prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Portland International Airport and Gerald R. Ford International Airport both located in Oregon?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Portland International Airport MAX Station
Portland International Airport, or just Airport on station signage, is a light rail station in Portland, Oregon, United States, served by TriMet as part of the MAX Light Rail system  It serves Portland International Airport as the eastern terminus of the Red Line, which connects travelers to downtown Portland and Beaverton  The station is attached to ground floor of the main passenger terminal, near the southern end of the arrivals hall and baggage claim area  It features a wedge-shaped island platform, just beyond which both tracks join because the section approaching the terminal is single-tracked 
Portland International Airport station was built as part of the Airport MAX project; construction began in July 2000, and it opened on September 10, 2001  Trains serve it for 22 hours daily with headways of 15 minutes during most of the day  In late 2018, the station recorded an average of 2,461 weekday boardings 

History
Portland's regional transit agency, TriMet, had served Portland International Airport with bus routes since 1970, notably with route 12–Sandy Boulevard since 1986, the same year planners from Metro (the Portland metropolitan area's regional government) first proposed an airport light rail line  Early plans envisioned a line running from Clackamas to the airport via Interstate 205 (I-205) using rights-of-way provided by the I-205 busway, which was originally built to accommodate a bus rapid transit line that never operated  In 1991, the Port of Portland adopted a multi-phased, $300 million airport master plan to address expected passenger traffic growth through 2010; the plan raised the capacity of the main passenger terminal building, as well as provisioned for a future light rail station outside the terminal's arrivals hall  By 1994, travelers using the airport had risen by 34 percent, far exceeding the Port's projections  Port officials, struggling to meet the surge in demand, moved to accelerate airport light rail plans, which regional planners did not anticipate until the late 2000s  TriMet—which by then was operating the region's light rail system called Metropolitan Area Express (MAX)—also aimed to complete its Westside MAX and the South/North Corridor projects before it would consider extending MAX to the airport In 1996, engineering firm Bechtel approached the Port with an unsolicited proposal to build the airport line  After negotiations between Bechtel, the Port, and local jurisdictions, Bechtel was granted the design–build contract for the light rail extension in exchange for development rights to the 120-acre (48 6 ha) Portland International Center, the largest commercially zoned property in Portland at the time  Bechtel later developed this property and renamed it Cascade Station  The Port projected the airport terminal station to cost $8 4 million and allocated a $3 ticket fee to fund its construction  Delta Airlines, Reno Air, and United Airlines protested the use of ticket fees but the Federal Aviation Administration authorized it in May 1999  Construction of the Airport MAX extension commenced the following month  Hoffman Construction began building the station's platform in July 2000 and by August, Stacy and Witbeck had started to lay the 3,000 ft (914 4 m) of rail along the segment closest to the terminal On September 10, 2001, the station opened along with the entire Airport MAX extension that introduced Red Line service between downtown Portland and the airport  Celebrations planned for the following weekend were canceled following the September 11 attacks, and the airport was closed for three days  Planners projected single-car trains to initially serve Portland International Airport station but TriMet deployed two-car consists on the line after recording 3,800 riders over Thanksgiving weekend in November 2001  In September 2003, TriMet extended Red Line service farther west using the existing Westside MAX tracks to Beaverton Transit Center  This was done in an effort to provide a one-seat ride to the airport for westside riders  In 2006, the station handled more than one million passengers in a single year for the first time TriMet had reintroduced bus service to the airport with the 272–PDX Night Bus route on September 2, 2018  The bus route ran in the late night and early morning hours when the Red Line was not operating  It was indefinitely suspended on April 5, 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic 

Station details
The station's platform is situated at ground level just outside the main passenger terminal, near the southernmost entrance and within 150 ft (45 7 m) of the baggage claim area  It features a wedge-shaped island platform and a glass canopy designed by ZGF Architects, which also designed the airport terminal's main-entrance canopy  An 80-seat station lobby is located inside the terminal and has ticket vending machines and real-time displays showing train departure times  The station occupies the end of a single-track section of the Airport MAX segment; the only other such section on the MAX system is located on another segment of the Airport MAX near Gateway/Northeast 99th Avenue Transit Center 

Public art
Public art pieces commissioned for the Airport MAX Project have a common theme of "flight"  The station houses one art installation as part of TriMet's Public Art Program, which is funded at 1 5 percent of a project's total cost  Time Flies by Christine Bourdette is a large, porcelain enamel mural that is displayed on a wall between the station platform and the baggage claim area  The work is described as "a sequence of images related to time and motion"   Bourdette also installed bronze rails that lead passengers from the escalators to the platform and blue chevrons on the platform pavement to depict movement 

Services
Portland International Airport station is served by TriMet's MAX Red Line, which connects the airport to Northeast Portland, Portland City Center, and central Beaverton  In late 2018, the station recorded an average of 2,461 boardings on weekdays  The day's first train arrives from Beaverton Transit Center  The last three westbound trips travel eastbound to Ruby Junction/East 197th Avenue station as through services of the Blue Line  Headway between trains varies from 15 minutes for most of the day to 30 minutes during the early mornings and late evenings  Services operate on all days of the week and are the most frequent on weekdays  Trains from the station take approximately 40 minutes to reach Pioneer Square in downtown Portland—where transfers to all lines are available—and approximately 65 minutes to reach the other end of the line at Beaverton Transit Center 
Passage 2:
Gerald R  Ford International Airport
Grand Rapids Gerald R  Ford International Airport (IATA: GRR, ICAO: KGRR, FAA LID: GRR) is a commercial airport in Cascade Township approximately 13 miles (21 km) southeast of Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States  The facility is owned by the Kent County Board of Commissioners and managed by an independent authority   The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a small hub primary commercial service facility The facility opened as the Kent County Airport and later became Kent County International Airport  In December 1999, the airport was renamed for Gerald R  Ford, the 40th Vice President and the 38th President of the United States  Ford represented the Grand Rapids area in the United States House of Representatives from 1949 to 1973 
The airport is the largest commercial airport in the West Michigan region and is the second-largest airport in Michigan after Detroit Metropolitan Airport  GRR covers 3,127 acres (1,265 ha) The airport currently has flights to 37 domestic airports 

History
Grand Rapids' first airport broke ground in November 1919, four miles (6 4 km) south of downtown  This was eight years after the area witnessed its first landing, a Wright biplane at Comstock Park State Fairgrounds on September 10, 1911  The airport was operated by the Kent County Board of Supervisors 
The first scheduled air service in the United States was between Grand Rapids and Dearborn on a Ford-Stout monoplane named Miss Grand Rapids, which started July 26, 1926 
In 1938–39, the Works Progress Administration made improvements including new runways and runway widening, fencing, sodding, lighting, remodeling the administration building and construction of a new restaurant Circa 1940, the airport extended between 32nd and 36th Streets, from Jefferson Avenue east to the railroad; the west end was soon expanded south to just north of Himes Street and in the 1950s runway 18/36 was extended to 5700’ and reached south to 44th Street 
In 1959, the county began construction on the present airport in Cascade Township, several miles east of the first airport  The new airport opened November 23, 1963, and was dedicated June 6, 1964; it had a 6,600-foot (2,000 m) runway designated 08/26 and a 3,400-foot (1,000 m) designated 18/36  The first scheduled jet was a United Airlines Boeing 737-200 on April 28, 1968, from Chicago O'Hare  The aircraft, N9003U, was named 'City of Grand Rapids'  In 1968, the only scheduled non-stops beyond Michigan were to Chicago and Green Bay 
On January 27, 1977, the Board of Commissioners renamed Kent County Airport as Kent County International Airport with the opening of a U S  Customs Service Office in the main terminal building 
In 1997, the board added the 8,500-foot (2,600 m) runway 17/35 to allow continued operations during a $32 million reconstruction of runway 8R/26L, completed in 2001  It completed a passenger terminal renovation in 2000 at a cost of approximately $50 million In 2004, the airport served more than 2 million passengers for the first time in a year  In 2010, the airport broke the 2004 record with almost 2 2 million passengers, as increase of over 23% from 2009 
On January 2, 2007, a U S  Air Force jet carried the remains of former president Gerald Ford to his namesake airport as part of funeral services culminating in burial at his presidential museum in Grand Rapids the next day 
From April 2010 through October 2011, the airport was a focus city for Allegiant Air Air Canada operated the airport's only international flights to Toronto Pearson International Airport from July 2008 until September 2013   It was the airline's second attempt at service between the two markets Delta Air Lines operates Boeing 757-200s seasonally between Grand Rapids and Detroit during the summer, making it the largest aircraft to serve GRR Allegiant Air announced in mid-January 2019 that they would be making the airport one of Allegiant's 16 focus cities once again  After dropping GRR as a focus city in 2011, Allegiant is upgrading GRR again to a focus city adding Nashville, Tennessee, and Savannah-Hilton Head, Georgia, as new routes In 2013 the airport began building a natural treatment system to improve stormwater management practices and safeguard the waters of the Thornapple River  The new, innovative system will include a biological treatment system that will improve collection of stormwater runoff and naturally remove sediments and pollutants before sending the water to the Thornapple River, which flows just east of the airfield The airport eliminated the two separate security checkpoints in each concourse and created one consolidated checkpoint in the grand hall area to help traffic flow much faster and to be prepared for future growth  In addition, the grand hall area and the entrance area to the airport was renovated with more shopping and dining options  Work began in late 2015 and completed in June 2017 The airport began construction of a roof over the parking deck in March 2015 to increase close-in, covered, long-term parking  The roof covers most of the fourth floor, though some spaces on the fourth and third floors remain uncovered due to airfield sight-line requirements for the FAA control tower  The garage roof was completed in November 2015 and will allow use of the fourth floor spaces during heavy snow In 2016, the airport partnered with the Cascade Community Foundation on plans to renovate the current outdoor viewing area to make it a larger, more inviting place for people to relax   The renovated park opened in May 2017 In November 2018 the airport began the phase II of the Gateway Transformation Project, reconstructing the baggage claim, check-in, and front of house areas, and have completed the apron reconstruction adding new pavement to the apron and taxiway areas 

Facilities
Gerald R  Ford International Airport has two parallel east–west runways and one north–south runway  Along with cargo and general aviation facilities, the airport has a passenger terminal with two concourses: A has seven gates and B has eight  Runways 08R/26L and runway 17/35 have ILS  The airport also has a 5,000-foot (1,500 m) general aviation runway north of the main 08R/26L runway 
In September 2017, the airport celebrated the opening of phase one of their Gateway Transformation, a 59,000 square foot addition onto the passenger terminal facility that included a consolidated passenger security screening checkpoint, a new Marketplace with expanded retail and food & beverage offerings, new business centers and lounges, and much more  Concourse A's tenants are Allegiant Air, Delta Air Lines, American Airlines and Frontier Airlines  Southwest Airlines and United Airlines occupy Concourse B  All gates have climate-controlled jetways 
The airport is served by Signature Flight Support, which operates an FBO on the field  Besides fuel, the facility provides general maintenance, aircraft parking, courtesy and rental cars, conference rooms, pilot supplies, a crew lounge, snooze rooms, and more When new baggage screening regulations were introduced by the Transportation Security Administration in 2002, the airport was the first in the nation to conduct trials on the new screening machines  The baggage processing areas were too small for the machines so they were placed in the passenger lobby The airport is also home to the West Michigan Aviation Academy, a public charter high school that focuses on aviation, STEM, and robotics educations  The school offers a fleet of Cessna 172 aircraft for flight training, allows students to build a Carbon Cub EX2 plane, and has a Redbird LD flight simulator 

Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Source:

Cargo
Source: Flight Aware

Statistics
Top domestic destinations
Airline market share
Annual traffic
Ground transportation
The airport is at the intersection of 44th Street and Patterson Avenue  It abuts I-96 on the east, M-6 on the south, M-37 on the west, and M-11 on the north 
Metro Cab and Metro Cars provides taxi and luxury sedan service and the airport is served by Avis, Budget, Enterprise, Hertz, and National/Alamo rental car companies on-site Rapid route 17, Woodland/Airport, travels between the airport and Woodland Mall (Kentwood Station) on weekdays between 6:30 a m  and 10:30 p m  From Woodland Mall, passengers can continue on to downtown or parts of the east side of Grand Rapids via routes 5 and 6, or across town to Grandville and Wyoming on routes 24, 28, and 44 

Planned development
In late August 2019, the airport made an announcement about its next focus, Project Elevate  This phase of airport development, consisting of three major projects, includes a $90 million expansion and extension of Concourse A to encompass 8 more gates, a $50 million relocation and construction of a new air traffic control tower as well as a $25 million federal inspection station to facilitate departures and arrivals of direct international flights A $156 million rental car facility was announced in 2023 and is expected to be completed by late 2025 

Accidents & Incidents
On May 9, 2008, a Cessna 208 Caravan operating for Federal Express by CSA Air crashed just north of Grand Rapids  The pilot was injured 
On September 6, 2010, a Cessna 210 Centurion that departed from Grand Rapids made an emergency landing in a field due to an engine failure  The aircraft was on a training flight at the time of impact  The probable cause of the accident was found to be a fatigue failure of the crankshaft due to the loss of engine case through-bold torque 
On October 29, 2012, a Delta Air Lines McDonnell Douglas MD-88 diverted to the airport after an engine issue  The engine was shut off and the plane was able to land safely 
On January 9, 2022, an aircraft returned to the airport due to a landing gear problem  It landed safely back at the airport 
On July 8, 2022, an American Airlines flight en route from Chicago to Buffalo, New York diverted to Grand Rapids due to smoke in the cockpit  The plane landed safely and there were no injuries 
On December 16, 2022, a Delta Air Lines Airbus A320 departed Grand Rapids for Minneapolis–Saint Paul and returned shortly after departure following an engine failure  The aircraft landed safely and the 147 passengers and crew were uninjured 
Passage 3:
Portland International Airport
Portland International Airport (IATA: PDX, ICAO: KPDX, FAA LID: PDX) is a joint civil–military airport and the largest airport in the U S  state of Oregon, accounting for 90% of the state's passenger air travel and more than 95% of its air cargo  It is within Portland's city limits just south of the Columbia River in Multnomah County, 6 miles (10 kilometers) by air and 12 mi (19 km) by highway northeast of downtown Portland  Portland International Airport is often referred to by its IATA airport code, PDX  The airport covers 3,000 acres (1,214 ha) of land Portland International Airport has direct flights and connections to most major airports throughout the United States, and non-stop international flights to Canada, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Iceland and the United Kingdom  The airport is a hub for Alaska Airlines  It also has a maintenance facility for Alaska Air subsidiary Horizon Air  General aviation services are provided at PDX by Atlantic Aviation  The Oregon Air National Guard has a base on the southwest portion of the airport property grounds, and is also the host unit of the 142nd Fighter Wing (142 FW), which operates the F-15 Eagle  Local transportation includes the MAX Red Line light rail, which takes passengers between PDX and downtown Portland, as well as farther west to Beaverton  There is also Interstate 205, which connects to southwestern Washington (north from PDX) along with many suburbs of Portland (south from PDX) 
PDX receives top honors among many polls: Travel + Leisure magazine 2013 readers' poll for best US airport; Condé Nast Traveler in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2010: top airport for business travelers; #1 in 2015, 2016, and 2019 by J D  Power and Associates for U S  "Large Passenger Airports" and overall highest amongst passenger satisfaction; the 2015 ALPA Airport of the Year 

History
Portland's first airport was the Swan Island Municipal Airport, northwest of downtown Portland on the Willamette River  The Port of Portland purchased 256 acres (104 ha) and construction began in 1926  Charles Lindbergh flew in and dedicated the new airfield in 1927 
By 1935 it was becoming apparent to the Port of Portland that the airport was becoming obsolete  The small airfield couldn't easily be expanded, nor could it accommodate the larger aircraft and passenger loads expected to become common to Portland  Plans immediately were conceived to relocate the outdated airfield to a larger site  The Swan Island area is now used by the Port of Portland as an industrial park 

Construction and early operations
The Portland City Council purchased the present PDX site in 1936  It was 700 acres (280 ha) bordered by the Columbia River in the north and the Columbia Slough in the south  The city council issued US$300,000 and asked the Port of Portland to sponsor a US$1 3 million Works Progress Administration (WPA) grant to develop the site into a "super airport"  The project provided badly needed Great Depression-era jobs  Construction of the airport steadily employed over 1,000 men, and was described by historian Neil Barker as "Portland's most significant public works improvement during the New Deal era"  The WPA and Port of Portland faced difficulties in preparing the site for construction because the low-lying area was frequently covered by flood waters from the Columbia River  Workers covered the area with over 4 million cubic yards (3,100,000 m3) of sand to help drain it of water, and constructed a series of dikes to control flooding  Two runways capable of serving the modern aircraft of the time were operational by 1941  The airport was designated Portland–Columbia Airport to distinguish it from then-operating Swan Island Airport  During World War II, the airfield was used by the United States Army Air Forces 
The "super airport" had a terminal on the north side, off Marine Drive, and five runways (NE-SW, NW-SE, and an E-W runway forming an asterisk)  This configuration was adequate until a new terminal and a longer, 8,800-foot (2,700 m) east–west runway were constructed in 1952  View airport diagrams: 1955 and 1965
In 1948 the entire airport grounds were flooded during the Vanport Flood, forcing scheduled airline services to reroute to nearby Troutdale Airport  The grounds were under water for several months 

New terminal (1950s)
A new terminal opened in 1959, which for the most part serves as the present facility  The new terminal is located to the east of the original runways, and north of the then-new 8,800 ft (2,700 m) runway  Construction of a second east–west runway to the north made this a midfield terminal  At this point, all but the NE-SW (3/21) runway in the original "X" were abandoned and turned into taxiways  3/21 was extended for use as a cross-wind runway  "International" was added to the airport's official designation after the 1950s-era improvements 
Plans made in 1968 to add a third runway by means of filling in parts of the Columbia River were met with vocal public opposition and scrapped  The airport switched from screening passengers at individual gates to screening all visitors at concourse entrances in 1973 as new FAA regulations went into effect  In 1974, the south runway was extended to 11,000 feet (3,400 m) to service the newest jumbo jets  The terminal building was renovated and expanded in 1977 By the 1980s, the terminal building began an extensive renovation in order to update PDX to meet future needs  The ticketing and baggage claim areas were renovated and expanded, and a new Concourse D for Alaska Airlines was added in 1986  Concourse E was first to be reconstructed in 1992, and featured PDX's first moving sidewalks  The Oregon Marketplace, a small shopping mall, was added in the former waiting areas behind the ticket counters 
The early 1990s saw a food court and extension added to Concourse C, and the opening of the new Concourse D in 1994  This marked the first concessions inside secured areas, allowing passengers to purchase items without having to be re-screened 
An expanded parking garage, new control tower, and canopy over the curbside were finished in the late 1990s  Although hailed by architectural critics, the canopy blocked views of Mount Hood from the curbside   On July 31, 1997, during construction, the garage addition collapsed due to inadequate bolts holding girders together and inadequate securing of structural members, killing three steelworkers The present H-shape of the PDX terminal, designed by Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership, was completed on September 10, 2001, when the new A, B and C concourses, as well as the light rail line, were finished  Probably the most stunning portion of PDX's interior, the new concourses reflect a Northwest theme, focusing heavily on the nearby Columbia River  A huge celebration was to be held the following weekend, but the events of September 11, 2001, interceded  The new concourses, designed to be public spaces, were closed to non-passengers 
In August 2005, the concourse connector was opened  This is a long hallway on the secure side of the airport that connects the A, B and C concourses to the D and E concourses on the other side of the airport  If there is a long line at the checkpoint at one end of the airport, passengers may use the other checkpoint and walk through the connector to their desired concourse  The connector closed permanently on January 5, 2021, to make room for terminal expansion The airport's carpet, installed in 1987, was designed to stylize the criss-crossing north and south runways  Beginning in 2014, a new design replaced the original pattern  In response, many residents created products to celebrate the carpet as a local icon In December 2016, The Port of Portland renovated the security checkpoints and immigration facilities as part of its PDXNext project  This included the relocation, and wider of the exit lanes by the security checkpoints and upgraded security on both sides of the terminal 

Terminal expansion (2020s)
In the latter half of 2016, the Port of Portland and several airlines at PDX approved a project intended to balance the use of the terminal and concourses at Portland International Airport  The subsequent project extended Concourse E by 750 feet (230 m) and added 6 new gates to the facility  After the project, Southwest Airlines relocated its operations from Concourse C to the newly expanded Concourse E, alongside United Airlines  With the relocation of Southwest Airlines to Concourse E, Alaska Airlines, American Airlines and JetBlue Airways became the primary users of Concourses B and C  Construction on this project began in the spring of 2017 and opened to passengers on July 15, 2020 Concourse A was demolished in November 2019 due to the age and space of the structure and was replaced by an expanded Concourse B  The extension featured 4 jet bridges, 6 ground loading zones, and improved concession stands  All Horizon operations that operated out of Concourse A was temporarily moved to Concourse C until the expanded Concourse B was completed  The new concourse opened on December 8, 2021 In March 2020, the main terminal began a 5-year expansion process to generate more open space in the pre-security area and an expansion of 150 feet toward the west  The Concourse Connector was closed in January 2021 and the Clocktower Plaza closed 3 months later to make room for the expansion  During construction, the remains of the concourse connector will be reused for passengers to bypass the construction zone to get to concourses C and D  Construction of the new main terminal is expected to be complete by 2025 

Domestic service
The April 1957 OAG shows 38 United departures per day, ten West Coast, eight Northwest and six Western  Alaska had four a week and Pacific Northern had three; Pan Am and Northwest both flew SEA-PDX-HNL and back, Pan Am with five DC-7C round trips a week and Northwest with four DC-6Bs  Portland's first jets were Pan Am 707-321s about October 1959 
In 1966 PDX had nonstop flights to SLC, DEN, ORD and no other cities farther east than Boise; in 1977 nonstops reached LAS–PHX–DEN–DFW–ORD and no others east of Boise  In 1967 United started PDX's first transcon nonstop, to JFK; it ended in 1973 
By 1974, the airport was served by Braniff, Cascade, Continental, Eastern, Hughes Airwest, Northwest Orient, Pan Am, United and Western, and the Seattle route was served by seven airlines with aircraft as large as Boeing 747s Air Oregon started short-haul service from Portland following deregulation in 1978, and by 1979 had routes to seven other cities in Oregon In the 1980s Air California had nonstop flights to Seattle, Reno and the Bay Area; PSA (Pacific Southwest Airlines) had nonstops to San Francisco and one or two to Reno and Sacramento  In 2010 Northwest's former Honolulu service was eliminated by Delta altogether  In 2015, Delta resumed its seasonal service to Honolulu 
United was the dominant carrier at PDX during the regulated era and through the 1980s On May 30, 2022, Alaska Airlines added New Orleans' Armstrong International Airport to its schedule, and in doing so, added the only domestic FAA-designated "large hub" airport missing from the southern airfield's roster  Flights AS142 and AS143 will operate daily, beginning January 5, 2023, between Portland and New Orleans, operated by a Boeing 737-900ER 

