prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which City in the Miami metropolitan area is home to the Primetime Race Group?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Miami Gardens, Florida
Miami Gardens is a city in north-central Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States  It is located 16 miles (26 km) north of Downtown Miami with city boundaries that stretch from I-95 and Northeast 2nd Avenue to its east to Northwest 47th and Northwest 57th Avenues to its west, and from the Broward County line to its north to 151st Street to its south  The city's name originated from Florida State Road 860, a major roadway through the area also known as Miami Gardens Drive  
Miami Gardens had a population of 111,640 as of 2020  It is Florida's most populous city with a majority African American population and also home to the largest percentage of African Americans (66 97 percent) of any city in Florida, according to the U S  Census Bureau  It is a principal city within the Miami metropolitan area, the nation's ninth largest and world's 65th largest metropolitan area with a population of 6 158 million people as of 2020  
Miami Gardens is the home of Hard Rock Stadium, a 64,767 capacity multi-purpose stadium that serves as the home field for both the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League and the Miami Hurricanes, the University of Miami's NCAA Division I college football team, which has won five national championships since 1983 

History
In the wake of the construction of I-95 in the late 1960s, many middle- and upper-income African American and West Indian American families migrated from Miami neighborhoods like Liberty City to what became Miami Gardens (also called Carol City, Norland or Norwood) as race-based covenants were outlawed with the Fair Housing Act, and mostly lower income blacks moved into the Liberty City and Little Haiti neighborhoods surrounding Liberty Square and Edison Courts 
Miami Gardens was incorporated on May 13, 2003  The city's neighborhoods of Andover, Bunche Park, Carol City, Lake Lucerne, Norland, Opa-locka North, and Scott Lake were previously unincorporated areas within Miami-Dade County 
In 2007, Mayor Shirley Gibson said that the city would no longer allow any low-income housing developments; many residents blamed the developments for spreading crime and recreational drugs throughout the city  Around that time, the city's tax revenues dropped to the third-lowest in Miami-Dade County In 2012, Oliver Gilbert, only the second mayor the city has had, proposed forming a community redevelopment agency (CRA)  CRAs are formed to remove "slum and blight", to improve the physical environment of the city and to combat the social and economic problems typical of slum areas  CRAs are funded with property tax increases, which funds are used, in part, to stimulate private investment in the rehabilitation of the community During the 2026 FIFA World Cup, Hard Rock Stadium will host multiple matches during the tournament 

Demographics
The city was incorporated in 2003, but various parts of the city appear as census designated places in the 2000 census and previous censuses  They now make up the neighborhoods of Andover, Bunche Park, Carol City, Lake Lucerne, Norwood, Opa-locka North, and Scott Lake  The United States Census Bureau enumerated that the population of Miami Gardens was 111,640 per the 2020 census 

Hispanic population
2010 Census
In 2010, there were 34,284 housing units of which 6 0% were vacant  As of 2016, the age distribution was 5 6% under the age of 5, 6 7% from 5 to 9, 6 5% from 10 to 14, 15 5% from 15 to 24, 14 6% from 25 to 34, 12 7% 35 to 44, 13 1% 45 to 54, 12 6% 55 to 64, and 12 7% who were 65 years of age or older  The population was 46 9% male and 53 1% female  Families made up 72% of households, while 28% were non-families  The average household size was 3 52 members, and the city covered 20 square miles (52 km2) 

Crime rates
According to City Rating, Miami Gardens crime statistics have decreased in the past 13 years  The crimes that have decreased the most are property crimes and violent crimes  The crime rate for Miami Gardens for 2018 is expected to be lower than in 2016  Miami Garden's 2016 violent crime rate was 63 64% higher than the national violent crime rate, and the property crime rate was 30 99% higher than the national property crime rate In 2016, Miami Gardens' violent crime rate was higher than that in Florida by 50 99%, and the property crime rate was 19 49% higher In 2016, there were 432 reported cases of aggravated assault, 22 reported cases of arson, 509 reported cases of burglary, 24 cases of forcible rape, 2,743 cases of larceny and theft, 419 reported cases of motor vehicle theft, 22 reported cases of murder and manslaughter, and 265 cases of robbery The projected 2018 crime data is as follows: 286 reported cases of aggravated assault, 26 reported cases of arson, 435 reported cases of burglary, 7 cases reported of forcible rape, 2,139 cases reported of larceny and theft, 205 cases reported of motor vehicle theft, 18 reported cases of murder and manslaughter, and 102 reported cases of robbery 

Sports facilities
The Calder Race Course opened in 1971 
Miami Gardens is home to the Miami Dolphins, who play in Hard Rock Stadium on land that was part of the Lake Lucerne CDP  This stadium also hosts the annual Orange Bowl college football game, and is the home field for the University of Miami Hurricanes football team   The Miami Open tennis tournament is held on the grounds of the stadium  The Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball shared Hard Rock Stadium with the Dolphins for almost two decades until, in 2012, they relocated to Miami and changed their name to the Miami Marlins 
In 2022 and 2023, the Miami International Autodrome hosted the Miami Grand Prix for Formula One 

Healthcare
The city of Miami Gardens has several health care clinics and facilities that offer medical care and support to its residents  Although the city has no hospital directly within its limits, Jackson North Medical Center, Concentra Urgent Care, and, Chen Medical Center provide medical services to the residents of Miami Gardens  Supplementing this, several health care clinics and facilities provide medical services that include general medicine, walk-in/urgent care, dental services, gynecology, physical therapy, chiropractor services, laboratory tests, x-rays, sonograms, osteoporosis screening, vaccinations, and health and exercise programs 

Government
Miami Gardens is governed by a seven-member city council  Members include Mayor Oliver Gilbert (since 2012), and six council members, four elected from districts and two elected citywide  The mayor recommends – and the city council hires – the City Manager, City Attorney, and City Clerk 
These are 17 of the many departments for which the City Manager of Miami Gardens creates a budget 

Mayors
Shirley Gibson, 2003–2012
Oliver G  Gilbert III, 2012–2020
Rodney Harris, 2020–Present

Police
The Miami Gardens Police Department is the lead law enforcement agency for the 110,000 residents living within the city's 20 square miles (52 km2)  The department operates under a unified command structure with its headquarters located at 1020 NW 163 Drive, Miami Gardens, Florida 33169  The department became operational on Sunday, December 16, 2007 with 159 sworn officers  Since then, the department has grown to 259 members consisting of 201 sworn positions with 58 non-sworn support positions 

Police controversy
In 2013, law enforcement abuses were alleged regarding the Miami Gardens Police Department by several news outlets  The abuses were first uncovered when it became public that a convenience store employee, Earl Sampson was arrested 27 times for trespassing, while working at and around the store at which he was employed   Video evidence was gathered by the owner of the store, Ali Saleh, showing Miami Garden police involved in clear and repeated misconduct involving his employee, and customers   According to the Miami Herald's Julie K  Brown:  "The videos show, among other things, cops stopping citizens, questioning them, aggressively searching them and arresting them for trespassing when they have permission to be on the premises"   It appeared Sampson had been arrested in this way due to police quotas, a department culture, and that Sampson was easy to arrest   Sampson always pleaded guilty so they would let him out almost immediately, with one exception where he pleaded not guilty, and he was jailed for 20 days   The guilty plea would validate the officers' improper arrest and increment their quota, so he became a continuous target 

Volume of stops
It was reported that, between 2008 and 2013, 99,980 stops occurred in Miami Gardens, involving 56,922 people, over half of the city's population   In the City of Miami, 3,753 stops occurred during the same period, with four times the population   Some stops involved children aged 5 to 7, totaling more than 1,000 children   These numbers were compiled after news regarding Earl Sampson 

Resignation and lawsuits
Following these reports, the police chief resigned  
Civil rights lawsuits have been filed against the Miami Gardens Police Department by the store owner and others who were illegally detained and/or arrested 
A police officer filed a lawsuit claiming that he had been fired for reporting abuses 

Education
Public schools
Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates area public schools 

Norland Middle School, in the Miami Gardens area, has a magnet program in dance, music, theatre and art, which began in 1985  The young actors Alex R  Hibbert and Jaden Piner, who starred in the Oscar-winning film Moonlight, were trained at this school 

Private schools
The Archdiocese of Miami operates area Catholic schools  Monsignor Edward Pace High School is in the Miami Gardens city limits  The archdiocese formerly operated Saint Monica School in Miami Gardens 

Colleges and universities
St  Thomas University
Florida Memorial University
Sullivan and Cogliano Training Centers

Public libraries
Miami-Dade Public Library System operates the North Dade Regional Library, which opened in September 1979 

Notable people
Denzel Curry, rapper and songwriter
Diamante, professional wrestler known also known as "Angel Rose"
Andre Johnson, retired professional NFL football player for Houston Texans
Trayvon Martin, shooting victim of George Zimmerman
Peter O’Brien, professional baseball player
Jo Marie Payton, actress and singer
Omar Jeffery Pineiro, rapper, songwriter and producer known by his stage name "Smokepurpp"
Lil Pump, rapper and songwriter
Flo Rida, rapper and songwriter
Rick Ross, rapper and songwriter
Earl Sampson, convenience store worker notable for being arrested 288 times in five years

Surrounding areas
Broward County (Miramar)
 Broward County (Miramar)    Broward County (West Park)
Country Club, Miami Lakes    Ives Estates, Ojus, North Miami Beach, Unincorporated Miami-Dade County
  Miami Lakes    Unincorporated Miami-Dade County
  Unincorporated Miami-Dade County, North Miami Beach
Passage 2:
Sport in Miami
The Greater Miami area is home to five major league sports teams — the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League, the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association, the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball, the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League and Inter Miami CF of Major League Soccer 
Miami is also home to the Miami Open for professional tennis, numerous greyhound racing tracks, marinas, jai alai venues, and golf courses  The city streets has hosted professional auto races, the Miami Indy Challenge and later the Grand Prix Americas, whereas the Homestead-Miami Speedway oval located 35 miles (56 km) southwest currently hosts NASCAR national races, and the Miami International Autodrome has hosted the Miami Grand Prix in Formula One since 2022  Miami is also home to Paso Fino horses, where competitions are held at Tropical Park Equestrian Center 

Major league teams
The Miami area is home to five major league sports franchises  Currently, the Miami Heat and the Miami Marlins play their games within Miami's city limits  The Heat play their home games at the FTX Arena in Downtown Miami  The Miami Marlins home ballpark is LoanDepot Park, located in the Little Havana section of the city on the site of the old Orange Bowl stadium 
The city's first entry into the American Football League was the Miami Dolphins, which competed in the fourth AFL league from 1966 to 1969  In 1970 the Dolphins joined the NFL when the AFL–NFL merger occurred  The team made its first Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl VI, but lost to the Dallas Cowboys  The following year, the Dolphins completed the NFL's only perfect season culminating in a Super Bowl win   The 1972 Dolphins were the third NFL team to accomplish a perfect regular season, and they went on to win that year's Super Bowl VII, as well as the next year's Super Bowl VIII  Miami also appeared in Super Bowl XVII and Super Bowl XIX, losing both games  The Miami Dolphins play their games at Hard Rock Stadium in suburban Miami Gardens 
The Orange Bowl, a member of the College Football Playoff, hosts their college football bowl game annually at Hard Rock Stadium  The stadium has also hosted the Super Bowl; the Miami metro area has hosted the game a total of eleven times (six Super Bowls at the now Hard Rock Stadium, including most recently Super Bowl LIV and five at the Miami Orange Bowl), more than any other metro area 
The Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association were formed in 1988 as an expansion team  They have won three league championships (in 2006, 2012 and 2013), and seven conference titles 
The Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball began play in the 1993 season  They won the World Series in 1997 and 2003 
The Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League were founded in 1993 as an expansion team  They have made two appearances in the Stanley Cup Finals, in 1996 and 2023  They play in nearby Sunrise at the FLA Live Arena 
Inter Miami CF of Major League Soccer was founded in 2018 as an expansion team  Inter Miami CF will play their first two seasons at the new Inter Miami modular stadium, which was built on the site of the old Lockhart Stadium in Fort Lauderdale  After its first two seasons should construction of the Miami Freedom Park be approved and completed in time the site will move to Miami  Inter Miami has demolished the old Lockhart stadium and has built a new modular stadium and 50,000 square-foot training facility  The site will remain the permanent training complex for the Clubs’ teams, including its youth Academy and Inter Fort Lauderdale CF  The agreement between them and the City of Fort Lauderdale required that their USL affiliate will use the site and not abbreviate the word "Fort "

Other professional teams
College sports
Greater Miami is home to many college sports teams with football and basketball having preeminent status  The most prominent are the University of Miami Hurricanes whose football team plays at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens and whose men's and women's basketball teams play at Watsco Center on the University of Miami's campus in Coral Gables  The Florida Atlantic University Owls football team plays at FAU Stadium, and its men's basketball team plays at FAU Arena in Boca Raton  The Florida International University Panthers football team plays at FIU Stadium, and its basketball team plays at Ocean Bank Convocation Center in University Park 

Defunct and relocated teams
A number of defunct teams were located in Miami, including:

Basketball: Miami Floridians (ABA), Miami Sol (WNBA), Miami Tropics (ABA) 
Ice hockey: Miami Matadors (ECHL), Miami Screaming Eagles (WHA), Miami Manatees (WHA2), Tropical Hockey League 
Soccer: Miami Toros / Ft  Lauderdale Strikers (NASL), Miami Fusion (NPSL)
American football: Miami Seahawks (AAFC), Miami Tropics (SFL), Miami Hooters (Arena Football League) The Miami Fusion, a defunct Major League Soccer team, played at Lockhart Stadium in nearby Broward County  The Miami Kickers, a Women's Premier Soccer League, played at American Heritage School in Plantation, Broward County 
In 1946, the Miami Seahawks played in the All-America Football Conference for one season, 1946, and then folded 
In 1996, Miami acquired the AFL team the Sacramento Attack, which was renamed as the Miami Hooters (due to its association with the Florida-based Hooters restaurant chain), and it played from 1993 to 1995  In 1996, the association with the chain was completed, and the team moved to West Palm Beach and renamed as the Florida Bobcats 

2026 FIFA World Cup
Miami will be one of eleven US host cities for the 2026 FIFA World Cup with matches set to be played at Hard Rock Stadium 

Notes
See also
Miami Women's Rugby Club
Sports in Florida
U S  cities with teams from four major sports
[[Miami Sports Teams Signed Miami Marlins Miami Dolphins Miami Heat Shirt]]
Passage 3:
Primetime Race Group
The Primetime Race Group is a privateer motorsport team from Hollywood, Florida which currently competes in the American Le Mans Series (ALMS) and the International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) Lites Series, a support series of the ALMS 
The team was founded in 2007 by owner and driver Joel Feinberg  In addition to Feinberg, the team consists of driver Chris Hall and team manager and crew chief Brent O’Neill 
In 2009, the team runs a Dodge Viper Competition Coupe in  the GT2 class of the ALMS series, the only team to feature this vehicle  The team also runs an Élan Motorsport Technologies DP02 in the IMSA Prototype Lites series 

2007 season
The team's debut in the ALMS series was at the 2007 Detroit Sports Car Challenge   Drivers Joel Feinberg and Chapman Ducote also competed at the Petit Le Mans and the Monterey Sports Car Championships for a total of 3 races during the season   The Primetime team also competed in the SPEED World Challenge and the IMSA Lites series   They finished third in the L1 class in 2007 

2008 season
2008 was the team's first full season of racing   During the 2008 American Le Mans Series season, the team raced with Hankook Tires   The best result was a 5th-place finish in the GT2 class at the season opening race of 12 Hours of Sebring   The team finished tied for 10th place in the GT2 standings 

2009 season
For the 2009 season, the team expanded into open wheel racing, entering into the Atlantic Championship series with the acquisition of 2008 championship-winning No  8 car and the No  88 car from Brooks Associates Racing 
The team still competes with the Viper in the American Le Mans Series, now using Dunlop Tires, and also in IMSA Lites where Joel won the 2009 L1 drivers championship 
Passage 4:
Hollywood, Florida
Hollywood is a city in southern Broward County, Florida  It is a key suburb of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to 6 14 million people in 2020  As of the 2020 census, the population was 153,067, making it the third-largest city in Broward County, the fifth-largest city in the Miami metro area, and the 12th-largest city in Florida  The average temperature is between 69 and 83 °F (21 and 28 °C) 

History
In 1920, Joseph Young arrived in South Florida to create his own "Dream City in Florida"  His vision included the beaches of the Atlantic Ocean stretching westward with man-made lakes, infrastructure, roads, and the Intracoastal Waterway  He wanted to include large parks, schools, churches, and golf courses; these were all industries and activities that were very important to Young's life  After Young spent millions of dollars on the construction of the city, he was elected as the first mayor in 1925  This new town quickly became home to northerners known as "snowbirds", who fled the north during the winter and then escaped the south during the summer to avoid the harsh weather   By 1960, Hollywood had more than 2,400 hotel units and  12,170 single-family homes  Young bought up thousands of acres of land around 1920, and named his new town "Hollywood by the Sea" to distinguish it from his other real-estate venture, "Hollywood in the Hills", in New York 

The Florida guide, published by the Federal Writers' Project, describes the early development of Hollywood, an early example of a planned community that proliferated in Florida during the real-estate boom of the 1920s:

During the early days of development here, 1,500 trucks and tractors were engaged in clearing land and grading streets; two yacht basins, designed by General George Washington Goethals, chief engineer in the construction of the Panama Canal, were dredged and connected with the Intracostal Waterway  A large power plant was installed, and when the city lights went on for the first time, ships at sea reported that Miami was on fire, and their radio alarms and the red glow in the sky brought people to the rescue from miles around 

Prospective purchasers of land were enticed by free hotel accommodation and entertainment, and "were driven about the city-to-be on trails blazed through palmetto thickets; so desolate and forlorn were some stretches that many women became hysterical, it is said, and a few fainted  Young had a vision of having lakes, golf courses, a luxury beach hotel (Hollywood Beach Hotel, now Hollywood Beach Resort), country clubs, and a main street, Hollywood Boulevard  After the 1926 Miami hurricane, Hollywood was severely damaged; local newspapers reported that Hollywood was second only to Miami in losses from the storm  Following Young's death in 1934, the city encountered other destructive hurricanes, and the stock market crashed with personal financial misfortunes Hurricane Irma hit Florida in 2017, wreaking widespread damage  Due to the spontaneity of the hurricane, nearly 700 elderly nursing-home residents died  In an investigation following the hurricane, some of the deaths were found to be not actually a result of the hurricane, but the poor conditions to which they were exposed in the aftermath  Four nursing-home staff charged with negligence and counts of manslaughter  Following the damage inflicted by Hurricane Irma in 2017, an initiative called Rebuild Florida was created by the Florida Department of Economic Opportunity to provide aid to citizens affected by the natural disaster  The initial focus of Rebuild Florida was its Housing Repair Program, which offered assistance in rebuilding families' homes that were impacted by Hurricane Irma  The program gave priority to low-income vulnerable residents, such as the disabled, the elderly, and those families with children under five  The success of this program has various results across the city, with hundreds of citizens claiming they were left without help 

Timeline
1921 – Hollywood by the Sea platted on land of Joseph Wesley Young
1923
Hollywood Hotel opens  Later renamed the Park View Hotel when the Hollywood Beach Hotel opens 
1925
Hollywood incorporated
Hollywood Police Department established
Hollywood Boulevard Bridge built (approximate date)
Joseph Wesley Young becomes mayor; C H  Windham becomes city manager
Joseph Wesley Young House built
1926
Hollywood Beach Hotel in business
September 18: 1926 Miami hurricane demolished city
1928 – Port Everglades opened near Hollywood
1930
Hollywood Hills Inn built
Population: 2,689 
1932 – Riverside Military Academy Hollywood campus established
1935 – Fiesta Tropicale began
1937 – Florida Theatre built
1947 – Hurricanes occur
1948 – Broward County International Airport opened
1950 – Population: 14,351
1952 – Joseph Watson became city manager (until c  1970)
1953 – Hollywood Memorial Hospital opened
1957
Seminole Tribe of Florida gained official recognition by the federal government, with tribal headquarters located in Hollywood 
McArthur High School opened
1958 – Diplomat Hotel in business
1959 – Seminole Tribe's Okalee Indian Village in business 
1960 – Population: 35,237
1962 – Arrow Drive-In cinema in business
1964 – Home Federal Tower hi-rise built 
1967 – Hollywood West Elks Lodge founded
1970 – Population: 106,873
1971
Pageant of the Unconquered Seminoles held in Hollywood
Topeekeegee Yugnee Park opened
1972 – Broward County Historical Commission established 
1974 – Broward County Library System established 
1975 – Art and Culture Center of Hollywood opened
1981
July 27: Murder of Adam Walsh
"U S  Supreme Court affirms Tribe's right to high-stakes bingo at Hollywood in Seminole Tribe of Florida vs  Butterworth"
1982 – West Lake Park opened
1983 – Seminole Tribune newspaper begins publication 
1996
Kolb Nature Center opened in West Lake Park
City website online (approximate date)
1997 – New Times Broward-Palm Beach newspaper began publication
2004 – Seminole Tribe of Florida's Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood in business
2010 – Population: 140,768
2013 – Frederica Wilson became U S  representative for Florida's 24th congressional district
2016 – Josh Levy became mayor
2018 - The first hotel in almost 50 years, Circ By Sonder, opens in Downtown Hollywood 
2019 – Hard Rock Live guitar shaped hotel opened, with pool and manmade lake

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 30 8 square miles (80 km2), of which 3 46 square miles (9 km2) are covered by water (11 23%) Hollywood is in southeastern Broward County, and includes about 5 to 6 miles (8 0 to 9 7 km) of Atlantic Ocean beach, interrupted briefly by a portion deeded to Dania Beach  It is bounded by these municipalities:

Neighborhoods
These neighborhoods and communities are officially recognized by the City of Hollywood:

Climate
Hollywood has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af), with long, hot, humid, and rainy summers and short, warm, and dry winters 

Demographics
As of 2000, Hollywood had the 75th-highest percentage of Cuban residents in the U S , at 4 23% of the city's population, and the 65th-highest percentage of Colombian residents in the US, at 2 26% of the city's population (tied with both the town and village of Mount Kisco, New York ) It also had the fifty-seventh highest percentage of Peruvian residents in the US, at 1 05% of the city's population (tied with Locust Valley, New York), and the 20th-highest percentage of Romanian residents in the US, at 1 1% of its population (tied with several other areas in the US) 

Economy
Prior to their dissolutions, Commodore Cruise Line and its subsidiary Crown Cruise Line had their headquarters in Hollywood Aerospace and electronics parts manufacturer HEICO has its headquarters in Hollywood Since 1991, the Invicta Watch Group, a manufacturer and marketer of timepieces and writing instruments, has had its headquarters in Hollywood, where it also operates its customer-service call center 

Top employers
According to the city's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Tourism
Guided tours along the Intercostal Waterway are common in Hollywood  The waterway, parallel to the Atlantic Ocean, provides both tourists and locals with the exploration of nature and observation of surroundings 
Young Circle is another area surrounded by shops, restaurants, and bars  A Food-Truck Takeover occurs every Monday, during which dozens of local food trucks park and offer a variety of cuisines, including Cuban, Venezuelan, Mediterranean, Mexican, Jamaican, and Peruvian foods, in addition to barbecue, burgers, gourmet grilled cheese, and desserts 

Parks and recreation
Hollywood has about 60 parks, seven golf courses, and sandy beaches 
Hollywood Beach has a broadwalk that extends about 2 5 miles along the Atlantic Ocean  Parking is available on side streets or in parking garages for a fee, and public trolleys run through the day  Restaurants and hotels line the broadwalk, along with a theatre, children's playground, and other attractions, including bicycle-rental shops, ice-cream parlors, souvenir shops, and a farmer's market  The broadwalk is used for walking and jogging, and has a bike lane for bicyclists and rollerbladers 

Government
Mayor
Joseph Wesley Young, circa 1925
Arthur W  Kellner, circa 1935
Lester Boggs, 1943–1947, 1949–1953
Alfred G  Ryll, 1954–1955
William G  Zinkil Sr , 1955–1957, 1959–1967
E  L  McMorrough, c  1959
David Keating
Mara Giulianti, circa 2002
Peter Bober, circa 2016
Josh Levy, 2016–present

Education
Hollywood has a diverse and broad number of educational institutions throughout the city, including 32 public (and charter) schools with 24 private schools  The public schools are operated by the Broward County Public Schools 

Public schools
Broward County operates 24 public schools, consisting of four high schools, six middle schools, and 14 elementary schools 
The public high schools situated in Hollywood are: Hollywood Hills High School, McArthur High School, South Broward High School, and Sheridan Technical College and High School 
The public middle schools include: Apollo Middle School, Attucks Middle School, Driftwood Middle School, McNicol Middle School, Olsen Middle School and Beachside Montessori Village The 14 elementary schools comprise:

Public (charter) schools
In addition to these public schools, eight public 'charter' schools operate independently from Broward County  They are: Hollywood Academy of Arts and Science (K–8), New Life Charter Academy, Championship Academy of Distinction at Hollywood K–5, Championship Academy of Distinction, Avant Garde Academy of Broward (K–12), BridgePrep Academy at Hollywood Hills, Ben Gamla Preparatory Academy and Bridge Prep Academy 

Private schools
Hollywood, Florida has an abundance of private schools scattered across the city  These are:

Infrastructure
Transportation
Hollywood is served by Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport, the 22nd busiest airport in the United States  Broward County Transit operates several bus routes that pass through the city of Hollywood, such as the 1 on US 1 (federal highway)  It is also served by Tri-Rail stations at Sheridan Street and Hollywood 

Police department
The Hollywood Police Department is an entity within the city government tasked with law enforcement 

Notable people
Davey Allison, former NASCAR driver
Jayne Atkinson, actress, House of Cards
Herbert L  Becker, former magician known as Kardeen, author, businessman
Steve Blake, retired NBA player
Lauren Book, politician
Ethan Bortnick, piano child prodigy
Chris Britton, baseball pitcher, San Diego Padres
Marquise Brown, NFL player
Janice Dickinson, model, author
Joe DiMaggio, iconic professional baseball player, lived and died in Hollywood
Mike Donald, professional golfer
Scotty Emerick, singer-songwriter
Seth Gabel, actor
Josh Gad, actor
Adam Gaynor, former member of Matchbox Twenty
Alan Gelfand, developer of Ollie (skateboarding trick)
Michael Heverly, model
Rosemary Homeister, Jr , jockey
Erasmus James, defensive end in the NFL
Evan Jenne, politician
Victoria Justice, actress, model, singer
Joe Klink, retired MLB pitcher
Veronica Lake, actress, World War II pin-up girl
Bethany Joy Lenz, actress, One Tree Hill
Jeff Marx, composer and lyricist of Broadway musical Avenue Q
Oddibe McDowell, MLB center fielder
Bryant McFadden, cornerback for NFL's Pittsburgh Steelers
Danny McManus, former CFL quarterback; broadcaster for TSN's CFL games
Fred Melamed, actor
Tracy Melchior, actress
Billy Mitchell, videogame player
Michael Mizrachi, professional poker player
Mike Napoli, MLB catcher and first baseman, member of 2013 World Series champion Boston Red Sox
Norman Reedus, actor
Moshe Reuven, music artist
Ian Richards, County Court Judge of Florida's 17th Judicial Circuit
Patti Rizzo, golfer, 1982 LPGA Tour Rookie of the Year
Jon Pernell Roberts, drug trafficker
Latrice Royale, drag entertainer
Jabaal Sheard, defensive end for Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots
Megan Timpf, Canadian softball player, competitor at 2008 Summer Olympics
Joe Trohman, Fall Out Boy lead guitarist
John Walsh, host of America's Most Wanted
Scott Weinger, actor, writer, producer
Robert Wexler, former member of the U S  House of Representatives
Lorenzo White, former Houston Oilers running back

Crime and terrorism
In popular culture
The television game show Hollywood Squares taped a week of shows at the historic Diplomat Hotel in 1987 and featured aerial footage shot over Hollywood, Florida Episode 15 of season six of the HBO crime drama The Sopranos featured scenes shot in the vicinity of the Hollywood Beach Marriott along Carolina Street The Art and Culture Center of Hollywood is the exterior of the police substation in the now-cancelled TV show The Glades 
The comedy series Big Time in Hollywood, FL is set in Hollywood, Florida 

Sister cities
Hollywood's sister cities are:

See also
Big Time in Hollywood, FL

Notes
Passage 5:
Miami metropolitan area
The Miami metropolitan area (also known as South Florida, SoFlo, the Gold Coast, the Tri-County Area, or the Greater Miami), officially known as the Miami–Fort Lauderdale–Pompano Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area,  is a coastal metropolitan area in the southeastern part of the state of Florida  It is the ninth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States, the fifth-largest in the Southern United States, and the largest in the state of Florida  With a population of 6 14 million, it has more people than 31 of the nation's 50 states as of 2022  It comprises the three most populated counties in the state: Miami-Dade County, Broward County, and Palm Beach County 
With 1,279 2 sq mi (3,313 km2) of urban landmass, the Miami metropolitan area also is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world  The City of Miami is the financial and cultural core of the metropolis  The metropolitan area includes Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach Counties, which rank as the first-, second-, and third-most populous counties in Florida  Miami-Dade, with 2,716,940 people in 2019, is the seventh-most populous county in the United States  The metropolitan area's principal cities include Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Pompano Beach, West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, Sunrise, Miami Beach, Deerfield Beach, Pembroke Pines, Kendall, Boynton Beach, Delray Beach, Jupiter, Doral, Palm Beach Gardens, and Coral Gables  The Miami metropolitan area sits within the South Florida region, which includes the Everglades and the Florida Keys 
Because the population of South Florida is largely confined to a strip of land between the Atlantic Ocean and the Everglades, the Miami urbanized area (that is, the area of contiguous urban development) is about 100 miles (160 km) long (north to south), but never more than 20 miles (32 km) wide, and in some areas only 5 miles (8 km) wide (east to west)  The Miami metropolitan statistical area is longer than any other urbanized area in the United States except for the New York metropolitan area  It was the eighth most densely populated urbanized area in the United States in the 2000 census As of the 2000 census, the urbanized area had a land area of 1,116 square miles (2,890 km2), with a population of 4,919,036, for a population density of 4,407 4 per square mile (1,701 7 per km2)  Miami and Hialeah, the second-largest city in the metropolitan area, had population densities of more than 10,000/sq mi (more than 3,800/km2)   The Miami Urbanized Area was the fourth-largest urbanized area in the United States in the 2010 census 
The Miami metropolitan area also includes several urban clusters (UCs) as of the 2000 Census, which are not part of the Miami urbanized area  These are the Belle Glade UC, population 24,218, area 20 717 km2 and population density of 3027 6/sq mi; Key Biscayne UC, population 10,513, area 4 924 km2 and population density of 5529 5/sq mi; Redland UC, population 3,936, area 10 586 km2 and population density of 963 0/sq mi; and West Jupiter UC, population 8,998, area 24 737 km2 and population density of 942 1/sq mi The most notable colleges and universities in the Miami metropolitan area include Florida Atlantic University, Florida International University, Nova Southeastern University, and the University of Miami, as well as community colleges such as Broward College, Miami Dade College, and Palm Beach State College  Some of these institutions, such as Florida International University and Miami Dade College, make up some of the largest institutions of higher learning in the United States 

Definitions
Miami metropolitan area
As of 2023, the Miami metropolitan area is defined by the U S  Office of Management and Budget as the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), with a 2020 population of 6,138,333  The MSA is made up of three "metropolitan divisions" :

Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall Metropolitan Division, coterminous with Miami Dade County (2020 population 2,701,767) 
Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach-Sunrise Metropolitan Division, coterminous with Broward County (2020 population 1,944,375) 
West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach Metropolitan Division, coterminous with Palm Beach County (2020 population 1,492,191) The MSA is the most populous metropolitan area in the Southeastern United States and has an area of 6,137 sq  mi (15,890 km2) 
The original MSA for Miami, as defined by the OMB, included only Dade County (now Miami-Dade County)  By 1995, the Miami-Hialeah and Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood-Pompano Beach MSAs had been merged into the Miami-Fort Lauderdale Consolidated MSA, consisting of the Miami Primary MSA (Dade County) and the Fort Lauderdale Primary MSA (Broward County)  In 2003, the West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach MSA was merged with the consolidated MSA to form the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area, consisting of: the Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach-Deefield Beach Metropolitan Division (Broward County), the Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall Metropolitan Division (Miami-Dade County), and the West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach Metropolitan Division (Palm Beach County) 

Miami-Port Saint Lucie-Fort Lauderdale Combined Statistical Area
The Census Bureau also defines a wider commercial region based on commuting patterns, the Miami-Port Saint Lucie-Fort Lauderdale Combined Statistical Area (CSA), with a population of 6,887,655 in 2020 
As of 2023, the CSA consists of three component metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and one Micropolitan statistical area (μSA):

The Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach MSA (2020 pop  6,138,333)
The Port Saint Lucie MSA (2020 pop  486,660), consisting of:
Martin County (2020 pop  158,431)p  28
Saint Lucie County (2020 pop  329,226)p  28
The Sebastian-Vero Beach MSA, coterminous with Indian River County (2020 pop  159,788)
The Key West μSA, coterminous with Monroe County (2020 pop  82,874) When the CSA was defined in 2013, it included the Okeechobee μSA, coterminous with Okeechobee County, but not the Key West μSA  In 2018 the Okeechobee μSA was removed from the CSA and the Key West μSA was added 

Gold Coast
The Miami metropolitan area is frequently named the "Gold Coast" in convention with Florida's other coast regions, including the Space Coast, Treasure Coast, Sun Coast, Nature Coast, Forgotten Coast, Fun Coast, and First Coast  Like several of the others, it seems to have originated at the time the area first saw major growth  One of the best known of Florida's vernacular regions, the name is a reference to the wealth and ritzy tropical lifestyle that characterizes the area 

Climate and geography
Climate
South Florida/Miami metropolitan area has a tropical climate, similar to the climate found in much of the Caribbean  It is the only metropolitan area in the 48 contiguous states that falls under that category  More specifically, it generally has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification, Am)  The South Florida  metropolis sees most of its rain in the summer (wet season) and is quite dry in the winter (dry season)  The wet season, which is hot and humid, lasts from May to October, when daily thunderstorms and passing weak tropical lows bring downpours during the late afternoon  The dry season often starts in late October and runs through late April  During the height of the dry season from February through April, South Florida is often very dry, and often brush fires and water restrictions are an issue  At times cold fronts can make it all the way down to South Florida and provide some modest rainfall in the dry season  The hurricane season largely coincides with the wet season In addition to its sea-level elevation, coastal location and position near the Tropic of Cancer and the Caribbean, the area owes its warm, humid climate to the Gulf Stream, which moderates climate year-round  A typical summer day does not see temperatures below 75 °F (24 °C)  Temperatures in the high 80s to low 90s (30–35 °C) accompanied by high humidity are often relieved by afternoon thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the Atlantic Ocean, which then allow lower temperatures, although conditions still remain very muggy 
During winter, dry air often dominates as dew points are often very low  Average daily high temperatures across South Florida during the winter are around 74–77 °F (23–25 °C)  Although daily highs can sometimes reach 82–85 °F (28–29 °C) even in January and February  Daily low temperatures during the winter are generally around 55–63 °F (13–17 °C)  Each winter, cold fronts occasionally make their way down to the northern Bahamas and South Florida  As a result, daytime high temperatures in South Florida may only reach around 65 °F (18 °C) or cooler  When this occurs low temperatures can dip into the 40s during the early morning hours before quickly warming-up toward late morning/early afternoon  It is rare for temperatures to drop below 40 °F (4 °C), however, low temperatures at or around 35 °F (2 °C) have occurred some years  South Florida only experiences these cold spells about twice each winter and they typically only last a day or two before temperatures return to the mid 70s  On average South Florida is frost-free, although there can be a light frost in the inland communities about once every decade 
Hurricane season officially runs from June 1 through November 30, although hurricanes can develop outside that period  The most likely time for South Florida to be hit is during the peak of the Cape Verde season, mid-August through the end of September  Due to its location between two major bodies of water known for tropical activity, South Florida is also statistically the most likely major area to be struck by a hurricane in the world, trailed closely by Nassau, Bahamas, and Havana, Cuba  Many hurricanes have affected the metropolis, including Betsy in 1965, Andrew in 1992, Irene in 1999, Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma in 2005, and Irma in 2017  In addition, a tropical depression in October 2000 passed over the city, causing record rainfall and flooding  Locally, the storm is credited as the No Name Storm of 2000, though the depression went on to become Tropical Storm Leslie upon entering the Atlantic Ocean 

Component counties, subregions, and cities
Largest cities
The following is a list of the twenty largest cities in the Miami metropolitan area as ranked by population 

Areas with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants
Areas with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants
Demographics
There is a strong divide between the northern and southern parts of the region in terms of dominant language  In 2010, English was the household language of 73 1% of Palm Beach County residents and 63 4% of Broward County residents but only 28 1% of Miami-Dade County residents  In contrast, 63 8% of Miami-Dade County residents spoke Spanish at home 

Religion
According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity is the most prevalent religion in the Miami metropolitan area (68%), with 39% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant and 27% professing Roman Catholic beliefs  Judaism is second (9%), followed by Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism and a variety of other religions have smaller followings; 21% of the population did not identify with any religion 
The Miami area has one of the largest Jewish communities in the United States  10 2% of the population identified as Jewish in the 2000 Census  According to a 2011 survey of American Judaism, Palm Beach County had the most Jews of any Florida county both in absolute numbers (205,850) and as a percentage of the overall population (15 8%)  Broward County came in second place with 170,700 Jewish reidents or 9 8% of the population, and Miami-Dade County came in third with 106,300 or 4 3% 

Housing
Changes in house prices for the area are publicly tracked on a regular basis using the Case–Shiller index; the statistic is published by Standard & Poor's and is also a component of S&P's 10-city composite index of the value of the residential real estate market 
As of 2005, the Miami area had a total of 2 3 million housing units, 13% of which were vacant  Of the total housing units, 52% were in single-unit structures, 45% were in multi-unit structures, and 3% were mobile homes  25% of the housing units were built since 1990  As of 2019, over 70% of Miami's residents are renters with median rent of $1,355, $180 over the national average 
Households and families: There were 2,338,450 households, The average household size was 2 6 people  Families made up 65% of the households in the Miami area  This figure includes both married-couple families (45%) and other families (20%)  Nonfamily households made up 35% of all households in Miami  Most of the nonfamily households were people living alone, but some consisted of people living in households in which no one was related to the householder 
Occupied housing unit characteristics: In 2005, the Miami area had 2 0 million occupied housing units – 1 3 million (66%) owner occupied and 688,000 (34%) renter occupied 
As of 2010, housing costs in the Miami area typically represented 40% of household income, compared to 34% nationwide Property tax increase: In March 2009, Miami area lawmakers passed a 5–10% hike in property tax millage rates throughout the metropolitan area to fund the construction of new schools and to fund understaffed schools and educational institutions, resulting in an increase in residents' property tax bills beginning in the 2009 tax year 

Politics
Politically, metropolitan Miami is strongly Democratic, like most large metropolitan regions in the United States  Broward County is the second-most heavily Democratic county in the state, behind only Gadsden County, which is much smaller  This contrasts with most of the rest of Florida, whose heavier Southern influence and high population of elderly voters makes it a swing or Republican-leaning state  Miami-Dade County has a relatively high percentage of Republican voters for an urban county, due partially to its Cuban-American population, which leans Republican as a result of its anti-communist views, but Miami-Dade County still remains very Democratic when compared with most of Florida's other counties  Despite being more suburban and affluent, Palm Beach County is reliably Democratic as well and in the 2020 presidential election voted for Democratic candidate Joe Biden by a higher margin than Miami-Dade County did 
In the 2016 presidential election, 62 3% of voters in the Miami metropolitan area voted Democratic  This was the 6th highest of any metro area in the United States  However, in recent years the area has shifted hard to the Republicans, with former president Donald Trump losing the metro area by 16 points in 2020 compared to losing it by 30 in 2016 (Fueled especially by Miami Dade County shifting 22 points to the right between 2016 and 2020), and Governor Ron DeSantis winning the metro area outright in the 2022 gubernatorial election, winning both Miami Dade and Palm Beach Counties (With the former being won by double digits) while losing Broward only by less than 16 points  This may be attributed in part to a broader rightward shift among Hispanic voters in these years 

Government
The metropolitan area is governed by 3 counties  In total there are 107 municipalities or incorporated places in the metropolis  Each one of the municipalities has its own city, town or village government, although there is no distinction between the 3 names  Much of the land in the metropolis is unincorporated, which means it does not belong to any municipality, and  therefore is governed directly by the county it is located in 

Congressional districts
The Miami metropolitan area contains all or part of nine Congressional districts: the 18th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th districts  As of 2017 (the 113th Congress), the Cook Partisan Voting Index listed four as being Republican-leaning: the 18th, 25th, 26th, and 27th, with the 25th being the most Republican-leaning at R+5, and five as being Democratic-leaning: the 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, and 24th, with the 24th being the most Democratic-leaning at D+34, making it the ninth-most Democratic-leaning district in the nation 

Economy
Among those employed in the Miami metropolitan area, 32% were management, professional, and related occupations, 30% were sales and office occupations, 18% were service occupations, 11% were construction, extraction, maintenance and repair occupations, and 9% were production, transportation, and material moving occupations  81% of the people employed were Private wage and salary workers; 12% were Federal, state, or local government workers; and 7% were self-employed 
The median income of households in the Miami area was $43,091  78% of the households received earnings and 13% received retirement income other than Social Security  30% of the households received Social Security  The average income from Social Security was $13  These income sources are not mutually exclusive; that is, some households received income from more than one source 
In 2005, for the employed population 16 years and older, the leading industries in the Miami area were educational services, health care, and social assistance, which accounted for 18%, and Professional, scientific, and management, and administrative and waste management services, which accounted for 13% of the population  79% of Miami area workers drove to work alone in 2005, 10% carpooled, 4% took public transportation, and 4% used other means  The remaining 3% worked at home  Among those who commuted to work, it took them on average 28 5 minutes to get to work 

Culture
Miami dialect
In  Miami-Dade County a unique dialect, commonly called the Miami dialect, is widely spoken  The dialect developed among second- or third-generation Hispanics, including Cuban-Americans, whose first language was English, though some non-Hispanic white, black, and other races who were born and raised in Miami-Dade tend to adopt it as well  It is based on a fairly standard American accent but with some changes very similar to dialects in the Mid-Atlantic, especially the New York area dialect, Northern New Jersey English, and New York Latino English  Unlike Virginia Piedmont, Coastal Southern American, and Northeast American dialects and Florida Cracker dialect of the Miami accent is rhotic; it also incorporates a rhythm and pronunciation heavily influenced by Spanish in which rhythm is syllable-timed It is possible to differentiate the Miami accent from a variety of interlanguages spoken by second-language speakers  THE Miami accent does not generally display addition of /ɛ/ before initial consonant clusters with /s/, speakers do not confuse of /dʒ/ with /j/, (e g , Yale with jail), and /r/ and /rr/ are pronounced as alveolar approximant [ɹ] instead of alveolar tap [ɾ] or alveolar trill [r] in Spanish The Miami accent is much less common in Broward County and Palm Beach County, where the majority of the population is non-Hispanic 

Area codes
305: Miami-Dade County and the Florida Keys; overlaid by 786
786: Miami-Dade County and the Florida Keys; overlays 305
954: All of Broward County: Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Coral Springs, Pompano Beach, overlaid by 754
754: All of Broward County: Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Coral Springs, Pompano Beach, overlays with 954
561: All of Palm Beach County: West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, Boynton Beach, Delray Beach, will be overlaid by 728
728: All of Palm Beach County: West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, Boynton Beach, Delray Beach, will overlay with 561

Media
Greater Miami is served by several English-language and two major Spanish-language daily newspapers  The Miami Herald, headquartered in Doral, is Miami's primary newspaper with over a million readers  It also has news bureaus in Broward County, Monroe County, and Nassau, Bahamas  The South Florida Sun-Sentinel circulates primarily in Broward and southern Palm Beach counties and also has a news bureau in Havana, Cuba  The Palm Beach Post serves mainly Palm Beach County, especially the central and northern regions, and the Treasure Coast  The Boca Raton News publishes five days a week and circulates in southern Palm Beach County  El Nuevo Herald, a subsidiary of the Miami Herald, and Diario Las Americas, are Spanish-language daily papers that circulate mainly in Miami-Dade County  La Palma and El Sentinel are weekly Spanish newspapers published by the Palm Beach Post and Sun-Sentinel, respectively, and circulate in the same areas as their English-language counterparts 
There are several university student-run newspapers in the area, including The Miami Hurricane at the University of Miami, University Press at Florida Atlantic University, PantherNOW at Florida International University, and The Current at Nova Southeastern University 
Greater Miami is split into two separate television/radio markets: The Miami-Fort Lauderdale market serves Miami-Dade, Broward and the Florida Keys  The West Palm Beach market serves Palm Beach County and the Treasure Coast region 
Miami-Fort Lauderdale is the 12th largest radio market and the 16th-largest television market in the U S  television stations serving the Miami-Fort Lauderdale area include WAMI-TV (UniMas), WBFS-TV (MyNetworkTV), WSFL-TV (The CW), WFOR-TV (CBS), WHFT-TV (TBN), WLTV (Univision), WPLG (ABC), WPXM (ION), WSCV (Telemundo), WSVN (FOX), WTVJ (NBC), WLRN-TV (PBS), and WPBT (also PBS), the latter television station being the only channel to serve the entire metropolitan area 
In addition to the Miami-Fort Lauderdale market, West Palm Beach has its own  It is the 49th largest radio market and the 38th-largest television market in the U S   Television stations serving the West Palm Beach area include WPTV (NBC), WPEC (CBS), WPBF (ABC),  WFLX (FOX), WTVX (The CW), WXEL (PBS), WTCN (MyNetworkTV), and  WPXP (ION)   The West Palm Beach market shares use of WSCV and WLTV for Telemundo and Univision respectively    Also, both markets cross over and tend to be available interchangeably between both areas   In 2015, WPBT and WXEL merged their operations, to form South Florida PBS, although both stations have maintained separate programming schedules and social media platforms, but share the same subchannel lineup 

Education
In Florida, each county is also a school district  Each district is headed by an elected school board  A professional superintendent manages the day-to-day operations of each district, who is appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the school board 
The Miami-Dade County Public School District is currently the 4th-largest public school district in the nation  The School District of Palm Beach County is the 4th-largest in Florida and the 11th-largest in the United States  Broward County Public School District is the 6th-largest in the United States 
The University of Miami is the one of the top-ranked research institutions in the United States, and is the most selective major university in Florida 
As of 2023, Florida International University is ranked the 8th largest public university by enrollment in the United States 
Some colleges and universities in Greater Miami include:

Barry University (private/Catholic)
Broward College (public)
Carlos Albizu University (private)
Chamberlain University (private)
Florida Atlantic University (public)
Florida International University (public)
Florida Memorial University (private/Baptist)
Florida National University (private)
Jersey College (private)
Keiser University (private)
Lynn University (private)
Miami Dade College (public)
Northwood University (private)
Nova Southeastern University (private)
Palm Beach Atlantic University (private/Christian)
Palm Beach State College (public)
St  Thomas University (private/Catholic)
University of Miami (private)In 2005, 82% of people 25 years and over had at least graduated from high school and 28% had a bachelor's degree or higher  Among people 16 to 19 years old, 7% were dropouts; they were not enrolled in school and had not graduated from high school  The total school enrollment in the Miami metro area was 1 4 million in 2005  Nursery school and kindergarten enrollment was 170,000 and elementary or high school enrollment was 879,000  College or graduate school enrollment was 354,000 

Transportation
Roads
The Miami metropolitan area is served by five interstate highways operated by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) in conjunction with local agencies  Interstate 95 (I-95) runs north to south along the coast, ending just south of Downtown Miami at South Dixie Highway (US 1)  I-75 runs east to west, turning south in western Broward County and connecting suburban north Miami-Dade to Naples on the Southwest Coast via Alligator Alley, which transverses the Florida Everglades before turning north  I-595 connects the Broward coast and Downtown Fort Lauderdale to I-75 and Alligator Alley  In Miami, I-195 and I-395 relay the main I-95 route east to Biscayne Boulevard (US 1) and Miami Beach across Biscayne Bay via the Julia Tuttle and MacArthur causeways 
In greater Miami, the Miami-Dade Expressway Authority and Florida's Turnpike Enterprise (FTE) maintain eight state expressways in conjunction with FDOT  The Airport Expressway (SR 112) and the Dolphin Expressway (SR 836) relay western Miami-Dade suburbs to the eastern urban coast at I-95, and to Miami Beach via  I-195 and I-395 at the Airport and Midtown interchanges  The Gratigny Parkway (SR 924) connects northern Miami suburbs to the southern end of I-75  The Palmetto Expressway (SR 826) is the primary beltway road of urban Miami, relaying I-95 and Florida's Turnpike (SR 91) at the Golden Glades Interchange near northeastern North Miami Beach to the southern inland suburbs of Kendall and Pinecrest  The Don Shula Expressway (SR 874) and the Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike (SR 821) form the southernmost end of the beltway, connecting the Palmetto Expressway to the bedroom communities of Homestead and Florida City  The Snapper Creek Expressway (SR 878) relays the Don Shula Expressway to South Dixie Highway (US 1) 
The urban bypass expressway in greater Fort Lauderdale is the Sawgrass Expressway (SR 869), connecting the northern Broward County coast at I-95 and Deerfield Beach to I-595 and I-75 at Alligator Alley in Sunrise 
Express lanes on I-95 start in Miami-Dade County and continue into Broward County  With an increased presence of traffic in South Florida, it is projected that express lanes will soon be implemented in southern Palm Beach County 

