandaged  Nimmi offers flowers and Kewal notices a ring on her finger which Nimmi tells him was given to her by Rajan; Kewal wishes her well and she slips away  The camera cuts back to the present, the wedding night, where Kewal is telling Sudha that his childhood Nimmi understood him and only she will accept him for who he is  Sudha suggests that Kewal would not know if Nimmi was standing in front of him  Sudha turns out to be the original Nimmi (from Kewal's childhood) and accepts Kewal for who he is  Kewal and Nimmi renew their vow of opening a theatre company together 

Cast
Raj Kapoor as Kewal Khanna
Shashi Kapoor as Young Kewal Khanna
Nargis as Nimmi
Kamini Kaushal as Miss Nirmala
Nigar Sultana as Sudha
Kamal Kapoor as Kewal Khanna's father
Premnath as Rajan

Music
The music for this film was composed and conducted by Ram Ganguly  For his next film Barsaat, Raj Kapoor took Shankar–Jaikishan as music director and this duo went on to produce subsequent scores for R  K  Films 
The tracks in this film are written by Behzad Lucknavi and Deepak 

Box office
This film was not a major success and did Average business at the box office  As a director, Raj Kapoor had his first major hit with Barsaat (1949) 
Passage 10:
Raj Kapoor
Raj Kapoor (pronounced [raːdʒ kəˈpuːɾ]; born Shrishti Nath Kapoor; 14 December 1924 – 2 June 1988), also known as Ranbir Raj Kapoor, was an Indian actor, film director and producer, who worked in Hindi cinema  He is considered one of the greatest and most influential actors and filmmakers in history of Indian cinema, and has been referred to as The Greatest Showman of Indian Cinema and as the Charlie Chaplin of Indian Cinema Born in Peshawar as the son of Prithviraj Kapoor of the Kapoor family, Raj Kapoor starred in and produced many films for which he received multiple accolades, including three National Film Awards and 11 Filmfare Awards in India  He was inspired by Charlie Chaplin and played characters based on The Tramp in films such as Awaara (1951, also as producer) and Shree 420 (1955)  His performance in Awaara was ranked as one of the "Top-Ten Greatest Performances of All Time in World Cinema" by Time magazine in 2005; both that and his other produced film Boot Polish (1954) competed for the Palme d'Or grand prize at the Cannes Film Festival 
His films were global commercial successes in parts of Asia, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Africa and the Soviet bloc  The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1971 for his contributions to the arts  India's highest award in cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, was bestowed on him in 1987 by the Government of India 

Early life and background
Raj Kapoor was born as Shrishti Nath Kapoor on 14 December 1924 at Kapoor Haveli, a large house then owned by his grandfather in the Qissa Khwani Bazaar neighborhood of Peshawar, British India into a Punjabi Hindu family of the Kapoor clan, who belonged to the Dhai Ghar Khatri community  His parents were Prithviraj Kapoor and Ramsarni Devi Kapoor (née Mehra)  The Kapoor family hailed originally from Samundri, Samundri Tehsil, Lyallpur District, Punjab Province, British India  He was the eldest sibling of six children in the family  He was the grandson of Dewan Basheshwarnath Kapoor, great-grandson of Dewan Keshavmal Kapoor, and great-great-grandson of Dewan Murli Mal Kapoor, and was part of the famous Kapoor family  His brothers were the late actors Shammi Kapoor and Shashi Kapoor  He also had a sister named Urmila Sial  Two other siblings died in infancy  Kapoor's family later on moved from Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province to Bombay, Bombay Presidency for residence and for education 
He is the nephew of actor Trilok Kapoor, who is the younger brother of his father Prithviraj Kapoor  His first cousin was actor Subbiraj who was his father's sister's son 
His father's cousin was film producer Surinder Kapoor, whose children are producer Boney Kapoor and actors Anil Kapoor and Sanjay Kapoor  His father's maternal first cousins were actors Kamal Kapoor, Ravindra Kapoor, and Nandkishore Kapoor  Kamal Kapoor's grandson is filmmaker Goldie Behl  His maternal first cousin, Juggal Kishore Mehra, was a singer, whose step-granddaughter, Salma Agha, later became an actress and singer 
As Prithviraj moved from city to city early in his career during the 1930s, the family had to move too  Raj Kapoor attended several different schools like Colonel Brown Cambridge School in Dera Doon, St Xavier's Collegiate School in Calcutta and Campion School in Bombay 

Career
At the age of ten, he appeared in a Hindi film for the first time, in 1935's Inquilab  Raj Kapoor's big break came with the lead role in Neel Kamal (1947) opposite Madhubala in her first role as a leading lady  In 1948, at the age of twenty-four, he established his own studio, R  K  Films, and became the youngest film director of his time making his directorial debut with Aag starring himself, Nargis, Kamini Kaushal and Premnath  In 1949 he co-starred alongside Dilip Kumar and Nargis in Mehboob Khan's Andaz which was his first big hit as an actor  He had his first success as producer, director and actor in another major blockbuster Barsaat which released later that year He went on to produce and star in several hit films made under his R  K  Banner including  Awaara (1951), Shree 420 (1955) and Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai (1960), the last was directed by Radhu Karmakar, his longtime cinematographer, and which won Filmfare Award for Best Film  These films established his screen image modeled on Charlie Chaplin's most famous screen persona of The Tramp  Outside of his home productions, his other notable films as a leading actor included Dastan (1950), Anhonee (1952), Chori Chori (1956), Phir Subah Hogi (1958), Anari (1959), Chhalia (1960) and Dil Hi To Hai (1963)  He also produced the hit social films Boot Polish (1954) and Ab Dilli Door Nahin (1957) In 1964, he produced, directed and starred in the romantic musical Sangam alongside Rajendra Kumar and Vyjayanthimala which was his first film in colour  This was his last major success as a leading actor as his later films like  Around the World (1966) and Sapnon Ka Saudagar (1968) with younger starlets Rajshree and Hema Malini were box office flops  In 1965 he was a member of the jury at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival In 1970 he produced, directed and starred in his ambitious film Mera Naam Joker which took more than six years to complete  His son Rishi Kapoor made his debut in this film playing the younger version of his character  When released in 1970, it was a box office disaster and put Kapoor and his family into a financial crisis  In later years it was acknowledged as a cult classic  In 1971, he launched his eldest son Randhir Kapoor in the family drama Kal Aaj Aur Kal starring himself, his son Randhir, his father Prithviraj Kapoor as well as Randhir's to-be wife Babita  He launched his second son Rishi Kapoor's career in 1973 when he produced and directed Bobby which was a huge box office success and introduced actress Dimple Kapadia, later a very popular actress; it was the first of a new generation of teen romances  Dimple wore bikinis which was quite unique for Indian films then  In 1975 he acted alongside his son Randhir again in Dharam Karam, which Randhir also directed 
In the latter half of the 1970s and early 1980s he produced and directed films that focused on the female protagonists: Satyam Shivam Sundaram (1978) with Zeenat Aman, Prem Rog (1982) with Padmini Kolhapure and Ram Teri Ganga Maili (1985) which introduced Mandakini  He acted in fewer films by the late 1970s and early 1980s but played a notable supporting role alongside Rajesh Khanna in Naukri (1978) and as the titular character alongside Sanjay Khan in Abdullah (1980)  He played a detective in two comedy films: Do Jasoos (1975) and Gopichand Jasoos (1982), both directed by Naresh Kumar (brother of Rajendra Kumar)  In 1979 he was a member of the jury at the 11th Moscow International Film Festival  Raj Kapoor's last major film appearance was in Vakil Babu (1982) where he appeared with his younger brother Shashi  A film he had shot and completed in 1982 titled Chor Mandali in which he appeared opposite fellow veteran actor Ashok Kumar remained unreleased due to a legal dispute  His last acting role was a cameo appearance in a 1984 released British made-for-television film titled Kim 
He was set to direct Henna starring his son Rishi and Pakistani actress Zeba Bakhtiar before his death in 1988  His son Randhir directed the film and it released in 1991 

Personal life
On 12 May 1946, Raj Kapoor married Krishna Malhotra  Krishna was one of nine siblings, and following her marriage, many of them joined the Hindi film industry  Her brothers, Rajendra Nath, Prem Nath and Narendra Nath, later became actors, and her sister Uma is married to actor Prem Chopra 
Raj and Krishna Kapoor had five children: three sons, actors Randhir Kapoor (1947–), Rishi Kapoor (1952–2020) and Rajiv Kapoor (1962–2021), and two daughters, Ritu Nanda (1949–2020) and Rima Jain (1955–)  Randhir is married to former actress Babita and is the father of actresses Karishma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor  Rishi was married to former actress Neetu Singh until his death and is father of two children, a daughter Riddhima Kapoor, and a son, actor Ranbir Kapoor  Raj Kapoor's elder daughter, Ritu Nanda, was married until their deaths to industrialist Rajan Nanda (scion of the family which promoted and controls the Escorts group), and she was the mother of two children :Her daughter Nitasha Nanda and her son, Nikhil Nanda, is married to Shweta, daughter of actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan  Raj Kapoor's younger daughter, Rima Jain, is married to investment banker Manoj Jain and is the mother of Armaan Jain and Aadar Jain 
Both of Kapoor's brothers, all three of Kapoor's sons, two of Kapoor's daughters-in-law and three of Kapoor's grandchildren have been active at various times in the film industry  His granddaughters Karisma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor (daughters of Kapoor's eldest son Randhir), and grandson Ranbir Kapoor (son of Kapoor's second son Rishi) are the latest Bollywood superstars from the Kapoor family, while another of his grandsons, Nikhil Nanda (Kapoor's daughter Ritu's son), is a noted industrialist 
Kapoor had a longtime romantic relationship with renowned actress Nargis Dutt during the 1940s and 1950s, despite being a married man, although neither ever publicly admitted to this  The couple starred in several films together, including Awaara and Shree 420  As Raj would not leave his wife and children, Nargis ended their relationship after Chori Chori and married Sunil Dutt with whom she fell in love on the set of Mother India (1957)  In 2017, his second son Rishi confirmed his father's affair in his autobiography Khullam Khulla Krishna Raj Kapoor died on 1 October 2018  Rajan Nanda, husband of Ritu Nanda died on 5 August 2018  In January 2020, Ritu Nanda herself died  She was followed three months later by her brother Rishi, Kapoor's second son, who died in April 2020  Kapoor's third and youngest son, Rajiv, died in February 2021 
Dilip Kumar, Mukesh, Dev Anand, Pran, Rajendra Kumar, Manna Dey, Shankar Jaikishan, Hrishikesh Mukherjee, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas and Rajesh Khanna were among Kapoor's closest friends from the movie industry 

Filmography
Death
Cause
Raj Kapoor suffered from asthma in his later years; he died of complications related to the disease in 1988 at the age of 63  He collapsed at the event where he was to receive the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in New Delhi, and was taken to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi for treatment  He was hospitalised for about a month before he succumbed to complications arising from his asthma  At the time of his death, he was working on the movie Henna (an Indo-Pakistan based love story)  The film was later completed by his sons Randhir Kapoor and Rishi Kapoor and was released in 1991 

Memorial at family farm in Pune
His and his parents' Samadhi (memorial) is at their family farm "Rajbaugh", which means the "gardens of king"  Located inside the MIT Art Design and Technology University (MIT ADTU), Rajbaugh lies on the banks of Mula-Mutha River in Loni Kalbhor village 30 km east of Pune in Maharashtra  Kapoor family sold part of 125 acres Rajbaugh to MIT ADTU which built a memorial for the Kapoor family on its campus  Memorial was unveiled in 2014 in the presence of Lata Mangeshkar and Kapoor clan  Kapoor family memorial has 7 pagodas showing elements of Raj Kapoor's movies, a museum or viewing gallery which showcases family photographs and moments from his movie making from 1945 to 1990  Raj Kapoor shot many of his films at this farm, including Satyam Shivam Sundaram, Mera Naam Joker, Bobby, and Prem Rog  The family Banglow inside the farm has been preserved; the popular song "Hum Tum Ek Kamre Mein Band Ho" was shot inside this banglow 

Legacy
Raj Kapoor is often referred as The Greatest Showman of Indian Cinema in the Indian media  Film historians and movie buffs speak of him as the "Charlie Chaplin of Indian cinema", since he often portrayed a tramp-like figure, who, despite adversity, was still cheerful and honest  His movies were popular in large parts of South/Central/Southeast Asia, the former Soviet Union/Bloc, China, the Middle East, and Africa; his movies were global commercial successes Siddharth Kak made, Raj Kapoor, a feature film documentary on the actor in 1987 which was produced by the Government of India's Films Division A postage stamp, bearing his face, was released by India Post to honour him on 14 December 2001  To honour him, a brass statue of his was unveiled at Walk of the Stars at Bandra Bandstand in Mumbai in March 2012 

Many of Raj Kapoor's movies had a patriotic theme  His films Aag, Shree 420 and Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai (In the country where the Ganges flows) celebrated the newly independent India, and encouraged film-goers to be patriots  Raj Kapoor commissioned these famous lyrics for Mera Joota Hai Japani, a song from the movie Shree 420:

Mera joota hai Japani (My shoes are Japanese)
Ye patloon Inglistani (These trousers are English)
Sar pe lal topi Roosi (The red cap on my head is Russian)
Phir bhi dil hai Hindustani (But still, however, my heart is Indian)The song is still extremely popular and has been featured in a number of movies since Shree 420 was released  Indian author Mahasweta Devi stopped the show with her inaugural speech at the 2006 Frankfurt Book Fair when she used these lyrics to express her own heartfelt patriotism and debt to her country 
In 2014, Google commemorated his 90th birthday Raj Kapoor was a canny judge of filmi music and lyrics  Many of the songs he commissioned are evergreen hits  He introduced the music directors Shankar–Jaikishan and the lyricists Hasrat Jaipuri and Shailendra  He is also remembered for his strong sense of visual style  He used striking visual compositions, elaborate sets, and dramatic lighting to complete the mood set by the music  He introduced the actresses Nimmi, Dimple Kapadia, and Mandakini, as well as launching and reviving the careers of his sons Rishi, Randhir and Rajiv  Famous for making his actresses reveal the body, not very common then in Indian cinema, it was said his 'show-womanship' matched his showmanship Raj Kapoor's Shree 420 (1955) movie's Hindi song Mera Joota Hai Japani ("My Shoes are Japanese") was used in opening sequence of 20th Century Studios 2016 movie Deadpool, starring Ryan Reynolds The 1967 "Song about Yogis" (Russian: Песенка про йогов) by Vladimir Vysotsky mentions Raj Kapoor as one of the three best-known symbols of Indian culture in the Soviet Union, along with Shiva and yoga He was called "the Clark Gable of the Indian film industry" 

Awards and honors
Kapoor had received many awards throughout his career, including 3 National Film Awards, 11 Filmfare Awards and 21 nominations  His films Awaara (1951) and Boot Polish (1954) were nominated for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival  His acting in the former was rated as one of the "Top Ten Performances of All Time in World Cinema" by Time magazine  His film Jagte Raho (1956) also won the Crystal Globe award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival 
The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1971 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1987 – the highest award for cinematic excellence in India  In 2001, he was honoured with "Best Director of the Millennium" by Stardust Awards  He was named "Showman of the Millennium" by Star Screen Awards in 2002 
In June 2011, Noah Cowan, artistic director of TIFF Bell Lightbox, and Sabbas Joseph, Director, Wizcraft along with members of the Kapoor family came together to pay tribute to the life and work of Indian actor, director, mogul and legend Raj Kapoor, as presented in partnership by TIFF (Toronto International Film Festival), the International Indian Film Academy (IIFA), and the Government of Ontario  In 2011, it was announced that Kapoor will be inducted into the Brampton Walk of Fame in Ontario, Canada 

Association with other artists
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas was a screenwriter and director for a number of Raj Kapoor's best films 
Awaara (1951)
Anhonee (1952)
Shree 420 (1955)
Jagte Raho (1956)
Char Dil Char Rahen (1959)
Mera Naam Joker (1970)
Bobby (1973)
Henna (1991)

Shankar–Jaikishan
Shankar–Jaikishan were Raj Kapoor's music directors of choice  He worked with them in 20 films in all including 10 of his own films from Barsaat until Kal Aaj Aur Kal   (Jagte Raho with Salil Chowdhury and Ab Dilli Dur Nahin being two exceptions in this period)  Only after Jaikishan died, did he turn to a different music director – Laxmikant–Pyarelal for Bobby, Satyam Shivam Sundaram and Prem Rog (later on, his children used Laxmikant-Pyarelal for Prem Granth as well), Rahul Dev Burman for Dharam Karam, and Ravindra Jain for (Ram Teri Ganga Maili and Henna)  Raj Kapoor acted in a movie with music by Madan Mohan only once (twice), i e  Dhoon (1953) & Ashiana (1952), which featured duet Hum Pyaar Karenge by Hemant Kumar and Lata Mangeshkar, the only instance of Hemant Kumar giving playback to Raj Kapoor, and did only one movie with O  P  Nayyar (Do Ustad) 
List of films with Shankar–Jaikishan: (18 Films)

Nargis
Raj Kapoor and Nargis worked together in 16 films including 6 of his own productions 

Mukesh and Manna Dey
Mukesh was Raj Kapoor's almost exclusive singing voice in almost all of his films  Also, when Mukesh died, Raj had said, Main ne apni aawaaz ko kho diya    (I have lost my voice   )  However Manna Dey has also sung many notable and super-hit songs for Raj Kapoor, for instance in Shree 420 and Chori Chori  Examples of such Manna songs are best illustrated by the following list:

"Laga Chunri Mein Daag" (Dil Hi To Hai)
"Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo" (Mera Naam Joker)
"Dil Ka Haal Sune Dil Wala" (Shree 420)
"Aaja Sanam Madhur Chandni Mein Hum" (Chori Chori)
"Jahan Mein Jati Hoon Wahin Chale Aate Ho" (Chori Chori)
"Yeh Raat Bhigi Bhigi, Yeh Mast Fizayen" (Chori Chori)
"Masti Bhara Hai Samaan" (Parvarish)
"Mud Mud Ke Na Dekh" (Shree 420)
"Pyar hua Iqrar hua hai" (Shree 420)
"Chalat Musafir" (Teesri Kasam)
"Belia Belia Belia" (Parvarish)
"Lallah Allah Tera Nigehbaan" (Abdullah)
"Mama O Mama" (Parvarish)
Context 2: Passage 1:
William Wallace
Sir William Wallace (Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas, pronounced [ˈɯʎam ˈuəl̪ˠəs̪]; Norman French: William le Waleys; c  1270 – 23 August 1305) was a Scottish knight who became one of the main leaders during the First War of Scottish Independence Along with Andrew Moray, Wallace defeated an English army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in September 1297  He was appointed Guardian of Scotland and served until his defeat at the Battle of Falkirk in July 1298  In August 1305, Wallace was captured in Robroyston, near Glasgow, and handed over to King Edward I of England, who had him hanged, drawn and quartered for high treason and crimes against English civilians 
Since his death, Wallace has obtained a legendary status far beyond his homeland  He is the protagonist of Blind Harry's 15th-century epic poem The Wallace and the subject of literary works by Jane Porter and Sir Walter Scott, and of the Academy Award-winning film Braveheart 

Background
William Wallace was a member of the lesser nobility, but little is definitely known of his family history or even his parentage  William's own seal, found on a letter sent to the Hanse city of Lübeck in 1297, gives his father's name as Alan Wallace  This Alan Wallace may be the same as the one listed in the 1296 Ragman Rolls as a crown tenant in Ayrshire, but there is no additional confirmation  Others have speculated this Alan held an Ellerslie, near Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, and if true, the estate could be a possible birthplace for William; though there is no record of Wallaces' holding the estate, in the mid 13th century  Blind Harry's late-15th-century poem offers an alternate father for William, a Sir Malcolm of Elderslie, in Renfrewshire; and has similarly given rise to a possible birthplace for William  There is no contemporary evidence linking him with either location, although both areas had connections with the wider Wallace family  Records show early members of the family as holding estates at Riccarton, Tarbolton, Auchincruive in Kyle and Stenton in East Lothian  They were vassals of James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland as their lands fell within his territory  It has been claimed that Wallace's brothers Malcolm and John are known from other sources, but there is a lack of verifiable evidence for John’s relationship with William The origins of the Wallace surname and its association with southwest Scotland are also far from certain, other than the name's being derived from the Old English wylisc (pronounced "wullish"), meaning "foreigner" or "Welshman"  It is possible that all the Wallaces in the Clyde area were medieval immigrants from Wales, but as the term was also used for the Cumbric-speaking Strathclyde kingdom of the Celtic Britons, it seems equally likely that the surname refers to people who were seen as being "Welsh" due to their Cumbric language  A family tradition states Wallace was descended from the sister of Saint Patrick, which would reinforce the Welsh origin theory 

Military career
Political crisis in Scotland
When Wallace was growing up, King Alexander III ruled Scotland  His reign had seen a period of peace and economic stability  On 19 March 1286, however, Alexander died after falling from his horse  The heir to the throne was Alexander's granddaughter, Margaret, Maid of Norway  As she was still a child and in Norway, the Scottish lords set up a government of guardians  Margaret fell ill on the voyage to Scotland and died in Orkney in late September 1290  The lack of a clear heir led to a period known as the "Great Cause", with a total of thirteen contenders laying claim to the throne  The most credible claims were John Balliol and Robert Bruce, grandfather of the future king Robert the Bruce With Scotland threatening to descend into civil war, King Edward I of England was invited in by the Scottish nobility to arbitrate  Before the process could begin, he insisted that all of the contenders recognise him as Lord Paramount of Scotland  In early November 1292, at a great feudal court held in the castle at Berwick-upon-Tweed, judgment was given in favour of John Balliol having the strongest claim in law based on being senior in genealogical primogeniture even though not in proximity of blood Edward proceeded to take steps to progressively undermine John's authority, treating Scotland as a feudal vassal state, demanding homage be paid towards himself and military support in his war against France — even summoning King John Balliol to stand before the English court as a common plaintiff  The Scots soon tired of their deeply compromised king, and the direction of affairs was allegedly taken out of his hands by the leading men of the kingdom, who appointed a Council of Twelve—in practice, a new panel of Guardians—at Stirling in July 1295  They went on to conclude a treaty of mutual assistance with France—known in later years as the Auld Alliance In retaliation for Scotland's treaty with France, Edward I invaded, storming Berwick-upon-Tweed and commencing the Wars of Scottish Independence  The Scots were defeated at Dunbar and the English took Dunbar Castle on 27 April 1296  Edward forced John to abdicate, which he did at Stracathro near Montrose on 10 July 1296  Here the arms of Scotland were formally torn from John's surcoat, giving him the abiding name of "Toom Tabard" (empty coat)  By July, Edward had instructed his officers to receive formal homage from some 1,800 Scottish nobles (many of the rest being prisoners of war at that time) 

Silent years prior to the Wars of Independence
Some historians believe Wallace must have had some earlier military experience in order to lead a successful military campaign in 1297  Campaigns like Edward I of England's wars in Wales might have provided a good opportunity for a younger son of a landholder to become a mercenary soldier  Wallace's personal seal bears the archer's insignia, so he may have fought as an archer in Edward's army 
Walter Bower states that Wallace was "a tall man with the body of a giant     with lengthy flanks     broad in the hips, with strong arms and legs     with all his limbs very strong and firm"  Blind Harry's Wallace reaches seven feet 

Start of the uprising
The first act definitely known to have been carried out by Wallace was his killing of William de Heselrig, the English High Sheriff of Lanark, in May 1297  He then joined with William the Hardy, Lord of Douglas, and they carried out the raid of Scone  This was one of several rebellions taking place across Scotland, including those of several Scottish nobles and Andrew Moray in the north The uprising suffered a blow when the nobles submitted to the English at Irvine in July  Wallace and Moray were not involved, and continued their rebellions  Wallace used the Ettrick Forest as a base for raiding, and attacked Wishart's palace at Ancrum  Wallace and Moray met and joined their forces, possibly at the siege of Dundee in early September 

Battle of Stirling Bridge
On 11 September 1297, an army jointly led by Wallace and Andrew Moray won the Battle of Stirling Bridge  Although vastly outnumbered, the Scottish army routed the English army  John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey's feudal army of 3,000 cavalry and 8,000 to 10,000 infantry met disaster as they crossed over to the north side of the river  The narrowness of the bridge prevented many soldiers from crossing together (possibly as few as three men abreast), so, while the English soldiers crossed, the Scots held back until half of them had passed and then killed the English as quickly as they could cross  The infantry were sent on first, followed by heavy cavalry  The Scots' schiltron formations forced the infantry back into the advancing cavalry  A pivotal charge, led by one of Wallace's captains, caused some of the English soldiers to retreat as others pushed forward, and under the overwhelming weight, the bridge collapsed and many English soldiers drowned  Thus, the Scots won a significant victory, boosting the confidence of their army  Hugh de Cressingham, Edward's treasurer in Scotland, died in the fighting and it is reputed that his body was subsequently flayed and the skin cut into small pieces as tokens of the victory  The Lanercost Chronicle records that Wallace had "a broad strip [of Cressingham's skin]     taken from the head to the heel, to make therewith a baldrick for his sword" After the battle, Moray and Wallace assumed the title of Guardians of the Kingdom of Scotland on behalf of King John Balliol  Moray died of wounds suffered on the battlefield sometime in late 1297 Around November 1297, Wallace led a large-scale raid into northern England, through Northumberland and Cumberland In a ceremony, at the 'Kirk o' the Forest' (Selkirk), towards the end of the year, Wallace was knighted  This would have been carried out by one of three Scottish earls—Carrick, Strathearn or Lennox 