International service
The first international nonstop was Western's 720B to Vancouver in 1967 
United Airlines, then the dominant carrier at PDX, used Portland as a once-weekly stop for its Chicago–O'Hare-Tokyo–Narita service from 1983 to 1987  The flight stopped in Seattle/Tacoma six days a week and in Portland once a week  After United Airlines acquired Pan American World Airways' Asian routes in 1986, they were able to use Pan American World Airways' Boeing 747SP aircraft to eliminate the West Coast stop As United Airlines made plans to end Tokyo service from Portland, Delta Air Lines applied to begin Atlanta-Tokyo service via Portland using Lockheed L-1011 aircraft  Like United Airlines, Delta Air Lines lacked aircraft that could fly to Japan nonstop from the eastern United States; Delta Air Lines also lacked a West Coast hub at the time, and saw Portland as favorable international and domestic hub over Seattle, which was dominated by Northwest Airlines  After beginning Tokyo service in 1986, Delta Air Lines added a flight to Seoul in 1988, coinciding with the 1988 Summer Olympics; the Seoul flight was later extended to Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, and Taipei  By 1994, Delta Air Lines had introduced McDonnell Douglas MD-11 aircraft, and added another transpacific flight to Nagoya and domestic flights to New York City, Anchorage, Fairbanks, and other destinations  Delta Air Lines's hub had peaked in 1998, with additional service to Osaka and Fukuoka The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis hurt Delta Air Lines's operation, and international travel decreased even further due to complaints about treatment at the immigration facility in Portland, leading it to be nicknamed "DePortland"  The combination of these factors caused Delta Air Lines to discontinue what was then the last direct flight from Portland to Tokyo and from Portland to Nagoya in March 2001  This change brought local media scrutiny  This then combined with the resulting congressional pressure, caused the officials in charge of the immigration facility to address the problems 
Meanwhile, local travel businesses had begun recruiting other carriers  Lufthansa started direct flights to Frankfurt, Germany, in 2003, but suspended the route in 2009 citing lack of profitability  Northwest Airlines introduced non-stop flights to Tokyo–Narita on June 10, 2004, reviving a route terminated by Delta  Mexicana Airlines also introduced service to Guadalajara and Mexico City; after 5 years of service, Mexicana Airlines withdrew in 2008 due to high fuel prices and change in demand Northwest Airlines added nonstop service to Amsterdam in 2008  The service was reduced that year to a Northwest-operated Delta-flown 767-300, and occasionally a Northwest-operated Delta-flown 767-400  The service has since been fluctuating between 767-300s, 767-400s and A330-300s depending on the season  Air Canada operated seasonal service to Toronto–Pearson from 2010 to 2012 but was then resumed in May 2016  Since 2014, three more foreign carriers have begun service at PDX: Volaris with service to Guadalajara, Condor with seasonal service to Frankfurt, and Icelandair with seasonal service to Reykjavík–Keflavík  British Airways also recently announced service to London–Heathrow beginning in June, 2022 
Following its acquisition of Northwest, Delta Air Lines has maintained Northwest's nonstop flights to Amsterdam and Tokyo  The latter required a one-time $3 5 million subsidy from the Port of Portland to Delta in 2009 to maintain the route On May 31, 2016, Delta Air Lines announced seasonal nonstop service to London–Heathrow in the United Kingdom, which began on May 26, 2017  This service ended the following year  British Airways announced a year-round service to LHR which is scheduled to start in June 2022 
In May 2017, Delta Air Lines and Aeroméxico announced new non-stop service from Portland to Mexico City using Aeroméxico flown Boeing 737-800 aircraft, which began on December 1, 2017, but ended on January 7, 2019 On June 3, 2022, British Airways launched a non-stop flight to London Heathrow 4x a week with a Boeing 787-8  It was the first time in 4 years the two cities were connected via nonstop flights 

Terminal
There is one passenger terminal in the airport, with four concourses split between two sides  From January 5, 2021, until late 2023, the two sides are not connected beyond security  The airport also offers many complimentary services such as free Wi-Fi wireless internet access, a children's play area, and postal services 
The airport has a shopping mall behind its ticketing counters, with all shops and restaurants open every day  Because the state is one of the few in the nation with no sales tax, all stores offer tax-free shopping  The Port of Portland also requires all airport shops and restaurants to practice fair retail pricing—businesses are not allowed to charge more than at off-airport locations  Stores include national stores and Oregon-based ones such as Made in Oregon, Nike, Columbia Sportswear, Powell's Books, and Oregon Pendleton Shop among others   Food services also are a mix of national chains and local options Several local food carts are located within the pre-security concourse 

Concourses and terminals
The two sections of the main terminal (South and North) at Portland International Airport have four concourses (B, C, D, E)  In addition, Portland International Airport handles many operations from a variety of cargo transportation airlines 
The international section of Concourse D was renamed the Governor Victor G  Atiyeh International Concourse to honor the former Oregon governor, who was also known as "Trader Vic" for launching international tourism and trade initiatives during his gubernatorial term 

South TerminalConcourse B has 10 gates (B1–B10)
Concourse C has 23 gates (C1–C23)North TerminalConcourse D has 15 gates (D1–D15)
Concourse E has 12 gates (E2–E13)There are 60 gates within the two passenger terminals 

Airport lounges
South Terminal
Concourse B: None
Concourse C: Alaska Lounge – across from Gate C5North Terminal
Concourse D: Delta Sky Club – across from Gate D6
Concourse E: United Club – across from Gate E2

Airport facilities
Infrastructure
Jet fuel is supplied via the Portland Jet Line, an 8 inches (200 mm) Kinder Morgan fuel pipeline running from the Northwest Industrial area of Portland's Willbridge Terminal to the airport  Willbridge contains 40 tanks, connected to the 14 inches (360 mm) Olympic pipeline and 8 inches (200 mm) Eugene pipeline, BNSF rail, truck, and ships 

Bicycle resources
The lower terminal roadway near the TriMet MAX Red Line station has a work station and assembly for repairing bicycles  The Oregon Welcome Center also has a "Tool check-out" 

Mini-movie theater
In February 2017, the Hollywood Theatre opened a microcinema within the post-security section of concourse C near gate C5  The theater has seventeen seats, with an additional standing only room  The films shown run for approximately fifteen minutes, are free of charge and showcase the work of Portland-based filmmakers, primarily focused on the culture of the Pacific Northwest 

Distillery
Operating at Portland International Airport since the summer of 2013, House Spirits Distillery upgraded and expanded their presence at the airport in 2017 from a mobile kiosk to a larger, permanent retail location within concourse C, across from gate C6  Known for the anchor of Portland's "Distillery Row", House Spirits Distillery was recognized as the nation's "Best New Specialty Retail Concept, Small Operator" as awarded in 2015 by the Airport Revenue News  They were recognized for their immersive retail experience at the airport and its offerings of product tastings, branded apparel and distilled beverages  House Spirits Distillery is currently the first distillery in the world to operate a spirits tasting room within an airport location In addition to selling spirits and other curated items, House Spirits Distillery will also provide mini classes to introduce PDX fliers to their products during airport down time  The new retail experience is inspired by their new facility in Southeast Portland which opened in November 2015 and expanded the company's production capacity sixfold 

Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Cargo
Statistics
Top destinations
Airline market share
Annual traffic
Ground transportation
Public transit service to the airport is provided by TriMet, the metropolitan area's primary transit agency, with its MAX Red Line light rail service  During late nights, service is provided by the 272-PDX Night Bus route  The 1986-opened MAX Light Rail system was extended to the airport in 2001  The Red Line originally provided service as far as downtown Portland only, but in 2003 it was extended west to Beaverton  The light rail station is located only about 150 ft (50 m) from the airport's baggage claim area  Prior to 2001, TriMet service to the airport consisted of bus route 72-82nd Avenue from 1970 to 1986, and route 12-Sandy Blvd  from 1986 to 2001 C-Tran route 67 bus connects the airport to Fisher's Landing Transit Center in east Vancouver, Washington 
By road, the terminal is accessible from exit 24 on Interstate 205 

Accidents and incidents
On October 1, 1966, West Coast Airlines Flight 956 crashed in a desolate section of the Mount Hood National Forest during descent into Portland International Airport  Of the 18 passengers and crew, there were no survivors  The probable cause of the accident was "the descent of the aircraft below its clearance limit and below that of surrounding obstructing terrain, but the Board was unable to determine the cause of such descent " The accident was the first loss of a Douglas DC-9 
On December 28, 1978, United Airlines Flight 173 was en route to Portland International Airport from Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado  On approach to Portland International Airport, the crew lowered the landing gear which caused a loud thump, abnormal vibration, unusual yaw, and the landing gear indicator lights failed to light  The plane circled Portland while the crew investigated the problem  After about an hour, the plane exhausted its fuel supply and crashed into the suburban neighborhood of East Burnside Street and NE 158th Ave  Of the 189 passengers and crew on board, ten died and 24 more were injured  An investigation revealed that the crash was caused by "the failure of the captain to properly monitor the aircraft's fuel state"  This accident's investigation led to substantially improved aviation safety by widespread adoption of crew resource management which emphasizes crew teamwork and communication instead of a command hierarchy 
On February 16, 2008, visibility of 1/8 mile was a possible factor in the fatal accident that took the life of the pilot, Oregon doctor Richard Otoski, a Klamath Falls dermatologist flying his Columbia 400  The accident took place just short of runway 10R at Portland International Airport  Otoski was the only person on board the aircraft, manufactured by the former Lancair Company  "Damn it    we're gonna crash" were the last words PDX controllers heard from N621ER  The aircraft was apparently in the process of making another missed approach in poor visibility following the ILS when it clipped an airport perimeter fence, crashed, and soon caught fire  The aircraft had departed from Klamath Falls 90 minutes earlier 

Airport ratings
Travel + Leisure
In 2013, a Travel + Leisure magazine readers' poll named PDX as the best US airport, based on its on-time record, dining, shopping, and mass transportation into the main parts of the city  In 2015, ten new restaurants opened at PDX, making it a "foodie haven" according to travelers  PDX also got significant recognition for its unique carpet pattern, which was replaced throughout the entire airport with newer carpet that contains a similar design 

Condé Nast Traveler
In 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2010, PDX was identified as the top airport for business travelers in the United States by Condé Nast Traveler magazine  The Condé Nast ranking was based upon criteria including location and access, ease of connections, food, shops, amenities, comfort and design, and perceived safety and security; PDX received the top overall score, and the magazine noted the airport's environmentally friendly initiatives, including the airport's use of solar panels for power, its connection to the MAX Light Rail, and the recycling of its restaurants' used oil and grease 

J  D  Power and Associates
The 2015, 2016, and 2019 J D  Power and Associates rankings for US "Large Passenger Airports" lists PDX at the #1 spot and overall highest among passenger satisfaction criteria 

Air Line Pilots Association, International
In 2015 the Air Line Pilots Association, International, Airport and Ground Environment Group recognized Portland International Airport as the recipient of the Airport of the Year  The award was given as a result of the collaboration and partnering between PDX and ALPA on important on-going airport safety and construction issues 

Gallery
See also
Oregon World War II Army Airfields
Pearson Field
Portland-Mulino Airport
Tourism in Portland, Oregon
Western Air Defense Force
Passage 4:
United Airlines Flight 173
United Airlines Flight 173 was a scheduled flight from John F  Kennedy International Airport in New York City to Portland International Airport in Portland, Oregon, with a scheduled stop in Denver, Colorado  On December 28, 1978, the aircraft flying this route ran out of fuel while troubleshooting a landing gear problem and crashed in a suburban Portland neighborhood near NE 157th Avenue and East Burnside Street, killing 10 on board 

Aircraft
The aircraft involved was a Douglas DC-8 60 series, powered by four Pratt & Whitney JT3D engines and delivered new to United Airlines in May 1968    The aircraft was registered N8082U and was the 357th DC-8 built at the Long Beach assembly plant  The 60 series was a stretched version of the DC-8 that was 36 7 ft (11 2 m) longer than the DC-8 series 10 through 50 

Flight
Flight 173 was piloted by an experienced cockpit crew, consisting of Captain Malburn "Buddy" McBroom (age 52), First Officer Roderick "Rod" Beebe (45), and Flight Engineer Forrest "Frosty" Mendenhall (41)  McBroom had been with United Airlines for 27 years; he was one of the airline's most senior pilots with more than 27,600 hours of flight time, of which about 5,500 hours had been as a DC-8 captain  Beebe had been with the airline for 13 years and had logged more than 5,200 flight hours  Mendenhall had close to 3,900 flight hours and had been with the airline for 11 years  The first officer and flight engineer had over 2,500 hours of flying experience between them in the DC-8 Flight 173 departed from Denver's Stapleton International Airport at 15:47 MST with 189 people on board—eight crew and 181 passengers  The estimated flight time was 2 hours and 26 minutes, and the planned arrival time in Portland was 17:13 PST, about 40 minutes after sunset  According to the automatic flight plan and monitoring system, the total amount of fuel required for the flight to Portland was 31,900 lb (14,500 kg)  About 46,700 lb (21,200 kg) of fuel were on board the aircraft when it departed the gate in Denver 
As the landing gear was being lowered on approach to Portland International Airport, the crew felt an abnormal vibration and yaw of the aircraft and a lack of an indicator light showing the gear was lowered successfully  The crew requested a holding pattern to diagnose the problem, and for about the next hour, the crew flew over southeast Portland and worked to identify the status of the landing gear and prepare for a potential emergency landing  During this time, none of the three cockpit flight crew effectively monitored the fuel levels, which was exacerbated by the fact that the gear was down with the flaps at 15° during the entire hour-long holding maneuver, significantly increasing fuel burn rate  As a result, the number 3 and 4 engines flamed out 
As the crew prepared for a final approach for an emergency landing on runway 28L, they lost the number one and number two engines to a flameout, at which point a mayday was declared  This was the last radio transmission from Flight 173 to air traffic control; it crashed into a wooded section of a populated area of suburban Portland, about six nautical miles (11 km; 7 mi) southeast of the airport Of the crew members, two were killed, flight engineer Mendenhall and lead flight attendant Joan Wheeler; two sustained injuries classified by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) as "serious", and four sustained injuries classified as "minor/none"  Eight passengers died, and 21 had serious injuries The 304th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron of the Air Force Reserve, based at Portland International Airport, was conducting routine training flights in the area that evening  Airborne aircraft from this unit (HH-1H Huey helicopters) were immediately diverted to the crash scene and proceeded to transport many of the survivors to local hospitals 

Crash investigation and report
The NTSB investigation revealed that, when the landing gear was lowered, a loud thump was heard  That unusual sound was accompanied by abnormal vibration and yaw of the aircraft  The right main landing gear retract cylinder assembly had failed due to corrosion, and that allowed the right gear to free fall  Although it was down and locked, the rapid and abnormal free fall of the gear damaged a microswitch so severely that it failed to complete the circuit to the cockpit green light that tells the pilots that gear is down and locked  Those unusual indications (loud noise, vibration, yaw, and no green light) led the captain to abort the landing, so they would have time to diagnose the problem and prepare the passengers for an emergency landing  While the decision to abort the landing was prudent, the accident occurred because the flight crew became so absorbed with diagnosing the problem that they failed to monitor their fuel state and calculate a time when they needed to return to land or risk fuel exhaustion 
 The Safety Board believes that this accident exemplifies a recurring problem—a breakdown in cockpit management and teamwork during a situation involving malfunctions of aircraft systems in flight… Therefore, the Safety Board can only conclude that the flight crew failed to relate the fuel remaining and the rate of fuel flow to the time and distance from the airport, because their attention was directed almost entirely toward diagnosing the landing gear problem 
The NTSB determined the following probable cause:
 The failure of the captain to monitor properly the aircraft's fuel state and to properly respond to the low fuel state and the crewmember's advisories regarding fuel state  This resulted in fuel exhaustion to all engines  His inattention resulted from preoccupation with a landing gear malfunction and preparations for a possible landing emergency 
The NTSB also determined the following contributing factor:
 The failure of the other two flight crewmembers either to fully comprehend the criticality of the fuel state or to successfully communicate their concern to the captain
The fuel situation was known to be on the minds of the pilot and crew to some degree  Transcripts of cockpit recordings confirm this  Media reports at the time suggested that a not widely known problem existed with fuel state gauges on that model aircraft  The problem was not widely known in part because commercial aircraft are expected to fly with no less than a 45-minute reserve of fuel at all times  The gauge problem is addressed, though obliquely, in one of the safety board's recommendations:

 Issue an Operations Alert Bulletin to have FAA inspectors assure that crew training stresses differences in fuel-quantity measuring instruments and that crews flying with the new system are made aware of the possibility of misinterpretation of gauge readings  (Class II, Priority Action, A-79-32)
While the totalizer fuel gauge issue might have contributed to the crew's confusion toward the end of the flight, the NTSB report emphasized that the captain should never have allowed such a situation to develop in the first place  The NTSB made the following recommendation to specifically address that concern:

 Issue an operations bulletin to all air carrier operations inspectors directing them to urge their assigned operators to ensure that their flightcrews are indoctrinated in principles of flight deck resource management, with particular emphasis on the merits of participative management for captains and assertiveness training for other cockpit crewmembers  (Class II, Priority Action, X-79-17)

Aftermath
This last NTSB recommendation following the incident, addressing flight deck resource management problems, was the genesis for major changes in the way airline crewmembers were trained  This new type of training addressed behavioral management challenges such as poor crew coordination, loss of situational awareness, and judgment errors frequently observed in aviation accidents  It is credited with launching the crew resource management (CRM) revolution in airline training  Within weeks of the NTSB recommendation, NASA held a conference to bring government and industry experts together to examine the potential merits of this training United Airlines instituted the industry's first CRM for pilots in 1981  This program is now used throughout the world, prompting some to call the United 173 accident one of the most important in aviation history  The NTSB Air Safety Investigator who wrote the CRM recommendation was aviation psychologist Alan Diehl Assigned to investigate this accident, Diehl realized it was similar to several other major airline accidents including United Airlines Flight 2860, which occurred a little over a year before Flight 173 and under near identical circumstances; Eastern Air Lines Flight 401; and the Tenerife airport disaster  Diehl was familiar with the research being conducted at NASA’s Ames Research Center and believed these training concepts could reduce the likelihood of human error Held responsible for the accident, Captain McBroom lost his pilot's license and retired from United Airlines shortly afterwards  He spent his remaining years battling health problems related to injuries sustained in the crash, as well as lung and prostate cancers  Family members and passengers who spoke to McBroom at a 1998 reunion of crash survivors reported he was "a broken man" plagued by guilt over his role in the accident  He died on October 9, 2004 at age 77 One of the surviving passengers, a three-year-old in 1978, was awarded US$900,000 in damages from the airline by a Portland jury in 1984  She was injured and both her little sisters and her parents were killed Published in February 2018, Crash Course by Julie Whipple focuses on the events of the night of the crash, the investigation, and aftermath of the crash 

In popular culture
The events of Flight 173 were featured in "Focused on Failure" (also known as "Fatal Fixation"), a season-12 (2012) episode of the Canadian TV series Mayday (called Air Emergency in the US and Air Crash Investigation in the UK and elsewhere around the world) 
It is featured in season 2, episode 1, of the TV show Why Planes Crash, in an episode called "Crisis in the Sky" 
"One Against the Storm" By Stanley C  Mann 1980 ISBN 0938662007 Paperback Bailey/sullivan "About Joan Wheeler"

See also
Aviation safety
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
List of airline flights that required gliding
Passage 5:
Portland International Airport carpet
The carpet at Portland International Airport (PDX) in Portland, Oregon, featured geometric shapes on a teal background, representing the intersection of the north and south runways seen by air traffic controllers from the airport's tower at night  SRG Partnership designed it in 1987, and since then, the carpet has received much media attention 
In 2013, the Port of Portland announced the carpet's replacement with a new pattern conceptualized by the Portland-based firm Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Architects  The announcement generated a social media "phenomenon" and gained attention from local and national news outlets  Removal of the original carpet began in January 2015, with the airport recycling worn portions and making remaining pieces available for sale by local retail vendors 
In 2015,  Portland Trail Blazers point guard Damian Lillard released his first PDX carpet colorway on the Adidas D Lillard 1 sneaker  In 2016, Lillard released the colorway on the D Lillard 2, also inspired by the carpet 
In February 2022, it was announced that the iconic carpet would be returning to the airport when a new terminal opens in 2024 On November 14, 2022, the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA introduced their City Edition uniforms   The uniform pays homage to the airport carpet with a sash design that mimics the geometric pattern of the carpet 

Background
To reduce the amount of noise created by people walking across hard terminal floors, the Port of Portland contracted SRG Partnership to design new carpeting for PDX in 1987  The SRG principal and co-designer of the carpet, John Schleuning, visited several airports before deciding what to create for the carpet at Portland International Airport  SRG steered away from the earth tones traditionally used by airports in the 1980s, incorporating blue and green into their design early on and hoping to evoke "northwest to the core " Its pattern featured geometric shapes on a teal background, an abstract depiction of the intersecting north and south runways seen by air traffic controllers from the airport's tower at night  Several acres of the carpet were installed by the early 1990s Over time, the carpet gained a cult following  Multiple social media accounts were dedicated to it and more than 20,000 pictures were posted to its official Instagram hashtag, #pdxcarpet  Airport visitors often took pictures of their feet on the carpet The original carpet design received a positive reception by Portland residents and airport visitors, eventually reaching "local icon" status  Its pattern was used on a variety of products, including bicycle helmets, socks and T-shirts  In 2013, Portland Monthly published "Ode on a Carpet", a poem inspired by T  S  Eliot's "The Hollow Men" (1925)  In September 2014, PDX installed an 11 ft × 16 ft (3 4 m × 4 9 m) collage made of the carpet 

