prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is the host of the American survival skills reality show, The Island, originally from?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Eugene Porter
Eugene Porter (full name in the television series:  Eugene Hermann Porter) is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead and is portrayed by Josh McDermitt beginning in the fourth season of the American television series of the same name  In both media he claims to be a scientist who knows the cure to the zombie plague and is being escorted to Washington, D C  by Sgt  Abraham Ford and Rosita Espinosa, and encounter Rick Grimes and his group and recruit them to assist their mission 
Eugene possesses virtually no survival skills of his own and is extremely dependent on the group, but is highly intelligent and resourceful in using technology to ensure the group's survival  Eventually, it is revealed that Eugene is not a scientist, but a high school science teacher, and that he does not know how to cure the virus but lied to manipulate the other survivors into taking him to Washington, D C  believing it to be the best chance for survival  This proves true as the group eventually finds the Alexandria Safe-Zone where Eugene becomes its primary engineer  Though his lie puts a strain on their friendship, Abraham eventually forgives him and they resume being friends 

Appearances
Comic book series
Eugene first appears at Hershel's farm, which is now occupied by the remaining prison survivors  Eugene claims to know what has caused the plague, but will not disclose any information with the remaining survivors, including Abraham and Rosita  He says he will only share information with officials in Washington, D C  His lie, along with a belief that Washington is the only safezone, prompts the rest of the survivors to head there in hopes of long-term survival During the journey, Eugene studies various zombies in order to gain knowledge about them, but is careful to shadow the convoy to protect himself Eugene's deception is discovered after the Hunter ordeal  Everyone learns of his true career as a science teacher, and that he is using the radio as an excuse to get to Washington, D C  He is hated by the group after this but remains a member, travelling with them to the Alexandria Safe-Zone, where he lives alone  After Rosita and Abraham break up, she moves in with Eugene, where he tries to create a relationship between them  Eugene eventually realizes he can begin to manufacture bullets in a repair shop nearby, where Abraham is killed when they scout it out only moments after they make amends  During the war with Negan, the shop is overrun by walkers and Eugene with his crew are captured by Negan  They are tortured for information but eventually escape with the help of Dwight, taking a van with a mix of Alexandrians and defecting Saviours back After the two-year time jump, Eugene and Rosita have a strained relationship  He works on many projects in the zone and is now a respected member of the community  It turns out Rosita is pregnant by another man but Eugene vows to raise the child like his own 

Television series
Season 4
Eugene, Abraham and Rosita are introduced to Tara and Glenn in the episode "Inmates"  Eugene claims to be a scientist with vital information to end the pandemic and needs to get to Washington D C , having secured Abraham and Rosita's escort ("Claimed")  Tara and Glenn join them, and soon their group is reunited with Maggie, Sasha, and Bob ("Us")  Eugene convinces Abraham that they should join with this group as they make their way to Terminus for supplies and more recruits  However, the group becomes captives of the residents of Terminus when they arrive ("A") 

Season 5
Rick Grimes helps to save Eugene and the other captured group from Terminus ("No Sanctuary") and continue to make their way north, taking shelter in the former church run by Father Gabriel ("Strangers")  After a day, Abraham believes they must continue on, but Rick wants to wait for Daryl and Carol who had gone looking for Beth  Abraham's group is joined by Tara, Glenn, and Maggie as they take one of the church buses to drive north  ("Four Walls and a Roof")  During a stop, Eugene purposely sabotages the bus, admitting he fears being abandoned if he does not succeed in abolishing the epidemic  Abraham finds a fire truck that allows them to continue, until they run into a section of road that is overwhelmed by hundreds of walkers  blocking their path  As the others try to figure out if they can go around, Eugene admits that he lied about being a scientist, having only used it to coerce Abraham into protecting him  Enraged, Abraham punches him, knocking Eugene out ("Self Help")  Once he recovers, the group decides to return to rejoin Rick's group, who had failed to save Beth after she had been kidnapped to Atlanta ("Crossed") 
Some time later, the group is invited to join the Alexandria Safe Zone community, a suburban development protected by strong walls  Eugene helps with maintenance of the community, and goes with Glenn, Noah, Tara, Aiden, and Nicholas to get electronics supplies from a nearby warehouse  The inexperienced Alexandrians Aiden and Nicholas create more problems, leading Tara to be injured  While Glenn and Noah attempt to cover for them, Eugene helps to rescue Tara to their van, and fights off Nicholas who wants to try to ditch the others and flee back to Alexandria with the van  Glenn arrives to stop Nicholas in time ("Spend")  Back in Alexandria, while watching over Tara as she heals, Eugene and Abraham apologize to each other, and Eugene thanks Abraham for getting them to Alexandria ("Conquer") 

Season 6
In the season premiere, "First Time Again", Eugene is in the food pantry gathering food for himself when he overhears one Alexandrian, Carter, trying to convince Deanna's son Spencer, Tobin, Francine, and Olivia to help kill Rick and take back Alexandria from Rick as he believes they are becoming dangerous and power-hungry  Eugene drops a glass jar which alerts Carter of his presence  Carter approaches Eugene and says that he heard the plan before aiming his gun at Eugene  Eugene states that he didn't hear anything  He is almost killed by Carter, but is saved as Rick, Michonne, and newcomer Morgan Jones walk in on them and disarm Carter  In "JSS", Eugene meets Dr  Denise Cloyd, who is the new doctor after Pete's death  In "Heads Up", Eugene is seen attending Rosita's lesson on how to use a machete, but seems very distracted by the noise of the walkers outside  He admits that he's scared of dying; Rosita tells him that dying is easy and that watching friends die is much harder to bear  In the mid-season finale, "Start to Finish", Eugene is rescued by Tara and Rosita from the herd of walkers, seconds after hearing Daryl on the radio and letting out a cry of help  The three seek refuge and get trapped in a nearby garage  Later, Eugene uses his lock-picking skills to escape the room  They stumble into the same room where Owen is holding Denise captive, with Carol and Morgan unconscious on the floor  He forces them to surrender their weapons and Eugene watches as the Wolf leaves the house, taking Denise with him  In the mid-season premiere "No Way Out", Eugene helps kill the remaining herd, showing his growing acts of bravery 
In the episode "Twice as Far", Eugene now goes on patrols with Abraham  He calls himself a survivor now  Eugene is furious after Abraham does not allow him to kill a walker and tells Abraham he no longer needs his protection and has outlived his usefulness to him  Abraham leaves and tells Eugene to find his own way home  After Denise is killed by Dwight, it is revealed that he and his men have captured Eugene  Dwight demands that he, Daryl and Rosita take them back to Alexandria and if they do not oblige, he will kill them  Eugene spots Abraham hiding behind oil barrels nearby and insists that they should kill him first  Dwight orders one of his men to investigate, and while he is distracted Eugene turns and bites his crotch  Abraham uses the distraction to shoot two Saviors, and Daryl and Rosita are able to retrieve their guns  Dwight manages to break free from Eugene, who is hit during the shootout  As Dwight and the remaining Saviors flee, Abraham, Rosita and Daryl carry Eugene back to Alexandria  Abraham reconciles with Eugene at home  In the season finale "Last Day on Earth", Eugene accompanies a small group to bring an ill Maggie to the Hilltop  The Saviors trap the group and Negan kills one of them after a twisted variation of the game, Eeny, meeny, miny, moe 

Season 7
Eugene and the others are forced to witness Negan kill Abraham and later Glenn before they are let go, but told to expect the Saviors to arrive at Alexandria for a portion of their supplies ("The Day Will Come When You Won't Be")  After Rosita berates Eugene for being a coward, Eugene discovers a nearby metalworking shop and constructs a single bullet, which he gives to her ("Sing Me a Song")  Negan and the Saviors arrive and start taking supplies, including ammunition  An altercation between Negan and Spencer leads to Negan killing him; in anger, Rosita fires Eugene's bullet at Negan, but only striking his bat  Negan prepares to have the Saviors kill Rosita, but Eugene steps forward and claims responsibility for making the bullet  Seeing the potential for his skills, Negan takes Eugene with the Saviors when they depart ("Hearts Still Beating")  At the Saviors' Sanctuary, Eugene claims he is a scientist and provides advice about dealing with walkers to Negan  Negan takes a liking to Eugene for this, as well as Eugene's willingness to submit to him, and makes him one of his lieutenants, giving him additional comforts and benefits ("Hostiles and Calamities")  Sasha and Rosita secretly arrive to try to kill Negan and rescue Eugene, but Eugene refuses to leave, and as a result, Sasha is captured ("Something They Need")  Eugene visits Sasha in captivity to try to convince her to join Negan, but Sasha flatly refuses, and insists instead Eugene bring her a weapon to use against Negan  He comes back later and secretly slips her a poison capsule ("Something They Need")  Knowing that Negan plans to bring Sasha to Alexandria in a coffin in order to kill her in front of Rick's group as payback for the death of one of his men, Eugene finds a music player to give to Sasha during transit  At Alexandria, when Negan goes to open the cabinet, a reanimated Sasha attacks him; Eugene realizes that Sasha had used the poison pill to commit suicide so she could attack Negan  The surprise causes chaos that eventually allows the Alexandrians with the other communities to ward off the Saviors' attack, and Negan, Eugene, and the other Saviors retreat  Back at Sanctuary, Eugene claims to have no idea how Sasha died in transit ("The First Day of the Rest of Your Lives") 

Season 8
Eugene appears as one of Negan's lieutenants in "Mercy," but is essentially ignored by Rick beyond a brief acknowledgment when Rick tries to negotiate with the lieutenants  Along with the rest of the Saviors, he is trapped in the Sanctuary by the herd the Militia lures there 
In "The Big Scary U," Eugene acts as part of the council trying to decide how to deal with the siege  Eugene disagrees with Simon's amoral plans for escape, backed up by Dwight  As a result, Eugene thanks Dwight for his help privately  Eugene later realizes that Dwight is the traitor in the Sanctuary helping Rick's group  After Gabriel is brought in as a prisoner, Eugene attempts to bring him food and discovers that Gabriel is deathly ill  Gabriel asks for Eugene's help in rescuing Doctor Harlan Carson from the Sanctuary so that Doctor Carson can aid Maggie in her pregnancy  In "Time for After," Eugene confronts Dwight about his betrayal  Though Dwight admits to it, he insists that all Eugene needs to do is let things play out as Rick only wishes Negan dead and is trying to force everyone else to surrender  Eugene is shown to have conflicted loyalties, drinking heavily and contemplating the seriously ill Gabriel's request to help rescue Doctor Carson  Eugene eventually comes up with a plan to lure the walkers away using the music player he gave Sasha, but is foiled by Dwight  Shortly afterwards, Daryl and Tara crash a garbage truck into the Sanctuary flooding it with walkers  Eugene refuses to help Gabriel, stating that he is now out only for himself  Eugene presents a plan to defeat the herd to Negan, but stops short of exposing Dwight's treachery 
In the mid-season finale "How It's Gotta Be," it is revealed that Eugene has found a way to clear the Sanctuary of walkers, allowing the Saviors to retaliate against Alexandria, the Hilltop and the Kingdom  Eugene continues to struggle with his conscience, drinking heavily to numb the guilt  Finally, Eugene decides to help Gabriel and Dr  Carson escape despite the likelihood that it will result in Gabriel's death due to his condition  Eugene discreetly disables one of the gate guards and leaves a vehicle for Gabriel and Carson to use that he "accidentally" drops the keys to before leaving the two  Though Gabriel requests that Eugene return with them, Eugene refuses 
In the mid-season premiere "Honor" in Carl's envisioned future, Eugene is tending the gardens in Alexandria and offers Judith a green apple  In "Dead or Alive Or", Eugene is questioned by Negan, who is unaware that Eugene helped two of his captives escape  A nervous Eugene inquires about the events that occurred at Alexandria, Negan questions his loyalty and sending him to his own outpost in a bullet factory to create ammunition for war 

Season 9
Season 10
Following the crash of a satellite, Eugene builds a long-range radio and begins communicating with a woman calling herself Stephanie, eventually falling in love with her and setting up a rendezvous  Following the destruction of the Hilltop, Eugene leads Ezekiel, Yumiko and Princess to meet with Stephanie  However, upon arriving at the meeting location after some mishaps, the group is captured and interrogated by the Commonwealth Army 

Season 11
After being allowed into the Commonwealth, Eugene begins a romantic relationship with the woman introducing herself as Stephanie, but finds himself caught up the machinations of the Commonwealth's Governor, Pamela Milton, and her right-hand man, Lance Hornsby  Eugene is eventually forced to lead the Commonwealth Army to Alexandria after an altercation with Milton's son Sebastian, arriving just in time to deliver vital food and rebuilding supplies for the community  After Alexandria joins up with the Commonwealth, Eugene permanently moves to the Commonwealth, becomes a schoolteacher, and writes a manuscript about Stephanie 
One day, Stephanie suddenly vanishes and Eugene begins an investigation, eventually discovering a rogue element within the Commonwealth led by Hornsby, who seeks power for himself  "Stephanie" turns out to be one of Hornsby's spies, Shira, who was assigned to seduce Eugene in order to find his community so as to further Hornsby's plans  Hornsby manipulates and shames Eugene into keeping quiet about his discoveries and Eugene burns his manuscript  However, shortly thereafter, Eugene finally meets the real Stephanie who turns out to be Milton's assistant Max Mercer  Max explains that her communications with Eugene had gotten intercepted, although her brother, General Michael Mercer, had kept Max from being discovered, resulting in her being unable to meet Eugene as promised  After some initial hesitation on both sides, Eugene and Max start a romantic relationship and become embroiled in the plan to sow dissent against Pamela 
As the communities prepare to go their separate ways, Eugene agrees to help Max expose the Miltons by conspiring to publicly play a recording that Max had made of Sebastian mocking the people of the Commonwealth  However, this stunt coincides with an attack by several reanimated Commonwealth janitors, murdered by Hornsby's forces, attacks a public festival  An enraged Sebastian tries to feed Max to a walker, but Eugene throws the walker off of her  However, the walker lands on Sebastian and kills him before Judith puts it down  As a result, Eugene becomes a wanted fugitive, hunted for the murder of Sebastian  Eugene eventually turns himself in and confesses, but lies that he had acted alone so as to protect Max 
Eugene is put on trial for Sebastian's murder, although Milton rigs the trial against him, while arresting his friends disappear and blackmailing Yumiko into prosecuting him  Although resigned to his fate, Eugene urges Yumiko not to lose faith in their friends or herself, and she decides to act as Eugene's defense attorney  Eugene and Yumiko use the trial to further expose Milton's corruption and reach out to the lower classes  At the end of the trial, Eugene makes a speech admitting to his faults, and urging the people to stand up to Milton  Although Eugene is sentenced to die, he is broken out by General Mercer and some of his troops, who are rebelling against Milton 
As a horde overruns the Commonwealth, Eugene reunites with his friends and helps Rosita to rescue her daughter  However, he is devastated to find that she has been bitten  Eugene helps to overthrow Milton and to destroy the horde  In the aftermath, Eugene confesses his love for Rosita and is at her bedside as she dies 
A year later, Eugene continues to reside in the Commonwealth which is now led by Ezekiel  During this time, Eugene has married Max and they have had a daughter named Rosie together 

Casting
The Eugene character was announced in a casting call for Episode 10 in July 2013, under code-name "Wayne Kasey"  The character's real name and the actor who would play the role (McDermitt) were confirmed during the show's panel at New York Comic Con 2013  The Hollywood Reporter and other media publicized the confirmation afterwards 

Critical reception
Writing for IGN, Dan Phillips praised Eugene's introduction in Issue #53 Noel Murray of Rolling Stone ranked Eugene Porter 12th in a list of 30 best Walking Dead characters, saying, "Since admitting that he can't cure zombie-ism, the former high school science teacher has become determined to earn others' loyalty for real, and his tentative steps toward confidence and courage have been inspiring to watch  Plus any actor who can rock a mullet like Josh McDermitt is a-ok in our book "
Passage 2:
Survive This
Survive This is a Canadian reality television show in which eight teenagers with limited survival skills training are taken into a forest and confronted with a number of survival challenges to test their skills and perseverance  The series aired on YTV in Canada and Cartoon Network in the United States  The show is hosted by Les Stroud, who narrates each episode, provides the teens with survival challenges, and assesses their performance  The show premiered on April 7, 2009, in Canada and on June 17, 2009, in the United States  Cartoon Network ceased to air Survive This after August 19, 2009, and screened the final three episodes only on the network's website 
The series' second season debuted on April 19, 2010 and ended on July 12, 2010 

Overview
The series began in 2009 with a single season of 13 episodes  A second season of 13 episodes began airing in April 2010  Each season begins with a fictional accident of some sort (a school bus crash in season one; a floatplane crash in season two) as a narrative hook and to introduce the participants to their first survival challenges 
Les Stroud, star and host of the television program Survivorman, introduces each episode and provides narrative commentary for the events depicted during the episode  Stroud also appears on camera at the beginning of each episode to meet with the participants, discuss their health and emotional status, and present them with the day's survival challenge  Stroud then departs  Stroud sometimes appears at halfway points in each episode to check on their status  Each challenge concludes with Stroud visiting the participants again, re-assessing their physical and emotional state, and asking whether anyone wishes to leave the show and go home The second season differed from the first as in the final episode, Les Stroud named one of the final participants, Colin as the "Ultimate Survivor"  The question Stroud asked to the participants if they wanted to leave was also changed from "Who wants out?" to "Who can survive?" 

Production
Series production
Series creator Les Stroud says that he initially pitched Survive This, as a children's series similar to Survivorman and that several networks turned him down  The success of Survivorman enabled Stroud to pitch his original idea again, and this time the series was greenlighted in 2007 by 9 Story Entertainment, a Canadian entertainment company  Survive This is produced by 9 Story Entertainment, and two 9 Story executives (Vince Commisso and Steven Jarosz) serve as executive producers for the series  Les Stroud and his Survivorman production partner, David Brady, are also executive producers  Craig Baines is the producer The series was originally titled Survivorman: Kids Edition  The original concept was to create two teams of teens (age 13 to 17) and pit them against one another, testing their survivalist skills  This concept soon changed, however  In April 2008, 9 Story announced that the show (now called Survivorman Kids) would feature a single team of six 14- to 16-year-olds surviving in the wilderness for three weeks  The number of participants expanded to eight by the time filming began in summer 2008  In its final form, unlike other reality television shows, Survive This intentionally did not have a cash prize or other reward at the end of the season  Instead, the producers decided that contestants would leave the series with the knowledge that they survived a number of physically and mentally daunting challenges  Stroud refused to allow participants to vote their peers off the show or to win "immunity", arguing that this would change the focus of the series toward "backstabbing social networking" and away from survival skills and the wilderness experience Cast members were recruited in a variety of ways: Online, via forms at summer camps, and by several other means  After each person's application was screened by the producers, participants had to pass a telephone interview and a video interview before they were chosen for the show  Stroud was not involved in the actual selection process, but did provide some guidelines for the production company before the process began 
All I suggested within that process was get a good, wide selection of kids  Let’s get a wide selection of personalities and temperaments and certainly skill level  Don’t give me a whole bunch of boy scouts who are going to knock it dead out there and don’t give me a whole bunch of absolute beginners who are set up for failure  Give me a wide variety, let’s have regular, normal kids and don’t profile beyond that Once selected for the show, a camera crew filmed each teenager at home to get footage of them acting naturally in their home surroundings  The eight teenagers were taught for a week how to survive in a wilderness with limited supplies  They were also constantly filmed during this time, to acclimate them to the ever-present cameras and filmmakers 

Season One production
Eight teenagers, all between the ages of 14 and 17, were taken into a forest in Ontario, Canada, and initially asked to "survive" a school bus crash and spend two nights in the woods with limited food and other supplies The series was filmed on location in the forest north of Huntsville, Ontario, Canada  Filming occurred in the summer of 2008  Three days were spent on a small island northwest of Sandy Island on Georgian Bay in Lake Huron  Jeff Beitz, owner of the Georgian Bay Marina, acted as a location scout for the show, transported the participants to and from the island, and appeared on screen in Episode 11, "Island Castaways " Many of the challenges presented to the participants were based on situations Stroud himself faced on Survivorman A camera crew remained behind to film the participants as they carried out their survival challenges, some of which lasted several days  However, the camera crew was instructed not to interact with the participants  Several participants were also given hand-held video cameras and permitted to film their actions  A paramedic also was always on-site to provide emergency health care  Participants were forbidden to have any electronic devices with them, and could only speak to the producer or Stroud (who were both on-site)   Stroud says that the participants constantly played to the camera, positioned themselves at the right camera angle to achieve the best pose, and—even though they were forbidden to do so—talked to the cinematographers to try to put themselves in a good light  Several of the participants were upset at the way their videotaped comments appeared on television  Some also expressed shock and surprise at the things others said about them in privately videotaped moments which later aired during the series  For his part, Stroud purposefully adopted a serious demeanor that involved never smiling in front of the participants  He later told TV Guide Canada that not providing suggestions, encouragement, or other assistance was difficult for him The participants were given little in the way of supplies   They had no camp stoves or sleeping bags, and at times water was so scarce that they squeezed liquid from moss A one-hour Season One finale featured a search and rescue (SAR) operation to locate and extract the remaining participants  The Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) and the Georgian Bay Volunteer Search and Rescue (GBVSAR) participated in the filming of the final episode, which involved a GBVSAR search team and the OPP's K9, marine, and air units  Filming of the finale took a single day The final scenes were shot at the end of the summer of 2008  Some footage and a trailer for the show were shown at MIPCOM, a market and trade event in the entertainment industry held in Cannes, France  The first two completed episodes screened to buyers and markets at the MIPTV Media Market in March 2009  Corus Entertainment's YTV picked up the show for broadcast in Canada in April 2008  Time Warner's Cartoon Network agreed to air the show in the U S  in March 2009  The first season ended with a one-hour finale  9 Story Entertainment sold distribution rights to Cartoon Network's Boomerang Channel Latin America, YLE in Finland, and Teleview International in the Middle East in April 2009 Producer 9 Story Entertainment began to license the show in May 2009, seeking to put the Survive This logo and images from the show on board games, books, video games, role-playing games, and clothing 