Major freeways and tollways
Interstate 95
 Interstate 75
 Interstate 195 /  State Road 112 (Airport Expressway)
 Interstate 395 /  State Road 836 (Dolphin Expressway)
 Interstate 595 (Port Everglades Expressway)
 Florida's Turnpike, including Homestead Extension
 State Road 924 (Gratigny Parkway)
 State Road 874 (Don Shula Expressway)
 State Road 878 (Snapper Creek Expressway)
 State Road 869 (Sawgrass Expressway)
 State Road 826 (Palmetto Expressway)

Major airports
The metropolitan area is served by three major commercial airports  These airports combine to make the fourth largest domestic origin and destination market in the United States, after New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago 
The following smaller general aviation airports are also in the metro area:

Seaports
The metropolis also has four seaports, the largest and most important being the Port of Miami  Others in the area include Port Everglades, Port of Palm Beach and the Miami River Port   On August 21, 2012, PortMiami and the U S  Army Corps of Engineers signed the Partnership Agreement (PPA) construction agreement that will allow the Deep Dredge project to go out for bid   The Deep Dredge will deepen the Port's existing channels to minus 50/52 feet to prepare for the Panama Canal expansion, now scheduled for completion in early 2015   PortMiami's deeper channel will provide ships with an economically efficient, reliable and safe navigational route into the Port  PortMiami will be the only U S  Port south of Norfolk, Virginia to be at the minus 50 foot depth in sync with the opening of the expanded Canal  Deep Dredge is expected to create more than 30,000 direct, indirect, and induced jobs in Florida and allow the Port to meet its goal to double its cargo traffic over the next decade 

Public transportation
Miami-Dade Transit (MDT) is the largest public transit agency in Florida, operating rapid transit, people movers, and an intercity bus system  Metrorail is Florida's only rapid transit, currently with 23 stations on a 24 4-mile (39 3 km) track  The Downtown Miami people mover, Metromover, operates 20 stations and three lines on a 4 4-mile (7 1 km) track through the Downtown neighborhoods of the Arts & Entertainment District, the Central Business District, and Brickell  Metrobus serves the entirety of Miami-Dade County, also serving Monroe County as far south as Marathon, and Broward County as far north as Downtown Fort Lauderdale  In Broward County, Broward County Transit runs public buses, as does Palm Tran in Palm Beach County  Additionally, the South Florida Regional Transportation Authority operates Tri-Rail, a commuter rail train that connects the three of the primary cities of South Florida (Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach), and most intermediate points  Brightline provides service to Miami, Aventura, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Boca Raton, and Central Florida's Orlando, with talks to expand to Tampa and Jacksonville 

Sports
Professional
The Miami metro area is home to five major league professional sports teams:

The Miami Dolphins of the National Football League play at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens
The Inter Miami CF of Major League Soccer play at Inter Miami CF Stadium in Fort Lauderdale
The Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association play at Miami-Dade Arena in Downtown Miami
The Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball play at Marlins Park in Little Havana
The Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League play at BB&T Center in Sunrise

College sports
The most prominent college sports program in the Miami metropolitan area are the Miami Hurricanes of the University of Miami in Coral Gables, who compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the highest level of collegiate athletics  The University of Miami's football team has won five national championships since 1983 and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982 
Other collegiate sports programs in the metropolitan area include the Florida Atlantic Owls of Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, the FIU Panthers of Florida International University in University Park, the Nova Southeastern Sharks of Nova Southeastern University in Davie, and the Barry Buccaneers of Barry University in Miami Shores 

Minor league and other sports
The Miami area is also host to minor league sports teams, including:

The Miami Marlins and St  Louis Cardinals conduct spring training in Jupiter at Roger Dean Stadium 
The Houston Astros and Washington Nationals conduct spring training in West Palm Beach at The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches 
Inter Miami CF will have a reserve team that will play in USL League One 
The Homestead-Miami Speedway oval has hosted NASCAR Cup Series and IndyCar Series events  Temporary street circuits at Museum Park hosted several CART, IMSA GT, and American Le Mans Series races between from 1986 to 1995, as well as a Formula E race in 2015  The Palm Beach International Raceway is a minor road course 

See also
South Florida
United States metropolitan area
Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas
Largest metropolitan areas in the Americas

Notes
Passage 6:
Miami metropolitan area (disambiguation)
The Miami metropolitan area is the metropolitan area centered on Miami, Florida 
The Miami metropolitan area may also refer to:

The Miami, Oklahoma micropolitan area, United States

See also
Miami (disambiguation)
Passage 7:
Tidal flooding
Tidal flooding, also known as sunny day flooding or nuisance flooding, is the temporary inundation of low-lying areas, especially streets, during exceptionally high tide events, such as at full and new moons  The highest tides of the year may be known as the king tide, with the month varying by location  These kinds of floods tend not to be a high risk to property or human safety, but further stress coastal infrastructure in low lying areas This kind of flooding is becoming more common in cities and other human-occupied coastal areas as sea level rise  associated with climate change and other human-related environmental impacts such as coastal erosion and land subsidence increase the vulnerability of infrastructure  Geographies faced with these issues can utilize coastal management practices to mitigate the effects in some areas, but increasingly these kinds of floods may develop into coastal flooding that requires managed retreat or other more extensive climate change adaptation practices are needed for vulnerable areas 

Effects on infrastructure
Tidal flooding is capable of greatly inhibiting natural gravity-based drainage systems in low-lying areas when it reaches levels that are below visible inundation of the surface, but which are high enough to incapacitate the lower drainage or sewer system  Thus, even normal rainfall or storm surge events can cause greatly amplified flooding effects  One passive solution to intrusion through drainage systems are one way back-flow valves in drainage ways  However, while this may prevent a majority of the tidal intrusion, it also inhibits drainage during exceptionally high tides that shut the valves  In Miami Beach, where resilience work is underway, the pump systems replace insufficient gravity-based systems 

Relation to climate change
Sunny day flooding is often associated with coastal regions, where sea level rise attributed to global warming can send water into the streets on days with elevated high tides  Further, regions with glaciers also experience sunny day flooding as climate change alters the dynamics of glacier meltwater  Abnormally hot temperatures not only swell rivers and creeks directly through accelerated snowmelt, but can burst ice dams and cause water from glacial lakes to swell waterways less predictably A warming climate causes physical changes to the types of ice on a glacier  As glaciers retreat, there is less firn (water-retaining snow) so that more meltwater runs directly into the watershed over deeper, impervious glacial ice 

Affected geographies
United States
Most of the coastal communities in the Eastern Seaboard of the United States are vulnerable to this kind of flooding as sea level rise increases Due to changing geography such as subsidence, and poorly planned development, tidal flooding may exist separate from modern nuisance flooding associated with sea level rise and anthropocentric climate change  The widely publicized Holland Island in Maryland for example has disappeared over the years mainly due to subsidence and coastal erosion  In the New Orleans area on the Gulf Coast of Louisiana, land subsidence results in the Grand Isle tide gauge showing an extreme upward sea level trend 

Florida
In Florida, controversy arose when state-level government mandated that the term "nuisance flooding" and other terms be used in place of terms such as sea level rise, climate change and global warming, prompting allegations of climate change denial, specifically against Governor Rick Scott  This amid Florida, specifically South Florida and the Miami metropolitan area being one of the most at risk areas in the world for the potential effects of sea level rise, and where the frequency and severity of tidal flooding events increased in the 21st century  The issue is more bipartisan in South Florida, particularly in places like Miami Beach, where a several hundred million dollar project is underway to install more than 50 pumps and physically raise roads to combat the flooding, mainly along the west side of South Beach, formerly a mangrove wetland where the average elevation is less than one meter (3 3 feet) 
In the Miami metropolitan area, where the vast majority of the land is below 10 ft (3 0 m), even a one-foot increase over the average high tide can cause widespread flooding  The 2015 and 2016 king tide event levels reached about 4 feet (1 2 m) MLLW, 3 feet (0 9 m) above mean sea level, or about 2 ft (0 61 m) NAVD88, and nearly the same above MHHW  While the tide range is very small in Miami, averaging about 2 ft (0 61 m), with the greatest range being less than 2 m (6 6 ft), the area is very acute to minute differences down to single inches due to the vast area at low elevation  NOAA tide gauge data for most stations shows current water level graphs relative to a fixed vertical datum, as well as mean sea level trends for some stations  During the king tides, the local Miami area tide gauge at Virginia Key shows levels running at times 1 foot (0 30 m) or more over datum 
Fort Lauderdale has installed over one hundred tidal valves since 2013 to combat flooding  Fort Lauderdale is nicknamed the "Venice of America" due to its roughly 165 miles (266 km) of canals A recent University of Florida study correlated the increased tidal flooding in south Florida, at least from 2011–2015 to episodic atmospheric conditions  The rate was about 3/4 of an inch (19 mm) per year, versus the global rate of just over a tenth of an inch (3 mm) per year 

See also
Acqua alta, tidal peaks in the northern Adriatic Sea which cause flooding in the Venetian Lagoon



ground_truth: Hollywood, Florida

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Luther: The Calling is based on the BBC crime drama comprising six episodes that were run in which year?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Kiss of Death (TV drama)
Kiss of Death, previously titled Breathless and Blood Rush, is a British crime investigation television film, written by Barbara Machin, author of the British television crime drama series Waking the Dead, that aired on BBC on 26 May 2008 
The one-off drama, intended as a backdoor pilot for a possible series, was originally written as a two-part series but was re-written several times at the request of BBC executives  The original running time of 120 minutes was also shortened to 90, and the programme was finally broadcast in one instalment in May 2008  The drama was produced by BBC Northern Ireland and shot in Bristol  A DVD was released in Sweden in 2010, but as of 2016, has not been released in the UK  Viewing figures of 3 9 million did not prove strong enough for a full series to be commissioned 

Synopsis
A plot synopsis issued by the BBC in a press release read as follows: "In this drama, a killer has killed once and kidnapped another victim, challenging the investigative and forensic team to work out why  Suddenly everyone's past comes under scrutiny, everyone's version of the truth comes under suspicion  Kay Rousseau (Louise Lombard), who heads up the crime team, is back at work after the death of her child  Suspicion about her involvement in this death remains, not least in her own husband  Only Matt Costello (Danny Dyer), Kay's second-in-command and a dedicated, impassioned copper, is loyal to the core  Dr  George Austen (Lyndsey Marshal), the team's forensic scientist, worked on Kay's case and knows things Kay wished she didn't, and this isn't helped by her own fast increasing addiction to alcohol which puts her evidential work under unwelcome scrutiny 
Dr Clive Morrell (Shaun Parkes) is a profiler whose own mood swings and strange behaviour are causing concern within the team  Jude Whiley (Lenora Crichlow) is a rookie cop, who is young, fresh and has an energy and passion for the job that verges on obsession  Miles Trumeman (Ace Bhatti) plays Kay's husband Miles Trueman, who is a lawyer attached to the case  Brian McCardie plays killer Michael Bovery, a man obsessed with one of the team, and Jeffery Kissoon plays Commissioner Wilson, Rousseau's boss "

Cast
Louise Lombard as Superintendent Kay Rousseau
Danny Dyer as Detective Inspector Matt Costello
Lenora Crichlow as Detective Constable Jude Whiley
Lyndsey Marshal as Dr  George Austen, pathologist
Shaun Parkes as Dr  Clive Morrell, profiler
Ace Bhatti as Miles Trueman, lawyer
Caroline O'Hara as Jane, kidnap and rape victim
Neil McDermott as John, kidnap victim
Perry Benson as The Courier
Brian McCardie as Michael Bovery
Jeffery Kissoon as Commissioner Wilson

Notes
External links
Kiss of Death at BBC Online 
Kiss of Death at IMDb
Passage 2:
Sam &amp; Max Save the World
Sam & Max Save the World is a graphic adventure video game developed by Telltale Games  The game was originally released as Sam & Max: Season One before being renamed in early 2009  Save the World was developed in episodic fashion, comprising six episodes that were released for Microsoft Windows over the course of late 2006 and early 2007  The episodes were initially distributed online by GameTap and Telltale Games themselves, although the later retail releases of the game were published by The Adventure Company and JoWooD Productions in North America and Europe respectively  A Wii port of the game was published in late 2008, and an Xbox Live Arcade version was released in mid-2009  A remaster of the game by Skunkape Games was released in December 2020 for Nintendo Switch and Microsoft Windows, in August 2021 for Xbox One, and in September 2022 for PlayStation 4 Based on Steve Purcell's comic book series Sam & Max, the game follows the title characters Sam and Max—self-styled vigilante private investigators, the former an anthropomorphic dog and the latter a "hyperkinetic rabbity thing"—through several cases involving a hypnotism conspiracy  Each episode features one case with a contained story, with an underlying plot running through the series  The game was announced by Telltale Games in 2005 following the cancellation of Sam & Max: Freelance Police by LucasArts in the preceding year; many of the employees at Telltale Games were members of the Freelance Police development team 
The game received a positive response from critics, with praise bestowed on the game's humor, graphics and gameplay, but concerns were voiced over the low difficulty of the puzzles, repetition in design between episodes and the effectiveness of the story  Opinions dissented across the Atlantic; some British reviewers did not appreciate the writing in the way that American critics did  Nevertheless, the game has won several awards and is often cited by commentators as the first successful application of episodic distribution  The game was accompanied by a number of short machinima videos set between each episode  The game was followed by two episodic sequels: Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space in 2007 and Sam & Max: The Devil's Playhouse in 2010 

Gameplay
Sam & Max Save the World is a 3D graphic adventure game in which the player controls the character of Sam  The player has Sam explore the environments of the game and solve a series of puzzles using a simple point-and-click interface  The game's puzzles have logical solutions, although a number of them have far-fetched solutions due to the game's cartoon setting  Depending on the type of in-game entity a player selects using the cursor, the player can have Sam walk around an area, look at and comment on objects, pick up certain items or otherwise try to use them  Sam may also engage in conversation with non-player characters; when this occurs, the game presents a dialog tree with several subjects to pick from  Topics of conversation may directly involve the story or provide assistance with the game's puzzles, while others may be entirely unconnected  In some cases, the player may be able to choose dialog for Max to speak as well The game implements an inventory system to allow Sam to store any items that the player picks up during the course of the game  The player may select any of the items in the inventory and can then attempt to use them on objects in the game world or give them to other characters simply by clicking on the desired target  Unlike Save the World's predecessor, Sam & Max Hit the Road, inventory items are context specific, and cannot be used together or combined to create new items  Typically, Sam carries a gun that may be used to solve several puzzles The characters can travel between a variety of locations in the game using their black and white 1960 DeSoto Adventurer, which, when selected, will present the player with a list of available destinations  The DeSoto is also used for several driving sequences, usually involving pursuing or fleeing criminals in other vehicles  In these driving sequences, the player can use Sam's gun, the car's horn, or have Max attempt to communicate with other vehicles via a megaphone  In addition, special inventory items may be used to complete specific puzzles within these sequences  Driving sequences are also used for several minigames, such as pulling innocent drivers over for fabricated felonies  In keeping with the developer's heritage from the LucasArts adventure games, Sam & Max Save the World is designed so that the player characters cannot die or reach a complete dead-end 

Synopsis
Characters
Sam & Max Save the World is set in a universe that parodies American popular culture, and it follows the title characters of Sam and Max, the Freelance Police, a pair of vigilantes and private investigators  Sam is a level-headed but enthusiastic anthropomorphic dog who wears a blue suit and fedora  He is inquisitive, knowledgeable in obscure areas and tends to prefer the logical solution to problems, but he is not above using force  Max is described as a "hyperkinetic rabbity thing"; cunning, uninhibited and reveling in violence and mischief  His reactions to situations usually incorporate force but often with a seeming disregard for his own personal safety  Together, the Freelance Police operate out of a dilapidated office block in a dangerous neighborhood in New York City where they receive cases over the telephone from an unseen police commissioner There are several supporting characters that consistently appear throughout the episodes 
Bosco is the proprietor of the nearby convenience store and supplies the Freelance Police with a number of items across the game  Driven paranoid by repeated shoplifting, Bosco is obsessed with conspiracies, believing that nearly every US government agency, as well as many criminal outfits, are after him  As such, his store is overwhelmed with security devices and contraptions created by Bosco himself  He regularly attempts to disguise himself as a variety of foreign nationals, but to little effect Further down the neighborhood is Sybil Pandemik, who owns a small office across from Sam and Max  Sybil is unable to keep a consistent job and regularly changes her career choices  Introduced as a psychotherapist, she is noted to have worked as a tattoo artist, software tester, tabloid journalist and professional witness In a hole in Sam and Max's own office resides Jimmy Two-Teeth, a rat who works as a petty criminal, confidence trickster and fence  He profusely dislikes Sam and Max, who he sees as always interfering with his work Other characters include the Soda Poppers, a group of three former child stars from the 1970s  The three, each with their own trademark catch-phrase, first appear as victims of hypnosis in the first episode, later acting as the judges on a Pop Idol parody in the second episode  By the fourth episode, they are elected the governors of the Dakotas and plunge the region into civil war over ownership of Mount Rushmore  Also making sporadic appearances is Hugh Bliss, an eccentric magician and leader of the Prismatology cult, a parody of Scientology  He is often seen attempting to promote his self-help guides based on Prismatology  Sam finds Bliss irritating, while Max almost idolizes him  Minor characters include Agent Superball, a US Secret Service agent with a penchant for guarding doors; Chuckles, the pit manager in a mafia-run casino; Harry Moleman, a police mole who switches sides; and the Computer Obsolescence Prevention Society (COPS), a group of outdated computers attempting to find purpose in the technologically advanced world 

Plot
The game opens with Sam and Max, the Freelance Police, lounging in their office, awaiting a new case after a long hiatus  Eventually, the commissioner sends them out to investigate a group of former child stars, the Soda Poppers, who have been causing trouble in the neighborhood  The Soda Poppers are attempting to promote a self-help video called Eye-Bo, which (when watched) hypnotizes the viewer  After seeking assistance from Sybil to reverse the hypnotism on the Soda Poppers by knocking them unconscious, the Freelance Police learn that the scheme has been devised by one Brady Culture, another former child star who owes his fall from popularity to the rise of the Soda Poppers  Sam and Max and the Soda Poppers confront Culture, who hypnotizes the Soda Poppers again  However, Sam manages to fool Culture into ordering the Soda Poppers to attack himself, subduing the threat  The next case the Freelance Police get involves liberating a studio audience held hostage by a deranged TV talk show host, Myra Stump  At the TV station, Sam and Max deduce that Myra has been hypnotized and, after using other shows in the studio to become celebrities, they convince her to let them become guests on her show  Once on the show, Sam notes a strange toy bear on the host's desk, the source of the hypnotism  Using the studio sound system, Sam electrocutes both Myra and the bear, allowing the audience to leave 
The commissioner then tasks Sam and Max with infiltrating the Toy Mafia, a criminal organisation operating from a casino  The commissioner's mole in the organisation has gone quiet; he wants the Freelance Police to find out what happened to the mole  Sam and Max quickly discover that the Toy Mafia are responsible for the toy bear that hypnotised Myra  As they gain the Mafia's trust, they ascertain that the mole has switched sides and is now leading the outfit  After discovering that the casino is a front for a factory producing the hypnotizing bears for mass distribution, the Freelance Police sabotage the factory and destroy the operation  Soon after, the US President starts bringing in bizarre policies; Max is particularly concerned about the introduction of gun restrictions, while Sam believes the President has been hypnotized  At the White House, Max beheads the President, revealing him to be a mechanical puppet designed to hypnotize the nation through TV broadcasts  The President's bodyguard, none other than the now-fallen Toy Mafia's pit boss, activates a giant robot disguised as the statue at the Lincoln Memorial to run in an emergency election against Max  Sam discredits Lincoln's campaign, resulting in Max winning the presidential election  Lincoln begins a destructive rampage through Washington D C , but is neutralized when Max fires an intercontinental ballistic missile at him The next case given to Sam and Max involves dealing with a computer crisis that is causing the world economy to collapse  They discover the problem is a virtual reality program called Reality 2 0, powered by the Internet (which has gained sentience), which is hypnotizing people so they never want to leave the program  Sam and Max access the program themselves and introduce a computer virus that crashes Reality 2 0 and deletes the digital embodiment of the Internet  Prior to expiring, the Internet reveals that it was following the plans of one Roy G  Biv  Sam eventually deduces that Roy G  Biv is actually Hugh Bliss, a character seemingly in the background of all their previous cases  The Freelance Police travel to Bliss' Prismatology retreat on the Moon, where Bliss is preparing a device to hypnotize the entire planet  Bliss reveals himself as a colony of sentient bacteria that feeds off of the endorphins produced by human happiness; by hypnotizing the planet, Bliss assures himself of a permanent supply of nourishment  Bliss activates the device, but is killed when Sam tricks him into a tank of water and boils it using the rocket engine of a lunar lander  Returning to Earth, Max takes great pleasure in reversing the hypnotism by personally knocking everyone on the planet unconscious 

Episodes
Machinima
For the release of each episode, Telltale Games released three corresponding machinima shorts  These shorts are set between the episodes; fifteen were released in total  The first short, "Frank Discussion", released on November 30, 2006, has Sam and Max share a discussion regarding frankfurters and their preservative properties in Bosco's store  The short was followed on December 7 by "Trainspotting", in which Sam ponders the meaning of life while Max questions the sensibility of being outside, away from the comforts of their office  On December 12, Telltale released "A Painstaking Search": having misplaced the keys to their office, Sam and Max return to Brady Culture's hideout in an attempt to retrace their steps  The first short of 2007, "Reality Blights", was released on January 4 and sees Max volunteer the duo to appear on a reality television show, Four Freaks in a Terribly Cramped Office  "Egregious Philosophy Platter" was released seven days later on January 11 and features Sam and Max as host the hosts of television show Egregious Philosophy Platter, discussing the philosophers Socrates and Descartes  The final short relating to television shows, "Kitchen Consequential", was released on January 18 and follows Sam and Max hosting Fun in the Kitchen With Sam and Max where they showcase a few recipes of special effects "Interrogation" was released after the game's third episode on February 1, in which Sam and Max demonstrate how to properly interrogate a suspect  This was followed by "Coffee" on February 8; in the short, Sam and Max experiment with telekinesis on coffee cups  On February 15, "The Blank Blank Blank" was released, where Sam and Max discuss with Bosco a government agency so secret, the acronym is classified  Following episodes relate to Max's tenure as US president after "Abe Lincoln Must Die!"; "War Games", released on March 1, has Sam and Max engage in military activities from the White House's war room under the pretense that they are mere simulations  It was followed by "The Teapot Drone Scandal" on March 15, in which Max orders a Secret Service agent to recite "I'm a Little Teapot" over the telephone  "Saving the Economy" was released on March 22, showing a broadcast by Max outlining his plans to make the economy more efficient by irrationally extending daylight saving time  On April 5, "Artichoke" was released, in which Max holds a press conference where he is unwisely questioned about his gun control policies  The penultimate short, "Bosco", was released on April 12, and shows Max starting a negative campaign against Bosco for the presidential election, despite the fact that he is not running  "A Fireside Chat", the final episode, was released on April 19, depicting a broadcast by Max to the state of Idaho in the hopes of getting them to vote for him 