Replacement
A $13 million replacement of the airport's carpet was announced in 2013, sparking social media attention that was picked up by local and national media outlets  The Port of Portland received a large number of comments from local residents who were concerned about the original carpet's future  Annie Linstrom, a spokesperson for the port district, confirmed they were investigating recycling options and considering giving away portions to locals as keepsakes  She also said that the Port of Portland "understand[s] that people have an emotional connection to the carpet " In December 2013, Portland Monthly published a preview of the redesign, which was conceptualized by Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Architects of Portland  The magazine reported that the new design included "mood-enhancing colors and a new repeating pattern, while clearly preserving key elements" from the original carpet  Linstrom said, "The Port hopes that travelers will grow to appreciate elements of the new carpet design over time, just as much as the old "
In January 2015, removal of the nearly-30-year-old carpet began in front of a crowd of airport employees and media  The Port of Portland's chief operating officer said: "Normally we do these ribbon cuttings when we’re introducing a new thing, but it’s actually the reverse of that in removing the old carpet  We’re going to miss the carpet and we appreciate the community and the love of this carpet " Any businesses that were able to receive, stockpile, and redistribute carpet could request 1,000 square yards (840 m2) from the Port of Portland The airport's new carpet design features natural and man-made shapes found around the airport—referencing flight, nature, and structures such as airplane wings, hiking trails, leaves, runways, and waterways  According to Oregon Public Broadcasting, the old and new carpet designs are similar in appearance "to the untrained, out-of-towner eye " Installation was scheduled to continue through November 2015  Local firm Hennebery Eddy Architects is overseeing its installation, having been contracted in June 2013 to select materials and manage logistics  The new carpet is made of materials from recycled carpet and plastic bottles and jars 
Passage 6:
PenAir
Peninsula Airways, operated as PenAir, was a U S -based regional airline headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska  It was Alaska's second-largest commuter airline operating scheduled passenger service, as well as charter and medevac services throughout the state  Its main base was Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport  PenAir had a code sharing agreement in place with Alaska Airlines with its flights operated in the state of Alaska 

History
Peninsula Airways was founded by Orin Seybert in 1955  Seybert was 19 years old, living in Pilot Point, Alaska, and owned a 1946 two-seat Taylorcraft  In 1956, a four-seat Piper Tri-Pacer was added  On March 1, 1965, Peninsula Airways became incorporated and purchased the fixed base operation (FBO) in King Salmon 
In 1967, Peninsula Airways became a full-time subcontractor to Reeve Aleutian Airways, meeting Reeve's certificate obligations to Chignik, Perryville and Ivanoff Bay 
In 1969, Peninsula Airways acquired all assets of Tibbetts-Herre Airmotive, which had operated from Naknek since 1950  By 1973, regular service was provided between King Salmon and the Pribilof Island communities, St  Paul and St  George  Charter service was also extended into the Aleutian Islands, Dutch Harbor, Atka and Adak with Grumman G-44 Widgeon amphibious aircraft 
In 1977, two Grumman Goose amphibious aircraft were purchased from Reeve Aleutian Airways, and the sub-contract was expanded to cover all locations certificated to Reeve throughout the Alaskan Peninsula and Aleutian Islands  This required setting up an operating base at Cold Bay, with hangars, offices and employee housing 
In 1980, the Civil Aeronautics Board awarded a Part 401 Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity to Peninsula Airways, and all aircraft operations were conducted under Part 135 of the Federal Air Regulations 
In 1983, Peninsula Airways acquired its first turboprop: a Cessna Conquest operated out of Cold Bay  Peninsula Airways was the first Alaskan air carrier to qualify for CAB Part 419 subsidy, allowing the airline to operate Essential Air Service (EAS) routes to Atka, St  George and Kodiak Island 

In 1985, Peninsula Airways acquired all assets of Air Transport Services, Inc , based in Kodiak  Included in the deal was a hangar and office facility with approximately six aircraft and scheduled year-round service to all points on the Island  A base was established in Anchorage with two Cessna Conquest turboprops offering charter service from Anchorage to the Pribilof Islands  Scheduled service from Anchorage to King Salmon and Dillingham was added a year later 
The first Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner propjet was placed into service in 1987 and Metro aircraft remained in the fleet until 2011 
In 1988, several bush operators in Dillingham had their certificates revoked by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), prompting Peninsula Airways to set up an operation there  A hangar and aircraft were purchased and service to the surrounding communities began 
In 1989, Peninsula Airways was contracted by Exxon to support the Exxon Valdez oil spill cleanup  At the same time, a contract was awarded to Peninsula Airways by Alaska Regional Hospital to provide 24-hour medevac service  Peninsula Airways' operations were inspected and approved by Exxon Corporation, U S  Department of the Interior Office of Aviation Services (OAS), U S  Department of Defense, and two (FAA) NASIP "white glove" inspections 
In 1991, Peninsula Airways began doing business as PenAir and became a code sharing and Mileage Plan partner with Alaska Airlines  PenAir transitioned to FAA Part 121 regulations in 1996, operating under both Part 135 and 121  PenAir was the first regional airline in the United States to make the 10-19 seat required conversion, including a dispatch department 
In 1997, PenAir acquired two Saab 340B aircraft and, in 1998, moved its headquarters into a new hangar/office complex in Anchorage, Alaska The airline expanded its operations outside of Alaska in 2012 after bidding on and being awarded Essential Air Service routes in the Northeastern United States  It established a hub at Boston's Logan International Airport and started operating service to Presque Isle, Maine and Plattsburgh, New York, with additional seasonal service to  Bar Harbor, Maine PenAir's presence in the continental United States greatly expanded in 2016 when the airline was awarded multiple Essential Air Service routes in the Midwestern and Western United States  The airline established its third and fourth hubs at Denver International Airport and Portland International Airport  From Denver, PenAir operated service to Dodge City and Liberal, Kansas and Kearney, North Platte, and Scottsbluff, Nebraska  From Portland, PenAir operated Essential Air Service to Crescent City, California and also began service to Arcata/Eureka and Redding, California and Klamath Falls and North Bend/Coos Bay, Oregon 
On August 7, 2017, PenAir filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy  PenAir made the decision to end all flights out of its Denver and Portland hubs  Routes in California and Oregon that were not funded by Essential Air Service subsidies were terminated within days  The terms of the Essential Air Service contract required that PenAir continue to operate those routes until a new airline could be awarded the contract, a process expected to be completed within 90 days  On August 30, 2017, PenAir announced it would cease all Denver operations effective after September 10, 2017 due to a mass resignation involving 17 crew members On November 30, 2017, PenAir announced it would end its service to Crescent City, California as of December 15  The city has chosen Contour Airlines to operate the Essential Air Service route, but PenAir stated it would be unable to continue the service until Contour begins operating On May 30, 2018, PenAir cancelled service via Boston to and from Plattsburgh, Bar Harbor and Presque Isle a month early, citing staffing issues, breaking their Essential Air Services contract with the Department of Transportation On June 1, 2019, PenAir ceased direct ticket sales under its own brand  From that day, all PenAir flights are marketed and sold using Ravn Alaska (7H) flight numbers 

Fleet
As of March 2019 the PenAir fleet consisted of the following aircraft:

PenAir was the only air carrier in the U S  operating the Saab 2000 regional turboprop in scheduled passenger airline service 
PenAir was among the last airlines in the world to operate the Grumman G-21A Goose seaplane on scheduled flights  This piston-powered amphibious aircraft was used to resupply remote coastal locations where no land-based airstrip existed  On December 21, 2012, the Grumman Goose made its final commercial flight from Unalaska to Anchorage   PenAir also previously operated another piston-powered amphibious aircraft type being the Grumman G-44 Widgeon 
The airline also previously operated several turboprop-powered aircraft types including the Cessna 208B Grand Caravan, Cessna 441 Conquest, as well as the Metro II, Metro III and Metro 23 variants of the Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner    

Previously operated piston-powered landplane aircraft included the Piper Navajo Chieftain and Piper Saratoga According to the July 1, 2016 Alaska Airlines system timetable, PenAir was then operating all of its code sharing flights in the state of Alaska on behalf of Alaska Airlines with Saab 340B and Saab 2000 turboprop aircraft   The Saab 2000 is a larger, high-speed version of the Saab 340B  All Alaska Airlines code sharing flights in the lower 48 states in the U S  were operated by PenAir with the Saab 340B 

Destinations
Using Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport as an operating base, PenAir operated scheduled service to the following destinations in Alaska as of June 2019 
Anchorage (ANC) – Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (to Cold Bay, Dillingham, Dutch Harbor, King Salmon, Kodiak, Fairbanks, and Sand Point)
Cold Bay (CDB) – Cold Bay Airport (to Anchorage)
Dillingham (DLG) – Dillingham Airport (to Anchorage)
Dutch Harbor / Unalaska (DUT) – Unalaska Airport (to Anchorage) (marketed and sold by Alaska Airlines)
King Salmon (AKN) – King Salmon Airport (to Anchorage)
Kodiak (ADQ) – Kodiak Airport (to Anchorage)
Fairbanks (FAI) – Fairbanks International Airport (to Anchorage)
Sand Point (SDP) – Sand Point Airport (to Anchorage)All flights in the state of Alaska were operated as code sharing service with Ravn Alaska, with the exception of service to Dutch Harbor / Unalaska which was operated under a capacity purchase agreement, where flights were marketed and sold by Alaska Airlines and operated by PenAir 

Community awareness
PenAir, along with Bering Air, Frontier Flying Service, Grant Aviation, Northern Air Cargo, and Ryan Air Services all participate in the Flying Can service, which allows rural Alaskan communities to recycle aluminum cans and number 1 PET bottles in cooperation with Alaskans for Litter Prevention and Recycling 

Accidents and incidents
On October 10, 2001, Peninsula Airways (PenAir) Flight 350, a Cessna 208 Caravan (N9530F) on a scheduled flight from Dillingham, Alaska to King Salmon, Alaska, crashed shortly after takeoff from Dillingham Airport  The pilot and all nine passengers were fatally injured, and the airplane was destroyed on impact  There was no fire 
On October 17, 2019, PenAir Flight 3296, a Saab 2000 (N686PA) on a scheduled flight from Anchorage, Alaska to Unalaska, Alaska, went off the runway after landing at the Unalaska Airport, teetering over a bank toward a nearby body of water  The left propeller was destroyed and at least part of one blade entered the passenger cabin  An eyewitness reported high winds at the time of the accident  There were 39 passengers, including a high school swim team from Cordova, Alaska, and 3 flight crew aboard the flight  One passenger was fatally injured, two passengers were critically injured, and 10 more received medical care at a local hospital  There was no fire 

See also
List of seaplane operators
Passage 7:
Pan Am Flight 845/26
Pan Am Flight 845/26 was a four-engined Boeing 377 Stratocruiser named Clipper United States and registered as N1032V  It departed Portland International Airport in Oregon on a flight to Honolulu International Airport in Hawaii on March 26, 1955  The aircraft was en route and about 35 miles (56 km) off the Oregon coast when at 11:12 Pacific Standard Time the No  3 engine and propeller tore loose from the wing causing a loss of control  The aircraft was ditched  
The aircraft floated for twenty minutes before sinking in 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) of water  Approximately two hours after the aircraft ditched, the United States Navy attack transport USS Bayfield (APA-33) arrived on the scene and rescued the 19 survivors  Four people died The probable cause was failure of No  3 propeller which caused the engine to detach and the aircraft to become uncontrollable 
The experience provided lessons that helped prevent any casualties in another ditching the following year, when Pan Am Flight 6 sank between Honolulu and San Francisco 
Passage 8:
Pre-Commissioning Unit
Pre-commissioning unit (PRECOMUNIT or PCU) is a designation used by the United States Navy to describe vessels under construction prior to their official commissioning  For example, prior to her commissioning, USS Gerald R  Ford (CVN 78) had been described by the Navy as " PCU Gerald R  Ford (CVN 78)"  Such descriptions can appear in the media as well 
"PCU" is a temporary, descriptive term, and is not a ship prefix or a part of the ship's official name  Until they are commissioned, U S  Navy vessels are officially identified by their given name and hull number, such as Gerald R  Ford (CVN 78) A "PCU" is also the entity that the ships staff is assigned to for training while the ship is being constructed and fitted-out  Prior to reporting to the ship, sailors will report to a PCU at one of two fleet training centers, located at either Naval Station Norfolk or Naval Base San Diego 

See also
List of current United States Navy ships
Passage 9:
Twin Cities Air Service
Twin Cities Air Service was an American fixed-base operator and charter airline based at Auburn, Maine and operated from Auburn/Lewiston Municipal Airport and the Portland International Jetport  The airline was a certified Part 135 operator, provided on demand and commuter service, while the FBO provided standard aircraft services and maintenance, specializing in overhauls of the Cessna 400 series aircraft   Beginning in March 2010, Twin Cities Air Service began a scheduled commuter route between Portland, Maine, and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia   At the time of the initiation of this route, Twin Cities was the only scheduled carrier into the Yarmouth Airport, and was the only scheduled international service into the Portland International Jetport 

History
Twin Cities Air Service was founded in 1992 as a fixed-base operator at the Auburn airport   The company has since expanded to include on demand air charter services, airframe maintenance and support, and scheduled international air service 
Ch-aviation stated "Out of Business", the last change on the Website was 2012, it seems the company has ceased 

Fleet
Twin Cities Air Service currently operated a fleet of five aircraft  The majority of these aircraft are available for on-demand charter operations throughout the Northeastern United States, although the aircraft are certified to operate in Canada, Bermuda, and parts of The Caribbean and Central America   A single Cessna aircraft is devoted to the scheduled service between Portland, Maine and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia 
As of March 2010 the Twin Cities fleet includes:
1 Beechcraft King Air 200
1 Cessna 310
3 Cessna 402 Utililiner
1 Gates Learjet 35A
Context 2: Passage 1:
Ardiente secreto
Ardiente secreto is a Mexican telenovela produced by Irene Sabido for Televisa in 1978  It is based on the Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel Jane Eyre 

Plot
The orphan Mariana Cisneros was shut in (in a college) by an aunt who hates her, she suffers from some terrible pains, but she take advantage of the education and culture  When she turns 18 she finds a job as a governess of a silent and lonely child, Adela, who is the daughter of Eduardo  Mariana wins Adela's love and she is attracted by Eduardo  Mariana and Eduardo fall in love, but a terrible secret will take them apart  She discovers it on the day of their marriage  Mariana is desperate and she escapes, but for love she will return again 

Cast
Daniela Romo as Mariana
Joaquín Cordero as Eduardo
Lorena Velázquez
Virginia Manzano
Dolores Tinoco
Patricia Tanus as Adela
Ada Carrasco
Eduardo Liñán
Erika Carrasco as Mariana (child)
Passage 2:
El Ardiente Secreto
Ardiente secreto is a Mexican telenovela produced by Irene Sabido for Televisa in 1978  It is based on the Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel Jane Eyre 

Plot
The orphan Mariana Cisneros was shut in (in a college) by an aunt who hates her, she suffers from some terrible pains, but she take advantage of the education and culture  When she turns 18 she finds a job as a governess of a silent and lonely child, Adela, who is the daughter of Eduardo  Mariana wins Adela's love and she is attracted by Eduardo  Mariana and Eduardo fall in love, but a terrible secret will take them apart  She discovers it on the day of their marriage  Mariana is desperate and she escapes, but for love she will return again 

Cast
Daniela Romo as Mariana
Joaquín Cordero as Eduardo
Lorena Velázquez
Virginia Manzano
Dolores Tinoco
Patricia Tanus as Adela
Ada Carrasco
Eduardo Liñán
Erika Carrasco as Mariana (child)
Passage 3:
Jeff Sampson
Jeff Sampson is a young adult and children's author  He was born on a U S  military base in Nuremberg, Germany on July 15, 1982  He started writing professionally at age eighteen  His first books were packaged series fiction  When Sampson was twenty-two, he had his first novel published as part of the Dragonlance series of fantasy novels  He since went on to write many original young adult and children's series, including Monster Slayers under the pen name Lukas Ritter for Wizards of the Coast; Deviants for Balzer + Bray, an imprint of HarperCollins Children’s Books; and The Last Dogs under the pen name Christopher Holt for Little, Brown Books for Young Readers  Jeff Sampson currently lives in Seattle, Washington in the United States 

Bibliography
The Last Dogs:
(as Christopher Holt)

The Vanishing (September 2012)
Dark Waters (June 2013)
The Long Road (November 2013)
Journey's End (June 2014)

Deviants
Vesper (January 2011)
Havoc (January 2012)
Ravage (January 2013)

Monster Slayers
(as Lukas Ritter)

Monster Slayers (May 2010)
Monster Slayers: Unleashed (May 2011)
Monster Slayers: Training Day (Short story, Wizards of the Coast website, April 2010)

Dragonlance: The New Adventures
Dragon Quartet, Vol  8: Dragon Spell (July 2005)
Trinistyr Trilogy, Vol  2: Wizard's Betrayal (January 2006)
Suncatcher Trilogy, Vol  1: The Wayward Wizard (September 2006)
Suncatcher Trilogy, Vol  2: The Ebony Eye (March 2007)
Suncatcher Trilogy, Vol  3: The Stolen Sun (September 2007)
Passage 4:
Story of O
Story of O (French: Histoire d'O, IPA: [istwaʁ do]) is an erotic novel published in 1954 by French author Anne Desclos under the pen name Pauline Réage, and published in French by Jean-Jacques Pauvert 
Desclos did not reveal herself as the author for 40 years after the initial publication  Desclos stated she wrote the novel as a series of love letters to her lover Jean Paulhan, who had admired the work of the Marquis de Sade  The novel shares with the latter themes such as love, dominance, and submission 

Plot
Story of O is a tale of female submission involving a beautiful Parisian fashion photographer named O, who is taught to be constantly available for oral, vaginal, and anal intercourse, offering herself to any male who belongs to the same secret society as her lover  She is regularly stripped, blindfolded, chained, and whipped; her anus is widened by increasingly large plugs; her labium is pierced and her buttocks are branded 
The story begins when O's lover, René, brings her to the château in Roissy, where she is trained to serve the members of an elite club  After this initial training, as a demonstration of their bond and his generosity, René hands O to his elder stepbrother Sir Stephen, a more severe master  René wants O to learn to serve someone whom she does not love, and someone who does not love her  Over the course of this training, O falls in love with Sir Stephen and believes him to be in love with her as well  During the summer, Sir Stephen sends O to an old mansion in Samois solely inhabited by women for advanced training and body modifications related to submission  There she agrees to receive permanent marks of Sir Stephen's ownership, in the form of a brand and a steel tag hanging from a labia piercing 
Meanwhile René has encouraged O to seduce Jacqueline, a vain fashion model, and lure her to Roissy  Jacqueline is repulsed when she first sees O's chains and scars, although O herself is proud of her condition as a willing slave  But Jacqueline's younger half-sister becomes enamored of O, and begs to be taken to Roissy 
At the climax, O is presented as a sexual slave, nude but for an owl-like mask and a leash attached to her piercing, before a large party of guests who treat her solely as an object  Afterward, she is shared by Sir Stephen and an associate of his who is referred to only as "The Commander" 
Some early editions included several different variations of an epilogue which note that Sir Stephen later abandoned O, though there is debate as to whether Desclos intended it to be included in the finished work; in one such version, O is so distraught by the threat of this abandonment that she insists she would rather die and asks for permission to commit suicide, which is granted 

Publishing history
In February 1955, Story of O won the French literature prize Prix des Deux Magots, but the French authorities still brought obscenity charges against the publisher  The charges were rejected by the courts, but a publicity ban was imposed for a number of years 
Olympia Press published the first English edition in 1965  Eliot Fremont-Smith (of The New York Times) called its publication "a significant event" 

Criticism
A critical view of the novel is that it is about, and derives its erotic power from, the ultimate objectification of a woman  The heroine has the shortest possible name  Though this is in fact a shortening of "Odile", it could also stand for "object" or "orifice", an O being a symbolic representation of any "hole"  The novel was strongly criticized by many feminists, who felt it glorified the abuse of women  An article by Susan Griffin that appears in  Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis (reprinted from Griffin’s book Pornography and Silence with an introduction) criticizes the novel; Griffin argues that Story of O shows "how a pornographic society turns a woman's heart against herself "When the film Story of O was released, L'Express magazine ran a feature on the novel and film  This resulted in L'Express being picketed by feminists from the group Mouvement de libération des femmes, who found the novel and film objectionable  Journalist François Chalais also criticized Story of O, claiming the novel glorified violence; he described the novel as "bringing the Gestapo into the boudoir" 

Hidden identities
The author used a pen name, then later used another pen name, before finally, just before her death, revealing her true identity  Her lover, Jean Paulhan, wrote the preface as if the author were unknown to him According to Geraldine Bedell, "Pauline Réage, the author, was a pseudonym, and many people thought that the book could only have been written by a man  The writer's true identity was not revealed until ten years ago, when, in an interview with John de St  Jorre, a British journalist and sometime foreign correspondent of The Observer, an impeccably dressed 86-year-old intellectual called Dominique Aury acknowledged that the fantasies of castles, masks and debauchery were hers " According to several other sources, however, Dominique Aury was itself a pseudonym of Anne Desclos, born 23 September 1907 in Rochefort-sur-Mer, France, and deceased 26 April 1998 (at age 90) in Paris 
The Grove Press edition (U S , 1965) was translated by editor Richard Seaver (who had lived in France for many years) under the pseudonym Sabine d'Estrée 

Jean Paulhan
Jean Paulhan, the author's lover and the person to whom she wrote Story of O in the form of love letters, wrote the preface, "Happiness in Slavery"  Paulhan admired the Marquis de Sade's work and told Desclos that a woman could not write like Sade  Desclos took this as a challenge and wrote the book  Paulhan was so impressed that he sent it to a publisher  In the preface, he goes out of his way to appear as if he does not know who wrote it  In one part he says, "But from the beginning to end, the story of O is managed rather like some brilliant feat  It reminds you more of a speech than of a mere effusion; of a letter rather than a secret diary  But to whom is the letter addressed? Whom is the speech trying to convince? Whom can we ask? I don't even know who you are  That you are a woman I have little doubt " Paulhan also explains his own belief that the themes in the book depict the true nature of women  At times, the preface (when read with the knowledge of the relationship between Paulhan and the author), seems to be a continuation of the conversation between them 
In an interview Paulhan explained that O, in a religious-like obsession, was seeking the loss of responsibility for her body and mind much like many religious women seek to surrender themselves to the mercy of God  In both cases it is the joy of destruction  Paulhan was also quoted: "To be killed by someone you love strikes me as the epitome of ecstasy"  Discussing the ending, Paulhan states, "I too was surprised by the end  And nothing you can say will convince me that it is the real end  That in reality (so to speak) your heroine convinces Sir Stephen to consent to her death "One critic has seen Paulhan's essay as consistent with other themes in his work, including his interest in erotica, his "mystification" of love and sexual relationships, and a view of women that is arguably sexist 

