prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What past honoree from the New Dramatists Organization is a powerful baritone who won the Tony Award for Best Actor in 2000?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Brian Stokes Mitchell
Brian Stokes Mitchell (born October 31, 1957) is an American actor and singer  A powerful baritone, he has been one of the central leading men of the Broadway theater since the 1990s  He won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical in 2000 for his performance in Kiss Me, Kate 

Early life
Mitchell was born in Seattle, Washington, the youngest of four children of George Mitchell, an electronics engineer, and his wife Lillian (née Stokes), a school administrator  Mitchell grew up at various U S  military bases overseas, where his father was a civilian engineer for the U S  Navy  As a young boy, he lived in San Diego, California, where he began acting in school musicals  He did not attend college, having begun performing professionally while a student at Patrick Henry High School, although he did have private teachers in both acting and voice in his teen years  He has said that he studied film scoring, orchestration, and conducting through UCLA  Prior to Ragtime, he was known professionally as Brian Mitchell 

Career
Stage
Mitchell first performed on Broadway in the musical Mail in 1988, with music by Michael Rupert and lyrics by Jerry Cocker, winning the Theatre World award  His Broadway credits include an all-black revival of George and Ira Gershwin's Oh, Kay! (1990), Jelly's Last Jam (1992) based on the works of jazz artist Jelly Roll Morton, and Kander and Ebb's Kiss of the Spider Woman (1993) He originated the role of Coalhouse Walker Jr, in the musical Ragtime, which opened on Broadway in January 1998  He received a 1998 Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Musical  He appeared in the 1999 revival of Cole Porter's Kiss Me, Kate as Fred Graham / Petruchio, winning the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical  He appeared on Broadway in King Hedley II in 2001 (Tony Award nomination) and Man of La Mancha in 2002 (Tony Award nomination) He appeared in the New York City Center Encores! staged concert productions of Jule Styne's Do Re Mi (1999), Bob Merrill's Carnival! (2002), Kismet (2006), and The Band Wagon in 2014 He played the title role in the 2002 Kennedy Center production of Sweeney Todd, part of the Stephen Sondheim celebration On June 9, 2005, Mitchell appeared in a concert version of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific at Carnegie Hall  He starred as Emile, alongside Reba McEntire as Nellie Forbush and Alec Baldwin as Luther Billis  The production was taped and telecast by PBS in 2006  Of his performance, Ben Brantley wrote in The New York Times, "As for Mr  Mitchell, his place in the pantheon of romantic musical leads is now guaranteed "
Playbill Records released his debut solo CD, Brian Stokes Mitchell on June 6, 2006  Mitchell has also performed in a Christmas concert with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir later released as a CD and DVD entitled Ring Christmas Bells   His second solo CD, Simply Broadway, was released October 30, 2012, by CD Baby Mitchell returned to Broadway to star with Patti LuPone in the musical version of the Pedro Almodóvar film Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown, which opened at the Belasco Theatre in November 2010 A new musical titled Shuffle Along, or, the Making of the Musical Sensation of 1921 and All That Followed, based on the making of Shuffle Along opened on Broadway on March 14, 2016 in previews, officially on April 21 at the Music Box Theatre  Mitchell played "F E  Miller", with Audra McDonald as "Lottie Gee", Billy Porter, Joshua Henry and Brandon Victor Dixon 

Television and film
Mitchell has a number of television and film credits, including the role of John Dolan in Roots: The Next Generations (1979), and a seven-year stint as Dr  Justin 'Jackpot' Jackson on Trapper John, M D  from 1979 to 1986   Mitchell made several appearances as a celebrity panelist on episodes of $25,000 Pyramid and $100,000 Pyramid in the 1980s, and was considered one of the game's better celebrity players, helping a contestant win the $100,000 grand prize on the latter show in February 1986   Mitchell also participated as a celebrity panelist in four weeks' worth of episodes of The Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour, a short-lived NBC game show that ran from 1983-1984  He played recurring roles as Hilary Banks' news anchor fiancé Trevor Newsworthy/Collins on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and on Frasier as Dr  Frasier Crane's upstairs neighbor and nemesis Cam Winston   He supplied the singing voice of Jethro in the animated feature The Prince of Egypt (1998)   He guest starred in March 2010 in Ugly Betty as Wilhelmina Slater's ex-boyfriend, Don He appeared on the 57th episode of Glee, titled "Heart" in 2012, and the 58th, titled "On My Way," as one of Rachel's dads (LeRoy) along with Jeff Goldblum 
He also played a recurring role on the USA Network series Mr  Robot as Scott Knowles, CTO of E Corp  The series began in June 2015 and ended in December 2019 He has also done voice-overs for animation including Animaniacs, Capitol Critters, Tiny Toon Adventures, A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, The Further Adventures of SuperTed, Kid 'n Play, New Kids on the Block, Scooby-Doo! and the Reluctant Werewolf, Gravedale High, Potsworth & Co , Captain Planet and the Planeteers, The Tom and Jerry Kids Show, Yo Yogi!, Fantastic Max, Pound Puppies, The Addams Family, California Raisins, The Angry Beavers, James Bond Jr , Batman: The Animated Series, Paddington Bear, Pinky and the Brain, Defenders of Dynatron City, The Hot Rod Dogs and Cool Car Cats, Droopy, Master Detective, Denver, the Last Dinosaur, Mighty Max, Don Coyote & Sancho Panda, Vampirina, and the two Flintstones animated movies Hollyrock-a-Bye Baby and I Yabba-Dabba Do! 
Mitchell plays Nicholas Prophet in Wolverine: The Long Night, a scripted podcast serial 

Personal life
He has been married to actress Allyson Tucker since 1994 and has a son, Ellington 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Theatre
Discography
Brian Stokes Mitchell (June 6, 2006)Track listing"Something's Coming" (West Side Story)
"The Best Is Yet to Come" (Cy Coleman)
"Pretty Women" (Sweeney Todd)
"Just In Time" (Bells are Ringing)
"Lazy Afternoon" (The Golden Apple)
"Another Hundred People" (Company)/"Take the 'A' Train"
"How Long Has This Been Going On?" (Funny Face)
"Life is Sweet" (Wonderful Town)
"Losing My Mind" (Follies)
"Being Alive" (Company)
"How Glory Goes" (Floyd Collins)
"Grateful"Simply Broadway (2012)
Plays With Music (2019)

Awards and nominations
Sources: Playbill BroadwayWorld

Honors
2004 - Mitchell was elected the Chairman of the Board of the Actors Fund of America
2016 - Mitchell received the Isabelle Stevenson Award "for his commitment to supporting members of the entertainment community in crisis or transition through his work with The Actors Fund "
Passage 2:
Nigel Hawthorne
Sir Nigel Barnard Hawthorne  (5 April 1929 – 26 December 2001) was an English actor  He is known for his stage acting and his portrayal of Sir Humphrey Appleby, the permanent secretary in the 1980s sitcom Yes Minister and the Cabinet Secretary in its sequel, Yes, Prime Minister  For this role, he won four BAFTA TV Awards for Best Light Entertainment Performance 
He won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for portraying King George III in The Madness of King George (1994)  He later won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor, for the 1996 series The Fragile Heart  He was also an Olivier Award and Tony Award winner for his work in theatre 

Early life
Hawthorne was born in Coventry, Warwickshire, England, the second of four children of Agnes Rosemary (née Rice) and Charles Barnard Hawthorne, a physician When Nigel was three years old, the family moved to Cape Town, South Africa, where his father had bought a practice  Initially they lived in the Gardens and then moved to a newly built house near Camps Bay He attended St George's Grammar School, Cape Town, and, although the family was not Catholic, at a now-defunct Christian Brothers College, where he played on the rugby team  He described his time at the latter as not being a particularly happy experience He enrolled at the University of Cape Town, where he met and sometimes acted in plays with Theo Aronson (later a well-known biographer), but withdrew and returned to the United Kingdom in the 1950s to pursue a career in acting 

Career
Hawthorne made his professional stage debut in 1950, playing Archie Fellows in a Cape Town production of The Shop at Sly Corner  Unhappy in South Africa, he decided to move to London, where he performed in various small parts before becoming recognized as a great character actor 
Finding success in London, Hawthorne decided to try his luck in New York City and eventually got a part in a 1974 production of As You Like It on Broadway  Around this time, he was persuaded by Ian McKellen and Judi Dench to join the Royal Shakespeare Company  He also supplemented his income by appearing in television advertisements, including one for Mackeson Stout 
He returned to the New York stage in 1990 in Shadowlands and won the 1991 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play Although Hawthorne had appeared in small roles in various British television series since the late 1950s, his most famous role was as Sir Humphrey Appleby, the Permanent Secretary of the fictional Department of Administrative Affairs in the television series Yes Minister (and Cabinet Secretary in its sequel, Yes, Prime Minister), for which he won four BAFTA awards during the 1980s  He became a household name throughout the United Kingdom, which finally opened the doors to film roles  In 1982, Hawthorne appeared in Richard Attenborough's Gandhi, alongside a distinguished international cast including Martin Sheen, John Mills, Candice Bergen, John Gielgud, Ian Charleson and Ben Kingsley   That same year, he starred opposite Clint Eastwood in the cold war thriller Firefox, where he played a dissident Russian scientist 
Other film roles during this time included Demolition Man, which he detested for being "brainless" and a "cheap picture"  However, it led to his most famous role: that of King George III in Alan Bennett's stage play The Madness of George III (for which he won a Best Actor Olivier Award) and then the film adaptation entitled The Madness of King George, for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor and won the BAFTA Film Award for Best Actor 
After this success, his friend Ian McKellen asked him to play his doomed brother Clarence in Richard III, and Steven Spielberg asked him to play lame duck president Martin Van Buren in Amistad  He won a sixth BAFTA for the 1996 TV mini-series The Fragile Heart  He also drew praise for his role of Georgie Pillson in the London Weekend Television series "Mapp and Lucia "
Hawthorne was also a voice actor, and lent his voice to two Disney films: Fflewddur Fflam in The Black Cauldron (1985) and Professor Porter in Tarzan (1999)  He also voiced Captain Campion in the animated film adaptation of Watership Down (1978) 