Season Two production
Second season casting opened on June 5, 2009, and closed on July 10, 2009  Applicants were invited to a television production studio in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where they met with the producers and had a screen test to determine how they came across on television  Participants were selected for the show, in part, based on their strong personalities  The final eight participants were told in early September 2009 that they were selected for the show  The eight teens who appear in the second season were required to sign a confidentiality agreement prior to the commencement of filming  All the participants were required to take a three-day survival program with David Arama, a wilderness survival expert and close friend of Les Stroud's  Training including how to build a shelter, fire-starting, edible plants, and using a compass Principal cinematography for the second season occurred in September 2009 (which meant some of the contestants missed the opening of school in order to finish the show)  Most of the second season was filmed around the Georgian Bay area of Lake Huron and Algonquin Provincial Park  None of the teens knew the location of the series, but were aware that they were not close to any cities or towns  The teens were always watched by an adult and were provided warm clothes at night  Initially, many of the contestants did not take the show or host Les Stroud seriously  According to contestant Patricia Robins, "We were calling him Les Stroodle     at first we all thought he was kind of a jerk, just because of his attitude  [But] toward the end we kind of adopted him as a father figure  He's really protective  We found that out later on "As in the first series, the teenaged contestants are introduced into the wilderness via an accident—in the second season, it is a floatplane crash  Two contestants were separated from the rest of the group and forced to spend a night alone  As in the previous season, the search for food is a major element of the show  In the first season, teenager Adam Deganis killed a pheasant (in the episode "Food") and a porcupine (in the episode "Deep Woods, Part I")   In the third episode of the second season, the participants decapitate and kill a snake for food  The show's format remains much the same, with a different challenge in each episode and Stroud asking the teens if they can survive at the end of each installment  An article about one of the contestants states that only one of the teens "survives" until the final episode, however this is incorrect  The actual number is determined by who drops out, and is mentioned on the official website's 'Synopsis page' 
The second season of Survive This consists of 13 episodes, with a one-hour finale  The second season debuted on the YTV cable TV channel on Monday, April 19, 2010 

Participants
Season One
In the first season, eight teenagers were given a week's survival training before being taken into the wilderness  The Season One cast included:

Adam—Adam Deganis is a 15-year-old native of Mississauga, Ontario, who attends Loyola Catholic Secondary School  Labeled as "the sportsman" on the series, his survival experiences consisted of hunting, fishing, and spending summers at his family vacation home  A fan of Survivorman, he applied to be on the series because he wanted to meet Les Stroud  Deganis is an arachnophobe 
Becca—Becca Mehaffey is a 16-year-old from Markham, Ontario, who has almost no outdoors experience  Her friends and family laughed at her when she applied to be on the show  She was called "the princess" on the show, and practices dance in her spare time 
Becky—Becky Tran is a 17-year-old  from Newmarket, Ontario, who was labeled "the environmentalist" on the series, but whom the other participants called "BT " Tran, who is admittedly "addicted" to her hair iron, was frightened of dirt, germs, and insects 
Catarina—Catarina is a 17-year-old who was described as "the tough girl" on the series 
Holden—Holden Adams is a 16-year-old who was called "the city boy" on the show  After the show ended, he admitted that lack of sleep, hunger, and physical exhaustion often led him to rest while others did the work of finding food and building shelter  Adams died in February 2015 
Jen—Jennifer Daub is a 16-year-old resident of Blind River, Ontario  She attends W  C  Eaket Secondary School  She was labeled "the hunter" on the series because she had spent time tracking and hunting deer with her father, and was an expert rifleman, all-terrain vehicle driver, and camper  One of her older brothers learned about the show and encouraged her to apply  She applied online by sending in a photo of herself with a deer she had shot and killed  She was often frustrated on the show by having to help other participants who had little outdoors experience 
Kareem—Kareem Ali is a 17-year-old native of Toronto, Ontario, Canada  Given the label of "the motivator" by the producers, he was seen as more competitive than the others  He attends Bloor Collegiate Institute 
Zac—Zac Siegel is a 14-year-old resident of Thornhill, Ontario, who attends Westmount Collegiate Institute  He applied to be on the show through a survival camp he was already enrolled at  He had extensive wilderness survival skills before he joined the show, has a photographic memory, and a high-level intelligence  He was extremely frustrated on the show because the other participants had so little wilderness survival skill  "In many cases I had to teach people to start a fire or build a proper shelter, collect berries, basically I spent a lot of time with those who didn't have a clue what Les was talking about," he told the press  Labeled as "the camp counselor" by the producers, the other participants saw him as an overachiever 

Season Two
In the first season, eight teenagers were given a week's survival training before being taken into the wilderness  The Season Two cast included:

Colin—Colin is a 15-year-old from Hamilton, Ontario  He believes that a balance between a social life and school is important  He was labelled "The Whiz Kid" 
Ian—Ian McBain is a 14-year-old from Ajax, Ontario  Interested in animals and the outdoors and seeking a career as a biologist, McBain was inspired to audition for the second season after seeing the first-season episode Swamp: "The episode from the first season that really motivated me to try to get on the show was the swamp episode  "Most people would think 'Oh gross  a swamp, there's leeches and stuff ' That was the turning point for me, I was like 'I have to get on this show, that looks so fun, so many different experiences ' He was dubbed "The Book Worm" McBain, who admits to being an unadventurous "wimp", says that he learned to trust other people and believe in himself during the show  For him, the toughest part of the series was getting through the nights and worrying about wild animal attacks 
Jade—Jade is a 13-year-old girl from Ancaster, Ontario  She was raised on a farm and was labelled "The Country Girl" 
Justin—Justin Cutajar is a 16-year-old from Mississauga, Ontario labelled "the Rock Star"  He had auditioned for the first season but did not make the cut  He auditioned for the second season because he still wanted to see how far he could push himself  He says being on the show was "a life-altering experience " The hardest part, for him, was the lack of food; he lost 12 pounds (5 4 kg) while filming the series  Back at home after the show, he says he never leaves food on his plate and reminds himself every day of how he has a bed to sleep in and home to live in  he cites patience, emotional strength, the will to live, and physical strength as the things which allowed him to get through the show 
Manaal—Manaal Ismacil is a 16-year-old from St  Catharines, Ontario labeled "The Diplomat"  Her mother is a Somalian who is a refugee from Somalia  Manaal was born in Kenya, but her family emigrated to the United States when she was seven years old and to Canada four years later  She attends Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School, loves to read and study, and has never been camping  She had not seen the first season, but applied after being urged to do so by her younger sister (who had)  She is interested in International relations, and wants a career as a human rights lawyer  She is a volunteer in many groups, including her school, the St  Catharines mayor's council, and Save the Children Canada 
Michael—Michael Lattouf is a 17-year-old from Brampton, Ontario, who attends Notre Dame Catholic Secondary School and wants to be an actor, earning him the label "The Entertainer"  He had no survival skills prior to appearing on the show  He says that he felt overwhelmed at first  The producers and Les Stroud "just threw us right in, and it was non-stop," and he felt the lack of food was the most challenging aspect of the show  He also felt that having eight teenagers on the show made for a lot of emotion  Lattouf says the show was very challenging, and he learned a great deal from it  "People live like this every day—homeless people, or people in poor countries—and it made me understand their struggles more "
Nicole—Nicole Ponce is a 14-year-old girl who is heavily involved in school athletics, giving her the label "the Athlete"  She resides in Etobicoke, Ontario and is a freshman at Michael Power/St  Joseph High School  At a young age, she was often bullied before organized sports made its way into her life  She plays competitively and with a positive attitude in a number of sports including soccer, basketball and volleyball  She hopes to someday become a pediatrician and aspires to help children in need  With her charming personality and newly found confidence, she is ready to take on every challenge the wilderness and life has to offer 
Patricia—Patricia (Trish) Robins is a 16-year-old from Niagara Falls, Ontario  She attends Stamford Collegiate Secondary School  She applied to be on the show without having seen the first season  She believed that only actors were admitted to the show, and felt that this would be a boost to her acting career  After seeing the first season, she resolved to turn down the show if offered a chance to compete and then later changes her mind  Labeled as "The Rebel" on the show, she says she is more of a diva 

Critical reception
Season One critical reception
At least one psychologist warned that Survive This risked being exploitative and might damage the mental health of the participants  "You're putting kids into real emotional situations for other people's enjoyment," said Jennifer Kolari, a child and family therapist and author  "It's okay to have some competition, it's okay to try out for things," she says  "Those are okay lessons for kids  But doing it on national television, to be watched and judged, that's where I feel it's a little bit exploitive, and I think we need to consider the mental health of the kids that are on that show " But other mental health experts declared the show safe, concluding that the participants merely displayed strong competitiveness and that social ostracization was largely avoided Several reviewers have strongly criticized Survive This  For example, the New Bedford Standard-Times was dismissive of the show's lack of originality, noting: "   a gruff, gritty, macho mountain man takes a group of high-school kids and dumps them in the deep woods where they must learn to put aside their 'drama' and adapt  Gee, where haven't we seen that before?"  Variety was equally critical of the show's lack of originality, observing that the show "play[ed] like junior editions of somebody else's reality franchise  The publication was also critical of the way the show pigeonholed and labeled each of the teenagers, eliminating the diversity of the racially and ethnically diverse cast  The Los Angeles Times also concluded that the show was vapid, but that it had slightly more "depth" than other Cartoon Network live-action programs Some critics have also blasted Cartoon Network for showing live-action programs rather than cartoons However, the Sudbury Star called the show "compelling" 

Season One ratings
Television ratings information on the show is difficult to come by   However, at least one newspaper said the show was not "catching on with viewers" on Cartoon Network, and that the show had never been among that network's top 10 series 

Season Two critical reception
In March 2010, Toronto resident Richard Code, a fan of Stroud's show Survivorman, was found dead from hypothermia near his campsite at the north end of Horn Lake (near McMurrich/Monteith, Ontario)  Code was on a winter camping trip with few supplies, similar to summer trips he'd taken before in admiration of the adventures he had seen on Survivorman  Learning of Code's death, Stroud said, "It's a terrible tragedy and I feel absolutely terrible for the families involved"—but did not know Code or the situation he was in, and refused to comment further on his death At least one reviewer has criticized Survive This for not mentioning Code's death or warning kids not to imitate what they see on the show  The Globe and Mail reviewer Catherine Dawson March wrote, "You'd think, just seven weeks after Code's headline-making death, that Survive This would make a passing nod to the tragedy      Some kind of 'don't try this on your own' advice  But no " Dawson praised the show as "captivating" with "lots of emotional drama", but concluded:  "It's great stuff, but YTV should acknowledge Code's death with a warning of their own " YTV replied, "As Survive This does not follow the same premise as Survivorman, there will not be a disclaimer before each episode "

See also
Survive This (Season One)
Survive This (Season Two)
Passage 3:
Cody Lundin
Cody Lundin  (born March 15, 1967) is a survival instructor at the Aboriginal Living Skills School in Prescott, Arizona, which he founded in 1991  There he teaches modern wilderness survival skills, primitive living skills, urban preparedness, and homesteading  Lundin was also a former co-host of Discovery Channel's reality television series, Dual Survival Lundin is an only child whose father was in the military  He spent his early childhood moving around until finally settling in Laramie, Wyoming, where he attended junior high and high school  After graduating from high school he lived on the streets, in a commune, in the backyards of friends, and then in a brush shelter while he attended college in Prescott, Arizona  Lundin holds a B A  in Depth Psychology and Holistic Health from Prescott College Lundin is the author of two books on survival and preparedness: 98 6 Degrees: The Art of Keeping Your Ass Alive and When All Hell Breaks Loose: Stuff You Need to Survive When Disaster Strikes  Lundin has also provided a foreword for Steve Hart's Citizen Survivor's Handbook, a parody of British wartime propaganda focusing on the importance of psychological endurance in times of crisis 
In 2004, Lundin hosted the Discovery Channel show, Lost in the Wild Lundin was a co-host of the television series Dual Survival from 2010 until 2014  On the show, Lundin demonstrated various survival skills while wearing shorts in all weather and going barefoot  On February 17, 2014 Lundin announced on his Facebook page and on his website that he had been fired from the series due to differences of opinion on matters of safety  Lundin says that he lives off-the-grid in a self-designed, passive solar earth home in the high-desert wilderness of northern Arizona, collecting rainwater, composting waste, and paying nothing for utilities 

Bibliography
Lundin, Cody (2003)  98 6 Degrees: The Art of Keeping Your Ass Alive  Gibbs Smith  ISBN 1586852345 
Lundin, Cody (2007)  When All Hell Breaks Loose: Stuff You Need To Survive When Disaster Strikes  Gibbs Smith  ISBN 978-1423601050 

See also
Dave Canterbury
Passage 4:
Les Stroud
Les Stroud (born October 20, 1961) is a Canadian survival expert, filmmaker and musician best known as the creator, writer, producer, director, cameraman and host of the television series Survivorman   Stroud was named Chief Scout by Scouts Canada on November 22, 2021   After a short career behind the scenes in the music industry, Stroud became a full-time wilderness guide, survival instructor and musician based in Huntsville, Ontario  Stroud has produced survival-themed programming for The Outdoor Life Network, The Discovery Channel, The Science Channel, and YTV   The survival skills imparted from watching Stroud's television programs have been cited by several people as the reason they lived through harrowing wilderness ordeals 

Biography
Stroud was born in the Mimico neighbourhood of Toronto and graduated from Mimico High School  He went on to complete the Music Industry Arts program at Fanshawe College in London, Ontario  Stroud worked for several years at the Toronto-based music video channel MuchMusic, and as a songwriter for the band New Regime before a Temagami canoe trip sparked a career change  During this time he also worked as garbage collector for the City of Toronto In 1990 Stroud became a guide for Black Feather Wilderness Adventures leading canoe excursions into the Northern Ontario wilds  It was also during this time while on a survival course he met his future wife, photographer Sue Jamison  They married in 1994 and together left for a year-long honeymoon in the remote Wabakimi area of Ontario which was to become the basis of the documentary Snowshoes and Solitude  Afterwards, the couple moved to Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories where Stroud was employed as an outdoor instructor to special needs individuals of aboriginal descent  Stroud and Jamison then settled in Huntsville, Ontario where they had two children and started both the outdoor instructional outfit Wilderness Voice and the media company Wilderness Spirit Productions Inspired by the popularity of the television show Survivor, Stroud pitched a more authentic version of the show to The Discovery Channel Canada  Stroud produced two programs titled One Week in the Wilderness  and Winter in the Wilderness for @discovery ca in 2001  The success of these specials led to the development of Survivorman, a show that followed a similar format of leaving Stroud on his own, with minimal equipment, in the wilderness to videotape his survival experience 

Film and television
After his marriage to  Jamison in 1994, the two of them spent one year in the Canadian wilderness to attempt a paleolithic existence  They travelled to Goldsborough Lake (50°41′55″N 89°20′46″W) deep in the Wabakimi, first building a tipi then an attached A-frame while using no metal, plastic, or otherwise manufactured tools  For the first half of the year, they took a store of traditional foods such as wild rice, squash, beaver and moose meat, bear fat, and maple sugar  In late September, Stroud's friends Doug Getgood and Fred Rowe brought in food for the next six months and chopped firewood for the couple  Stroud and Jamison built and equipped a winter cabin using an axe, a modern bow saw, and a trapper's tin wood stove left by Getgood and Rowe, along with a metal pot they found 
Family and medical emergencies brought them out of the bush on three occasions  Once when Stroud's father was dying from cancer, another when they both went to be treated for giardiasis, and again when Jamison had a miscarriage  Stroud filmed their primitive living experience and released the 50 minute documentary, Snowshoes and Solitude, which was named Best Documentary at the Muskoka Film Festival and Best Film at the Waterwalker Film Festival In 2001 Stroud produced two one-hour specials for the science news show @discovery ca  These segments follow the same format as Survivorman with Stroud filming his own survival in the wilderness  They were originally broadcast as daily segments over the course of one week but were repackaged as two one-hour specials titled Stranded  The popularity of these pilots spawned the show Survivorman  Stroud produced 23 episodes of the show which began airing in 2004  Stroud also composed and performed the opening theme music of Survivorman In 2006, Stroud produced a 90-minute special documenting his family's journey to building an off-the-grid home  The show, Off the Grid with Les Stroud, chronicled the process of buying property and refitting an old farm house with solar and wind power, a raincatcher and well, as well as the adjustments the Stroud family had to make to adapt to this style of living  Stroud has made multiple television appearances including on  The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, The View, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, and Larry King Live Stroud has also hosted an episode of the Discovery channel show I Shouldn't Be Alive titled Lost In The Snow, which aired during its first season and the TV program Surviving Urban Disasters, which aired on the Science Channel and the 20th annual Shark Week on the Discovery Channel In 2010, Stroud hosted and produced the Gemini nominated hit kids TV series Survive This and Survive This 2 (YTV, Cartoon Network) that takes teens into the wilderness to teach them how to survive by giving them some instruction and challenging them with survival scenarios  Stroud's follow-up show to Survivorman was titled Beyond Survival with Les Stroud and debuted in 2010 On April 27, 2018, National Geographic aired Stroud's Alaska's Grizzly Gauntlet on their NGW channel  In 4 episodes, Stroud explores the survival methods and social structure of the Kodiak brown bear 

Music
In addition to film making and wilderness survival, Stroud has also worked in the music industry as a professional musician  After graduation, Stroud worked both as an associate producer for the nascent music channel MuchMusic as well as production manager on music videos for artists such as Rush and Corey Hart  During this time Stroud also played in the David Bowie cover band Diamond Dogs and played lead guitar and composed music for his band New Regime which signed with RCA Records shortly after Stroud left the band As frequently illustrated in his show Survivorman, Stroud is considered an exceptional blues harmonica player 
This instrument is featured prominently in his self-titled debut CD which has been described as "a collection of diverse roots/blues and traditional folk, acoustic music that reflects the uniquely northern spirit of freedom and adventure " Several songs off of this album can be downloaded from his official site  Stroud has performed in and around the Muskoka area and at the Orillia Blues Festival and Toronto Beaches International Jazz Festival 
Stroud and The Northern Pikes have struck up a musical collaboration under the name Les Stroud and the Pikes  Throughout 2005 and 2006 they performed together live several times, and an EP born from this collaboration entitled Long Walk Home was released in the spring of 2007 

Awards
Stroud has received several accolades as a musician   He has won "Best Acoustic/Folk Act", "Best Blues Act" and "Best Overall" awards at the Spirit of the North music festival in New Liskeard, Ontario Stroud's documentary Snowshoes and Solitude was named Best Documentary at the Muskoka Film Festival and Best Film at the Waterwalker Film Festival Stroud was nominated for six Gemini Awards for his work on Survivorman  In 2010, Stroud and his production team was nominated for Best Children's or Youth Non-Fiction Program or Series for Survive This 

Personal life
Stroud has extensive experience with survival and primitive living skills, initially training with expert David Arama  He went on to study with many others including John "Prairie Wolf" McPherson Stroud has been an active participant in adventure racing and has competed at the Canadian championships In late 2008, Stroud and his wife, Sue Jamison, separated 
Passage 5:
The Island (U S  TV series)
The Island is an American survival skills reality television series, hosted by adventurer and survivalist Bear Grylls on NBC, which began airing on May 25, 2015 

Synopsis
Bear Grylls seeks to find out whether a modern American man can survive on a deserted island for one month without the luxuries or the basics of contemporary everyday life  Unlike traditional reality television shows, The Island does not include any prizes, eliminations, or winners 

Production
It is based on the British series The Island with Bear Grylls  The first season has six episodes  In the UK all episodes are available on All 4  In the series' premiere, fourteen men from various occupations and backgrounds are taken to a remote, uninhabited island by Bear Grylls, where they were left completely alone  Filming themselves, the men hunt for food, source water, erect shelter, build community and try to survive using only their strength, determination and know-how  They are equipped with limited tools, a basic medical kit, and a satellite phone for medical emergencies  On August 16, 2016, NBC cancelled The Island after one season 

Cast
Rob Brothers, Stay-at-home Father
Davion Carrillo, Firefighter
Taylor Cole, Radio Producer
Matthew Getz, Embedded Cameraman
Benji Lanpher, Embedded Cameraman
Earnest Marshall, Iraq War Veteran
Dakota Mortensen, Bird Farmer
Jim Murray, Retired Police Chief
Jud Nichols, Criminal Defense Attorney
Dr  Buck Parker M D , Trauma Surgeon
Michael Rossini, Engineer
Graham Sheldon, Embedded Cameraman
Rick Smith, Embedded Cameraman
Trey Williams, Digital Marketing ManagerEvacuated off the islandTaylor Cole (medical, episode 1)
Michael Rossini (medical, episode 2)
Davion Carrillo (medical, episode 3)
Earnest Marshall (personal issues episode 4)
Trey Williams (medical, episode 5)

Episodes
Passage 6:
Bear Grylls
Edward Michael "Bear" Grylls  (; born 7 June 1974) is a British adventurer, writer, television presenter and businessman  He first drew attention after embarking on a number of adventures, and then became widely known for his television series Man vs  Wild (2006–2011)  He is also involved in a number of wilderness survival television series in the UK and US, such as Running Wild with Bear Grylls and The Island with Bear Grylls  In July 2009, Grylls was appointed as The Scout Association’s youngest-ever Chief Scout of the United Kingdom and Overseas Territories at age 35, a post he has held for a second term since 2015 

Personal life
Grylls was born in Donaghadee, Northern Ireland on 7 June 1974  His family has a strong cricketing background, his grandfather Neville Ford and great-great-grandfather William Augustus Ford having both been first-class cricketers  He grew up in Donaghadee, Northern Ireland, until the age of four, when his family moved to Bembridge on the Isle of Wight He is the son of Conservative politician Sir Michael Grylls and his wife Sarah "Sally" (née Ford)  Grylls has one sibling, an elder sister, Lara Fawcett, who gave him the nickname 'Bear' when he was a week old From an early age, he learned to climb and sail with his father, who was a member of the prestigious Royal Yacht Squadron  As a teenager, he learned to skydive and earned a second dan black belt in Shotokan karate  He speaks English, Spanish, and French  He is an Anglican, and has described his Christian faith as the "backbone" in his life: "You can't keep God out  He's all around us, if we're just still enough to listen "Grylls married Shara Cannings Knight in 2000  They have three sons, born in 2003, 2006 and 2009 In August 2015, Grylls left his 11-year-old son on Saint Tudwal's Island along the North Wales coast, as the tide approached, leaving him to be rescued by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) as part of their weekly practice missions  The child was unharmed, though the RNLI later criticised Grylls for the stunt, saying its crew "had not appreciated" that a child would be involved Grylls used to be a vegan but now consumes a diet predominant in animal-based foods, fruits and honey 

Education
Grylls was educated at Eaton House, Ludgrove School and Eton College, where he helped start its first mountaineering club  He studied Spanish and German at the University of the West of England, Bristol and at Birkbeck College, where he graduated with a 2:2 bachelor's degree, obtained part-time, in Hispanic studies in 2002 

Military service
After leaving school, Grylls briefly hiked in the Himalayan mountains of Sikkim and West Bengal  From 1994–1997, he served in the Territorial Army with 21 SAS as a trooper  His time in the SAS ended as the result of a free fall parachuting accident in Kenya in 1996; his parachute failed to open, causing him to break three vertebrae In 2004, Grylls was awarded the honorary rank of lieutenant commander in the Royal Naval Reserve  Then in 2013 he was awarded the honorary rank of lieutenant colonel in the Royal Marines Reserve, and promoted to Honorary Colonel in June 2021 

Expeditions
Everest
On 16 May 1998, Grylls achieved his childhood dream of climbing to the summit of Mount Everest in Nepal, 18 months after breaking three vertebrae in a parachuting accident  At 23, he was at the time among the youngest people to have achieved this feat  There is some dispute over whether he was the youngest Briton to have done so, as he was preceded by James Allen, a climber holding dual Australian and British citizenship, who reached the summit in 1995 at age 22  The record has since been surpassed by Jake Meyer and then Rob Gauntlett who summitted at age 19  To prepare for climbing at such high altitudes in the Himalayas, in 1997, Grylls became the youngest Briton to climb Ama Dablam, a peak once described by Sir Edmund Hillary as "unclimbable", although now the third most popular in the Himalayas for permitted expeditions 