Legacy
Emmanuelle Arsan claimed the Story of O inspired her to write her own erotic novel Emmanuelle (1967) A sequel to Story of O, Retour à Roissy (Return to Roissy, but often translated as Return to the Chateau, Continuing the Story of O), was published in 1969 in French, again with Jean-Jacques Pauvert, éditeur  It was published again in English by Grove Press, Inc , in 1971  It is not known whether this work is by the same author as the original 
The town Samois-sur-Seine is mentioned in Story of O as  the location of the fictional mansion managed by Anne-Marie, a lesbian dominatrix  In 1978, the name Samois was adopted by a lesbian-feminist BDSM organization based in San Francisco that existed from 1978 to 1983  It was the first lesbian BDSM group in the United States In 2007, the National Leather Association International inaugurated awards for excellence in SM/fetish/leather writing  The categories include the Pauline Reage (a pen name of Anne Desclos, author of Story of O) award for fiction novel In 2020, Anne Desclos (author of Story of O) was inducted into the Leather Hall of Fame 

Adaptations
Film
American experimental director Kenneth Anger made a 20 minute short film version, l'Histoire d'O, in 1961 
French director Henri-Georges Clouzot wanted to adapt the novel to film for many years, which was eventually done by director Just Jaeckin in 1975 as Histoire d'O (Story of O) produced by Eric Rochat and Gérard Lorin, starring Corinne Cléry and Udo Kier  The film met with far less acclaim than the book  It was banned in the United Kingdom by the British Board of Film Censors until February 2000 
In 1975, American director Gerard Damiano, well known for Deep Throat (1972) and The Devil in Miss Jones (1973), created the movie The Story of Joanna, highly influenced by the Story of O, by combining motifs from one of the book's chapters and from Jean-Paul Sartre's No Exit 
In 1979, Danish director Lars von Trier made the short movie entitled Menthe – la bienheureuse, as an homage to Story of O  His 2005 film Manderlay was also inspired by the book, particularly Paulhan's introduction Five years later, in 1984, actress Sandra Wey starred as "O" in Story of O - Chapter 2, written, directed and produced by Eric Rochat 
In 1992, a Brazilian miniseries in 10 episodes entitled A História de O starring Claudia Cepeda was written, directed and produced by Eric Rochat, who was the producer of the original 1975 movie 
In 2002, another version of O was released, called The Story of O: Untold Pleasures, with Danielle Ciardi playing the title character 

Comics
In 1975, it was adapted for comics by the Italian artist Guido Crepax  Both the original and Crepax's adaptation were parodied for comics in 2007 by Charles Alverson and John Linton Roberson 

Documentaries
Writer of O, a 2004 documentary film by Pola Rapaport, mixed interviews with re-enactments of certain scenes from the book  In the documentary, the real author of Story of O, Dominique Aury (actually a pen name of Anne Desclos), talks about the book A Girl in Love  This book was written about how Story of O was written 
A documentary was also made for BBC Radio 4 entitled The Story of O: The Vice Francaise, presented by Rowan Pelling, former editor of the Erotic Review, which looked at the history of the book and its author Anne Desclos 
Erotica: A Journey Into Female Sexuality, a documentary by filmmaker Maya Gallus, featured the final interview with 90-year-old Dominique Aury (a pen name of Story of O author Anne Desclos) before she died  In the film, she recounts the extraordinary love story behind Story of O and marvels that she has reached such a grand age 

Songs
The 2018 single "O" by the artist Shygirl is based on the book 

See also
1975 in film
Dominance and submission
Sadism and masochism in fiction
Story of O - Chapter 2
Venus in Furs
The Claiming of Sleeping Beauty
Fruits of Passion
Passage 5:
The Dice Man
The Dice Man is a 1971 novel by American novelist George Cockcroft, writing under the pen name "Luke Rhinehart"  The book tells the story of a psychiatrist who makes daily decisions based on the casting of a diсe  Cockcroft describes the origin of the title idea variously in interviews, once recalling a college "quirk" he and friends used to decide "what they were going to do that night" based on a die-roll, or sometimes to decide between mildly mischievous pranks  The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy user site describes the novel as a book that was viewed as subversive, as having "anti-psychiatry sentiment", and as "reflecting the mood of the early 1970s in permissiveness"  It has content that includes the protagonist's decisions to engage in rape and murder, and is described as having been "banned in several countries" At the time of its publication, "[i]t was not clear whether the book was fiction or autobiography", all the more because the protagonist and the alleged author were eponymous; both were described as having the same profession (psychiatry), and elements of the described lives of both (e g , places of residence, date of birth) were also in common; hence, curiosity over its authorship have persisted since its publication  Years later, in 1999, Emmanuel Carrère, writing for The Guardian, presented a long-form expose on Cockroft and the relationship between author and legend, disclosing him as a life-long English professor living "in an old farmhouse with a yard that slopes down to a duck pond", a husband of fifty-years, father of three, and a caregiver to a special-needs child On its initial publication, the cover bore the confident subheader, "Few novels can change your life  This one will"; in the United States this was altered to read, "This book will change your life"  The book quickly became, and remains thought of as, a cult classic  Writing in 2017 for The Guardian, Tanya Gold noted that "over the course of 45 years" it was still in print, had become famous, had devoted fans, and had "sold more than 2m copies in multiple languages"  As well, it has been republished a number of times  It initially sold poorly in the United States, but well in Europe, particularly England, Sweden, Denmark, and Spain  Cockroft continued themes of the book in two other novels, Adventures of Wim (1986) and The Search for the Dice Man (1993), and in a companion title, The Book of the Die (2000), none of which achieved the commercial success of The Dice Man 

Plot summary
As stated at the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy user site:The book tells the story    of a psychologist named Luke [Rhinehart] who, feeling bored and unfulfilled in life, starts making decisions    based on a roll of a die  Along the way, there is sex, rape, murder, 'dice parties', breakouts by psychiatric patients, and various corporate and governmental machines being put into a spin  There is also a description of the cult that starts to develop around the man, and the psychological research he initiates, such as the 'F**k without Fear for Fun and Profit' programme 

Publishing history
ISBN 0-900735-00-7 - September 9, 1971
ISBN 0-246-11058-9 - July, 1978
ISBN 0-586-03765-9 - April 13, 1989
ISBN 0-87951-864-2 - July, 1998
ISBN 0-00-651390-5 - December 15, 1999
ISBN 0-00-716121-2 - April 7, 2003

In Pop Culture
British band The Fall based the song "Dice Man" (1979) on this novel 
British New Wave band Talk Talk wrote the song "Such A Shame" (1984) inspired by this novel 
British musician Richard D  James used the pseudonym The Dice Man for the track "Polygon Window" (1992) 

See also
"Flip Decision"
Yes Man (book)
Passage 6:
Colin Falconer (writer)
Colin Falconer (born 1953) is a pen name of Colin Bowles, who also uses the pen name Mark D'Abranville, an English-born Australian writer   Works published under the pen name include contemporary and historical thrillers, and children's books   Under his original name he has also published books of satirical fiction; non-fiction books about language; television and radio scripts; and many magazine articles and columns 

Biography
Born in North London, Bowles moved to Australia in his twenties and worked as a taxi driver and guitarist before joining an advertising agency  In 1984 he moved to Sydney to pursue a career as a writer 
He worked as a freelance journalist for various major magazines and wrote scripts for radio and television before becoming a full-time novelist in 1990  His books have been translated into 17 languages  He lived for many years near Dunsborough, Western Australia, where he and his late wife, Helen, raised two daughters  While writing, he also worked for many years in the volunteer ambulance service  He lives in Australia with his wife 

Awards
Novels by Colin Falconer
Falconer novels have an international audience  Harem (also published as The Sultan's Harem), the story of Suleiman the Magnificent, sold over 150,000 copies in Germany alone 

Harem (1993)
Aztec (1999)
Feathered Serpent (2002)
The Sultan's Harem (2004)
Silk Road (2011)
Anastasia (2012)
Isabella: Braveheart of France (2013)
East India (2014)
Nights in the Sun
Venom
Deathwatch (1991)
Fury
Opium
Triad
Dangerous
Disappeared
Rough Justice
The Certainty of Doing Evil
When We Were Gods
My Beautiful Spy
Pearls
Stairway to the Moon (sequel to Pearls)
Surfing Mr  Petrovic
Colossus
Stigmata
The Unkillable Kitty O'Kane (2017)
Lord of the Atlas (2022)

Works by Colin Bowles
These include:

Wit's Dictionary
G'day, Teach Yourself Australian
The Year We Seized the Day (2007, with Elizabeth Best)
"Flying Blind"
"Flying Hazzard"
Passage 7:
The Cuckoo Clock
The Cuckoo Clock is a British children's fantasy novel by Mary Louisa Molesworth, published in 1877 by Macmillan  It was originally published under the pen name Ennis Graham and reissued in 1882 as by Mrs  Molesworth, the name by which she is widely known  Both of those editions and many later ones were illustrated by Walter Crane; an 1893 uniform edition is available online at the University of Pennsylvania  An edition illustrated by Maria L  Kirk was published in 1914; it is available online at HathiTrust Digital Library 

Plot summary
A small child and a cuckoo from a cuckoo clock become unlikely friends  At night the clock transports her to magical places 

Genre and style
Her writing style is known to be very plain in context, and it has been criticized for this  But the plain text was most likely used so that the work was more accessible to children  Nothing she writes is too complicated for the readers, and there is an air of conversation in the text 

Themes
Love and friendship
Throughout the novel Griselda struggles with her new place of residence  She quickly finds that what she needs most is friendship  She finds these friends first in the Cuckoo, then her maids, and finally she finds a real friend in Master Phil  It is also realized at the end that throughout the novel her aunts have been showing her examples of real love all along 

Magic in fiction
This particular use of magic is through an enchanted object  The plot is furthered easily with the assumption that the object has no bounds of possibility  Children readers are also led to use their imagination to see all of the images the writer has concocted 

Sacrifices bring reward
Throughout the story Griselda struggles to finish her lessons during the day  The Cuckoo helps her to learn that with hard work there is eventually a reward  He rewards her greatly when she has improved in her lessons 

19th century children's literature
The second half of the 19th century is called the Golden age of children’s literature, because of the publication of so many notable stories that also appear in modern times  The fantasy novel for children was becoming very popular at this time  The Moral Didactic tale also continued with the popularity of the fantasy story  Often overlapping 

The didactic tale
The character of Griselda, has many interesting qualities  She is seen as a real child, who throws fits and is unhappy when she does not get her way  The Cuckoo, through these stories, teaches young Griselda how to control her feelings and urges  Learning the proper way to act is a major theme in many British children's books  Many books written in that age were meant for the betterment of the children reading them 

Critical reception
In the back of a copy of Mrs  Molesworth's The Tapestry Room there is a short review for The Cuckoo Clock:
"A beautiful little story    It will be read with delight by every child into whose hands it is placed    Ennis Graham deserves all that praise that has been, is, and will be, bestowed on The Cuckoo Clock  Children's stories are plentiful, but one like this not to be met with every day " –Pall Mall Gazette

Adaptation into animated film
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio was adapted into animated short films titled The Cuckoo Clock that released in 1950 by Tex Avery  The story began, when the black cat scared the sound of the cuckoo clock 
Passage 8:
Jane Eyre
Jane Eyre ( AIR; originally published as Jane Eyre: An Autobiography) is a novel by the English writer Charlotte Brontë  It was published under her pen name "Currer Bell" on 19 October 1847 by Smith, Elder & Co  of London  The first American edition was published the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York  Jane Eyre is a Bildungsroman which follows the experiences of its eponymous heroine, including her growth to adulthood and her love for Mr Rochester, the brooding master of Thornfield Hall The novel revolutionised prose fiction by being the first to focus on its protagonist's moral and spiritual development through an intimate first-person narrative, where actions and events are coloured by a psychological intensity  Charlotte Brontë has been called the "first historian of the private consciousness", and the literary ancestor of writers like Marcel Proust and James Joyce The book contains elements of social criticism with a strong sense of Christian morality at its core, and it is considered by many to be ahead of its time because of Jane's individualistic character and how the novel approaches the topics of class, sexuality, religion, and feminism  It, along with Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, is one of the most famous romance novels 

Plot
Jane Eyre is divided into 38 chapters  It was originally published in three volumes in the 19th century, comprising chapters 1 to 15, 16 to 27, and 28 to 38 
The second edition was dedicated to William Makepeace Thackeray 
The novel is a first-person narrative from the perspective of the title character  Its setting is somewhere in the north of England, late in the reign of George III (1760–1820)  It has five distinct stages: Jane's childhood at Gateshead Hall, where she is emotionally and physically abused by her aunt and cousins; her education at Lowood School, where she gains friends and role models but suffers privations and oppression; her time as governess at Thornfield Hall, where she falls in love with her mysterious employer, Edward Fairfax Rochester; her time in the Moor House, during which her earnest but cold clergyman cousin, St John Rivers, proposes to her; and ultimately her reunion with, and marriage to, her beloved Rochester  Throughout these sections, it provides perspectives on a number of important social issues and ideas, many of which are critical of the status quo 
The five stages of Jane's life:

Gateshead Hall
Jane Eyre, aged 10, lives at Gateshead Hall with her maternal uncle's family, the Reeds, as a result of her uncle's dying wish  Jane was orphaned several years earlier when her parents died of typhus  Jane's uncle, Mr Reed, was the only one in the Reed family who was kind to Jane  Jane's aunt, Sarah Reed, dislikes her and treats her as a burden  Mrs Reed also discourages her three children from associating with Jane  As a result, Jane becomes defensive against her cruel judgement  The nursemaid, Bessie, proves to be Jane's only ally in the household, even though Bessie occasionally scolds Jane harshly  Excluded from the family activities, Jane lives an unhappy childhood 
One day, as punishment for defending herself against the bullying of her 14-year-old cousin John, the Reeds' only son, Jane is locked in the red room in which her late uncle had died; there, she faints from panic after she thinks she has seen his ghost  The red room is significant because it lays the grounds for the "ambiguous relationship between parents and children" which plays out in all of Jane's future relationships with male figures throughout the novel  She is subsequently attended to by the kindly apothecary Mr Lloyd to whom Jane reveals how unhappy she is living at Gateshead Hall  He recommends to Mrs Reed that Jane should be sent to school, an idea Mrs Reed happily supports  
Mrs Reed then enlists the aid of the harsh Mr Brocklehurst, who is the director of Lowood Institution, a charity school for girls, to enroll Jane  Mrs Reed cautions Mr Brocklehurst that Jane has a "tendency to deceit", which he interprets as Jane being a liar  Before Jane leaves, however, she confronts Mrs Reed and declares that she'll never call her "aunt" again  Jane also tells Mrs Reed and her daughters, Georgiana and Eliza, that they are the ones who are deceitful, and that she will tell everyone at Lowood how cruelly the Reeds treated her  Mrs Reed is hurt badly by these words, but does not have the courage or tenacity to show this 

Lowood Institution
At Lowood Institution, a school for poor and orphaned girls, Jane soon finds that life is harsh  She attempts to fit in and befriends an older girl, Helen Burns  During a class session, her new friend is criticised for her poor stance and dirty nails, and receives a lashing as a result  Later, Jane tells Helen that she could not have borne such public humiliation, but Helen philosophically tells her that it would be her duty to do so  Jane then tells Helen how badly she has been treated by Mrs Reed, but Helen tells her that she would be far happier if she did not bear grudges  
In due course, Mr Brocklehurst visits the school  While Jane is trying to make herself look inconspicuous, she accidentally drops her slate, thereby drawing attention to herself  She is then forced to stand on a stool, and is branded a sinner and a liar  Later, Miss Temple, the caring superintendent, facilitates Jane's self-defence and publicly clears her of any wrongdoing  Helen and Miss Temple are Jane's two main role models who positively guide her development, despite the harsh treatment she has received from many others 
The 80 pupils at Lowood are subjected to cold rooms, poor meals, and thin clothing  Many students fall ill when a typhus epidemic strikes; Helen dies of consumption in Jane's arms  When Mr Brocklehurst's maltreatment of the students is discovered, several benefactors erect a new building and install a sympathetic management committee to moderate Mr Brocklehurst's harsh rule  Conditions at the school then improve dramatically 

Thornfield Hall
After six years as a student and two as a teacher at Lowood, Jane decides to leave in pursuit of a new life, growing bored with her life at Lowood  Her friend and confidante, Miss Temple, also leaves after getting married  Jane advertises her services as a governess in a newspaper  The housekeeper at Thornfield Hall, Alice Fairfax, replies to Jane's advertisement  Jane takes the position, teaching Adèle Varens, a young French girl 
One night, while Jane is carrying a letter to the post from Thornfield, a horseman and dog pass her  The horse slips on ice and throws the rider  Despite the rider's surliness, Jane helps him get back onto his horse  Later, back at Thornfield, she learns that this man is Edward Rochester, master of the house  Adèle was left in his care when her mother, a famous dancer, abandoned her  It is not immediately apparent whether Adèle is Rochester's daughter or not 
At Jane's first meeting with Mr Rochester, he teases her, accusing her of bewitching his horse to make him fall  Jane stands up to his initially arrogant manner  Despite his strange behaviour, Mr Rochester and Jane soon come to enjoy each other's company, and they spend many evenings together 
Odd things start to happen at the house, such as a strange laugh being heard, a mysterious fire in Mr Rochester's room (from which Jane saves Rochester by rousing him and throwing water on him), and an attack on a house-guest named Mr Mason 
After Jane saves Mr Rochester from the fire, he thanks her tenderly and emotionally, and that night Jane feels strange emotions of her own towards him  The next day however he leaves unexpectedly for a distant party gathering, and several days later returns with the whole party, including the beautiful and talented Blanche Ingram  Just as she realises that she is in love with Mr Rochester, Jane sees that he and Blanche favour each other and starts to feel jealous, particularly because she also sees that Blanche is snobbish and heartless 
Jane then receives word that Mrs Reed has suffered a stroke and is calling for her  Jane returns to Gateshead Hall and remains there for a month to tend to her dying aunt  Mrs Reed confesses to Jane that she wronged her, bringing forth a letter from Jane's paternal uncle, Mr John Eyre, in which he asks for her to live with him and be his heir  Mrs Reed admits to telling Mr Eyre that Jane had died of fever at Lowood  Soon afterward, Mrs Reed dies, and Jane helps her cousins after the funeral before returning to Thornfield 
Back at Thornfield, Jane broods over Mr Rochester's rumoured impending marriage to Blanche Ingram  However, one midsummer evening, Rochester baits Jane by saying how much he will miss her after getting married and how she will soon forget him  The normally self-controlled Jane reveals her feelings for him  To her surprise, Rochester reciprocates, having courted Blanche only to make Jane jealous, and proposes marriage  Jane is at first skeptical of his sincerity, before accepting his proposal  She then writes to her Uncle John, telling him of her happy news 
As she prepares for her wedding, Jane's forebodings arise when a strange woman sneaks into her room one night and rips Jane's wedding veil in two  As with the previous mysterious events, Mr Rochester attributes the incident to Grace Poole, one of his servants  During the wedding ceremony, however, Mr Mason and a lawyer declare that Mr Rochester cannot marry because he is already married to Mr Mason's sister, Bertha  Mr Rochester admits this is true but explains that his father tricked him into the marriage for her money  Once they were united, he discovered that she was rapidly descending into congenital madness, and so he eventually locked her away in Thornfield, hiring Grace Poole as a nurse to look after her  When Grace gets drunk, Rochester's wife escapes and causes the strange happenings at Thornfield 
It turns out that Jane's uncle, Mr John Eyre, is a friend of Mr Mason's and was visited by him soon after Mr Eyre received Jane's letter about her impending marriage  After the marriage ceremony is broken off, Mr Rochester asks Jane to go with him to the south of France and live with him as husband and wife, even though they cannot be married  Jane is tempted but realises that she will lose herself and her integrity if she allows her passion for a married man to consume her, and she must stay true to her Christian values and beliefs  Refusing to go against her principles, and despite her love for Rochester, Jane leaves Thornfield Hall at dawn before anyone else is up 

Moor House
Jane travels as far from Thornfield Hall as she can using the little money she had previously saved  She accidentally leaves her bundle of possessions on the coach and is forced to sleep on the moor  She unsuccessfully attempts to trade her handkerchief and gloves for food  Exhausted and starving, she eventually makes her way to the home of Diana and Mary Rivers but is turned away by the housekeeper  She collapses on the doorstep, preparing for her death  Clergyman St John Rivers, Diana and Mary's brother, rescues her  After Jane regains her health, St John finds her a teaching position at a nearby village school  Jane becomes good friends with the sisters, but St John remains aloof 
The sisters leave for governess jobs, and St John becomes slightly closer to Jane  St John learns Jane's true identity and astounds her by telling her that her uncle, John Eyre, has died and left her his entire fortune of 20,000 pounds (equivalent to US $2 24 million in 2022)  When Jane questions him further, St John reveals that John Eyre is also his and his sisters' uncle  They had once hoped for a share of the inheritance but were left virtually nothing  Jane, overjoyed by finding that she has living and friendly family members, insists on sharing the money equally with her cousins, and Diana and Mary come back to live at Moor House 

Proposals
Thinking that the pious and conscientious Jane will make a suitable missionary's wife, St John asks her to marry him and to go with him to India, not out of love, but out of duty  Jane initially accepts going to India but rejects the marriage proposal, suggesting they travel as brother and sister  As Jane's resolve against marriage to St John begins to weaken, she seems to hear Mr Rochester's voice calling her name  Jane then returns to Thornfield Hall to see if Rochester is all right, only to find blackened ruins  She learns that Rochester sent Mrs Fairfax into retirement and Adèle to school a few months following her departure  Shortly afterwards, his wife set the house on fire and died after jumping from the roof  While saving the servants and attempting to rescue his wife, Rochester lost a hand and his eyesight  
Jane reunites with Rochester, and he is overjoyed at her return, but fears that she will be repulsed by his condition  "Am I hideous, Jane?", he asks  "Very, sir; you always were, you know", she replies  Now a humbled man, Rochester vows to live a purer life, and reveals that he has intensely pined for Jane ever since she left  He had even called out her name in despair one night, the very call that she heard from Moor House, and heard her reply from miles away, signifying the connection between them  Jane asserts herself as a financially independent woman and assures him of her love, declaring that she will never leave him  Rochester proposes again, and they are married  They live blissfully together in an old house in the woods called Ferndean Manor  The couple stay in touch with Adèle as she grows up, as well as Diana and Mary, who each gain loving husbands of their own  St John moves to India to accomplish his missionary goals, but is implied to have fallen gravely ill there  Rochester regains sight in one eye two years after his and Jane's marriage, enabling him to see their newborn son 

Major characters
In order of first line of dialogue:

Chapter 1
Jane Eyre: The novel's narrator and protagonist, she eventually becomes the second wife of Edward Rochester  Orphaned as a baby, Jane struggles through her nearly loveless childhood and becomes a governess at Thornfield Hall  Small and facially plain, Jane is passionate and strongly principled and values freedom and independence  She also has a strong conscience and is a determined Christian  She is ten at the beginning of the novel, and nineteen or twenty at the end of the main narrative  As the final chapter of the novel states that she has been married to Edward Rochester for ten years, she is approximately thirty at its completion 
Mrs Sarah Reed (née Gibson): Jane's maternal aunt by marriage, who reluctantly adopted Jane in accordance with her late husband's wishes  According to Mrs Reed, he pitied Jane and often cared for her more than for his own children  Mrs Reed's resentment leads her to abuse and neglect the girl  She lies to Mr Brocklehurst about Jane's tendency to lie, preparing him to be severe with Jane when she arrives at Brocklehurst's Lowood School 
John Reed: Jane's fourteen-year-old first cousin who bullies her incessantly and violently, sometimes in his mother's presence  Addicted to food and sweets, causing him ill health and bad complexion  John eventually ruins himself as an adult by drinking and gambling and is rumoured to have committed suicide 
Eliza Reed: Jane's thirteen-year-old first cousin  Envious of her more attractive younger sister and a slave to a rigid routine, she self-righteously devotes herself to religion  She leaves for a nunnery near Lisle (France) after her mother's death, determined to estrange herself from her sister 
Georgiana Reed: Jane's eleven-year-old first cousin  Although beautiful and indulged, she is insolent and spiteful  Her elder sister Eliza foils Georgiana's marriage to the wealthy Lord Edwin Vere when the couple is about to elope  Georgiana eventually marries a "wealthy worn-out man of fashion "
Bessie Lee: The nursemaid at Gateshead Hall  She often treats Jane kindly, telling her stories and singing her songs, but she has a quick temper  Later, she marries Robert Leaven with whom she has three children 
Miss Martha Abbot: Mrs Reed's maid at Gateshead Hall  She is unkind to Jane and tells Jane she has less right to be at Gateshead than a servant does 

Chapter 3
Mr Lloyd: A compassionate apothecary who recommends that Jane be sent to school  Later, he writes a letter to Miss Temple confirming Jane's account of her childhood and thereby clears Jane of Mrs Reed's charge of lying 

Chapter 4
Mr Brocklehurst: The clergyman, director, and treasurer of Lowood School, whose maltreatment of the pupils is eventually exposed  A religious traditionalist, he advocates for his charges the most harsh, plain, and disciplined possible lifestyle, but, hypocritically, not for himself and his own family  His second daughter, Augusta, exclaimed, "Oh, dear papa, how quiet and plain all the girls at Lowood look… they looked at my dress and mama's, as if they had never seen a silk gown before "

Chapter 5
Miss Maria Temple: The kind superintendent of Lowood School, who treats the pupils with respect and compassion  She helps clear Jane of Mr Brocklehurst's false accusation of deceit and cares for Helen in her last days  Eventually, she marries Reverend Naysmith 
Miss Scatcherd: A sour and strict teacher at Lowood  She constantly punishes Helen Burns for her untidiness but fails to see Helen's substantial good points 
Helen Burns: Jane's best friend at Lowood School  She refuses to hate those who abuse her, trusts in God, and prays for peace one day in heaven  She teaches Jane to trust Christianity and dies of consumption in Jane's arms  Elizabeth Gaskell, in her biography of the Brontë sisters, wrote that Helen Burns was 'an exact transcript' of Maria Brontë, who died of consumption at age 11 

Chapter 11
Mrs Alice Fairfax: The elderly, kind widow and the housekeeper of Thornfield Hall; distantly related to the Rochesters 
Adèle Varens: An excitable French child to whom Jane is a governess at Thornfield Hall  Adèle's mother was a dancer named Céline  She was Mr Rochester's mistress and claimed that Adèle was Mr Rochester's daughter, though he refuses to believe it due to Céline's unfaithfulness and Adèle's apparent lack of resemblance to him  Adèle seems to believe that her mother is dead (she tells Jane in chapter 11, "I lived long ago with mamma, but she is gone to the Holy Virgin")  Mr Rochester later tells Jane that Céline actually abandoned Adèle and "ran away to Italy with a musician or singer" (ch  15)  Adèle and Jane develop a strong liking for one another, and although Mr Rochester places Adèle in a strict school after Jane flees Thornfield Hall, Jane visits Adèle after her return and finds a better, less severe school for her  When Adèle is old enough to leave school, Jane describes her as "a pleasing and obliging companion—docile, good-tempered and well-principled", and considers her kindness to Adèle well repaid 
Grace Poole: "…a woman of between thirty and forty; a set, square-made figure, red-haired, and with a hard, plain face…" Mr Rochester pays her a very high salary to keep his mad wife, Bertha, hidden and quiet  Grace is often used as an explanation for odd happenings at the house such as strange laughter that was heard not long after Jane arrived  She has a weakness for drinking that occasionally allows Bertha to escape 

Chapter 12
Edward Fairfax Rochester: The master of Thornfield Hall  A Byronic hero, he has a face "dark, strong, and stern " He married Bertha Mason years before the novel begins 
Leah: The housemaid at Thornfield Hall 

Chapter 17
Blanche Ingram: Young socialite whom Mr Rochester plans to marry  Though possessing great beauty and talent, she treats social inferiors, Jane in particular, with undisguised contempt  Mr Rochester exposes her and her mother's mercenary motivations when he puts out a rumour that he is far less wealthy than they imagine 

Chapter 18
Richard Mason: An Englishman whose arrival at Thornfield Hall from the West Indies unsettles Mr Rochester  He is the brother of Rochester's first wife, the woman in the attic, and still cares for his sister's well-being  During the wedding ceremony of Jane and Mr Rochester, he exposes the bigamous nature of the marriage 

Chapter 21
Robert Leaven: The coachman at Gateshead Hall, who brings Jane the news of the death of the dissolute John Reed, an event which has brought on Mrs Reed's stroke  He informs her of Mrs Reed's wish to see Jane before she dies 

Chapter 26
Bertha Antoinetta Mason: The first wife of Edward Rochester  After their wedding, her mental health began to deteriorate, and she is now violent and in a state of intense derangement, apparently unable to speak or go into society  Mr Rochester, who insists that he was tricked into the marriage by a family who knew Bertha was likely to develop this condition, has kept Bertha locked in the attic at Thornfield Hall for years  She is supervised and cared for by Grace Poole, whose drinking sometimes allows Bertha to escape  After Richard Mason stops Jane and Mr Rochester's wedding, Rochester finally introduces Jane to Bertha: "In the deep shade, at the farther end of the room, a figure ran backwards and forwards  What it was, whether beast or human being, one could not, at first sight, tell… it snatched and growled like some strange wild animal: but it was covered with clothing, and a quantity of dark, grizzled hair, wild as a mane, hid its head and face " Eventually, Bertha sets fire to Thornfield Hall and throws herself to her death from the roof  Bertha is viewed as Jane's "double": Jane is pious and just, while Bertha is savage and animalistic  Though her race is never mentioned, it is sometimes conjectured that she was of mixed race  Rochester suggests that Bertha's parents wanted her to marry him, because he was of "good race", implying that she was not pure white, while he was  There are also references to her "dark" hair and "discoloured" and "black" face  A number of writers during the Victorian period suggested that madness could result from a racially "impure" lineage, compounded by growing up in a tropical West Indian climate 

Chapter 28
Diana and Mary Rivers: Sisters in a remote moors house who take Jane in when she is hungry and friendless, having left Thornfield Hall without making any arrangements for herself  Financially poor but intellectually curious, the sisters are deeply engrossed in reading the evening Jane appears at their door  Eventually, they are revealed to be Jane's cousins  They want Jane to marry their stern clergyman brother so that he will stay in England rather than journey to India as a missionary  Diana marries naval Captain Fitzjames, and Mary marries clergyman Mr Wharton  The sisters remain close to Jane and visit her and Rochester every year 
Hannah: The kindly housekeeper at the Rivers home; "…comparable with the Brontës' well-loved servant, Tabitha Aykroyd "
St John Eyre Rivers: A handsome, though severe and serious, clergyman who befriends Jane and turns out to be her cousin  St John is thoroughly practical and suppresses all of his human passions and emotions, particularly his love for the beautiful and cheerful heiress Rosamond Oliver, in favour of good works  He wants Jane to marry him and serve as his assistant on his missionary journey to India  After Jane rejects his proposal, St John goes to India unmarried 

Chapter 32
Rosamond Oliver: A beautiful, kindly, wealthy, but rather simple young woman, and the patron of the village school where Jane teaches  Rosamond is in love with St John, but he refuses to declare his love for her because she wouldn't be suitable as a missionary's wife  She eventually becomes engaged to the respected and wealthy Mr Granby 
Mr Oliver: Rosamond Oliver's wealthy father, who owns a foundry and needle factory in the district  "…a tall, massive-featured, middle-aged, and grey-headed man, at whose side his lovely daughter looked like a bright flower near a hoary turret " He is a kind and charitable man, and he is fond of St John 

Context
The early sequences, in which Jane is sent to Lowood, a harsh boarding school, are derived from the author's own experiences  Helen Burns's death from tuberculosis (referred to as consumption) recalls the deaths of Charlotte Brontë's sisters, Elizabeth and Maria, who died of the disease in childhood as a result of the conditions at their school, the Clergy Daughters School at Cowan Bridge, near Tunstall, Lancashire  Mr Brocklehurst is based on Rev  William Carus Wilson (1791–1859), the Evangelical minister who ran the school  Additionally, John Reed's decline into alcoholism and dissolution recalls the life of Charlotte's brother Branwell, who became an opium and alcohol addict in the years preceding his death  Finally, like Jane, Charlotte became a governess  These facts were revealed to the public in The Life of Charlotte Brontë (1857) by Charlotte's friend and fellow novelist Elizabeth Gaskell The Gothic manor of Thornfield Hall was probably inspired by North Lees Hall, near Hathersage in the Peak District in Derbyshire  This was visited by Charlotte Brontë and her friend Ellen Nussey in the summer of 1845, and is described by the latter in a letter dated 22 July 1845  It was the residence of the Eyre family, and its first owner, Agnes Ashurst, was reputedly confined as a lunatic in a padded second floor room  It has been suggested that the Wycoller Hall in Lancashire, close to Haworth, provided the setting for Ferndean Manor to which Mr Rochester retreats after the fire at Thornfield: there are similarities between the owner of Ferndean—Mr Rochester's father—and Henry Cunliffe, who inherited Wycoller in the 1770s and lived there until his death in 1818; one of Cunliffe's relatives was named Elizabeth Eyre (née Cunliffe)  The sequence in which Mr Rochester's wife sets fire to the bed curtains was prepared in an August 1830 homemade publication of Brontë's The Young Men's Magazine, Number 2  Charlotte Brontë began composing Jane Eyre in Manchester, and she likely envisioned Manchester Cathedral churchyard as the burial place for Jane's parents and Manchester as the birthplace of Jane herself 

Adaptations and influence
The novel has been adapted into a number of other forms, including theatre, film, television, and at least two full-length operas  The novel has also been the subject of a number of significant rewritings and related interpretations, notably Jean Rhys's seminal 1966 novel Wide Sargasso Sea 

Reception
Contemporary reviews
Jane Eyre's initial reception contrasts starkly to its reputation today  In 1848, Elizabeth Rigby (later Elizabeth Eastlake), reviewing Jane Eyre in The Quarterly Review, found it "pre-eminently an anti-Christian composition," declaring: "We do not hesitate to say that the tone of mind and thought which has overthrown authority and violated every code human and divine abroad, and fostered Chartism and rebellion at home, is the same which has also written Jane Eyre "An anonymous review in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction writes of "the extraordinary daring of the writer of Jane Eyre"; however, the review is mostly critical, summarising: "There is not a single natural character throughout the work  Everybody moves on stilts—the opinions are bad—the notions absurd  Religion is stabbed in the dark—our social distinctions attempted to be levelled, and all absurdly moral notions done away with "There were some who felt more positive about the novel contemporaneously  George Henry Lewes said, "It reads like a page out of one’s own life; and so do many other pages in the book " Another critic from the Atlas wrote, "It is full of youthful vigour, of freshness and originality, of nervous diction and concentrated interest    It is a book to make the pulses gallop and the heart beat, and to fill the eyes with tears "A review in The Era praised the novel, calling it "an extraordinary book", observing that "there is much to ponder over, rejoice over, and weep over, in its ably-written pages  Much of the heart laid bare, and the mind explored; much of greatness in affliction, and littleness in the ascendant; much of trial and temptation, of fortitude and resignation, of sound sense and Christianity—but no tameness "The People's Journal compliments the novel's vigour, stating that "the reader never tires, never sleeps: the swell and tide of an affluent existence, an irresistible energy, bears him onward, from first to last  It is impossible to deny that the author possesses native power in an uncommon degree—showing itself now in rapid headlong recital, now in stern, fierce, daring dashes in portraiture—anon in subtle, startling mental anatomy—here in a grand illusion, there in an original metaphor—again in a wild gush of genuine poetry "American publication The Nineteenth Century defended the novel against accusations of immorality, describing it as "a work which has produced a decided sensation in this country and in England    Jane Eyre has made its mark upon the age, and even palsied the talons of mercenary criticism  Yes, critics hired to abuse or panegyrize, at so much per line, have felt a throb of human feeling pervade their veins, at the perusal of Jane Eyre  This is extraordinary—almost preternatural—smacking strongly of the miraculous—and yet it is true    We have seen Jane Eyre put down, as a work of gross immorality, and its author described as the very incarnation of sensualism  To any one, who has read the work, this may look ridiculous, and yet it is true "The Indicator, concerning speculation regarding the gender of the author, wrote, "We doubt not it will soon cease to be a secret; but on one assertion we are willing to risk our critical reputation—and that is, that no woman wrote it  This was our decided conviction at the first perusal, and a somewhat careful study of the work has strengthened it  No woman in all the annals of feminine celebrity ever wrote such a style, terse yet eloquent, and filled with energy bordering sometimes almost on rudeness: no woman ever conceived such masculine characters as those portrayed here "

Twentieth century
Literary critic Jerome Beaty believed the close first-person perspective leaves the reader "too uncritically accepting of her worldview", and often leads reading and conversation about the novel towards supporting Jane, regardless of how irregular her ideas or perspectives are In 2003, the novel was ranked number 10 in the BBC's survey The Big Read 

Romance genre
Before the Victorian era, Jane Austen wrote literary fiction that influenced later popular fiction, as did the work of the Brontë sisters produced in the 1840s  Brontë's love romance incorporates elements of both the gothic novel and Elizabethan drama, and "demonstrate[s] the flexibility of the romance novel form "

Themes
Race
Throughout the novel there are frequent themes relating to ideas of ethnicity (specifically that of Bertha), which are a reflection of the society that the novel is set within  Mr Rochester claims to have been forced to take on a "mad" Creole wife, a woman who grew up in the West Indies, and who is thought to be of mixed-race descent  In the analysis of several scholars, Bertha plays the role of the racialised "other" through the shared belief that she chose to follow in the footsteps of her parents  Her alcoholism and apparent mental instability cast her as someone who is incapable of restraining herself, almost forced to submit to the different vices she is a victim of  Many writers of the period believed that one could develop mental instability or mental illnesses simply based on their race This means that those who were born of ethnicities associated with a darker complexion, or those who were not fully of European descent, were believed to be more mentally unstable than their white European counterparts were  According to American scholar Susan Meyer, in writing Jane Eyre Brontë was responding to the "seemingly inevitable" analogy in 19th-century European texts which "[compared] white women with blacks in order to degrade both groups and assert the need for white male control"  Bertha serves as an example of both the multiracial population and of a ‘clean’ European, as she is seemingly able to pass as a white woman for the most part, but also is hinted towards being of an ‘impure’ race since she does not come from a purely white or European lineage  The title that she is given by others of being a Creole woman leaves her a stranger where she is not black but is also not considered to be white enough to fit into higher society Unlike Bertha, Jane Eyre is thought of as being sound of mind before the reader is able to fully understand the character, simply because she is described as having a complexion that is pale and she has grown up in a European society rather than in an "animalistic" setting like Bertha  Jane is favoured heavily from the start of her interactions with Rochester, simply because like Rochester himself, she is deemed to be of a superior ethnic group than that of his first wife  While she still experiences some forms of repression throughout her life (the events of the Lowood Institution) none of them are as heavily taxing on her as that which is experienced by Bertha  Both women go through acts of suppression on behalf of the men in their lives, yet Jane is looked at with favour because of her supposed "beauty" that can be found in the colour of her skin  While both are characterised as falling outside of the normal feminine standards of this time, Jane is thought of as superior to Bertha because she demands respect and is able to use her talents as a governess, whereas Bertha is seen as a creature to be confined in the attic away from "polite" society 

Wide Sargasso Sea
Jean Rhys intended her critically acclaimed novel Wide Sargasso Sea as an account of the woman whom Rochester married and kept in his attic  The book won the notable WH Smith Literary Award in 1967  Rhys explores themes of dominance and dependence, especially in marriage, depicting the mutually painful relationship between a privileged English man and a Creole woman from Dominica made powerless on being duped and coerced by him and others  Both the man and the woman enter marriage under mistaken assumptions about the other partner  Her female lead marries Mr Rochester and deteriorates in England as "The Madwoman in the Attic"  Rhys portrays this woman from a quite different perspective from the one in Jane Eyre 

Feminism
The idea of the equality of men and women emerged more strongly in the Victorian period in Britain, after works by earlier writers, such as Mary Wollstonecraft  R  B  Martin described Jane Eyre as the first major feminist novel, "although there is not a hint in the book of any desire for political, legal, educational, or even intellectual equality between the sexes " This is illustrated in chapter 23, when Jane responds to Rochester's callous and indirect proposal:

Do you think I am an automaton? a machine without feelings?   Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong—I have as much soul as you,—and full as much heart   I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh;—it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God's feet, equal,—as we are The novel "acted as a catalyst" to feminist criticism with the publication by S  Gilbert and S  Gubar's The Madwoman in the Attic (1979), the title of which alludes to Rochester's wife  The Brontës' fictions were cited by feminist critic Ellen Moers as prime examples of Female Gothic, exploring woman's entrapment within domestic space and subjection to patriarchal authority, and the transgressive and dangerous attempts to subvert and escape such restriction  Both Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre explore this theme 

Notes
Passage 9:
Aunt Jane's Nieces
Aunt Jane's Nieces is the title of a juvenile novel published by Reilly & Britton in 1906, and written by L  Frank Baum under the pen name "Edith Van Dyne " Since the book was the first in a series of novels designed for adolescent girls, its title was applied to the entire series of ten books, published between 1906 and 1918 

Inception
The book and the series were designed to appeal to the same audience as Louisa May Alcott's Little Women and Little Men  This was expressly stipulated in Baum's contract with Reilly & Britton, which stated:

Baum shall deliver to the Reilly and Britton Co  on or before March 1, 1906, the manuscript of a book for young girls on the style of the Louisa M  Alcott stories, but not so good, the authorship to be ascribed to "Ida May McFarland," or to "Ethel Lynne" or some other mythological female 

Plot
Jane Merrick is a wealthy, elderly, difficult invalid woman who is preparing for her approaching death  In her youth, she inherited her money and estate from her fiancé, Thomas Bradley, who died before their wedding took place  With no children of her own, she calls for her three teenage nieces to visit her, so she can decide who will inherit her estate  They are Louise Merrick, Elizabeth De Graf, and Patsy Doyle, children of Jane's younger brother and sisters 
Louise, seventeen years old, was small when her father died after struggling and failing to succeed in business  Aunt Jane refused his request for financial assistance  He left only his life insurance money, and Louise and her mother lived cheaply on the proceeds for years  However, they developed a plan to improve their lot  They decided to spend the entire principle of their funds on a three-year spree of fancy living to gain Louise an entrance into society, with a goal of finding a suitable husband to support them 
Beth, fifteen, has two parents who can barely make ends meet, living under a tightly stretched budget  Aunt Jane refused a request for money from Beth's father just the previous year, and Beth cannot even trust him with her own money  Beth is a brooding small-town beauty, given to sullenness 
Sixteen-year-old Patsy manages and dotes on her Irish father after the death of her mother  Aunt Jane refused the only plea this sister ever made, for a loan to pay for medical care that might have saved her life  Patsy is a temperamental redhead who resents Aunt Jane's past neglect and determines to have nothing to do with the old woman's money 
The nieces visit Aunt Jane  (Patsy resists at first, but the willful Aunt Jane sends her lawyer to fetch the girl ) The three cousins display their contrasting traits: Louise, sweet but manipulative; Beth, her bluntness tinged with bitterness; and Patsy, forthright and gifted with a natural integrity  Patsy quickly takes herself out of the running for Aunt Jane's fortune, refusing to have any part of it  Yet the old woman takes a liking to the girl, precisely for her vigor, candor, and stubbornness 
Beth finds Aunt Jane distasteful, but makes friends with the servants  Louise insists on "nursing" Aunt Jane, and showers her with gushing affection that Jane finds insincere but hard to resist  Patsy, having declared she does not want the money, visits Aunt Jane's room when she wishes, with an independence which pleases the invalid considerably 
Living on the estate is Jane's dead fiancé's nephew, Kenneth Forbes, who was born long after Thomas Bradley died  As charged in the will, Jane has provided for him since his mother died eight years previously, but despises him, putting him in a room in a distant wing of the house, and never dining with him  The humiliated and neglected boy has become sullen, shy and awkward  Despite his lessons, he seems ignorant, but has nowhere else to go, as Jane will not pay for better education for him  Kenneth's only supporter is Jane's lawyer, Silas Watson, who sees glimmers of Kenneth's possibilities and tries to convince Jane to do him justice  Kenneth is beginning to show some abilities at drawing, but does not think anything of his skill 
Aunt Jane has several servants, but the most unusual is James, the gardener, who loves the flowers as much as she does  He was with Thomas Bradley when he died, which traumatized him so badly that he rarely speaks 
Aunt Jane is also visited in her final days by her long-lost older brother, the girls' Uncle John  He dresses shabbily, and is presumed to be down and out; his sister gives him a place to stay  Uncle John exhibits the honesty, kindness and good sense that are lacking in most of the family  He befriends everyone, including poor Kenneth, in whom he takes a genuine interest 
The nieces gradually learn to accommodate themselves to their contrasting personalities  An incident electrifies the family: Beth and Louise have routinely been teasing Kenneth, causing him to flee the house via a plank stretched from the rooftop to a tree  When Patsy comes to see him about a horse, he runs for his escape, but falls off the edge  In full view of her aunt, she heroically pulls him up and saves him, but loses her balance and falls to the ground, breaking a leg 
This accident brings the young people together, breaking down the barriers between them  Kenneth learns to socialize with the girls and overcome his shyness, and the nieces begin to enjoy each other's company  Kenneth receives a mysterious gift of drawing materials, and begins to show his work to the girls  However, Jane's health continues to deteriorate, and she decides to make a will leaving the bulk of the estate to Patsy  Patsy refuses, and insists Jane should leave the estate to Kenneth  After fighting over this for many days, Jane pretends to give in to Patsy, but secretly invalidates the new will 
A short while later Jane passes away in the garden, and poor gardener James is the unlucky one who finds her  He runs shrieking away, to hide in his room for days 
The inheritance drama comes to a head over not one last will and testament, but three  After the funeral, Silas Watson opens the envelope containing the last will, and discovers that Jane has torn off the signatures and voided it  Her previous will, leaving the estate to Patsy with token amounts to the others, comes into effect  Patsy pledges to give the estate to Kenneth when she comes of age, and to increase her cousin's cash portions 
The group is suddenly called to James' room, where he lies dying after being kicked by a horse  This has shocked him into his right mind for the first time since Thomas Bradley's death years ago  He tells them about the accident, and how he drew the grievously injured man from the wreck  He explains that "Master Tom" demanded paper to make out a new will  The conductor and James both signed it to make it legal  However, the dying James does not recognize the people around him, who look so old to his now-young brain, and refuses to give them the will  He dies, and Watson and Uncle John search the room and find it  In the hasty will, Thomas bequeathed to Jane the use of his estate during her lifetime, after which it should revert to his sister and her descendants  In other words, Jane had no ability to will anything to anyone, and Kenneth is the sole rightful heir 
When this is announced, the group is shocked  There are no cash bequests to anyone – the fortune is all Kenneth's  The girls decide to go home; since Uncle John seems homeless, Patsy invites him to move in with her and her father 
Back in New York, Uncle John is quietly bemused by their poor apartment and his bed on the sofa  When they leave for work, he slips into an uptown banker's office where he meets with important people who treat him deferentially  After a week, Patsy receives her first surprise from an unknown benefactor – keys to a lovely furnished apartment provided free for at least three years  When they nervously visit it, they discover it has been fitted out completely, and a maid rings the bell reporting for duty, all her wages prepaid 
While Patsy and her father retrieve their things from the old apartment, Uncle John makes a quick visit to Louise and her mother, who treat him coldly  He leaves, embarrassed, but in the distance Louise's banker neighbor points him out: "he's worth from eighty to ninety millions, at least, and controls most of the canning and tin-plate industries of America "Patsy is concerned about the apartment, but Uncle John says, "There is nothing too good for a brave, honest girl who's [sic] heart is in the right place " Subsequently, Patsy reports for work and is told she's been fired  When she returns home, she finds a lady waiting to tutor her, to prepare her for women's college  That afternoon, to her delight, a piano teacher arrives  In the meantime, her father is informed that his firm's bankers would like to employ him, in a job that requires very few hours and pays a generous sum  Days later, he encounters Uncle John at the bank conducting his business, and learns the truth  At home, John points out that they all assumed he was poor, and he simply did not correct them  He promises to give the use of substantial money to both of the other girls' families, which can then be left to the nieces, so that they will not be in need 
Uncle John asks if he can continue to stay with Patsy and her father  She says, "I never meant to part with you, when I thought you poor, and I'll not desert you now that I know you're rich "