Personal life
An intensely private person, he was annoyed at having been outed as gay in 1995 in the publicity surrounding the Academy Awards, but he did attend the ceremony with his long-time partner Trevor Bentham, and afterward, he spoke openly about being gay in interviews and in his autobiography, Straight Face, which was published posthumously They met in 1968 when Bentham was stage-managing the Royal Court Theatre  From 1979 until Hawthorne's death in 2001, they lived together in Radwell and then at Thundridge, both in Hertfordshire  The two of them became fund raisers for the North Hertfordshire hospice and other local charities 

Death
Hawthorne died from a heart attack at his home on 26 December 2001, aged 72  He had recently undergone several operations for pancreatic cancer, which he was diagnosed with in mid-2000, but had been discharged from hospital for the Christmas holidays  He was survived by Bentham, and his funeral service was held at St Mary's, the Parish Church of Thundridge near Ware, Hertfordshire, following which he was cremated at Stevenage Crematorium  His funeral was attended by Derek Fowlds, Maureen Lipman, Charles Dance, Loretta Swit and Frederick Forsyth along with friends and local people  The service was led by the Right Reverend Christopher Herbert, the Bishop of St Albans  The coffin had a wreath of white lilies and orchids and Bentham was one of the pallbearers On hearing of Hawthorne's death, Alan Bennett described him in his diary: "Courteous, grand, a man of the world and superb at what he did, with his technique never so obvious as to become familiar as, say, Olivier's did or Alec Guinness's "

Honours
He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1987 New Years Honours List, and was knighted in the 1999 New Years Honours List "for services to the Theatre, Film and Television "

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Stage
Theatre
Awards and nominations
Passage 3:
Gordon Dahlquist
Gordon Dahlquist is an American playwright and novelist  A native of the Pacific Northwest, Dahlquist has lived and worked in New York City since 1988  His plays, which include Messalina and Delirium Palace (both Garland Playwriting Award winners), have been performed in New York and Los Angeles  Graduate of Reed College and Columbia University’s School of the Arts  He is an alumnus of New Dramatists Dahlquist's debut novel The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, a hybrid of fantasy and science fiction set in a period similar to the Victorian era, was published on August 1, 2006, to notable critical acclaim  Dahlquist was reportedly paid an advance of $2,000,000 for The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, the first of a two-book deal  Its sales were disappointing and it is estimated to have lost its publisher, Bantam, approximately $851,500   The sequel to The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, The Dark Volume, was published in the UK by Penguin on May 1, 2008, and March 24, 2009 in the United States   A third volume, The Chemickal Marriage was published in July 2012   A young adult novel, The Different Girl was published in 2013  In 2015 he received the James Tait Black Prize for his play Tomorrow Come Today 

Plays
Babylon 55 (with Mark Worthington), premiere Sumus Theatre, Portland, OR, 1984
Reticence, premiere Horace Mann Theatre NYC
Severity's Mistress, premiere Walker Space NYC, 1995
Mission Byzantium, premiere The American Globe Theater NYC, 1995
Island of Dogs, premiere 4th Street Theater NYC, 1998
Vortex du Plaisir, premiere Ohio Theater NYC, 1999
The Secret Machine, premiere Walker Space NYC, 1999
Delirium Palace, premiere Evidence Room LA CA, 2001
Messalina, premiere Evidence Room LA CA, 2003
Babylon is Everywhere: A Court Masque, premiere NYC 2004
Venice Saved: A Seminar (with David Levine), premiere PS122 NYC, 2009
Tea Party, workshop premiere Bay Area Playwrights Foundation, 2012
Tomorrow Comes Today, premiere Undermain Theatre, Dallas, 2014
Red Chariot, premiere Undermain Theatre, Dallas, 2019

Novels
The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters (2006)
The Dark Volume (2008)
The Chemickal Marriage (2012)
The Different Girl  (2013)

Bibliography, Plays
Vortex du Plaisir, Playscripts Inc 
Delirium Palace, Breaking Ground, Stage & Screen, 2002
Babylon is Everywhere, Theater Magazine, Vol 34 #2, 2004

Bibliography, Novels
The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, Bantam 2006
The Dark Volume, Bantam 2009
The Chemickal Marriage, Penguin 2012
The Different Girl, Dutton Juvenile, 2013
Passage 4:
Special Tony Award
The Special Tony Award category includes the Lifetime Achievement Tony Award and the Special Tony Award  These are non-competitive honorary awards, and the titles have changed over the years  The Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre is to "honor an individual for the body of his or her work " (The Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event was a competitive award, given from 2001 to 2009 ) Another non-competitive Tony award is the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, to "recognize the achievements of individuals and organizations that do not fit into any of the competitive categories "

Award winners
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
See also
Regional Theatre Tony Award
Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre
Passage 5:
Eddie Vedder
Eddie Jerome Vedder (born Edward Louis Severson III; December 23, 1964) is an American singer, musician, songwriter, and the lead vocalist and one of three guitarists for the rock band Pearl Jam  He previously was a guest vocalist for supergroup Temple of the Dog, a tribute band dedicated to the late singer Andrew Wood 
Vedder, who is known for his powerful baritone vocals, was ranked seventh on a list of "Best Lead Singers of All Time," based on a readers' poll compiled by Rolling Stone In 2007, Vedder released his first solo album as a soundtrack for the film Into the Wild (2007)  His second album, Ukulele Songs, and a live DVD titled Water on the Road were released in 2011  His third solo album Earthling was released in 2022 
In 2017, Vedder was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Pearl Jam 

Early life and education
Vedder was born Edward Louis Severson III on December 23, 1964 in Evanston, Illinois, to Karen Lee Vedder and Edward Louis Severson Jr  His parents divorced in 1965 when Vedder was an infant  His mother soon remarried to a man named Peter Mueller  Vedder was raised believing that Mueller was his biological father, and he went by the name Edward Mueller for a time  Vedder's ancestry includes Dutch, German, and Danish on his mother' side (Vedder) and Norwegian on his father's side (Severson) While living in Evanston, Vedder's family fostered seven younger children in a group home  In the mid-1970s, the family, including Vedder's three younger half-brothers, moved to San Diego County, California  Vedder received a guitar from his mother on his 12th birthday, and began turning to music and surfing as a source of comfort  He especially found solace in The Who's 1973 album, Quadrophenia  He said, "When I was around 15 or 16   I was all alone—except for music " His mother and Mueller divorced when Vedder was in his late teens  His mother and brothers moved back to the Chicago area, but Vedder remained with his stepfather in California so he did not have to change schools 
After the divorce, Vedder learned the truth about his parentage and that Mueller was really his stepfather, not his father  Vedder met his biological father briefly as a child, but was led to believe that Severson was merely an old friend of his parents  By the time Vedder learned the truth, Severson had died of multiple sclerosis  During his senior year at San Dieguito High School, Vedder moved out to live in an apartment, supported himself with a nightly job at a drug store in Encinitas  Because of the pressure of work and school, Vedder dropped out of high school  He joined the rest of his family in the Chicago area, and changed his last name to Vedder, his mother's maiden name 
In the early 1980s, while working as a waiter, Vedder earned his high school GED from Oakton Community College 

Career
In 1984, Vedder returned to San Diego with his girlfriend Beth Liebling and his friend Frank  While living in the San Diego area, Vedder recorded demo tapes at his home and worked various jobs, including as a contracted security guard at the La Valencia Hotel in La Jolla  Vedder had several stints in San Diego area bands, including Surf and Destroy and the Butts  One of those bands, called Indian Style, included future Rage Against the Machine and Audioslave drummer Brad Wilk In 1988, Vedder became the vocalist for Bad Radio, a San Diego-based progressive funk rock band  The band's original incarnation was influenced by Duran Duran; however, after Vedder joined, the band moved to a more alternative rock sound influenced in part by the Red Hot Chili Peppers 

Temple of the Dog
In the 1980s, Vedder worked part time as a night attendant at a local gas station  Through the Southern California music scene, Vedder met former Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer Jack Irons, who became a friend and would play basketball with him  Later in 1990, Irons gave him the demo tape of a Seattle band looking for a singer  Vedder listened to the tape shortly before going surfing, where lyrics came to him  He wrote lyrics for three of the songs in what he later described as a "mini-opera" entitled Momma-Son  The songs tell the story of a young man who, like Vedder, learns that he had been lied to about his paternity and that his real father is dead, grows up to become a serial killer, and is eventually imprisoned and sentenced to death  Vedder recorded vocals for the three songs, and mailed the demo tape back to Seattle  The three songs would later become Pearl Jam's "Alive", "Once", and "Footsteps" 
After hearing Vedder's tape, former Mother Love Bone members Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament invited Vedder to come to Seattle to audition for their new band  They were instantly impressed with his unique sound  At the time, Gossard and Ament were working on the Temple of the Dog project founded by Soundgarden's Chris Cornell as a musical tribute to Mother Love Bone's frontman Andrew Wood, who died of a heroin overdose at age 24  Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron and newcomer Mike McCready were also a part of the project  The song "Hunger Strike" became a duet between Cornell and Vedder  Cornell later said that Vedder "sang half of that song not even knowing that I'd wanted the part to be there and he sang it exactly the way I was thinking about doing it, just instinctively "Vedder also provided background vocals on several other Temple of the Dog songs  In April 1991, Temple of the Dog was released by A&M Records  "Hunger Strike" became Temple of the Dog's breakout single; it was also Vedder's first featured vocal on a record  "I really like hearing that song  I feel like I could be real proud of it –  because one, I didn't write it, and two, it was such a nice way to be ushered onto vinyl for the first time  I'm indebted to Chris (Cornell) time eternal for being invited onto that track", Vedder said in 2009  In the 2011 documentary Pearl Jam Twenty, Vedder said, "That was the first time I heard myself on a real record  It could be one of my favorite songs that I've ever been on – or the most meaningful " Vedder and Cornell performed the song together for the last time on October 26, 2014, at a benefit for Bridge School 