Battle of Falkirk
In April 1298, Edward ordered a second invasion of Scotland  Two days prior to the battle 25,781 foot soldiers were paid  More than half of them would have been Welsh  There are no clear cut sources for the presence of cavalry, but it is safe to assume that Edward had roughly 1,500 horse under his command  They plundered Lothian and regained some castles, but failed to bring William Wallace to combat; the Scots shadowed the English army, intending to avoid battle until shortages of supplies and money forced Edward to withdraw, at which point the Scots would harass his retreat  The English quartermasters' failure to prepare for the expedition left morale and food supplies low, and a resulting riot within Edward's own army had to be put down by his cavalry  In July, while planning a return to Edinburgh for supplies, Edward received intelligence that the Scots were encamped nearby at Falkirk, and he moved quickly to engage them in the pitched battle he had long hoped for Wallace arranged his spearmen in four schiltrons—circular, defensive hedgehog formations, probably surrounded by wooden stakes connected with ropes, to keep the infantry in formation  The English, however, employed Welsh longbowmen, who swung tactical superiority in their favour  The English proceeded to attack with cavalry and put the Scottish archers to flight  The Scottish cavalry withdrew as well, due to its inferiority to the English heavy horses  Edward's men began to attack the schiltrons, which were still able to inflict heavy casualties on the English cavalry  It remains unclear whether the infantry shooting bolts, arrows and stones at the spearmen proved the deciding factor, although it is very likely that it was the arrows of Edward's bowmen  Gaps in the schiltrons soon appeared, and the English exploited these to crush the remaining resistance  The Scots lost many men, including John de Graham  Wallace escaped, though his military reputation suffered badly By September 1298, Wallace resigned as Guardian of Scotland in favour of Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick and future king, and John Comyn, King John Balliol's nephew Details of Wallace's activities after this are vague, but there is some evidence that he left on a mission to the court of King Philip IV of France to plead the case for assistance in the Scottish struggle for independence  There is a surviving letter from the French king dated 7 November 1300 to his envoys in Rome demanding that they should help Sir William  It also suggests that Wallace intended to travel to Rome, although it is not known if he did  There is also a report from an English spy at a meeting of Scottish leaders, where they said Wallace was in France By 1304 Wallace was back in Scotland, and involved in skirmishes at Happrew and Earnside 

Capture and execution
Wallace evaded capture by the English until 5 August 1305, when John de Menteith, a Scottish knight loyal to Edward, turned Wallace over to English soldiers at Robroyston, near Glasgow, a site commemorated by a small monument in the form of a Celtic cross  Letters of safe conduct from Haakon V of Norway, Philip IV of France and John Balliol, along with other documents, were found in Wallace's possession and delivered to Edward by John de Segrave Wallace was transported to London, lodged in the house of William de Leyrer, then taken to Westminster Hall, where he was tried for treason and for atrocities against civilians in war, "sparing neither age nor sex, monk nor nun " He was crowned with a garland of oak to suggest he was the king of outlaws  He responded to the treason charge, "I could not be a traitor to Edward, for I was never his subject "

Following the trial, on 23 August 1305, Wallace was taken from the hall to the Tower of London, then stripped naked and dragged through the city at the heels of a horse to the Elms at Smithfield  He was hanged, drawn and quartered—strangled by hanging, but released while he was still alive, emasculated, eviscerated (with his bowels burned before him), beheaded, then cut into four parts  Wallace's head was dipped in tar and placed on a spike atop London Bridge  His preserved head was later joined by the heads of his brother John and his compatriots Simon Fraser and John of Strathbogie  Wallace's limbs were displayed, separately, in Newcastle, Berwick, Stirling and Perth  A plaque,  unveiled 8 April 1956, stands in a wall of St  Bartholomew's Hospital near the site of Wallace's execution at Smithfield  It includes in Latin the words "Dico tibi verum libertas optima rerum nunquam servili sub nexu vivito fili" (I tell you the truth  Freedom is what is best  Son, never live your life like a slave ), and in Gaelic "Bas Agus Buaidh" (Death and Victory), an old Scottish battle cry In 1869, the Wallace Monument was erected, close to the site of his victory at Stirling Bridge  The Wallace Sword, which supposedly belonged to Wallace, although some parts were made at least 160 years later, was held for many years in Dumbarton Castle and is now in the Wallace Monument 

In popular culture
Film
A popular depiction of Wallace's life is presented in the film Braveheart (1995), directed by and starring Mel Gibson as Wallace, written by Randall Wallace, and filmed in Scotland and Ireland  The film was criticised for many historical inaccuracies 
In the film Outlaw King (2018), Robert the Bruce (Chris Pine) is prompted to plan a revolt against the English after observing rioting induced by the public display of the quartered body of Wallace 

Literature
Blind Harry's 15th-century poem has been a major influence on the legend of Wallace, including details like a wife named Marion Braidfute, and claiming that Wallace killed the Sheriff of Lanark in revenge for the killing of his wife  However much of this poem is unsubstantiated, at variance with contemporary sources, or disputed by historians 
In 1793 Robert Burns wrote the lyrics to Scots Wha Hae wi Wallace bled 
Jane Porter penned a romantic version of the Wallace legend in the historical novel The Scottish Chiefs (1810) 

In her prize-winning poem of 1819, Wallace's Invocation to Bruce, Felicia Hemans imagines Wallace urging Bruce to continue the struggle for freedom after defeat at the Battle of Falkirk 
In 1828, Walter Scott wrote of "The Story of Sir William Wallace" in his Tales of a Grandfather (first series) 
G  A  Henty wrote a novel about this time period titled In Freedom's Cause: A Story of Wallace and Bruce (1885)  Henty, a producer of and writer for the Boy's Own Paper story paper, portrays the life of William Wallace, Robert the Bruce, The Black Douglas and others, while dovetailing the events of his novel with historical fiction 
Nigel Tranter wrote a historical novel titled The Wallace (1975), "admirably free of anything to do with Braveheart" 
The Temple and the Stone (1998), a novel by Katherine Kurtz and Deborah Turner Harris, includes a storyline creating a fictional connection between Wallace and Templar Knights 

Gaming
Wallace is the subject and protagonist of the tutorial campaign in realtime strategy game Age of Empires II 

Beer
A number of beers are named for Wallace  A brewery in Bridge of Allan, Scotland, makes a Scottish ale named "William Wallace", and Scottish Maclays Brewery had a beer called "Wallace" 

See also
Auchenbathie Tower – Wallace's Knowe
Clan Wallace
Wallace's Heel Well – an imprint of Wallace's heel in stone
Wallace's Well – Robroyston, Glasgow
Passage 2:
William Wallace (disambiguation)
William Wallace (died 1305) was a Scottish knight, landowner, and leader during the Wars of Scottish Independence 
William Wallace may also refer to:

Europeans
Willie Wallace (born 1940), Scottish footballer
William Wallace (footballer, born 1893) (1893–1917), English footballer
William Wallace of Failford (d  1616) Scottish courtier
William Wallace (mason) (died 1631), Scottish master mason and architect
William Vincent Wallace (1812–1865), Irish composer
William Wallace (philosopher) (1844–1897), Scottish philosopher
William Wallace (Scottish composer) (1860–1940), Scottish classical composer
William Wallace (Jesuit) (1863–1922), Irish Jesuit priest and Indologist
William Wallace, Baron Wallace of Saltaire (born 1941), British academic, writer and politician
William Wallace, real name of Ali Bongo (1929–2009), British comedy magician
Staker Wallace (1733–1798), United Irishman, sometimes referred to as William
William Herbert Wallace (1878–1933), English convicted 'murderer', later found to be innocent on appeal
William Kelly Wallace (1883–1969), Irish railway engineer
William Middleton Wallace (1892–1915), Scotland rugby player
William Wallace (mathematician) (1768–1843), Scottish mathematician
William Wallace (chemist) (1832–1888), Scottish chemist and city analyst for Glasgow
Sir William Wallace (marine engineer) (1881–1963), inventor of naval technology and Scottish businessman

Americans
William Wallace Lincoln (1850–1862), son of Abraham Lincoln
William A  A  Wallace (1817–1899), Texas Ranger captain with the nickname "Bigfoot"
William A  Wallace (organizational theorist) (born 1935), Professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
William A  Wallace (1827–1896), U S  Senator from Pennsylvania
William C  Wallace (1856–1901), U S  Representative from New York 
William E  Wallace (1917–2004), known as Ed Wallace to his friends and associates, physical chemist
William H  Wallace (1811–1879), first territorial governor and Congressional delegate from Idaho Territory
William Henry Wallace (1827–1901), Confederate general and South Carolina state legislator
W  H  L  Wallace (1821–1862), Union general in the American Civil War
William J  Wallace (Indianapolis mayor)
William A  Wallace (Illinois politician), Illinois state representative
William J  Wallace (USMC) (1895–1977), American Marine Corps aviation officer
William James Wallace (1837–1917), lawyer and federal judge in the United States
William M  Wallace (1911–2000), American historian
William Miller Wallace (1844–1924), U S  Army general
William O  Wallace (1906–1968), Hollywood set decorator
William Robert Wallace (1886–1960), American judge
William Ross Wallace (1819–1881), American poet
William S  Wallace (born 1946), General in the United States Army
William T  Wallace (1828–1909), Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California and an Attorney General of California
William A  Wallace, historian, philosopher, and River Forest Thomist
Bill Wallace (American football) (1912–1993), American football player
Bill Wallace (martial artist) (born 1945), kickboxer

Canadians
William Wallace (Canadian politician) (1820–1887), Scottish-born merchant and politician in Ontario
William Tracy Wallace (1880–1947), Canadian-born artist in England
William Stewart Wallace (1884–1970), historian, librarian, and editor
William Wallace (rower) (1901–1967), Olympic rower
Bill Wallace (musician) (born 1949), musician

New Zealanders
Billy Wallace (1878–1972), New Zealand rugby union player
William Wallace (born 1971), actor, appeared in The Cult and Step Dave

South Americans
William Wallace (Brazilian footballer) (born 2002), Brazilian footballer

See also

Sir William Wallace Hotel, a historic pub in the suburb of Balmain, New South Wales, Australia
William Wallis (disambiguation)
Bill Wallace (disambiguation)
Passage 3:
William Keith of Galston
Sir William Keith of Galston (died 1337) was a Scottish Knight who fought in the Wars of Scottish Independence  He brought the bones and heart of James Douglas, as well as King Robert I of Scotland's heart, back to Scotland after Douglas was killed on crusade in Spain 

Life
Keith was the son of Robert de Keith, and grandson of John de Keith King's Marischal 
Keith fought alongside Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray, and James Douglas, Lord of Douglas, during the street fighting during the capture of the town of Berwick from the English in 1318, which led to the surrender of Berwick Castle Upon the death of Robert I of Scotland in 1329, he accompanied Sir James Douglas with a retinue of Scottish nobles on crusade  The party stopped first at Sluys, Flanders, where confirmation was received that Alfonso XI of Castile was preparing a crusading campaign against the Muslims of the kingdom of Granada  The Scots sailed on to Seville, Spain to meet Alfonso XI and pledge their support  He was one of the few survivors of Douglas's party of knights and men-at-arms who survived the siege and battle of Teba, not being able to take part in the skirmish, after suffering a broken arm  He was responsible for returning the King's heart and Douglas' bones and heart to Scotland, where the King's heart was buried at Melrose Abbey, and Douglas's remains solemnly interred in the kirk of St Bride in Douglas 
He was in command at Berwick again in 1333 when the disastrous English victory at Halidon Hill took place  In 1334, he captured the English nobleman Richard Talbot, an ally of Edward Balliol, as he was attempting to pass into England from the north In 1335 Keith was an ambassador to England, and in 1337 he was fighting at the Siege of Stirling Castle, where he was killed 

Issue
William Keith had a daughter:

Jonetta Keith, married 1st David Hamilton of Cadzow; married 2nd Alexander Stewart of Darnley 
Passage 4:
Lake Wallace
Lake Wallace is a freshwater lake located in Edenhope in the Wimmera region of Victoria, Australia  The lake is named after William Wallace In 1866, Australian cricketer Tom Wills trained a team of Aborigines on the lake's banks  The team played throughout Victoria and New South Wales, and several members formed the Aboriginal team which toured England in 1868 
Passage 5:
David de Inchmartin
Sir David de Inchmartin (died 4 August 1306) was a Scottish knight who took part in the War of Scottish Independence, as a supporter of Robert de Brus  He was captured and later executed by the English in 1306

Life
David was the son of John de Inchmartin  He held lands in Inchmartine (now Inchture), in Perth and Kinross  He was with Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Methven  During the battle on 19 June 1306, David was captured by English forces under Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke  A number of Bruce's closest supporters were also captured  The Earl of Pembroke refused to summarily execute the prisoners as ordered by Edward I of England  David was executed by hanging on 4 August at Newcastle-upon-Tyne 