Circumnavigation of the UK
In 2000, Grylls led the team to circumnavigate the British Isles on jet skis, taking about 30 days, to raise money for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI)  He also rowed naked in a homemade bathtub along the Thames to raise funds for a friend who lost his legs in a climbing accident 

Crossing the North Atlantic
In 2003, he led a team of five, including his childhood friend, SAS colleague, and Mount Everest climbing partner Mick Crosthwaite, on an unassisted crossing of the north Atlantic Ocean, in an open rigid inflatable boat  Grylls and his team traveled in an eleven-metre-long boat and encountered force 8 gale winds with waves breaking over the boat while passing through icebergs in their journey from Halifax, Nova Scotia to John o' Groats, Scotland 

Dinner party at altitude
In 2005, alongside the balloonist and mountaineer David Hempleman-Adams and Lieutenant Commander Alan Veal, leader of the Royal Navy Freefall Parachute Display Team, Grylls created a world record for the highest open-air formal dinner party, which they did under a hot-air balloon at 7,600 metres (25,000 ft), dressed in full mess dress and oxygen masks  To train for the event, he made over 200 parachute jumps  This event was in aid of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award and The Prince's Trust 

Paramotoring over the Himalayas
In 2007, Grylls embarked on a record-setting Parajet paramotor in Himalayas near Mount Everest  He took off from 4,400 metres (14,500 ft), 8 miles (13 km) south of the mountain  Grylls reported looking down on the summit during his ascent and coping with temperatures of −60 °C (−76 °F)  He endured dangerously low oxygen levels and eventually reached 9,000 metres (29,500 ft), almost 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) higher than the previous record of 6,102 metres (20,019 ft)  The feat was filmed for Discovery Channel worldwide as well as Channel 4 in the UK  While Grylls initially planned to cross over Everest itself, the permit was only to fly to the south of Everest, and he did not traverse Everest out of risk of violating Chinese airspace 

Journey Antarctica 2008
In 2008, Grylls led a team of four to climb one of the most remote unclimbed peaks in the world in Antarctica, to raise funds for children's charity Global Angels and promote the use of alternative energies  During this mission the team also aimed to explore the coast of Antarctica by inflatable boat and jetski, part powered by bioethanol, and then to travel across some of the vast ice desert by wind-powered kite-ski and electric powered paramotor  However, the expedition was cut short after Grylls suffered a broken shoulder while kite skiing across a stretch of ice  Travelling at speeds up to 50 km/h (30 mph), a ski caught on the ice, launching him in the air and breaking his shoulder when he came down  He had to be medically evacuated 

Longest indoor freefall
Grylls, along with the double amputee Al Hodgson and the Scotsman Freddy MacDonald, set a Guinness world record in 2008 for the longest continuous indoor freefall  The previous record was 1 hour 36 minutes by a US team  Grylls, Hodgson, and MacDonald, using a vertical wind tunnel in Milton Keynes, broke the record by a few seconds  The attempt was in support of the charity Global Angels 

Northwest Passage expedition
In September 2010, Grylls led a team of five to take an ice-breaking rigid-inflatable boat (RIB) through 5,700 nautical miles (10,600 km) of the ice-strewn Northwest Passage  The expedition intended to raise awareness of the effects of global warming and to raise money for children's charity Global Angels 

Career
Books
Grylls' first book, Facing Up (UK)/The Kid Who Climbed Everest (US), described his expedition and achievements climbing to the summit of Mount Everest  His second was Facing the Frozen Ocean  His third book Born Survivor: Bear Grylls was written to accompany the TV series of the same name  He also wrote an extreme guide to outdoor pursuits, titled Bear Grylls Outdoor Adventures In 2011, Grylls released his autobiography, Mud, Sweat and Tears: The Autobiography, followed by A Survival Guide for Life in late 2012 and True Grit in 2013 Grylls also wrote the Mission Survival series of children's adventure survival books titled: Mission Survival: Gold of the Gods, Mission Survival: Way of the Wolf, Mission Survival: Sands of the Scorpion, Mission Survival: Tracks of the Tiger and Mission Survival: Claws of the Crocodile  He has written two thriller novels based around his character Will Jaeger; Ghost Flight released in 2015 and Burning Angels in 2016 In 2019, Grylls published a Christian devotional titled Soul Fuel In October 2021, Grylls released his second autobiography, Never Give Up; covering some of his most memorable events and adventures In 2022, Grylls published Mind Fuel: Simple Ways to Build Mental Resilience Every Day   Grylls told The Christian Post that it "offers honest and practical ways to practice better mental health    a crucial part of living a healthy, God-glorying life "In April 2023, Grylls released You Vs the World: The Bear Grylls Guide to Never Giving Up; a motivational book aimed at children 

Television
Grylls was used by the UK Ministry of Defence to head the Army's anti-drugs TV campaign, and featured in the first ever major advertising campaign for Harrods  Grylls has been a guest on numerous talk shows including Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Attack of the Show!, Late Show with David Letterman, Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Harry Hill's TV Burp  Grylls recorded two advertisements for Post's Trail Mix Crunch Cereal, which aired in the US from January 2009  He also appeared as a "distinguished instructor" in Dos Equis' Most Interesting Academy in a webisode named "Survival in the Modern Era"  He appeared in a five-part web series that demonstrates urban survival techniques and features Grylls going from bush to bash  He also has marketed the Alpha Course, a course on the basics of the Christian faith  In 2013, Grylls appeared in an airline safety video for Air New Zealand entitled Bear Essentials of Safety, filmed against the backdrop of the Routeburn Track on the southern tip of New Zealand's South Island  In 2014, Grylls appeared on Piers Morgan's Life Stories 

Escape to the Legion
Grylls filmed a four-part TV show in 2005, called Escape to the Legion, which followed Grylls and eleven other "recruits" as they took part in a shortened re-creation of the French Foreign Legion's basic desert training in the Sahara  The show was first broadcast in the UK on Channel 4, and in the US on the Military Channel 

Born Survivor/Man vs  Wild
Grylls hosts a series titled Born Survivor: Bear Grylls for the British Channel 4 and broadcast as Man vs  Wild in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India, and the United States, and as Ultimate Survival on the Discovery Channel in Europe, Asia, and Africa  The series features Grylls dropped into inhospitable places, showing viewers how to survive  Man vs  Wild debuted in 2006, and its success led it to lasting seven seasons over five years 
The show has featured stunts including Grylls climbing cliffs, parachuting from helicopters, balloons, and planes, paragliding, ice climbing, running through a forest fire, wading rapids, eating snakes, wrapping his urine-soaked T-shirt around his head to help stave off the desert heat, drinking urine saved in a rattlesnake skin, drinking fecal liquid from elephant dung, eating deer droppings, wrestling alligators, field dressing a camel carcass and drinking water from it, eating various "creepy crawlies" [insects], using the corpse of a sheep as a sleeping bag and flotation device, free climbing waterfalls and using a bird guano/water enema for hydration The show caused controversy after a programme consultant revealed that Grylls actually stayed in a hotel on some nights — including an episode in Hawaii in which Grylls was ostensibly stranded on a deserted island — and that certain scenes were staged for him  Grylls subsequently apologized to viewers who might have felt misled In March 2012, the Discovery Channel dropped Grylls from its lineup because of a contractual dispute, although he has subsequently worked with them again 
In August 2019, Bear Grylls appeared with Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi in a special episode shot in the India's Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand  The episode was showcased in more than 180 countries across the world on the Discovery, Inc  network 

Worst-Case Scenario
In 2010, Grylls came out with a new project titled Worst-Case Scenario which aired on Discovery in the US  It is based on the popular books of the same name  Twelve episodes were produced before the show was cancelled 

Bear's Wild Weekend
In 2011, he made two specials under the title Bear's Wild Weekend for Channel 4 in the UK which was broadcast over the Christmas holiday that year  Each special featured Grylls taking either Jonathan Ross or Miranda Hart on short two-day adventures; Ross to rainforest in the Canary Islands, Hart to the Swiss Alps  These screened in the US under the title Bear Grylls' Wild Adventure  A third episode with Stephen Fry, this time in the Dolomite mountains of South Tyrol, screened in late 2013 In 2014, two further episodes were aired in the UK under the title Wild Weekends  The first of these was the 2011 special of Man vs  Wild featuring Jake Gyllenhaal, and the second was the Running Wild episode featuring Ben Stiller 

Get Out Alive
Grylls hosted Get Out Alive with Bear Grylls, a reality competition series filmed in New Zealand, which premiered on NBC on 8 July 2013 

Escape from Hell
In Bear Grylls: Escape from Hell, he reveals the true life stories of ordinary people trapped in extraordinary situations of survival  The six-episode series premiered on the Discovery Channel in the UK on 4 October 2013, and in the US on 11 November 2013 

The Island
He presented The Island with Bear Grylls, first shown on Channel 4 on 5 May 2014  An American version of the show was also made and it premiered on 25 May 2015 on NBC 

Running Wild with Bear Grylls
In this adventure TV series from NBC, which premiered on 28 July 2014, Grylls takes celebrities on a two-day trip in the wilderness  The celebrities who took part in Season 1 are Zac Efron, Ben Stiller, Tamron Hall, Deion Sanders, Channing Tatum, and Tom Arnold  Celebrities who took part in Season 2 were Kate Winslet, Kate Hudson, Drew Brees, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Ed Helms, Michelle Rodriguez, Ajay Devgan, Akshay Kumar, Rajanikanth, India's prime minister Narendra Modi, James Marsden, Michael B  Jordan, and President Barack Obama 

Mission Survive
In 2015, he began presenting the six-part ITV series Bear Grylls: Mission Survive which features eight celebrities on a twelve-day survival mission  The series began airing on 20 February 2015  Mission Survive returned for a second series in 2016 

Bear Grylls Survival School
In 2016, he presented a CITV series called Bear Grylls Survival School  Filming started in August 2015  The series began airing on 10 January 2016  A second series was scheduled to begin on 7 January 2017 

Survivor Games
In summer 2015, China's Dragon TV ordered a Grylls-fronted adventure series titled Survivor Games (Chinese: 跟着贝尔去冒险)  The series featured Grylls and eight Chinese celebrities and premiered on Dragon TV on 16 October 2015 

Bear's Mission
In 2018, ITV began airing a new series similar to the USA series "Running Wild with Bear Grylls" called "Bear's Mission with   "  This show focuses on one British celebrity taking an overnight adventure with Bear each episode  The series premiered on ITV on early 2018 

You vs  Wild
Later, Grylls went on to release an interactive series on streaming service Netflix 

World's Toughest Race: Eco-Challenge Fiji
Grylls presented the revival of the Eco-Challenge series, which is titled World's Toughest Race: Eco-Challenge Fiji  It involved teams from around the world competing in an adventure race, which took place in Fiji  The series premiered on Amazon Prime Video on 14 August 2020 

Bear Grylls Wild Adventure
Spring 2021, two-part ITV series featuring Jonny Wilkinson and Nicola Adams, respectively 

Running Wild With Bear Grylls: The Challenge
Premiered in July 2022, it is a spin-off of Grylls' long running Running Wild With Bear Grylls series 

Bear Grylls Meets President Zelenskyy
In this documentary that aired on Channel 4 on 28 March 2023, Grylls travels to Ukraine to meet President Zelenskyy and to meet civilians caught up in the war with Russia 

I Survived Bear Grylls
Upcoming eight-part competition series; co-hosted with comedian Jordan Conley 

Motivational speaking
Outside of TV, Grylls works as a motivational speaker, giving speeches worldwide to corporations, churches, schools, and other organisations 

Be Military Fit
Bear Grylls Ventures and NM Capital purchased British Military Fitness in September 2018 and re-branded as "Be Military Fit with Bear Grylls", to retain the existing abbreviation BMF  The company runs outdoor group fitness classes in 140 public parks and outdoor spaces across the United Kingdom  The classes are led by former or serving members of the British Armed Forces with recognised fitness training qualifications  It is Europe's largest outdoor fitness company 

Charity and politics
Grylls is an ambassador for The Prince's Trust, an organisation which provides training, financial, and practical support to young people in the United Kingdom Global Angels, a UK charity which seeks to aid children around the world, were the beneficiaries of his 2007 accomplishment of taking a powered para-glider higher than Mount Everest  Grylls' held the highest ever dinner party at 7,600 metres (25,000 ft) in aid of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme, and launched the 50th anniversary of the Awards  His successful circumnavigation of Britain on jet skis raised money for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution 
Grylls' Everest climb was in aid of SSAFA Forces Help, a British-based charitable organisation set up to help former and serving members of the British Armed Forces and their families and dependents  His 2003 Arctic expedition detailed in the book Facing the Frozen Ocean was in aid of The Prince's Trust  His 2005 attempt to para-motor over the Angel Falls was in aid of the charity Hope and Homes for Children In August 2010, Grylls continued his fund-raising work for Global Angels by undertaking an expedition through the Northwest Passage in a rigid inflatable boat  Many of his expeditions also support environmental causes such as his Antarctica expedition and his circumnavigation of Britain which tested a pioneering new fuel made from rubbish  In 2011, Grylls was in New Zealand during the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake  Following the incident, he appeared on New Zealand advertisements encouraging people to donate money to help rebuild the city Grylls is also an ambassador for Care for Children, an organisation that partners with governments in Asia to help create a positive alternative to institutional care through local family-based care for disadvantaged children  In 2014, Grylls designed a Scouts-themed Paddington Bear statue, one of fifty located around London prior to the release of the film Paddington, which was auctioned to raise funds for the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) Grylls said he spoke "from the heart" in backing "Remain" in the 2016 referendum  "At such a time for the UK to retreat, run and cut ourselves loose from Europe, when there are so many challenges on our doorstep, to me just doesn't feel either courageous or kind," he said  "Europe has many flaws, but I also believe the way to help resolve many of those tough issues is from within    I have never been a good quitter and I am so proud of the UK and our values: tolerance, kindness, respect, courage and resilience  This is why I want us to stay together and Remain in Europe " In January 2020, he announced that he had asserted his right to Irish citizenship and had obtained an Irish passport Grylls was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for services to young people, the media and charity 

Positions in Scouting
Designation of Chief Ambassador of World Scouting
On 16 November 2018, The World Organization of the Scout Movement announced the appointment of Bear Grylls as its first Chief Ambassador  Upon his appointment, he said "I'm very proud and humbled to take on this new role as Chief Ambassador of World Scouting and continue to promote the great work Scouting is doing across the globe  Scouting is a worldwide force for good that unites young people with positive values and an adventurous spirit  We aim to make a difference in our communities, help young people learn new skills, and be kind to all people "Bear has long been a supporter of Scouting around the world often visiting Scout groups on his filming missions and appeared at the 24th World Scout Jamboree in his role as Chief Ambassador

Term as Chief Scout of the Scout Association
On 17 May 2009, The Scout Association announced Grylls would be appointed Chief Scout following the end of Peter Duncan's five-year term in July 2009  He was officially made Chief Scout at Gilwell 24 on 11 July 2009 in a handover event featuring Peter Duncan in front of a crowd of over 3,000 Explorer Scouts  He is the tenth person to hold the position and the youngest Chief Scout since the role was created for Robert Baden-Powell in 1920 On 9 April 2015, The Scout Association announced that Grylls would continue as Chief Scout until 2018  Grylls wrote, "I am so proud that the largest youth movement on the planet has asked me to continue in my role as UK Chief Scout "On 5 June 2015, Grylls, in an interview with The Telegraph, praised the challenge of being Britain's youngest Chief Scout, saying "Scouting humbles me every day"  He remains Chief Scout in 2022 

Ambasador in United24
On 29 March 2023, Bear Grylls has become an ambassador for the UNITED24 platform  His education company BecomingX, together with Amazon and Accenture, is developing the BecomingX Ukraine learning platform for Ukrainians 

See also
Scouting portal
Context 3: Passage 1:
Joe Fincham
Joe Fincham (born October 6, 1964) is a former American football coach  He served as the head football coach at Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio from 1996 to 2021, compiling a record of 224–51  Fincham played football at Ohio University from 1983 to 1986  On September 25, 2010, Fincham won his 130th game, passing Dave Maurer for the most wins in Wittenberg Tigers football history 

Head coaching record
See also
List of college football coaches with 200 wins
Passage 2:
James C  Donnelly
James Corcoran Donnelly (December 9, 1881 – March 24, 1952) was an American college football player and coach in the early 1900s  He played football at Worcester's Classical High School then went on to Dartmouth where he played football  After graduation in 1905 he went to Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1908  He practiced law and served as head football coach at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (1909, 1911, 1915), Howard College in Birmingham, Alabama (1910), and Miami University in Oxford, Ohio (1912–1914), compiling a career college football record of 22–32–4  In 1931, he was appointed a Superior Court judge  His younger brother, Charley Donnelly also coached football at the high school and college level  His youngest brother, Ralph E  Donnelly, was also a standout football player and war hero 

Early life
Donnelly was born on December 9, 1881 in Clinton, Massachusetts  Donnelly was the oldest of seven children born to John E  Donnelly and Mary Ellen Corcoran Donnelly  His father immigrated from England and was a machinist in Clinton  James graduated from Classical High School in Worcester, where he had starred in football 

College career
He attended Dartmouth College where he graduated with an A B  in 1905  He excelled in football where he played end on the first Dartmouth football team to beat Harvard  In 1904, his final year, he lettered under coach Fred Folsom  That year, he helped the Dartmouth eleven to an undefeated record of 9–0–1 with a scoreless tie to national power Harvard  Donnelly played alongside three Walter Camp All-Americans, Joseph Gilman at guard (2nd team), Ralph Glaze at end (3rd team) and James Vaughn at halfback (3rd team)  The team out scored its opponents by a combined score of 143 to 13  After graduating from Dartmouth, Donnelly attended Harvard Law School and graduated in 1907 

Legal career
After graduating from Harvard, he was admitted to the bar in 1908 and became a lawyer in Worcester, Massachusetts  Early in his career, he clerked in the law office of Thayer & Cobb, where he worked with Webster Thayer, later the judge in the Sacco and Vanzetti Trial  In 1908, he became law partners with Charles F  Campbell  In 1931, he was appointed as a judge in the Superior Court in Worcester by Governor Joseph B  Ely  His appointment was aided partly by the political connections of his family and his law partner but was hailed by the legal community because he was known for his consistency and fairness 

Coaching career
In the fall of 1905 he began coaching local high schools and colleges in the area  During the period from 1905 to 1909 he was the football coach of one or two teams per season including at Worcester High School, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and Highland Military Academy of Worcester  In 1910 he took the head football job at Howard College (now known as Samford University) in Birmingham, Alabama  His team finished the season with a 1–8 record and was outscored 304 to 10  In 1911 he returned to coach at Worcester Polytechnic Institute until he was hired for the 1912 football season as an acting professor of physical education and football coach at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio  In the three years as head coach at Miami he had a combined record 14–8–2  Donnelly was replaced as head football coach for the 1915 season by Chester J  Roberts  At the time Miami was changing their philosophy of athletics by moving to an all-year athletic coach  Donnelly was unable to be in Oxford for the entire school year since he could only take a limited amount of time off from his law practice in Massachusetts 

Personal life
Donnelly married Mary O'Reilly of Worcester on October 21, 1920  They had three children: James, Jr , Rosemary, and Elizabeth Ann  Donnelly was killed in a traffic accident in Ashland, Virginia on the way back from Florida, on March 24, 1952  His car was hit head on by a truck  His wife and his daughter, Rosemary were also in the car at the time of the accident, with Rosemary also being killed 

Head coaching record
College football
Passage 3:
Joe Simmons (coach)
Joseph F  Simmons (June 5, 1895 – March 4, 1973) was an American football, basketball, and baseball coach   He served as the head football coach at Central Michigan University for one season in 1920, compiling a record of 4–3–1   He was also the head basketball and head baseball coach at Central Michigan during the same academic year   Simmons graduated from Carthage College, where played football, basketball, and baseball, and ran track   He coached high school football at South Milwaukee High School in the late 1920s and at Milwaukee Country Day School from 1928 to 1936   He was an assistant football coach at Yale University from 1937 to 1939 

Head coaching record
College football
Passage 4:
Joe Odom
Joseph Edward Odom (born December 14, 1979) is a former National Football League (NFL) linebacker   He was selected in the sixth round of the 2003 NFL Draft with the 191st overall pick by the Chicago Bears out of Purdue University  On August 23, 2006, Odom was claimed off of waivers by the Buffalo Bills  After suffering a career ending knee injury, he was forced to medically retire after the 2006 season  Joe currently works for the Stephen Gould Corporation out of Tampa, FL  He is married to Aline Odom from Brazil and has three daughters: Stella Odom, Luna Odom, and Beatriz Odom  They currently live on a small farm in Myakka City, FL 
Passage 5:
Sammy Joe Odom
Sammy Joe Odom (November 13, 1941 - January 18, 2001) was a professional football player, who played for the Houston Oilers in 1964 Odom was born November 13, 1941, in Shreveport, Louisiana, and attended Minden High School in Minden, Louisiana, and then Northwestern State University, playing for the Northwestern State Demons football as a linebacker/defensive tackle in the Gulf States Conference  He was drafted in the seventh round of the 1964 NFL Draft with pick 95 by the Cleveland Browns and pick 78 in the tenth round of the  1964 AFL Draft by the Houston Oilers He opted to go to the Oilers and played fourteen games as a defensive tackle with the Oilers in 1964, making two interceptions for 22 yards  The following year he moved to the Richmond Rebels, as part of their inaugural team playing in the newly established Continental Football League  He did not play a game for the team and was delisted 
Odom died on January 18, 2001, in Mansfield, Louisiana 
Passage 6:
Purdue University
Purdue University (or simply Purdue) is a public land-grant research university in West Lafayette, Indiana, and the flagship campus of the Purdue University system  The university was founded in 1869 after Lafayette businessman John Purdue donated land and money to establish a college of science, technology, and agriculture in his name  The first classes were held on September 16, 1874, with six instructors and 39 students  It has been ranked as among the best public universities in the United States by major institutional rankings, and is known for its engineering program The main campus in West Lafayette offers more than 200 majors for undergraduates, over 70 masters and doctoral programs, and professional degrees in pharmacy, veterinary medicine, and doctor of nursing practice  In addition, Purdue has 18 intercollegiate sports teams and more than 1000 student organizations  Purdue is the founding member of the Big Ten Conference and enrolls the largest student body of any individual university campus in Indiana, as well as the ninth-largest foreign student population of any university in the United States Purdue University is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity"  Purdue faculty, students, alumni and other affiliates have reached many notable and influential positions in business, media, politics, and science  Purdue has been affiliated with 13 Nobel laureates, 1 Turing Award laureate, 2 World Food Prize laureates, 3 Pulitzer Prize winners, 18 Olympic medalists, 3 National Medal of Technology and Innovation recipients, 2 National Medal of Science recipients, 3 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients, 7 members of Congress, 3 U S  governors, and 2 heads of state  Purdue has over 400,000 living alumni  Its alumni have included 26 astronauts, 6 current Fortune 500 CEOs, 2 Rhodes Scholars, 4 Truman Scholars and 3 Gates Scholars 