Pearl Jam
Pearl Jam, initially called Mookie Blaylock after the former National Basketball Association player of the same name, was formed in 1990 by Jeff Ament, Stone Gossard, and Mike McCready, who then recruited Vedder as lead singer but hired and fired three different drummers  The band was forced to change its name when they signed to Epic Records in 1991, becoming Pearl Jam, and instead naming their debut album Ten after Blaylock's jersey number 
Ten became one of the best-selling alternative albums of the 1990s, being certified 13× Platinum  The single "Jeremy" received Grammy Award nominations for Best Rock Song and Best Hard Rock Performance in 1993  Pearl Jam received four awards at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards for its music video for "Jeremy", including Video of the Year and Best Group Video  Ten ranks number 209 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and "Jeremy" was ranked number 11 on VH1's list of the 100 greatest songs of the '90s Following an intense touring schedule, the band recorded its second studio album, Vs , which was released in 1993  Upon its release, Vs  set the record at the time for most copies of an album sold in a week, and spent five weeks at number one on the Billboard 200  Vs  was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Album in 1995  From Vs , the song "Daughter" received a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and the song "Go" received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance Feeling the pressures of success, with much of the burden of Pearl Jam's popularity falling on Vedder, the band decided to decrease the level of promotion for its albums, including refusing to release music videos  Vedder's issue with fame came from what he stated as "what happens when a lot of these people start thinking you can change their lives or save their lives or whatever and create these impossible fuckin' expectations that in the end just start tearing you apart " In 1994, the band began a much-publicized boycott of Ticketmaster, which lasted for three years and limited the band's ability to tour in the United States  Vedder faced what he called a "pretty intense stalker problem" during the mid-1990s  Vedder would refer to the issue in the song "Lukin" from No Code Later that same year the band released its third studio album, Vitalogy, which became the band's third straight album to reach multi-platinum status  On the album, Vedder was featured more extensively on rhythm guitar, and also provided back up vocals and some drumming  The pressure of fame is a common theme of Vedder's songs on the album  The album received Grammy nominations for Album of the Year and Best Rock Album in 1996  Vitalogy was ranked 485th on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time  The lead single "Spin the Black Circle" won a Grammy Award in 1996 for Best Hard Rock Performance  Although Dave Abbruzzese performed on the album Vitalogy, he was fired in August 1994, four months before the album was released  The band cited political differences between Abbruzzese and the other members; for example, he disagreed with the Ticketmaster boycott  He was replaced by Jack Irons, a close friend of Vedder and the former and original drummer of the Red Hot Chili Peppers The band subsequently released No Code in 1996 and Yield in 1998  In 1998, prior to Pearl Jam's U S  Yield Tour, Irons left the band due to dissatisfaction with touring  Pearl Jam enlisted former Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron as Irons' replacement on an initially temporary basis, but he soon became the permanent replacement for Irons  "Do the Evolution" (from Yield) received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance  Vedder described Pearl Jam's approach in 1998, saying "We've had the luxury of writing our own job description   and that description has basically been cut down to just one line: make music "In 1998, Pearl Jam recorded "Last Kiss", a cover of a 1960s ballad made famous by J  Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers  It was released on the band's 1998 fan club Christmas single; however, by popular demand, the cover was released to the public as a single in 1999  "Last Kiss" peaked at number two on the Billboard charts and became the band's highest-charting single 
In 2000, the band released its sixth studio album, Binaural, and initiated a successful and ongoing series of official bootlegs  The band released seventy-two such live albums in 2000 and 2001, and set a record for most albums to debut in the Billboard 200 at the same time  "Grievance" (from Binaural) received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance  The band released its seventh studio album, Riot Act, in 2002  Pearl Jam's contribution to the 2003 film Big Fish, titled "Man of the Hour," was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 2004  The band's eighth studio album, the eponymous Pearl Jam, was released in 2006  The band released its ninth studio album, Backspacer, in 2009, its tenth studio album, Lightning Bolt, in 2013, and its eleventh studio album, Gigaton, in 2020 
Vedder uses the pseudonym "Jerome Turner" on Pearl Jam records for his non-musical contributions such as design and artwork  He has also used the pseudonym "Wes C  Addle" ("West Seattle") 

Other musical projects
Soundtrack contributions
Vedder has contributed solo material to several soundtracks and compilations, including the soundtracks for the films Dead Man Walking (1995), I Am Sam (2001), A Brokedown Melody (2004), Body of War (2007), and Reign Over Me (2007)  Vedder collaborated with Pakistani musician Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan for his contributions to the Dead Man Walking soundtrack  He covered the Beatles' "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" for the I Am Sam soundtrack  Vedder wrote "Man of the Hour" that Pearl Jam recorded for Tim Burton's Big Fish Soundtrack (2003)  Vedder wrote two songs for the 2007 feature documentary, Body of War, produced by Ellen Spiro and Phil Donahue: "No More" (a song referring to the Iraq War) and "Long Nights"  Vedder and the supergroup the Million Dollar Bashers, which includes members from Sonic Youth, Wilco, and Bob Dylan's band, covered Dylan's "All Along the Watchtower" for the biopic film, I'm Not There (2007)  Pearl Jam recorded a cover version of The Who's song "Love, Reign o'er Me" for the film Reign Over Me, which takes its title from the song  In 2010, Vedder recorded a new song, "Better Days", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2010 film Eat Pray Love  Vedder contributed original music for the soundtrack to the 2021 film Flag Day, which also featured the musical debut of Vedder's daughter Olivia on lead vocals in the first single, "My Father’s Daughter", written by Vedder and Glen Hansard 

Into the Wild
Vedder contributed an album's worth of songs to the soundtrack for the 2007 film, Into the Wild  The soundtrack was released on September 18, 2007, through J Records  It includes covers of the Indio song "Hard Sun" and the Jerry Hannan song "Society"  Vedder said that having to write songs based on a narrative "simplified things"  He said, "There were fewer choices  The story was there and the scenes were there " Vedder's songs written for the film feature a folk sound  Thom Jurek of AllMusic called the soundtrack a "collection of folksy, rootsy tunes where rock & roll makes fleeting appearances " Vedder won a 2008 Golden Globe Award for the song "Guaranteed" from Into the Wild  He was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his contributions to the film's original score  At the 2008 Grammy Awards, "Guaranteed" received a nomination for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media  "Guaranteed" was also nominated a 2008 World Soundtrack Award in the category of Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film  At the 2009 Grammy Awards, "Rise" received a nomination for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Solo Vedder promoted the Into the Wild soundtrack with his first solo tour, which began in April 2008  The April leg of the tour, dubbed the "April Fools Tour", began in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada at The Centre on April 2, 2008, and was composed of ten dates focusing on the West Coast of the United States  Vedder continued the tour with a second leg in August 2008 composed of fourteen dates focusing on the East Coast and Canada  The second leg of the tour began in Boston, Massachusetts at the Boston Opera House and ended in Chicago, Illinois at the Auditorium Theatre  In June 2009, Vedder followed his 2008 solo tour with another solo tour composed of fourteen dates focusing on the Eastern United States and Hawaii, which began in Albany, New York at the Palace Theatre and continued through to Honolulu at the Hawaii Theatre 

Ukulele Songs
Vedder released his second solo album titled Ukulele Songs, a collection of original songs and covers performed on the ukulele, on May 31, 2011  The first single from the album, "Longing to Belong", was released through digital retailers on March 21  A live DVD titled Water on the Road, featuring live performances from two shows in Washington, D C  during Vedder's 2008 solo tour, was released the same day as Ukulele Songs 

Earthling
In September 2021, Vedder released the single "Long Way", taken from his third studio album Earthling  This was followed by "The Haves" on November 18, 2021, and "Brother the Cloud" on January 14, 2022  "Long Way" and "The Haves" have been released as a limited edition 7" vinyl  To tour the album, Vedder assembled a backing band dubbed "The Earthlings", which includes Glen Hansard on rhythm guitar and backing vocals, Josh Klinghoffer on guitar, keyboard and vocals, Chad Smith on drums, Chris Chaney on bass, and guitarist Andrew Watt  Watt also produced the album 

Collaborations
In addition to playing with Pearl Jam and Temple of the Dog, Vedder has performed or recorded with numerous well-known artists  He has appeared on albums by the Who, Ramones, Neil Young, R E M , Neil Finn, Bad Religion, Mark Seymour, Cat Power, Mike Watt, Fastbacks, Wellwater Conspiracy, Jack Irons, and John Doe, and has also recorded with the Strokes, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Supersuckers, Susan Sarandon, and Zeke  In the months of June and July 2006, Vedder made live performances jamming with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, singing on many tracks, including lead vocals on "The Waiting" and backing vocals on "American Girl"  Vedder performed the songs "Break on Through (To the Other Side)", "Light My Fire" and "Roadhouse Blues" with the remaining members of the Doors at the 1993 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony  He also performed with R E M  at the 2007 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony and with the Stooges at the 2010 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony   Vedder made a guest appearance at the Ramones' last show on August 6, 1996, at the Palace in Hollywood 