Citations
Passage 6:
John de Seton
Sir John de Seton (d 4 August 1306) was a knight who took part in the War of Scottish Independence, as a supporter of Robert de Brus  He held lands in England and Scotland 
Seton was a son of Sir John de Seton of Skelton, Cumberland and Erminia Lascelles  His brothers were Christopher and Humphrey de Seton  This branch of the Seton family had long served the Bruces in Yorkshire, Cumberland and Scotland 
John performed fealty to King Edward I of England at Berwick on 28 August 1296  Seton was present on 10 February 1306 when Sir John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch was stabbed by Robert de Brus in Greyfriars Church, Dumfries  A letter of excommunication was issued naming the Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick and three other knights, Sir Alexander Lindsay, Sir Christopher Seton and his brother, John as John Comyn's murderers  
He was captured by English forces after the fall of Tibbers Castle in 1306  John was hanged and drawn at Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 4 August 1306  He was executed on the basis that he was a witness to the murder of John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch by Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick at Dumfries and holding Tibbers Castle against Edward I  His lands in Cumnock, Ayrshire were given to Roger, son of Finlay, in a charter from Robert de Brus, where it mentions a brother and a son 

Citations
Passage 7:
William Oliphant (died after 1313)
Sir William Oliphant (died aft  1313), was a Scottish knight and Governor of Stirling Castle during the Wars of Scottish Independence  He switched loyalties to the English and died in a Scottish prison 

Life
Sir William Oliphant fought at the Battle of Dunbar in 1296, where the Scots, under their king John Balliol, were defeated by the invading English  Following the battle he was captured and taken to Devizes Castle in England where he was imprisoned  He was freed on 8 September 1297 and with his fellow prisoner John of Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl returned to Scotland to serve in King Edward I's army  Breaking his pledge to Edward I, he next appears as the governor of Stirling Castle and when attacked by King Edward's army he refused to surrender without permission of the Guardian of Scotland, John de Soules who was in France at the time  His small garrison held out against the full might of Edward's army until 20 July 1304 when they were forced to surrender  While Edward agreed to favorable terms in writing, immediately after the surrender he broke the terms and imprisoned Oliphant in the Tower of London  In this same year all of Scotland with the exception of William Wallace swore fealty to Edward I In 1308, he was released on mainprise on 24 May 1308 and shortly afterwards returned to Scotland where he served king Edward II of England  In 1309 he was at Stirling castle  By 1312 Sir William was in command of the key English outpost, the fortified town of Perth  A six-week siege by Robert the Bruce had little effect so the Scots withdrew in open sight of the English garrison  Little more than a week later after nightfall, the Scots crossed the Lade, Perth's moat at the time, and climbed the wall  They took the town with little bloodshed  However many of the higher ranking Scots and English were executed while most of the English were allowed to go free  Sir William However, John Barbour said that King Robert "commanded on great pains" that only those who could not be captured were to be killed  Since Oliphant was not executed but was sent in chains to the western Isles, where he apparently died a prisoner there is some reason to think Barbour was correct  There is no further mention of him in any records 

Notes
Passage 8:
Bernard de Monte Alto
Sir Bernard de Monte Alto (de Mowat) was a Scottish knight who took part in the War of Scottish Independence, as a supporter of Robert de Brus 
Bernard was the son of Roger de Monte Alto, Sheriff of Cromarty and the younger brother of William de Monte Alto  He was with Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Methven on 19 June 1306 and was captured by English forces under Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke  He was drawn and hanged at Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 4 August 1306  Bernard was executed for bearing arms against King Edward I of England on the side of Robert de Brus, fighting at the Battle of Methven, and killing Roger de Tany, the king's valet, in Selkirk Forest 

Notes
Passage 9:
Reginald Crawford (died 1307)
Sir Reginald Crawford (died 17 February 1307) was a Scottish knight who took part in the Wars of Scottish Independence 
In 1296 he was appointed as Sheriff of Ayr by the English administration   In June 1297 he was one of several Scots nobles who did a deal where they were released by the English to fight against Andrew Moray   This suggests that he may have taken  part in the revolt in early 1297 which ended in the capitulation at Irvine  
He became a supporter of Robert the Bruce and was captured during the Battle of Loch Ryan in February 1307  He was executed by hanging in Carlisle, England He may have been related to the Ronald Crawford who was hanged at the Barns of Ayr, but this issue is surrounded by uncertainty and later legend 
Passage 10:
David, Lord of Brechin
Sir David de Brechin (died 1320) was a Scottish knight who fought on both sides during the Wars of Scottish Independence 

Life
He was the son of Sir William de Brechin by Elena Comyn, daughter of Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan and Elizabeth de Quincy  Sir William was the son of Henry, an illegitimate son of David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon  Brechin is first attested to as a ward of a Sir John de Callendar in 1292 Brechin fought in the Earl of Surrey's army at the Battle of Dunbar, and was granted lands previously owned by Alan Durward He name appears twice on the 1296 Ragman Rolls for Forfarshire In the train of Robert the Bruce, he was present at Peebles when the Bruce, John Comyn, and William Lamberton were sworn in as Guardians of Scotland  Brechin returned to Galloway with Bruce By 1301, Sir David was still active in southwestern Scotland  On 8 September Brechin was in a force led by Sir John de Soulis and Sir Ingram de Umfraville, that attacked Lochmaben Castle, and was wounded in the fight Brechin returned to English service when he did homage to Edward I of England at the Siege of Stirling Castle Continuing in English service, Brechin was present at the Battle of Inverurie, and according to John Barbour, he retired after the battle to Brechin Castle where he was besieged by David Earl of Atholl  However this is contested by the historian and genealogist Sir James Balfour Paul  According to all records, Strathbogie was still in the service of the English, so the capture of Brechin Castle must have been accomplished by another of King Robert's following On 6 April 1320, Brechin appended his seal to the Declaration of Arbroath 
At a parliament at Scone (later known as the Black Parliament) in August that year, Brechin was found complicit along with William de Soules, the Countess of Strathearn and others in a conspiracy to depose the king   For this offence Brechin was executed Although there is no reason to doubt his guilt, his execution surprised many people, as he was seen as a "flower of chivalry", having acquitted himself well in battle against the Saracens during the crusades 

Marriages and issue
Brechin appears to have married Margaret de Bonkyll, widow of Sir John Stewart of Bonkyll, by 1304 when she is recorded as his wife  and had issue 

Margaret de Brechin, married in 1315 to Sir David de BarclayDavid de Brechin appears to have married secondly a Margaret Ramsay 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Portland International Airport MAX Station
Portland International Airport, or just Airport on station signage, is a light rail station in Portland, Oregon, United States, served by TriMet as part of the MAX Light Rail system  It serves Portland International Airport as the eastern terminus of the Red Line, which connects travelers to downtown Portland and Beaverton  The station is attached to ground floor of the main passenger terminal, near the southern end of the arrivals hall and baggage claim area  It features a wedge-shaped island platform, just beyond which both tracks join because the section approaching the terminal is single-tracked 
Portland International Airport station was built as part of the Airport MAX project; construction began in July 2000, and it opened on September 10, 2001  Trains serve it for 22 hours daily with headways of 15 minutes during most of the day  In late 2018, the station recorded an average of 2,461 weekday boardings 

History
Portland's regional transit agency, TriMet, had served Portland International Airport with bus routes since 1970, notably with route 12–Sandy Boulevard since 1986, the same year planners from Metro (the Portland metropolitan area's regional government) first proposed an airport light rail line  Early plans envisioned a line running from Clackamas to the airport via Interstate 205 (I-205) using rights-of-way provided by the I-205 busway, which was originally built to accommodate a bus rapid transit line that never operated  In 1991, the Port of Portland adopted a multi-phased, $300 million airport master plan to address expected passenger traffic growth through 2010; the plan raised the capacity of the main passenger terminal building, as well as provisioned for a future light rail station outside the terminal's arrivals hall  By 1994, travelers using the airport had risen by 34 percent, far exceeding the Port's projections  Port officials, struggling to meet the surge in demand, moved to accelerate airport light rail plans, which regional planners did not anticipate until the late 2000s  TriMet—which by then was operating the region's light rail system called Metropolitan Area Express (MAX)—also aimed to complete its Westside MAX and the South/North Corridor projects before it would consider extending MAX to the airport In 1996, engineering firm Bechtel approached the Port with an unsolicited proposal to build the airport line  After negotiations between Bechtel, the Port, and local jurisdictions, Bechtel was granted the design–build contract for the light rail extension in exchange for development rights to the 120-acre (48 6 ha) Portland International Center, the largest commercially zoned property in Portland at the time  Bechtel later developed this property and renamed it Cascade Station  The Port projected the airport terminal station to cost $8 4 million and allocated a $3 ticket fee to fund its construction  Delta Airlines, Reno Air, and United Airlines protested the use of ticket fees but the Federal Aviation Administration authorized it in May 1999  Construction of the Airport MAX extension commenced the following month  Hoffman Construction began building the station's platform in July 2000 and by August, Stacy and Witbeck had started to lay the 3,000 ft (914 4 m) of rail along the segment closest to the terminal On September 10, 2001, the station opened along with the entire Airport MAX extension that introduced Red Line service between downtown Portland and the airport  Celebrations planned for the following weekend were canceled following the September 11 attacks, and the airport was closed for three days  Planners projected single-car trains to initially serve Portland International Airport station but TriMet deployed two-car consists on the line after recording 3,800 riders over Thanksgiving weekend in November 2001  In September 2003, TriMet extended Red Line service farther west using the existing Westside MAX tracks to Beaverton Transit Center  This was done in an effort to provide a one-seat ride to the airport for westside riders  In 2006, the station handled more than one million passengers in a single year for the first time TriMet had reintroduced bus service to the airport with the 272–PDX Night Bus route on September 2, 2018  The bus route ran in the late night and early morning hours when the Red Line was not operating  It was indefinitely suspended on April 5, 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic 

Station details
The station's platform is situated at ground level just outside the main passenger terminal, near the southernmost entrance and within 150 ft (45 7 m) of the baggage claim area  It features a wedge-shaped island platform and a glass canopy designed by ZGF Architects, which also designed the airport terminal's main-entrance canopy  An 80-seat station lobby is located inside the terminal and has ticket vending machines and real-time displays showing train departure times  The station occupies the end of a single-track section of the Airport MAX segment; the only other such section on the MAX system is located on another segment of the Airport MAX near Gateway/Northeast 99th Avenue Transit Center 

Public art
Public art pieces commissioned for the Airport MAX Project have a common theme of "flight"  The station houses one art installation as part of TriMet's Public Art Program, which is funded at 1 5 percent of a project's total cost  Time Flies by Christine Bourdette is a large, porcelain enamel mural that is displayed on a wall between the station platform and the baggage claim area  The work is described as "a sequence of images related to time and motion"   Bourdette also installed bronze rails that lead passengers from the escalators to the platform and blue chevrons on the platform pavement to depict movement 

Services
Portland International Airport station is served by TriMet's MAX Red Line, which connects the airport to Northeast Portland, Portland City Center, and central Beaverton  In late 2018, the station recorded an average of 2,461 boardings on weekdays  The day's first train arrives from Beaverton Transit Center  The last three westbound trips travel eastbound to Ruby Junction/East 197th Avenue station as through services of the Blue Line  Headway between trains varies from 15 minutes for most of the day to 30 minutes during the early mornings and late evenings  Services operate on all days of the week and are the most frequent on weekdays  Trains from the station take approximately 40 minutes to reach Pioneer Square in downtown Portland—where transfers to all lines are available—and approximately 65 minutes to reach the other end of the line at Beaverton Transit Center 
Passage 2:
Gerald R  Ford International Airport
Grand Rapids Gerald R  Ford International Airport (IATA: GRR, ICAO: KGRR, FAA LID: GRR) is a commercial airport in Cascade Township approximately 13 miles (21 km) southeast of Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States  The facility is owned by the Kent County Board of Commissioners and managed by an independent authority   The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a small hub primary commercial service facility The facility opened as the Kent County Airport and later became Kent County International Airport  In December 1999, the airport was renamed for Gerald R  Ford, the 40th Vice President and the 38th President of the United States  Ford represented the Grand Rapids area in the United States House of Representatives from 1949 to 1973 
The airport is the largest commercial airport in the West Michigan region and is the second-largest airport in Michigan after Detroit Metropolitan Airport  GRR covers 3,127 acres (1,265 ha) The airport currently has flights to 37 domestic airports 