Development
Production
Sam & Max Save the World originates from Sam & Max: Freelance Police, a graphic adventure game that was developed by LucasArts from 2002 to 2004  Freelance Police was a sequel to the 1993 title Sam & Max Hit the Road  However, LucasArts ceased production on Freelance Police in March 2004  In the subsequent weeks, LucasArts underwent major restructuring; many of the developers who worked on past LucasArts adventure games were made redundant  Some of the former Freelance Police development team consequently formed Telltale Games in June 2004 to continue developing the sort of adventure games that LucasArts no longer wished to produce  Sam & Max creator Steve Purcell, who described himself as disappointed and frustrated with LucasArts' decision, took the Sam & Max franchise to Telltale after the LucasArts license expired in mid-2005  Telltale Games announced the new series of Sam & Max games in September 2005  Brendan Q  Ferguson, who worked on Freelance Police as a programmer, designer and writer; Dave Grossman, one of the project leaders on Maniac Mansion: Day of the Tentacle; and Purcell primarily led the development of the project Unlike Freelance Police, Save the World was developed in episodic form, with episodes being released in quick succession, to allow for reduced development time between titles and quicker delivery of content to consumers  Telltale launched a website for Sam & Max in November to accompany their new series  The following month, Purcell began publishing a Sam & Max webcomic entitled "The Big Sleep" on the site; the webcomic ran for twelve issues and concluded in April 2007  Purcell won an Eisner Award in 2007 for the webcomic  In March 2006, Telltale acquired US$825,000 in funding from a group of private investors, to help sustain growth until its next round of equity funding Telltale released the game's trailer for the Electronic Entertainment Expo in May 2006, showing the new voice actors for Sam and Max: David Nowlin and William Kasten respectively  However, Andrew Chaikin voiced Max in the first episode, but was unable to continue in the role due to health reasons  While at the convention, Telltale revealed that the first episode was forecast for release towards the end of 2006, via the distribution service GameTap  Telltale announced a release date of October 17 over GameTap in early September, with the note that each episode would be made available from Telltale themselves within fifteen days of release  Development on the first episode was completed on September 25, and from October 10, GameTap began hosting the Sam & Max animated series as promotional material for release  The first episode, "Culture Shock", was released on-time on October 17  The next five episodes were released over short intervals until the series finale in April 2007  The series debuted on Steam on June 15 the same year  Telltale began shipping a special collectors edition of the game in July, while the retail version of the game was published in August  January 2008 saw a significant update to the game, upgrading the game engine and ensuring compatibility with Windows Vista Three months later, Telltale announced a Wii version of the game  Telltale reported that an email campaign and Internet rumors of a port had stirred up interest within the company for producing a Wii version  They redesigned the game's point-and-click interface to accommodate the Wii Remote, the primary controller for the console  The game was initially forecast for release in North America on October 7, 2008, but was released a week later on October 14  The European version was published later in December In February 2009, Telltale Games renamed the game from its initial release title of Sam & Max: Season One to Sam & Max Save the World  Telltale's public relations spokeswoman, Emily Morganti, explained that while Season One was thought to communicate the game's episodic nature to potential consumers, the company felt that it was nondescript in relation to the game's story  The message accompanied the announcement of an Xbox Live Arcade version of the game, which had been subject to media speculation since February 2007  Both Windows and Wii versions of the game were republished using the new title 

Design
According to Dave Grossman, the objective for Telltale Games with Sam & Max Save the World was to create a game with a "lot of story and character in it"  Grossman explained that the Sam & Max franchise was therefore most ideally suited to the graphic adventure genre; while action was thought to be possible with the source material, it "would be kind of wrong"  Still, designers decided to introduce action moments such as car chase scenes, wanting players to "feel like [they] are these crazy Freelance Police officers" and "just be involved in all this sort of mayhem" presented in the original comic strips   Like in previous Sam & Max games, Sam & Max Save the World used a point-and-click gameplay system, itself a variation of the control scheme used by Telltale in their preceding adventure game series, Bone; the action sequences implemented in the game still maintained the point-and-click interface Very little of the design from Freelance Police was carried over into Save the World; LucasArts still held onto the assets created for use in Freelance Police, and Telltale was wary of using similar design patterns  While Ferguson and Purcell had both been involved with the canceled LucasArts project, Grossman had not  The team decided to just start from fresh, and pursue a different treatment of the game's subject  Purcell himself wanted to ensure that the game conveyed the "gritty" feel of the original comics—something he felt was lacking from the LucasArts renditions of the franchise  Grossman stated that "we wanted to get a little bit more of that dirt on the streets, and the paper cups and people being mean and nasty"  This "gritty" feeling also influenced artistic design  For instance, on Purcell's suggestion, the sky was changed from blue to yellow in the street outside Sam and Max's office, instantly making the environment feel "filthy and disgusting" 

Audio
Bay Area Sound, a company set up by Clint Bajakian, who had worked extensively on composition and sound production on LucasArts games since 1994, produced the soundtrack  The Save the World soundtrack was composed by Jared Emerson-Johnson, Bajakian's former protégé, whose previous work included composition and sound editing for LucasArts  Emerson-Johnson's scores used live performances as opposed to synthesized music often used elsewhere in the video games industry; a small team of five musicians, including Emerson-Johnson and a recording engineer, produced the soundtrack  The score is primarily grounded in film noir jazz, inspired by the work of Henry Mancini and Charles Mingus  However, Emerson-Johnson noted that as the Sam & Max universe is "open-ended", he had the chance to explore into other musical genres in some episodes, such as "a song-and-dance Charleston number, faux Philip Glass, an ode to Nina Rota's music from The Godfather, and even some inspired retro 8-bit game music"  Several songs were incorporated into the soundtrack, performed by Emerson-Johnson or Peter Barto, the voice actor for Agent Superball  Purcell later commented that Emerson-Johnson had seamlessly blended a "huge palette of genres and styles", while Ferguson stated that he believed that it was Emerson-Johnson's scores that created the vital atmosphere in the games, noting that prior to the implementation of the music, playing the games was an "unrelenting horror"  The soundtrack to Sam & Max Save the World was published in July 2007 

Reception
Sam & Max Save the World received positive critical reaction from reviewers  Aggregate review scores on GameRankings and Metacritic rank the fifth episode, "Reality 2 0", as the critical favorite, while the third episode, "The Mole, the Mob, and the Meatball" received the lowest scores  The entire season holds a score of 88 percent on GameRankings  In addition to receiving several editor choice awards, the game has been recipient to publisher awards for the best adventure game of 2006  As Telltale Games had managed to release a steady stream content with only small time gaps, journalists in the video game industry had considered Sam & Max Save the World to be the first successful application of episodic gaming  Previous unsuccessful implementations of the distribution model included attempts by Valve with the Half-Life series, Ritual Entertainment with SiN Episodes and Telltale themselves with Bone The debut episode, "Culture Shock", was recipient to a mostly optimistic response from critics  The episode was thought to adequately follow 1993's Sam & Max Hit the Road, with the introduction of the new 3D engine and gameplay being positively received  Criticisms of "Culture Shock" focused on the story; while the humor in the writing was praised, the plot was seen as a "thin excuse for the jokes" and the episode's primary antagonist was described by IGN's Steve Butts as "a bit of a letdown"  The second episode, "Situation: Comedy", was thought to produce a better antagonist than "Culture Shock", with the puzzles linking in well to the story  However, critics described the puzzles as too easy, and expressed disappointment at the reuse of lines from the first episode  The next episode, "The Mole, the Mob, and the Meatball", was the lowest rated episode amongst reviewers  Although the episode received compliments for its dialogue and humor, it was criticised for its easy puzzles and short length The fourth episode, "Abe Lincoln Must Die!", was held by critics to be one of the series' best episodes  The episode's story of political satire was subject to praise, whilst the increased length was also appreciated  Puzzles were felt to be more difficult and satisfying to solve  Detractors of the episode, however, felt that the episode suffered from the need to constantly move between locations and from the reuse of old characters and locations  "Reality 2 0", the fifth episode, was the critical favorite of the series  The game's puzzles were cited as stronger than in "Abe Lincoln Must Die!", with a fitting tribute to text adventure games towards the end  However, the script was thought to be inferior to the preceding episode  The season finale "Bright Side of the Moon" received a more reserved response than the two previous episodes, with criticisms directed at the length of the game and the depth of character interaction  Nevertheless, reviewers felt that the episode had reasonable puzzle design and that it was a respectable end to the series Critics gave positive reviews towards the overall gameplay mechanics, although they often presented some reservations  Several reviews praised the simplicity of the game interface  Andre Thomas of GamePlasma described the game's learning curve as "incredibly simple" and the gameplay mechanics as logical extension of those from the adventure games of the 1990s, while GamingTrend reviewer Ron Burke praised Telltale's "intuitive" point-and-click system  Mark Smith of Game Chronicles, however, stated that the streamlined mechanics eliminated "a lot of the exploration and discovery we normally associate with these types of games"  Some reviews directed criticism towards puzzle design; according to Smith, the game is "certainly accessible to kids and younger teens", but the adult audience "will find these games way too easy"  Reviewing for Adventure Gamers, Evan Dickens felt that the puzzles took "a bit of thought and consideration, but never to a point of consternation", believing that the low difficulty was intended by Telltale to allow players to "proceed through the story with minimum frustration"  Hyper's Tim Henderson commends the game for being "highly accessible [and] almost as funny as the original", but criticises it for its episodic content being a "tease" In relation to the story and writing, critics felt that the overall plot was ineffectual  Al Giovetti of JustAdventure felt the plot was lacking, while Burke considered the episodic nature to be detrimental to maintaining plot cohesion between the episodes, a point with which Dickens agreed  Despite this, several reviewers thought that the individual episode stories and the presentation and development of the characters were good  Reviewers considered the writing for each episode as one of the best features of the game; they also praised the level of humor in the game, although Dickens felt that it was not until the fourth episode that the writing properly established itself  In addition, they directed some skepticism towards the reuse of scenes and characters, with critical opinion divided on the degree of success in this regard  A point of contention rose between British and American reviewers over the story and setting, exemplified in PC Gamer; whilst positive towards the first and fourth episodes, the British edition of the magazine felt this repetition was a severe failing of Save the World, and that the writing did not work well  In contrast, the American edition rated each episode highly, stating that the quality of the series was "excellent" Critics commended Sam & Max Save the World's graphics and art direction; Dickens commented that "the cartoonish, absurdist nature of Steve Purcell's characters is captured perfectly" within an "enthusiastically colorful world that is at its best the stranger it gets", while GameZone reviewer Anise Hollingshead praised Telltale for successfully upgrading the characters' graphics "without losing any of their cartoon appeal"  Kristen Reed, writing for Eurogamer, felt that the graphics reflected a "great degree of care and attention to everything from the locations to the standard of character modelling and animation"  They also praised the game for its sound, voice acting and music  In a review for The Entertainment Depot, Tim McGowan complimented Emerson-Johnson's soundtrack as "being quite excellent and listenable on its own", and IGN's Alex Van Zelfdendate described it as a "breath of fresh air"  In contrast, PC Gamer UK's Alec Meer felt that the opening theme tune was "so busy trying to hint at [the theme for Sam & Max Hit the Road] that it forgets to have a memorable melody of its own"  Nowlin and Kasten's voicework also received a positive response The Wii version of the game garnered a more reserved view from critics than the PC version; GameRankings and Metacritic gave aggregate review scores of 75 percent and 74 percent, respectively  For better or worse, reviewers felt that the game had not changed much from the PC version in terms of gameplay, story or overall content  While Sam & Max was thought to be a "perfect, naturally cartoony fit for the Wii", the critics noted a number of technical issues with the release  Several critics cited minor issues with using the imprecise Wii Remote for puzzles requiring accuracy, while observations were made that lines of dialogue could be cut short and that the frame rate could slow significantly, especially in action sequences 

Remastered
Sam & Max Save the World Remastered was developed by Skunkape Games, a studio founded by Telltale co-founder Dan Connors and made up of original development team members Jake Rodkin, Jonathan Sgro, and Randy Tudor; the studio is named in reference to General Skun-ka'pe, a character from Sam & Max: The Devil's Playhouse  Following the closure of Telltale Games in 2018, Skunkape acquired the rights to Sam & Max and retrieved the game's original assets and source code  While the team originally planned to simply update the existing games with a software patch to improve compatibility with newer PCs, the original material's age proved difficult to work with in many regards, leading to the decision to fully remaster Save the World instead  The team consulted with Purcell on the remaster, who contributed additional artwork  Several members of the original development team outside of Skunkape also contributed to the remastering effort, including locating original assets that could not be retrieved from Telltale's archives  The Remastered release runs on the most recent version of the Telltale Tool and features updated character models and lighting, controller support, and new music by original composer Jared Emerson-Johnson  Other changes made include updated cutscene cinematography and re-recorded dialogue for Bosco, with Ogie Banks replacing previous actor Joey Camen  Save the World Remastered was released on Nintendo Switch and Windows on December 2, 2020; on Xbox One on August 10, 2021; and on PlayStation 4 on September 29, 2022  The original Save the World episodes were later released as free downloadable content for the Steam version of Remastered in February 2021  Following Save the World, Skunkape began work on remasters for the other Telltale Sam & Max games, with Beyond Time and Space released in December 2021 and The Devil's Playhouse planned for 2023 

Notes
External links
Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived June 18, 2018)
Official website (Remastered)
Passage 3:
Luther: The Calling
Luther: The Calling by Neil Cross is a tie-in novel based on the BBC crime drama Luther  Two further Luther novels were anticipated, but have not appeared 

Summary
The novel introduces the character of Detective Chief Inspector (DCI) John Luther  The novel is a prequel to the television series and focuses on the traumatic case involving a child killer named Henry Madsen  The novel expands on and explains several elements of the TV series, such as the breakup of the Luthers' marriage, and the corruption of DCI Ian Reed  The final events in the book mirror those portrayed at the start of Series 1 of the television series, which aired 15 months prior to the novel's release 

Reception
Sue Turnbull of The Age describes the book as providing "some clever but uncomfortable reading"  She concludes by comparing the novel to the television series stating "What this book offers is bleaker, more confronting and, well, terrifying  Be prepared"  John O'Connell from The Guardian summarised the novel by stating "the key murders in The Calling are so repulsive and their perpetrator so plausible that at times I had to force myself to keep reading  But I'm glad I did " Rob Farquhar of the Carins Post commended Neil Cross on the creation of DCI John Luther describing Luther as a man "possessed of brilliance and by an animal ferocity that he keeps from all but the monsters he seeks out"  He concluded by stating fans of the "TV series will love this" In 2012, Luther: The Calling won the Ngaio Marsh Award for Best Crime Novel 

See also
Luther (TV series)
List of Luther characters
List of Luther episodes
Passage 4:
Warren Brown (actor)
Warren Martin Brown (born 11 May 1978) is an English actor, best known for his roles as Donny Maguire in Shameless and Andy Holt in Hollyoaks, DS Justin Ripley in the BBC crime drama Luther and as Sergeant Thomas "Mac" McAllister in the British-American action television series Strike Back, starting with Strike Back: Retribution 

Early life
Warren Brown was born in Warrington, England  He studied at the University of Salford 

Career
After appearing in two episodes of the television series Shameless, Warren played the evil Andy Holt in Channel 4's  Hollyoaks  Despite being 27 years old at the time, it was said his youthful good looks and diminutive height helped him win the role of the student 
Brown was nominated for a number of awards for his performance in the show including Best Villain, Most Spectacular Scene and Best Exit at the 2006 British Soap Awards  Brown's character Holt met his demise in February 2006 
Brown won a role in the short-lived ITV show Jane Hall in the summer of 2006  This was followed in March 2007 by his role as Tommo in ITV's Mobile  Also in 2007 he starred as Chris in one episode of Casualty  In September 2007 he starred in the second series of BBC Three's Grownups, playing barman Alex Salade and has played the part since  In the 2009 Comic Relief Special of Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps, which was a crossover between Grownups, Two Pints and Coming of Age, he played Alex again 
In 2008, Brown performed the voiceover for the film trailer of Gomez: A True Story, based on the life of boxer Michael Gomez and starring Emmerdale's Kelvin Fletcher  In October 2008, Brown played the role of Marky in E4's zombie drama Dead Set  In November 2008, he appeared in Casualty, but not playing the same character as he did in 2007  In 2009 Brown appeared in the three part BBC Iraq war drama Occupation, alongside James Nesbitt and Stephen Graham Brown has appeared in two episodes of The Bill playing Jake Clegg, who was a part of the operation of trafficking young girls illegally  These episodes were titled "The Forgotten Child" 
From May 2010, he appeared as the regular character of DS Justin Ripley in the BBC drama Luther, a role that he reprised in June 2011 in the second series of Luther  Brown left the series in 2013 
Brown appears in the deadmau5 music video for the song "I Remember", also starring Stephen Graham, Aston Kelly (Graham's brother), Greg Walsh and ex-Coronation Street actress Emma Edmondson  In October 2010, Brown appeared as Matt in the BBC drama Single Father  In February 2012, he played one of the main characters in the BBC drama series Inside Men  He appeared as a member of Bane's Mercenary Security in The Dark Knight Rises, the third instalment of Christopher Nolan's Batman trilogy 
First broadcast in August 2012, Brown starred as PC John-Paul Rocksavage in the four-part BBC police drama Good Cop 
From 2017, he plays Sergeant Thomas "Mac" McAllister in Retribution,  the British-American action television series, in the sixth series and second revamp of Strike Back opposite Daniel MacPherson   The eighth series finished filming and aired in February 2020 
Brown has appeared in many audio dramas for the company Big Finish Productions, the most notable of which including a recurring role in their UNIT series, a spin-off based around the military organisation that regularly appeared in Doctor Who, since 2016, and playing Keith Burrow in Big Finish's original eight-part thriller Transference  In 2020, Brown would make his debut appearance in the television series, in the episode "Praxeus", albeit as a different character, former police officer Jake Willys, who was looking for his husband 
In 2023, Brown featured as a main cast member in BBC One drama Ten Pound Poms  For his portrayal of Terry Roberts, he was awarded the Best Actor trophy in the Fiction portion of the Golden Nymph Awards at the Monte-Carlo Television Festival 

Boxing
Brown has competed at world-level in Muay Thai (Thai kickboxing) and is a two-time World Champion 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Passage 5:
Pramface
Pramface is a British sitcom starring Scarlett Alice Johnson and Sean Michael Verey  Written by Chris Reddy, the first series, comprising six half-hour episodes, piloted on 23 February 2012  The second series, which was commissioned by the BBC before the first series had even aired, began transmission on 8 January 2013 with an hour-long special as the first episode  The remaining six episodes of the series were of the usual half-hour length  A third series was commissioned which began airing on 25 February 2014 with the double episode series finale, which aired on 25 March 2014, bringing the third series to a total of six half-hour episodes  It was confirmed in August 2014 that a fourth series will not be commissioned 

Plot
Best friends Jamie, Mike, and Beth finish their GCSE exams and head towards a sixth form party  Meanwhile, 18-year-old Laura, encouraged by her best friend Danielle, breaks her parents' curfew and heads to the same party; both Jamie and Laura are determined to have a good time  During the party they meet and drunkenly have sex  The next morning Jamie writes Laura a note with his phone number on it and leaves  Some few weeks later, Laura discovers that she is pregnant, and that Jamie is only 16  Life is about to begin, but not in the way either of them expected Series 1 follows the life of the two teenagers and their family and friends as they try to get to grips with the impending parenthood and the struggles of pregnancy  Series 2 follows the next stage, caring for the newly born baby, Emily, while Laura faces the difficulties associated with being a new mother  Series 3 follows Jamie encountering a new woman in his life and how that affects his relationship with the mother of his child 

Production
Filming
The show was filmed in and around Edinburgh, Scotland, with specific locations including amongst others The Grange suburb and the Corstorphine parish church 

Cast
Scarlett Alice Johnson as Laura Derbyshire
Sean Michael Verey as Jamie Prince
Dylan Edwards as Mike Fenton
Yasmin Paige as Beth Mitchell
Emer Kenny as Danielle Reeves
Ben Crompton as Keith Prince
Bronagh Gallagher as Sandra Prince
Angus Deayton as Alan Derbyshire
Anna Chancellor as Janet Derbyshire

Episodes
Series overview
Series 1 (2012)
Series 2 (2013)
Series 3 (2014)
International broadcast
Australia – Season 1 premiered in Australia on 3 January 2013 on ABC2 
 Netherlands – All three seasons have been picked up by Netflix in the Netherlands 
 United States – All three seasons of the show have been picked up by Hulu in the United States 

Online
In addition to episode preview clips and character information on the BBC website, the writer and stars wrote blog posts about making the show for the BBC TV Blog and BBC Three Blog  An official Facebook page was set up for fans although this has since been closed and one of the main characters, Mike Fenton, was given his own Twitter account where he commented in-character on the events of the episodes as well as other things going on in the real world at the time 
Passage 6:
Luther (TV series)
Luther is a British psychological crime thriller television series starring Idris Elba as DCI John Luther and Ruth Wilson as Alice Morgan, written by Neil Cross  The detective Luther must make cases against criminals while the murderer Morgan has a complicated relationship with him  The first series is composed of six episodes which ran in May and June 2010  A second series of four episodes aired on BBC One in June and July 2011, and a third was commissioned in 2012 composed of four episodes which aired in July 2013  A two-episode fourth series was broadcast in December 2015, and a fifth series of four episodes premiered on 1 January 2019  BBC Studios handled distribution for the TV series A feature film continuation, Luther: The Fallen Sun, was released in select cinemas on 24 February 2023, before its streaming release on 10 March 2023, by Netflix  Starring Elba, Andy Serkis and Cynthia Erivo, the film was written by Cross 
Elba has been awarded a Critics' Choice Television Award, Golden Globe Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award for his performance as John Luther  The series has also received eleven Primetime Emmy Award nominations in various categories, including four nominations of Elba for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie 

Plot
John Luther is a Detective Chief Inspector (DCI) working for the Serious Crime Unit in series one, and the new "Serious and Serial" unit from series two  A dedicated police officer, Luther is obsessive, possessed, and sometimes violent  However, Luther has paid a heavy price for his dedication; he has never been able to prevent himself from being consumed by the darkness of the crimes with which he deals 
For Luther, the job always comes first  His dedication is a curse and a blessing, both for him and those close to him  In the very first episode of the series, he investigates brilliant psychopath and murderer Alice Morgan  Ultimately, he is unable to arrest her due to lack of evidence, but as the series progresses, she becomes both his nemesis and unlikely companion  As she pursues her infatuation with him, he gradually relents as he is able to glean insight from her about some of the cunning criminals he pursues  After Alice helps Luther avenge the death of his estranged wife Zoe, Luther aids her escape from a secure facility and she flees the country  In Alice's absence, Luther's life is dominated by his police work once again, culminating in the murder of his partner and protégé Justin Ripley in the third series  Alice reappears following Ripley's death, and finally convinces Luther to leave London with her 
When the fourth series begins, Luther is living a reclusive life on the English coast  After learning of Alice's apparent death in mysterious circumstances, he is persuaded to return to London and resume his role as a DCI  It ultimately transpires that Alice faked her own death after her life with Luther did not match their expectations  Two years later she returns to extort money from organised crime boss George Cornelius, who sabotaged her previous diamond exchange  Embroiled in her schemes again, Luther's relationship with Alice heads towards its destructive climax 

Cast and characters
Episodes
Series 1 (2010)
The first series of Luther aired in 2010 and received positive reviews from critics, getting an average of 5 9 million viewers per episode 

Series 2 (2011)
In August 2010, the BBC announced that it had commissioned a second series for 2011  Filming started in late September/early October 2010  Originally planned to be broadcast as two two-hour episodes, it was shown as four one-hour episodes  The first episode was shown on BBC One on 14 June 2011 

Series 3 (2013)
In August 2011, the BBC One controller announced that a third series had been commissioned Filming of the four-episode series started in November 2012  Sienna Guillory was cast as Luther's new love interest  Other guest stars included Lucian Msamati and Ned Dennehy  The third series began airing on 2 July 2013 and concluded on 23 July 

Series 4 (2015)
On 19 November 2014, it was announced that a two-episode special would be aired on the BBC in 2015  Filming began in March 2015 and ended April 2015  BBC Home Entertainment later confirmed that the Region 1 version of the Series 4 DVD would be released on 15 December 2015, coinciding with the air date of the fourth series  On 24 October 2015, BBC One confirmed via their Facebook page that series 4 of Luther would air in December 2015 on BBC One In November 2015, it was announced that Luther was confirmed to air in the United States on BBC America for a three-hour one-night event on 17 December 2015 The first episode of the fourth series aired on BBC One on 15 December 2015 

Series 5 (2019)
The BBC announced a fifth series composed of four episodes on 12 June 2017  Filming started in early 2018  Ruth Wilson was confirmed to be returning as Alice Morgan for series five  Series 5 directed by Jamie Payne premiered on 1 January 2019, and was broadcast over consecutive nights through to 4 January 

Film (2023)
In September 2021, Netflix announced a feature film continuation of Luther with Elba reprising his role and Cross writing  Andy Serkis and Cynthia Erivo also joined the cast  The film, Luther: The Fallen Sun, was released in select cinemas on 24 February 2023, before its streaming release on 10 March 2023, by Netflix 