Criticism
The novel "is genuinely original and interesting  It focuses on three adolescent girls, two of whom combine basic good character with ugly traits not usually found in fiction for young girls  Baum starts with a trite situation that could occasion prosy moralizing   and gives it several original twists "

The series
The rest of the novels in the series feature travel, adventures, accidents, a kidnapping and rescue, romances, and a marriage for Louise  The final novel, Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross, was originally published in 1915, when the United States was still neutral in World War I; the nieces treat the wounded of both sides, and express the hope that the War will soon be over  The publisher issued a revised edition in 1918, with a darker treatment of the subject 
Aunt Jane's Nieces, 1906 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad, 1907 (2007)
Aunt Jane's Nieces at Millville, 1908 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work, 1909 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces in Society, 1910 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, 1911 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces on Vacation, 1912 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch, 1913
Aunt Jane's Nieces Out West, 1914 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross, 1915/1918 (2006)In the original editions, each book had a cover illustration and a frontispiece  The first eight volumes in the series were illustrated by Emile A  Nelson, and the ninth by James McCracken  The tenth was illustrated by Norman P  Hall, who had contributed one picture to Baum's 1901 collection American Fairy Tales 
(The Edith Van Dyne pseudonym was also used for other Baum works, the two Flying Girl books of 1911–12, and his Mary Louise stories of 1916–20 )

Popular success
In their era, the Aunt Jane's Nieces books were as successful with their target audience as the Oz books were with younger children  In 1911 the six titles then in print sold 22,569 copies  Indeed, toward the end of Baum's life they outsold the Oz books  (The books were popular as grammar-school graduation gifts for girls ) After the 1920s the books were largely forgotten for the rest of the century, except for Baum enthusiasts and a small but growing coterie of Baum scholars  By the turn of the 21st century, however, the trend of re-evaluation and re-publication of Baum's works reached the series: nine of the ten books were reprinted between 2005 and 2007 



ground_truth: no

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The telenova "El Ardiente Secreto" was based ona novel published under what pen name?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Tasmania First Party
The Tasmania First Party is a minor Australian political party which operates exclusively in the state of Tasmania  The party was begun by members of the Tasmanian Firearms Owners Association in response to the Howard government's 1996 National Firearms Agreement, which the party called a "unilateral imposition of unnecessarily restrictive firearm legislation, following the unique tragedy of Martin Bryant's Port Arthur protest[sic] "Tasmania First contested its first election in August 1998, the Tasmanian state election  The party received 5 1% of the primary vote for the House of Assembly but failed to win any seats  Tasmania First subsequently contested the Australian federal elections in 1998 and 2001, as well as Tasmanian state elections in 2002 and 2006, but its primary vote in these elections was very modest compared to the party's initial effort in 1998  The Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) deregistered Tasmania First as a registered political party  on 28 April 2006, because the party had not contested a federal election in over four years(an AEC requirement, which must be met if parties are to retain their registration at the national level) 
In August 1998, The Examiner of Launceston referred to Tasmania First as "a sort of local mirror image of One Nation"  Tasmania First called this "defamatory" and demanded a retraction, threatening legal proceedings against the newspaper In 2001 the party declared itself "a natural partner to Brian Harradine in the Senate, where we have many policies in common, being a State based party with the interests of Tasmania our first priority "Tasmania First fielded four candidates in the 2006 Tasmanian state election; one in Bass, one in Lyons, and two in Denison Note: The party should not be confused with the First Party of Tasmania, a minor political organisation whose policies include the secession of Tasmania from Australia 

See also
List of political parties in Australia
Jacqui Lambie Network
Passage 2:
Martin Bryant
Martin John Bryant (born 7 May 1967) is a convicted Australian mass shooter who murdered 35 people and injured 23 others in the Port Arthur massacre, one of the world's deadliest shooting sprees, in Port Arthur, Tasmania, between 28 and 29 April 1996  He is serving 35 life sentences plus 1,652 years at Risdon Prison in Hobart  His papers are marked Never to be released 

Early life
Martin Bryant was born on 7 May 1967 at the Queen Alexandra Hospital in Hobart, Tasmania  He was the first child of Maurice and Carleen Bryant  Although the family home was in Lenah Valley, Bryant spent some of his childhood at their beach home in Carnarvon Bay  In a 2011 interview, his mother recalled that while Bryant was very young, she would often find his toys broken and that he was an "annoying" and "different" child  A psychologist's view was that Bryant would never be capable of holding down a job as he would aggravate people to such an extent that he would always be in trouble Locals recall abnormal behaviour by Bryant, such as pulling the snorkel from another boy while diving and cutting down trees on a neighbour's property  He was described by teachers as being distant from reality and unemotional  At school, Bryant was a disruptive and sometimes violent child who suffered severe bullying by other children  After he was suspended from New Town Primary School in 1977, psychological assessments noted that he tortured animals  Bryant returned to school the following year with improved behaviour; however, he persisted in teasing younger children  He was transferred to a special education unit at New Town High School in 1980, where he deteriorated both academically and behaviourally throughout his remaining school years 

Psychological and psychiatric assessments
Descriptions of Bryant's behaviour as an adolescent show that he continued to be disturbed and outlined the possibility of an intellectual disability  When leaving school in 1983, he was assessed for a disability pension by a psychiatrist who wrote: "Cannot read or write  Does a bit of gardening and watches TV     Only his parents' efforts prevent further deterioration  Could be schizophrenic and parents face a bleak future with him " Bryant received a disability pension, though he also worked as a handyman and gardener  In an examination after the massacre, forensic psychiatrist Ian Joblin found Bryant to be borderline mentally disabled with an I Q  of 66, equivalent to an 11-year-old While awaiting trial, Bryant was examined by court-appointed psychiatrist Ian Sale, who was of the opinion that Bryant "could be regarded as having shown a mixture of conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity and a condition known as Asperger syndrome"  Psychiatrist Paul Mullen, hired at the request of Bryant's legal counsel, found that Bryant was socially and intellectually impaired  Furthermore, finding that he did not display signs of schizophrenia or a mood disorder, Mullen concluded, "Though Mr  Bryant was clearly a distressed and disturbed young man, he was not mentally ill "

Adulthood
In early 1987, when Bryant was 19, he met 54-year-old Helen Mary Elizabeth Harvey, heiress to a share in the Tattersall's lottery fortune, while looking for new customers for his lawnmowing service  Harvey, who lived with her mother Hilza, befriended Bryant, who became a regular visitor to her neglected mansion in New Town and assisted with tasks such as feeding the fourteen dogs living inside the house and the forty cats living inside her garage  In June 1990, an anonymous person reported Harvey to the health authorities and medics found both Harvey and her mother in need of urgent hospital treatment  With Helen suffering from infected ulcers and Hilza with an untreated broken hip, Hilza Harvey was moved into a nursing home and died several weeks later at the age of 79 A cleanup order was placed on the decaying mansion and Bryant's father took long-service leave to assist in cleaning the interior  The local RSPCA unit had to confiscate many animals living in the house  Following the mandatory cleanup, Harvey now invited Bryant to live with her in the mansion and they began spending extravagant amounts of money, which included the purchase of more than thirty new cars in less than three years  The odd pair of friends began to spend most days shopping, usually after having lunch in a local restaurant  Around this time, Bryant was reassessed for his pension and a note was attached to the paperwork: "Father protects him from any occasion which might upset him as he continually threatens violence     Martin tells me he would like to go around shooting people  It would be unsafe to allow Martin out of his parents' control" In 1991, as a result of no longer being allowed to have animals at the house, Harvey and Bryant moved together onto a 29-hectare (72-acre) farm called Taurusville that she had purchased in Copping, a small township  Neighbours recalled that Bryant always carried an air gun and often fired it at tourists as they stopped to buy apples at a stall on the highway and that late at night, he would roam through the surrounding properties firing the gun at dogs when they barked at him  They avoided him "at all costs" despite his attempts to befriend them On 20 October 1992, Harvey was killed when her car veered onto the wrong side of the road and hit an oncoming car directly  Bryant was inside the vehicle at the time of the accident and was hospitalised for seven months with severe neck and back injuries  He was briefly investigated by police for the role he played in the accident, as Bryant had a known habit of lunging for the steering wheel and Harvey had already had three accidents as a result  She often told people that this was the reason she never drove faster than 60 kilometres an hour (37 mph)  Bryant was named the sole beneficiary of Harvey's will and came into possession of assets totaling more than AU$550,000  As Bryant had only the "vaguest notions" of financial matters, his mother subsequently applied for and was granted a guardianship order, placing Bryant's assets under the management of Public Trustees  The order was based on evidence of Bryant's diminished intellectual capacity After Harvey's death, Bryant's father Maurice looked after the Copping farm  Bryant returned to the family home to convalesce after leaving hospital  Maurice had been prescribed antidepressants and had discreetly transferred his joint bank account and utilities into his wife's name  Two months later, on 14 August 1993, a visitor looking for Maurice at the Copping property found a note saying "call the police" pinned to the door and found several thousand dollars in his car  The rates officer at the time found no reason to suspect criminal intent and sent council members and police to quell the stresses put forward by letters sent to the local council chambers  Police searched the property for Maurice without success  Divers were called in to search the four dams on the property, and on 16 August, his body was found in the dam closest to the farmhouse, with a diving weight belt around his neck  Police described the death as "unnatural" and it was ruled a suicide  Bryant inherited the proceeds of his father's superannuation fund, valued at AU$250,000 Bryant later sold the Copping farm for AU$143,000 and kept the New Town mansion  While living at Copping, the white overalls he habitually wore were replaced with clothing more in line with Harvey's financial status  Now that he was alone, Bryant's dress became more bizarre; he often wore a grey linen suit, cravat, lizard-skin shoes, and a Panama hat while carrying a briefcase during the day, telling anyone who would listen that he had a well-paying career  He often wore an electric-blue suit with flared trousers and a ruffled shirt to the restaurant he frequented  The restaurant owner recalled: "It was horrible  Everyone was laughing at him, even the customers  I really felt suddenly quite sorry for him  I realised this guy didn't really have any friends "With both his father and Harvey dead, Bryant became increasingly lonely  From 1993 to late 1995, he visited various overseas countries fourteen times and a summary of his domestic airline travel filled three pages  Bryant had felt as lonely traveling as he did back home in Tasmania  He enjoyed the flights, as he could speak to the people sitting adjacent to him who had no choice but to be polite  He later took great joy in describing some of the conversations he had with fellow passengers In late 1995, Bryant became suicidal after deciding he had "had enough"  He stated, "I just felt more people were against me  When I tried to be friendly toward them, they just walked away " Although he had previously been little more than a social drinker, Bryant's alcohol consumption increased and, although he had not consumed any alcohol on the day of the Port Arthur massacre, had especially escalated in the six months prior to that day  His average daily consumption was estimated at half a bottle of Sambuca and a bottle of Baileys Irish Cream, supplemented with port wine and other sweet alcoholic drinks  According to Bryant, he thought the plan for Port Arthur might have first occurred to him four to twelve weeks before the event 

Port Arthur massacre
Bryant has provided conflicting and confused accounts of what led him to kill 35 people at the Port Arthur site on 28 April 1996  It could have been his desire for attention, as he allegedly told a next-door neighbour, "I'll do something that will make everyone remember me " Bryant's defence psychiatrist Paul Mullen, former chief of forensic psychiatry at Monash University, said, "He followed Dunblane  His planning started with Dunblane  Before that he was thinking about suicide, but Dunblane and the early portrayal of the killer, Thomas Hamilton, changed everything "Bryant's first victims, David and Noelene (Sally) Martin, owned the bed and breakfast guest house called 'Seascape'  The Martins had bought the bed and breakfast that Bryant's father had wanted to buy, and his father had complained to him on numerous occasions of the damage done to Bryant's family because of that purchase  Bryant apparently believed the Martins had bought the property to hurt his family out of spite and blamed the Martins for the depression that led to his father's suicide  He fatally shot the Martins in the guest house and stole their weapons before travelling to the Port Arthur site 
At Port Arthur, Bryant entered the Broad Arrow Café on the grounds of the historic site, carrying a large blue duffel bag  Once he finished eating, Bryant moved toward the back of the café and set a video camera on a vacant table  He took out a Colt AR-15 SP1 Carbine (semi-automatic rifle) and, firing from the hip, began shooting patrons and staff  Within fifteen seconds, he had fired seventeen shots, killing twelve people and wounding ten  Bryant then walked to the other side of the shop and fired twelve more times, killing another eight people while wounding two  He then changed magazines before fleeing, shooting at people in the car park and from his yellow Volvo 244 car as he drove away; four were killed and an additional six were injured 
Bryant drove 300 metres down the road, to where a woman and her two children were walking  He stopped and fired two shots, killing the woman and the child she was carrying  The older child fled, but Bryant followed her and killed her with a single shot  He then stole a gold BMW by killing all four of its occupants  A short distance down the road, he stopped beside a couple in a white Toyota and, drawing his weapon, ordered the male occupant into the boot of the BMW  After shutting the boot, he fired two shots into the windscreen of the Toyota, killing the female driver 
Bryant returned to the guest house, set the stolen car alight and took his hostage inside where he had left the Martins' corpses  The police soon arrived and tried to negotiate with Bryant for many hours before the battery in the phone he was using ran out, ending communication  Bryant's only demand was to be transported in an army helicopter to an airport  During the negotiations, Bryant killed his hostage  The next morning, eighteen hours later, he set fire to the guest house and attempted to escape in the confusion  Suffering burns to his back and buttocks, Bryant was captured and taken to Royal Hobart Hospital, where he was treated and kept under heavy guard 

Imprisonment
Bryant was judged competent to stand trial, which was scheduled to begin on 7 November 1996  He initially pleaded not guilty but was persuaded by his court-appointed lawyer, John Avery, to plead guilty to all charges  Two weeks later, Hobart Supreme Court Judge William Cox gave Bryant 35 life sentences, plus 1,652 years in prison, without the possibility of parole, all of which is to be served concurrently; this life sentence being applied is "for the term of [his] natural life "For the first eight months of his imprisonment, Bryant was held in a purpose-built special suicide-prevention cell in almost complete solitary confinement  He remained in protective custody for his own safety until 13 November 2006, when he was moved into Hobart's Wilfred Lopes Centre, a secure mental health unit run by the Tasmanian Department of Health and Human Services  The 35 bed unit for inmates with serious mental illness is staffed with doctors, nurses, and other support workers  Inmates are not locked down and can come and go from their cells  Exterior security at the facility is provided by a three-wall perimeter patrolled by private contract guards  On 25 March 2007, Bryant attempted to end his life by slashing his wrist with a razor blade  On 27 March, he cut his throat with another razor blade and was hospitalised briefly As of January 2022, Bryant is housed in the maximum-security Risdon Prison near Hobart 

Media coverage
Newspaper coverage immediately after the Port Arthur massacre raised serious questions about journalistic practices, and criticism was directed toward Australian media  Photographs of Bryant published in The Australian had his eyes digitally manipulated with the effect of making him appear deranged and "glaring"  Despite criticism, the manipulated photographs continued to be used in media reporting a decade later  There were also questions as to how the photos had been obtained 
The Tasmanian director of public prosecutions warned the media that the coverage compromised Bryant's right to a fair trial and writs were issued against The Australian, the Hobart Mercury (which used Bryant's picture under the headline "This is the man"), The Age, and the ABC  The chairman of the Australian Press Council at the time, David Flint, argued that because Australian newspapers regularly ignored contempt-of-court provisions, this showed that the law, not the newspapers, needed change  Flint suggested that such a change in the law would not necessarily lead to trial by media  Australian newspapers also came under critical scrutiny of their accounts of Bryant and how the kind of identity responsible for his and other similar kinds of killing might be understood 

Political aftermath
As a response to the spree killing, Australian state and territory governments placed extensive restrictions on all firearms, including semi-automatic centre-fire rifles, repeating shotguns (holding more than five shots) and high-capacity rifle magazines  In addition to this, limitations were also put into place on low-capacity repeating shotguns and rim-fire semi-automatic rifles  Though this resulted in stirring controversy, opposition to the new laws was overcome by media reporting of the massacre and mounting public opinion in the wake of the shootings (see Gun laws in Australia for more information on the 1996 legislation) 

In popular culture
In March 2012, Sydney artist Rodney Pople controversially won the AU$35,000 Glover Prize for his landscape painting depicting Port Arthur with Bryant in the foreground holding a firearm In 2019, Bryant's massacre was referenced in the lyrics of Pond's song, "The Boys Are Killing Me", featured on their album Tasmania The 2021 film Nitram, directed by Justin Kurzel, is based on Bryant's life, with Caleb Landry Jones in the role of Bryant  Jones won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor for his portrayal 

See also
List of rampage killers
The Alannah and Madeline Foundation
Passage 3:
Port Arthur massacre (Australia)
The Port Arthur massacre was a mass shooting that occurred on 28 April 1996 at Port Arthur, a tourist town in the Australian state of Tasmania  The perpetrator, Martin Bryant, killed 35 people and wounded 23 others, the worst massacre in modern Australian history  The attack led to fundamental changes in Australia's gun laws 
Two of Bryant's victims were known to him personally and were killed at Seascape, a bed and breakfast property  The majority of his victims were killed in a shooting spree at the Port Arthur Historic Site, a popular tourist destination  Using two semi-automatic rifles, he began his attack at a small café before moving into a nearby gift shop, killing twenty people indiscriminately in a short amount of time  Many others were killed at the site's car park, including several children  After killing its four occupants, Bryant stole a vehicle at the site's tollbooth and drove to a nearby service station, where he killed a woman and abducted her partner  He continued to fire at passing vehicles before finally returning to Seascape with his hostage, who was then killed  He set fire to the property but was captured the following morning 
Bryant pleaded guilty to the killings and received 35 life sentences without parole; his motives have been subject to debate  The massacre led to a reassessment of Australia's gun laws by the newly elected Howard government  The National Firearms Agreement between state and federal governments was announced within two weeks of the massacre, establishing heavy restrictions on the use of automatic and semi-automatic weapons and creating a gun buyback program, a national gun registry and a waiting period for firearm sales 

Background
Location
The main location of the incident was the historic Port Arthur former prison colony, a popular tourist site in south-eastern Tasmania, Australia 

Perpetrator
In 1992, Martin Bryant—then 25—was bequeathed about $570,000 in property and assets by a friend, Helen Harvey, who left her estate to him following her death in a car crash  He used part of this money to go on many trips around the world from 1993 onwards Bryant's father had tried to purchase a bed and breakfast property called Seascape, but Noelene (also known as Sally) and David Martin bought this property before his father could ready his finances, much to the disappointment of Bryant's father, who often complained to his son of the "double dealing" the Martins had done to secure the purchase  Bryant's father offered to buy another property from the Martins at Palmers Lookout Road, but they declined the offer  Bryant apparently believed the Martins had deliberately bought the property to hurt his family and believed this event to be responsible for the depression that led to his father's 1993 suicide  Bryant later described the Martins as "very mean people" and as "the worse [sic] people in my life "In late 1995, Bryant became suicidal after deciding he had "had enough"  He stated, "I just felt more people were against me  When I tried to be friendly toward them, they just walked away"  Although he had previously been little more than a social drinker, his alcohol consumption increased and, although he had not consumed any alcohol on the day of the massacre, had especially escalated in the six months prior According to Bryant, he thought the plan for Port Arthur might have first occurred to him four to twelve weeks before the event 

Motivation
Bryant's suspected motivations for the massacre were the refusal of the sale of Seascape by owners David and Noelene Martin and to become notorious, as revealed by his lawyer, on the Channel 7 program Sunday Night, air date Sunday, 6 March 2016  From the moment he was captured, he continually wanted to know how many people he had killed and seemed impressed by the number  Bryant is allowed to listen only to music on a radio outside his cell and is denied access to any news reports of his massacre  Photographers who took pictures of him in his prison cell were forced to destroy the film in his presence when the Governor found out 