History
Grand Rapids' first airport broke ground in November 1919, four miles (6 4 km) south of downtown  This was eight years after the area witnessed its first landing, a Wright biplane at Comstock Park State Fairgrounds on September 10, 1911  The airport was operated by the Kent County Board of Supervisors 
The first scheduled air service in the United States was between Grand Rapids and Dearborn on a Ford-Stout monoplane named Miss Grand Rapids, which started July 26, 1926 
In 1938–39, the Works Progress Administration made improvements including new runways and runway widening, fencing, sodding, lighting, remodeling the administration building and construction of a new restaurant Circa 1940, the airport extended between 32nd and 36th Streets, from Jefferson Avenue east to the railroad; the west end was soon expanded south to just north of Himes Street and in the 1950s runway 18/36 was extended to 5700’ and reached south to 44th Street 
In 1959, the county began construction on the present airport in Cascade Township, several miles east of the first airport  The new airport opened November 23, 1963, and was dedicated June 6, 1964; it had a 6,600-foot (2,000 m) runway designated 08/26 and a 3,400-foot (1,000 m) designated 18/36  The first scheduled jet was a United Airlines Boeing 737-200 on April 28, 1968, from Chicago O'Hare  The aircraft, N9003U, was named 'City of Grand Rapids'  In 1968, the only scheduled non-stops beyond Michigan were to Chicago and Green Bay 
On January 27, 1977, the Board of Commissioners renamed Kent County Airport as Kent County International Airport with the opening of a U S  Customs Service Office in the main terminal building 
In 1997, the board added the 8,500-foot (2,600 m) runway 17/35 to allow continued operations during a $32 million reconstruction of runway 8R/26L, completed in 2001  It completed a passenger terminal renovation in 2000 at a cost of approximately $50 million In 2004, the airport served more than 2 million passengers for the first time in a year  In 2010, the airport broke the 2004 record with almost 2 2 million passengers, as increase of over 23% from 2009 
On January 2, 2007, a U S  Air Force jet carried the remains of former president Gerald Ford to his namesake airport as part of funeral services culminating in burial at his presidential museum in Grand Rapids the next day 
From April 2010 through October 2011, the airport was a focus city for Allegiant Air Air Canada operated the airport's only international flights to Toronto Pearson International Airport from July 2008 until September 2013   It was the airline's second attempt at service between the two markets Delta Air Lines operates Boeing 757-200s seasonally between Grand Rapids and Detroit during the summer, making it the largest aircraft to serve GRR Allegiant Air announced in mid-January 2019 that they would be making the airport one of Allegiant's 16 focus cities once again  After dropping GRR as a focus city in 2011, Allegiant is upgrading GRR again to a focus city adding Nashville, Tennessee, and Savannah-Hilton Head, Georgia, as new routes In 2013 the airport began building a natural treatment system to improve stormwater management practices and safeguard the waters of the Thornapple River  The new, innovative system will include a biological treatment system that will improve collection of stormwater runoff and naturally remove sediments and pollutants before sending the water to the Thornapple River, which flows just east of the airfield The airport eliminated the two separate security checkpoints in each concourse and created one consolidated checkpoint in the grand hall area to help traffic flow much faster and to be prepared for future growth  In addition, the grand hall area and the entrance area to the airport was renovated with more shopping and dining options  Work began in late 2015 and completed in June 2017 The airport began construction of a roof over the parking deck in March 2015 to increase close-in, covered, long-term parking  The roof covers most of the fourth floor, though some spaces on the fourth and third floors remain uncovered due to airfield sight-line requirements for the FAA control tower  The garage roof was completed in November 2015 and will allow use of the fourth floor spaces during heavy snow In 2016, the airport partnered with the Cascade Community Foundation on plans to renovate the current outdoor viewing area to make it a larger, more inviting place for people to relax   The renovated park opened in May 2017 In November 2018 the airport began the phase II of the Gateway Transformation Project, reconstructing the baggage claim, check-in, and front of house areas, and have completed the apron reconstruction adding new pavement to the apron and taxiway areas 

Facilities
Gerald R  Ford International Airport has two parallel east–west runways and one north–south runway  Along with cargo and general aviation facilities, the airport has a passenger terminal with two concourses: A has seven gates and B has eight  Runways 08R/26L and runway 17/35 have ILS  The airport also has a 5,000-foot (1,500 m) general aviation runway north of the main 08R/26L runway 
In September 2017, the airport celebrated the opening of phase one of their Gateway Transformation, a 59,000 square foot addition onto the passenger terminal facility that included a consolidated passenger security screening checkpoint, a new Marketplace with expanded retail and food & beverage offerings, new business centers and lounges, and much more  Concourse A's tenants are Allegiant Air, Delta Air Lines, American Airlines and Frontier Airlines  Southwest Airlines and United Airlines occupy Concourse B  All gates have climate-controlled jetways 
The airport is served by Signature Flight Support, which operates an FBO on the field  Besides fuel, the facility provides general maintenance, aircraft parking, courtesy and rental cars, conference rooms, pilot supplies, a crew lounge, snooze rooms, and more When new baggage screening regulations were introduced by the Transportation Security Administration in 2002, the airport was the first in the nation to conduct trials on the new screening machines  The baggage processing areas were too small for the machines so they were placed in the passenger lobby The airport is also home to the West Michigan Aviation Academy, a public charter high school that focuses on aviation, STEM, and robotics educations  The school offers a fleet of Cessna 172 aircraft for flight training, allows students to build a Carbon Cub EX2 plane, and has a Redbird LD flight simulator 

Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Source:

Cargo
Source: Flight Aware

Statistics
Top domestic destinations
Airline market share
Annual traffic
Ground transportation
The airport is at the intersection of 44th Street and Patterson Avenue  It abuts I-96 on the east, M-6 on the south, M-37 on the west, and M-11 on the north 
Metro Cab and Metro Cars provides taxi and luxury sedan service and the airport is served by Avis, Budget, Enterprise, Hertz, and National/Alamo rental car companies on-site Rapid route 17, Woodland/Airport, travels between the airport and Woodland Mall (Kentwood Station) on weekdays between 6:30 a m  and 10:30 p m  From Woodland Mall, passengers can continue on to downtown or parts of the east side of Grand Rapids via routes 5 and 6, or across town to Grandville and Wyoming on routes 24, 28, and 44 

Planned development
In late August 2019, the airport made an announcement about its next focus, Project Elevate  This phase of airport development, consisting of three major projects, includes a $90 million expansion and extension of Concourse A to encompass 8 more gates, a $50 million relocation and construction of a new air traffic control tower as well as a $25 million federal inspection station to facilitate departures and arrivals of direct international flights A $156 million rental car facility was announced in 2023 and is expected to be completed by late 2025 

Accidents & Incidents
On May 9, 2008, a Cessna 208 Caravan operating for Federal Express by CSA Air crashed just north of Grand Rapids  The pilot was injured 
On September 6, 2010, a Cessna 210 Centurion that departed from Grand Rapids made an emergency landing in a field due to an engine failure  The aircraft was on a training flight at the time of impact  The probable cause of the accident was found to be a fatigue failure of the crankshaft due to the loss of engine case through-bold torque 
On October 29, 2012, a Delta Air Lines McDonnell Douglas MD-88 diverted to the airport after an engine issue  The engine was shut off and the plane was able to land safely 
On January 9, 2022, an aircraft returned to the airport due to a landing gear problem  It landed safely back at the airport 
On July 8, 2022, an American Airlines flight en route from Chicago to Buffalo, New York diverted to Grand Rapids due to smoke in the cockpit  The plane landed safely and there were no injuries 
On December 16, 2022, a Delta Air Lines Airbus A320 departed Grand Rapids for Minneapolis–Saint Paul and returned shortly after departure following an engine failure  The aircraft landed safely and the 147 passengers and crew were uninjured 
Passage 3:
Portland International Airport
Portland International Airport (IATA: PDX, ICAO: KPDX, FAA LID: PDX) is a joint civil–military airport and the largest airport in the U S  state of Oregon, accounting for 90% of the state's passenger air travel and more than 95% of its air cargo  It is within Portland's city limits just south of the Columbia River in Multnomah County, 6 miles (10 kilometers) by air and 12 mi (19 km) by highway northeast of downtown Portland  Portland International Airport is often referred to by its IATA airport code, PDX  The airport covers 3,000 acres (1,214 ha) of land Portland International Airport has direct flights and connections to most major airports throughout the United States, and non-stop international flights to Canada, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Iceland and the United Kingdom  The airport is a hub for Alaska Airlines  It also has a maintenance facility for Alaska Air subsidiary Horizon Air  General aviation services are provided at PDX by Atlantic Aviation  The Oregon Air National Guard has a base on the southwest portion of the airport property grounds, and is also the host unit of the 142nd Fighter Wing (142 FW), which operates the F-15 Eagle  Local transportation includes the MAX Red Line light rail, which takes passengers between PDX and downtown Portland, as well as farther west to Beaverton  There is also Interstate 205, which connects to southwestern Washington (north from PDX) along with many suburbs of Portland (south from PDX) 
PDX receives top honors among many polls: Travel + Leisure magazine 2013 readers' poll for best US airport; Condé Nast Traveler in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2010: top airport for business travelers; #1 in 2015, 2016, and 2019 by J D  Power and Associates for U S  "Large Passenger Airports" and overall highest amongst passenger satisfaction; the 2015 ALPA Airport of the Year 

History
Portland's first airport was the Swan Island Municipal Airport, northwest of downtown Portland on the Willamette River  The Port of Portland purchased 256 acres (104 ha) and construction began in 1926  Charles Lindbergh flew in and dedicated the new airfield in 1927 
By 1935 it was becoming apparent to the Port of Portland that the airport was becoming obsolete  The small airfield couldn't easily be expanded, nor could it accommodate the larger aircraft and passenger loads expected to become common to Portland  Plans immediately were conceived to relocate the outdated airfield to a larger site  The Swan Island area is now used by the Port of Portland as an industrial park 

Construction and early operations
The Portland City Council purchased the present PDX site in 1936  It was 700 acres (280 ha) bordered by the Columbia River in the north and the Columbia Slough in the south  The city council issued US$300,000 and asked the Port of Portland to sponsor a US$1 3 million Works Progress Administration (WPA) grant to develop the site into a "super airport"  The project provided badly needed Great Depression-era jobs  Construction of the airport steadily employed over 1,000 men, and was described by historian Neil Barker as "Portland's most significant public works improvement during the New Deal era"  The WPA and Port of Portland faced difficulties in preparing the site for construction because the low-lying area was frequently covered by flood waters from the Columbia River  Workers covered the area with over 4 million cubic yards (3,100,000 m3) of sand to help drain it of water, and constructed a series of dikes to control flooding  Two runways capable of serving the modern aircraft of the time were operational by 1941  The airport was designated Portland–Columbia Airport to distinguish it from then-operating Swan Island Airport  During World War II, the airfield was used by the United States Army Air Forces 
The "super airport" had a terminal on the north side, off Marine Drive, and five runways (NE-SW, NW-SE, and an E-W runway forming an asterisk)  This configuration was adequate until a new terminal and a longer, 8,800-foot (2,700 m) east–west runway were constructed in 1952  View airport diagrams: 1955 and 1965
In 1948 the entire airport grounds were flooded during the Vanport Flood, forcing scheduled airline services to reroute to nearby Troutdale Airport  The grounds were under water for several months 

New terminal (1950s)
A new terminal opened in 1959, which for the most part serves as the present facility  The new terminal is located to the east of the original runways, and north of the then-new 8,800 ft (2,700 m) runway  Construction of a second east–west runway to the north made this a midfield terminal  At this point, all but the NE-SW (3/21) runway in the original "X" were abandoned and turned into taxiways  3/21 was extended for use as a cross-wind runway  "International" was added to the airport's official designation after the 1950s-era improvements



ground_truth: director

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What lake in Australia is named after a Scottish Knight?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 
Plans made in 1968 to add a third runway by means of filling in parts of the Columbia River were met with vocal public opposition and scrapped  The airport switched from screening passengers at individual gates to screening all visitors at concourse entrances in 1973 as new FAA regulations went into effect  In 1974, the south runway was extended to 11,000 feet (3,400 m) to service the newest jumbo jets  The terminal building was renovated and expanded in 1977 By the 1980s, the terminal building began an extensive renovation in order to update PDX to meet future needs  The ticketing and baggage claim areas were renovated and expanded, and a new Concourse D for Alaska Airlines was added in 1986  Concourse E was first to be reconstructed in 1992, and featured PDX's first moving sidewalks  The Oregon Marketplace, a small shopping mall, was added in the former waiting areas behind the ticket counters 
The early 1990s saw a food court and extension added to Concourse C, and the opening of the new Concourse D in 1994  This marked the first concessions inside secured areas, allowing passengers to purchase items without having to be re-screened 
An expanded parking garage, new control tower, and canopy over the curbside were finished in the late 1990s  Although hailed by architectural critics, the canopy blocked views of Mount Hood from the curbside   On July 31, 1997, during construction, the garage addition collapsed due to inadequate bolts holding girders together and inadequate securing of structural members, killing three steelworkers The present H-shape of the PDX terminal, designed by Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership, was completed on September 10, 2001, when the new A, B and C concourses, as well as the light rail line, were finished  Probably the most stunning portion of PDX's interior, the new concourses reflect a Northwest theme, focusing heavily on the nearby Columbia River  A huge celebration was to be held the following weekend, but the events of September 11, 2001, interceded  The new concourses, designed to be public spaces, were closed to non-passengers 
In August 2005, the concourse connector was opened  This is a long hallway on the secure side of the airport that connects the A, B and C concourses to the D and E concourses on the other side of the airport  If there is a long line at the checkpoint at one end of the airport, passengers may use the other checkpoint and walk through the connector to their desired concourse  The connector closed permanently on January 5, 2021, to make room for terminal expansion The airport's carpet, installed in 1987, was designed to stylize the criss-crossing north and south runways  Beginning in 2014, a new design replaced the original pattern  In response, many residents created products to celebrate the carpet as a local icon In December 2016, The Port of Portland renovated the security checkpoints and immigration facilities as part of its PDXNext project  This included the relocation, and wider of the exit lanes by the security checkpoints and upgraded security on both sides of the terminal 