Film
Vedder had a brief acting cameo in the 1992 movie, Singles, along with Jeff Ament and Stone Gossard of Pearl Jam  He appeared as himself, playing drums in lead actor Matt Dillon's backing band, Citizen Dick  He was also interviewed for the 1996 grunge documentary, Hype! He appears in the 2003 Ramones documentary, End of the Century: The Story of the Ramones  In 2007, he made a cameo as himself in the comedy film, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story  He appears in the 2007 Tom Petty documentary, Runnin' Down a Dream, the 2008 political documentary, Slacker Uprising, and the 2009 Howard Zinn documentary, The People Speak, based upon A People's History of the United States  He was featured in the 2008 Greg Kohs documentary, Song Sung Blue, performing with Lightning and Thunder  He had a one-scene cameo in the second episode of the second season of the IFC television show Portlandia  He also appears in the 2012 documentary West of Memphis,  protesting against the case  Vedder made an appearance in the season 3 episode 16 of David Lynch's Twin Peaks Aug 2017   He was referred to by his birth name, Edward Louis Severson 
The character of Jackson Maine in the movie 'A Star is Born was partly influenced by Vedder  Bradley Cooper, who wrote the screenplay, produced, directed, and starred in the film as Jackson Maine, hung out with Vedder for four or five days to get some tips from him about the character 

Activism
Vedder has used his role as a musician to speak on several politically-oriented themes  In 2009, he said, "People on death row, the treatment of animals, women's right to choose  So much in America is based on religious fundamentalist Christianity  Grow up! This is the modern world!" In 1992, Spin printed an article by Vedder, titled "Reclamation", which detailed his views on abortion  Vedder and Pearl Jam performed at Rock for Choice in 1994  During the band's appearance on MTV Unplugged in 1992, Vedder stood up on his stool during the instrumental break of the song "Porch" and wrote "PRO-CHOICE" on his left arm with a magic marker Vedder was supportive of Green Party presidential candidate Ralph Nader in 2000 and played at Green Party super rallies in Chicago and New York City  Pearl Jam played a series of concerts on the 2004 Vote for Change tour, supporting the candidacy of John Kerry for U S  president  "I supported Ralph Nader in 2000, but it's a time of crisis  We have to get a new administration in", Vedder told Rolling Stone magazine in 2004  In 2005, during Pearl Jam's first South American tour, Vedder said, "next time we come to Brazil, the world will be a better place to live, as George Bush will no longer be the President of the United States " Vedder supported Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election, and 2012, Bernie Sanders in the 2016 and 2020 primaries, Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election, and Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election against Donald Trump In his spare time, Vedder is a surfer and active in surf-related conservation efforts, including supporting The Surfrider Foundation  In 1993, Vedder supported fellow Surfrider Foundation member/environmentalist, Aaron Ahearn who had gone AWOL from the United States Navy in protest of the Navy's at sea dumping policies  Vedder and Pearl Jam performed a concert in San Francisco, donating over $3,000 to Ahearn's legal fees 
Vedder supports Earth First! with a tattoo on his right calf  The logo is of a pipe wrench crossed with a stone hammer Vedder was a longtime and outspoken supporter for the Free the West Memphis Three movement, a cause that advocated the release of three young men who were convicted in 1994 of the gruesome murders of three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas  In an interview with Larry King on December 19, 2007, Damien Echols, who was then on death row for the murders, said that Vedder had been the "greatest friend a person could have" and that he had collaborated with him while in prison  The song "Army Reserve" on Pearl Jam's 2006 self-titled album features a lyrical collaboration between Vedder and Echols  On August 19, 2011, Vedder and Natalie Maines attended the release hearing of the West Memphis Three Vedder is a gun control activist and has performed at benefit anti-gun violence concerts and participated on the 2019 Gun Sense Forum 

Musical style and influences
Music critic Jim DeRogatis has described Vedder's vocals as a "Jim Morrison-like vocal growl"  Greg Prato of AllMusic said, "With his hard-hitting and often confessional lyrical style and Jim Morrison-esque baritone, Vedder also became one of the most copied lead singers in all of rock " Vedder has inducted the Doors, Neil Young, the Ramones, and R E M  into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and in his induction speeches he has cited them all as influences  Other influences that Vedder has cited include Pete Townshend and The Who, which the singer considers to be his favorite band of all time, The Beatles, Bruce Springsteen, Pink Floyd, Talking Heads, Fugazi, and The Clash Vedder's lyrical topics range from personal ("Alive", from Ten; "Better Man", from Vitalogy) to social and political concerns ("Even Flow", from Ten; "World Wide Suicide", from Pearl Jam)  His lyrics have often invoked the use of storytelling and have included themes of freedom, individualism, and sympathy for troubled individuals  Other recurring themes include the use of water metaphors, and the concept of leaving everything behind to start again, which is featured in "Rearviewmirror", from Vs ; "MFC", from Yield; "Evacuation", from Binaural; and "Gone", from Pearl Jam) 
Although primarily a vocalist, Vedder began playing guitar on some Pearl Jam songs with the Vs  songs "Rearviewmirror" and "Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town"  When the band started, Gossard and McCready were clearly designated as rhythm and lead guitarists, respectively  The dynamic began to change when Vedder started to play more rhythm guitar during the Vitalogy era  McCready said in 2006, "Even though there are three guitars, I think there's maybe more room now  Stone will pull back and play a two-note line and Ed will do a power chord thing, and I fit into all that " Vedder's guitar playing helped the band's sound progress toward a more stripped-down style; the songs "Rearviewmirror" and "Corduroy" (from Vitalogy) feature Vedder's raw, punk-influenced guitar playing  As he had more influence on the band's sound, Vedder sought to make the band's musical output less catchy  He said, "I felt that with more popularity, we were going to be crushed, our heads were going to pop like grapes " He has also contributed performances on the ukulele, harmonica, accordion, and electric sitar to various Pearl Jam recordings 

Live performances
Throughout Pearl Jam's career, Vedder has interacted with the crowd during the band's concerts  Early in Pearl Jam's existence, Vedder and the band became known for their intense live performances  Vedder participated in stage diving as well as crowd surfing  During the early part of Pearl Jam's career, Vedder was known to climb the stage lighting rig and hang from the stage roof  Looking back at this time, Vedder said, "It's hard for us to watch early performances, even though that's when people think we were on fire and young  Playing music for as long as I had been playing music and then getting a shot at making a record and at having an audience and stuff, it's just like an untamed force   a different kind of energy  And I find it kind of hard to watch those early performances because it's so just fucking, semi-testosterone-fueled or whatever  But it didn't come from jock mentality  It came from just being let out of the gates "Vedder began incorporating social commentary and political criticism into his lyrics and performances early in his career with Pearl Jam  He usually comments on politics between songs, often to criticize U S  foreign policy  During Pearl Jam's 2007 Lollapalooza headlining show, Vedder and the band played a song telling the crowd in Chicago to boycott the oil company BP because they had been polluting Lake Michigan Vedder is known to use a Mike Lull-modified, vintage Fender Telecaster that features a single coil pickup in the bridge position and a P-90 pickup in the neck position, and includes various stickers that The Who  He uses three vintage Fender Tweed amplifiers, including a 1959 Deluxe and a 1957 Custom Twin  His two main acoustic guitars are a 1930s-era Martin 00-17 and a vintage Gibson Pete Townshend Signature SJ-200 

Legacy
Lamenting the constant waning of rock 'n roll from the music scene, Bono, in 2017, expounded that "Rage" is the fundamental component of rock 'n roll and said, "Some great rock’n’roll tends to have that, which is why the Who were such a great band  Or Pearl Jam  Eddie has that rage "Vedder was ranked seventh on a list of "Best Lead Singers of All Time" compiled by Rolling Stone  Loudwire put him at number 35 on their Top 66 Hard Rock + Heavy Metal Frontmen of all time  He has been ranked at number 5 on a list of "Singer with the Most Unique Voice", compiled by Rolling Stone  Other singers like Roger Daltrey of the Who, Bruce Dickinson of Iron Maiden and John Densmore of the Doors have praised him for his singing ability  Hit Parader magazine placed him at number 23 on their list of the "Top 100 Metal Vocalists of All Time"  His solo album Into the Wild was ranked at no  20 on the list of Top 20 Rock 'n' Roll Solo Albums by Consequence of Sound  In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Vender at number 105 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time 