Gun laws in Australia before the Port Arthur massacre
After storming out of a national gun summit in 1987, eight years before the massacre and following two mass shootings in Melbourne earlier in the year, Premier of New South Wales Barrie Unsworth said: "it will take a massacre in Tasmania before we get gun reform in Australia", referencing Tasmania's resistance to gun law changes  A redesign of the laws for all states and territories of Australia had been prepared by officers and presented at a meeting of police ministers in Launceston in 1995  It had been rejected by Tasmania 

Attacks
The events of this day were pieced together after investigation by police, then presented in court on 19 November 1996 : 50 David and Noelene Martin were the first victims, murdered at the Seascape property (43 11905°S 147 85328°E﻿ / -43 11905; 147 85328) at some point within a 12 hour timeframe prior to the Port Arthur attack 
A couple stopped at Seascape, and Bryant met them outside  When they asked if they could have a look at the accommodation, Bryant told them that they could not because his parents were away and his girlfriend was inside  His demeanour was described as quite rude and the couple felt uncomfortable  They left at about 12:35 p m : 67 Bryant drove to Port Arthur in his yellow Volvo 244, taking the keys to the Seascape properties after locking the doors  Bryant stopped at a car which had pulled over due to overheating and talked with two people there : 68  He suggested that they come to the Port Arthur café for some coffee later : 69 He travelled past the Port Arthur historic site towards a Palmer's Lookout Road property owned by the Martins, where he came across Roger Larner  Larner had met him on some occasions more than 15 years previously  Bryant told Larner he had been surfing and had bought a property called Fogg Lodge and was now looking to buy some cattle from Larner  Bryant also made several comments about buying the Martins' place next door  He asked if Marian Larner was home and asked if he could continue down the driveway of the farm to see her  Larner said OK but told Bryant he would come also  "Bryant then responded that he might go to Nubeena first" and he was going to return in the afternoon : 71

Port Arthur Historic Site
At around 1:10 p m , Bryant paid the entry fee for the site and proceeded to park near the Broad Arrow Café (43 14652°S 147 85139°E﻿ / -43 14652; 147 85139), near the water's edge  The site security manager told him to park with the other cars because that area was reserved for camper-vans and the car park was busy that day  Bryant moved his car to another area and sat in his car for a few minutes  He then moved his car back near the water, outside the café  The security manager saw him go up to the café carrying a "sports-type bag" and a video camera, but ignored him : 72  Bryant went into the café and purchased a meal, which he ate on the deck outside  He attempted to start conversations with people about the lack of wasps in the area and there not being as many Japanese tourists as usual  He appeared nervous and "quite regularly" looked back to the car-park and into the café : 75

Broad Arrow Café murders
The café was very small, and was particularly busy that day as many people waited for the next ferry  Bryant pointed his rifle to the table beside him, fatally shooting Moh Yee (William) Ng and Sou Leng Chung, who were visiting from Malaysia  Bryant then fired a shot at Mick Sargent, grazing his scalp and knocking him to the floor  He then fatally shot Sargent's girlfriend, 21-year-old Kate Elizabeth Scott, hitting her in the back of the head A 28-year-old New Zealand winemaker, Jason Winter, had been helping the busy café staff  As Bryant turned towards Winter's wife Joanne and their 15-month-old son Mitchell, Winter threw a serving tray at Bryant in an attempt to distract him  Joanne Winter's father pushed his daughter and grandson to the floor and under the table 
Forty-four-year-old Anthony Nightingale stood up after the sound of the first shots  Nightingale yelled "No, not here!" as Bryant pointed the weapon at him  As Nightingale leaned forward, he was fatally shot through the neck and spine Bryant fired one shot that killed Kevin Vincent Sharp, 68  He then fired another shot at Walter Bennett, 66, which passed through his body and struck Raymond John Sharp, 67, Kevin Sharp's brother, killing both  The three had their backs towards Bryant, and were unaware what was happening   The shots were all at close range  Gerald Broome, Gaye Fidler and her husband John Fidley were all struck by bullet fragments, but survived Bryant then turned towards Tony and Sarah Kistan and Andrew Mills 
Thelma Walker and Pamela Law were injured by fragments before being dragged to the ground by their friend, Peter Crosswell, as the three sheltered underneath the table  Also injured by fragments from these shots was Patricia Barker Bryant moved just a few metres and began shooting at the table where Graham Colyer, Carolyn Loughton and her daughter Sarah were seated  Colyer was shot in the jaw  Sarah Loughton ran towards her mother, who had been moving between tables  Carolyn Loughton threw herself on top of her daughter  Bryant shot Carolyn Loughton in the back; her eardrum was ruptured by the muzzle blast from the gun going off beside her ear  Despite Carolyn's efforts, Sarah had been fatally shot in the head Bryant pivoted around and fatally shot Mervyn Howard  The bullet passed through him, through a window of the café, and hit a table on the outside balcony  Bryant then fatally shot Mervyn Howard's wife, Mary Howard in the head and neck Bryant was near the exit, preventing others from attempting to run past him and escape  Bryant moved across the café towards the gift shop area  As Bryant moved, Robert Elliott stood up  He was shot in the arm and head, though survived his injuries From the first shot, all of these events took approximately fifteen seconds, during which Bryant fired seventeen shots, killed twelve people, and wounded ten more 

Gift shop murders
As Bryant moved towards the gift shop area, many used the time to hide under tables and behind shop displays  He fatally shot the two local women who worked in the gift shop: 17-year-old Nicole Burgess, in the head, and 26-year-old Elizabeth Howard, in the arm and chest Coralee Lever and Vera Jary hid behind a hessian (burlap) screen with others  Lever's husband Dennis was fatally shot in the head  Pauline Masters, Vera Jary's husband Ron, and Peter and Carolyn Nash had attempted to escape through a locked door but could not open it  Peter Nash lay down on top of his wife to hide her from the gunman  Gwen Neander, trying to make it to the door, was shot in the head and killed Bryant saw movement in the café and moved near the front door  He shot at a table and hit Peter Crosswell, who was hiding under it, in the buttock  Jason Winter, hiding in the gift shop, thought Bryant had left the building and made a comment about it to people near him before moving out into the open  Bryant saw him, with Winter exclaiming, "No, no" just prior to being shot, the bullet hitting his hand, neck and chest  Winter was then fatally shot in the head  Fragments from those shots struck American tourist Dennis Olson, who had been hiding with his wife Mary and Winter  Dennis Olson suffered fragment injuries to his hand, scalp, eye and chest, but survived It is not immediately clear what happened next, although at some point, Bryant reloaded his weapon  Bryant walked back to the café and then returned to the gift shop, where he fatally shot Ronald Jary, Peter Nash and Pauline Masters  He did not see Carolyn Nash, who was lying under her husband  Bryant aimed his gun at an unidentified Asian man, but the rifle's magazine was empty  Bryant then moved to the gift shop counter, where he reloaded his rifle, leaving an empty magazine on the service counter, and left the building In the café and gift shop combined, he fired twenty-nine shots, killed twenty people, and wounded twelve more 

Car park murders
Bryant then moved towards the coach parking lot, situated in front of the café building  One of the coach drivers, Royce Thompson, was shot in the back as he was moving along the passengers' side of a coach  He fell to the ground and was able to crawl under the bus, but later died of his wounds  Brigid Cook was trying to guide people down between the buses and along the jetty area to cover  Bryant moved to the front of this bus and walked across to the next coach  People had quickly moved from this coach towards the back end, in an attempt to seek cover  As Bryant walked around it, he saw people trying to hide and shot at them  Cook was shot in the right thigh, causing the bone to fragment, the bullet lodging there Bryant then quickly moved around another coach and fired at another group of people  Winifred Aplin, running to get to cover behind another coach, was fatally shot in the side  Another bullet grazed Yvonne Lockley's cheek, but she was able to enter one of the coaches to hide, and survived Some people then started moving away from the car park towards the jetty  However, someone shouted that Bryant was heading that way, so they doubled back around the coaches to where Brigid Cook had been shot  Bryant then moved to where Janet and Neville Quin, who owned a wildlife park on the east coast of Tasmania, were beginning to move away from the buses  Bryant shot Janet Quin in the back, where she fell, unable to move, near Royce Thompson Bryant then continued along the car park as people tried to escape along the shore  Doug Hutchinson was attempting to get into a coach when he was shot in the arm Bryant then went to his vehicle, which was just past the coaches, and exchanged his weapon for a self-loading rifle Bryant moved back to the buses where Janet Quin lay injured from the earlier shot  He then fatally shot her in the back  Bryant then went onto one of the coaches and fatally shot Elva Gaylard in the arm and chest  At an adjacent coach, Gordon Francis saw what happened and moved down the aisle to try to shut the door of the coach he was on  He was seen by Bryant and shot from the opposite coach  He survived, but needed four major operations Neville Quin, husband of Janet, had escaped to the jetty area, but returned to look for his wife  He had been forced to leave her earlier after Bryant shot her  Bryant exited the coach and, spotting Quin, chased him around the coaches  Bryant fired at him at least twice before Quin ran onto a coach  Bryant entered the coach and pointed the gun at Neville Quin's face, saying, "No one gets away from me"  Quin ducked when he realised Bryant was about to pull the trigger  The bullet missed his head but hit his neck, momentarily paralysing him 

Toll booth murders and carjacking
Bryant went to his car and drove towards the exit from the historical site  Ahead of him were Nanette Mikac and her children, Madeline, 3, and Alannah, 6  Nanette was carrying Madeline, and Alannah was running slightly ahead  By this point, they had run approximately 600 metres (660 yards) from the car park  Bryant opened his door and slowed down  Mikac moved towards the car, apparently thinking he was offering help  Bryant stepped out of the car, and told Nanette Mikac to get on her knees  She did so, and Bryant fatally shot her in the temple  He then fatally shot Madeline and Alannah Bryant drove up to the toll booth at the exit of the historical site, where there were several vehicles, and blocked a 1980 gold BMW 7 Series owned by Mary Rose Nixon  Inside were Nixon, driver Russell James Pollard and passengers Helene and Robert Graham Salzmann  An argument with Robert Salzmann ensued, and Bryant took out his rifle and fatally shot him  Pollard emerged from the BMW and moved towards Bryant before being fatally shot in the chest  Bryant then moved to the BMW and fatally shot Nixon and Helene Salzmann before removing them from the car  Bryant transferred ammunition, handcuffs, the AR-15 rifle and a fuel container to the BMW Another car then came towards the toll booth and Bryant shot at it 

Service station murder and abduction
Bryant drove up to the service station in front of the Port Arthur General Store (43 13983°S 147 85079°E﻿ / -43 13983; 147 85079) and cut off a white Toyota Corolla that was attempting to exit onto the highway  Glenn Pears was driving, with girlfriend Zoe Hall in the passenger seat  Bryant quickly exited the car with his rifle in hand and tried to pull Hall from the car  Pears got out of the car and approached Bryant  Bryant pointed the gun at Pears and pushed him backwards, eventually directing him into the now open boot of the BMW, locking Pears inside Bryant then moved back to the passenger side of the Corolla as Hall attempted to climb over to the driver's seat  Bryant raised his rifle and fired three shots, killing her 

Seascape roadway
As Bryant drove down to Seascape, he shot at a red Ford Falcon coming the other way, smashing its front windscreen  Upon arriving at Seascape, he got out of his car



ground_truth: "Currer Bell"

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: National Firearms Agreement was in response to the Port Arthur massacre that killed how many people?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  A Holden Frontera 4WD vehicle then approached Seascape along the road  Those in the vehicle saw Bryant with his gun, but believed him to be rabbit hunting and slowed down as they passed him  Bryant fired into the car; the first bullet hit the bonnet and broke the throttle cable  He fired at least twice more into the car as it passed, breaking the windows  One bullet hit the driver, Linda White, in the arm Another vehicle then drove down the road, carrying four people  It was not until they were almost adjacent to Bryant that they realised he was carrying a gun  Bryant shot at the car, smashing the windscreen  Douglas Horner was wounded by pieces of the windscreen  The car proceeded ahead where White and Wanders tried to get in, but Horner did not realise the situation and drove on  When they saw that White had been shot, they came back and picked them up  Both parties then continued down to a local establishment called the Fox and Hounds Inn, where they called police Yet another car drove past and Bryant shot at it, hitting the passenger, Susan Williams, in the hand  The driver, Simon Williams, was struck by fragments Sometime after he stopped, Bryant removed Pears from the boot and handcuffed him to a stair rail within the Seascape Guesthouse  At some point, he also set the BMW on fire 

Capture on 29 April
Bryant was captured the following morning, when a fire started in the guest house, presumably set by Bryant It was discovered that Glenn Pears had been shot during or before the standoff and had died before the fire  The remains of the Martins were also found 

Victims
Fatalities
The following is a list of those killed in the Port Arthur massacre 

Aftermath
The Port Arthur tourist site reopened a few weeks later, and since then a new restaurant has been built  The former Broad Arrow Café structure is now a "place for quiet reflection", with a monument and memorial garden dedicated at the site in April 2000  The Australian Journal of Emergency Management published several research articles on the response and the ongoing processes of recovery, including an article about caring for the social workers working with residents 

Government reaction
Following the spree, the Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, led the development of strict gun control laws within Australia and formulated the National Firearms Agreement, restricting the private ownership of semi-automatic rifles, semi-automatic shotguns and pump-action shotguns as well as introducing uniform firearms licensing  It was implemented with bipartisan support by the Commonwealth, states and territories  The massacre happened just six weeks after the Dunblane massacre, in Scotland, which claimed 18 lives, with UK Prime Minister John Major reaching out to his counterpart over the shared tragedies; the United Kingdom passed its own changes to gun laws the next year after a change of government Under federal government co-ordination, all states and territories of Australia restricted the legal ownership and use of self-loading rifles, self-loading shotguns, and tightened controls on their legal use by recreational shooters  The government initiated a mandatory "buy-back" scheme with the owners paid according to a table of valuations  Some 643,000 firearms were handed in at a cost of $350 million which was funded by a temporary increase in the Medicare levy which raised $500 million Some state governments, notably Tasmania itself and Queensland, were generally opposed to new gun laws  Concern was raised within the Coalition Government that fringe groups such as the "Ausi Freedom Scouts", the Australian League of Rights and the Citizen Initiated Referendum Party, were exploiting voter anger to gain support  After discovering that the Christian Coalition and National Rifle Association of America were supporting the gun lobby, the government and media cited their support, along with the moral outrage of the community to discredit the gun lobby as extremists 

Community reaction
A substantial community fund was given for the victims of the Port Arthur massacre  The murder of Nanette Mikac and her daughters Alannah and Madeline inspired Dr Phil West of Melbourne, who had two girls similar in age to the murdered children, to set up a foundation in their memory  The Alannah and Madeline Foundation was launched in 1997 to combat bullying and to support child victims of violence The massacre at Port Arthur forged a kinship between that town and the Scottish town of Dunblane, which had suffered a similar event, the Dunblane school massacre, only weeks previously In 1996, Australian composer Peter Sculthorpe wrote Port Arthur, In memoriam: for chamber orchestra, "   for the victims of the massacre at Port Arthur, 28 April 1996, for those who died, and for those who live with the memory of it " The work was first performed 24 June 1996, at Government House, Hobart, Tasmania, by the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra conducted by David Porcelijn 

Mental illness and copycat effects
Much discussion has occurred as to Bryant's mental health  At the time of the offences he was in receipt of a Disability Support Pension on the basis of being mentally handicapped  Media reports also detailed his odd behaviour as a child  He was able to drive a car and obtain a gun, though he possessed a licence for neither Paul Mullen, a forensic psychiatrist with extensive involvement following the string of massacres in Australia and New Zealand, attributes both the Port Arthur massacre and some of the earlier massacres to the copycat effect  In this theory the saturation media coverage provides both instruction and perverse incentives for dysfunctional individuals to imitate previous crimes  In Tasmania, a coroner found that a report on the current affairs program A Current Affair, a few months earlier had guided one suicide, and might have helped create the expectation of a massacre  The coverage of the Dunblane massacre, in particular the attention on the perpetrator, is thought to have provided the trigger for Bryant to act 

Investigation
Martin Bryant pleaded guilty to having carried out the shootings and was given 35 life sentences without parole  Since 2015, he has been imprisoned in the Risdon Prison Complex 

Prosecution
Bryant was held in Royal Hobart Hospital under heavy police guard while awaiting trial  According to a guard, there were at least two security guard job applications made by individuals seeking to exact retribution on Bryant On 22 November 1996, Bryant was sentenced to 35 sentences of life imprisonment for each count of murder and sentenced to 25 years for the remaining 36 charges on 5 other offences (20 attempted murders, 3 counts infliction of grievous bodily harm, the infliction of wounds upon a further 8 persons, 4 counts of aggravated assault and 1 count of unlawfully setting fire to property)  All sentences are to be served concurrently 

Legacy
Tasmanian Police records from the incident are in the care of the Tasmanian Archive and Heritage Office  A memorial service on the 20th anniversary of the massacre had over 500 people in attendance In 2007, Tasmanian playwright Tom Holloway dealt with the massacre in his play Beyond the Neck  Tasmanian composer Matthew Dewey also deals with these issues in his first symphony  The case was also covered by Casefile True Crime Podcast on 11 February 2017 
The 2021 feature film Nitram is based on the event and won the 2021 CinefestOZ Film Prize 

See also
List of mass shootings in Australia
List of massacres in Australia
Timeline of major crimes in Australia
List of disasters in Australia by death toll
Passage 4:
Memorial High School (Port Arthur, Texas)
Memorial High School is a public, co-educational secondary school located in Port Arthur, Texas, United States  It was established in August 2002 after a merger of three previous high schools: Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Stephen F  Austin  Since then, Port Arthur Memorial High School has been the only high school in the Port Arthur Independent School District  It serves most of Port Arthur and a portion of Groves  Initially, the school used the former Lincoln and Jefferson campuses; its new facility opened for the 2009–10 school year on the northern side of Port Arthur  It also has a 9th Grade Center in the Port Acres area of Port Arthur, on the former Austin Middle School campus 
When Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln and Stephen F  Austin high schools were consolidated, students voted on the name for the new high school and the top two vote-getters were "Memorial High School" and "Thurgood Marshall High School"  In September 2007, school board member Terry Doyle suggested renaming Memorial High School after the late Staff Sgt  Lucian Adams, a Port Arthur native who received the Medal of Honor for his bravery in World War II   Employees of the school district established a museum of artifacts from the three former high schools plus the Catholic Bishop Byrne High School 

Athletics
Memorial High School currently participates in District 22-5A  Memorial participates in the following UIL sports where it has had success in many district championships and playoff wins: 

Football
Volleyball
Cheerleading
Cross Country
Basketball
Soccer
Track and Field
Swimming and Diving
Baseball
Softball
Tennis
Powerlifting
Golf

Organizations
Memorial has many organizations including an award winning:

Marching Band known as "The Marching Heat"
Dance/Drill Team known as the "Flames" usually made up of 30-60 girls
The Titan Press Newspaper and Yearbook
NJROTC
Theatre
MHS Choir on FireAmong over 30 clubs 

Notable alumni
Eric Alexander, former NFL linebacker, attended Stephen F  Austin
Bun B, rapper and former member of UGK, attended Thomas Jefferson
Aaron Brown, former NFL defensive end, attended Lincoln
Jonathan Babineaux, former NFL defensive tackle, attended Lincoln
Jordan Babineaux, former NFL cornerback, attended Lincoln
G  W  Bailey (Thomas Jefferson Class of 1961) — stage, television and film actor
J'Covan Brown (born 1990), basketball player in the Israel Basketball Premier League
Pimp C, rapper and former member of UGK, attended Lincoln
Jamaal Charles, former NFL running back
Todd Dodge (Thomas Jefferson alumni) — a former Texas high school football coach
Kevin Everett, former NFL tight end, attended Thomas Jefferson
Goose Gonsoulin, former NFL safety, attended Thomas Jefferson
Danny Gorrer, former NFL cornerback
Mike Green, former NFL linebacker, attended Lincoln
Gary Hammond, former NFL wide receiver and running back, attended Thomas Jefferson
Duriel Harris, former NFL wide receiver, attended Stephen F  Austin
Xavier Hernandez, former MLB pitcher, attended Thomas Jefferson
Stephen Jackson, former NBA guard, attended Lincoln
James Johnson, former NFL running back, attended Thomas Jefferson
Jimmy Johnson (Thomas Jefferson Class of 1961) — Pro Football Hall of Fame coach, also a college coach
Paul Jones, professional wrestler
Janis Joplin (Thomas Jefferson Class of 1960) — A rock, soul, and blues singer and songwriter, member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Carl Larpenter, former NFL offensive lineman, attended Thomas Jefferson
Bobby Leopold, former NFL linebacker, attended Lincoln
Tim McKyer, former NFL cornerback, attended Lincoln
Inika McPherson, national champion high jumper
Marcus Price, former NFL offensive lineman, attended Lincoln
Elandon Roberts, NFL linebacker
Dan Rogas, former NFL offensive lineman, attended Thomas Jefferson
Cotton Speyrer, former NFL wide receiver, attended Thomas Jefferson
Raymond Strother, political consultant, attended Thomas Jefferson
Kary Vincent Jr , NFL player
Joe Washington, former NFL running back, attended Lincoln
Passage 5:
National Firearms Agreement
The National Firearms Agreement (NFA), also sometimes called the National Agreement on Firearms, the National Firearms Agreement and Buyback Program, or the Nationwide Agreement on Firearms, was an agreement concerning firearm control made by Australasian Police Ministers' Council (APMC) in 1996, in response to the Port Arthur massacre that killed 35 people  Four days after the killings, Australian Prime Minister John Howard told Parliament “We need to achieve a total prohibition on the ownership, possession, sale and importation of all automatic and semi-automatic weapons  That will be the essence of the proposal that will be put by the Commonwealth government at the meeting on Friday   "  The laws to give effect to the Agreement were passed by Australian State governments only 12 days after the Port Arthur massacre The NFA placed tight control on semi-automatic and fully automatic weapons but permitted their use by a small number of licensed individuals who required them for a purpose other than "personal protection"  The act included a gun buy-back provision 
Negotiation and implementation of the Agreement was originally coordinated in 1996 by Prime Minister Howard  Since then the Agreement has continued to have support from both Labor and Coalition Federal Governments  The Australian Police Ministers Council (APMC), comprising state and federal police ministers, meets at least every six months at which issues including the NFA are discussed  Changes to the NFA require the unanimous agreement of all governments  At a meeting on 21 October 2016, it was agreed to hold a firearm amnesty by mid-2017 A study found that there were no mass shooting deaths of five or more in Australia from 1997 through 2006; the authors said that it is impossible to prove the agreement was the cause 