Production
Creator Neil Cross has said that Luther is influenced by both Sherlock Holmes and Columbo; the nature of Luther's intellect and its application to solving crimes is comparable to Holmes's, whereas the show's use of the inverted detective format was inspired by Columbo The first series was filmed in and around London, England, and produced by BBC Drama Productions  Brian Kirk, Sam Miller and Stefan Schwartz each directed two episodes and show creator Neil Cross wrote all six of the episodes  Leila Kirkpatrick was the line producer for the entire program and Katie Swinden was the producer for a number of episodes  Tim Fleming provided cinematography for two episodes  Katie Weiland and Victoria Boydell were involved in film editing, with Weiland editing two episodes  Andy Morgan was responsible for all casting, Paul Cross provided production design and Adam A  Makin was behind the show's art direction The show is filmed in various locations around Central, North, West and East London including the Barbican Estate, Elephant and Castle, Westfield Shopping Centre (Shepherd's Bush), Renaissance Hotel (Heathrow Airport), Ealing Hospital, Cranbrook Estate (Bethnal Green), Victoria Park, Waterloo station, Holloway, Shoreditch and the Docklands 

Critical reception
Series one was met with positive reviews, according to aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes, where it holds a 91% approval rating, based on 23 reviews  The site's consensus reads: "Gritty and ambiguous, Luther is a captivating drama bolstered by a powerhouse performance from Idris Elba in the title role " It holds a Metacritic score of 82 out of 100, based on 11 collected reviews, indicating "universal acclaim"  However, The Guardian's Stuart Heritage was initially critical of the show, and compared it to the American series FlashForward, in that both series arrived with a large amount of hype but delivered an anticlimactic end product  However, by the fifth episode, Heritage had changed his views and called it Idris Elba's best work since The Wire The show's second series was met with equally positive reviews and holds a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 13 reviews  The site's consensus reads: "Luther delves into darker territory in its second series, and Idris Elba's outstanding performance makes this a police procedural of uncommon weight and heft " It holds a Metacritic score of 78 out of 100, based on 9 collected reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews " Variety and The Hollywood Reporter admiringly highlighted the darker tone, Elba's performance, and the production  In the third quarter of 2011, the top-rated shows on BBC America were Doctor Who, Top Gear, and Luther, which together gained the network its highest quarterly ratings ever Series three was again met with positive reviews and holds an 88% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 25 reviews  The site's consensus reads: "Idris Elba shines in the title role of Luther despite familiar circumstances that benefit from the shortened season " It holds a Metacritic score of 76 out of 100, based on 19 collected reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews" Series four received positive reviews, with a 79% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 14 reviews  The site's consensus reads: "Idris Elba remains the best thing about Luther in an all-too-brief season which packs a lot of plot into a short time frame " It holds a Metacritic score of 68 out of 100, based on 11 reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews" After a four-year hiatus, the Series five broadcast in 2019 met with positive reviews, garnering an 85% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 40 reviews  The site's consensus reads: "Luther returns in fine form from its extended exodus with a grisly mystery and the welcome reappearance of Ruth Wilson's psychotic villain, Alice Morgan "

Broadcast outside of the United Kingdom
The first series of the show premiered in Australia on ABC1 on 15 October 2010 and in the United States on BBC America two days later  The second series debuted in the United States on BBC America on 29 September 2011 and Australia on ABC1 on 24 February 2012  The third series ran in the United States on BBC America on four consecutive nights beginning 3 September 2013  The fifth series premiered in the United States on BBC America on 2 June 2019 
The deal also includes the network to show the first six seasons of another series produced by the BBC, Death in Paradise, airing on Thursdays at 7 pm and airing on Fridays at 8 am ET part of the "Morning Mysteries" morning mystery crime drama block 

Soundtrack
Paul Englishby composed Luther's soundtrack  He incorporated many pop and rock songs into the soundtrack, using these generally in the end credits  A CD titled Luther – Songs and Score From Series 1, 2 and 3 was released on 19 August 2013 and contains many of the themes and songs used in the television series  The opening theme song is a shorter version of "Paradise Circus" by Massive Attack from the album Heligoland (2010) with vocals provided by Hope Sandoval 

Awards and nominations
Adaptations
American version
In 2014, Fox started developing an American TV series version of Luther, with Cross writing and executive producing the series, and Elba, Peter Chernin (of the Chernin company), Katherine Pope, and BBC Worldwide Prods' Jane Tranter and Julie Gardner as executive producers  The project was helmed by 20th Century Fox TV, Chernin Entertainment, and BBC Worldwide Prods  The project was formally dropped in 2017 

Russian version
In 2014, Channel One Russia was developing a Russian TV series version of Luther, with Konstantin Lavronenko, starring as Klim  The series was first broadcast on 31 January 2016 

Korean version
On 5 February 2018, South Korean TV network Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) announced that it will broadcast a Korean version of Luther  The adaptation will be broadcast in November 2018 and is produced by the MBC Drama Production Group  In August 2018, Shin Ha-kyun was cast as male lead The series title was changed later into Less Than Evil (나쁜 형사, lit  "Bad Detective")  It aired on MBC on 3 December 2018 

Indian version
Indian actor Ajay Devgan announced that he'll be starring in the Indian adaptation of Luther, titled Rudra: The Edge Of Darkness  The first season of the series premiered on 4 March 2022 on Disney+ Hotstar 

French version
The French television channel TF1 has ordered a remake of the British television series which is filmed in the city of Paris and its suburbs  The first episode of the French version gained 4 8 million viewers 

Novel
In August 2011, Cross released a tie-in prequel novel Luther: The Calling following the broadcast of the second season  Two further novels were ordered, but were never released 
Passage 7:
Fear the Walking Dead (season 1)
The first season of Fear the Walking Dead, an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on August 23, 2015, and concluded on October 4, 2015, consisting of six episodes  The series is a companion series and prequel to The Walking Dead, which is based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard  It was executive produced by Kirkman, David Alpert, Greg Nicotero, Gale Anne Hurd, and Dave Erickson, with Erickson assuming the role of showrunner  On March 9, 2015, AMC announced it had ordered Fear the Walking Dead to series, with a two-season commitment  The second season, comprising 15 episodes, premiered on April 10, 2016 The season follows a dysfunctional, blended family composed of Madison Clark (Kim Dickens), her fiancé Travis Manawa (Cliff Curtis), her daughter Alicia (Alycia Debnam-Carey), her drug-addicted son Nick (Frank Dillane) and Travis' son Chris (Lorenzo James Henrie) from a previous marriage to Liza Ortiz (Elizabeth Rodriguez)  At the onset of the zombie apocalypse, their group is joined by Daniel Salazar (Rubén Blades), his wife Griselda (Patricia Reyes Spíndola), and their daughter Ofelia (Mercedes Mason)  The families navigate through Los Angeles in search of a safe haven 

Production
Development
In September 2013, AMC announced they were developing a companion series to The Walking Dead, which follows a different set of characters created by Robert Kirkman  In September 2014, AMC ordered a pilot, which was written by Kirkman and Dave Erickson, and directed by Adam Davidson, and is executive produced by Kirkman, Erickson, Gale Anne Hurd, and David Alpert, with Erickson serving as showrunner  The project was originally known as Cobalt 

Casting
In December 2014, the first four starring roles were cast: Kim Dickens as Madison, the female lead; Cliff Curtis as Travis Manawa, the male lead; Frank Dillane as Nick; and Alycia Debnam-Carey as Alicia  In April and May, 2015, Elizabeth Rodriguez and Mercedes Mason were announced as series regulars, both in unknown roles 

Filming
Production of the pilot episode began in early 2015 and ended on February 6, 2015  The pilot episode was filmed in Los Angeles; the remaining first-season episodes were filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada  Production on the remaining five first-season episodes began on May 11, 2015  Adam Davidson, who directed the pilot, also directed the series' second and third episodes 

Cast
Main cast
The first season features eight actors receiving main cast billing status:

Kim Dickens as Madison Clark: An intelligent and domineering high school guidance counselor, the mother of Nick and Alicia, and Travis' fiancée 
Cliff Curtis as Travis Manawa: A resolute and peacekeeping high school teacher, Madison's fiancé, Chris' father, and Liza's ex-husband 
Frank Dillane as Nick Clark: A brave and selfless recovering heroin addict, Madison's son, and Alicia's brother 
Alycia Debnam-Carey as Alicia Clark: The fiery yet compassionate daughter of Madison, and the sister of Nick 
Elizabeth Rodriguez as Liza Ortiz: A no-nonsense and caring nursing student, Travis' ex-wife, and Chris' mother 
Mercedes Mason as Ofelia Salazar: The strong-willed and very capable daughter of Daniel and his wife Griselda 
Lorenzo James Henrie as Chris Manawa: Travis and Liza's rebellious teenage son, who becomes more brutal due to the landscape of the deadly new world 
Rubén Blades as Daniel Salazar: A courageous and practical former Sombra Negra member, a barber, Griselda's husband, and Ofelia's father 

Supporting cast
Patricia Reyes Spíndola as Griselda Salazar: Ofelia's mother, who emigrated from El Salvador with her husband Daniel to escape political unrest 
Scott Lawrence as Art "Artie" Costa: The principal at the high school where Madison and Travis work 
Lincoln A  Castellanos as Tobias: A wise-beyond-his-years high school senior 
Maestro Harrell as Matt Sale: Alicia's boyfriend 
Shawn Hatosy as Cpl  Andrew Adams: A well-intentioned military man with a soulful disposition, who is out of his element 
Jamie McShane as Lt  Moyers: The leader of the National Guard contingent in charge of protecting Madison's neighborhood  He does not take the complaints of the citizens too seriously and is a loose cannon 
Sandrine Holt as Dr  Bethany Exner: A confident and skilled doctor 
Colman Domingo as Victor Strand: A smart and sophisticated businessman with a mysterious past 

Guest cast
Keith Powers as Calvin: Nick's best friend and drug dealer 
Leon Thomas III as Russell: One of Travis' students before the outbreak 

Episodes
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 76%, based on 63 reviews, whose average rating is 6 75/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Fear the Walking Dead recycles elements of its predecessor, but it's still moody and engrossing enough to compete with the original " On Metacritic, the season has a score of 66 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" Elisabeth Vincentelli of the New York Post rated the first two episodes three out of four stars, stating that "[They] are creepily suspenseful–they're great examples of how effective a slow pace and a moody atmosphere can be " Another positive review of the first episode came from Ken Tucker of Yahoo TV, who wrote, "Fear the Walking Dead is a mood piece, more artful than the original series" and that the cast is "terrific"  Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter gave an average review, writing, "The 90-minute first episode and the hour-long second episode are, while not actually boring, certainly less magnetic than the original "One of the harshest negative reviews came from HitFix, on Daniel Fienberg and Alan Sepinwall's podcast, where Fienberg called the premiere episode "awful, just horrible     as bad as The Walking Dead has ever gotten at its very worst  This is that bad  I've been kind of stunned to see people being generous to it      I thought this was almost unwatchably bad " Sepinwall called his B− review "slightly generous" 

Ratings
The U S  series premiere attracted 10 1 million total viewers, with 6 3 million in the advertiser-coveted 18-to-49-year-old demographic, both cable television records for a series premiere  Numerous international debuts of the pilot also set ratings records  The first season averaged 11 2 million viewers in "live plus-3" ratings (includes VOD and DVR viewing within three days after initial telecast) to become the highest-rated first season of any series in cable history 

Home media
The first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 1, 2015  A special edition version of the first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 22, 2016, with new bonus features, including deleted scenes, seven featurettes, and audio commentaries by cast and crew, on all six episodes 
Passage 8:
NCS: Manhunt
NCS: Manhunt is a British television crime drama series, starring David Suchet, and based on the National Crime Squad  Created by Malcolm McKay, the series premiered with a two-part pilot episode on BBC One on 26 March 2001  A full series of six episodes debuted on 4 March 2002, and concluded on 19 March 2002  Despite the series' popularity, and strong viewing figures, a second series was never commissioned  Notably, neither the pilot nor the complete series have ever been issued on DVD, although the series was repeated in its entirety on Forces TV in 2016  The series notably starred Michael Fassbender in one of his earliest television roles, after appearing in Band of Brothers the previous year  Kenneth Cranham and Phyllis Logan also co-starred in the pilot episode David Suchet said of his role in the series, "I don't ever recollect reading a script like this and I've certainly never seen anything like it on television before  When I read it, I was mesmerised  It was quite impossible to say no  Borne is probably the most complex character in the team  He is a man who fascinates by being endlessly enigmatic  He uses language sparingly, but with him everything is going on underneath the surface  And in a sense, I'm not playing another detective at all  I'm merely playing a different, complex human being who just happens to be a detective  You may find him in a police station, but I'd like to think that the audience are aching to see him too "

Cast
Regular cast
David Suchet as Detective Inspector John Borne
Keith Barron as Detective Superintendent Bob Beausoleil
Samantha Bond as Detective Sergeant Maureen Picasso
Melanie Hill as Detective Sergeant Ruby Sparks
Jonathan Phillips as Detective Sergeant Peter Moon
Gerard Horan as Detective Constable Charlie Spanish
Sara Stewart as Detective Constable Mary D'Eye
Jenny Jules as Detective Constable Karen Bogard-Black
Ace Bhatti as Detective Constable Johnny Khan
Paul McKay as Detective Constable Chrissie Crowe
Guy Scantlebury as Detective Constable Eddie Guerin (Pilot and episodes 1 and 2)
Michael Fassbender as Detective Constable Jack Silver (Episodes 3–6)

Supporting cast
Malcolm Tierney as Superintendent Charlie Vanne (Pilot)
Phyllis Logan as Inspector Anne Warwick (Pilot)
Kenneth Cranham as Ricky Valesi (Pilot)
Steven Berkoff as George Rolf (Episodes 1 and 2)
Anita Dobson as Jean Harris (Episodes 1 and 2)
Zawe Ashton as Mia Davis (Episodes 1 and 2)
Ralph Brown as Ray Du Barriatte (Episodes 1, 2 and 6)
Daniel Mays as Danny Bird (Episodes 1 and 2)
Nicky Henson as Vincent Fairey (Episodes 3 and 4)
Michael McKell as Lee Wilde (Episodes 3 and 4)
Steve Speirs as Benny Luck (Episode 6)

Episodes
Pilot (2001)
Series (2002)
Passage 9:
The Frankenstein Chronicles
The Frankenstein Chronicles is a British television period crime drama series that first aired on ITV Encore on 11 November 2015, designed as a re-imagining of Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus  Lead actor Sean Bean also acted as an associate producer on the first series  It follows Inspector John Marlott (Bean), a river police officer who uncovers a corpse made up of body parts from eight missing children and sets about to determine who is responsible 
The series co-stars Richie Campbell as Joseph Nightingale, Robbie Gee as Billy Oates, Tom Ward as Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel, Ed Stoppard as Lord Daniel Hervey, Vanessa Kirby as Lady Jemima (Lord Hervey's sister), and Anna Maxwell Martin as author Mary Shelley  Other historical characters portrayed include William Blake (first series), Ada Lovelace (second series) and Charles Dickens under his pseudonym of ‘Boz’  The first series consists of six episodes which opened to critical acclaim and drew an average 250,000 viewers per episode 
A&E subsequently acquired the series for broadcast in the United States, describing it as "thrilling and terrifying"  On 20 June 2016, ITV announced that it had renewed it for a second six-part series, with production set for January 2017  Filming commenced in March 2017, with Laurence Fox and Maeve Dermody joining the cast  The writing team for the second series consisted of Michael Robert Johnson, Paul Tomalin, Noel Farragher, Colin Carberry, and Glenn Patterson, with all six episodes directed by Alex Gabassi  In December 2017, it was announced that Netflix had struck a deal to carry the programme in the United States and other territories but was removed in February 2022 

Cast
Sean Bean – Inspector John Marlott, a Thames River Police officer, who has early secondary stage syphilis 
Tom Ward – Sir Robert Peel, the Home Secretary
Richie Campbell – Joseph Nightingale, a Bow Street Runner
Ed Stoppard – Lord Daniel Hervey, an impoverished nobleman and proprietor of a private charity hospital
Vanessa Kirby – Lady Jemima Hervey, an impoverished noblewoman, sister to Lord Hervey
Ryan Sampson – Boz, a journalist from The Morning Chronicle
Robbie Gee – Billy Oates, a hardened street-smart criminal
Anna Maxwell Martin – Mary Shelley, author of Frankenstein (series 1)
Richard Clements - Percy Bysshe Shelley, poet and husband of Mary Shelley (series 1)
Charlie Creed-Miles – Tom Pritty, a grave-robber working for the local surgeons (series 1)
Eloise Smyth – Flora, a homeless child taken by Billy Oates to work as a prostitute (series 1)
Samuel West – Sir William Chester, a renowned surgeon and pioneer of galvanism (series 1)
Mark Bazeley – Garnet Chester, Sir William's cousin, also a surgeon (series 1)
Elliot Cowan – Sir Bentley Warburton, Sir Robert Peel's political rival (series 1)
Kate Dickie – Mrs  Bishop, the matron of a gang of murderers (series 1)
Steven Berkoff – William Blake, author, artist and printmaker (series 1)
Deirdre Mullins – Agnes Marlott, John Marlott's deceased wife (series 1)
Laurence Fox – Frederick Dipple, a socialite with an interest in automata (series 2)
Maeve Dermody – Esther Rose, a Jewish seamstress contracted by Mr  Dipple to provide clothing for his mechanical creations (series 2)
Victoria Emslie – Automaton, one of Mr  Dipple's mechanical creations (series 2)
Lily Lesser – Ada Byron, a brilliant female mathematician, assisting Mr  Dipple in creating his automata (series 2)
Kerrie Hayes – Queenie Pickett, Dipple's housemaid and Nightingale's childhood friend (series 2)

Production
The Frankenstein Chronicles was filmed in Northern Ireland in 2015 

Episodes
Series 1 (2015)
Series 2 (2017)
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes season 1 has an approval rating of 80% based on reviews from 10 critics Euan Ferguson at The Guardian concluded "It's genuinely rather good, and a beast of wholly different hide to Jekyll"  Carl Wilson at The Globe and Mail wrote: "On balance, the season ended just as brilliantly grim as it started " Ben Travers at IndieWire said: "While it's unlikely to be remembered for as long as it took to make, Frankenstein certainly earned its shot at a long life on Netflix "
Passage 10:
List of Happy Valley episodes
Happy Valley is a British crime drama television series created by Sally Wainwright and produced by Red Production Company  The first series of six episodes started airing on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 29 April 2014   It was released on Netflix in the United States and Canada on 20 August 2014  A second six-episode series began airing on BBC One on 9 February 2016 and was made available on Netflix in the US later that year 
The BBC announced Series 3 on 26 October 2021 with filming scheduled to begin in 2022  Series 3 started airing on BBC One on 1 January 2023 

Series overview
Episodes
Series 1 (2014)
Series 2 (2016)
Series 3 (2023)
Ratings
Context 3: Passage 1:
Beth Turner
Beth P  Turner (born May 13, 1958 in Maine) is an American politician who served as a member of the Maine House of Representatives for the 141st district from 2011 to 2018  She was first elected on March 1, 2011, in a special election following the death of Rep  Everett McLeod in December 2010 
Turner served on the MSAD 31 School Board and the Select Board in her hometown of Burlington, Maine prior to her election the House of Representatives 
Passage 2:
San Diego mayoral special election, 2005
The 2005 San Diego mayoral special election was a special election held on Tuesday, November 8, 2005, to elect the mayor for San Diego  The special election was necessary due to the resignation of former Mayor Dick Murphy 
Municipal elections in California are officially non-partisan, though some candidates do receive funding and support from various political parties  The non-partisan special primary was held Tuesday, June 3, 2008  San Diego City Council member Donna Frye and former San Diego police chief Jerry Sanders received the most votes and advanced to the November special general election  Sanders was elected mayor with a majority of the votes in November 

Dick Murphy resignation
On April 25, 2005, Dick Murphy announced that he would resign as mayor of San Diego, effective July 15, 2005  Murphy had only recently been reelected as mayor in the highly contested 2004 mayoral election  Murphy's resignation occurred during investigations by the SEC and the FBI into the San Diego pension scandal   The city held a special election to fill the vacancy at mayor  Following Murphy's resignation, Michael Zucchet served as acting mayor for three days before he too resigned due to a corruption conviction that was later overturned  Council member Toni Atkins then served as acting mayor until the mayoral election was complete 

Candidates
Declared
Jerry Sanders, former San Diego police chief  (Voter registration: Republican)
Donna Frye, city council member (Voter registration: Democratic)
Steve Francis, businessman (Voter registration: Republican)
Pat Shea, lawyer (Voter registration: Republican)
Richard Rider, retired stock broker and financial planner (Voter registration: Libertarian)
Myke Shelby, Harley Davidson dealer (Voter registration: Republican)
Shawn A  McMillan, lawyer (Voter registration: Republican)
Jim Bell, environmental designer (Party preference: Democratic)
Ed Kolker
Jeremy Ledford
Thomas Knapp

Campaign
The special election to replace Murphy attracted a crowded field of eleven official candidates on the ballot  Donna Frye, a member of the San Diego City Council who had almost beaten Murphy with a write-in campaign in the 2004 election, was the only democrat among the top-tier candidates  Former police chief Jerry Sanders ran on a platform of executive experience, having successfully turn around the financial situations of the local chapters of the Red Cross and United Way since retiring as police chief  Steve Francis, founder and chairman of AMN Healthcare Services emphasized downsizing city government and implementing business principles  Francis outspent his rivals in the campaign, putting nearly $2 million of his own money into his campaign  Lawyer Pat Shea ran on a platform that San Diego should declare bankruptcy to deal with the pension scandal, a position that the other front runners disagreed with Frye won the plurality of votes in the July primary and advanced to the general election along with runner-up Sanders  However, Sanders and third-place finisher Francis, both republicans, combined for a majority of votes cast in the primary  After conceding the primary election, Francis endorsed Sanders for the general election   Sanders was elected mayor with a majority of the votes in the November general election 

Primary election
Polling
Results
General election
Polling
Results
Notes
Passage 3:
David Jacoby
David or Dave Jacoby may refer to:

David Jacoby (politician)
David Jacoby (sportscaster)
Dave Jacoby (powerlifter)
David Jacoby (historian)
Passage 4:
Greg Gianforte
Gregory Richard Gianforte ( JEE-ən-FOR-tay; born April 17, 1961) is an American businessman, politician, software engineer, and writer serving as the 25th governor of Montana since 2021  A member of the Republican Party, Gianforte served as the U S  representative for Montana's at-large congressional district from 2017 to 2021 
In 1997, Gianforte and his wife, Susan, co-founded RightNow Technologies, a customer relationship management software company  The company went public in 2004; by that time, it employed over 1,000 workers  RightNow Technologies was acquired by Oracle Corporation for $1 5 billion in 2011 In 2016, Gianforte ran for governor of Montana as the Republican nominee, losing to incumbent governor Steve Bullock  In May 2017, Gianforte defeated Democratic nominee Rob Quist in a special election for Montana's at-large congressional seat to fill a vacancy created by the appointment of Ryan Zinke as U S  Secretary of the Interior  Gianforte was convicted of assault in state court in June 2017 stemming from his election-eve body-slamming attack on The Guardian political reporter Ben Jacobs in May 2017  He was fined and sentenced to community service and anger management therapy  Gianforte was reelected in 2018, defeating Democratic nominee Kathleen Williams 
Gianforte did not seek reelection to the House of Representatives in 2020 and instead was a candidate in the 2020 Montana gubernatorial election  In the November general election, he defeated incumbent lieutenant governor Mike Cooney  He is the first Republican to serve as governor of Montana since Judy Martz left office in 2005 

Early life and education
Gregory Richard Gianforte was born on April 17, 1961, in San Diego, California  He is the oldest son of Frank Richard Gianforte, who had a career as an aerospace engineer and, later, as a landlord  His mother, Dale Douglass, worked for General Dynamics in San Diego, and later was a school math teacher  Gianforte is of Italian, English, and Scottish ancestry  He has two younger brothers, Douglass and Michael  After the age of three, Gianforte was raised in the Valley Forge and King of Prussia suburbs northwest of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, including Wayne, an affluent unincorporated township community that extends into Montgomery, Chester, and Delaware Counties During his high school years in the 1970s, Gianforte started a software business  He attended Upper Merion Area High School in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, where he was elected class president during his junior and senior years  Gianforte was also captain of his school football team, where he played left offensive guard  He graduated from high school in 1979 
Gianforte graduated in 1983 from his father's alma mater, Stevens Institute of Technology, with a BE in electrical engineering and a master's degree in computer science  He directed a computer lab with 12 programmers  He was a member of the Delta Tau Delta men's fraternity, and enjoyed playing squash 