Terminal expansion (2020s)
In the latter half of 2016, the Port of Portland and several airlines at PDX approved a project intended to balance the use of the terminal and concourses at Portland International Airport  The subsequent project extended Concourse E by 750 feet (230 m) and added 6 new gates to the facility  After the project, Southwest Airlines relocated its operations from Concourse C to the newly expanded Concourse E, alongside United Airlines  With the relocation of Southwest Airlines to Concourse E, Alaska Airlines, American Airlines and JetBlue Airways became the primary users of Concourses B and C  Construction on this project began in the spring of 2017 and opened to passengers on July 15, 2020 Concourse A was demolished in November 2019 due to the age and space of the structure and was replaced by an expanded Concourse B  The extension featured 4 jet bridges, 6 ground loading zones, and improved concession stands  All Horizon operations that operated out of Concourse A was temporarily moved to Concourse C until the expanded Concourse B was completed  The new concourse opened on December 8, 2021 In March 2020, the main terminal began a 5-year expansion process to generate more open space in the pre-security area and an expansion of 150 feet toward the west  The Concourse Connector was closed in January 2021 and the Clocktower Plaza closed 3 months later to make room for the expansion  During construction, the remains of the concourse connector will be reused for passengers to bypass the construction zone to get to concourses C and D  Construction of the new main terminal is expected to be complete by 2025 

Domestic service
The April 1957 OAG shows 38 United departures per day, ten West Coast, eight Northwest and six Western  Alaska had four a week and Pacific Northern had three; Pan Am and Northwest both flew SEA-PDX-HNL and back, Pan Am with five DC-7C round trips a week and Northwest with four DC-6Bs  Portland's first jets were Pan Am 707-321s about October 1959 
In 1966 PDX had nonstop flights to SLC, DEN, ORD and no other cities farther east than Boise; in 1977 nonstops reached LAS–PHX–DEN–DFW–ORD and no others east of Boise  In 1967 United started PDX's first transcon nonstop, to JFK; it ended in 1973 
By 1974, the airport was served by Braniff, Cascade, Continental, Eastern, Hughes Airwest, Northwest Orient, Pan Am, United and Western, and the Seattle route was served by seven airlines with aircraft as large as Boeing 747s Air Oregon started short-haul service from Portland following deregulation in 1978, and by 1979 had routes to seven other cities in Oregon In the 1980s Air California had nonstop flights to Seattle, Reno and the Bay Area; PSA (Pacific Southwest Airlines) had nonstops to San Francisco and one or two to Reno and Sacramento  In 2010 Northwest's former Honolulu service was eliminated by Delta altogether  In 2015, Delta resumed its seasonal service to Honolulu 
United was the dominant carrier at PDX during the regulated era and through the 1980s On May 30, 2022, Alaska Airlines added New Orleans' Armstrong International Airport to its schedule, and in doing so, added the only domestic FAA-designated "large hub" airport missing from the southern airfield's roster  Flights AS142 and AS143 will operate daily, beginning January 5, 2023, between Portland and New Orleans, operated by a Boeing 737-900ER 

International service
The first international nonstop was Western's 720B to Vancouver in 1967 
United Airlines, then the dominant carrier at PDX, used Portland as a once-weekly stop for its Chicago–O'Hare-Tokyo–Narita service from 1983 to 1987  The flight stopped in Seattle/Tacoma six days a week and in Portland once a week  After United Airlines acquired Pan American World Airways' Asian routes in 1986, they were able to use Pan American World Airways' Boeing 747SP aircraft to eliminate the West Coast stop As United Airlines made plans to end Tokyo service from Portland, Delta Air Lines applied to begin Atlanta-Tokyo service via Portland using Lockheed L-1011 aircraft  Like United Airlines, Delta Air Lines lacked aircraft that could fly to Japan nonstop from the eastern United States; Delta Air Lines also lacked a West Coast hub at the time, and saw Portland as favorable international and domestic hub over Seattle, which was dominated by Northwest Airlines  After beginning Tokyo service in 1986, Delta Air Lines added a flight to Seoul in 1988, coinciding with the 1988 Summer Olympics; the Seoul flight was later extended to Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, and Taipei  By 1994, Delta Air Lines had introduced McDonnell Douglas MD-11 aircraft, and added another transpacific flight to Nagoya and domestic flights to New York City, Anchorage, Fairbanks, and other destinations  Delta Air Lines's hub had peaked in 1998, with additional service to Osaka and Fukuoka The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis hurt Delta Air Lines's operation, and international travel decreased even further due to complaints about treatment at the immigration facility in Portland, leading it to be nicknamed "DePortland"  The combination of these factors caused Delta Air Lines to discontinue what was then the last direct flight from Portland to Tokyo and from Portland to Nagoya in March 2001  This change brought local media scrutiny  This then combined with the resulting congressional pressure, caused the officials in charge of the immigration facility to address the problems 
Meanwhile, local travel businesses had begun recruiting other carriers  Lufthansa started direct flights to Frankfurt, Germany, in 2003, but suspended the route in 2009 citing lack of profitability  Northwest Airlines introduced non-stop flights to Tokyo–Narita on June 10, 2004, reviving a route terminated by Delta  Mexicana Airlines also introduced service to Guadalajara and Mexico City; after 5 years of service, Mexicana Airlines withdrew in 2008 due to high fuel prices and change in demand Northwest Airlines added nonstop service to Amsterdam in 2008  The service was reduced that year to a Northwest-operated Delta-flown 767-300, and occasionally a Northwest-operated Delta-flown 767-400  The service has since been fluctuating between 767-300s, 767-400s and A330-300s depending on the season  Air Canada operated seasonal service to Toronto–Pearson from 2010 to 2012 but was then resumed in May 2016  Since 2014, three more foreign carriers have begun service at PDX: Volaris with service to Guadalajara, Condor with seasonal service to Frankfurt, and Icelandair with seasonal service to Reykjavík–Keflavík  British Airways also recently announced service to London–Heathrow beginning in June, 2022 
Following its acquisition of Northwest, Delta Air Lines has maintained Northwest's nonstop flights to Amsterdam and Tokyo  The latter required a one-time $3 5 million subsidy from the Port of Portland to Delta in 2009 to maintain the route On May 31, 2016, Delta Air Lines announced seasonal nonstop service to London–Heathrow in the United Kingdom, which began on May 26, 2017  This service ended the following year  British Airways announced a year-round service to LHR which is scheduled to start in June 2022 
In May 2017, Delta Air Lines and Aeroméxico announced new non-stop service from Portland to Mexico City using Aeroméxico flown Boeing 737-800 aircraft, which began on December 1, 2017, but ended on January 7, 2019 On June 3, 2022, British Airways launched a non-stop flight to London Heathrow 4x a week with a Boeing 787-8  It was the first time in 4 years the two cities were connected via nonstop flights 

Terminal
There is one passenger terminal in the airport, with four concourses split between two sides  From January 5, 2021, until late 2023, the two sides are not connected beyond security  The airport also offers many complimentary services such as free Wi-Fi wireless internet access, a children's play area, and postal services 
The airport has a shopping mall behind its ticketing counters, with all shops and restaurants open every day  Because the state is one of the few in the nation with no sales tax, all stores offer tax-free shopping  The Port of Portland also requires all airport shops and restaurants to practice fair retail pricing—businesses are not allowed to charge more than at off-airport locations  Stores include national stores and Oregon-based ones such as Made in Oregon, Nike, Columbia Sportswear, Powell's Books, and Oregon Pendleton Shop among others   Food services also are a mix of national chains and local options Several local food carts are located within the pre-security concourse 

Concourses and terminals
The two sections of the main terminal (South and North) at Portland International Airport have four concourses (B, C, D, E)  In addition, Portland International Airport handles many operations from a variety of cargo transportation airlines 
The international section of Concourse D was renamed the Governor Victor G  Atiyeh International Concourse to honor the former Oregon governor, who was also known as "Trader Vic" for launching international tourism and trade initiatives during his gubernatorial term 

South TerminalConcourse B has 10 gates (B1–B10)
Concourse C has 23 gates (C1–C23)North TerminalConcourse D has 15 gates (D1–D15)
Concourse E has 12 gates (E2–E13)There are 60 gates within the two passenger terminals 

Airport lounges
South Terminal
Concourse B: None
Concourse C: Alaska Lounge – across from Gate C5North Terminal
Concourse D: Delta Sky Club – across from Gate D6
Concourse E: United Club – across from Gate E2

Airport facilities
Infrastructure
Jet fuel is supplied via the Portland Jet Line, an 8 inches (200 mm) Kinder Morgan fuel pipeline running from the Northwest Industrial area of Portland's Willbridge Terminal to the airport  Willbridge contains 40 tanks, connected to the 14 inches (360 mm) Olympic pipeline and 8 inches (200 mm) Eugene pipeline, BNSF rail, truck, and ships 

Bicycle resources
The lower terminal roadway near the TriMet MAX Red Line station has a work station and assembly for repairing bicycles  The Oregon Welcome Center also has a "Tool check-out" 

Mini-movie theater
In February 2017, the Hollywood Theatre opened a microcinema within the post-security section of concourse C near gate C5  The theater has seventeen seats, with an additional standing only room  The films shown run for approximately fifteen minutes, are free of charge and showcase the work of Portland-based filmmakers, primarily focused on the culture of the Pacific Northwest 

Distillery
Operating at Portland International Airport since the summer of 2013, House Spirits Distillery upgraded and expanded their presence at the airport in 2017 from a mobile kiosk to a larger, permanent retail location within concourse C, across from gate C6  Known for the anchor of Portland's "Distillery Row", House Spirits Distillery was recognized as the nation's "Best New Specialty Retail Concept, Small Operator" as awarded in 2015 by the Airport Revenue News  They were recognized for their immersive retail experience at the airport and its offerings of product tastings, branded apparel and distilled beverages  House Spirits Distillery is currently the first distillery in the world to operate a spirits tasting room within an airport location In addition to selling spirits and other curated items, House Spirits Distillery will also provide mini classes to introduce PDX fliers to their products during airport down time  The new retail experience is inspired by their new facility in Southeast Portland which opened in November 2015 and expanded the company's production capacity sixfold 

Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Cargo
Statistics
Top destinations
Airline market share
Annual traffic
Ground transportation
Public transit service to the airport is provided by TriMet, the metropolitan area's primary transit agency, with its MAX Red Line light rail service  During late nights, service is provided by the 272-PDX Night Bus route  The 1986-opened MAX Light Rail system was extended to the airport in 2001  The Red Line originally provided service as far as downtown Portland only, but in 2003 it was extended west to Beaverton  The light rail station is located only about 150 ft (50 m) from the airport's baggage claim area  Prior to 2001, TriMet service to the airport consisted of bus route 72-82nd Avenue from 1970 to 1986, and route 12-Sandy Blvd  from 1986 to 2001 C-Tran route 67 bus connects the airport to Fisher's Landing Transit Center in east Vancouver, Washington 
By road, the terminal is accessible from exit 24 on Interstate 205 

Accidents and incidents
On October 1, 1966, West Coast Airlines Flight 956 crashed in a desolate section of the Mount Hood National Forest during descent into Portland International Airport  Of the 18 passengers and crew, there were no survivors  The probable cause of the accident was "the descent of the aircraft below its clearance limit and below that of surrounding obstructing terrain, but the Board was unable to determine the cause of such descent " The accident was the first loss of a Douglas DC-9 
On December 28, 1978, United Airlines Flight 173 was en route to Portland International Airport from Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado  On approach to Portland International Airport, the crew lowered the landing gear which caused a loud thump, abnormal vibration, unusual yaw, and the landing gear indicator lights failed to light  The plane circled Portland while the crew investigated the problem  After about an hour, the plane exhausted its fuel supply and crashed into the suburban neighborhood of East Burnside Street and NE 158th Ave  Of the 189 passengers and crew on board, ten died and 24 more were injured  An investigation revealed that the crash was caused by "the failure of the captain to properly monitor the aircraft's fuel state"  This accident's investigation led to substantially improved aviation safety by widespread adoption of crew resource management which emphasizes crew teamwork and communication instead of a command hierarchy 
On February 16, 2008, visibility of 1/8 mile was a possible factor in the fatal accident that took the life of the pilot, Oregon doctor Richard Otoski, a Klamath Falls dermatologist flying his Columbia 400  The accident took place just short of runway 10R at Portland International Airport  Otoski was the only person on board the aircraft, manufactured by the former Lancair Company  "Damn it    we're gonna crash" were the last words PDX controllers heard from N621ER  The aircraft was apparently in the process of making another missed approach in poor visibility following the ILS when it clipped an airport perimeter fence, crashed, and soon caught fire  The aircraft had departed from Klamath Falls 90 minutes earlier 