Personal life
Vedder attended San Dieguito High School, now called San Dieguito Academy, and donated proceeds from a 2006 Pearl Jam concert in San Diego toward the construction of a theater for the school in the name of his former drama teacher, Clayton E  Liggett  Liggett was Vedder's mentor in high school  Vedder wrote the song "Long Road" (from Merkin Ball) upon hearing of Liggett's death in 1995 While living in the basement of Pearl Jam manager Kelly Curtis' house in Seattle in the early 1990s, Vedder was roommates with Alice in Chains guitarist and vocalist Jerry Cantrell  Vedder was also friends with Alice in Chains' lead singer Layne Staley, and wrote the song "4/20/02" (from Lost Dogs) on the night that he found out about Staley's death, on April 20, 2002 (though Staley had actually died over two weeks earlier on April 5, his body was found on April 19)  Vedder also paid tribute to Staley during a Pearl Jam show in Chicago on August 22, 2016, which would have been Staley's 49th birthday; "It's the birthday of a guy called Layne Staley tonight, and we're thinking of him tonight too  49 years old", Vedder told the crowd before dedicating the song "Man of the Hour" to his late friend In 1994, Vedder married Hovercraft bass player Beth Liebling, whom he was dating since he was a teenager, circa 1984  Vedder was Hovercraft's drummer during their opening slot for Mike Watt's U S  tour in 1995  The couple divorced in September 2000  In an interview published in the June 29, 2006 edition of Rolling Stone magazine, Vedder said that his divorce from Liebling had devastated him  The divorce happened around the same time as the biggest tragedy of Pearl Jam's career, when nine fans were crushed to death during the band's set at the Roskilde Festival in Denmark on June 30, 2000  In an interview with Chris Cornell's daughter Lily in 2020, Vedder explained that their show started on a high because they had just been told about her birth, until about 40 minutes into their performance when the tragedy happened  Vedder revealed that Pete Townshend helped him through the early stages of dealing with the tragedy On September 18, 2010, Vedder married his longtime girlfriend, model Jill McCormick, whom he had been dating since 2000  They have two daughters, Olivia, born in 2004, and Harper, born in 2008  In 2011, McCormick appeared in the music video for Vedder's solo single, "Longing to Belong"  In 2014, Vedder and McCormick co-founded the EB Research Partnership, a non-profit organization dedicated to finding a cure for the genetic skin disorder epidermolysis bullosa  They have raised over $25 million to fund research to find a cure Vedder was a close friend of the late Chris Cornell, the Soundgarden and Audioslave frontman  Aside from Vedder's Pearl Jam bandmates, Cornell was one of the first people Vedder met after moving to Seattle in 1990  The two were neighbors for a while and shared vocal duties in Temple of the Dog  In the 2009 book Grunge Is Dead: The Oral History of Seattle Rock Music, Soundgarden manager Susan Silver recalled that Cornell carried Vedder onstage on his shoulders at Pearl Jam's second show in Seattle (the band was known as Mookie Blaylock at the time): "Everyone was still reeling from [Andrew Wood]'s death    The band came on and Chris carried Eddie onto the stage – he was on his shoulders  It was one of those super powerful moments, where it was all a big healing for everybody  He came out as this guy who had all the credibility in the world – in terms of people in Seattle – and Malfunkshun and Mother Love Bone were loved bands  Andy was such an endearing personality  It was a hard thing to do – to show up after people die  And Chris bringing Eddie out, and pointing at him, as much Pearl Jam lead guitarist Mike McCready recalled that Cornell had helped welcome the "'super, super shy'" Vedder to Seattle: "He was like, 'Hey, welcome to Seattle  I love Jeff [Ament] and Stone [Gossard]  I give you my blessing"  From then on [Vedder] was more relaxed  It was one of the coolest things I saw Chris do'"  In a 2009 interview with Uncut magazine, Vedder stated that Cornell is "the best singer that we've got on the planet"  About the impact that Cornell had in his life, Vedder told a crowd in Alpine Valley before performing "Hunger Strike" with him in September 2011; "I had no idea how he would affect my life and my views on music and my views on friendship and what a big impact he would have  These guys [the other members of Pearl Jam] know him much longer than me and his impact is profound"  The friendship between Vedder and Cornell is featured in the 2011 documentary Pearl Jam Twenty  During his solo concert in London on June 6, 2017, Vedder talked for the first time about Cornell since his death on May 18, 2017, saying that "he wasn't just a friend, he was someone I looked up to like my older brother" and "I will live with those memories in my heart and I will love him forever" Vedder is a friend of The Who guitarist Pete Townshend, who discouraged Vedder from retiring in 1993  In late 2007, Vedder wrote the foreword to a new Pete Townshend biography, Who Are You: The Life of Pete Townshend  The book was published in the UK in March 2008 and in the U S  in October 2008  Vedder was a close friend of the late Ramones guitarist Johnny Ramone, with Vedder being at his side when he died  Since Ramone's death, Vedder and Pearl Jam have played the Ramones' "I Believe in Miracles" regularly at live shows  While driving home from Ramone's funeral, Vedder wrote the lyrics for the Pearl Jam song "Life Wasted" (from Pearl Jam) While surfing with Tim Finn in New Zealand on March 25, 1995, Vedder was carried 250 feet (76 m) off the coast and had to be rescued by lifeguards  He also has paddled outrigger canoes on occasion and in 2005 was nearly lost at sea trying to paddle from Moloka'i to Oahu Vedder has written songs and lyrics that question religious authority  Vedder is a Chicago Bulls and Chicago Bears fan and a long-time, die-hard fan of the Chicago Cubs  In November 1993, Vedder and White Sox pitcher Jack McDowell were involved in a barroom brawl in New Orleans, Louisiana that resulted in Vedder being arrested for public drunkenness and disturbing the peace  Vedder sang the national anthem before the third game of the 1998 NBA Finals in Chicago, and has sung "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" at six Cubs games, including Game 5 of the 2016 World Series  In 2007, a few days before performing with Pearl Jam in Chicago for Lollapalooza, he threw out the first pitch at Wrigley Field, the home of the Cubs  Vedder wrote a song at the request of former Cubs shortstop and first baseman Ernie Banks paying tribute to the Cubs called "All the Way"  The day after the Cubs won the 2016 World Series, the Cubs' official Twitter account posted a montage video backed by Vedder's song in a tribute to Cubs fans The annual series between the Seattle Mariners and San Diego Padres is often nicknamed the Vedder Cup due to both cities being hometowns of the singer The singer is also a great admirer of the late American science fiction author Kurt Vonnegut  During an interview with Uncut Magazine, he stated that the novel Cat's Cradle is his favorite book of all time 

Discography
Solo discography
Extended plays
Singles
Music videos
"Hard Sun" (2007)
"Guaranteed" (2008)
"No More" (2008)
"Better Days" (2010)
"You're True" (2011)
"Longing to Belong" (2011)
"Can't Keep" (2011)
"Sleeping by Myself" (2012)
"Matter of Time" (2020)
"Say Hi" (2020)
"Long Way" (2021)
"The Haves" (2021)
"Brother the Cloud" (2022)

Studio contributions and collaborations
Live contributions and collaborations
Guest appearances
Temple of the Dog discography
Pearl Jam discography
Filmography
Television
Performer and actor

Film
Performer and actor*denotes performance with Pearl Jam
**note: "Animal" performed with Pearl Jam and "Rockin' in the Free World" performed with Neil Young & Pearl Jam
^note: In the acceptance speech, Eddie notoriously states, "I don't know what this means, I don't think it means anything "
^^note: Vedder also performed the songs: "Mary Anne with the Shaky Hand" and "Getting in Tune" with the Who, but they were not released on the DVD 2017 Documentary, "Let's Play Two" featuring Eddie Vedder and Pearl Jam  Can be found on Amazon Prime and was directed by Danny Clinch  Concert documentary centering around Pearl Jams August 2016 shows at Wrigley Field 

Awards and nominations
Passage 6:
Paulo Szot
Paulo Szot is a Brazilian operatic baritone singer and actor  He made his opera debut in 1997 and his international career has included performances with the Metropolitan Opera, La Scala di Milano, Opera de Paris, Bayerische Staatsoper, Opera Australia, Liceo de Barcelona, among many others  In 2008, he made his Broadway debut as Emile De Becque in a revival of South Pacific, for which he won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical, the Drama Desk Award, the Outer Critics Circle Award and the Theatre World Award  In 2012 he was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for best actor in a musical, and in 2014 was nominated for the MAC Award for best Celebrity Artist becoming the first Brazilian to receive such honors  In 2022, he originated the role of "Lance" in the hit Broadway musical & Juliet 

Biography
Szot was born in São Paulo to Polish parents who emigrated to Brazil after World War II  He began his musical training in piano at the age of five and later added violin and classical ballet  However, at age 21, a knee injury cut short any aspirations for a career in dance, causing him, with encouragement from his instructor, to pursue singing instead Szot studied at Jagiellonian University in Poland  He began singing professionally in 1990 with the National Song & Dance Ensemble "Śląsk"  Later, he made his professional opera debut in a production of Il barbiere di Siviglia at the Municipal Theatre of São Paulo in 1997  Since then, he has performed with the New York City Opera, the Palm Beach Opera, the Canadian Opera Company, Opéra de Marseille, and Vlaamse Opera, among others, in such operas as L'elisir d'amore, La bohème, Don Giovanni, Cavalleria rusticana, Pagliacci, Carmen, Così fan tutte, Le nozze di Figaro and Maria Golovin  In March 2010 he made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera as Kovalyov in Dmitri Shostakovich's The Nose  Szot returned to the Metropolitan Opera as Escamillo sharing the stage with the French tenor Roberto Alagna and as Lescaut in Manon along with Anna Netrebko  Szot returned to the Met in 2014 as the Captain of the Achille Lauro in The Death of Klinghoffer  He sang the role of Guglielmo in Mozart's Così fan tutte at the Palais Garnier, and at the Aix-en-Provence Festival in Le nozze di Figaro  In 2013 he sang in The Nose at Teatro dell'Opera di Roma and at La Scala in the role of Filip Filippovich, the protagonist of Alexander Raskatov's 2009 opera A Dog's Heart  In 2018 and 2019, Szot sang the role of the Celebrant in the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's performance of Leonard Bernstein's Mass under the direction of Marin Alsop with the Chicago Children's Choir and the Highland Park High School Marching Band 
Of his performance in South Pacific, Ben Brantley of The New York Times wrote: "When he delivers 'Some Enchanted Evening' or 'This Nearly Was Mine,' it's not as a swoon-making blockbuster (though of course it is), but as a measured and honest consideration of love "