Career
Software entrepreneurship
Gianforte began his career in 1983 at Bell Laboratories, working in product acquisition  Frustrated by the bureaucratic corporate hierarchy at Bell Labs, Gianforte departed to co-found Brightwork Development Inc , a developer of server-based LAN management software for the banking industry, which was based in Tinton Falls, New Jersey  He and his partners sold the company to McAfee Associates for $10 million in 1994  Gianforte then began working for McAfee as head of North American sales  In 1995, he moved to Bozeman, Montana Gianforte and his wife, Susan, a mechanical engineer by trade, co-founded RightNow Technologies in 1997  Part of Gianforte's strategy was to leverage the internet as a means to overcome geographic barriers to building a globalized business  By the time the company went public in 2004, it employed over 1,000 workers and executives in Bozeman and globally, with offices in the U K , Asia, and Australia  Future U S  senator Steve Daines was among its executives  The company was acquired by Oracle Corporation for $1 5 billion in 2011  At the time, Gianforte's 20% stake in the company was worth about $290 million  Right Now Technologies had contracts with federal agencies, including handling all of the online search queries for the Social Security Administration and Medicare websites  In 2012, Gianforte sued the Montana Democratic Party for defamation, alleging the House campaign ads it aired critical of then House candidate Daines were libelous  Gianforte alleged the party aired television ads that claimed that Right Now Technologies capitalized itself with public contracts, and then offshored jobs In 2005, Gianforte and Marcus Gibson co-wrote the book Bootstrapping Your Business: Start and Grow a Successful Company with Almost No Money  He has offered business lectures on entrepreneurship and building a global business 

Philanthropy and civic life
In 2004, Gianforte and his wife founded the Gianforte Family Foundation, which has promoted his creationist beliefs in the public sphere, and has made tens of millions of dollars in charitable contributions  The foundation describes its primary mission as supporting "the work of faith-based organizations engaged in outreach work, strengthening families, and helping the needy; organizations in Montana that work to improve education, support entrepreneurship, and create jobs; and organizations that enhance the local community of Bozeman, Montana " Gianforte, his wife, and his son, Richard, are the foundation's three trustees  The foundation had assets of $113 million in 2013 The Gianforte Family Foundation has given nearly $900,000 to the Montana Family Foundation, in some years making up half of that organization's total revenue  The Montana Family Foundation has promoted conservative and Christian values in the Montana legislature  Asked why he donated to the group, Gianforte said it was because the organization aligns with his views Through his nonprofit, the Gianforte Family Charitable Trust, Gianforte has contributed substantial funds to several conservative organizations  Some have led legal efforts to dismantle federal campaign finance regulations  Gianforte has donated to the Family Research Council and Focus on the Family, which advocate for a constitutional amendment prohibiting same-sex marriage, as well as the Montana Family Foundation, which is "the state's primary advocate against LGBT policies"  Gianforte served on the board of the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, an education reform organization founded by economist Milton Friedman which advocates for school vouchers Gianforte believes in Young Earth creationism  He has donated at least $290,000 to the Glendive Dinosaur and Fossil Museum, a Montana creationist museum that teaches visitors that the theory of evolution is false, that the Earth is about 6,000–6,400 years old, and that humans and dinosaurs coexisted during the same period  The museum claims dinosaurs were aboard Noah's Ark, and that they likely went extinct 4,300 years ago during the great flood described in the Book of Genesis  The Gianforte Family Foundation also donated a Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton replica to the museum 

Affiliations and investments
Gianforte has had a variety of business interests and investments  In November 2013, he was appointed to the board of FICO, which profiles consumer credit risks for lenders  The same month, Gianforte acquired 8,000 shares of FICO, which were then valued at more than $464,000 00  He is a partner in MGRR No  1, a limited liability company that has received grain subsidies since 1995  Gianforte was the founding board chair of the Montana High Tech Business Alliance  He resigned as chair in June 2017, when he was sworn into Congress In financial disclosure forms filed in 2017, Gianforte indicated that he owned $150,000 worth of shares in VanEck Vectors Russia ETF and $92,400 in the IShares MSCF Russia ETF, totaling just under $250,000 in two exchange-traded funds focused on investments in Russia  The investments attracted attention because they included shares in Gazprom and Rosneft, which have been subject to U S  sanctions since the Russian invasion of Crimea, but because the per-person ownership stake in these companies is so small in such index funds, they are exempt from sanctions  After the issue was raised in Gianforte's 2017 congressional campaign, Gianforte stated that his Russia holdings were a small portion of his overall investments and pledged to place all of his assets in a blind trust if elected Through a holding corporation, Gianforte owns a 12-seat private jet, which he has used as a strategic asset on the campaign trail  He made the aircraft available to others in his congressional caucus to travel back to Washington for important votes 

U S  House of Representatives (2017–2021)
Elections
2017 special election campaign
On March 1, 2017, Republican Representative Ryan Zinke of Montana's at-large congressional district resigned his seat after the United States Senate confirmed him as United States Secretary of the Interior  A special election was scheduled to fill the remainder of Zinke's term  Gianforte had already announced his intention to seek the seat on January 25, before Zinke's resignation  At a March 6 convention, the Republican Party nominated Gianforte  He faced Democratic musician and former Montana Arts Council member Rob Quist and Libertarian nominee Mark Wicks in the general election In a departure from previous pledges made during his gubernatorial campaign, Gianforte relaxed his past pledges to refuse all PAC money, and began to turn away only corporate PAC funding  His campaign began accepting contributions from political party and leadership PACs Gianforte distanced himself from Donald Trump during the 2016 Republican presidential primary and did not attend Trump's sole rally in Montana, citing a scheduling conflict  But he endorsed Trump in the 2016 general election and continued to express support for him during his 2017 special election campaign for Congress  Gianforte's campaign was supported by Vice President Mike Pence and Donald Trump Jr , who both stumped for Gianforte in the state  Gianforte tacked close to Trump's political narratives, promoting his outsider status as a first time political candidate, touting his experience as a technology entrepreneur, and criticizing policies leading to sanctuary cities and "the liberal elite "Gianforte supported repeal of the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)  He declined to say whether he supported the American Health Care Act, the House Republican legislation to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act  On May 4, 2017, Gianforte held a private conference call with Republican-leaning lobbyists in Washington in which he offered a more supportive view of the AHCA  He said that it "sounds like we just passed a health care thing, which I'm thankful for  Sounds like we're starting to repeal and replace " Later that May, he said he would not "vote for a repeal and a replace unless I know it protects people with preexisting conditions, lowers rates and preserves rural access"  Gianforte assaulted a reporter in response to questions about how the AHCA would make health insurance too expensive for people with preexisting conditions 
Gianforte opposed the legalization of marijuana for recreational use, comparing marijuana to more addictive drugs  He supported allowing the use of medical marijuana for "people in chronic pain, under the care of a doctor "Gianforte opposes abortion except in cases where a woman's life is in danger  He favors removing federal funding from Planned Parenthood  He has said that he supports government enforcement of nondiscrimination for workers, but not for customers  He opposed increasing in the minimum wage  Gianforte supported Executive Order 13769, to ban immigration from seven Muslim-majority countries  He opposed resettlement of refugees in Montana  He opposed sanctuary cities policies  Gianforte blamed the Obama administration for "the situation with Russia" and favored a multilateral strategy to stand against Russian aggression  He supported Trump's decision to fire FBI Director James Comey Gianforte opposed efforts to transfer federal lands to the states  He called for changes to the Endangered Species Act  He supported amending the Equal Access to Justice Act to reduce environmental litigation, saying that "environmental extremists" had abused the act  He acknowledged human-caused climate change but "did not have specific ideas on how to address climate change"  He has said that "the climate is always changing" and believes that closing coal-fired power plants would not help mitigate climate change  He supported Trump's repeal of the Clean Power Plan and has called for investments in clean coal technology  Gianforte has criticized the length of time the Department of Interior spends to evaluate applications to drill and frack for shale gas 
Gianforte outlined his position on retirement by using the Biblical example of Noah  He said:There's nothing in the Bible that talks about retirement  And yet it's been an accepted concept in our culture today  Nowhere does it say, "Well, he was a good and faithful servant, so he went to the beach"  The example I think of is Noah  How old was Noah when he built the ark? 600  He wasn't, like, cashing Social Security checks  He wasn't hanging out  He was working  So I think we have an obligation to work  The role we have in work may change over time, but the concept of retirement is not biblical 

Election-eve assault on journalist
On May 24, 2017, the day before the House special election, Ben Jacobs, a political reporter for The Guardian newspaper who was covering the election, reported to the Gallatin County, Montana Sheriff's Office that Gianforte had assaulted him at Gianforte's Bozeman campaign office after Jacobs asked him a question about health care policy  Jacobs said that Gianforte "bodyslammed" him to the floor and broke his glasses  Jacobs was hospitalized after the attack In the immediate aftermath of the incident, Gianforte made misleading statements to a Gallatin County Sheriff's Office sergeant who reported to Gianforte's campaign office to investigate Jacobs's complaint   Gianforte told the sergeant, "the liberal media is trying to make a story " In the hours after the assault, the Gianforte campaign issued a press release falsely blaming the reporter, claiming that Jacobs grabbed Gianforte's wrist and caused them both to fall to the ground  But an audio recording of the incident appeared to support Jacobs's statement, and other reporters who were present at the scene corroborated Jacobs's version of events  An eyewitness to the attack, Fox News reporter Alicia Acuna, testified that "Gianforte grabbed Jacobs by the neck with both hands and slammed him into the ground", then "began punching the man" and "yelling something to the effect of 'I'm sick and tired of this!'" Acuna said, "at no point did any of us who witnessed this assault see Jacobs show any form of physical aggression toward Gianforte, who left the area after giving statements to local sheriff's deputies " Another journalist who was an eyewitness to the assault, Alexis Levinson, tweeted that she "heard a giant crash and saw Ben's feet fly in the air as he hit the floor "The Gallatin County Sheriff's Office cited Gianforte for misdemeanor assault  On August 25, 2017, he was briefly booked into jail, fingerprinted, and had his mugshot taken, after his legal team lost a bid to avoid that process  On October 10, 2017, Gianforte's mugshot was released publicly by a Gallatin County court order The Helena Independent Record editorial board rescinded its endorsement of Gianforte and noted that before the attack, Gianforte had encouraged his supporters to boycott certain newspapers, singled out a reporter in a room to point out that he was outnumbered, and joked about choking a news writer  Two other well-circulated Montana newspapers, the Billings Gazette, and the largest in the state, the Missoulian, also rescinded their endorsements of Gianforte  Speaker Paul Ryan and other members of Congress urged Gianforte to apologize In his acceptance speech the night of his May 25 victory, Gianforte apologized to Jacobs and the Fox News crew for his assault  On June 7, he made a written apology to Jacobs and donated $50,000 to the Committee to Protect Journalists, which accepted the funds because it was part of the settlement and said it would put them towards the U S  Press Freedom Tracker  In return, Jacobs agreed to not pursue a civil claim against Gianforte Gianforte subsequently pleaded guilty to misdemeanor assault in Gallatin County District Court, acknowledging that Jacobs "did not initiate any physical contact with me" and writing a letter to Jacobs saying that Jacobs did not start the physical altercation  Gianforte was originally sentenced to four days in jail, to be completed in part through a work program, but he was ineligible for the work program due to the assault conviction  The judge then switched the sentence to 40 hours of community service, 20 hours of anger management therapy, a 180-day deferred sentence, and a $300 fine along with an $85 court fee During the court hearing, Jacobs said that he hoped to interview Gianforte in the future, as he was trying to do at the time of the assault  Gianforte said in court to Jacobs, "I am sorry, and if and when you are ready, I look forward to sitting down with you in D C " As of October 2017, Gianforte had not sat down with Jacobs for an interview, and the issue was not pursued further 
 Since the assault, Jacobs has, through his attorney, accused Gianforte of whitewashing his guilt, twice sending Gianforte cease-and-desist letters about his accounts of his culpability in the assault  Gianforte met with the Missoulian newspaper editorial board in October 2018, and, when asked about the assault, maintained that his original false statement to sheriff's deputies in the immediate aftermath of the incident was his best recollection of events, a statement that Gianforte later contradicted under oath in court with an admission of guilt connected to his guilty plea On October 18, 2018, during a rally in Missoula, Montana, President Donald Trump congratulated Gianforte for his assault on Jacobs  While verbally praising Gianforte's prowess in carrying out a body slam, Trump made gestures with his hands and arms to pantomime a fighting maneuver  According to analysts, this marked the first time a sitting president had "openly and directly praised a violent act against a journalist on American soil" Gianforte's assault of Jacobs achieved political notoriety  During an October 2018 campaign event with then Georgia Secretary of State Brian Kemp, Representative Jody Hice implored the small crowd that had gathered to oppose the resurgence of Democratic candidates in the 2018 midterm elections  Hice declared, "It's time for this so called blue wave to be body-slammed!"

2018 House campaign
In 2018, Gianforte ran against Democratic nominee Kathleen Williams, a state legislator and natural resources expert from Bozeman, and Libertarian Party candidate Elinor Swanson, a lawyer from Billings Gianforte opposed Williams's proposal to allow those 55 and older to buy into Medicare, remarking, "Medicare for all is Medicare for none", and cautioned that Medicare would be at risk of spending cuts if Democrats won a majority in the House  Williams criticized Gianforte for introducing a bill to remove federal protections from several wilderness study areas in Montana without holding any public meetings on the issue Polling data in the weeks leading up to the election showed Gianforte and Williams in a close contest within the margin of error  Gianforte was reelected by a 5% margin  Exit polling data indicated that Gianforte had his strongest support at the polls from men older than 44 and from those with annual incomes above $50,000 

Tenure
115th Congress
Gianforte was sworn into the House of Representatives on June 21, 2017  At his inauguration ceremony, he announced his support for congressional term limits, barring members of Congress from becoming lobbyists, and withholding congressional pay if no budget is passed  It is unusual for members of Congress to announce such support for legislation in their inauguration  Montana Democrats mailed Gianforte an orange prison jumpsuit on the day of his inauguration The first bill Gianforte introduced, on June 21, 2017, was H R  2977, the Balanced Budget Accountability Act, which, as he summarized it, would withhold pay from members of Congress unless a balanced budget is passed  The bill did not achieve a committee hearing Gianforte touted refundable tax credits for low income parents as an achievement of the Republican Caucus in the 115th Congress In 2018, Gianforte expressed opposition to the aluminum and steel tariffs imposed by President Trump, expressing fears about the impact of retaliatory tariffs (the trade war) on Montana agricultural exports Gianforte chaired the Interior Subcommittee of the Oversight Committee through the end of the 115th Congress in 2018  He introduced legislation to nullify Wilderness Study Area (WSA) designations from more than 800,000 acres of land in Montana under the stewardship of the federal Bureau of Land Management and the U S  Forest Service 

116th Congress
In the 2018 midterm elections, the Republicans lost control of the House to the Democrats, and Gianforte began his second term in January 2019 in the minority caucus  Over his career, Gianforte voted in line with Trump's position in about 93 3% of key votes  He voted with Trump's position more often than Montana U S  Senator Steve Daines, a fellow Republican In January 2019, during the 2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown, Gianforte said that he "didn't come here to Washington to shut the government down" but expressed support for Trump and blamed Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi for the shutdown  He opposed the impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump over the Trump-Ukraine scandal, calling it a "sham", and voted against both articles of impeachment against Trump (abuse of power and obstruction of Congress)  Gianforte voted against a measure to bar Trump from initiating military action against Iran without congressional consent; a spokesman for Gianforte said in 2019 that he would not "discuss the conditions under which he would vote in favor of authorizing military force against Iran because talking about it strengthens the position [of] Iran's regime " Gianforte voted against the 2020 House Democrats police reform bill; against restoring part of the Voting Rights Act; against universal background checks for gun purchases; and against the 2020 D C  statehood bill  In line with Trump's position, he voted against legislation to block U S  arms sales to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, but he opposed Trump's decision in 2019 to withdraw U S  forces from northern Syria, where they had been stationed as part of U S  efforts to block Turkish attacks on Kurdish forces  Gianforte voted against legislation in 2019 to raise the federal minimum wage to $15 per hour  He voted against legislation to overturn Trump's emergency declaration to divert federal appropriations for construction of a border wall  He opposed federal action to combat climate change and supported Trump's withdrawal of the U S  from the Paris Agreement on climate change, voting against legislation to block Trump from withdrawing from the agreement  Gianforte voted against reauthorizing the Export–Import Bank and against a bill allowing the government to negotiate lower prices for prescription drugs  He voted for the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement on trade Gianforte is one of the few tech executives to be elected to political office in the U S  After Representative Darrell Issa left office in 2019, Gianforte became the wealthiest member of Congress, a distinction he held until the January 2020 appointment of Kelly Loeffler to represent Georgia in the Senate In December 2020, Gianforte was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v  Pennsylvania, a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which Joe Biden defeated Trump  The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of "election subversion"  She also reprimanded Gianforte and the other House members who supported the lawsuit: "The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House  Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution, they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions "Committee assignments

Natural Resources Committee
Subcommittee on Federal Lands
Subcommittee on Water, Power, and Oceans
Oversight Committee
Subcommittee on Information Technology
Subcommittee on Interior (Chair, 115th Congress)
Subcommittee on Intergovernmental AffairsCaucus memberships

Congressional Western Caucus

Governor of Montana
Elections
2016
On January 20, 2016, Gianforte announced his candidacy for the Republican Party's nomination for governor of Montana in the 2016 election  A citizen of Butte filed a political practices complaint against him, alleging that he began campaigning before registering; the complaint was dismissed In a campaign speech that year, Gianforte stated that he had been involved in discussions with Facebook about bringing a new call center to Montana, but that Facebook had declined because of that state's business equipment tax  A Facebook spokesman disputed Gianforte's claims, saying that no discussions with him had taken place and that the tax was not the reason the company decided not to locate a call center in Montana  Gianforte stood by his statement, saying he had spoken with a Facebook executive the previous fall During his gubernatorial campaign, Gianforte pledged not to accept special interest PAC money and ran television ads criticizing his opponent for doing so  He came under scrutiny when an audio tape surfaced revealing his past advocacy to replace state income tax and state business tax revenue with a state sales tax Management of public lands was a point of contention in Gianforte's 2016 campaign for governor  In 2009, Gianforte's LLC filed a lawsuit against the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks about the boundaries of an easement for public access to the East Gallatin River adjacent to his property  Gianforte's suit against the state became an issue in the 2016 campaign, with his critics characterizing it as a wealthy out-of-stater's effort to block public access to a popular stream  Gianforte consistently denied the allegations and called the issue a misunderstanding, noting the suit was never served, though the lawsuit was settled outside of court  Gianforte opposes same-sex marriage and abortion Incumbent governor Steve Bullock defeated Gianforte in the November general election, 50%–46% 

2020
Gianforte contended with Attorney General Tim Fox and State Senator Al Olszewski for the Republican nomination in the 2020 Montana gubernatorial election  Gianforte drew parallels between his experience building a large technology company in Bozeman and Trump's business background, and shared anecdotes of visits to the White House meant to illustrate their ties Gianforte won the Republican nomination  In the November general election, he defeated incumbent lieutenant governor Mike Cooney 

Tenure
Gianforte was sworn in as governor on January 4, 2021 
On February 12, 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Gianforte lifted Montana's statewide mask mandate  The previous day, he signed a bill giving liability protections to businesses and healthcare providers  In May 2021, Gianforte signed a bill into law that limited the ability of hospitals and other businesses to require that their staff be vaccinated against COVID-19 and prohibited businesses from requiring that customers be vaccinated in order to access facilities  Montana became the only state with such a ban on employers On February 18, 2021, Gianforte signed a constitutional carry bill into law On March 16, 2021, Gianforte signed a bill changing Montana's system of choosing judges, giving the governor, with the state senate's approval, more control over the process On April 2, 2021, Gianforte signed a bill banning sanctuary cities in Montana; at the time, there were no sanctuary cities in Montana  Montana became the 13th state to ban sanctuary cities 
Later that April, Gianforte signed a bill into law that ended same-day voter registration in Montana, in addition to a separate bill that prevented students from using a student ID as voter ID  He also signed a bill making it easier for individuals to challenge government regulations for violating their religious beliefs, and signed three bills restricting abortion On April 30, 2021, Gianforte signed a bill requiring individuals to undergo gender reassignment surgery in order to change their birth certificate  On May 7, 2021, he signed a bill banning transgender athletes from girls' sports in public schools  On April 28, 2023, he signed a bill banning gender-affirming care for transgender minors 

Personal life
While working at Bell Labs in New Jersey in the 1980s, Gianforte met his wife, Susan, the first-generation daughter of German immigrants  They married in 1988  Gianforte and his wife have resided in Bozeman since moving from New Jersey in 1995  They have four children  Gianforte was raised Presbyterian  He and his wife attend Grace Bible Church, a nondenominational church in Bozeman Gianforte is an avid hunter  In a 2016 interview, he described entertaining investment bankers from Scotland and New York at his Montana home, in connection with his company's public stock offering, where he served them a dinner of mountain lion teriyaki, antelope chops wrapped in bacon, and elk tenderloin  On October 28, 2000, he was fined $70 for violating state Fish and Wildlife Commission rules by killing an elk  In February 2021, he violated state hunting regulations by trapping and shooting an adult black wolf known as "1155"  While born in Yellowstone National Park and radio collared in 2018, it was roughly 10 miles (16 km) north of the park's boundary  As Gianforte had not completed a wolf trapping certification course, he was issued a written warning by Fish, Wildlife and Parks  In December, he killed a mountain lion near the same area that was also being monitored by the National Park Service  "M220" was radio collared in 2019 and was estimated to be five years old when he was driven up a tree by the hunting group's dogs and shot in compliance with Montana state laws Gianforte received an honorary doctorate from Stevens Institute of Technology and gave the commencement speech in 2012  In 2007, he received an honorary doctorate from Montana State University's College of Engineering  In 2007, Gianforte was inducted into the CRM Hall of Fame  He received the 2003 Stevens Institute of Technology's Stevens Honor Award  Gianforte was named Pacific Northwest Entrepreneur of the Year by Ernst & Young in 2003 As of 2018, Gianforte's net worth was more than $189 million, which made him one of Congress's wealthiest members 

Electoral history
Writings
Gianforte, Greg; and Gibson, Marcus (2005)  Bootstrapping your business: start and grow a successful company with almost no money  Adams Media 
Gianforte, Greg (2008)  Eight to great : eight steps to delivering an exceptional customer experience  www BookSurge com 
Gianforte, Greg (2012)  Attack of the customers : why critics assault brands online and how to avoid becoming a victim  Self-published 
Passage 5:
Ryan Zinke
Ryan Keith Zinke (; born November 1, 1961) is an American politician and businessman serving as the U S  representative for Montana's 1st congressional district since 2023  A member of the Republican Party, Zinke served in the Montana Senate from 2009 to 2013 and as the U S  representative for the at-large congressional district from 2015 to 2017  He was appointed United States Secretary of the Interior by President Donald Trump in 2017 and served until his resignation in 2019 following a series of ethical scandals Zinke played college football at the University of Oregon and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in geology  He also has a Master of Business Administration and a Master of Science in global leadership  He was a U S  Navy SEAL from 1986 until 2008, retiring with the rank of commander  The first Navy SEAL to be elected to the U S  House, Zinke formerly served as a member of the Natural Resources Committee and the Armed Services Committee  As a member of Congress, Zinke supported the use of ground troops in the Middle East to combat ISIS and opposed the Affordable Care Act, various environmental regulations, and the transfer of federal lands to individual states 
Zinke was appointed as United States Secretary of the Interior by Donald Trump  He was confirmed on March 1, 2017, becoming the first Navy SEAL and the first Montanan since statehood to occupy a Cabinet position As Secretary, Zinke opened some federal lands for oil, gas and mineral exploration and extraction  His actions as Secretary of the Interior raised ethical questions and were investigated by the Interior Department's Office of Inspector General  In October 2018, Interior's inspector general referred the investigation to the Justice Department  On December 15, 2018, Trump announced that Zinke would leave his post as of January 2, 2019, to be replaced by his deputy, David Bernhardt  The Inspector General's report concluded that Zinke had repeatedly violated ethical rules and then lied to investigators  His tenure as Secretary of the Interior was plagued by scandals, including his insistence that special flagpoles be erected so that flags could be raised or lowered when he was in residence, spending over $200,000 of taxpayer money to do so  Zinke left his post at the Department of the Interior at end of 2018 after serving two years amid mounting misconduct allegations related to his Whitefish corruption scandal 