History
In 1865, the Indiana General Assembly voted to take advantage of the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act of 1862 and began plans to establish an institution with a focus on agriculture and engineering  Communities throughout the state offered facilities and funding in bids for the location of the new college  Popular proposals included the addition of an agriculture department at Indiana State University, at what is now Butler University  By 1869, Tippecanoe County's offer included $150,000 (equivalent to $3 3 million in 2022) from Lafayette business leader and philanthropist John Purdue; $50,000 from the county; and 100 acres (0 4 km2) of land from local residents On May 6, 1869, the General Assembly established the institution in Tippecanoe County as Purdue University, in the name of the principal benefactor  Classes began at Purdue on September 16, 1874, with six instructors and 39 students  Professor John S  Hougham was Purdue's first faculty member and served as acting president between the administrations of presidents Shortridge and White  A campus of five buildings was completed by the end of 1874  In 1875, Sarah A  Oren, the State Librarian of Indiana, was appointed professor of botany Purdue issued its first degree, a Bachelor of Science in chemistry, in 1875  The first female student was admitted that autumn Emerson E  White, the university's president from 1876 to 1883, followed a strict interpretation of the Morrill Act  Rather than emulate the classical universities, White believed Purdue should be an "industrial college" and devote its resources toward providing a broad, liberal education with an emphasis on science, technology, and agriculture  He intended not only to prepare students for industrial work, but also to prepare them to be good citizens and family members Part of White's plan to distinguish Purdue from classical universities included a controversial attempt to ban fraternities, which was ultimately overturned by the Indiana Supreme Court, leading to White's resignation  The next president, James H  Smart, is remembered for his call in 1894 to rebuild the original Heavilon Hall "one brick higher" after it had been destroyed by a fire By the end of the nineteenth century, the university was organized into schools of agriculture, engineering (mechanical, civil, and electrical), and pharmacy; former U S  President Benjamin Harrison served on the board of trustees  Purdue's engineering laboratories included testing facilities for a locomotive, and for a Corliss steam engine—one of the most efficient engines of the time  The School of Agriculture shared its research with farmers throughout the state, with its cooperative extension services, and would undergo a period of growth over the following two decades  Programs in education and home economics were soon established, as well as a short-lived school of medicine  By 1925, Purdue had the largest undergraduate engineering enrollment in the country, a status it would keep for half a century 

President Edward C  Elliott oversaw a campus building program between the world wars  Inventor, alumnus, and trustee David E  Ross coordinated several fundraisers, donated lands to the university, and was instrumental in establishing the Purdue Research Foundation  Ross's gifts and fundraisers supported such projects as Ross–Ade Stadium, the Memorial Union, a civil engineering surveying camp, and Purdue University Airport  Purdue Airport was the country's first university-owned airport and the site of the country's first college-credit flight training courses Amelia Earhart joined the Purdue faculty in 1935 as a consultant for these flight courses and as a counselor on women's careers  In 1936, the Purdue Research Foundation provided the funds for the Lockheed Electra 10-E Earhart flew on her attempted round-the-world flight  
Every school and department at the university was involved in some type of military research or training during World War II  During a project on radar receivers, Purdue physicists discovered properties of germanium that led to the making of the first transistor  The Army and the Navy conducted training programs at Purdue and more than 17,500 students, staff, and alumni served in the armed forces  Purdue set up about a hundred centers throughout Indiana to train skilled workers for defense industries  As veterans returned to the university under the G I  Bill, first-year classes were taught at some of these sites to alleviate the demand for campus space  Four of these sites are now degree-granting regional campuses of the Purdue University system  On-campus housing became racially desegregated in 1947, following pressure from Purdue President Frederick L  Hovde and Indiana Governor Ralph F  Gates After the war, Hovde worked to expand the academic opportunities at the university  A decade-long construction program emphasized science and research  In the late 1950s and early 1960s the university established programs in veterinary medicine, industrial management, and nursing, as well as the first computer science department in the United States  Undergraduate humanities courses were strengthened, although Hovde only reluctantly approved of graduate-level study in these areas  Purdue awarded its first Bachelor of Arts degrees in 1960  The programs in liberal arts and education, formerly administered by the School of Science, were soon split into an independent school 
The official seal of Purdue was officially inaugurated during the university's centennial in 1969  Consisting of elements from emblems that had been used unofficially since the 1890s, the current seal depicts a griffin, symbolizing strength, and a three-part shield, representing education, research, and service In 1975, Purdue University joined ARPANET, an early packet-switching network that would ultimately become the foundation for the modern internet In recent years, Purdue's leaders have continued to support high-tech research and international programs  In 1987, U S  President Ronald Reagan visited the West Lafayette campus to give a speech about the influence of technological progress on job creation In the 1990s, the university added more opportunities to study abroad and expanded its course offerings in world languages and cultures  The first buildings of the Discovery Park interdisciplinary research center were dedicated in 2004 Purdue launched a Global Policy Research Institute in 2010 to explore the potential impact of technical knowledge on public policy decisions On April 27, 2017, Purdue University announced plans to acquire for-profit college Kaplan University and convert it to a public university in the state of Indiana, subject to multiple levels of approval  That school now operates as Purdue University Global, and aims to serve adult learners 

Integration
Purdue had black graduates by the 1890s, and in 1905 a Black man ran for its track team  But some time in the 1910s the teams became segregated, and remained so until a student protest in 1947  Black students were not allowed to live in the residence halls until the 1940s  Black males were able to live in cooperatives, but Black females were not allowed to live anywhere in West Lafayette  In 1946 the women's dormitories were integrated by an order of the governor of Indiana Helen Williams became the first Black faculty member in 1968 

Campuses
Purdue's campus is situated in the small city of West Lafayette, near the western bank of the Wabash River, across which sits the larger city of Lafayette  State Street, which is concurrent with State Road 26, divides the northern and southern portions of campus  Academic buildings are mostly concentrated on the eastern and southern parts of campus, with residence halls and intramural fields to the west, and athletic facilities to the north  The Greater Lafayette Public Transportation Corporation (CityBus) operates eight campus loop bus routes on which students, faculty, and staff can ride free of charge with Purdue Identification 

Purdue Mall
The Purdue Mall is the central quad of Purdue University and was created to connect the academic campus with Ross-Ade Stadium  It is also known as the Engineering Mall due to its proximity to several engineering buildings  The most prominent feature of the Purdue Mall is the 38-foot (12 m)-tall concrete Engineering Fountain, and also features the Frederick L  Hovde Hall of Administration, which houses the office of the university president, Mitchell E  Daniels The Purdue Bell Tower is between the Stadium and Centennial Malls  The Bell Tower is considered an icon of the university and can be found on many Purdue logos and those of the cities of Lafayette and West Lafayette Southwest of the Stadium Mall is the Edward C  Elliott Hall of Music, one of the largest proscenium theaters in the world  Elliott Hall of Music serves as the home of the Purdue "All-American" Marching Band, Purdue Bands and Orchestras, the WBAA studio  Purdue's Student Concert Committee often invites famous entertainers to perform there for an audience of students, faculty, and the public West of the Elliott Hall of Music is the Armory Building  The Armory Building was rebuilt in 1918 after a fire and houses the university's ROTC programs and other clubs  In March 2019, university president Mitch Daniels described a proposal to repurpose the Armory Building, suggesting the space may be used for residential dining, retail, or classrooms but later said no changes would be made 

Memorial Mall
The Purdue Memorial Mall, south of the Purdue Mall, is the original section of campus  A popular meeting place for students, the grassy, open Memorial Mall is surrounded by the Stewart Center, Wetherill Laboratory of Chemistry, Stanley Coulter Hall, the Class of 1950 Lecture Hall, the Recitation Building, University Hall, and Stone Hall  The Memorial Mall also features the Hello Walk Near this section of campus is Felix Haas Hall, which was constructed in 1909 as Memorial Gymnasium in memory of the 17 Purdue University football players, coaches, alumni, and fans who perished in the Purdue Wreck railroad accident on October 31, 1903  The structure was renovated in 1985 to house the computer science department  In 2006, it was renamed in honor of retired Provost Felix Haas and began to also house the Statistics department  East of the Memorial Mall is the Purdue Memorial Union, Purdue's student union building, and the adjacent Union Club Hotel University Hall is the only building remaining from the original six-building campus  Construction began in 1871, when the building was known as "The Main Building"  The building was dedicated in 1877 and the project cost $35,000 to complete  University Hall originally housed the office of the president, a chapel, and classrooms, but was remodeled in 1961 to house only the department of history and classrooms used by the School of Liberal Arts  At the request of John Purdue, he was buried in the Memorial Mall, directly across from the main entrance of University Hall 

South Campus
The area south of State Street is home to Purdue's agricultural, fine arts, life sciences, and veterinary buildings  This area also includes the Krannert School of Management, Horticulture Gardens, Discovery Park, Lyles Porter Hall and the Purdue Airport  The Krannert School of Management has been nationally and globally ranked for both undergraduate and graduate degree programs  Krannert and Rawls Hall provide state of the art learning facilities to the majority of business classes on campus  Rawls Hall was built in 2006 with the help of a $10 million gift from Jerry S  Rawls, the largest in the management school's history Lyles Porter Hall houses interdisciplinary healthcare facilities and classroom space within the College of Health and Human Sciences as well as the West Lafayette branch of the Indiana University School of Medicine  Collectively, students and clinical faculty within Nursing, Health and Kinesiology, Nutrition Science, Psychological Sciences, and Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences see approximately 3,000 patients a year within this state-of-the-art interdisciplinary healthcare facility  The building features a nursing clinic, specialized preschool, exercise center, consultation space and demonstration kitchen for dietitians in training, clinical psychology facility, audiology and speech-language pathology clinics, cadaver laboratory for physicians in training, and research laboratories Purdue University Airport, which opened in 1930 was the first of its kind and remains one of only a few university-owned airports in the nation  Including the Niswonger Aviation Technology Building, which was dedicated in 2009, the facility symbolizes Purdue's storied relationship with aviation 

West Campus
The western portion of campus consists of student housing, dining, and recreation facilities  Students can play club and intramural sports at the Córdova Recreational Sports Center, the Morgan J  Burke Aquatic Center (named for former Purdue Men's Swimming & Diving Captain and longtime Vice President & Athletics Director), and the intramural playing fields in this area  The Córdova Recreational Sports Center, built in 1957, is the first building in the nation created solely to serve university student recreational needs  As a replacement for the previously separate women's and men's gymnasiums, it was originally called the "Co-recreational Gymnasium"  Despite several expansions and official name changes, it has been nicknamed "the Co-rec" ever since 

Stadium Avenue
Much of the northern part of campus sits on land purchased for the university by industrialist David E  Ross and author and humorist George Ade in the 1920s  Many of Purdue's athletic facilities are there, including Ross–Ade Stadium (American football), Mackey Arena (basketball), and Lambert Fieldhouse (indoor track and field)  This area also includes the Slayter Center of Performing Arts and Cary Quadrangle, one of the largest all-male housing units in the country Ross is one of three people buried on Purdue's campus, the others being John Purdue and former First Lady of Purdue, Jane Beering  Ross's and Beering's grave sites are in a garden atop Slayter Hill just to the west of the Slayter bandshell  Beering's husband, former Purdue President Steven Beering, will eventually join her atop the hill  Baseball's Alexander Field and other athletic facilities are a mile west of the stadium, at the newer Northwest Athletic Complex 

Organization and administration
The university president, appointed by the board of trustees, is the chief administrative officer of the university  The office of the president oversees admission and registration, student conduct and counseling, the administration and scheduling of classes and space, the administration of student athletics and organized extracurricular activities, the libraries, the appointment of the faculty and conditions of their employment, the appointment of all non-faculty employees and the conditions of employment, the general organization of the university, and the planning and administration of the university budget The Board of Trustees directly appoints other major officers of the university including a provost who serves as the chief academic officer for the university, several vice presidents with oversight over specific university operations, and the regional campus chancellors 

Academics
Admissions
Undergraduate
The 2022 annual ranking of U S  News & World Report categorizes Purdue University-West Lafayette as "more selective"



ground_truth: Northern Ireland

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: On May 25, 2017 Greg Gianforte won the special election following the resignation of a politican that current holds what position?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Beth Turner
Beth P  Turner (born May 13, 1958 in Maine) is an American politician who served as a member of the Maine House of Representatives for the 141st district from 2011 to 2018  She was first elected on March 1, 2011, in a special election following the death of Rep  Everett McLeod in December 2010 
Turner served on the MSAD 31 School Board and the Select Board in her hometown of Burlington, Maine prior to her election the House of Representatives 
Passage 2:
San Diego mayoral special election, 2005
The 2005 San Diego mayoral special election was a special election held on Tuesday, November 8, 2005, to elect the mayor for San Diego  The special election was necessary due to the resignation of former Mayor Dick Murphy 
Municipal elections in California are officially non-partisan, though some candidates do receive funding and support from various political parties  The non-partisan special primary was held Tuesday, June 3, 2008  San Diego City Council member Donna Frye and former San Diego police chief Jerry Sanders received the most votes and advanced to the November special general election  Sanders was elected mayor with a majority of the votes in November 

Dick Murphy resignation
On April 25, 2005, Dick Murphy announced that he would resign as mayor of San Diego, effective July 15, 2005  Murphy had only recently been reelected as mayor in the highly contested 2004 mayoral election  Murphy's resignation occurred during investigations by the SEC and the FBI into the San Diego pension scandal   The city held a special election to fill the vacancy at mayor  Following Murphy's resignation, Michael Zucchet served as acting mayor for three days before he too resigned due to a corruption conviction that was later overturned  Council member Toni Atkins then served as acting mayor until the mayoral election was complete 

Candidates
Declared
Jerry Sanders, former San Diego police chief  (Voter registration: Republican)
Donna Frye, city council member (Voter registration: Democratic)
Steve Francis, businessman (Voter registration: Republican)
Pat Shea, lawyer (Voter registration: Republican)
Richard Rider, retired stock broker and financial planner (Voter registration: Libertarian)
Myke Shelby, Harley Davidson dealer (Voter registration: Republican)
Shawn A  McMillan, lawyer (Voter registration: Republican)
Jim Bell, environmental designer (Party preference: Democratic)
Ed Kolker
Jeremy Ledford
Thomas Knapp

Campaign
The special election to replace Murphy attracted a crowded field of eleven official candidates on the ballot  Donna Frye, a member of the San Diego City Council who had almost beaten Murphy with a write-in campaign in the 2004 election, was the only democrat among the top-tier candidates  Former police chief Jerry Sanders ran on a platform of executive experience, having successfully turn around the financial situations of the local chapters of the Red Cross and United Way since retiring as police chief  Steve Francis, founder and chairman of AMN Healthcare Services emphasized downsizing city government and implementing business principles  Francis outspent his rivals in the campaign, putting nearly $2 million of his own money into his campaign  Lawyer Pat Shea ran on a platform that San Diego should declare bankruptcy to deal with the pension scandal, a position that the other front runners disagreed with Frye won the plurality of votes in the July primary and advanced to the general election along with runner-up Sanders  However, Sanders and third-place finisher Francis, both republicans, combined for a majority of votes cast in the primary  After conceding the primary election, Francis endorsed Sanders for the general election   Sanders was elected mayor with a majority of the votes in the November general election 

Primary election
Polling
Results
General election
Polling
Results
Notes
Passage 3:
David Jacoby
David or Dave Jacoby may refer to:

David Jacoby (politician)
David Jacoby (sportscaster)
Dave Jacoby (powerlifter)
David Jacoby (historian)
Passage 4:
Greg Gianforte
Gregory Richard Gianforte ( JEE-ən-FOR-tay; born April 17, 1961) is an American businessman, politician, software engineer, and writer serving as the 25th governor of Montana since 2021  A member of the Republican Party, Gianforte served as the U S  representative for Montana's at-large congressional district from 2017 to 2021 
In 1997, Gianforte and his wife, Susan, co-founded RightNow Technologies, a customer relationship management software company  The company went public in 2004; by that time, it employed over 1,000 workers  RightNow Technologies was acquired by Oracle Corporation for $1 5 billion in 2011 In 2016, Gianforte ran for governor of Montana as the Republican nominee, losing to incumbent governor Steve Bullock  In May 2017, Gianforte defeated Democratic nominee Rob Quist in a special election for Montana's at-large congressional seat to fill a vacancy created by the appointment of Ryan Zinke as U S  Secretary of the Interior  Gianforte was convicted of assault in state court in June 2017 stemming from his election-eve body-slamming attack on The Guardian political reporter Ben Jacobs in May 2017  He was fined and sentenced to community service and anger management therapy  Gianforte was reelected in 2018, defeating Democratic nominee Kathleen Williams 
Gianforte did not seek reelection to the House of Representatives in 2020 and instead was a candidate in the 2020 Montana gubernatorial election  In the November general election, he defeated incumbent lieutenant governor Mike Cooney  He is the first Republican to serve as governor of Montana since Judy Martz left office in 2005 

Early life and education
Gregory Richard Gianforte was born on April 17, 1961, in San Diego, California  He is the oldest son of Frank Richard Gianforte, who had a career as an aerospace engineer and, later, as a landlord  His mother, Dale Douglass, worked for General Dynamics in San Diego, and later was a school math teacher  Gianforte is of Italian, English, and Scottish ancestry  He has two younger brothers, Douglass and Michael  After the age of three, Gianforte was raised in the Valley Forge and King of Prussia suburbs northwest of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, including Wayne, an affluent unincorporated township community that extends into Montgomery, Chester, and Delaware Counties During his high school years in the 1970s, Gianforte started a software business  He attended Upper Merion Area High School in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, where he was elected class president during his junior and senior years  Gianforte was also captain of his school football team, where he played left offensive guard  He graduated from high school in 1979 
Gianforte graduated in 1983 from his father's alma mater, Stevens Institute of Technology, with a BE in electrical engineering and a master's degree in computer science  He directed a computer lab with 12 programmers  He was a member of the Delta Tau Delta men's fraternity, and enjoyed playing squash 

Career
Software entrepreneurship
Gianforte began his career in 1983 at Bell Laboratories, working in product acquisition  Frustrated by the bureaucratic corporate hierarchy at Bell Labs, Gianforte departed to co-found Brightwork Development Inc , a developer of server-based LAN management software for the banking industry, which was based in Tinton Falls, New Jersey  He and his partners sold the company to McAfee Associates for $10 million in 1994  Gianforte then began working for McAfee as head of North American sales  In 1995, he moved to Bozeman, Montana Gianforte and his wife, Susan, a mechanical engineer by trade, co-founded RightNow Technologies in 1997  Part of Gianforte's strategy was to leverage the internet as a means to overcome geographic barriers to building a globalized business  By the time the company went public in 2004, it employed over 1,000 workers and executives in Bozeman and globally, with offices in the U K , Asia, and Australia  Future U S  senator Steve Daines was among its executives  The company was acquired by Oracle Corporation for $1 5 billion in 2011  At the time, Gianforte's 20% stake in the company was worth about $290 million  Right Now Technologies had contracts with federal agencies, including handling all of the online search queries for the Social Security Administration and Medicare websites  In 2012, Gianforte sued the Montana Democratic Party for defamation, alleging the House campaign ads it aired critical of then House candidate Daines were libelous  Gianforte alleged the party aired television ads that claimed that Right Now Technologies capitalized itself with public contracts, and then offshored jobs In 2005, Gianforte and Marcus Gibson co-wrote the book Bootstrapping Your Business: Start and Grow a Successful Company with Almost No Money  He has offered business lectures on entrepreneurship and building a global business 

Philanthropy and civic life
In 2004, Gianforte and his wife founded the Gianforte Family Foundation, which has promoted his creationist beliefs in the public sphere, and has made tens of millions of dollars in charitable contributions  The foundation describes its primary mission as supporting "the work of faith-based organizations engaged in outreach work, strengthening families, and helping the needy; organizations in Montana that work to improve education, support entrepreneurship, and create jobs; and organizations that enhance the local community of Bozeman, Montana " Gianforte, his wife, and his son, Richard, are the foundation's three trustees  The foundation had assets of $113 million in 2013 The Gianforte Family Foundation has given nearly $900,000 to the Montana Family Foundation, in some years making up half of that organization's total revenue  The Montana Family Foundation has promoted conservative and Christian values in the Montana legislature  Asked why he donated to the group, Gianforte said it was because the organization aligns with his views Through his nonprofit, the Gianforte Family Charitable Trust, Gianforte has contributed substantial funds to several conservative organizations  Some have led legal efforts to dismantle federal campaign finance regulations  Gianforte has donated to the Family Research Council and Focus on the Family, which advocate for a constitutional amendment prohibiting same-sex marriage, as well as the Montana Family Foundation, which is "the state's primary advocate against LGBT policies"  Gianforte served on the board of the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, an education reform organization founded by economist Milton Friedman which advocates for school vouchers Gianforte believes in Young Earth creationism  He has donated at least $290,000 to the Glendive Dinosaur and Fossil Museum, a Montana creationist museum that teaches visitors that the theory of evolution is false, that the Earth is about 6,000–6,400 years old, and that humans and dinosaurs coexisted during the same period  The museum claims dinosaurs were aboard Noah's Ark, and that they likely went extinct 4,300 years ago during the great flood described in the Book of Genesis  The Gianforte Family Foundation also donated a Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton replica to the museum 

Affiliations and investments
Gianforte has had a variety of business interests and investments  In November 2013, he was appointed to the board of FICO, which profiles consumer credit risks for lenders  The same month, Gianforte acquired 8,000 shares of FICO, which were then valued at more than $464,000 00  He is a partner in MGRR No  1, a limited liability company that has received grain subsidies since 1995  Gianforte was the founding board chair of the Montana High Tech Business Alliance  He resigned as chair in June 2017, when he was sworn into Congress In financial disclosure forms filed in 2017, Gianforte indicated that he owned $150,000 worth of shares in VanEck Vectors Russia ETF and $92,400 in the IShares MSCF Russia ETF, totaling just under $250,000 in two exchange-traded funds focused on investments in Russia  The investments attracted attention because they included shares in Gazprom and Rosneft, which have been subject to U S  sanctions since the Russian invasion of Crimea, but because the per-person ownership stake in these companies is so small in such index funds, they are exempt from sanctions  After the issue was raised in Gianforte's 2017 congressional campaign, Gianforte stated that his Russia holdings were a small portion of his overall investments and pledged to place all of his assets in a blind trust if elected Through a holding corporation, Gianforte owns a 12-seat private jet, which he has used as a strategic asset on the campaign trail  He made the aircraft available to others in his congressional caucus to travel back to Washington for important votes 