Stage productions
Il Barbiere di Siviglia – 1996 – Teatro Paulo Eiró, São Paulo
Gianni Scchicchi – 1997 – Sesc Ipiranga, São Paulo
La Bohème – 1998 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo
Le Barbier de Séville – 1997 – Teatro Municipal de Santo André
Carmen – 1998 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
La Bohème – 1998 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
L'elisir d'amore – 1998 – Festival Ópera de Manaus
Don Giovanni – 1999 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo
Le Barbier de Séville – 1999 – Teatro São Pedro, São Paulo
Don Giovanni – 1999 – Municipal de São Paulo
Le Barbier de Séville – 1999 – Teatro São Pedro de Porto Alegre
O Guarani – 1999 – Teatro Amazonas
Carmen – 2000 – Teatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro
Cavaleria Rusticana – 2000 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo
I Pagliacci – 2000 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo
Die Fledermaus – 2000 – Teatro Rio de Janeiro
Cavaleria Rusticana – 2000 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Pagliacci – 2000 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Tanhäuser – 2001 – Teatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro
Carmen – 2001 – Teatro Alfa, São Paulo
Carmen – 2001 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Don Giovanni – 2001 – Teatro Amazonas
La Bohème – 2001 – Teatro Amazonas
Hansel et Gretel – 2001 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Manon – 2002 – Teatro Amazonas
Manon – 2002 – Teatro Alfa – São Paulo
Pagliacci – 2002 – Teatro Amazonas
Il Barbiere di Siviglia - 2003 - Palacio das Artes
Hansel et Gretel – 2003 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Cavaleria Rusticana – 2003 – Teatro Amazonas
Don Pasquale – 2003 – Teatro São Pedro, São Paulo
Don Pasquale – 2003 – Teatro Municipal de Santo André
Lustige Witwe – 2003 – Porto Alegre
Carmen – 2003 – New York City Opera
Don Giovanni – 2003 – Michigan Opera
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2004 – New York City Opera
Carmen – 2004 – Palm Beach Opera
Eugène Onegin – 2004 – Ópera de Marseille
Orfeo – 2004 – Teatro Sérgio Cardoso
L'elisir d'amore – 2005 – New York City Opera
Rita – 2005 – Festival de Campos do Jordão
Dido et Aeneas – 2005 – Opera de Marseille
Don Giovanni – 2005 – Opera de Toulon
Don Giovanni – 2005 – Opera de Bordeaux
Così fan tutte – 2006 – Opera de Marseille
Maria Golovin – 2006 – Opera de Marseille
Don Giovanni – 2006 – Opera de Bogota - Colombia
Così fan tutte – 2007 – Opera de Nice
Le nozze di Figaro – 2007 – Boston
Maria Golovin – Spoleto Opera Festival, 2007 - Italy
Le Portrait de Manon – 2007 – Liceo de Barcelona
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2007 – Vlaamse Opera, Anvers
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2008 – Vlaamse Opera, Gand
South Pacific – 2008 – Lincoln Center Theater, New York
La Veuve Joyeuse – 2008 – Opera de Marseille
South Pacific – 2009 – Lincoln Center Theater, New York
The Nose – 2010 – Metropolitan Opera New York
South Pacific – 2010 – Lincoln Center Theater, New York
Carmen – 2011 – Metropolitan Opera New York
Così fan tutte – 2011 – Opera Garnier, Paris
South Pacific – 2011 – Barbican, London
Carmen – 2011 – San Francisco Opera
South Pacific – 2011 – Oxford
Manon – 2012 – Metropolitan Opera House New York
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2012 – Festival d'Aix-en-Provence
Don Giovanni – 2012 – Washington Opera
The Nose - Il Naso – 2013 – Opera di Roma
A Dog's Heart - Cuore di Cane  – 2013 – La Scala
The Nose – 2013 – Metropolitan Opera
Die Fledermaus - 2013/2014 – Metropolitan Opera
Eugène Onegin - 2014 - Melbourne Opera House
Candide — 2014 — Sala São Paulo - OSESP
The Death of Klinghoffer – 2014 – Metropolitan Opera
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2014 - Théâtre National de Bahreïn / Aix-en-Provence
Manon Lescaut - Teatro Municipal de Sao Paulo - Lescaut - 2015
Die Fledermaus - The Metropolitan Opera - 2015/2016 - Falke
Madama Butterfly - Opera de Marseille - 2016 - Sharpless
Romeo et Juliette - Palacio das Artes - 2016 - Mercutio
My Fair Lady - Teatro Santander - 2016 - Henry Higgins
Così fan tutte - "Don Alfonso" -  2017 - Palais Garnier Opéra National de Paris
The New Prince - 2017 - Dutch Opera - Hamilton/Clinton/Nixon - Amsterdam - Nederlands
Carmen - Bayerische Staatsoper - Munich - Escamillo - 2017 - Germany
Evita - Shakespeare Festival - Pennsylvania - Juan Peron - 2017 -  USA
Street Scene - Teatro Real - Madri - 2018 - Frank Maurant
La Traviata - Palacio das Artes - BH - 2018 - Giorgio Germont
La Traviata - Teatro Municipal de Sao Paulo - 2018 - G  Germont
Mass - Leonard Bernstein - South Bank Centre - 2018 - Celebrant - London
Mass - Leonard Bernstein - Ravinia Festival - 2018 - Celebrant - USA
Evita - A  L  Webber - Opera Australia - Sydney and Melbourne - 2018/2019 - Juan Peron
Merry Widow - Franz Lehar  - Opera di Roma - 2019 - Danilo
Mass - Leonard Bernstein - Ravinia Festival - 2019 - Celebrant - USA
Madama Butterfly - Puccini - Metropolitan Opera - New York - 2019 - Sharpless
Chicago on Broadway - Ambassador Theater - New York - 2020 and 2021 - Billy Flynn
Street Scene - Opera de Monte Carlo - 2020 - Frank
Chicago - Teatro Santander - São Paulo - 2022 - Billy Flynn
La boheme - Puerto Rico - 2022 - Marcello
& Juliet - Princess of Wales Theatre - Toronto - 2022 - Lance
& Juliet - Sondheim Theater - Broadway - 2023 - Lance
Cosi fan tutte - Opera de Paris - 2024 - Don Alfonso

Awards
Passage 7:
New Dramatists
New Dramatists is an organization of playwrights founded in 1949 and located at 424 West 44th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues in the Hell's Kitchen (Clinton) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City 
The members of New Dramatists participate in seven-year residencies to build up their playwriting skills and develop their careers   In addition to housing resident playwrights, New Dramatists also holds workshops for young authors  The organization hosts an annual luncheon at which actors and producers who have made contributions to American theatre are honored  Brian Stokes Mitchell, Glenn Close, and Meryl Streep are among past honorees The New Dramatists have a library that is open to the public on weekdays 

Building
New Dramatists is located in a former church built in the 1880s in the Gothic Revival style  It was the location in turn of St  Matthew's German Lutheran Church, the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, the Lutheran Metropolitan Inner Mission Society, and, by the mid-1960s, the All People's Church 

Alumni
New Dramatists' alumni include:

Glen Berger
Kia Corthron
Jorge Ignacio Cortiñas
Erin Courtney
Carson Kreitzer
Peter Maloney (actor)
Tarell Alvin McCraney
Suzan-Lori Parks
Harrison David Rivers
Charles Smith, playwright
Charise Castro Smith, television writer and actor
Octavio Solis
Mark St  Germain, playwright, author, and film and television writer 
Gaye Taylor Upchurch, who has directed plays at the Studio Theatre (Washington, D C ), the Summer Play Festival, and the Pacific Playwrights Festival

Awards
Nathan Lane was awarded the New Dramatists' 2019 Distinguished Achievement Award  Audra McDonald, Brian Stokes Mitchell, Daryl Roth, Paula Vogel, and Denzel Washington have received this award in prior years 

History
New Dramatists was established in 1949 as the New Dramatists Committee  Its formation was instigated by Michaela O'Harra, who became the first executive secretary of the Committee  Howard Lindsay was the first chair; other founders included Benjamin Schankman, Russel Crouse, Richard Rodgers, and Oscar Hammerstein II  The Committee was initially funded by contributions from the Playwrights Company, the Cornell-McClintic Foundation and a donation from John Golden 
Passage 8:
Steve Cosson
Steven Cosson (born August 1968) is a writer and director specializing in the creation of new theater work inspired by real life  He is the founding Artistic Director of the New York-based investigative theater company The Civilians 

Early life and education
Cosson was born in the Washington, D C  area  He received his BA from Dartmouth College and holds an MFA in directing from the University of California San Diego, where he studied under director and Joint Stock member Les Waters 

Career
Cosson led The Civilians as the first theater company in residence at the Metropolitan Museum of Art  He wrote the first major American play about climate change, The Great Immensity, which generated significant controversy from Republicans in Congress and right-wing media, and was featured as a TED Talk at the main TED conference in 2012 Cosson collaborated repeatedly with composer Michael Friedman on works with The Civilians and other companies, until Friedman's death in 2017  Other notable accomplishments include developing and directing Anne Washburn's Mr  Burns, a Post-Electric Play, named the 4th Best American Play of the past 25 Years by The New York Times Credits include:

book-writer and director of The Abominables at Children's Theatre Company (2018)
writer and director of The Undertaking at BAM Next Wave Festival (2016), US tour, Theatre de la Ville, Paris
director of José Rivera's Another Word for Beauty, world premiere at the Goodman Theatre (2016)
writer/director, Rimbaud in New York at the Brooklyn Academy of Music (2016)
director of Michael Friedman and Bess Wohl's musical Pretty Filthy (2015)
the Off-Broadway revival of The Belle of Amherst, starring Joely Richardson (2014)With The Civilians: 

writer/director of The Great Immensity (2014), music by Michael Friedman, created in residence with the Princeton Environmental Institute and the Princeton Atelier
co-writer and director of This Beautiful City, which premiered in 2009 to excellent reviews at the Humana Festival of New American Plays and then completed a critically acclaimed run at the Vineyard Theatre (Drama Desk, Drama League, Lortel nominations)
co-writer and director of Brooklyn at Eye Level, produced at Brooklyn's Lyceum Theatre in 2008
co-writer/director of Paris Commune produced in 2004 in The Public Theater's PublicLAB series
writer/director of the long-running hit Gone Missing which toured for several years throughout the U S  and the U K , culminating in 2007 in a seven-month Off-Broadway run at Barrow Street Theater (New York Times’ Top 10 of 2007 list)
writer/director (I Am) Nobody's Lunch (2006) (Fringe First award)
director of the company's first show Canard, Canard, Goose? (2002)Cosson has also directed The Civilians’ work at A R T , Actors Theatre of Louisville, La Jolla Playhouse, HBO's Aspen Comedy Festival, The Museum of Modern Art; London's Gate Theatre, and the Soho Theatre, among many others 
As a freelance director of new plays, musicals, and classics, Cosson's other directing credits include Ethel's Documerica (BAM Next Wave Festival); Dael Orlandersmith's Stoop Stories; Spring Awakening (Olney Theatre Center); Bus Stop (Kansas City Repertory Theatre); Anne Washburn’s A Devil at Noon (Humana Festival of New American Plays); Michael Friedman's Adventures in Reality (Lincoln Center Theater), and the U S  premiere of Attempts on Her Life; and new plays at theaters including Hartford Stage, Soho Rep, O’Neill Conference, New Harmony Project, and others His plays have been published by Oberon Books in the UK, Dramatists Play Service, and an anthology of his plays with The Civilians was published by Playscripts, Inc 