Airport ratings
Travel + Leisure
In 2013, a Travel + Leisure magazine readers' poll named PDX as the best US airport, based on its on-time record, dining, shopping, and mass transportation into the main parts of the city  In 2015, ten new restaurants opened at PDX, making it a "foodie haven" according to travelers  PDX also got significant recognition for its unique carpet pattern, which was replaced throughout the entire airport with newer carpet that contains a similar design 

Condé Nast Traveler
In 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2010, PDX was identified as the top airport for business travelers in the United States by Condé Nast Traveler magazine  The Condé Nast ranking was based upon criteria including location and access, ease of connections, food, shops, amenities, comfort and design, and perceived safety and security; PDX received the top overall score, and the magazine noted the airport's environmentally friendly initiatives, including the airport's use of solar panels for power, its connection to the MAX Light Rail, and the recycling of its restaurants' used oil and grease 

J  D  Power and Associates
The 2015, 2016, and 2019 J D  Power and Associates rankings for US "Large Passenger Airports" lists PDX at the #1 spot and overall highest among passenger satisfaction criteria 

Air Line Pilots Association, International
In 2015 the Air Line Pilots Association, International, Airport and Ground Environment Group recognized Portland International Airport as the recipient of the Airport of the Year  The award was given as a result of the collaboration and partnering between PDX and ALPA on important on-going airport safety and construction issues 

Gallery
See also
Oregon World War II Army Airfields
Pearson Field
Portland-Mulino Airport
Tourism in Portland, Oregon
Western Air Defense Force
Passage 4:
United Airlines Flight 173
United Airlines Flight 173 was a scheduled flight from John F  Kennedy International Airport in New York City to Portland International Airport in Portland, Oregon, with a scheduled stop in Denver, Colorado  On December 28, 1978, the aircraft flying this route ran out of fuel while troubleshooting a landing gear problem and crashed in a suburban Portland neighborhood near NE 157th Avenue and East Burnside Street, killing 10 on board 

Aircraft
The aircraft involved was a Douglas DC-8 60 series, powered by four Pratt & Whitney JT3D engines and delivered new to United Airlines in May 1968    The aircraft was registered N8082U and was the 357th DC-8 built at the Long Beach assembly plant  The 60 series was a stretched version of the DC-8 that was 36 7 ft (11 2 m) longer than the DC-8 series 10 through 50 

Flight
Flight 173 was piloted by an experienced cockpit crew, consisting of Captain Malburn "Buddy" McBroom (age 52), First Officer Roderick "Rod" Beebe (45), and Flight Engineer Forrest "Frosty" Mendenhall (41)  McBroom had been with United Airlines for 27 years; he was one of the airline's most senior pilots with more than 27,600 hours of flight time, of which about 5,500 hours had been as a DC-8 captain  Beebe had been with the airline for 13 years and had logged more than 5,200 flight hours  Mendenhall had close to 3,900 flight hours and had been with the airline for 11 years  The first officer and flight engineer had over 2,500 hours of flying experience between them in the DC-8 Flight 173 departed from Denver's Stapleton International Airport at 15:47 MST with 189 people on board—eight crew and 181 passengers  The estimated flight time was 2 hours and 26 minutes, and the planned arrival time in Portland was 17:13 PST, about 40 minutes after sunset  According to the automatic flight plan and monitoring system, the total amount of fuel required for the flight to Portland was 31,900 lb (14,500 kg)  About 46,700 lb (21,200 kg) of fuel were on board the aircraft when it departed the gate in Denver 
As the landing gear was being lowered on approach to Portland International Airport, the crew felt an abnormal vibration and yaw of the aircraft and a lack of an indicator light showing the gear was lowered successfully  The crew requested a holding pattern to diagnose the problem, and for about the next hour, the crew flew over southeast Portland and worked to identify the status of the landing gear and prepare for a potential emergency landing  During this time, none of the three cockpit flight crew effectively monitored the fuel levels, which was exacerbated by the fact that the gear was down with the flaps at 15° during the entire hour-long holding maneuver, significantly increasing fuel burn rate  As a result, the number 3 and 4 engines flamed out 
As the crew prepared for a final approach for an emergency landing on runway 28L, they lost the number one and number two engines to a flameout, at which point a mayday was declared  This was the last radio transmission from Flight 173 to air traffic control; it crashed into a wooded section of a populated area of suburban Portland, about six nautical miles (11 km; 7 mi) southeast of the airport Of the crew members, two were killed, flight engineer Mendenhall and lead flight attendant Joan Wheeler; two sustained injuries classified by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) as "serious", and four sustained injuries classified as "minor/none"  Eight passengers died, and 21 had serious injuries The 304th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron of the Air Force Reserve, based at Portland International Airport, was conducting routine training flights in the area that evening  Airborne aircraft from this unit (HH-1H Huey helicopters) were immediately diverted to the crash scene and proceeded to transport many of the survivors to local hospitals 

Crash investigation and report
The NTSB investigation revealed that, when the landing gear was lowered, a loud thump was heard  That unusual sound was accompanied by abnormal vibration and yaw of the aircraft  The right main landing gear retract cylinder assembly had failed due to corrosion, and that allowed the right gear to free fall  Although it was down and locked, the rapid and abnormal free fall of the gear damaged a microswitch so severely that it failed to complete the circuit to the cockpit green light that tells the pilots that gear is down and locked  Those unusual indications (loud noise, vibration, yaw, and no green light) led the captain to abort the landing, so they would have time to diagnose the problem and prepare the passengers for an emergency landing  While the decision to abort the landing was prudent, the accident occurred because the flight crew became so absorbed with diagnosing the problem that they failed to monitor their fuel state and calculate a time when they needed to return to land or risk fuel exhaustion 
 The Safety Board believes that this accident exemplifies a recurring problem—a breakdown in cockpit management and teamwork during a situation involving malfunctions of aircraft systems in flight… Therefore, the Safety Board can only conclude that the flight crew failed to relate the fuel remaining and the rate of fuel flow to the time and distance from the airport, because their attention was directed almost entirely toward diagnosing the landing gear problem 
The NTSB determined the following probable cause:
 The failure of the captain to monitor properly the aircraft's fuel state and to properly respond to the low fuel state and the crewmember's advisories regarding fuel state



ground_truth: Lake Wallace

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Portland International Airport and Gerald R. Ford International Airport both located in Oregon?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  This resulted in fuel exhaustion to all engines  His inattention resulted from preoccupation with a landing gear malfunction and preparations for a possible landing emergency 
The NTSB also determined the following contributing factor:
 The failure of the other two flight crewmembers either to fully comprehend the criticality of the fuel state or to successfully communicate their concern to the captain
The fuel situation was known to be on the minds of the pilot and crew to some degree  Transcripts of cockpit recordings confirm this  Media reports at the time suggested that a not widely known problem existed with fuel state gauges on that model aircraft  The problem was not widely known in part because commercial aircraft are expected to fly with no less than a 45-minute reserve of fuel at all times  The gauge problem is addressed, though obliquely, in one of the safety board's recommendations:

 Issue an Operations Alert Bulletin to have FAA inspectors assure that crew training stresses differences in fuel-quantity measuring instruments and that crews flying with the new system are made aware of the possibility of misinterpretation of gauge readings  (Class II, Priority Action, A-79-32)
While the totalizer fuel gauge issue might have contributed to the crew's confusion toward the end of the flight, the NTSB report emphasized that the captain should never have allowed such a situation to develop in the first place  The NTSB made the following recommendation to specifically address that concern:

 Issue an operations bulletin to all air carrier operations inspectors directing them to urge their assigned operators to ensure that their flightcrews are indoctrinated in principles of flight deck resource management, with particular emphasis on the merits of participative management for captains and assertiveness training for other cockpit crewmembers  (Class II, Priority Action, X-79-17)

Aftermath
This last NTSB recommendation following the incident, addressing flight deck resource management problems, was the genesis for major changes in the way airline crewmembers were trained  This new type of training addressed behavioral management challenges such as poor crew coordination, loss of situational awareness, and judgment errors frequently observed in aviation accidents  It is credited with launching the crew resource management (CRM) revolution in airline training  Within weeks of the NTSB recommendation, NASA held a conference to bring government and industry experts together to examine the potential merits of this training United Airlines instituted the industry's first CRM for pilots in 1981  This program is now used throughout the world, prompting some to call the United 173 accident one of the most important in aviation history  The NTSB Air Safety Investigator who wrote the CRM recommendation was aviation psychologist Alan Diehl Assigned to investigate this accident, Diehl realized it was similar to several other major airline accidents including United Airlines Flight 2860, which occurred a little over a year before Flight 173 and under near identical circumstances; Eastern Air Lines Flight 401; and the Tenerife airport disaster  Diehl was familiar with the research being conducted at NASA’s Ames Research Center and believed these training concepts could reduce the likelihood of human error Held responsible for the accident, Captain McBroom lost his pilot's license and retired from United Airlines shortly afterwards  He spent his remaining years battling health problems related to injuries sustained in the crash, as well as lung and prostate cancers  Family members and passengers who spoke to McBroom at a 1998 reunion of crash survivors reported he was "a broken man" plagued by guilt over his role in the accident  He died on October 9, 2004 at age 77 One of the surviving passengers, a three-year-old in 1978, was awarded US$900,000 in damages from the airline by a Portland jury in 1984  She was injured and both her little sisters and her parents were killed Published in February 2018, Crash Course by Julie Whipple focuses on the events of the night of the crash, the investigation, and aftermath of the crash 

In popular culture
The events of Flight 173 were featured in "Focused on Failure" (also known as "Fatal Fixation"), a season-12 (2012) episode of the Canadian TV series Mayday (called Air Emergency in the US and Air Crash Investigation in the UK and elsewhere around the world) 
It is featured in season 2, episode 1, of the TV show Why Planes Crash, in an episode called "Crisis in the Sky" 
"One Against the Storm" By Stanley C  Mann 1980 ISBN 0938662007 Paperback Bailey/sullivan "About Joan Wheeler"

See also
Aviation safety
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
List of airline flights that required gliding
Passage 5:
Portland International Airport carpet
The carpet at Portland International Airport (PDX) in Portland, Oregon, featured geometric shapes on a teal background, representing the intersection of the north and south runways seen by air traffic controllers from the airport's tower at night  SRG Partnership designed it in 1987, and since then, the carpet has received much media attention 
In 2013, the Port of Portland announced the carpet's replacement with a new pattern conceptualized by the Portland-based firm Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Architects  The announcement generated a social media "phenomenon" and gained attention from local and national news outlets  Removal of the original carpet began in January 2015, with the airport recycling worn portions and making remaining pieces available for sale by local retail vendors 
In 2015,  Portland Trail Blazers point guard Damian Lillard released his first PDX carpet colorway on the Adidas D Lillard 1 sneaker  In 2016, Lillard released the colorway on the D Lillard 2, also inspired by the carpet 
In February 2022, it was announced that the iconic carpet would be returning to the airport when a new terminal opens in 2024 On November 14, 2022, the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA introduced their City Edition uniforms   The uniform pays homage to the airport carpet with a sash design that mimics the geometric pattern of the carpet 

Background
To reduce the amount of noise created by people walking across hard terminal floors, the Port of Portland contracted SRG Partnership to design new carpeting for PDX in 1987  The SRG principal and co-designer of the carpet, John Schleuning, visited several airports before deciding what to create for the carpet at Portland International Airport  SRG steered away from the earth tones traditionally used by airports in the 1980s, incorporating blue and green into their design early on and hoping to evoke "northwest to the core " Its pattern featured geometric shapes on a teal background, an abstract depiction of the intersecting north and south runways seen by air traffic controllers from the airport's tower at night  Several acres of the carpet were installed by the early 1990s Over time, the carpet gained a cult following  Multiple social media accounts were dedicated to it and more than 20,000 pictures were posted to its official Instagram hashtag, #pdxcarpet  Airport visitors often took pictures of their feet on the carpet The original carpet design received a positive reception by Portland residents and airport visitors, eventually reaching "local icon" status  Its pattern was used on a variety of products, including bicycle helmets, socks and T-shirts  In 2013, Portland Monthly published "Ode on a Carpet", a poem inspired by T  S  Eliot's "The Hollow Men" (1925)  In September 2014, PDX installed an 11 ft × 16 ft (3 4 m × 4 9 m) collage made of the carpet 