U S  House of Representatives (2017–2021)
Elections
2017 special election campaign
On March 1, 2017, Republican Representative Ryan Zinke of Montana's at-large congressional district resigned his seat after the United States Senate confirmed him as United States Secretary of the Interior  A special election was scheduled to fill the remainder of Zinke's term  Gianforte had already announced his intention to seek the seat on January 25, before Zinke's resignation  At a March 6 convention, the Republican Party nominated Gianforte  He faced Democratic musician and former Montana Arts Council member Rob Quist and Libertarian nominee Mark Wicks in the general election In a departure from previous pledges made during his gubernatorial campaign, Gianforte relaxed his past pledges to refuse all PAC money, and began to turn away only corporate PAC funding  His campaign began accepting contributions from political party and leadership PACs Gianforte distanced himself from Donald Trump during the 2016 Republican presidential primary and did not attend Trump's sole rally in Montana, citing a scheduling conflict  But he endorsed Trump in the 2016 general election and continued to express support for him during his 2017 special election campaign for Congress  Gianforte's campaign was supported by Vice President Mike Pence and Donald Trump Jr , who both stumped for Gianforte in the state  Gianforte tacked close to Trump's political narratives, promoting his outsider status as a first time political candidate, touting his experience as a technology entrepreneur, and criticizing policies leading to sanctuary cities and "the liberal elite "Gianforte supported repeal of the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)  He declined to say whether he supported the American Health Care Act, the House Republican legislation to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act  On May 4, 2017, Gianforte held a private conference call with Republican-leaning lobbyists in Washington in which he offered a more supportive view of the AHCA  He said that it "sounds like we just passed a health care thing, which I'm thankful for  Sounds like we're starting to repeal and replace " Later that May, he said he would not "vote for a repeal and a replace unless I know it protects people with preexisting conditions, lowers rates and preserves rural access"  Gianforte assaulted a reporter in response to questions about how the AHCA would make health insurance too expensive for people with preexisting conditions 
Gianforte opposed the legalization of marijuana for recreational use, comparing marijuana to more addictive drugs  He supported allowing the use of medical marijuana for "people in chronic pain, under the care of a doctor "Gianforte opposes abortion except in cases where a woman's life is in danger  He favors removing federal funding from Planned Parenthood  He has said that he supports government enforcement of nondiscrimination for workers, but not for customers  He opposed increasing in the minimum wage  Gianforte supported Executive Order 13769, to ban immigration from seven Muslim-majority countries  He opposed resettlement of refugees in Montana  He opposed sanctuary cities policies  Gianforte blamed the Obama administration for "the situation with Russia" and favored a multilateral strategy to stand against Russian aggression  He supported Trump's decision to fire FBI Director James Comey Gianforte opposed efforts to transfer federal lands to the states  He called for changes to the Endangered Species Act  He supported amending the Equal Access to Justice Act to reduce environmental litigation, saying that "environmental extremists" had abused the act  He acknowledged human-caused climate change but "did not have specific ideas on how to address climate change"  He has said that "the climate is always changing" and believes that closing coal-fired power plants would not help mitigate climate change  He supported Trump's repeal of the Clean Power Plan and has called for investments in clean coal technology  Gianforte has criticized the length of time the Department of Interior spends to evaluate applications to drill and frack for shale gas 
Gianforte outlined his position on retirement by using the Biblical example of Noah  He said:There's nothing in the Bible that talks about retirement  And yet it's been an accepted concept in our culture today  Nowhere does it say, "Well, he was a good and faithful servant, so he went to the beach"  The example I think of is Noah  How old was Noah when he built the ark? 600  He wasn't, like, cashing Social Security checks  He wasn't hanging out  He was working  So I think we have an obligation to work  The role we have in work may change over time, but the concept of retirement is not biblical 

Election-eve assault on journalist
On May 24, 2017, the day before the House special election, Ben Jacobs, a political reporter for The Guardian newspaper who was covering the election, reported to the Gallatin County, Montana Sheriff's Office that Gianforte had assaulted him at Gianforte's Bozeman campaign office after Jacobs asked him a question about health care policy  Jacobs said that Gianforte "bodyslammed" him to the floor and broke his glasses  Jacobs was hospitalized after the attack In the immediate aftermath of the incident, Gianforte made misleading statements to a Gallatin County Sheriff's Office sergeant who reported to Gianforte's campaign office to investigate Jacobs's complaint   Gianforte told the sergeant, "the liberal media is trying to make a story " In the hours after the assault, the Gianforte campaign issued a press release falsely blaming the reporter, claiming that Jacobs grabbed Gianforte's wrist and caused them both to fall to the ground  But an audio recording of the incident appeared to support Jacobs's statement, and other reporters who were present at the scene corroborated Jacobs's version of events  An eyewitness to the attack, Fox News reporter Alicia Acuna, testified that "Gianforte grabbed Jacobs by the neck with both hands and slammed him into the ground", then "began punching the man" and "yelling something to the effect of 'I'm sick and tired of this!'" Acuna said, "at no point did any of us who witnessed this assault see Jacobs show any form of physical aggression toward Gianforte, who left the area after giving statements to local sheriff's deputies " Another journalist who was an eyewitness to the assault, Alexis Levinson, tweeted that she "heard a giant crash and saw Ben's feet fly in the air as he hit the floor "The Gallatin County Sheriff's Office cited Gianforte for misdemeanor assault  On August 25, 2017, he was briefly booked into jail, fingerprinted, and had his mugshot taken, after his legal team lost a bid to avoid that process  On October 10, 2017, Gianforte's mugshot was released publicly by a Gallatin County court order The Helena Independent Record editorial board rescinded its endorsement of Gianforte and noted that before the attack, Gianforte had encouraged his supporters to boycott certain newspapers, singled out a reporter in a room to point out that he was outnumbered, and joked about choking a news writer  Two other well-circulated Montana newspapers, the Billings Gazette, and the largest in the state, the Missoulian, also rescinded their endorsements of Gianforte  Speaker Paul Ryan and other members of Congress urged Gianforte to apologize In his acceptance speech the night of his May 25 victory, Gianforte apologized to Jacobs and the Fox News crew for his assault  On June 7, he made a written apology to Jacobs and donated $50,000 to the Committee to Protect Journalists, which accepted the funds because it was part of the settlement and said it would put them towards the U S  Press Freedom Tracker  In return, Jacobs agreed to not pursue a civil claim against Gianforte Gianforte subsequently pleaded guilty to misdemeanor assault in Gallatin County District Court, acknowledging that Jacobs "did not initiate any physical contact with me" and writing a letter to Jacobs saying that Jacobs did not start the physical altercation  Gianforte was originally sentenced to four days in jail, to be completed in part through a work program, but he was ineligible for the work program due to the assault conviction  The judge then switched the sentence to 40 hours of community service, 20 hours of anger management therapy, a 180-day deferred sentence, and a $300 fine along with an $85 court fee During the court hearing, Jacobs said that he hoped to interview Gianforte in the future, as he was trying to do at the time of the assault  Gianforte said in court to Jacobs, "I am sorry, and if and when you are ready, I look forward to sitting down with you in D C " As of October 2017, Gianforte had not sat down with Jacobs for an interview, and the issue was not pursued further 
 Since the assault, Jacobs has, through his attorney, accused Gianforte of whitewashing his guilt, twice sending Gianforte cease-and-desist letters about his accounts of his culpability in the assault  Gianforte met with the Missoulian newspaper editorial board in October 2018, and, when asked about the assault, maintained that his original false statement to sheriff's deputies in the immediate aftermath of the incident was his best recollection of events, a statement that Gianforte later contradicted under oath in court with an admission of guilt connected to his guilty plea On October 18, 2018, during a rally in Missoula, Montana, President Donald Trump congratulated Gianforte for his assault on Jacobs  While verbally praising Gianforte's prowess in carrying out a body slam, Trump made gestures with his hands and arms to pantomime a fighting maneuver  According to analysts, this marked the first time a sitting president had "openly and directly praised a violent act against a journalist on American soil" Gianforte's assault of Jacobs achieved political notoriety  During an October 2018 campaign event with then Georgia Secretary of State Brian Kemp, Representative Jody Hice implored the small crowd that had gathered to oppose the resurgence of Democratic candidates in the 2018 midterm elections  Hice declared, "It's time for this so called blue wave to be body-slammed!"

2018 House campaign
In 2018, Gianforte ran against Democratic nominee Kathleen Williams, a state legislator and natural resources expert from Bozeman, and Libertarian Party candidate Elinor Swanson, a lawyer from Billings Gianforte opposed Williams's proposal to allow those 55 and older to buy into Medicare, remarking, "Medicare for all is Medicare for none", and cautioned that Medicare would be at risk of spending cuts if Democrats won a majority in the House  Williams criticized Gianforte for introducing a bill to remove federal protections from several wilderness study areas in Montana without holding any public meetings on the issue Polling data in the weeks leading up to the election showed Gianforte and Williams in a close contest within the margin of error  Gianforte was reelected by a 5% margin  Exit polling data indicated that Gianforte had his strongest support at the polls from men older than 44 and from those with annual incomes above $50,000 

Tenure
115th Congress
Gianforte was sworn into the House of Representatives on June 21, 2017  At his inauguration ceremony, he announced his support for congressional term limits, barring members of Congress from becoming lobbyists, and withholding congressional pay if no budget is passed  It is unusual for members of Congress to announce such support for legislation in their inauguration  Montana Democrats mailed Gianforte an orange prison jumpsuit on the day of his inauguration The first bill Gianforte introduced, on June 21, 2017, was H R  2977, the Balanced Budget Accountability Act, which, as he summarized it, would withhold pay from members of Congress unless a balanced budget is passed  The bill did not achieve a committee hearing Gianforte touted refundable tax credits for low income parents as an achievement of the Republican Caucus in the 115th Congress In 2018, Gianforte expressed opposition to the aluminum and steel tariffs imposed by President Trump, expressing fears about the impact of retaliatory tariffs (the trade war) on Montana agricultural exports Gianforte chaired the Interior Subcommittee of the Oversight Committee through the end of the 115th Congress in 2018  He introduced legislation to nullify Wilderness Study Area (WSA) designations from more than 800,000 acres of land in Montana under the stewardship of the federal Bureau of Land Management and the U S  Forest Service 

116th Congress
In the 2018 midterm elections, the Republicans lost control of the House to the Democrats, and Gianforte began his second term in January 2019 in the minority caucus  Over his career, Gianforte voted in line with Trump's position in about 93 3% of key votes  He voted with Trump's position more often than Montana U S  Senator Steve Daines, a fellow Republican In January 2019, during the 2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown, Gianforte said that he "didn't come here to Washington to shut the government down" but expressed support for Trump and blamed Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi for the shutdown  He opposed the impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump over the Trump-Ukraine scandal, calling it a "sham", and voted against both articles of impeachment against Trump (abuse of power and obstruction of Congress)  Gianforte voted against a measure to bar Trump from initiating military action against Iran without congressional consent; a spokesman for Gianforte said in 2019 that he would not "discuss the conditions under which he would vote in favor of authorizing military force against Iran because talking about it strengthens the position [of] Iran's regime " Gianforte voted against the 2020 House Democrats police reform bill; against restoring part of the Voting Rights Act; against universal background checks for gun purchases; and against the 2020 D C  statehood bill  In line with Trump's position, he voted against legislation to block U S  arms sales to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, but he opposed Trump's decision in 2019 to withdraw U S  forces from northern Syria, where they had been stationed as part of U S  efforts to block Turkish attacks on Kurdish forces  Gianforte voted against legislation in 2019 to raise the federal minimum wage to $15 per hour  He voted against legislation to overturn Trump's emergency declaration to divert federal appropriations for construction of a border wall  He opposed federal action to combat climate change and supported Trump's withdrawal of the U S  from the Paris Agreement on climate change, voting against legislation to block Trump from withdrawing from the agreement  Gianforte voted against reauthorizing the Export–Import Bank and against a bill allowing the government to negotiate lower prices for prescription drugs  He voted for the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement on trade Gianforte is one of the few tech executives to be elected to political office in the U S  After Representative Darrell Issa left office in 2019, Gianforte became the wealthiest member of Congress, a distinction he held until the January 2020 appointment of Kelly Loeffler to represent Georgia in the Senate In December 2020, Gianforte was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v  Pennsylvania, a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which Joe Biden defeated Trump  The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of "election subversion"  She also reprimanded Gianforte and the other House members who supported the lawsuit: "The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House  Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution, they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions "Committee assignments

Natural Resources Committee
Subcommittee on Federal Lands
Subcommittee on Water, Power, and Oceans
Oversight Committee
Subcommittee on Information Technology
Subcommittee on Interior (Chair, 115th Congress)
Subcommittee on Intergovernmental AffairsCaucus memberships

Congressional Western Caucus

Governor of Montana
Elections
2016
On January 20, 2016, Gianforte announced his candidacy for the Republican Party's nomination for governor of Montana in the 2016 election  A citizen of Butte filed a political practices complaint against him, alleging that he began campaigning before registering; the complaint was dismissed In a campaign speech that year, Gianforte stated that he had been involved in discussions with Facebook about bringing a new call center to Montana, but that Facebook had declined because of that state's business equipment tax  A Facebook spokesman disputed Gianforte's claims, saying that no discussions with him had taken place and that the tax was not the reason the company decided not to locate a call center in Montana  Gianforte stood by his statement, saying he had spoken with a Facebook executive the previous fall During his gubernatorial campaign, Gianforte pledged not to accept special interest PAC money and ran television ads criticizing his opponent for doing so  He came under scrutiny when an audio tape surfaced revealing his past advocacy to replace state income tax and state business tax revenue with a state sales tax Management of public lands was a point of contention in Gianforte's 2016 campaign for governor  In 2009, Gianforte's LLC filed a lawsuit against the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks about the boundaries of an easement for public access to the East Gallatin River adjacent to his property  Gianforte's suit against the state became an issue in the 2016 campaign, with his critics characterizing it as a wealthy out-of-stater's effort to block public access to a popular stream  Gianforte consistently denied the allegations and called the issue a misunderstanding, noting the suit was never served, though the lawsuit was settled outside of court  Gianforte opposes same-sex marriage and abortion Incumbent governor Steve Bullock defeated Gianforte in the November general election, 50%–46% 

2020
Gianforte contended with Attorney General Tim Fox and State Senator Al Olszewski for the Republican nomination in the 2020 Montana gubernatorial election  Gianforte drew parallels between his experience building a large technology company in Bozeman and Trump's business background, and shared anecdotes of visits to the White House meant to illustrate their ties Gianforte won the Republican nomination  In the November general election, he defeated incumbent lieutenant governor Mike Cooney 

Tenure
Gianforte was sworn in as governor on January 4, 2021 
On February 12, 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Gianforte lifted Montana's statewide mask mandate  The previous day, he signed a bill giving liability protections to businesses and healthcare providers  In May 2021, Gianforte signed a bill into law that limited the ability of hospitals and other businesses to require that their staff be vaccinated against COVID-19 and prohibited businesses from requiring that customers be vaccinated in order to access facilities  Montana became the only state with such a ban on employers On February 18, 2021, Gianforte signed a constitutional carry bill into law On March 16, 2021, Gianforte signed a bill changing Montana's system of choosing judges, giving the governor, with the state senate's approval, more control over the process On April 2, 2021, Gianforte signed a bill banning sanctuary cities in Montana; at the time, there were no sanctuary cities in Montana  Montana became the 13th state to ban sanctuary cities 
Later that April, Gianforte signed a bill into law that ended same-day voter registration in Montana, in addition to a separate bill that prevented students from using a student ID as voter ID  He also signed a bill making it easier for individuals to challenge government regulations for violating their religious beliefs, and signed three bills restricting abortion On April 30, 2021, Gianforte signed a bill requiring individuals to undergo gender reassignment surgery in order to change their birth certificate  On May 7, 2021, he signed a bill banning transgender athletes from girls' sports in public schools  On April 28, 2023, he signed a bill banning gender-affirming care for transgender minors 

Personal life
While working at Bell Labs in New Jersey in the 1980s, Gianforte met his wife, Susan, the first-generation daughter of German immigrants  They married in 1988  Gianforte and his wife have resided in Bozeman since moving from New Jersey in 1995  They have four children  Gianforte was raised Presbyterian  He and his wife attend Grace Bible Church, a nondenominational church in Bozeman Gianforte is an avid hunter  In a 2016 interview, he described entertaining investment bankers from Scotland and New York at his Montana home, in connection with his company's public stock offering, where he served them a dinner of mountain lion teriyaki, antelope chops wrapped in bacon, and elk tenderloin  On October 28, 2000, he was fined $70 for violating state Fish and Wildlife Commission rules by killing an elk  In February 2021, he violated state hunting regulations by trapping and shooting an adult black wolf known as "1155"  While born in Yellowstone National Park and radio collared in 2018, it was roughly 10 miles (16 km) north of the park's boundary  As Gianforte had not completed a wolf trapping certification course, he was issued a written warning by Fish, Wildlife and Parks  In December, he killed a mountain lion near the same area that was also being monitored by the National Park Service  "M220" was radio collared in 2019 and was estimated to be five years old when he was driven up a tree by the hunting group's dogs and shot in compliance with Montana state laws Gianforte received an honorary doctorate from Stevens Institute of Technology and gave the commencement speech in 2012  In 2007, he received an honorary doctorate from Montana State University's College of Engineering  In 2007, Gianforte was inducted into the CRM Hall of Fame  He received the 2003 Stevens Institute of Technology's Stevens Honor Award  Gianforte was named Pacific Northwest Entrepreneur of the Year by Ernst & Young in 2003 As of 2018, Gianforte's net worth was more than $189 million, which made him one of Congress's wealthiest members 

Electoral history
Writings
Gianforte, Greg; and Gibson, Marcus (2005)  Bootstrapping your business: start and grow a successful company with almost no money  Adams Media 
Gianforte, Greg (2008)  Eight to great : eight steps to delivering an exceptional customer experience  www BookSurge com 
Gianforte, Greg (2012)  Attack of the customers : why critics assault brands online and how to avoid becoming a victim  Self-published 
Passage 5:
Ryan Zinke
Ryan Keith Zinke (; born November 1, 1961) is an American politician and businessman serving as the U S  representative for Montana's 1st congressional district since 2023  A member of the Republican Party, Zinke served in the Montana Senate from 2009 to 2013 and as the U S  representative for the at-large congressional district from 2015 to 2017  He was appointed United States Secretary of the Interior by President Donald Trump in 2017 and served until his resignation in 2019 following a series of ethical scandals Zinke played college football at the University of Oregon and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in geology  He also has a Master of Business Administration and a Master of Science in global leadership  He was a U S  Navy SEAL from 1986 until 2008, retiring with the rank of commander  The first Navy SEAL to be elected to the U S  House, Zinke formerly served as a member of the Natural Resources Committee and the Armed Services Committee  As a member of Congress, Zinke supported the use of ground troops in the Middle East to combat ISIS and opposed the Affordable Care Act, various environmental regulations, and the transfer of federal lands to individual states 
Zinke was appointed as United States Secretary of the Interior by Donald Trump  He was confirmed on March 1, 2017, becoming the first Navy SEAL and the first Montanan since statehood to occupy a Cabinet position As Secretary, Zinke opened some federal lands for oil, gas and mineral exploration and extraction  His actions as Secretary of the Interior raised ethical questions and were investigated by the Interior Department's Office of Inspector General  In October 2018, Interior's inspector general referred the investigation to the Justice Department  On December 15, 2018, Trump announced that Zinke would leave his post as of January 2, 2019, to be replaced by his deputy, David Bernhardt  The Inspector General's report concluded that Zinke had repeatedly violated ethical rules and then lied to investigators  His tenure as Secretary of the Interior was plagued by scandals, including his insistence that special flagpoles be erected so that flags could be raised or lowered when he was in residence, spending over $200,000 of taxpayer money to do so  Zinke left his post at the Department of the Interior at end of 2018 after serving two years amid mounting misconduct allegations related to his Whitefish corruption scandal 

Early life and education
Zinke was born in Bozeman, Montana, and raised in Whitefish  He is the son of Jean Montana (Harlow) Petersen and Ray Dale Zinke, a plumber  He was a Boy Scout and earned his Eagle Scout award  He was a star athlete at Whitefish High School and accepted a football scholarship to the University of Oregon in Eugene; recruited as an outside linebacker, he switched to offense and was an undersized starting center for the Ducks of the Pac-10 under head coach Rich Brooks  Zinke earned a B S  in geology in 1984 and graduated with honors  He intended to pursue a career in underwater geology  Despite never working as a geologist, Zinke publicly calls himself a geologist  He earned an M B A  from National University in 1993 and a Master of Science in global leadership from the University of San Diego in 2003 

Military career
Zinke served as a U S  Navy SEAL from 1986 to 2008, retiring at the rank of commander  He graduated from Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL training (BUD/S) class 136 in February 1986 and subsequently served with SEAL Team ONE  Following SEAL Tactical Training and completion of a six-month probationary period, he received the 1130 designator as a Naval Special Warfare Officer, entitled to wear the Special Warfare insignia also known as "SEAL Trident"   Zinke was assigned as a First Phase Officer of BUD/S from 1988 to 1991  In 1991, he received orders to United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (NSWDG) and completed a specialized selection and training course  Zinke served at the command until 1993, during which time he planned, rehearsed and operated during classified operations  He then served as a Plans officer for Commander in Chief, U S  Naval Forces, Europe and served a second tour with NSWDG as team leader, ground force commander, task force commander and current operations officer from 1996 to 1999 In the late 1990s, Zinke paid back the Navy $211 after improperly billing the government for personal travel expenses  His former commanding officer, now-retired Vice Admiral Albert M  Calland III, said that as a result, Zinke received a June 1999 Fitness Report that blocked him from being promoted to a commanding officer position or to the rank of captain  Zinke acknowledged the error but maintains that the incident did not adversely affect his career  His promotion from lieutenant commander to commander was approved the next year From 1999 to 2001, Zinke served as executive officer for the Naval Special Warfare Unit Two and then as executive officer, Naval Special Warfare Center from 2001 to 2004  In 2004, Zinke was the deputy and acting commander of the Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force-Arabian Peninsula  His campaign website stated that he was "the deputy and acting commander" of Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force–Arabian Peninsula and "led a force of more than 3,500 Special Operations personnel in Iraq" in 2004  Retired Major General Michael S  Repass, who was Zinke's superior in Iraq, told The New York Times that these claims "might be a stretch" but that Zinke "did a good job" and was "a competent guy"  After his tours in Iraq, Zinke served "as the second-ranking officer (and briefly acting commander) of the main SEAL training center " In 2006, he was selected to establish the Naval Special Warfare Advanced Training Command, serving as dean of the graduate school until his retirement from active duty in 2008  The graduate school had 250 educators, offering over 43 college-level courses to over 2,500 students annually at 15 different locations worldwide  Zinke retired from the Navy in 2008 

Awards and decorations
Business ventures
In 2005, Zinke formed Continental Divide International, a property management and business development consulting company  His family members are officers of the company  In 2009, Zinke formed the consulting company On Point Montana  He served on the board of the oil pipeline company QS Energy (formerly Save the World Air) from 2012 to 2015  In November 2014, Zinke announced that he would pass Continental Divide to his family while remaining in an advisory role 