Plays
2018 The Abombinables, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2016 The Undertaking
2016 Rimbaud in New York, various composers
2015 The End and the Beginning
2014 The Great Immensity, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2012 Paris Commune with Michael Friedman
2010 In The Footprint, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2009 This Beautiful City, with Jim Lewis, interviews by the company, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2006 (I Am) Nobody's Lunch, interviews by company, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2003 Gone Missing, interviews by the company, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2001 Canard, Canard, Goose?  head writer, company-devised, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
1998 Fingered
Context 3: Passage 1:
Bishop International Airport
Bishop International Airport (IATA: FNT, ICAO: KFNT, FAA LID: FNT) is a commercial and general aviation airport located in Flint, Michigan, United States  It is named after banker and General Motors board member Arthur Giles Bishop (April 12, 1851 – January 22, 1944), who donated 220 acres of his farmland for the airport in 1928   It is located in southwestern Flint, and is surrounded by Flint Township to the north, east and west; and Mundy Township to the south 
The third busiest airport in Michigan after those of Detroit and Grand Rapids, it surpassed competitor MBS near Saginaw in terms of airline operations in 2002  1,071,238 passengers used Bishop International Airport in 2007; 938,914 passengers used the airport in 2011 It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2021–2025, in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility The airport is currently served by three passenger airlines: Allegiant Air operates mainline service out of the airport, and regional services are provided by affiliates of United Express and American Eagle   The airlines offer passenger flights to 13 cities across the United States   The airport became a focus city for Allegiant on February 19, 2022 Accompanying the airlines is fixed-base operator AvFlight, which handles both general aviation and airline operations  Also based at the airport are flight schools Greater Flint Pilots Association, American Wings Aviation, and Crosswinds Aviation 

History
In 1928, the Arthur Giles Bishop family gave to the City of Flint 220 acres for aeronautical purposes  The city-operated Bishop Airport until 1987 when the city and Genesee County formed the Bishop International Airport Authority to run the airport The renovation and expansion of the current terminal, originally built in 1993, was designed by Reynolds, Smith & Hills 

Historic airline service
When the current terminal was completed in 1993, most airlines serving Flint were using propeller aircraft, which included Northwest Airlink and Skyway Airlines (operating as Midwest Connect)   US Air was the only airline providing jet service at the time, which they operated to their hub in Pittsburgh In 1997, ValuJet Airlines began service to Flint, which became Flint's first low-cost carrier   ValuJet was merged into AirTran Airways later that year, who continued to provide flights to Atlanta   The success of AirTran's flights led them to increase service which prompted Northwest Airlines, who operated a major hub nearby in Detroit, to also increase service to Flint   For much of the 2000s, competition between AirTran and Northwest brought growth in air service to Flint which included flights to Florida and Las Vegas   Competition between the two airlines was so heavy, both airlines would often announce new competing services within days of each other In 2001, Delta Air Lines began flights to Flint starting with Delta Connection flights to their hub in Cincinnati which operated for a few years   Delta flights to their hub in Atlanta were added in 2003 In 2002, ATA Connection (operated by Chicago Express Airlines) began flights from Flint to Chicago Midway Airport using Saab 340 turboprop aircraft   ATA Connection also briefly operated flights to Indianapolis before ATA Airlines shutdown ATA Connection in 2005   American Eagle subsequently started flights to Chicago O'Hare International Airport by the end of that year   American Eagle also had flights from Flint to Dallas/Fort Worth and LaGuardia Airport in New York in the late 2000s Northwest Airlines, who operated in Flint for many years, was merged into Delta Air Lines in 2009   After the merger, Delta continued to operate flights to Detroit and Minneapolis/St  Paul, which Northwest previously operated   However, Delta discontinued the short flights to Detroit in 2013 United Express added flights to Chicago O'Hare International Airport in 2014 after discontinuing flights to Cleveland (which had started years earlier by United's predecessor Continental Airlines) AirTran was merged into Southwest Airlines in 2014   Southwest continued to serve Flint briefly following the merger and offered Boeing 737 flights from Flint to Las Vegas, Orlando, Tampa, Baltimore, and seasonal service to Fort Myers before dropping them and serving only Chicago Midway Airport in 2016  While flights to Midway were full, Southwest did not see adequate profit from the short flight and ceased service to Flint in 2018 After Southwest's service downgrade in 2016, Allegiant Air saw the demand in Flint for low cost flights to popular tourist destinations and began service to Orlando/Sanford and Tampa/Clearwater – St  Petersburg in 2016  The success of those routes led to additional service to Punta Gorda, Florida, in 2018 and seasonal service to both Ft  Lauderdale and Myrtle Beach Although Allegiant was a welcome to passengers at Flint, the lack of daily flights that Southwest had offered plus the Delta Connection cancellation of their twice daily Minneapolis flight led Flint to their lowest passenger numbers in over a decade  Statistics from the airport for 2018 show the number of passengers boarding flights at Bishop down about 10%: from 400,781 in 2017 to 360,609 in 2018, the lowest number of departing flights from Flint since 2002  Allegiant Air added service between Flint and Nashville on June 5, 2020  On November 17, 2020, Allegiant announced it would begin service between Flint and Las Vegas, starting March 4, 2021  Allegiant has announced it will offer service to Boston and Jacksonville, Florida starting in March 2022  On February 1, 2022, Allegiant later announced it will begin serve between Flint and Savannah, Georgia beginning April 15, 2022 Despite the 2018 results, early 2019 saw Allegiant become the number-one air carrier in Flint, carrying 41% of Flint's passengers in February  Envoy Air (as American Eagle) also started a fourth daily flight to Chicago O'Hare  On April 11, 2019, PSA Airlines (as American Eagle) announced twice daily service to Charlotte to begin in September 2019   American's flights to Charlotte were discontinued in 2022 Delta Air Lines indefinitely suspended flights their last remaining service from Flint to Atlanta due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation  Despite ending Flint service, Delta still serves nearby airports such as MBS International Airport near Saginaw and Detroit Metropolitan Airport 

Renovations
In early February 2007, Bishop International Airport unveiled a comprehensive five-year developmental plan that would be slated for continuation through late 2011  The program called for two phases of "Intermodal Facility Development," including the expansion of the West Cargo Apron, what is now known as the Abex and Emory GVA Freight Ramp, located on the airport's northwest side 
In May 2009, Bishop International Airport began Phase I of its Terminal Airside & Concourse Improvements program  Projects under this phase were developed in 2008  Included in this phase are upgrades to the terminal ramp, upon which the passenger concourse resides; the permanent closure and deconstruction of Runway 5/23; and the acquisition of new land for an envisioned Runway 09L/27R, which was scheduled to be designed in 2009 and constructed in 2010 
Runway 5/23 was closed permanently on May 4, 2009 as progress continued in the Capital Improvement Program 
The renovation and expansion of the terminal, originally built in 1993, was designed by Reynolds, Smith & Hills On April 24, 2012, the airport's board of directors approved a $1 348 million project to repair the airport's tarmac  On September 19, 2012, it was announced that the Federal Aviation Administration approved a grant to fund the project On October 6, 2012, a new Transportation Security Administration checkpoint opened in the terminal The completed terminal was dedicated on November 13, 2012 The airport's board allocated an additional $10 9 million for upgrades in 2013 and 2014 On August 29, 2013, the airport received a $2 87 million grant from the U S  Department of Transportation, which was used to repair taxiways and lighting and to buy a replacement snow truck On September 28, 2017, the airport received a $4 302 million grant from the Federal Aviation Administration which will be used to rehabilitate the pavement of Taxiway C, construct asphalt shoulders and install runway guard lights at each access point to the runway On July 30, 2018, the FAA gave the airport a $4,012,542 grant for taxiway construction, rehabilitation and lighting On June 5, 2019, the FAA gave the airport $8,056,505 for runway reconstruction, the addition of runway shoulders, and enhancements to the runway’s lighting system 

Facilities
Bishop International Airport covers 1,550 acres (6 km²) and has two runways:
Runway 18/36: 7,849 x 150 ft  (2,392 x 46 m), surface: asphalt/concrete
Runway 09/27: 7,201 x 150 ft  (2,195 x 46 m), surface: asphaltIn the year ending December 31, 2021, the airport had 44,632 operations, an average of 122 aircraft operations per day: 78% general aviation, 21% scheduled commercial / air taxi, and less than 1% military  At that time, there were 93 aircraft based at this airport: 70 single-engine, 21 multi-engine, and two jet aircraft 

Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Source:

Cargo
Source:

Statistics
Top destinations
Carrier shares
2020 was Bishop's worst year since 2002, with departures down about 42%: from 597,000 in 2019 to 346,000 in 2020  This was largely due to the COVID-19 pandemic 

Ground transportation
Bishop International Airport is accessible from I-69, I-75/US-23 and I-475 at Bristol Road  The airport is also served by a bus line operated by the Flint Mass Transportation Authority, local taxi services, and Uber which operates in the Flint area 
Several car rental agencies are also available at the airport 

Airport Authority Board
The Bishop International Airport Authority (BIAA) is the joint public authority created by Genesee County and the city of Flint to run Bishop International Airport  The Authority Board has nine members appointed to three-year terms  BIAA operates the airport's public safety and maintenance departments 
On January 27, 2014, airport director Jim Rice retired after 24 years of service  The service drive in front of the airport that leads to the terminal and front parking lot has since been renamed in his honor  The board later named Craig Williams, former Fort Wayne-Allen County Airport Authority board member, as his successor on July 22, 2014 