Early life and education
Zinke was born in Bozeman, Montana, and raised in Whitefish  He is the son of Jean Montana (Harlow) Petersen and Ray Dale Zinke, a plumber  He was a Boy Scout and earned his Eagle Scout award  He was a star athlete at Whitefish High School and accepted a football scholarship to the University of Oregon in Eugene; recruited as an outside linebacker, he switched to offense and was an undersized starting center for the Ducks of the Pac-10 under head coach Rich Brooks  Zinke earned a B S  in geology in 1984 and graduated with honors  He intended to pursue a career in underwater geology  Despite never working as a geologist, Zinke publicly calls himself a geologist  He earned an M B A  from National University in 1993 and a Master of Science in global leadership from the University of San Diego in 2003 

Military career
Zinke served as a U S  Navy SEAL from 1986 to 2008, retiring at the rank of commander  He graduated from Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL training (BUD/S) class 136 in February 1986 and subsequently served with SEAL Team ONE  Following SEAL Tactical Training and completion of a six-month probationary period, he received the 1130 designator as a Naval Special Warfare Officer, entitled to wear the Special Warfare insignia also known as "SEAL Trident"   Zinke was assigned as a First Phase Officer of BUD/S from 1988 to 1991  In 1991, he received orders to United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (NSWDG) and completed a specialized selection and training course  Zinke served at the command until 1993, during which time he planned, rehearsed and operated during classified operations  He then served as a Plans officer for Commander in Chief, U S  Naval Forces, Europe and served a second tour with NSWDG as team leader, ground force commander, task force commander and current operations officer from 1996 to 1999 In the late 1990s, Zinke paid back the Navy $211 after improperly billing the government for personal travel expenses  His former commanding officer, now-retired Vice Admiral Albert M  Calland III, said that as a result, Zinke received a June 1999 Fitness Report that blocked him from being promoted to a commanding officer position or to the rank of captain  Zinke acknowledged the error but maintains that the incident did not adversely affect his career  His promotion from lieutenant commander to commander was approved the next year From 1999 to 2001, Zinke served as executive officer for the Naval Special Warfare Unit Two and then as executive officer, Naval Special Warfare Center from 2001 to 2004  In 2004, Zinke was the deputy and acting commander of the Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force-Arabian Peninsula  His campaign website stated that he was "the deputy and acting commander" of Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force–Arabian Peninsula and "led a force of more than 3,500 Special Operations personnel in Iraq" in 2004  Retired Major General Michael S  Repass, who was Zinke's superior in Iraq, told The New York Times that these claims "might be a stretch" but that Zinke "did a good job" and was "a competent guy"  After his tours in Iraq, Zinke served "as the second-ranking officer (and briefly acting commander) of the main SEAL training center " In 2006, he was selected to establish the Naval Special Warfare Advanced Training Command, serving as dean of the graduate school until his retirement from active duty in 2008  The graduate school had 250 educators, offering over 43 college-level courses to over 2,500 students annually at 15 different locations worldwide  Zinke retired from the Navy in 2008 

Awards and decorations
Business ventures
In 2005, Zinke formed Continental Divide International, a property management and business development consulting company  His family members are officers of the company  In 2009, Zinke formed the consulting company On Point Montana  He served on the board of the oil pipeline company QS Energy (formerly Save the World Air) from 2012 to 2015  In November 2014, Zinke announced that he would pass Continental Divide to his family while remaining in an advisory role 

Political career
Montana Senate (2009–2013)
Zinke was elected to the Montana Senate in 2008, serving from 2009 to 2013, representing the city of Whitefish  While serving in the State Senate, he "was widely seen as a moderate Republican" but drifted to the right  Zinke was selected as chair of the Senate Education Committee and promoted technology in the classroom, rural access to education and local control over schools  He also served on the Senate Finance and Claims Committee  As a state senator, Zinke was also a member of the SEMA-supported State Automotive Enthusiast and Leadership Caucus, a bipartisan group of state lawmakers sharing an appreciation for automobiles 

Global warming and clean energy
In 2008, Zinke said he "support[s] increased coal production for electrical generation and believe[s] it can and should be done with adequate environmental safeguards" and that he "believe[s] the use of alternate energy sources and clean coal is preferred over petroleum based fuels"  In 2010, he signed a letter calling global warming "a threat multiplier for instability in the most volatile regions of the world" and saying that "the clean energy and climate challenge is America's new space race"  The letter spoke of "catastrophic" costs and "unprecedented economic consequences" that would result from failing to act on climate change and asked then-President Obama and then-Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi to champion sweeping clean-energy and climate legislation 

2012 campaign for lieutenant governor
Zinke was the running mate of Montana gubernatorial candidate Neil Livingstone in the 2012 election  The Livingstone/Zinke ticket finished fifth out of seven in the Republican primary with 12,038 votes (8 8% of the vote) In 2012, Zinke founded the super PAC Special Operations for America (SOFA) to support Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign  It raised over $100,000 and paid $28,258 to Continental Divide International, Zinke's company, for fundraising consulting  Zinke appointed right-wing commentator Paul E  Vallely, a promoter of "birther" claims and other anti-Obama conspiracy theories, to SOFA's board  Zinke announced he was resigning as chairman of SOFA on September 30, 2013, with his friend former Navy SEAL Gary Stubblefield taking his place  While Zinke's financial disclosure report for 2014 listed him as chairman of SOFA, SOFA had been making independent expenditures in support of Zinke's campaign since November 20, 2013  In 2014, the Campaign Legal Center and Democracy 21 filed a complaint with the Federal Election Commission regarding coordination between Zinke's campaign and SOFA  As of December 2016, the FEC had taken no action on the matter 

Radio show
In 2013, Zinke hosted a radio show in which he engaged with and promoted fringe conspiratorial views, including birtherism (the contention that Obama was not born in the United States)  Zinke said on the show that he was not sure whether Obama was a foreign citizen and called on Obama to release his college transcripts  Later, in 2016, as a congressman, Zinke appeared on the radio show Where's Obama's Birth Certificate, known for its promotion of birther conspiracy theories 

2014 House election
In the spring of 2014, Zinke announced his candidacy for Montana's at-large congressional district, a seat vacated when the incumbent, Steve Daines, successfully sought a seat in the U S  Senate During the Republican primary, Zinke attracted attention for calling Hillary Rodham Clinton "the real enemy" and the "anti-Christ " He touted his anti-abortion credentials and was endorsed by the Montana Right to Life Association Zinke won the five-way Republican primary with 43,766 votes (33 25%) and defeated Libertarian perennial candidate Mike Fellows and Democratic nominee John Lewis, a former state director for U S  Senator Max Baucus, in the general election,
with 55 4% of the nearly 350,000 votes cast statewide 

U S  House of Representatives (2015–2017)
In Congress, Zinke supported the deployment of U S  ground troops to combat ISIS, "abandoning" the Affordable Care Act, and cutting regulations  He supported a Republican effort to repeal the estate tax Zinke condemned the "anti-Semitic views" held by neo-Nazis planning a march in support of Richard B  Spencer in Whitefish, Montana, in January 2017 

Political positions
Education
In 2015, Zinke voted for an amendment proposed by Representative Dave Loebsack that provided for the expansion of the use of digital learning through the establishment of a competitive grant program to implement and evaluate the results of technology-based learning practices  The amendment passed, 218–213 

Environmental regulation
Zinke frequently voted in opposition to environmentalists on issues including coal extraction and oil and gas drilling  When Trump opened nearly all U S  coastal waters to extractive drilling, rescinding Obama's protections, nearly a dozen coastal states protested  Zinke visited with Florida Governor Ron DeSantis and exempted only Florida's coast from drilling 

Climate change
Zinke has shifted over time on the issue of climate change  In 2010, while in the Montana Senate, Zinke was one of nearly 1,200 state legislators who signed a letter to President Obama and Congress calling for "comprehensive clean energy jobs and climate change legislation " But since 2010, he has repeatedly expressed doubt about anthropogenic climate change; in an October 2014 debate, Zinke said, "it's not a hoax, but it's not proven science either " During Senate confirmation hearings on his nomination as Interior Secretary, Zinke said that humans "influence" climate change, but did not acknowledge the scientific consensus that human activity is the dominant cause of climate change 

Transfers of federal lands to states
Zinke broke with most Republicans on the issue of transfers of federal lands to the states, calling such proposals "extreme" and voting against them  In July 2016, he withdrew as a delegate to the Republican National Convention in protest of the portion of the party's draft platform that would require that certain public lands be transferred to state control  Zinke said he endorsed "better management of federal land" rather than transfers 

Committee assignments
Committee on Armed Services
Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces
Subcommittee on Intelligence, Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Committee on Natural Resources
Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources

2016 House election
In 2016, Zinke ran unopposed in the Republican primary on June 7 and faced Democratic nominee and Superintendent of Public Instruction Denise Juneau in the general election on November 8  He defeated Juneau with 56% of the vote 

Secretary of the Interior (2017–2019)
Donald Trump Jr  recommended to his father that Zinke be nominated for Secretary of the Interior  Zinke was named as then-President-elect Donald Trump's nominee for United States Secretary of the Interior on December 13, 2016  The Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee approved his nomination by a 16–6 vote on January 31, 2017, and he was confirmed by the full Senate by a 68–31 vote on March 1  Among the senators expressing support for Zinke's confirmation was Jon Tester of Montana  Zinke was sworn into office by Vice President Mike Pence the same day The day after his swearing-in, Zinke rode a United States Park Police horse named Tonto several blocks to the entrance of the Department of Interior's Main Interior Building to his official welcoming ceremony On May 24, 2017, in the Montana special election to fill Zinke's vacated House seat, Republican nominee Greg Gianforte defeated Democratic nominee Rob Quist, with 49 7% of the vote to Quist's 44 1% 

Rescinded ban on lead bullets
On his first full day in office, Zinke rescinded the policy implemented by outgoing Fish and Wildlife Service Director Daniel M  Ashe on January 19, 2017, the last day of the Obama administration, that banned the use of lead bullets and lead fishing tackle in national wildlife refuges  Zinke said: "Over the past eight years … hunting, and recreation enthusiasts have seen trails closed and dramatic decreases in access to public lands across the board  It worries me to think about hunting and fishing becoming activities for the land-owning elite  This package of secretarial orders will expand access for outdoor enthusiasts and also make sure the community's voice is heard " The regulation was meant to help prevent lead contamination of plants and animals The move was opposed by the Sierra Club, Center for Biological Diversity, and other environmental groups  The rollback was praised by Senator Steve Daines, the National Rifle Association, and National Shooting Sports Foundation, as well as other "gun rights advocates, sportsmen's groups, conservatives and state wildlife agencies "

National Monument reductions
In April 2017, Zinke began reviewing at least 27 national monuments to determine whether any of them could be reduced in size  In June 2017, he recommended that Bears Ears National Monument's boundaries be scaled back  In August, he added the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument and Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument to the list of monuments to be shrunk, while also calling for new management rules for multiple national monuments to decrease the number of actions that are prohibited within the monuments In December 2017, Trump signed executive proclamations that reduced Bears Ears National Monument by 85% and Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument by almost 46%  These moves prompted several legal challenges  A day later, Zinke issued a report recommending that Trump also shrink two more national monuments—Gold Butte National Monument in Nevada and Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument in Oregon  He also recommended changes to the management of six other national monuments  These changes were welcomed by Republicans such as Representative Rob Bishop, the chair of the House Natural Resources Committee, but condemned by Democrats and environmentalist groups such as the Natural Resources Defense Council and Sierra Club After The New York Times took Zinke's Interior Department to court, it won and got 25,000 documents, of which 4,500 pages were related to Zinke's multi-monument review, and which showed the administration set out to increase coal, oil and gas mining access  The documents also showed that the Zinke administration's new map largely matched a map previously promoted by longtime Utah Senator Orrin Hatch, whose plan claimed it "would resolve all known mineral conflicts for SITLA [Utah School and Institutional Trust Lands Administration] within the Bears Ears… the real [beneficiaries] are Utah schoolchildren and the people of San Juan County", a claim the Utah Diné Bikéyah tribe disputed as hypocritical 

Expenditure controversies
In September 2017, it was reported that on June 26, Zinke had chartered a jet belonging to an oil industry executive for a flight from Las Vegas to Kalispell, Montana  Zinke had been in Las Vegas to make an announcement related to public lands and to deliver a speech to the National Hockey League's Vegas Golden Knights, an expansion franchise owned by William P  Foley, a major donor to Zinke's congressional campaigns  The chartered flight cost taxpayers $12,375  Costs for commercial flights between Las Vegas and Kalispell typically start at $300  Upon arrival in Kalispell, Zinke spent the night at his private residence before delivering remarks at the annual meeting of the Western Governors Association the next morning  Zinke and his staffers returned to Washington on a commercial flight the next day Zinke used private aircraft and performed political duties in relation to an April 1 trip between St  Croix and St  Thomas in the U S  Virgin Islands  Zinke had been in St  Croix on March 30 for an official meeting with Governor Kenneth Mapp during the day, and spent the night at a fundraiser for the Republican Party of the Virgin Islands, where donors of between $1,500 and $5,000 were allowed to have their pictures taken with Zinke  The next morning, he took a private flight costing the government $3,150 to St  Thomas to celebrate the centennial of the islands' handover to the United States by Denmark In December 2017, Politico reported that Zinke had booked government helicopters for more than $14,000 to travel in June and July 2017  One of these trips was the swearing-in ceremony of his successor in Congress; the Department of Interior defended the use of government helicopters instead of a two-hour car drive by saying Zinke would otherwise not be able to fully participate in the ceremony  An Interior spokesperson also told a Politico reporter asking about the expenses, "Shame on you for not respecting the office of a member of Congress " Another of these trips was the use of a Park Police helicopter to have a horseback ride with Vice President Mike Pence; the Interior Department justified the use of the helicopter over the three-hour car drive by saying, "the Secretary will be able to familiarize himself with the in-flight capabilities of an aircraft he is in charge of" and that Park Police staff would "provide an added measure of security to the Secretary during his travel " Zinke dismissed Politico's reporting as "total fabrications and a wild departure of reality" but did not identify any inaccuracies in it In March 2018, the Associated Press reported that the Interior Department spent approximately $139,000 to upgrade three sets of double doors in Zinke's office  A spokesperson claimed Zinke was unaware of the relevant work contract 

Inspector general investigations and other inquiries
In October 2017, the Interior Department's Office of Inspector General (OIG) launched an investigation into Zinke's use of three charter flights during his tenure as Interior Secretary  In April 2018, OIG released its report, concluding that Zinke's chartered flight to give the June 2017 speech to the Las Vegas Golden Knights was authorized "without complete information" and that the speech was not official business because Zinke did not discuss the Interior Department or his role as Interior Secretary  OIG concluded that the two other charter flights, one to Alaska and the other to the U S  Virgin Islands, "appeared to have been reasonable as related to official DOI business "In October 2017, the United States Office of Special Counsel launched a Hatch Act investigation into Zinke's meeting with the Vegas Golden Knights In a March 2018 Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, Zinke said it was false that he had taken a "private jet anywhere," noting that the charter flights he took were on aircraft with propellers, not jet engines As of October 30, 2018, the OIG had referred Zinke to the Department of Justice for investigation, including of whether he lied to the OIG about his involvement in reviewing a tribal casino project in Connecticut  The two Connecticut tribes claim that the Interior Department refused to sign off on the casino project after intense lobbying by MGM Resorts International and two Nevada Republican lawmakers  Zinke said the OIG interviewed him twice about the casino decision and that he was truthful both times  In late 2019, Deputy Attorney General Jeffrey Rosen stalled the probe into Zinke  Federal prosecutors had proposed to move forward with possible criminal charges against Zinke over his involvement in the casino deal  In doing so, Rosen also prevented the Interior Department's Office of Inspector General from making a report about the casino deal public 

Flying of Secretarial flag
Assuming his duties as Interior Secretary, Zinke ordered Interior Department officials to fly the official Secretarial Flag over the Main Interior Building whenever he was in the building, and that of his deputy, David Bernhardt, whenever Zinke was away and Bernhardt the highest-ranking official present  According to The Washington Post, "no one can remember [the flag ritual] ever happening in the federal government "

Trophy hunting
In November 2017, it was announced that Trump, on Zinke's advice, wanted to lift the import ban on elephant and other big-game trophies from Zambia and Zimbabwe to the United States  A passionate hunter, Zinke justified himself to critics by saying that he had his best childhood memories of hunting with his father and that he was anxious to promote hunting for American families  Trump and Zinke received considerable criticism for the decision  Critics feared that lifting the import ban would trigger a wave of U S  hunters, and that the decision would be a major blow to the survival of the elephant species  Two days later, Trump put his decision on hold, saying that he wanted to better inform himself on the issue  In 2014, before the Obama Administration instituted the ban, U S  hunters killed 671 elephants, 741 lions, 311 leopards, 1,412 Cape buffaloes and 32 rhinos, and shipped them to the U S 

Greater sage-grouse
In 2017, Zinke took steps to unwind a 2015 plan that protected the greater sage-grouse  The Interior Department sought to change sage grouse habitat management plans in 10 states in a way that could open the sage-grouse habitat to mineral extraction and grazing  These proposals were welcomed by the oil and gas industry and condemned by environmentalists  In April 2021, a federal judge blocked this expansion of livestock grazing in Nevada across four hundred square miles (1,000 km2) of some of the highest-priority sage-grouse habitat in the West 

Migratory Bird Treaty Act
Under Zinke, the Interior Department adopted a restrictive interpretation of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, issuing a guidance document stating that the killing of birds "resulting from an activity is not prohibited by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act when the underlying purpose of that activity is not to take birds " The move was opposed by a bipartisan group of 17 former top Interior Department officials, including seven former heads of migratory bird management at the U S  Fish and Wildlife Service, who served in each administration from Nixon to Obama  In a letter sent to Zinke and members of Congress, the former officials wrote, "This legal opinion is contrary to the long-standing interpretation by every administration (Republican and Democrat) since at least the 1970s "

Interior Department employees
In June 2017, Zinke called for the elimination of 4,000 jobs from the Interior Department and supported the White House proposal to cut the department's budget by 13 4%  The same month, he ordered 50 Interior members of the Senior Executive Service to be reassigned, "forcing many into jobs for which they had little experience and that were in different locations " The scope of the move was unusual  One reassigned Interior senior executive, scientist Joel Clement, published an op-ed in The Washington Post saying that the reassignment was retaliation against him "for speaking out publicly about the dangers that climate change poses to Alaska Native communities " The moves prompted the Interior Departments' Office of Inspector General to launch a probe In 2017, in a speech to the National Petroleum Council, Zinke said that one-third of Interior Department employees were disloyal to Trump and that "I got 30 percent of the crew that's not loyal to the flag"  His remarks prompted objections from the Coalition to Protect America's National Parks, Public Lands Foundation and Association of Retired Fish and Wildlife Service Employees (which called the comments "simply ludicrous, and deeply insulting") and Senator Maria Cantwell, the ranking member of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources (who said that Zinke had a "fundamental misunderstanding of the role" of the federal civil service) 

Budget proposals
In 2018, Zinke proposed budget cuts to the Interior Department for fiscal year 2019, mostly from the Bureau of Land Management, U S  Fish and Wildlife Service, and U S  Geological Survey  His proposed budget would also have cut the Land and Water Conservation Fund to $8 million from $425 million in 2018 

2018 wildfires
In August 2018, Zinke said that "environmental terrorist groups" were to blame for the wildfires in California, and that they had "nothing to do with climate change"  Fire scientists and forestry experts reject that, attributing the increasingly destructive wildfires to heat and drought caused by climate change  Later that month, Zinke acknowledged that climate change played a part in the fires  He also said that preventing removal of dead trees has increased the amount of flammable material and hurt timber salvaging 

Calendar omissions
In October 2018, FOIA requests revealed that Zinke's calendar, which was supposed to cover the Secretary of the Interior's activities, contained glaring omissions  Zinke met with lobbyists and business executives on a number of occasions  Reporting from September 2018 noted that the calendars of his activities were "so vaguely described    that the public is unable tell what he was doing or with whom he was meeting "

Departure from office
On December 15, 2018, Trump announced that Zinke would leave "the Administration at the end of the year"; he later tweeted that he would name the new Secretary of the Interior the following week  According to The Washington Post, Zinke had submitted his resignation the same morning  Zinke himself later posted a statement on Twitter, saying, "I cannot justify spending thousands of dollars defending myself and my family against false allegations…It is better for the President and Interior to focus on accomplishments rather than fictitious allegations " His resignation came just a week after former White House Chief of Staff John Kelly's departure was announced 
Zinke was facing several federal probes, including the "Montana land deal" in which a foundation of Zinke's and the chairman of energy firm Halliburton, David Lesar, were accused of wrongdoing in relation to a development project in Zinke's home town of Whitefish, Montana  The DOJ also was investigating his use of personal email In May 2020, Zinke criticized the investigations that led to his departure, saying they were politicized and that such investigations would result in only billionaires being able to afford to serve in a public office 

Later career
In January 2019, Zinke began a new job as the managing director of Artillery One, a cryptocurrency investment firm founded by investor Daniel Cannon, saying that he was "going to make Artillery One great again " In an interview, he said, "I'm focused on cybersecurity, protection of infrastructure and emerging countries that can act as a test bed for new technologies  There is some suspicion that blockchain does not really work  We think it does and we want to showcase the utility and flexibility of the model " The company is working on a test bed project in Kosovo, where Zinke served during his time in the U S  Navy  Zinke also took consulting jobs with several energy firms 

2022 congressional election
In June 2021, Zinke officially announced his candidacy for reelection to the U S  House of Representatives  He sought election in Montana's 1st congressional district, which was reconstituted after the 2020 census  Montana had been split between two districts from 1919 to 1993, but for the next three decades had been represented by a single member 
Zinke narrowly defeated Democratic nominee Monica Tranel to return to Congress  He represents the western third of the state, including Missoula, Butte, Bozeman, Kalispell, and his hometown of Whitefish 

Tenure
Syria
In 2023, Zinke voted against H Con Res  21, which directed President Joe Biden to remove U S  troops from Syria within 180 days 

Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023
Zinke was among the 71 Republicans who voted against final passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 in the House 

Personal life
Zinke married Lolita Hand on August 8, 1992  Both had been married before; Hand was a widow with a young daughter  He and Hand also have two children together Zinke splits his time among Washington, D C ; Whitefish, Montana; and Santa Barbara, California, his wife's hometown  Politico reported that he no longer resides at his Whitefish house and spends more time in Santa Barbara  Zinke is Missouri Synod Lutheran 

Electoral history
See also
Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration
List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 115th Congress by seniority
List of Montana state senators
Political appointments of Donald Trump#Department of the Interior
United States Senate election in Montana, 2018
Whitefish Energy
Passage 6:
Louisiana State Treasurer special election, 2017
The Louisiana State Treasurer special election took place on October 14, 2017, to elect the state treasurer of Louisiana, with a runoff election to be held on November 18, 2017, if necessary  Incumbent Republican State Treasurer John Kennedy was elected to the U S  Senate in 2016   First Assistant Treasurer Ron Henson replaced Kennedy as treasurer, and served until the special election  Henson did not run in the special election Under Louisiana's jungle primary system, all candidates appeared on the same ballot, regardless of party and voters may vote for any candidate, regardless of their party affiliation  If no candidate receives a majority of the vote during the primary election, a runoff election will be held between the top two candidates  Louisiana is the only state that has a jungle primary system (California and Washington have a similar "top two primary" system)  Republican candidates received over 65% of the vote as John Schroder and Derrick Edwards advanced to the runoff  Republican John Schroder defeated Democrat Derrick Edwards in the runoff 

Candidates
Republican Party
Declared
Angele Davis, businesswoman and former commissioner of the Louisiana Department of Administration
Terry Hughes
Neil Riser, state senator and candidate for LA-05 in 2013
John Schroder, state representative

Withdrew
Julie Stokes, state representative

Declined
Ron Henson, incumbent state treasurer
Rob Maness, retired United States Air Force colonel and candidate for U S  Senate in 2014 and 2016

Democratic Party
Declared
Derrick Edwards, attorney and candidate for U S  Senate in 2016

Libertarian Party
Declared
Joseph D  Little

Jungle primary
Runoff
Passage 7:
Kevin Aguiar
Kevin Aguiar (born September 7, 1972) is an American politician who represented the 7th Bristol district in the Massachusetts House of Representatives  He was first elected in a 2008 special election following Robert Correia's resignation to become Mayor of Fall River, Massachusetts From 2002 to 2009, Aguiar served as a member of the Fall School Committee  He was defeated for re-election in the 2012 Democratic primary by challenger Alan Silvia, who succeeded him 
Passage 8:
Mike Aguirre
Jules Michael Aguirre (born 1949), more commonly known as Michael Jules Aguirre, was the City Attorney for the City of San Diego, California, from 2004 to 2008 
In 2013, he was a candidate for mayor in a special election following Mayor Bob Filner's resignation  He lost to Kevin Faulconer, placing fourth in a field of eleven candidates 