Political career
Montana Senate (2009–2013)
Zinke was elected to the Montana Senate in 2008, serving from 2009 to 2013, representing the city of Whitefish  While serving in the State Senate, he "was widely seen as a moderate Republican" but drifted to the right  Zinke was selected as chair of the Senate Education Committee and promoted technology in the classroom, rural access to education and local control over schools  He also served on the Senate Finance and Claims Committee  As a state senator, Zinke was also a member of the SEMA-supported State Automotive Enthusiast and Leadership Caucus, a bipartisan group of state lawmakers sharing an appreciation for automobiles 

Global warming and clean energy
In 2008, Zinke said he "support[s] increased coal production for electrical generation and believe[s] it can and should be done with adequate environmental safeguards" and that he "believe[s] the use of alternate energy sources and clean coal is preferred over petroleum based fuels"  In 2010, he signed a letter calling global warming "a threat multiplier for instability in the most volatile regions of the world" and saying that "the clean energy and climate challenge is America's new space race"  The letter spoke of "catastrophic" costs and "unprecedented economic consequences" that would result from failing to act on climate change and asked then-President Obama and then-Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi to champion sweeping clean-energy and climate legislation 

2012 campaign for lieutenant governor
Zinke was the running mate of Montana gubernatorial candidate Neil Livingstone in the 2012 election  The Livingstone/Zinke ticket finished fifth out of seven in the Republican primary with 12,038 votes (8 8% of the vote) In 2012, Zinke founded the super PAC Special Operations for America (SOFA) to support Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign  It raised over $100,000 and paid $28,258 to Continental Divide International, Zinke's company, for fundraising consulting  Zinke appointed right-wing commentator Paul E  Vallely, a promoter of "birther" claims and other anti-Obama conspiracy theories, to SOFA's board  Zinke announced he was resigning as chairman of SOFA on September 30, 2013, with his friend former Navy SEAL Gary Stubblefield taking his place  While Zinke's financial disclosure report for 2014 listed him as chairman of SOFA, SOFA had been making independent expenditures in support of Zinke's campaign since November 20, 2013  In 2014, the Campaign Legal Center and Democracy 21 filed a complaint with the Federal Election Commission regarding coordination between Zinke's campaign and SOFA  As of December 2016, the FEC had taken no action on the matter 

Radio show
In 2013, Zinke hosted a radio show in which he engaged with and promoted fringe conspiratorial views, including birtherism (the contention that Obama was not born in the United States)  Zinke said on the show that he was not sure whether Obama was a foreign citizen and called on Obama to release his college transcripts  Later, in 2016, as a congressman, Zinke appeared on the radio show Where's Obama's Birth Certificate, known for its promotion of birther conspiracy theories 

2014 House election
In the spring of 2014, Zinke announced his candidacy for Montana's at-large congressional district, a seat vacated when the incumbent, Steve Daines, successfully sought a seat in the U S  Senate During the Republican primary, Zinke attracted attention for calling Hillary Rodham Clinton "the real enemy" and the "anti-Christ " He touted his anti-abortion credentials and was endorsed by the Montana Right to Life Association Zinke won the five-way Republican primary with 43,766 votes (33 25%) and defeated Libertarian perennial candidate Mike Fellows and Democratic nominee John Lewis, a former state director for U S  Senator Max Baucus, in the general election,
with 55 4% of the nearly 350,000 votes cast statewide 

U S  House of Representatives (2015–2017)
In Congress, Zinke supported the deployment of U S  ground troops to combat ISIS, "abandoning" the Affordable Care Act, and cutting regulations  He supported a Republican effort to repeal the estate tax Zinke condemned the "anti-Semitic views" held by neo-Nazis planning a march in support of Richard B  Spencer in Whitefish, Montana, in January 2017 

Political positions
Education
In 2015, Zinke voted for an amendment proposed by Representative Dave Loebsack that provided for the expansion of the use of digital learning through the establishment of a competitive grant program to implement and evaluate the results of technology-based learning practices  The amendment passed, 218–213 

Environmental regulation
Zinke frequently voted in opposition to environmentalists on issues including coal extraction and oil and gas drilling  When Trump opened nearly all U S  coastal waters to extractive drilling, rescinding Obama's protections, nearly a dozen coastal states protested  Zinke visited with Florida Governor Ron DeSantis and exempted only Florida's coast from drilling 

Climate change
Zinke has shifted over time on the issue of climate change  In 2010, while in the Montana Senate, Zinke was one of nearly 1,200 state legislators who signed a letter to President Obama and Congress calling for "comprehensive clean energy jobs and climate change legislation " But since 2010, he has repeatedly expressed doubt about anthropogenic climate change; in an October 2014 debate, Zinke said, "it's not a hoax, but it's not proven science either " During Senate confirmation hearings on his nomination as Interior Secretary, Zinke said that humans "influence" climate change, but did not acknowledge the scientific consensus that human activity is the dominant cause of climate change 

Transfers of federal lands to states
Zinke broke with most Republicans on the issue of transfers of federal lands to the states, calling such proposals "extreme" and voting against them  In July 2016, he withdrew as a delegate to the Republican National Convention in protest of the portion of the party's draft platform that would require that certain public lands be transferred to state control  Zinke said he endorsed "better management of federal land" rather than transfers 

Committee assignments
Committee on Armed Services
Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces
Subcommittee on Intelligence, Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Committee on Natural Resources
Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources

2016 House election
In 2016, Zinke ran unopposed in the Republican primary on June 7 and faced Democratic nominee and Superintendent of Public Instruction Denise Juneau in the general election on November 8  He defeated Juneau with 56% of the vote 

Secretary of the Interior (2017–2019)
Donald Trump Jr  recommended to his father that Zinke be nominated for Secretary of the Interior  Zinke was named as then-President-elect Donald Trump's nominee for United States Secretary of the Interior on December 13, 2016  The Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee approved his nomination by a 16–6 vote on January 31, 2017, and he was confirmed by the full Senate by a 68–31 vote on March 1  Among the senators expressing support for Zinke's confirmation was Jon Tester of Montana  Zinke was sworn into office by Vice President Mike Pence the same day The day after his swearing-in, Zinke rode a United States Park Police horse named Tonto several blocks to the entrance of the Department of Interior's Main Interior Building to his official welcoming ceremony On May 24, 2017, in the Montana special election to fill Zinke's vacated House seat, Republican nominee Greg Gianforte defeated Democratic nominee Rob Quist, with 49 7% of the vote to Quist's 44 1% 

Rescinded ban on lead bullets
On his first full day in office, Zinke rescinded the policy implemented by outgoing Fish and Wildlife Service Director Daniel M  Ashe on January 19, 2017, the last day of the Obama administration, that banned the use of lead bullets and lead fishing tackle in national wildlife refuges  Zinke said: "Over the past eight years … hunting, and recreation enthusiasts have seen trails closed and dramatic decreases in access to public lands across the board  It worries me to think about hunting and fishing becoming activities for the land-owning elite  This package of secretarial orders will expand access for outdoor enthusiasts and also make sure the community's voice is heard " The regulation was meant to help prevent lead contamination of plants and animals The move was opposed by the Sierra Club, Center for Biological Diversity, and other environmental groups  The rollback was praised by Senator Steve Daines, the National Rifle Association, and National Shooting Sports Foundation, as well as other "gun rights advocates, sportsmen's groups, conservatives and state wildlife agencies "

National Monument reductions
In April 2017, Zinke began reviewing at least 27 national monuments to determine whether any of them could be reduced in size  In June 2017, he recommended that Bears Ears National Monument's boundaries be scaled back  In August, he added the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument and Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument to the list of monuments to be shrunk, while also calling for new management rules for multiple national monuments to decrease the number of actions that are prohibited within the monuments In December 2017, Trump signed executive proclamations that reduced Bears Ears National Monument by 85% and Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument by almost 46%  These moves prompted several legal challenges  A day later, Zinke issued a report recommending that Trump also shrink two more national monuments—Gold Butte National Monument in Nevada and Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument in Oregon  He also recommended changes to the management of six other national monuments  These changes were welcomed by Republicans such as Representative Rob Bishop, the chair of the House Natural Resources Committee, but condemned by Democrats and environmentalist groups such as the Natural Resources Defense Council and Sierra Club After The New York Times took Zinke's Interior Department to court, it won and got 25,000 documents, of which 4,500 pages were related to Zinke's multi-monument review, and which showed the administration set out to increase coal, oil and gas mining access  The documents also showed that the Zinke administration's new map largely matched a map previously promoted by longtime Utah Senator Orrin Hatch, whose plan claimed it "would resolve all known mineral conflicts for SITLA [Utah School and Institutional Trust Lands Administration] within the Bears Ears… the real [beneficiaries] are Utah schoolchildren and the people of San Juan County", a claim the Utah Diné Bikéyah tribe disputed as hypocritical 

Expenditure controversies
In September 2017, it was reported that on June 26, Zinke had chartered a jet belonging to an oil industry executive for a flight from Las Vegas to Kalispell, Montana  Zinke had been in Las Vegas to make an announcement related to public lands and to deliver a speech to the National Hockey League's Vegas Golden Knights, an expansion franchise owned by William P  Foley, a major donor to Zinke's congressional campaigns  The chartered flight cost taxpayers $12,375  Costs for commercial flights between Las Vegas and Kalispell typically start at $300  Upon arrival in Kalispell, Zinke spent the night at his private residence before delivering remarks at the annual meeting of the Western Governors Association the next morning  Zinke and his staffers returned to Washington on a commercial flight the next day Zinke used private aircraft and performed political duties in relation to an April 1 trip between St  Croix and St  Thomas in the U S  Virgin Islands  Zinke had been in St  Croix on March 30 for an official meeting with Governor Kenneth Mapp during the day, and spent the night at a fundraiser for the Republican Party of the Virgin Islands, where donors of between $1,500 and $5,000 were allowed to have their pictures taken with Zinke  The next morning, he took a private flight costing the government $3,150 to St  Thomas to celebrate the centennial of the islands' handover to the United States by Denmark In December 2017, Politico reported that Zinke had booked government helicopters for more than $14,000 to travel in June and July 2017  One of these trips was the swearing-in ceremony of his successor in Congress; the Department of Interior defended the use of government helicopters instead of a two-hour car drive by saying Zinke would otherwise not be able to fully participate in the ceremony  An Interior spokesperson also told a Politico reporter asking about the expenses, "Shame on you for not respecting the office of a member of Congress " Another of these trips was the use of a Park Police helicopter to have a horseback ride with Vice President Mike Pence; the Interior Department justified the use of the helicopter over the three-hour car drive by saying, "the Secretary will be able to familiarize himself with the in-flight capabilities of an aircraft he is in charge of" and that Park Police staff would "provide an added measure of security to the Secretary during his travel " Zinke dismissed Politico's reporting as "total fabrications and a wild departure of reality" but did not identify any inaccuracies in it In March 2018, the Associated Press reported that the Interior Department spent approximately $139,000 to upgrade three sets of double doors in Zinke's office  A spokesperson claimed Zinke was unaware of the relevant work contract 

Inspector general investigations and other inquiries
In October 2017, the Interior Department's Office of Inspector General (OIG) launched an investigation into Zinke's use of three charter flights during his tenure as Interior Secretary  In April 2018, OIG released its report, concluding that Zinke's chartered flight to give the June 2017 speech to the Las Vegas Golden Knights was authorized "without complete information" and that the speech was not official business because Zinke did not discuss the Interior Department or his role as Interior Secretary  OIG concluded that the two other charter flights, one to Alaska and the other to the U S  Virgin Islands, "appeared to have been reasonable as related to official DOI business "In October 2017, the United States Office of Special Counsel launched a Hatch Act investigation into Zinke's meeting with the Vegas Golden Knights In a March 2018 Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, Zinke said it was false that he had taken a "private jet anywhere," noting that the charter flights he took were on aircraft with propellers, not jet engines As of October 30, 2018, the OIG had referred Zinke to the Department of Justice for investigation, including of whether he lied to the OIG about his involvement in reviewing a tribal casino project in Connecticut  The two Connecticut tribes claim that the Interior Department refused to sign off on the casino project after intense lobbying by MGM Resorts International and two Nevada Republican lawmakers  Zinke said the OIG interviewed him twice about the casino decision and that he was truthful both times  In late 2019, Deputy Attorney General Jeffrey Rosen stalled the probe into Zinke  Federal prosecutors had proposed to move forward with possible criminal charges against Zinke over his involvement in the casino deal  In doing so, Rosen also prevented the Interior Department's Office of Inspector General from making a report about the casino deal public 

Flying of Secretarial flag
Assuming his duties as Interior Secretary, Zinke ordered Interior Department officials to fly the official Secretarial Flag over the Main Interior Building whenever he was in the building, and that of his deputy, David Bernhardt, whenever Zinke was away and Bernhardt the highest-ranking official present  According to The Washington Post, "no one can remember [the flag ritual] ever happening in the federal government "

Trophy hunting
In November 2017, it was announced that Trump, on Zinke's advice, wanted to lift the import ban on elephant and other big-game trophies from Zambia and Zimbabwe to the United States  A passionate hunter, Zinke justified himself to critics by saying that he had his best childhood memories of hunting with his father and that he was anxious to promote hunting for American families  Trump and Zinke received considerable criticism for the decision  Critics feared that lifting the import ban would trigger a wave of U S  hunters, and that the decision would be a major blow to the survival of the elephant species  Two days later, Trump put his decision on hold, saying that he wanted to better inform himself on the issue  In 2014, before the Obama Administration instituted the ban, U S  hunters killed 671 elephants, 741 lions, 311 leopards, 1,412 Cape buffaloes and 32 rhinos, and shipped them to the U S 

Greater sage-grouse
In 2017, Zinke took steps to unwind a 2015 plan that protected the greater sage-grouse  The Interior Department sought to change sage grouse habitat management plans in 10 states in a way that could open the sage-grouse habitat to mineral extraction and grazing  These proposals were welcomed by the oil and gas industry and condemned by environmentalists  In April 2021, a federal judge blocked this expansion of livestock grazing in Nevada across four hundred square miles (1,000 km2) of some of the highest-priority sage-grouse habitat in the West 

Migratory Bird Treaty Act
Under Zinke, the Interior Department adopted a restrictive interpretation of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, issuing a guidance document stating that the killing of birds "resulting from an activity is not prohibited by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act when the underlying purpose of that activity is not to take birds " The move was opposed by a bipartisan group of 17 former top Interior Department officials, including seven former heads of migratory bird management at the U S  Fish and Wildlife Service, who served in each administration from Nixon to Obama  In a letter sent to Zinke and members of Congress, the former officials wrote, "This legal opinion is contrary to the long-standing interpretation by every administration (Republican and Democrat) since at least the 1970s "

Interior Department employees
In June 2017, Zinke called for the elimination of 4,000 jobs from the Interior Department and supported the White House proposal to cut the department's budget by 13 4%  The same month, he ordered 50 Interior members of the Senior Executive Service to be reassigned, "forcing many into jobs for which they had little experience and that were in different locations " The scope of the move was unusual  One reassigned Interior senior executive, scientist Joel Clement, published an op-ed in The Washington Post saying that the reassignment was retaliation against him "for speaking out publicly about the dangers that climate change poses to Alaska Native communities " The moves prompted the Interior Departments' Office of Inspector General to launch a probe In 2017, in a speech to the National Petroleum Council, Zinke said that one-third of Interior Department employees were disloyal to Trump and that "I got 30 percent of the crew that's not loyal to the flag"  His remarks prompted objections from the Coalition to Protect America's National Parks, Public Lands Foundation and Association of Retired Fish and Wildlife Service Employees (which called the comments "simply ludicrous, and deeply insulting") and Senator Maria Cantwell, the ranking member of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources (who said that Zinke had a "fundamental misunderstanding of the role" of the federal civil service) 

Budget proposals
In 2018, Zinke proposed budget cuts to the Interior Department for fiscal year 2019, mostly from the Bureau of Land Management, U S  Fish and Wildlife Service, and U S  Geological Survey  His proposed budget would also have cut the Land and Water Conservation Fund to $8 million from $425 million in 2018 

2018 wildfires
In August 2018, Zinke said that "environmental terrorist groups" were to blame for the wildfires in California, and that they had "nothing to do with climate change"  Fire scientists and forestry experts reject that, attributing the increasingly destructive wildfires to heat and drought caused by climate change  Later that month, Zinke acknowledged that climate change played a part in the fires  He also said that preventing removal of dead trees has increased the amount of flammable material and hurt timber salvaging 

Calendar omissions
In October 2018, FOIA requests revealed that Zinke's calendar, which was supposed to cover the Secretary of the Interior's activities, contained glaring omissions  Zinke met with lobbyists and business executives on a number of occasions  Reporting from September 2018 noted that the calendars of his activities were "so vaguely described    that the public is unable tell what he was doing or with whom he was meeting "

Departure from office
On December 15, 2018, Trump announced that Zinke would leave "the Administration at the end of the year"; he later tweeted that he would name the new Secretary of the Interior the following week  According to The Washington Post, Zinke had submitted his resignation the same morning  Zinke himself later posted a statement on Twitter, saying, "I cannot justify spending thousands of dollars defending myself and my family against false allegations…It is better for the President and Interior to focus on accomplishments rather than fictitious allegations " His resignation came just a week after former White House Chief of Staff John Kelly's departure was announced 
Zinke was facing several federal probes, including the "Montana land deal" in which a foundation of Zinke's and the chairman of energy firm Halliburton, David Lesar, were accused of wrongdoing in relation to a development project in Zinke's home town of Whitefish, Montana  The DOJ also was investigating his use of personal email In May 2020, Zinke criticized the investigations that led to his departure, saying they were politicized and that such investigations would result in only billionaires being able to afford to serve in a public office 

Later career
In January 2019, Zinke began a new job as the managing director of Artillery One, a cryptocurrency investment firm founded by investor Daniel Cannon, saying that he was "going to make Artillery One great again " In an interview, he said, "I'm focused on cybersecurity, protection of infrastructure and emerging countries that can act as a test bed for new technologies  There is some suspicion that blockchain does not really work  We think it does and we want to showcase the utility and flexibility of the model " The company is working on a test bed project in Kosovo, where Zinke served during his time in the U S  Navy  Zinke also took consulting jobs with several energy firms 

2022 congressional election
In June 2021, Zinke officially announced his candidacy for reelection to the U S  House of Representatives  He sought election in Montana's 1st congressional district, which was reconstituted after the 2020 census  Montana had been split between two districts from 1919 to 1993, but for the next three decades had been represented by a single member 
Zinke narrowly defeated Democratic nominee Monica Tranel to return to Congress  He represents the western third of the state, including Missoula, Butte, Bozeman, Kalispell, and his hometown of Whitefish 

Tenure
Syria
In 2023, Zinke voted against H Con Res  21, which directed President Joe Biden to remove U S  troops from Syria within 180 days 

Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023
Zinke was among the 71 Republicans who voted against final passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 in the House 

Personal life
Zinke married Lolita Hand on August 8, 1992  Both had been married before; Hand was a widow with a young daughter  He and Hand also have two children together Zinke splits his time among Washington, D C ; Whitefish, Montana; and Santa Barbara, California, his wife's hometown  Politico reported that he no longer resides at his Whitefish house and spends more time in Santa Barbara  Zinke is Missouri Synod Lutheran 

Electoral history
See also
Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration
List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 115th Congress by seniority
List of Montana state senators
Political appointments of Donald Trump#Department of the Interior
United States Senate election in Montana, 2018
Whitefish Energy
Passage 6:
Louisiana State Treasurer special election, 2017
The Louisiana State Treasurer special election took place on October 14, 2017, to elect the state treasurer of Louisiana, with a runoff election to be held on November 18, 2017, if necessary  Incumbent Republican State Treasurer John Kennedy was elected to the U S  Senate in 2016   First Assistant Treasurer Ron Henson replaced Kennedy as treasurer, and served until the special election  Henson did not run in the special election Under Louisiana's jungle primary system, all candidates appeared on the same ballot, regardless of party and voters may vote for any candidate, regardless of their party affiliation  If no candidate receives a majority of the vote during the primary election, a runoff election will be held between the top two candidates  Louisiana is the only state that has a jungle primary system (California and Washington have a similar "top two primary" system)  Republican candidates received over 65% of the vote as John Schroder and Derrick Edwards advanced to the runoff  Republican John Schroder defeated Democrat Derrick Edwards in the runoff 

Candidates
Republican Party
Declared
Angele Davis, businesswoman and former commissioner of the Louisiana Department of Administration
Terry Hughes
Neil Riser, state senator and candidate for LA-05 in 2013
John Schroder, state representative

Withdrew
Julie Stokes, state representative

Declined
Ron Henson, incumbent state treasurer
Rob Maness, retired United States Air Force colonel and candidate for U S  Senate in 2014 and 2016

Democratic Party
Declared
Derrick Edwards, attorney and candidate for U S  Senate in 2016

Libertarian Party
Declared
Joseph D  Little

Jungle primary
Runoff
Passage 7:
Kevin Aguiar
Kevin Aguiar (born September 7, 1972) is an American politician who represented the 7th Bristol district in the Massachusetts House of Representatives  He was first elected in a 2008 special election following Robert Correia's resignation to become Mayor of Fall River, Massachusetts From 2002 to 2009, Aguiar served as a member of the Fall School Committee  He was defeated for re-election in the 2012 Democratic primary by challenger Alan Silvia, who succeeded him 
Passage 8:
Mike Aguirre
Jules Michael Aguirre (born 1949), more commonly known as Michael Jules Aguirre, was the City Attorney for the City of San Diego, California, from 2004 to 2008 
In 2013, he was a candidate for mayor in a special election following Mayor Bob Filner's resignation  He lost to Kevin Faulconer, placing fourth in a field of eleven candidates 

Early life
Aguirre was born to Julio and Margaret Aguirre  His father was of Spanish and Mexican descent and his mother is of Mexican descent 

Early career
Aguirre worked as Assistant U S  Attorney for the Department of Justice and directed a grand jury investigation of pension racketeering  He was then appointed as assistant counsel to the U S  Senate's Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations  After leaving government work, Aguirre set up his own firm specializing in securities fraud In the 1990s, Aguirre continued his securities practice and his electoral campaigns  In 1990, Aguirre allied with the Chicano Movement to file a successful federal voting rights lawsuit to overturn San Diego’s redistricting  In 1993, Aguirre successfully defended the United Farm Workers Union in Yuma, Arizona, in a case with lettuce grower Bruce Church  Aguirre took over the defense of the case after UFW President Cesar Chavez died following two days of testimony  Aguirre finished the jury trial, which the UFW lost, but he succeeded in getting the case overturned on appeal In 1996, Aguirre went to court to throw out a 1995 contract between the City of San Diego and the San Diego Chargers football team  In the contract, the city agreed to issue $60 million of bonds to renovate the football team's stadium, and, in a controversial clause, promised to constantly maintain the stadium as a state-of-the-art venue  The city had also agreed to guarantee the sale of 60,000 game tickets at prices to be set by the Chargers  Aguirre’s suit and the ensuing scandal surrounding the maintenance clause compelled the city to renegotiate with the Chargers in 1998 