Replacement
A $13 million replacement of the airport's carpet was announced in 2013, sparking social media attention that was picked up by local and national media outlets  The Port of Portland received a large number of comments from local residents who were concerned about the original carpet's future  Annie Linstrom, a spokesperson for the port district, confirmed they were investigating recycling options and considering giving away portions to locals as keepsakes  She also said that the Port of Portland "understand[s] that people have an emotional connection to the carpet " In December 2013, Portland Monthly published a preview of the redesign, which was conceptualized by Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Architects of Portland  The magazine reported that the new design included "mood-enhancing colors and a new repeating pattern, while clearly preserving key elements" from the original carpet  Linstrom said, "The Port hopes that travelers will grow to appreciate elements of the new carpet design over time, just as much as the old "
In January 2015, removal of the nearly-30-year-old carpet began in front of a crowd of airport employees and media  The Port of Portland's chief operating officer said: "Normally we do these ribbon cuttings when we’re introducing a new thing, but it’s actually the reverse of that in removing the old carpet  We’re going to miss the carpet and we appreciate the community and the love of this carpet " Any businesses that were able to receive, stockpile, and redistribute carpet could request 1,000 square yards (840 m2) from the Port of Portland The airport's new carpet design features natural and man-made shapes found around the airport—referencing flight, nature, and structures such as airplane wings, hiking trails, leaves, runways, and waterways  According to Oregon Public Broadcasting, the old and new carpet designs are similar in appearance "to the untrained, out-of-towner eye " Installation was scheduled to continue through November 2015  Local firm Hennebery Eddy Architects is overseeing its installation, having been contracted in June 2013 to select materials and manage logistics  The new carpet is made of materials from recycled carpet and plastic bottles and jars 
Passage 6:
PenAir
Peninsula Airways, operated as PenAir, was a U S -based regional airline headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska  It was Alaska's second-largest commuter airline operating scheduled passenger service, as well as charter and medevac services throughout the state  Its main base was Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport  PenAir had a code sharing agreement in place with Alaska Airlines with its flights operated in the state of Alaska 

History
Peninsula Airways was founded by Orin Seybert in 1955  Seybert was 19 years old, living in Pilot Point, Alaska, and owned a 1946 two-seat Taylorcraft  In 1956, a four-seat Piper Tri-Pacer was added  On March 1, 1965, Peninsula Airways became incorporated and purchased the fixed base operation (FBO) in King Salmon 
In 1967, Peninsula Airways became a full-time subcontractor to Reeve Aleutian Airways, meeting Reeve's certificate obligations to Chignik, Perryville and Ivanoff Bay 
In 1969, Peninsula Airways acquired all assets of Tibbetts-Herre Airmotive, which had operated from Naknek since 1950  By 1973, regular service was provided between King Salmon and the Pribilof Island communities, St  Paul and St  George  Charter service was also extended into the Aleutian Islands, Dutch Harbor, Atka and Adak with Grumman G-44 Widgeon amphibious aircraft 
In 1977, two Grumman Goose amphibious aircraft were purchased from Reeve Aleutian Airways, and the sub-contract was expanded to cover all locations certificated to Reeve throughout the Alaskan Peninsula and Aleutian Islands  This required setting up an operating base at Cold Bay, with hangars, offices and employee housing 
In 1980, the Civil Aeronautics Board awarded a Part 401 Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity to Peninsula Airways, and all aircraft operations were conducted under Part 135 of the Federal Air Regulations 
In 1983, Peninsula Airways acquired its first turboprop: a Cessna Conquest operated out of Cold Bay  Peninsula Airways was the first Alaskan air carrier to qualify for CAB Part 419 subsidy, allowing the airline to operate Essential Air Service (EAS) routes to Atka, St  George and Kodiak Island 

In 1985, Peninsula Airways acquired all assets of Air Transport Services, Inc , based in Kodiak  Included in the deal was a hangar and office facility with approximately six aircraft and scheduled year-round service to all points on the Island  A base was established in Anchorage with two Cessna Conquest turboprops offering charter service from Anchorage to the Pribilof Islands  Scheduled service from Anchorage to King Salmon and Dillingham was added a year later 
The first Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner propjet was placed into service in 1987 and Metro aircraft remained in the fleet until 2011 
In 1988, several bush operators in Dillingham had their certificates revoked by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), prompting Peninsula Airways to set up an operation there  A hangar and aircraft were purchased and service to the surrounding communities began 
In 1989, Peninsula Airways was contracted by Exxon to support the Exxon Valdez oil spill cleanup  At the same time, a contract was awarded to Peninsula Airways by Alaska Regional Hospital to provide 24-hour medevac service  Peninsula Airways' operations were inspected and approved by Exxon Corporation, U S  Department of the Interior Office of Aviation Services (OAS), U S  Department of Defense, and two (FAA) NASIP "white glove" inspections 
In 1991, Peninsula Airways began doing business as PenAir and became a code sharing and Mileage Plan partner with Alaska Airlines  PenAir transitioned to FAA Part 121 regulations in 1996, operating under both Part 135 and 121  PenAir was the first regional airline in the United States to make the 10-19 seat required conversion, including a dispatch department 
In 1997, PenAir acquired two Saab 340B aircraft and, in 1998, moved its headquarters into a new hangar/office complex in Anchorage, Alaska The airline expanded its operations outside of Alaska in 2012 after bidding on and being awarded Essential Air Service routes in the Northeastern United States  It established a hub at Boston's Logan International Airport and started operating service to Presque Isle, Maine and Plattsburgh, New York, with additional seasonal service to  Bar Harbor, Maine PenAir's presence in the continental United States greatly expanded in 2016 when the airline was awarded multiple Essential Air Service routes in the Midwestern and Western United States  The airline established its third and fourth hubs at Denver International Airport and Portland International Airport  From Denver, PenAir operated service to Dodge City and Liberal, Kansas and Kearney, North Platte, and Scottsbluff, Nebraska  From Portland, PenAir operated Essential Air Service to Crescent City, California and also began service to Arcata/Eureka and Redding, California and Klamath Falls and North Bend/Coos Bay, Oregon 
On August 7, 2017, PenAir filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy  PenAir made the decision to end all flights out of its Denver and Portland hubs  Routes in California and Oregon that were not funded by Essential Air Service subsidies were terminated within days  The terms of the Essential Air Service contract required that PenAir continue to operate those routes until a new airline could be awarded the contract, a process expected to be completed within 90 days  On August 30, 2017, PenAir announced it would cease all Denver operations effective after September 10, 2017 due to a mass resignation involving 17 crew members On November 30, 2017, PenAir announced it would end its service to Crescent City, California as of December 15  The city has chosen Contour Airlines to operate the Essential Air Service route, but PenAir stated it would be unable to continue the service until Contour begins operating On May 30, 2018, PenAir cancelled service via Boston to and from Plattsburgh, Bar Harbor and Presque Isle a month early, citing staffing issues, breaking their Essential Air Services contract with the Department of Transportation On June 1, 2019, PenAir ceased direct ticket sales under its own brand  From that day, all PenAir flights are marketed and sold using Ravn Alaska (7H) flight numbers 

Fleet
As of March 2019 the PenAir fleet consisted of the following aircraft:

PenAir was the only air carrier in the U S  operating the Saab 2000 regional turboprop in scheduled passenger airline service 
PenAir was among the last airlines in the world to operate the Grumman G-21A Goose seaplane on scheduled flights  This piston-powered amphibious aircraft was used to resupply remote coastal locations where no land-based airstrip existed  On December 21, 2012, the Grumman Goose made its final commercial flight from Unalaska to Anchorage   PenAir also previously operated another piston-powered amphibious aircraft type being the Grumman G-44 Widgeon 
The airline also previously operated several turboprop-powered aircraft types including the Cessna 208B Grand Caravan, Cessna 441 Conquest, as well as the Metro II, Metro III and Metro 23 variants of the Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner    

Previously operated piston-powered landplane aircraft included the Piper Navajo Chieftain and Piper Saratoga According to the July 1, 2016 Alaska Airlines system timetable, PenAir was then operating all of its code sharing flights in the state of Alaska on behalf of Alaska Airlines with Saab 340B and Saab 2000 turboprop aircraft   The Saab 2000 is a larger, high-speed version of the Saab 340B  All Alaska Airlines code sharing flights in the lower 48 states in the U S  were operated by PenAir with the Saab 340B 

Destinations
Using Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport as an operating base, PenAir operated scheduled service to the following destinations in Alaska as of June 2019 
Anchorage (ANC) – Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (to Cold Bay, Dillingham, Dutch Harbor, King Salmon, Kodiak, Fairbanks, and Sand Point)
Cold Bay (CDB) – Cold Bay Airport (to Anchorage)
Dillingham (DLG) – Dillingham Airport (to Anchorage)
Dutch Harbor / Unalaska (DUT) – Unalaska Airport (to Anchorage) (marketed and sold by Alaska Airlines)
King Salmon (AKN) – King Salmon Airport (to Anchorage)
Kodiak (ADQ) – Kodiak Airport (to Anchorage)
Fairbanks (FAI) – Fairbanks International Airport (to Anchorage)
Sand Point (SDP) – Sand Point Airport (to Anchorage)All flights in the state of Alaska were operated as code sharing service with Ravn Alaska, with the exception of service to Dutch Harbor / Unalaska which was operated under a capacity purchase agreement, where flights were marketed and sold by Alaska Airlines and operated by PenAir 

Community awareness
PenAir, along with Bering Air, Frontier Flying Service, Grant Aviation, Northern Air Cargo, and Ryan Air Services all participate in the Flying Can service, which allows rural Alaskan communities to recycle aluminum cans and number 1 PET bottles in cooperation with Alaskans for Litter Prevention and Recycling 

Accidents and incidents
On October 10, 2001, Peninsula Airways (PenAir) Flight 350, a Cessna 208 Caravan (N9530F) on a scheduled flight from Dillingham, Alaska to King Salmon, Alaska, crashed shortly after takeoff from Dillingham Airport  The pilot and all nine passengers were fatally injured, and the airplane was destroyed on impact  There was no fire 
On October 17, 2019, PenAir Flight 3296, a Saab 2000 (N686PA) on a scheduled flight from Anchorage, Alaska to Unalaska, Alaska, went off the runway after landing at the Unalaska Airport, teetering over a bank toward a nearby body of water  The left propeller was destroyed and at least part of one blade entered the passenger cabin  An eyewitness reported high winds at the time of the accident  There were 39 passengers, including a high school swim team from Cordova, Alaska, and 3 flight crew aboard the flight  One passenger was fatally injured, two passengers were critically injured, and 10 more received medical care at a local hospital  There was no fire 

See also
List of seaplane operators
Passage 7:
Pan Am Flight 845/26
Pan Am Flight 845/26 was a four-engined Boeing 377 Stratocruiser named Clipper United States and registered as N1032V  It departed Portland International Airport in Oregon on a flight to Honolulu International Airport in Hawaii on March 26, 1955  The aircraft was en route and about 35 miles (56 km) off the Oregon coast when at 11:12 Pacific Standard Time the No  3 engine and propeller tore loose from the wing causing a loss of control  The aircraft was ditched  
The aircraft floated for twenty minutes before sinking in 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) of water  Approximately two hours after the aircraft ditched, the United States Navy attack transport USS Bayfield (APA-33) arrived on the scene and rescued the 19 survivors  Four people died The probable cause was failure of No  3 propeller which caused the engine to detach and the aircraft to become uncontrollable 
The experience provided lessons that helped prevent any casualties in another ditching the following year, when Pan Am Flight 6 sank between Honolulu and San Francisco 
Passage 8:
Pre-Commissioning Unit
Pre-commissioning unit (PRECOMUNIT or PCU) is a designation used by the United States Navy to describe vessels under construction prior to their official commissioning  For example, prior to her commissioning, USS Gerald R  Ford (CVN 78) had been described by the Navy as " PCU Gerald R  Ford (CVN 78)"  Such descriptions can appear in the media as well 
"PCU" is a temporary, descriptive term, and is not a ship prefix or a part of the ship's official name  Until they are commissioned, U S  Navy vessels are officially identified by their given name and hull number, such as Gerald R  Ford (CVN 78) A "PCU" is also the entity that the ships staff is assigned to for training while the ship is being constructed and fitted-out  Prior to reporting to the ship, sailors will report to a PCU at one of two fleet training centers, located at either Naval Station Norfolk or Naval Base San Diego 

See also
List of current United States Navy ships
Passage 9:
Twin Cities Air Service
Twin Cities Air Service was an American fixed-base operator and charter airline based at Auburn, Maine and operated from Auburn/Lewiston Municipal Airport and the Portland International Jetport  The airline was a certified Part 135 operator, provided on demand and commuter service, while the FBO provided standard aircraft services and maintenance, specializing in overhauls of the Cessna 400 series aircraft   Beginning in March 2010, Twin Cities Air Service began a scheduled commuter route between Portland, Maine, and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia   At the time of the initiation of this route, Twin Cities was the only scheduled carrier into the Yarmouth Airport, and was the only scheduled international service into the Portland International Jetport 

History
Twin Cities Air Service was founded in 1992 as a fixed-base operator at the Auburn airport   The company has since expanded to include on demand air charter services, airframe maintenance and support, and scheduled international air service 
Ch-aviation stated "Out of Business", the last change on the Website was 2012, it seems the company has ceased 

Fleet
Twin Cities Air Service currently operated a fleet of five aircraft  The majority of these aircraft are available for on-demand charter operations throughout the Northeastern United States, although the aircraft are certified to operate in Canada, Bermuda, and parts of The Caribbean and Central America   A single Cessna aircraft is devoted to the scheduled service between Portland, Maine and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia 
As of March 2010 the Twin Cities fleet includes:
1 Beechcraft King Air 200
1 Cessna 310
3 Cessna 402 Utililiner
1 Gates Learjet 35A



ground_truth: no