Provisions
The Agreement includes a number of provisions  It was agreed to establish a temporary firearm buyback program for firearms that were once legal now made illegal, that according to the Council on Foreign Relations bought over 650,000 firearms  This program, which cost $230 million, was paid for by an increase in the country's taxes The law created a national firearm registry, a 28-day waiting period for firearm sales, and tightened firearm licensing rules  The law requires anyone wishing to possess or use a firearm with some exceptions, be over the age of 12  Owners must be at least 18 years of age, have secure storage for their firearms and provide a "genuine reason" for doing so 

Effectiveness
In 1998, the Prime Minister appointed the Australian Institute of Criminology to monitor the effects of the gun buyback  The institute has published a number of papers reporting trends and statistics around gun ownership and gun crime, which it has found to be mostly related to illegally held firearms  A 2013 report by the Australian Crime Commission said a conservative estimate was that there were 250,000 longarms and 10,000 handguns in the nation's illicit firearms market  The number of guns imported to Australia legally has also risen  A 2014 report stated that approximately "260,000 guns are on the Australian 'grey' or black markets" Research by Philip Alpers of the University of Sydney found that Australia experienced 69 gun homicides in 1996 (not counting the Port Arthur massacre), compared to 30 in 2012  The drop in firearm homicides was not attributed to the national firearms agreement  A 2006 study led by Simon Chapman, also of the University of Sydney, found that after the NFA was passed, the country experienced more than a decade without mass shootings and accelerated falls in gun deaths, especially suicides  Samara McPhedran and Jeanine Baker, researchers for gun lobby group Women in Shooting and Hunting (WiSH), considered whether the NFA had any effect in eliminating mass shootings by using New Zealand (a country with many similarities to Australia) as a comparison and found; “there is little support for the proposition that prohibiting certain types of firearms explains the absence of mass shootings in Australia since 1996” 
Another study by Baker and McPhedran in 2007 did not find a significant effect of the NFA on Australia's homicide rate  While research does show a steady decline in gun-related suicides, the reduction occurred at the same time as an overall reduction in the Australian suicide rate  What's more, firearm-related suicides had been declining in Australia for nearly ten years before the 1996 restrictions on gun ownership  A 2009 study also found that firearm suicide rates were decreasing in Australia before the NFA was passed, and concluded that "The implemented restrictions may not be responsible for the observed reductions in firearms suicide " Baker and McPhedran's 2007 study has been criticized by David Hemenway, who has written that the authors, who chose 1979 as the starting point for their trend analysis, failed to explain why they assumed the gun violence rate would continue to decline  Hemenway also criticized their study for using a counterfactual that assumed that this decline would continue forever Suicide reduction from firearm regulation is disputed by Richard Harding in his 1981 book "Firearms and Violence in Australian Life" where, after reviewing Australian statistics, he said that "whatever arguments might be made for the limitation or regulation of the private ownership of firearms, suicide patterns do not constitute one of them" Harding quoted international analysis by Newton and Zimring of twenty developed countries which concluded at page 36 of their report; “cultural factors appear to affect suicide rates far more than the availability and use of firearms  Thus, suicide rates would not seem to be readily affected by making firearms less available "
University of Melbourne researchers Wang-Sheng Lee and Sandy Suardi concluded their 2008 report, "There is little evidence to suggest that the Australian mandatory gun-buyback program had any significant effects on firearm homicides "More recently, a 2010 study by Andrew Leigh and Christine Neill found that, in the decade after the NFA, non-gun homicide rates fell by 59% and gun homicides fell by the same 59% with gun suicide rates falling by 65%   Howard cited this as showing Australia had been right to adopt the NFA but he omitted to mention the same fall in the non-gun homicide rate  Others have argued that alternative methods of suicide have been substituted  De Leo, Dwyer, Firman & Neulinger, studied suicide methods in men from 1979 to 1998 and found a rise in hanging suicides that started slightly before the fall in gun suicides  As hanging suicides rose at about the same rate as gun suicides fell, it is possible that there was some substitution of suicide methods  It has been noted that drawing strong conclusions about possible impacts of gun laws on suicides is challenging, because a number of suicide prevention programs were implemented from the mid-1990s onwards, and non-firearm suicides also began falling A 2015 study found that in the two years following the NFA's enactment, rates of armed robbery and attempted murder decreased significantly relative to rates of sexual assault, but that the evidence was less clear with regard to changes in the rate of unarmed robbery following the law In 2016, Samara McPhedran, a Griffith University academic and chair of the International Coalition for Women in Shooting and Hunting, reviewed the literature on the NFA and homicide and reported that of the five studies she found on the topic, "No study found statistical evidence of any significant impact of the legislative changes on firearm homicide rates "Simon Chapman and colleagues reported in 2016 that there were no mass shootings in Australia between when the NFA became law and May 2016  The same study also found that "there was a more rapid decline in firearm deaths between 1997 and 2013 compared with before 1997 but also a decline in total nonfirearm suicide and homicide deaths of a greater magnitude " For this reason, the authors concluded that it was impossible to say definitively whether the reduction in firearm-related deaths can be attributed to the NFA A 2017 study commissioned by Gun Control Australia found that Australian states had significantly weakened gun laws since the NFA was first introduced, with no jurisdiction fully compliant with the NFA  For example, many states now allow children to use guns and the mandatory 28-day cooling-off period required for gun purchases has been relaxed in many jurisdictions, with no waiting period for purchasers who already own at least one gun  New South Wales also allows the limited use of silencers, even though they are supposed to be a prohibited weapon  No state or territory has outlined a timeframe for achieving full compliance with the NFA Australia's gun laws remain extremely popular with the public, with little to no will for turning them back  According to an Essential Research poll conducted in 2018, "62% believe Australia’s gun laws are about right and 25% think they are too weak  Only 7% think they are too strict "

See also
Gun laws in Australia
Passage 6:
Museum of the Gulf Coast
The Museum of the Gulf Coast, located in Port Arthur, Texas, specializes in Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast history  A 39,000 sq  ft  facility with its most notable exhibits are a gallery of Robert Rauschenberg's artworks and a Music Hall of Fame honoring performers from the region; featured in the latter are artifacts of Janis Joplin's youth  The Music, Sports, and Notable Halls of Fame house more than 200 people from the Gulf Coast Region who have made national and or Internacional achievements in their respective fields  The museum is sponsored and administered by the Port Arthur Historical Society, and is the descendant of the original Port Arthur Museum chartered by the state in 1964   The administration of the museum is done in partnership with the City of Port Arthur 
Passage 7:
Glover Prize
The Glover Prize is an Australian annual art prize awarded for paintings of the landscape of Tasmania The prize was inaugurated in 2004 by the John Glover Society, based in Evandale, Tasmania, in honour of the work of British-born landscape painter John Glover, who lived and painted in the area from 1832 until his death in 1849  The current prize amount of A$ 50,000 is the highest for landscape painting in Australia  The 2012 award was controversial: the winning picture included a depiction of convicted Port Arthur massacre spree killer Martin Bryant in the landscape of Port Arthur 

History
John Glover lived the last 17 years of his life in northern Tasmania   In 2001, "Mount Wellington and Hobart Town with Natives Dancing and Bathing", one of his many landscape works that were sent back to England, was sold for more than $1 5 million 
The Glover Prize has been described as "a little heart beat, a funny little committee that had a little bit of money and had an idea"  By 2019, the prize had attracted 480 entrants 

Conditions for the prize
The John Glover Society has specified that the prize is limited to works depicting Tasmanian landscapes 

Winners
2004
The winner of the inaugural Prize was Longford based artist Michael McWilliams, for the painting  Bandicoot on a Log Bandicoots are small to medium-sized terrestrial marsupials endemic to Australia 
The painting now hangs in the departure lounge of Launceston Airport 
His acrylics on linen work Bush Blankets was awarded the $3 000 "People's Choice" 2012 award 

2005
In the second year of the contest, there were more than 130 entries  The winner was Stephen Charles Lees for the painting Wishbone Ridge  Lees, who was born in Sydney, had lived in Tasmanian since 1992 

2006
Hobart artist David Keeling was awarded the third Glover Prize for 45 Minute Walk - Narawntapu   The winning work was of orthodox oils on canvas medium  The landscape depicted is part of the Narawntapu National Park

2007
The winner of the Prize in 2007 was Raymond Arnold, a Queenstown-based printmaker 
The painting in acrylics, entitled Western Mountain Ecology, depicts stacks of freshly-sawn Huon pine  The prize amount was then $30 000 

2008
Hobart Art teacher Neil Haddon was awarded the 2008 Glover Prize for his work Purblind (opiate) The work is enamels on aluminium, and references the cultivation of opium poppies in Tasmanian opium poppy farming industry 

2009
Hobart-based artist Matthew Armstrong was awarded the 2009 Prize for the work Transformed at Night ahead of more than 250 other entrants  Armstrong's work depicted Mellifont Street, Hobart 

2010
Queensland-based artist Ian Waldron was selected from among 272 entries to become the first Indigenous Australian to win the Prize with his work Walach Dhaarr (Cockle Creek), a piece created on Tasmanian oak  "Walach Dhaarr" in the language of the Aboriginal Tasmanians of that region means "Cockle Creek", a location in Tasmania that Waldron described as significant, both archaeologically and as a "site of positive exchange" between indigenous people and French mariners during the late 18th century 

2011
The 2011 prize was awarded to Launceston artist Josh Foley for Gee’s Lookout  The oil painting included pumice in its media  The painting depicts a disused building on the hill overlooking Cataract Gorge in Launceston 

2012
The 2012 winner was awarded to Launceston born Sydney resident artist Rodney Pople for the work Port Arthur 

2013
The 2013 competition attracted 303 entrants; the prize was awarded to Sydney artist Janet Laurence for a work titled Plants Eye View, and depicted a close-up view of flora from the Tarkine region of North-West Tasmania 

2014
The 2014 prize had 42 finalists  The winning work was Looking south from the Labyrinth (to Mt Olympus & Lake St Clair) by New Norfolk born artist Mark Rodda 

2015
The winner of the 2015 prize was Nigel Hewitt for his work Woven, created using wood ash from the 2013 Dunalley bushfires  The work, chosen from 282 entries and 42 finalists, features a forest at Mt Barrow in northern Tasmania  Hewitt divides his time between Perth, Western Australia and Hobart, Tasmania 

2016
In 2016 the prize attracted more than 280 entries and was won by David Keeling, making him the first artist to win the prize twice; he also won the prize in 2006  Keeling's painting titled, Low tide, soft breeze, depicted a coastal track in the Narawntapu National Park, an area that he often uses as a source of inspiration 

2017
2017 saw the Glover Prize awarded to Raymond Arnold, making him a two-time winner of the award, having achieved this also in 2007  Arnold's work was titled La Barque de Dante/Macquarie Harbour Party Barge 

2018
The 2018 Glover Prize was awarded to Halinka Orszulok for the work Ponies, a painting of playground equipment at Cataract Gorge, Launceston at night  Orszulok's work Wreck was one of the 35 finalists in the 2014 Sir John Sulman Prize 

2019
After a record-breaking year with over 480 paintings entered, the 2019 Glover Prize was awarded to Piers Greville for the work Pedder Prime Cuts, an oil and acrylic painting of Lake Pedder, a Tasmanian glacial lake 

2020
The 2020 Glover Prize was awarded to Tasmanian artist Robert O'Connor, for his piece titled: 'Somewhere in the midlands'  O'Connor's painting depicted a large hunk of meat sitting on a bed of mashed potatoes with peas and gravy, shown in front of a Tasmanian landscape  O'Connor had been a finalist in the Glover Prize four times prior to 2020 

2021
The 2021 Glover Prize was won by Hobart artist Sebastian Galloway for a work titled View of Mt  Lyell through an Acid Raindrop  The work is oil paint on copper; the artist stated that the copper medium reflected the mining history of Queenstown 

2022
The 2022 Glover Prize was won by Victorian artist Jennifer Riddle with her work titled Wanderings of the Past and Now  The work is a synthetic polymer on canvas, and depicts Port Davey, in Tasmania 

2012 award controversy
The 2012 award-winning painting depicted Port Arthur and included a representation of Martin Bryant holding a gun  The award received criticism  A former police officer who attended the scene of the Port Arthur Massacre described the work as insensitive and outrageous  The CEO of the Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority was reported as stating that depictions of the massacre were unhelpful to those it affected  Pople addressed the criticism, arguing that the depiction of Byant was a reminder of the brutality of the Port Arthur Prison Colony within a green "surreal beauty" landscape 
Passage 8:
Port Arthur massacre (China)
The Port Arthur massacre (Chinese: 旅順大屠殺) took place during the First Sino-Japanese War from 21 November 1894 for three days, when advance elements of the First Division of the Japanese Second Army under the command of General Yamaji Motoharu (1841–1897) killed somewhere between 2,600 civilians and 20,000 including Chinese soldiers in the Chinese coastal city of Port Arthur (now Lüshunkou District of Dalian, Liaoning) Reports of a massacre were first published by Canadian journalist James Creelman of the New York World, whose account was widely circulated within the United States   In 1894, the State Department ordered its ambassador to Japan, Edwin Dun, to conduct an independent investigation of Creelman's reports 

Background
As part of its wartime strategy during the First Sino-Japanese War, Japan had advanced through Korea, engaging Chinese troops at Asan near Seoul and then Pyongyang in September 1894, winning decisive victories on both occasions  Following the victory at Pyongyang the Japanese Second Army under Marshal Ōyama Iwao (1842–1916) moved northward towards Manchuria, the plan being to seize Port Arthur, headquarters to China's Beiyang Fleet and a highly fortified city that dominated the sea passage from Korea to northeast China  In September the Japanese Navy heavily damaged the Beiyang Fleet at the Battle of the Yalu River, though the Chinese troopships were successful in landing their troops not far from the Sino-Korean border  With the Beiyang Fleet defeated, the Japanese Navy began a siege of Port Arthur while the Japanese Second Army advanced on the city through Manchuria and the Japanese First Army crossed the Yalu River to form another advance by land  After a series of battles on the Liaodong Peninsula the First Division of the Second Army, led by General Yamaji, drew up around Port Arthur in late November  On 18 November 1894, the Japanese movement down the peninsula was temporarily frustrated and returned to find that their abandoned wounded troops had been severely mutilated, with hands and feet cut off  Others had been burned alive  The city was evacuated with residents fleeing westward by land or sea into China   The Qing government placed bounties on prisoners of war, or their heads or other body parts; during the Sino-Japanese War the bounty was 50 taels   Some Chinese soldiers had mutilated several Japanese soldiers' dead bodies and displayed them at the entrance of the city, infuriating the Japanese  Several vowed revenge, including Lieutenant Kijirō Nanbu   After only token resistance, the city fell to Japanese troops late on the morning of 21 November  What followed was a massacre of the remaining inhabitants of Port Arthur by the Japanese troops 

Massacre
Japanese troops entered Port Arthur at about 2:00 p m   Upon seeing the mutilated remains of their fallen comrades, they took to killing those who remained in the town   Several accounts of the events were recorded by members of the Japanese forces, such as the following by a member of the 1st Division:
As we entered the town of Port Arthur, we saw the head of a Japanese soldier displayed on a wooden stake   This filled us with rage and a desire to crush any Chinese soldier   Anyone we saw in the town, we killed  The streets were filled with corpses, so many they blocked our way   We killed people in their homes; by and large, there wasn't a single house without from three to six dead   Blood was flowing and the smell was awful   We sent out search parties  We shot some, hacked at others   The Chinese troops just dropped their arms and fled   Firing and slashing, it was unbounded joy   At this time, our artillery troops were at the rear, giving three cheers [banzai] for the emperor 
The massacre lasted the next few days, and was witnessed by several Western observers, including James Creelman and Frederic Villiers   Thomas Cowan, correspondent for The Times, described what he saw:
Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday were spent by the soldiery in murder and pillage from dawn to dark, in mutilation, in every conceivable kind of nameless atrocity, until the town became a ghastly Inferno to be remembered with a fearsome shudder until one's dying day   I saw corpses of women and children, three or four in the streets, more in the water     Bodies of men strewed the streets in hundreds, perhaps thousands, for we could not count – some with not a limb unsevered, some with heads hacked, cross-cut, and split lengthwise, some ripped open, not by chance but with careful precision, down and across, disembowelled and dismembered, with occasionally a dagger or bayonet thrust in the private parts   I saw groups of prisoners tied together in a bunch with their hands behind their backs, riddled with bullets for five minutes and then hewn to pieces   I saw a junk stranded on the beach, filled with fugitives of either sex and of all ages, struck by volley after volley until – I can say no more 

Death toll
The scale and nature of the killing continues to be debated  Japanese participants reported mountains of corpses, yet the number of dead was difficult to calculate; Cowan said it was difficult to tell if the corpses numbered in the hundreds or thousands  According to a scouting report sent to Viceroy Li Hongzhang by the local official Liu Hanfang (劉含芳) soon after the massacre, 2,600~2,700 civilians were slaughtered within the city  However, much more were slaughtered in the hills surrounding the city but they had no reliable count  In 1948, the Chinese Communist Party built a cemetery "万忠墓" and marked the total deaths to be 20,000, which include soldiers killed in action and fleeing soldiers disguised as civilians  The 20,000 figure became the orthodox figure in Chinese communist sources Creelman asserted up to 60,000 were killed, with only 36 spared, and even some late-20th century Japanese sources repeat the figure of 60,000  Stewart Lone discredited Creelman's claim, citing "the entire city population was not massacred, however, is suggested by the speed with which Port Arthur's streets again filled after the Japanese occupation: had the civilian population been literally decimated or destroyed, it is unlikely that others would have ventured to trade and work under Japanese occupation "

Aftermath
The string of Japanese victories at Pyongyang and then at the Battle of the Yalu River had increased what had until then been only lukewarm Western interest in the war  By the time of the assault on Port Arthur, a number of Western reporters were attached to the Japanese Second Army  Western reporting on the massacre was controversial   Most correspondents such as James Creelman, writing for the New York World, and Frederic Villiers, a writer and illustrator for the London Black and White, described a wide scale and cold-blooded massacre, while Amédée Baillot de Guerville alleged in the pages of the New York Herald that no such massacre had occurred  Writing a decade later, de Guerville amended this view, claiming that though some 120 civilians were killed it still had not been a massacre 
Foreign reporters had to wait until they had left the area before they could file their stories, which the Japanese censors would otherwise have suppressed   At first, the incident garnered little attention: a one-sentence report in The Times on 26 November stated: "Great slaughter is reported to have taken place "
The American [sic] James Creelman was the first to report on the massacre in a front-page article that declared:
The Japanese troops entered Port Arthur on Nov  21 and massacred practically the entire population in cold blood      The defenseless and unarmed inhabitants were butchered in their houses and their bodies were unspeakably mutilated  There was an unrestrained reign of murder which continued for three days  The whole town was plundered with appalling atrocities      It was the first stain upon Japanese civilization  The Japanese in this instance relapsed into barbarism 
Other newspapers soon followed with detailed reports   The reports hurt Japan's international image and threatened the progress of negotiations with the United States to bring an end to the unequal treaties Japan had been made to sign in the 1850s   Japanese Foreign Minister Mutsu Munemitsu announced an investigation, publishing these intentions in the New York World, and promised not to interfere with foreign correspondents   On 16 December, the Foreign Ministry released a statement to the press, asserting the atrocities were exaggerations:
The Japanese Government desires no concealment of the events at Port Arthur   On the contrary, it is investigating rigidly for the purpose of fixing the exact responsibility and is taking measures essential to the reputation of the empire      Japanese troops transported with rage at the mutilation of their comrades by the enemy, broke through all restraints     [and] exasperated by the wholesale attempts [by Chinese soldiers] at escape disguised at citizens, they inflicted vengeance without discrimination      the victims, almost without exception, were soldiers wearing the stolen clothes of citizens 
The Japanese press generally avoided reporting on the massacre, or dismissed it, as when the Jiyū Shinbun called allegations "an invidious desire to detract from the glory of the Japanese Army"    The Shin Chōya accused Westerners of exaggerating the extent of the atrocities, and of hypocrisy in light of the atrocities they had committed throughout the East, stating that "the history of savage nations that have come in contact with Christian Occidentals is all but written in blood"   Some questioned Creelman's reliability, and a rumour spread that he left for Shanghai after the fall of Port Arthur to work for the Chinese government    The Japan Weekly Mail, on the other hand, castigated the Japanese army in several articles   Attempts to launch an inquiry met resistance from those who wanted it covered up   The inquiry resulted in no punishments given out Domestic instability kept the Chinese government under pressure to conceal the defeat, rather than castigate the Japanese for the atrocities   The China Gazette reported on the attempted cover-up: "Telegraphic notices have been sent     all over the empire by the officials saying that a wicked report has been set on foot by the enemy that they have captured Port Arthur, but it was utterly untrue, the place being garrisoned by 30,000 brave Chinese soldiers who would never give it up to the Japanese "  As late as a month later, the China Gazette reported the defeat remained unknown even to many government officials   The pro-Japanese North-China Herald attempted to defend the perpetrators of the massacre by proposing "The circumstances were such as might have taxed the control of any invading force "The incident strained the delicate foreign relations Japan had been dealing with   The war itself hurt Japan's relations with Britain, and threatened to hurt Japan's renegotiation of treaties with the US   The incident coloured Western perceptions of Japan as barbarians under a thin veil of civilization   These perceptions contributed to anti-Japanese sentiments in North America in the early 20th century, which would continue through World War II 

See also
List of massacres in China

Notes
Works cited
Further sources
Allan, James  Under the Dragon Flag  London: William Heinemann, 1898  (This purports to be a true account of the massacre by a young Englishman who had been trapped in the city at the time of its fall )
Creelman, James  On the Great Highway, the Wanderings and Adventures of a Special Correspondent  Boston:Lothrop Publishing, 1901 
De Guerville, A  B  Au Japon  Paris: Alphonse Lemerre, 1904 
De Guerville, A  B  "In Defense of Japan  The Alleged Atrocities at Port Arthur Denied", Leslie’s Weekly (3 January 1895) 
Dorwart, Jeffrey M  "James Creelman, the New York World and the Port Arthur Massacre", Journalism Quarterly, 50 (4) (1973):697–701 
Hardin, Thomas L  “American Press and Public Opinion in the First Sino-Japanese War", Journalism Quarterly, 50 (1) (1973):53–59 
Kane, Daniel C  "Each of Us in His Own Way: Factors Behind Conflicting Accounts of the Massacre at Port Arthur," Journalism History, vol  31 (1) (Spring 2005):23–33 
Villiers, Frederic, The Truth about Port Arthur The North American Review, vol  160, no  460 (March 1895):325–331 



ground_truth: 35 people