City Attorney
Aguirre ran for San Diego City Attorney in 2004, in the midst of a financial crisis and investigations by the Securities and Exchange Commission  Scandal had erupted in the summer of 2003 over a pension deal that municipal employees received between 1996 and 2002  Workers were given increased benefits during this period, but the city did not contribute enough to municipal pension funds to cover the increased benefits  The resulting deficit of some $1 4 billion left the city’s finances in shambles and made it virtually impossible to issue municipal bonds  Aguirre ran as a "clean up the mess" outsider, with support from Democrats in the officially nonpartisan race, and won with 50 4% of the vote  A 2008 Wall Street Journal article praised Aguirre’s efforts to address the City of San Diego's hundreds of millions of dollars of unfunded pension liabilities In October 2007, the San Diego Union-Tribune reported that during the California wildfires of October 2007, Aguirre had called for an evacuation of the entire City of San Diego  Aguirre was heavily criticized for the idea but said that the paper had distorted his position  Aguirre's claim was that he had written a memo to the San Diego Mayor at the height of the fires, advising that the city should draw up a voluntary evacuation plan in light of federal regulations, the immediate threat of the fire, as well as concerns over weather conditions and air quality As City Attorney, Aguirre filed a legal action to force a developer to reduce the height of an already constructed office building near an airport  Federal Aviation Administration officials had later determined that the height of the building posed a threat to public safety, even if a city building permit had been issued  In 2009, a California Superior Court judge affirmed the City Attorney's position by determining the developer had no legal right to erect the building to the unsafe height, and the top several stories were ordered to be removed from the building In 2005, immediately upon taking office, Aguirre attempted unsuccessfully to overturn a city grant of $900 million in pension benefits to police and other city workers, which Aguirre contended had been illegal Aguirre sued Countrywide Financial in July 2008 over lending practices  and convinced a federal multi-district litigation judicial panel to move all Countrywide Financial foreclosure cases to the jurisdiction of the City of San Diego 
In 2008, Aguirre ran for a second term as City Attorney but was challenged by several other candidates  The president of the San Diego City Council Scott Peters ran with the backing of city unions, while Superior Court Judge Jan Goldsmith was backed by the Republican political establishment  In the five-candidate nonpartisan primary election in June 2008, Aguirre qualified for the general election by coming in second place after Goldsmith  In the general election on November 4, 2008, Aguirre lost to Goldsmith: 59 5 percent to 40 5 percent 

After leaving office
After leaving his post as City Attorney, Aguirre returned to private legal practice by forming the law firm of Aguirre Morris & Severson, along with two colleagues from the City Attorney's office: Mia Severson, who had headed the City Attorney's civil litigation division; and Chris Morris, who had headed the City's Criminal Division  Aguirre also started the National Center for Regulatory Reform, which has issued extensive reports on the Market Crash of 2008 
Following the resignation of Mayor Bob Filner in August 2013, Aguirre declared his intention to run in the special election for mayor to replace him  In the primary election held November 19, 2013, Aguirre came in a distant fourth with 4 44 percent of the vote, and thus did not advance to the runoff election held in November In 2014, Aguirre represented a woman named Ruth Hendricks who was challenging the $4 7 billion settlement deal for the failed San Onofre nuclear plant in San Diego County  His questions during the settlement approval process were not addressed  By 2015, his questions about backchannel dealings between regulators and utility companies were being taken more seriously, as criminal investigators seized notes from a secret meeting in Poland where the framework of a San Onofre deal was first discussed 

Electoral history
Context 3:  For the Class of 2025 (enrolled fall 2021), Purdue received 59,173 applications and accepted 40,759 (68 9%)  Of those accepted, 10,157 enrolled, a yield rate (the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 24 9%  Purdue's freshman retention rate is 92%, with 81 5% going on to graduate within six years The university started test-optional admissions with the Fall 2021 incoming class in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and has extended this through Fall 2023  Of the 62% of the incoming freshman class who submitted SAT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1190-1430  Of the 31% of enrolled freshmen in 2021 who submitted ACT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 26 and 33 Purdue University is a college-sponsor of the National Merit Scholarship Program and sponsored 88 Merit Scholarship awards in 2020  In the 2020–2021 academic year, 127 freshman students were National Merit Scholars 

Academic divisions
Purdue offers both undergraduate and graduate programs in over 211 major areas of study, and is well known for its competitive engineering curricula  The university has also been integral in America's history of aviation, having established the first college credit offered in flight training; the first four-year bachelor's degree in aviation; and the first university airport: Purdue University Airport  Purdue's aviation technology and aeronautical engineering programs remain among the most competitive aviation-specific programs in the world  In the mid-20th century, Purdue's aviation program expanded to encompass advanced spaceflight technology, giving rise to Purdue's nicknames Cradle of Astronauts and Mother of Astronauts  26 Purdue graduates have become astronauts, including Gus Grissom, one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts; Neil Armstrong, who was the first person to walk on the Moon; and Eugene Cernan, who was the last person to walk on the Moon The English department at Purdue launched the first Online Writing Lab (OWL), in 1994  Many colleges and universities use the Purdue OWL website as an academic writing reference source for proper word usage, punctuation, grammar, and style Purdue is organized into 10 colleges and schools  On July 1, 2010, the College of Health and Human Sciences was formed, through combining existing academic units, including the School of Nursing, the School of Health Sciences, the College of Consumer and Family Sciences, and non-humanities majors psychology and hearing and speech pathology from the College of Liberal Arts 

College of Agriculture
The university's College of Agriculture supports the university's agricultural, food, life, and natural resource science programs  The college also supports the university's charge as a land-grant university to support agriculture throughout the state; its agricultural extension program plays a key role in this 

College of Education
The College of Education offers undergraduate degrees in elementary education, social studies education, science education and special education, and graduate degrees in these and many other specialty areas of education  It has two departments: (a) Curriculum and Instruction and (b) Educational Studies 

College of Engineering
The Purdue University College of Engineering was established in 1874 with programs in Civil and Mechanical Engineering  The college now offers BS, MS, and PhD degrees in more than a dozen disciplines  Purdue's engineering program has also educated 24 of America's astronauts, including Neil Armstrong and Eugene Cernan who were the first and last astronauts to have walked on the Moon, respectively, and Gus Grissom, a member of the Mercury Seven  Many of Purdue's engineering disciplines are recognized as top-ten programs in the U S  The college as a whole is currently ranked 4th in the U S  of all doctorate-granting engineering schools by U S  News & World Report 

Exploratory Studies
The university's Exploratory Studies program supports undergraduate students who enter the university without having a declared major  It was founded as a pilot program in 1995 and made a permanent program in 1999 

College of Health and Human Sciences
The College of Health and Human Sciences was established in 2010 and is the newest college  It offers BS, MS and PhD degrees in all 10 of its academic units 

College of Liberal Arts
Purdue's College of Liberal Arts contains the arts, social sciences and humanities programs at the university  Liberal arts courses have been taught at Purdue since its founding in 1874  The School of Science, Education, and Humanities was formed in 1953  In 1963, the School of Humanities, Social Sciences, and Education was established, although Bachelor of Arts degrees had begun to be conferred as early as 1959  In 1989, the School of Liberal Arts was created to encompass Purdue's arts, humanities, and social sciences programs, while education programs were split off into the newly formed School of Education  The School of Liberal Arts was renamed the College of Liberal Arts in 2005 

Daniels School of Business
The Daniels School of Business offers management courses and programs at the undergraduate, master's, and doctoral levels 

College of Pharmacy
The university's College of Pharmacy was established in 1884 and is the 3rd oldest state-funded school of pharmacy in the United States  The school offers two undergraduate programs leading to the BS in Pharmaceutical Sciences (BSPS) and the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm D ) professional degree  Graduate programs leading to MS and PhD degrees are offered in three departments (Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, and Pharmacy Practice)  Additionally, the school offers several non-degree certificate programs and post-graduate continuing education activities 

Purdue Polytechnic Institute
The Purdue Polytechnic Institute, formerly known as the College of Technology, offers bachelor's, master's and PhD degrees in a wide range of technology-related disciplines  With over 30,000 living alumni, it is one of the largest technology schools in the United States  In addition to the main school in West Lafayette, Purdue Polytechnic operates nine satellite campuses in Anderson, Columbus, Indianapolis, Kokomo, Lafayette, New Albany, Richmond, Vincennes, and South Bend  These locations offer certificate, associate, and/or bachelor's degrees, some of which are ABET-accredited technical degrees 
The Polytechnic Institute also maintains three high school campuses (two in Indianapolis and one in South Bend) that focus on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics and feature hands-on project-based learning 

College of Science
The university's College of Science houses the university's science departments: Biological Sciences; Chemistry; Computer Science; Earth, Atmospheric, & Planetary Sciences; Mathematics; Physics & Astronomy; and Statistics  The science courses offered by the college account for about one-fourth of Purdue's one million student credit hours 

College of Veterinary Medicine
The College of Veterinary Medicine is accredited by the AVMA to offer the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree, associate's and bachelor's degrees in veterinary technology, master's and PhD degrees, and residency programs leading to specialty board certification  Within the state of Indiana, the Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine is the only veterinary school, while the Indiana University School of Medicine is one of only two medical schools (the other being Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine)  The two schools frequently collaborate on medical research projects 

Honors College
Purdue's Honors College supports an honors program for undergraduate students at the university 

The Graduate School
The university's Graduate School supports graduate students at the university 

Purdue Online
Through Purdue Online, the administrative unit charged with planning and enabling the effort, Purdue has a growing online presence, in addition to Purdue Global, offering more than 200 programs through the university's four accredited institutions (Purdue West Lafayette, Purdue Northwest and Purdue Fort Wayne in Indiana and Purdue Global) including master's degree programs  Purdue Online, the unified online education initiative approved by Purdue President Mitch Daniels and the Purdue Board of Trustees in December 2018, is intended to radically expand these offerings by developing a "coordinated, unified system-wide portfolio of online course and degree offerings for students of all types " Students manage their Purdue University admin account using the BrightSpace Purdue Student Portal 

Research
The university expended $622 814 million in support of research system-wide in 2017, using funds received from the state and federal governments, industry, foundations, and individual donors  The faculty and more than 400 research laboratories put Purdue University among the leading research institutions  Purdue University is considered by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education to have "very high research activity"  Purdue also was rated the nation's fourth best place to work in academia, according to rankings released in November 2007 by The Scientist magazine  Purdue's researchers provide insight, knowledge, assistance, and solutions in many crucial areas  These include, but are not limited to Agriculture; Business and Economy; Education; Engineering; Environment; Healthcare; Individuals, Society, Culture; Manufacturing; Science; Technology; Veterinary Medicine The Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), a global research consortium focused on global economic governance challenges (trade, climate, resource use) is also coordinated by the university  Purdue University generated a record $438 million in sponsored research funding during the 2009–10 fiscal year with participation from National Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the U S  departments of Agriculture, Defense, Energy, and Health and Human Services  Purdue University was ranked fourth in Engineering research expenditures amongst all the colleges in the United States in 2017, with a research expenditure budget of 244 8 million Purdue University established the Discovery Park to bring innovation through multidisciplinary action  In all of the eleven centers of Discovery Park, ranging from entrepreneurship to energy and advanced manufacturing, research projects reflect a large economic impact and address global challenges  Purdue University's nanotechnology research program, built around the new Birck Nanotechnology Center in Discovery Park, ranks among the best in the nation The Purdue Research Park which opened in 1961 was developed by Purdue Research Foundation which is a private, nonprofit foundation created to assist Purdue  The park is focused on companies operating in the arenas of life sciences, homeland security, engineering, advanced manufacturing and information technology  It provides an interactive environment for experienced Purdue researchers and for private business and high-tech industry  It currently employs more than 3,000 people in 155 companies, including 90 technology-based firms  The Purdue Research Park was ranked first by the Association of University Research Parks in 2004 Purdue's library system consists of fifteen locations throughout the campus, including an archives and special collections research center, an undergraduate library, and several subject-specific libraries  More than three million volumes, including one million electronic books, are held at these locations  The Library houses the Amelia Earhart Collection, a collection of notes and letters belonging to Earhart and her husband George Putnam along with records related to her disappearance and subsequent search efforts  An administrative unit of Purdue University Libraries, Purdue University Press has its roots in the 1960 founding of Purdue University Studies by President Frederick Hovde on a $12,000 grant from the Purdue Research Foundation  This was the result of a committee appointed by President Hovde after the Department of English lamented the lack of publishing venues in the humanities  Since the 1990s, the range of books published by the Press has grown to reflect the work from other colleges at Purdue University especially in the areas of agriculture, health, and engineering  Purdue University Press publishes print and ebook monograph series in a range of subject areas from literary and cultural studies to the study of the human-animal bond  In 1993 Purdue University Press was admitted to membership of the Association of American University Presses  Purdue University Press publishes around 25 books a year and 20 learned journals in print, in print & online, and online-only formats in collaboration with Purdue University Libraries 

Sustainability
Purdue's Sustainability Council, composed of university administrators and professors, meets monthly to discuss environmental issues and sustainability initiatives at Purdue  The university's first LEED Certified building was an addition to the Mechanical Engineering Building, which was completed in Fall 2011  The school is also in the process of developing an arboretum on campus  In addition, a system has been set up to display live data detailing current energy production at the campus utility plant  The school holds an annual "Green Week" each fall, an effort to engage the Purdue community with issues relating to environmental sustainability 

Rankings
In its 2022 edition, U S  News & World Report ranked Purdue University the 7th most innovative national university, tied for the 18th best public university in the United States, tied for 51st overall, and 127th best global university  U S  News & World Report also rated Purdue tied for 36th in "Best Undergraduate Teaching, 81st in "Best Value Schools", tied for 326th in "Top Performers on Social Mobility", and the undergraduate engineering program tied for 9th at schools whose highest degree is a doctorate 

Campus life
Student body
8,562 students from 126 countries around the world attended Purdue University in 2012  In 2012–13, 19,689 out of a total of 39,256 students enrolled were Indiana residents  As of 2013, the racial diversity of the US-resident undergraduate student body was 5 7% Asian, 4 4% Hispanic or Latino, and 4 0% black or African American  Of the undergraduate students, 42 6% were female  Domestic minorities constitute a total of 10 8% in the graduate student body population of which 37 3% are female  Twenty-two percent of the student body is international, representing 126 countries  In graduate and professional student population, non-Indiana residents occupy an overwhelming majority, about 75%  Almost all undergraduates and about 70% of the graduate student population attend full-time  The school's selectivity for admissions is "more selective" by USNWR: approximately 49% of applicants are admitted 

Housing
About one-third of the single undergraduate students on the West Lafayette campus live in university-owned buildings  The rest live in fraternities, sororities, cooperatives, or private off-campus housing  There are 11,844 spaces available for undergraduate students, graduate students, and student families who choose to live on campus  Sixteen percent of the undergraduate student body are members of the 40 fraternities and 20 sororities on campus 
Purdue University operates seventeen separate residence halls for its undergraduate and graduate students, including Cary Quadrangle, Earhart Hall, First Street Towers, Frieda Parker Hall, Harrison Hall, Hawkins Hall, Hillenbrand Hall, Hilltop Apartments, Honors College and Residences, McCutcheon Hall, Meredith Hall, Meredith South Hall, Owen Hall, Shreve Hall, Tarkington Hall, Wiley Hall, Winifred Parker Hall, and the 5 Windsor Halls: Duhme, Shealy, Warren, Wood, and Vawter  Of the residence halls, Cary, McCutcheon, Wiley, and Tarkington are male-only while Windsor, Meredith South Hall, and Meredith Hall are female-only; the rest of them are co-ed There are 12 cooperative houses at Purdue (five men's houses and seven women's houses)  The men's houses include Circle Pines, Fairway, Marwood, Chauncey, and Gemini  The women's houses include Ann Tweedale, Glenwood, Twin Pines, Maclure, Stewart, Devonshire, and Shoemaker  All cooperative houses are governed under the Purdue Cooperative Council which is led by Purdue University students who live in these houses  The cooperative system allows for a much lower cost of living than other types of housing, averaging $2900 annually with all-inclusive monthly rent ranging from $250–$625 varying by house  The members take an active role in sharing chores and cooking all meals themselves, as opposed to hiring out cleaning and cooking staff Purdue University hosts one of the nation's largest Greek community, with approximately 6,000 students participating in one of the roughly 40 men's fraternities or 30 women's sororities  Several of Purdue's most distinguished graduates are members of fraternities and sororities  Purdue's Greek system is very strong and works together in various aspects, including the Inter-Fraternity Council, Panhellenic, and many very successful philanthropies  Every chapter has national philanthropy dedicated to a certain cause that many chapters also participate in  Besides philanthropy, Purdue Greeks are involved all over campus, including College Mentors for Kids, Purdue University Dance Marathon, Boiler Gold Rush, Purdue Student Government, and other activities 

Activities and events
Students at Purdue participate in more than 900 student organizations that cover a variety of interests  Some of the notable clubs founded by Purdue students include the Purdue Reamer Club (a school spirit organization that cares for the Boilermaker Special mascot and raises funds for scholarships) and two clubs that eventually became nationwide organizations: the National Society of Black Engineers and the Rube Goldberg Machine Contest Several campus-wide programs are planned by the Purdue Alumni Student Experience (part of the Alumni Association), Purdue Student Union Board, Purdue Student Government (PSG), or the Purdue Graduate Student Government (PGSG)  PSG and PGSG are made up of representatives from each of the university's academic colleges and give recommendations to the faculty, administration, and sometimes to the state legislature Annual campus events include Boiler Gold Rush, Purdue University Dance Marathon, Spring Fest, and Grand Prix  Boiler Gold Rush (BGR) is Purdue's new-student orientation program  BGR, which takes place before each fall semester, was formed to ease the transition to college for incoming students and to help them get acquainted with successful college life  Boiler Gold Rush activities include speaker presentations from various academic, cultural, safety, and professional organizations on campus, campus tours led by Team Leaders, academic 'meet the schools' picnic and interest sessions, late-night events at the Purdue Memorial Union, Recreational Sports Center and local stores, and a sports pep rally  Purdue University Dance Marathon (PUDM) is an 18-hour no-sitting, no-sleeping, dance marathon that takes place each fall in the Cordova Recreation center  Each year over 2,000 students participate and the event raises over $1 million annually for Riley Hospital for Children in Indianapolis  PUDM is also one of the largest collegiate Dance Marathons in the country  Spring Fest is an annual carnival with entertaining exhibits from many academic departments  A highlight of the weekend is the Entomology Department's Bug Bowl, where the sport of cricket spitting was invented in 1997  The Purdue Grand Prix, a 50-mile, 160-lap go-kart race is "The Greatest Spectacle in College Racing" and wraps up Gala Week each year  All 33 participating karts are made from scratch by student teams  The event has been raising money for student scholarships since it began in 1958 

Religious life
Purdue has a number of religious organizations on and near the campus  St  Thomas Aquinas Catholic Church serves the Catholic community at Purdue and the surrounding community  There is also a non-denominational Christian church, Campus House, which is affiliated with the popular coffee-shop Greyhouse Coffee  The Purdue Hillel Foundation and Chabad at Purdue are the university's Jewish campus organizations  The Islamic Society of Greater Lafayette has an Islamic center serving the needs of the Muslim community on campus 

Media
The Purdue Exponent, an independent student newspaper, has the largest circulation of any Indiana college newspaper, with a daily circulation of 17,500 copies during the spring and fall semesters  From 1889 to 2008 Purdue published a yearbook called the Debris WBAA is a professional radio station operation owned by and licensed to Purdue University  The station operates three noncommercial stations: WBAA News, WBAA Classical, and WBAA Jazz  The stations can be heard on AM920, 101 3 FM, and 105 9 FM  WBAA also broadcasts on HD Radio and digital platforms including wbaa org and the WBAA app  Its studios are in the Edward C  Elliott Hall of Music on the Purdue campus, and the transmitters are in Lafayette, Indiana  WBAA is the longest continuously-operating radio station in Indiana, having been licensed on April 4, 1922  WBAA is a NPR member station  Despite some public disapproval, in 2022, Purdue sold WBAA to WFYI-FM  Purdue received $700,000 in underwriting credit while agreeing to provide an investment of $250,000 annually for two years to WFYI to offset initial operating costs There are also a few campus radio stations on campus  Currently, three radio stations operate from residence halls, broadcasting via internet only; WCCR from Cary Quadrangle (not to be confused with the current WCCR FM or WCCR-LP stations in other states), WILY from Wiley Hall, and WHHR from Harrison Hall W9YB is the callsign of the Amateur Radio Club at Purdue University  W9YB is the longest standing club on campus and also holds the self-declared title of having one of the largest and most active collegiate amateur radio stations in the country  W9YB actively participates in emergency management for the Tippecanoe County area and maintains ready status with its members in skills to assist  W9YB is among the longest standing amateur radio clubs in the United States, with the current callsign dating back to 1932 and the previous callsign 9YB dating back to 1920 The "Movie Tribute Show" was created in a small television studio (now known as the Erik Mygrant Studio) on campus in 1999 

Athletics
On October 26, 1891, a newspaper in Crawfordsville, Indiana, called Purdue's football team the "Boiler Makers" when writing about their trouncing of Wabash College  Lafayette newspapers soon picked up the name, and in October 1892, The Purdue Exponent, Purdue's student newspaper, gave it the stamp of approval  In the early days of Purdue football, the team was called other names as well, including "haymakers," "railsplitters," "sluggers," and "cornfield sailors " This heritage is reflected in Purdue's official mascot: the Boilermaker Special (a truck-like vehicle that resembles a locomotive) and the athletic mascot Purdue Pete (a muscular hammer-wielding boilermaker)  The school colors of old gold and black were selected by Purdue's first football team in 1887 to resemble the orange and black of Princeton's then-successful team  The best known fight song is "Hail Purdue!" 
Purdue has one of the few college athletic programs not funded by student fees or subsidized by the university  It is home to 18 Division I/I-A NCAA teams including football, basketball, cross country, tennis, wrestling, golf, volleyball, ice hockey (ACHA), and others  Purdue is a founding member of the Big Ten Conference, and played a central role in its creation  Traditional rivals include Big Ten colleagues the Indiana Hoosiers (see Indiana–Purdue rivalry), the Illinois Fighting Illini, and the Notre Dame Fighting Irish from the Atlantic Coast Conference (football program independent, however) Purdue's baseball facility was named in honor of two alumni, Anna Margaret Ross Alexander and her husband, John Arthur Alexander, when the new stadium was dedicated in 2013 