Early life
Aguirre was born to Julio and Margaret Aguirre  His father was of Spanish and Mexican descent and his mother is of Mexican descent 

Early career
Aguirre worked as Assistant U S  Attorney for the Department of Justice and directed a grand jury investigation of pension racketeering  He was then appointed as assistant counsel to the U S  Senate's Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations  After leaving government work, Aguirre set up his own firm specializing in securities fraud In the 1990s, Aguirre continued his securities practice and his electoral campaigns  In 1990, Aguirre allied with the Chicano Movement to file a successful federal voting rights lawsuit to overturn San Diego’s redistricting  In 1993, Aguirre successfully defended the United Farm Workers Union in Yuma, Arizona, in a case with lettuce grower Bruce Church  Aguirre took over the defense of the case after UFW President Cesar Chavez died following two days of testimony  Aguirre finished the jury trial, which the UFW lost, but he succeeded in getting the case overturned on appeal In 1996, Aguirre went to court to throw out a 1995 contract between the City of San Diego and the San Diego Chargers football team  In the contract, the city agreed to issue $60 million of bonds to renovate the football team's stadium, and, in a controversial clause, promised to constantly maintain the stadium as a state-of-the-art venue  The city had also agreed to guarantee the sale of 60,000 game tickets at prices to be set by the Chargers  Aguirre’s suit and the ensuing scandal surrounding the maintenance clause compelled the city to renegotiate with the Chargers in 1998 

City Attorney
Aguirre ran for San Diego City Attorney in 2004, in the midst of a financial crisis and investigations by the Securities and Exchange Commission  Scandal had erupted in the summer of 2003 over a pension deal that municipal employees received between 1996 and 2002  Workers were given increased benefits during this period, but the city did not contribute enough to municipal pension funds to cover the increased benefits  The resulting deficit of some $1 4 billion left the city’s finances in shambles and made it virtually impossible to issue municipal bonds  Aguirre ran as a "clean up the mess" outsider, with support from Democrats in the officially nonpartisan race, and won with 50 4% of the vote  A 2008 Wall Street Journal article praised Aguirre’s efforts to address the City of San Diego's hundreds of millions of dollars of unfunded pension liabilities In October 2007, the San Diego Union-Tribune reported that during the California wildfires of October 2007, Aguirre had called for an evacuation of the entire City of San Diego  Aguirre was heavily criticized for the idea but said that the paper had distorted his position  Aguirre's claim was that he had written a memo to the San Diego Mayor at the height of the fires, advising that the city should draw up a voluntary evacuation plan in light of federal regulations, the immediate threat of the fire, as well as concerns over weather conditions and air quality As City Attorney, Aguirre filed a legal action to force a developer to reduce the height of an already constructed office building near an airport  Federal Aviation Administration officials had later determined that the height of the building posed a threat to public safety, even if a city building permit had been issued  In 2009, a California Superior Court judge affirmed the City Attorney's position by determining the developer had no legal right to erect the building to the unsafe height, and the top several stories were ordered to be removed from the building In 2005, immediately upon taking office, Aguirre attempted unsuccessfully to overturn a city grant of $900 million in pension benefits to police and other city workers, which Aguirre contended had been illegal Aguirre sued Countrywide Financial in July 2008 over lending practices  and convinced a federal multi-district litigation judicial panel to move all Countrywide Financial foreclosure cases to the jurisdiction of the City of San Diego 
In 2008, Aguirre ran for a second term as City Attorney but was challenged by several other candidates  The president of the San Diego City Council Scott Peters ran with the backing of city unions, while Superior Court Judge Jan Goldsmith was backed by the Republican political establishment  In the five-candidate nonpartisan primary election in June 2008, Aguirre qualified for the general election by coming in second place after Goldsmith  In the general election on November 4, 2008, Aguirre lost to Goldsmith: 59 5 percent to 40 5 percent 

After leaving office
After leaving his post as City Attorney, Aguirre returned to private legal practice by forming the law firm of Aguirre Morris & Severson, along with two colleagues from the City Attorney's office: Mia Severson, who had headed the City Attorney's civil litigation division; and Chris Morris, who had headed the City's Criminal Division  Aguirre also started the National Center for Regulatory Reform, which has issued extensive reports on the Market Crash of 2008 
Following the resignation of Mayor Bob Filner in August 2013, Aguirre declared his intention to run in the special election for mayor to replace him  In the primary election held November 19, 2013, Aguirre came in a distant fourth with 4 44 percent of the vote, and thus did not advance to the runoff election held in November In 2014, Aguirre represented a woman named Ruth Hendricks who was challenging the $4 7 billion settlement deal for the failed San Onofre nuclear plant in San Diego County  His questions during the settlement approval process were not addressed  By 2015, his questions about backchannel dealings between regulators and utility companies were being taken more seriously, as criminal investigators seized notes from a secret meeting in Poland where the framework of a San Onofre deal was first discussed 

Electoral history



ground_truth: 2010

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: On May 25, 2017 Greg Gianforte won the special election following the resignation of a politican that current holds what position?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  The interior of this almost insurmountable ring is known as the Nanda Devi Sanctuary, and is protected as the Nanda Devi National Park  Nanda Devi East lies on the eastern edge of the ring (and of the Park), at the border of Chamoli, Pithoragarh and Bageshwar districts 
Together the peaks may be referred to as the peaks of the goddesses Nanda and Sunanda  These goddesses have occurred together in ancient Sanskrit literature (Srimad Bhagvatam or Bhagavata Purana) and are worshipped together as twins in the Kumaon, Garhwal and elsewhere in India  The first published reference to Nanda Devi East as Sunanda Devi appears to be in a recent novel (Malhotra 2011) that has the Kumaon region as backdrop 
In addition to being the 23rd highest independent peak in the world, Nanda Devi is also notable for its large, steep rise above local terrain  It rises over 3,300 metres (10,800 ft) above its immediate southwestern base on the Dakshini Nanda Devi Glacier in about 4 2 kilometres (2 6 mi), and its rise above the glaciers to the north is similar  This makes it among the steepest peaks in the world at this scale, closely comparable, for example, to the local profile of K2  Nanda Devi is also impressive when considering terrain that is a bit further away, as it is surrounded by relatively deep valleys  For example, it rises over 6,500 metres (21,300 ft) above the valley of the Goriganga in only 50 km (30 mi) On the northern side of the massif lies the Uttari Nanda Devi Glacier, flowing into the Uttari Rishi Glacier  To the southwest, one finds the Dakkhini Nanda Devi Glacier, flowing into the Dakkhini Rishi Glacier  All of these glaciers are located within the Sanctuary, and drain west into the Rishiganga  To the east lies the Pachu Glacier, and to the southeast lie the Nandaghunti and Lawan Glaciers, feeding the Lawan Gad; all of these drain into the Milam Valley  To the south is the Pindari Glacier, draining into the Pindar River  Just to the south of Sunanda Devi, dividing the Lawan Gad drainage from the Dakkhini Nanda Devi Glacier, is Longstaff Col, 5,910 m (19,390 ft), one of the high passes that guard access to the Nanda Devi Sanctuary  For a list of notable peaks of the Sanctuary and its environs, see Nanda Devi National Park 

Exploration and climbing history
The ascent of Nanda Devi necessitated fifty years of arduous exploration in search of a passage into the Sanctuary  The outlet is the Rishi Gorge, a deep, narrow canyon which is very difficult to traverse safely, and is the biggest hindrance to entering the Sanctuary; any other route involves difficult passes, the lowest of which is 5,180 m (16,990 ft)  Hugh Ruttledge attempted to reach the peak three times in the 1930s and failed each time  In a letter to The Times he wrote that 'Nanda Devi imposes on her votaries an admission test as yet beyond their skill and endurance', adding that gaining entry to the Nanda Devi Sanctuary alone was more difficult than reaching the North Pole [1]
In 1934, the British explorers Eric Shipton and H  W  Tilman, with three Sherpa companions, Angtharkay, Pasang and Kusang, finally discovered a way through the Rishi Gorge into the Sanctuary 

When the mountain was later climbed in 1936 by a British-American expedition, it became the highest peak climbed by man until the 1950 ascent of Annapurna, 8,091 metres (26,545 ft)  (However, higher non-summit elevations had already been reached by the British on Mount Everest in the 1920s, and it is possible that George Mallory reached Everest's summit in 1924 ) It also involved steeper and more sustained terrain than had been previously attempted at such a high altitude  The expedition climbed the south ridge, also known as the Coxcomb Ridge, which leads relatively directly to the main summit  The summit pair were H  W  Tilman and Noel Odell; Charles Houston was to be in place of Tilman, but he contracted severe food poisoning  Noted mountaineer and mountain writer H  Adams Carter was also on the expedition, which was notable for its small scale and lightweight ethic: it included only seven climbers, and used no fixed ropes, nor any Sherpa support above 6,200 m (20,300 ft)  Eric Shipton, who was not involved in the climb itself, called it "the finest mountaineering achievement ever performed in the Himalaya "After abortive attempts by Indian expeditions in 1957 and 1961, the second ascent of Nanda Devi was accomplished by an Indian team led by N  Kumar in 1964, following the Coxcomb route 

CIA mission
From 1965 to 1968, attempts were made by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), in co-operation with the Intelligence Bureau (IB), to place a nuclear-powered telemetry relay listening device on the summit of Nanda Devi  This device was designed to intercept telemetry signals from missile test launches conducted in the Xinjiang Province, at a time of relative infancy in China's missile program  The expedition retreated due to dangerous weather conditions, leaving the device near the summit of Nanda Devi  They returned the next spring to search for the device, which ended without success  As a result of this activity by the CIA, the Sanctuary was closed to foreign expeditions throughout much of the 1960s  In 1974 the Sanctuary re-opened 

Subsequent climbs
A difficult new route, the northwest buttress, was climbed by a 13-person team in 1976  Three Americans, John Roskelley, Jim States and Louis Reichardt, summitted on 1 September  The expedition was co-led by Reichardt, H  Adams Carter (who was on the 1936 climb,) and Willi Unsoeld, who climbed the West Ridge of Everest in 1963  Unsoeld's daughter, Nanda Devi Unsoeld, who was named after the peak, died on this expedition  She had been suffering from "diarrhea and flare-up of an inguinal hernia, which had shown up originally on the second day of the approach march", and had been at 7,200 metres (23,600 ft) for nearly five days In 1980, the Indian Army Corps of Engineers made an unsuccessful attempt 
This was followed in 1981 by another Indian Army expedition of the Parachute Regiment, which attempted both main and eastern peaks simultaneously  The expedition had placed a memorial to Nanda Devi Unsoeld at the high altitude meadow of Sarson Patal prior to the attempt  The successful attempt lost all its summiteers 
In 1993, a 40-member team of the Indian Army from the Corps of Engineers was given special permission  The aim of the expedition was multifold: to carry out an ecological survey, clean up the refuse left behind by previous expeditions, and scale the summit  The team led by Lt Col V K  Bhatt included a number of wildlife scientists and ecologists from Wildlife Institute of India, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, World Wide Fund for Nature and Govind Ballabh Pant Institute for Himalayan Environment and Development amongst others  The expedition carried out a comprehensive ecological survey and removed from the park, by porter and helicopter, over 1,000 kilogrammes of litter  Additionally, five summiteers reached the summit: Amin Naik, Anand Swaroop, G  K  Sharma, Didar Singh and S  P  Bhatt 

Recent history and conservation
After the re-opening of the sanctuary in 1974 to foreign climbers, trekkers and locals, the fragile ecosystem was soon compromised by firewood cutting, littering and grazing  Serious environmental problems were noted as early as 1977, and the sanctuary was closed again in 1983  Currently, Nanda Devi forms the core of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (which includes Nanda Devi National Park), declared by the Indian government in 1982  In 1988, Nanda Devi National Park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, "of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humankind " The entire sanctuary, and hence the main summit (and interior approaches to the nearby peaks), are off-limits to locals and to climbing expeditions, although a one-time exception was made in 1993 for a 40-member team from the Indian Army Corps of Engineers to check the state of recovery and to remove garbage left by prior expeditions  Sunanda Devi remains open from the east side, leading to the standard south ridge route  After a sustained campaign by the local community as reflected in the Nanda Devi Declaration of 2001, the core zone of the Nanda Devi was opened for limited eco-tourism activity in 2003  In 2006, the campaign invited women trekkers from 4 countries during the inaugural trek inside the National Park  As a follow up, the Campaign for Cultural Survival and Sustainable Livelihoods has now designed an Interpretive Trek to the Nanda Devi National Park  An Interpretation Centre on Bio Cultural Diversity of the Nanda Devi National Park is under development in the village of Lata, the gateway to the Nanda Devi National Park  A maximum number of 500 trekkers are now allowed to enter the core zone until Dharansi between May and October  The trek to Nanda Devi National Park starts from the village of Lata, located 25 kilometres upstream from the town of Joshimath on Niti-Malari highway 

2021 flood
On 7 February 2021 it was reported that a portion of the Nanda Devi glacier broke away, causing the Dhauliganga and the Rishiganga rivers to flood  One dam at the Dhauliganga hydropower project at Reni village was destroyed and another suffered a partial collapse  Initial reports said nine people were dead and 140 missing  Water levels on the Alaknanda also rose 

Gallery
Passage 8:
Sumas Mountain (British Columbia)
Sumas Mountain, also referred to as Canadian Sumas to distinguish it from an identically-named mountain just 10 km (6 2 mi) to the south in U S  state of Washington across the border, is a mountain in eastern Fraser Lowland, in the Lower Mainland region of the Canadian province of British Columbia   It sits on the south bank of the Fraser River, west of the smaller Chilliwack Mountain across the Vedder River mouth, and serves as a geographic landmark dividing the Fraser Valley into "Upper" and "Lower" sections  Sumas Peak is an official name for the summit located on the south shore of the Fraser River in the Fraser Valley between Abbotsford and Chilliwack, British Columbia  Elevation 910 m (2,986 ft) above sea level, prominence 875 m (2,871 ft) 
The mountain is separated from the Vedder Mountain and the North Cascades by the drained Sumas Lake, now a flatland called Sumas Prairie that is part of the greater floodplain of the Fraser River basin, south of which is a same-named sister mountain (American Sumas) in Washington state's Whatcom County   West of the mountain is Matsqui Prairie, another floodplain, and north of the Fraser, which lies along the mountain's north flank, are similar floodplains - Nicomen Island and Hatzic Prairie 
The urban area of Abbotsford is located to the mountain's west, and it is home to a number of Abbotsford's suburban areas, notably Clayburn   In its central portion is the historic community of Straiton, officially named in 1904 for Thomas Bell Straiton who founded a homestead on Sumas Mountain in 1893 and also a store and post office  Its higher eastern reaches tower over Greendale, a community within the City of Chilliwack and is mostly wilderness; the mountain's summit, Sumas Peak, is located in this area, along with Chadsey Lake 
Sumas Mountain Provincial Park is located in the higher, northern reaches of the mountain  Historic industry on the mountain includes livestock and crop farming, logging, and mining, notably brick-clay, which gave rise to the mining community of Clayburn  Farming, gravel mining, and logging continue on the mountain to the present day  Located on the mountain's north foot, adjacent to the Fraser, is a Canadian Forces base naval station   On its south side is the reserve of the Sumas First Nation 
The mountain protects McDonald Park, a dark-sky preserve, from the light pollution caused by the nearby cities of Abbotsford, Chilliwack, and Mission 

Name
"Sumas" is a Halqemeylem word meaning "a big level opening", referring to the Sumas Prairie area south of the mountain, formerly Sumas Lake   A common 19th Century spelling of Sumas was "Smess"; Simon Fraser's journal recorded the name as "shemotch" 
Passage 9:
Mountain bike orienteering
Mountain bike orienteering (MTB-O or MTBO) is an orienteering endurance racing sport on a mountain bike where navigation is done along trails and tracks  Compared with foot orienteering, competitors usually are not permitted to leave the trail and track network  Navigation tactics are similar to ski-orienteering, where the major focus is route choice while navigating  The main difference compared to ski-orienteering is that navigation is done at a higher pace, because the bike can reach higher speeds  As the biker reaches higher speeds, map reading becomes more challenging 

Equipment
Preferred bike type is a robust mountain bike meant for cross-country cycling, but any type of bike can be used  Depending on terrain type either hard tailed or full suspension mountain bikes are more appropriate  Clipless pedals with a special cycling shoe are mostly used by serious cyclists to enable maximum power output, and to keep feet secure on the pedals  Bicycle helmets are usually a requirement in competitions 

Special equipment
A map holder attached to the handlebar of the bike is an essential piece of equipment in mountain bike orienteering, and most holders allow the map to be rotated  Known brands for map holders are Orifix, Mapdec, Miry, Devotech, Nordenmark, Autopilot and Windchill  Compasses may be used but electronic navigational aids (such as GPS-based watches) are not permitted  Competitors may carry repair tools and spare parts during races 

Map
Maps are usually smaller scale (1:5 000 – 1:30 000) and less detailed than standard orienteering maps  Trails and tracks are marked on mountain bike orienteering maps based on their riding difficulty, with four classifications: easy, slow, difficult and impossible to ride  Also, obstacles that require a dismount are usually marked on the map 

Organization and events
MTB-O is one of four orienteering sports governed by the International Orienteering Federation  The first World Championship event was held in 2002 in Fontainebleau, France  Since 2004 the World Championships have been held annually  European Championships have been held annually since 2006  Mountain bike orienteering is most popular in European countries and Australia 

M17 and W17 (Youth) is for competitors who reach the age of 17, or younger, in the year which the event is held 
M20 and W20 (Junior) is for competitors who reach the age of 20, or younger, in the year which the event is held 
M21 and W21 (Elite) is meant for competitors who reach the age of 21, or older, in the year which the event is held  Any competitor, regardless of their age, can however compete in the elite classes There are annual World Championships in the elite and junior classes  There are also world championships for masters, which is for competitors aged 35 and up 
There are annual European Championships in elite, junior and youth classes 

Mountain bike orienteerers
The most successful mountain bike orienteerer is Anton Foliforov from Russia, who has taken 31 World Championship and 11 European Championship medals  Other successful mountain bike orienteers are Michaela Gigon, Ruslan Gritsan, Adrian Jackson, Christine Schaffner and Päivi Tommola 
For a full list of all medals taken by mountain bike orienteerers at World- and European Championships, visit MTBO Info

Time-Keeping
In order to keep track of the competitors' riding times, Sportident is typically used  Each rider has a 'card' (chip) on their finger, and they 'punch' the Control point (orienteering) as shown on the image below  The card registers when the punch was made, which can be used for keeping track of riding times and split-times for each control point a rider has punched 
In recent years, time-keeping has become more modern, and mountain bike orienteering events typically use touch-free time-keeping, meaning that competitors can maintain their speed while punching the control points  The competitors can ride past the control points at up to 180 cm range and still punch the controls 
Another time-keeping system is Emit, which works in a similar fashion to Sportident 

Disciplines
In mountain bike orienteering there are 5 main disciplines which can be competed in at the world championships 
Generally, all disciplines have around 25 control points along the way 

Sprint
The sprint is the shortest discipline, with estimated winning-times of 20–25 minutes for M21 and W21 (elite classes), and 16–20 minutes for M20 and W20 (junior classes)  Sprints often take place in cities, towns or industrial districts  Competitors race individually, typically starting with 1–2 minute gaps between the competitors  Fastest time to punch all the controls in the right order and cross the finish line wins 

Middle Distance
The middle distance is somewhere between the sprint and long distance  Winning times are 50–55 minutes for M21 and W21, and 40–45 minutes for M20 and W20  Middle distances often take place in forests  Competitors race individually, typically starting with 2 minute gaps between the competitors  Fastest time to punch all the controls in the right order and cross the finish line wins 

Long Distance
The long distance is the longest discipline  Winning times are 105–115 minutes for M21 and W21, and 84–92 minutes for M20 and W20  Long distances often take place in forests  Competitors race individually, typically starting with 3 minute gaps between the competitors  Fastest time to punch all the controls in the right order and cross the finish line wins 

Mass Start
The mass start is known as the most chaotic discipline  Winning times are 75–85 minutes for M21 and W21, and 60–68 minutes for M20 and W20  Mass starts often take place in forests  Competitors all start at the same time, hence the name mass start  In order to keep competitors from just following each other and ensuring they have to orienteer themselves, there are 'forkings' on mass starts  This means that not all competitors have to ride to the control points in the same order  It could for example be 2 loops called A and B where half the competitors do A first and then B, and the other half does B first and then A  All competitors will end up riding the exact same course in the end, but will have to split up during the race  First competitor to punch all controls in the right order and cross the finish line wins 

Relay
The relay is a team-discipline  There are 3 competitors on each team, taking turn to ride their course  Winning times are 120–135 minutes (total) for M21 and W21, and 90–105 minutes for M20 and W20  Relays often take place in forests  The first competitors on all teams start at the same time, similar to the mass start  When they cross the finish line and touch their team's next competitor, the next competitor continues the race  Similarly to the mass start, there are forkings on the relay, so competitors can't just follow other riders  All teams will end up riding the exact same courses in the end, but in different orders  First team to all finish their courses and cross the finish line wins 

Rules
There is a set of rules which must be followed when competing at events  If not followed, it can lead to disqualification  The most prominent rules are:

Competitors may not leave their bike; it has to be ridden, carried or pushed at all times 
Competitors may only ride on paths and roads that are on the map, unless otherwise described  In some countries or areas riders are allowed to ride off-track, which will be specified in the event bulletin 
Competitors may not use GPS devices while competing in a race For a full list of the rules, see MTBO Competition Rules

Most recent World Championships
The most recent World Championships were in Finland, Kuortane from 9 to 18 June 2021  The winners and World Champions of each discipline were as follows:

Mass StartM21: Samuel Pökälä 

W21: Svetlana Foliforova 

M20: Morten Örnhagen Jørgensen 

W20: Kaarina Nurminen 

Sprint DistanceM21: Krystof Bogar 

W21: Marika Hara 

M20: Mikkel Brunstedt Nørgaard 

W20: Kaarina Nurminen 

Middle DistanceM21: Samuel Pökälä 

W21: Svetlana Foliforova 

M20: Morten Örnhagen Jørgensen 

W20: Kaarina Nurminen 

Long DistanceM21: Andre Haga 

W21: Camilla Søgaard 

M20: Morten Örnhagen Jørgensen 

W20: Lucie Nedomlelova 

RelayM21: Andre Haga, Pekka Niemi, Samuel Pökälä 

W21: Cæcilie Christoffersen, Nikoline Splittorff, Camilla Søgaard 

M20: Noah Tristan Hoffmann, Mikkel Brunstedt Nørgaard, Morten Örnhagen Jørgensen 

W20: Ekaterina Landgraf, Daria Toporova, Alena Aksenova

See also
Alleycat races
Adventure racing
Passage 10:
Avalanche Lake (New York)
Avalanche Lake is a 9-acre (3 6 ha) mountain lake located in the Adirondack High Peaks in New York  Avalanche Lake sits at 2,885 feet (879 m) between 4,714-foot (1,437 m) Mount Colden and 3,816-foot (1,163 m) Avalanche Mountain  The two mountains rise in vertical cliffs from the surface of the lake  Immediately west of Avalanche Mountain (formerly known as Caribou Mountain) lies the MacIntyre Range: 5,115-foot (1,559 m) Algonquin Peak (the second highest mountain in the state), 4,829-foot (1,472 m) Boundary Peak, 4,843-foot (1,476 m) Iroquois Peak and 4,380-foot (1,340 m) Mount Marshall  Mount Marcy is 2 5 miles (4 0 km) to the east  Avalanche Lake feeds Lake Colden to the south, in the Hudson River watershed  To the north, the trail to the lake from the Adirondak Loj surmounts Avalanche Pass, which is only slightly above lake level but separates it from the Lake Champlain (St  Lawrence River) watershed  Following the lake toward Lake Colden, the trail is choked with large boulders, and a number of wooden ladders have been built to make passage possible  There are also three places where the trail takes to wooden catwalks, first built in the 1920s, that are bolted directly into the cliff face  This section is known as the "Hitch-Up Matilda;" in 1868 when a mountain guide waded to carry one of his clients past a point with no footing on shore, her husband urged her to sit higher on his shoulders 

History
The European discovery of the lake dates to an 1833 surveying party led by Judge John Richards and Major Reuben Sanford; it was named by William C  Redfield  A large avalanche occurred on August 20, 1869, that created a number of the landslides on Mount Colden, the rubble from which substantially raised the level of the lake  Another avalanche in 1942 caused further slides that raised the lake level by 10 feet (3 0 m) 



ground_truth: United States Secretary of the Interior