Football
The Boilermaker football team represents Purdue University in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS)  Ryan Walters is Purdue's current head coach, the 37th in the program's history  Purdue plays its home games at Ross-Ade Stadium on the campus of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana  The Boilermakers compete in the Big Ten Conference as a member of the West Division  With a 592–515–48 record, Purdue has the 49th most victories among NCAA FBS programs  Purdue was originally classified as a Major College school in the 1937 season until 1972  Purdue received Division I classification in 1973, becoming a Division I-A program from 1978 to 2006 and an FBS program from 2006 to the present  The Boilermakers have registered 64 winning seasons in their history, with 19 of those seasons resulting in eight victories or more, 10 seasons resulting in at least nine wins, and just one season with ten victories or more  Of those successful campaigns, Purdue has produced five unbeaten seasons in its history, going 4–0 in 1891, 8–0 in 1892, 8–0 in 1929, 7–0–1 in 1932 and 9–0 in 1943  The Boilermakers have won a total of 12 conference championships in their history, including four Indiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association titles and eight Big Ten Conference titles  The program is also notable for being one of only two universities – the other being the University of Alabama – to produce three Super Bowl-winning quarterbacks Found on a farm in southern Indiana, the Old Oaken Bucket is one of the oldest American football trophies  The winner of Purdue's annual game against the Indiana University Hoosiers gets to keep the trophy until the next face-off and add a bronze "P" or "I" link to its chain  The first competition in 1925 led to a 0–0 tie, resulting in the first link on the chain being an "IP " As of 1 September 2021, Purdue leads the series 74–42–6 During "Breakfast Club", best described as a cross between a pep rally and a Halloween party, students and even some alumni dress up in costumes, from traditional Halloween garb to creative hand-made costumes, as they bar-hop before Boilermaker home football games  The Breakfast Club plays a significant role during the football season and is informally a part of Purdue tradition  Many Boilermaker fans are dedicated; getting up at 5:00 a m  on Saturdays and lining up at the bars on Chauncey Hill and the levee by 6:00 a m  on game days  The Breakfast Club tradition also takes place the day of the annual Purdue Grand Prix race in April



ground_truth: United States Secretary of the Interior

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is the University Joe Odom played football for located?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Another tradition is Saturday morning wake-ups, where the Boilermaker Special uses its many loud horns and whistles to wake dorm students up in preparation for the day's game 

Basketball
The Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team competes in NCAA Division I and is a member of the Big Ten Conference  In 2005, Matt Painter became the head coach in West Lafayette  Painter took over the head coaching job from the winningest coach in school history, Gene Keady, becoming the second former Boilermaker basketball player to take the lead role  Purdue won its 25th Big Ten Conference Championship and 2nd Big Ten Tournament Championship in 2023  This mark leads the conference, as Indiana University Bloomington is second with 22 conference championshps  The Boilermakers were retroactively designated the 1932 national champions by the Helms Athletic Foundation and the Premo-Porretta Power Poll, but have not won an NCAA Championship  They were the 1969 runner-up, falling to legendary coach and former Purdue player John Wooden-led UCLA  They last went to the Final Four in 1980, again falling to UCLA  The Purdue men's team has sent more than 30 players to the NBA including two overall No  1 picks in the NBA draft  The Purdue women's basketball team were the 1999 NCAA Champions and 2001 runner-ups  The Boilermakers men's and women's basketball teams have won more Big Ten Championships than any other conference school, with 32 regular-season conference titles and 11 Big Ten Tournament titles  Purdue men's basketball achieved an all-time winning record against all Big Ten Schools when it gained a winning record over Ohio State with three wins in 2023, improving that record from 91-92 to 94-92  Purdue shares an all-sport rivalry with in-state foe Indiana University and holds a 125–92 series lead in men's basketball 

People
Faculty
The original faculty of six in 1874 has grown to 2,563 tenured and tenure-track faculty in the Purdue Statewide System by Fall 2007 totals  The number of faculty and staff members system-wide is 18,872  The current faculty includes scholars such as Arden L  Bement Jr  (director of the National Science Foundation), R  Graham Cooks, Douglas Comer, Louis de Branges de Bourcia (who proved the Bieberbach conjecture), Victor Raskin, David Sanders, Leah Jamieson, James L  Mohler (who has written several manuals of computer graphics), and Samuel S  Wagstaff Jr  (inventor of the Wagstaff prime) Purdue's tenured faculty comprises sixty Academic Deans, Associate Deans, and Assistant Deans; 63 Academic Department Heads; 753 Professors; 547 Associate Professors; and 447 Assistant Professors  Purdue employs 892 non-tenure-track faculty, Lecturers, and Postdoctoral Researchers at its West Lafayette campus  Purdue employs another 691 tenured and 1,021 Non-Tenure Track Faculty, Lecturers, and Postdoctoral Researchers at its Regional Campuses and Statewide Technology unit Two faculty members (chemists Herbert C  Brown and Ei-ichi Negishi) have been awarded Nobel Prizes while at Purdue  In all, 13 Nobel Prizes in five fields have been associated with Purdue including students, researchers, and current and previous faculty  Other notable faculty of the past have included Golden Gate Bridge designer Charles Alton Ellis, efficiency expert Lillian Gilbreth, food safety advocate Harvey Wiley, aviator Amelia Earhart, president of the National Association of Mathematicians Edray Goins, radio pioneer Reginald Fessenden, and Yeram S  Touloukian, founder of the Thermophysical Properties Research Center 

Alumni
Purdue alumni have achieved recognition in a range of areas, particularly in the science, engineering, and aviation industries  The university's alumni pool collectively holds over 15,000 United States patents Purdue alumni include 25 astronauts, including Gus Grissom, America's second man in space and first to fly in NASA's Gemini program, Neil Armstrong, the first to walk on the Moon, and Eugene Cernan, the last astronaut to do so  Over one-third of all of NASA's crewed space missions have had at least one Purdue graduate as a crew member In science, Purdue has also produced Nobel Prize–winning physicists in Edward Mills Purcell and Ben Roy Mottelson, as well as Nobel Prize–winning chemist Akira Suzuki  Other noted Purdue alumni in science include pioneer of robotics and remote control technology Thomas B  Sheridan; Debian founder Ian Murdock; Chinese physicist Deng Jiaxian, a founding father and key contributor to the Chinese nuclear weapon programs; mathematician Yitang Zhang; chemist Lawrence Rocks; biochemist Edwin T  Mertz, credited with the discovery of high-protein corn and beans; Indian chemist CNR Rao, who has been awarded the Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award in India; engineer Mohamed Atalla who invented the MOS transistor; physical organic chemist and advocate for women and minorities in science Nina Roscher, who received the ACS Award for Encouraging Women into Careers in the Chemical Sciences (1996) and the Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring (1998); and professor Reuben J  Olembo, a geneticist and environmentalist who went on to become the deputy executive director of UNEP and a UN Assistant Secretary-General, and who was recognised by Purdue in 1994 with a Distinguished Alumni Award for Agriculture In business and economics, Purdue alumni include Stephen Bechtel, Jr , owner of Bechtel Corporation; Federal Reserve Bank president Jeffrey Lacker; and popcorn specialist Orville Redenbacher  In 2010, Bloomberg also revealed Purdue was one of the universities in America with the most undergraduate alumni serving as chief executive officers of S&P 500 firms  They are Gregory Wasson, president/CEO of Walgreens; Mark Miller, chairman/president/CEO of Stericycle; Charles Davidson, former chairman/CEO of Noble Energy; Samuel Allen, chairman /president/CEO of Deere & Company; Don Thompson, president/COO of McDonald's; and John C  Martin (businessman), chairman/CEO of Gilead Sciences, Inc In government and culture, Purdue alumni include Pulitzer Prize–winners Booth Tarkington and John T  McCutcheon, as well as Ginger Thompson, former New York Times reporter currently with ProPublica; Akinwumi Adesina, former Nigerian minister of Agriculture and Rural development and current President of the African Development Bank; Essam Sharaf, former Egyptian Prime Minister; Tom Moore, theater and television director; James Thomson, CEO of Rand Corporation; Brian Lamb, founder and CEO of C-SPAN; Harry G  Leslie, former Governor of Indiana; Kirk Fordice, former Governor of Mississippi; Earl Butz, former United States Secretary of Agriculture; Birch Bayh, former United States Senator; Herman Cain, 2012 Presidential candidate; David McKinley, current West Virginia Congressman; Sun Li-jen, former Kuomintang general; Rammohan Naidu Kinjarapu, Indian Parliament member; Dulquer Salmaan, Indian film actor; Blake Ragsdale Van Leer, former Georgia Tech president; Anthony W  Miller, former United States Deputy Secretary of Education; and Hugo F  Sonnenschein, former University of Chicago president  Richard O  Klemm, former CEO of Food Warming Equipment and Illinois state legislator, also graduated from Purdue University In sports, Purdue has produced basketball coach John Wooden; basketball Hall of Famers Stretch Murphy, Piggy Lambert, and Rick Mount; NBA Champions Paul Hoffman, Herm Gilliam, Frank Kendrick, Jerry Sichting, Glenn Robinson, and Brian Cardinal; and NBA All-Stars Glenn Robinson, Brad Miller, Terry Dischinger, and Joe Barry Carroll  Purdue has three NFL Super Bowl–winning quarterbacks in Drew Brees, Bob Griese, and Len Dawson  Additionally, a total of 19 Purdue alumni have been on a Super Bowl–winning team as of 2011  Purdue also produced Super Bowl IV winning coach Hank Stram  2008 Daytona 500 winner Ryan Newman graduated from Purdue with a bachelor's degree in vehicle structure engineering Three Purdue alumni have received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award of the United States: Neil Armstrong, Brian Lamb, and John Wooden The Dauch Alumni Center acts as a showcase for the university's alumni  The 67,000-square-foot (6,200 m2) center houses the offices of the Purdue Alumni Association and University Development  It is a destination and gathering area for the Purdue Alumni Association's 69,000 members and more than 410,000 living alumni 

Notes
Passage 7:
Joe West (umpire)
Joseph Henry West (born October 31, 1952), nicknamed "Cowboy Joe" or "Country Joe", is an American former baseball umpire  He worked in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1976 to 2021, umpiring an MLB-record 43 seasons and 5,460 games 
Born in Asheville, North Carolina, he grew up in Greenville and played football at East Carolina University (ECU) and Elon College  West entered the National League (NL) as an umpire in 1976; he joined the NL staff full-time in 1978  As a young umpire, he worked Nolan Ryan's fifth career no-hitter, was on the field for Willie McCovey's 500th home run, and was involved in a 1983 pushing incident with manager Joe Torre  West resigned during the 1999 Major League Umpires Association mass resignation but was rehired in 2002  He served as crew chief for the 2005 World Series and officiated in the 2009 World Baseball Classic  On May 25, 2021, West broke Bill Klem's all-time record by umpiring his 5,376th game 
West worked several no-hitters, including a 2012 perfect game by Félix Hernández  He officiated six World Series, three All-Star Games, ten League Championship Series (LCS), eight League Division Series (LDS) and four Wild Card Games  West was president of the Major League Baseball Umpires Association through 2018  As the organization's president, he helped negotiate the largest umpiring contract in baseball history  He works with a sporting goods company to design and patent umpiring equipment endorsed by MLB 

Early life
West was born in Asheville, North Carolina, in 1952  He grew up in Greenville, North Carolina, where he played youth baseball and football  He graduated from JH Rose High School in Greenville  West played safety on the first-year football team at East Carolina University (ECU) in 1970 and he was a quarterback for Elon College (now Elon University) from 1971 to 1973   He intended to play his college football career at ECU, but head coach Mike McGee resigned after his first year, prompting West's transfer While in college, West hoped to play both baseball and football  However, spring practice for football interfered with West's ability to be on the baseball team  He concentrated on football and umpired high school baseball games on the side  In his three seasons at Elon, West was the starting quarterback and the team won three conference championships  He was named Most Valuable Player (MVP) on the 1973 team that lost the NAIA Division I title game to Abilene Christian; the Abilene Christian team was led by future professional football players Clint Longley and Wilbert Montgomery  West left Elon holding three passing records that were not broken for 20 years and was inducted into the Elon Sports Hall of Fame in 1986 

Umpiring career
Early career
While umpiring locally as a college student, West met Carolina League umpire supervisor Malcolm Sykes, who recommended that West attend an umpire training school  West went to umpire school and graduated at the top of his class  He worked in several minor-league circuits (the Western Carolinas League, Puerto Rican League, Florida Instructional League, Southern League and American Association) before he was promoted to the major leagues  West made his first National League (NL) appearance in 1976 and joined the full-time NL staff in 1978 In his first season as a full-time MLB umpire, West umpired the game in which Willie McCovey hit his 500th career home run  In the same year, he was at first base when Pete Rose tied the NL record for most consecutive games with a hit, and he was the home plate umpire when Rose broke it the following day  In 1981, West worked first base for Nolan Ryan's fifth career no-hitter  On October 13, 1981, West was 28 when he became the youngest NL umpire to call an LCS  In 1983, West was suspended for three days and fined US$500 for shoving Atlanta Braves manager Joe Torre  The manager was angry at the end of a game and had followed West into the walkway outside the umpires' dressing room to argue with him  On appeal, NL President Chub Feeney reduced West's fine to $300  Torre also received a fine stemming from the incident  This was believed to be the first incident of an umpire being suspended during a baseball season in decades 

1986–2001
West made his second NLCS appearance in 1986  He umpired his first All-Star Game in 1987  On September 28, 1988, West was on the field when Orel Hershiser set the MLB record for consecutive scoreless innings pitched  West returned to the NLCS in 1988 and was the plate umpire when Dodgers pitcher Jay Howell was ejected for having pine tar on his glove During a 1990 on-field brawl between the Philadelphia Phillies and New York Mets, West attempted to break up the fight by throwing Phillies pitcher Dennis Cook to the ground  The matter ultimately was handled among West, NL President Bill White, then-Commissioner Fay Vincent, and the umpires' union  West said White supported his actions in the brawl, but White quickly issued a statement saying he had prohibited West from making further physical contact with players  White was reported to have nearly resigned due to a lack of support from Vincent, but the NL president remained in his post after receiving approval from league owners  West met more controversy the following year when Chicago Cubs outfielder Andre Dawson bumped him after a called third strike during a game at Wrigley Field  After Dawson was ejected from the game, he walked back to the dugout and tossed 14 bats onto the field  Chicago fans threw debris onto the field, causing a delay in the game  Dawson received a one-game suspension and a $1,000 fine  On his check to the league, Dawson wrote "donation for the blind" In 1992, West made his first World Series appearance when the Atlanta Braves faced the Toronto Blue Jays  West was behind the plate in the first World Series game played in Canada and ejected Braves manager Bobby Cox for throwing a helmet onto the field  In 1993, he appeared in the NLCS  He worked another no-hitter on April 8, 1994, when Kent Mercker shut down the Los Angeles Dodgers  The 1995 NLDS was West's first League Division Series  The following year West worked in the NLCS  He returned to the World Series in 1997 when the Cleveland Indians faced the Florida Marlins In 1999, West was among 22 MLB umpires who engaged in mass resignations during a labor dispute  The strategy backfired when MLB accepted the resignations instead of entering into further negotiations with the umpiring union  The union filed charges against MLB with the National Labor Relations Board, saying the mass resignation was "a concerted action protected by law"  After arbitration and appeals, MLB settled with the union  A few umpires received severance pay and were allowed to retire under the settlement, but MLB rehired West and several other umpires in 2002 

2002–2021
In the same year he returned to the field, West worked in the ALDS  He also umpired in the 2003 and 2004 ALCS  In game six of the latter series, West's crew ruled Yankees batter Alex Rodriguez out for interference after Rodriguez appeared to swat the ball out of the glove of opposing pitcher Bronson Arroyo on his way to first base  Fans threw debris on the field, Red Sox manager Terry Francona pulled his team off the field, and NYPD officers in riot gear took to the field to calm the crowd  West said fans actually applauded the umpires for the correct call when they came onto the field the following day  West's first All-Star Game and World Series appearances after his rehire came in 2005; that year he umpired in his second ALDS and his third World Series, serving as World Series crew chief 
West was the home plate umpire when rookie pitcher Clay Buchholz threw a no-hitter against the Baltimore Orioles on September 1, 2007, at Fenway Park; West called a curveball strike three for the final out  He worked his 4,000th career game on July 30, 2009, at Miller Park in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; he ejected Washington Nationals manager Jim Riggleman from the contest  That same year he appeared in the American League Division Series and the World Series  He was also elected president of the World Umpires Association (WUA)  West and the union's governing board negotiated the largest umpiring contract in the history of MLB  The contract ran from 2010 through the 2014 season  West designed the chest protector sold commercially as the West Vest, now marketed by Wilson Sporting Goods  He held patents on the West Vest in the US, Australia, Canada, and Japan  He also designed Wilson's high-end umpiring gear, the only umpiring equipment endorsed by MLB In 2010, West sparked controversy by criticizing the slow pace of the recently completed series between the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox, which he called "pathetic and embarrassing"  Red Sox manager Terry Francona referred to the remarks as "troubling," while Yankees closer Mariano Rivera remarked, "If he has places to go, let him do something else " Columnist Wallace Matthews defended West, saying the umpire was simply expressing what people had been thinking for a long time  West was not fined by MLB for his comments but was "admonished firmly," according to press reports  On May 26, 2010, West made two controversial balk calls on Mark Buehrle and consequently ejected White Sox manager Ozzie Guillén for arguing and Buehrle for throwing his glove which led to the Chicago announcer asserting that West was becoming a "joke to the umpiring profession" and was "in need of a suspension " On August 26, 2010, West was the plate umpire for Albert Pujols' 400th career home run On September 14, 2014, West ejected Jonathan Papelbon for the lewd act of adjusting his groin, resulting in a confrontation where West grabbed Papelbon's jersey  MLB subsequently suspended Papelbon for seven games for his lewd act and West for one game for initiating contact with Papelbon  West later claimed Papelbon had initiated first contact, but Major League Baseball determined that the video replay showed West was not correct, and that the contact was initiated by West 
West umpired in his second NLDS (and fifth LDS) in 2011  The next year West was the first base umpire for Félix Hernández's August 15 perfect game against the Tampa Bay Rays  He umpired another NLDS that year, then appeared in his fifth World Series  His career has spanned the tenure of baseball commissioners Bowie Kuhn, Peter Ueberroth, Bart Giamatti, Fay Vincent, Bud Selig, and Rob Manfred  The 2015 season was West's 38th in MLB, making him MLB's most senior umpire  Umpire Bruce Froemming, who was previously the most senior umpire, spent 37 seasons in MLB, retiring at the end of the 2007 season On August 9, 2017, West was suspended for three games after making inappropriate comments about Adrián Beltré  Beltre defended West, stating that he thought the suspension was unnecessary and that West had made the comments in jest In the bottom of the first inning of Game 4 of the 2018 ALCS, a deep drive and potential two-run homer to right field by Houston's José Altuve, which Boston's Mookie Betts nearly caught with a leaping grab at the wall, was ruled by West to be an out due to fan interference  West, the crew chief for the series, made the call from his right field position; the call stood after review by video replay  The call was widely discussed in coverage of the game and on social media such as Twitter On August 14, 2019, West umpired his 5,164th Major League Baseball game to move past Bruce Froemming for the second-most number of major league games officiated  Only Bill Klem, who umpired from 1905 to 1941, had called more games than West On October 22, 2019, West filed a defamation lawsuit in New York against Paul Lo Duca and Action Network over comments that the former New York Mets catcher made on a podcast in April 2019  On the podcast, Lo Duca recalled his teammate Billy Wagner telling him in 2006–2007, "Joe loves antique cars so every time he comes into town I lend him my '57 Chevy so he can drive it around so then he opens up the strike zone for me " In the complaint, West denied this and said he suffered unspecified damages as a result of Lo Duca's comments  West was later awarded $500,000 in damages On July 30, 2020, while umpiring the Washington Nationals–Toronto Blue Jays game, West was hit on the side of the head when Bo Bichette lost his bat  He left the game in the bottom of the first inning but returned in the top of the third as the third base umpire On May 25, 2021, West surpassed Bill Klem's major league record by umpiring his 5,376th career game, in a contest between the White Sox and Cardinals at Guaranteed Rate Field  West announced he would retire after the 2021 postseason; his final assignment was the 2021 National League Wild Card Game, where he was the home plate umpire On February 4, 2022, West officially retired 

Reception
West has been mentioned in several polls of MLB players  In 2006, the spring after he was crew chief in the World Series, a Sports Illustrated survey asked 470 MLB players to identify the best and worst umpires  West was identified as the best MLB umpire by 2 percent of those players, ranking him ninth on that list  With respect to the worst umpire, 6 percent of players in the survey selected West, ranking him fourth  A 2007 review of umpire strike zones by The Hardball Times determined that West "had the fewest number of extra balls and strikes," which the outlet asserted "is a sign of consistency "In a 2010 poll of 100 players, West ranked as the second-worst umpire in the league  In a 2011 players poll, 41 percent of players polled (the "overwhelming" plurality) named West the worst umpire; only 5 percent of players polled named him as best In a 2019 study by Boston University's Mark T  Williams, West was identified as the umpire during the 2018 season with the second-highest percentage of bad ball-and-strike calls when working behind home plate  Over West's last eleven years, he has averaged 21 incorrect calls a game, or 2 3 per inning 

Outside baseball
West is known outside umpiring as a singer-songwriter  His involvement in country music and his demeanor on the field have earned him the nickname "Cowboy Joe"  West has described his music as "two chords and the truth      It's simple  It tells a story " In 2009, West said of his musical pursuits, "I was lucky  You know, the dues you have to pay to get here as an umpire are long and tedious, but the music business, because I was already in the major leagues, kind of opened a lot of doors I normally wouldn't have been able to open "West has appeared at the Grand Ole Opry  He has performed with Mickey Gilley, Johnny Lee, and Merle Haggard  West served as a pallbearer for Boxcar Willie West released his first album, Blue Cowboy, in 1987  Blue Cowboy is an album of three original songs and five covers  Chuck Yarborough of the Cleveland Plain Dealer said, "Listening to the first excerpt of his "Blue Cowboy" made me balk—you'll pardon the expression—at listening to the second  But I did  And the third  And so on  And now? Well, if I'm Nashville, I run West outta the game " In a September 2012 review, music blog Long After Dark said, "Blue Cowboy easily ranks with Ron Artest and Carl Lewis as one of the worst albums that a sports figure has cut     ever  I can say that I managed to make it through the record, although it was not easy "He released Diamond Dreams in 2008  The album was a collaboration with Kent Goodson, pianist for country star George Jones  It tells baseball stories inspired by West's umpiring career  Goodson later said, "As I look back on how this CD came together, I realize that I am a musician and Joe is an umpire  But his love for music and my love for baseball bonded us in this project " Sportswriter Doug Miller said that the album was "a fun, humorous and often touching collection of spoken-word gems in which the listener gets a perfect sampling of the true personality of Cowboy Joe West" West has made one film appearance, playing a third base umpire in the 1988 comedy film The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! He also made a cameo appearance on the television crime drama The Oldest Rookie  An avid golfer, West appears on the Celebrity Players Tour 

Personal life
West has been married twice  After the death of his first wife, West remarried In 2012, West was diagnosed with laryngeal cancer, which is now in remission 

See also
List of Major League Baseball umpires



ground_truth: West Lafayette, Indiana