Accidents and incidents
On May 18, 1935, a Ford Trimotor operated by Knowles Flying Service crash landed at Flint-Bishop Airport due to fuel starvation  Two passengers and a pilot died out of the 12 on board 
On January 6, 1977, a Learjet 23 operated by Jet Avia crashed while on a runway 27 localizer back course approach in snow and a low ceiling  A failure to maintain airspeed was the probable cause  Both occupants were killed 
On November 16, 2011, a Piaggio P 180 Avanti operating as Avantair Flight 168 (Detroit Metro to West Bend Municipal, tail number N168SL) crashed upon landing due to an engine failure  The plane was damaged beyond repair, but everyone aboard survived with only minor injuries 
On December 12, 2011, four people from Saginaw were arrested at Bishop International Airport trying to smuggle 122 pounds (55 kg) of marijuana from Phoenix 
On June 21, 2017, airport police lieutenant Jeff Neville was stabbed in the neck by a man who shouted "Allahu Akbar" while doing so  A Tunisian-born Canadian man, Amor Ftouhi, was arrested at the scene as a suspect  Neville survived the attack  The attack was condemned by the Canadian government  Ftouhi was found guilty of three federal counts in November 2018  He was sentenced to life in prison in April 2019 
On January 18, 2019, it was reported that the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality had found elevated levels of PFAS in groundwater at the airport 

Gallery
Passage 2:
United Express Flight 3411 incident
On April 9, 2017 at Chicago O'Hare International Airport, four paying customers were selected to be involuntarily deplaned from United Express flight 3411 to make room for four deadheading employees  One of these passengers was David Dao, 69, a Vietnamese-American who was injured when he was dragged from the flight by Chicago Department of Aviation security officers  Dao, a pulmonologist, politely refused to leave his seat when directed because he needed to see patients the following day  In the process of removing him, the security officers struck his face against an armrest, then pulled him – apparently unconscious – by his arms down the aircraft aisle, past rows of onlooking passengers  The incident is widely characterized by critics – and later by United Airlines itself – as an example of mishandled customer service  
United removed the passengers to reposition a crew who had been delayed in reaching Louisville to staff a flight the next day  Prior to the confrontation, United agents made a general offer to the plane's passengers – of travel vouchers, accommodations, and a later flight – in exchange for their seats, but none of them accepted  United then algorithmically selected four passengers for involuntary removal from the flight, one of whom was Dao  The three other passengers cooperated with instructions to exit the plane Video of the incident recorded by passengers went viral on social media, resulting in anger over the use of force shown  Politicians expressed concern and called for an official investigation  President Donald Trump criticized United Airlines, calling its treatment of Dao "horrible" 
The next morning, United CEO Oscar Munoz issued a statement that appeared to downplay the treatment of Dao, referring to the incident as "re-accommodating the customers"  Munoz also sent an email to United staff commending the crew's actions for following established procedures and referring to Dao as "disruptive" and "belligerent"  This was contradicted by passengers' accounts and video of the incident; for example, Jason Powell asserted that Dao was not belligerent, saying instead, "He was very polite, matter-of-fact "Munoz and United were sharply criticized for their initial statements; United suffered a drop in its stock price  Two days after the incident, Munoz issued an additional statement, apologizing and promising that such an incident would never again occur on a United aircraft  He said, "No one should ever be mistreated this way " In a televised interview, Munoz was asked, "Do you think [Dao] was at fault in any way?" Munoz responded, "No  He can't be  He was a paying passenger sitting on our seat in our aircraft " Munoz's previously planned promotion to become United's chairman was delayed until May 2020 as a result of the incident  Dao reached an "amicable" settlement with United on April 27, 2017, though its terms were not publicly announced 

Incident
On April 9, 2017, four employees of Republic Airways – a United Airlines regional airline – located at the time in Chicago, had been assigned to crew a flight leaving the next day from Louisville  They were originally scheduled to travel to Louisville on Flight 4448 at 2:55 PM, but that plane was experiencing a significant mechanical delay  They were rebooked onto Flight 3411 at 5:21 PM  This was 19 minutes before its scheduled departure time, and the passengers had boarded the plane, an Embraer 170 operating as United Express Flight 3411, which was fully occupied 
Passengers were initially offered $400 in travel vouchers, a hotel stay, and a seat on a flight leaving more than 21 hours later if they would voluntarily give up their seats  With no volunteers, the offer was increased to $800 in vouchers  Just before 5:40 PM, the United Express gate agent announced that four passengers would be selected by computer and involuntarily removed to accommodate the four Republic employees  A United spokesperson later stated that the selection is based on several factors, and that frequent fliers and higher-paying customers are less likely to be chosen  Another spokesman stated that the flight was not overbooked prior to the four employees being assigned to it Three of the selected passengers, a couple and a woman thought to be David Dao's wife, cooperated with the instruction to leave the plane  The fourth, 69-year-old David Dao – a doctor from Elizabethtown, Kentucky and former folk musician – refused, protesting that he needed to see patients the next day at his clinic  United Airlines staff requested assistance from the Chicago Department of Aviation Security, a department with powers differing from those of the Chicago Police Department; for example, its officers cannot file arrest reports Dao refused to leave his seat and was dragged screaming from it  In the process, he suffered injuries to his head and mouth when, according to another passenger, aviation security officer James Long threw him against the armrest before dragging him down the aisle by his arms, apparently unconscious  During the altercation, several passengers distressed by the incident voluntarily left the aircraft  Passengers stated that officers laughed as Dao was dragged from the plane  The four United employees then sat in the vacated seats  Shortly afterward, Dao boarded the aircraft again, with blood on his face, repeatedly saying, "I have to go home," and "Just kill me"  After he collapsed in a seat, he was removed from the aircraft on a stretcher  The remaining passengers were then directed to exit the plane while the blood was cleaned up  Several passengers recorded the event on video using phone cameras and the videos were widely circulated on social media  Another passenger reported hearing Dao claim that he had been chosen because of his Asian ethnicity  Dao was taken to a hospital with non-life-threatening injuries, including a broken nose, loss of two front teeth, sinus injuries, and "a significant concussion"; the injuries required reconstructive surgery, according to Dao's lawyer The flight departed at 7:21 p m , and arrived at Louisville at 9:01 p m 

Passenger assessments
Several passengers stated that the situation escalated quickly and was inflamed by the demeanor of a United employee  According to passenger Tyler Bridges, "An airline supervisor walked onto the plane and brusquely announced, 'We have United employees that need to fly to Louisville tonight      This flight's not leaving until four people get off ' That rubbed some people the wrong way " Passenger John Fuller described the employee's behavior and said, "She was very terse      She said, 'Four people need to get off this plane, or we're not going anywhere '” Passenger Jason Powell corroborated this account and said that he did not understand why the employee had spoken with such a belligerent tone: "The tone immediately turned me off     She accelerated the situation  It was poor leadership " Powell said, "The disgusting mishandling of the situation included everyone from the rude ticket agent who demanded that this man give up his seat on the flight United overbooked    "Passenger John Klaassen later said, "after the first offer was made, the United employee left and it escalated     had they just tried some diplomacy, none of this had to take place     they were unwilling to negotiate" Passenger Mary Myers faulted the supervisor, saying, "I really put all of this on her shoulders  She could have made a difference  She could have handled it differently  She's the one who started it all " Myers also indicated that Dao had pleaded with the supervisor not to remove him from the flight and explained that as a doctor he could not miss his return flight home  "He said, 'I can’t get off the plane  I have to get home  I'm a doctor  I have to get to the hospital in the morning '" Myers stated that her response was not appropriate: "She said, 'Well, then I'll just have to call the police and have you escorted off the plane ' In my opinion, I think any good supervisor would never have let the situation escalate to that point  Honestly, I think I blame her for the whole entire occurrence  She didn't need to jump to that level "

Aftermath
On April 11, 2017, the law firms representing Dao, Golan Christie Taglia and Corboy & Demetrio, issued a statement indicating that Dao and his family "wants the world to know that they are very appreciative of the outpouring of prayers, concern and support "The three Chicago Department of Aviation (CDA) officers who responded to the incident were James Long, Mauricio Rodriguez, Jr , and Steven Smith  Their supervisor was Sergeant John Moore  Long had just returned to the job after a suspension for insubordination after having ignored a supervisor's orders to prevent vehicles from driving into a restricted area of the airport  Long was placed on administrative leave soon after the incident with Dao; Rodriguez and Smith were placed on administrative leave on April 12  Moore was placed on administrative leave on April 19  Moore had been disciplined at least seven times from 1999 to 2009 for failing to arrive at work without notifying a supervisor  The Chicago Department of Aviation said that "the incident on United Flight 3411 was not in accordance with our standard operating procedure and the actions of the aviation security officer are obviously not condoned by the Department    " The aviation police receive more training and higher pay compared to that received by private security guards, but less than that of officers of the Chicago Police Department 
City Inspector General Joseph Ferguson launched an investigation shortly after the incident  The Office of Inspector General (OIG) released its findings on October 17, 2017, establishing that the four officers had violated City of Chicago personnel rules  The report stated:Specifically, the first ASO violated the CDA Use of Force Policy when that ASO escalated a non-threatening situation into a physically violent one by forcefully removing a passenger from the aircraft  The ASO’s use of excessive force caused the passenger to hit his face on an armrest, resulting in the passenger sustaining a concussion, a broken nose, and the loss of two teeth  OIG’s investigation also established that the second ASO made misleading statements in two reports and the third ASO made material omissions in a report, regarding the first ASO’s forceful removal of the passenger from the aircraft  The investigation further established that the Sergeant deliberately removed material facts from the third ASO’s “To/From Report” and approved reports without all essential information  In response to the OIG report, the CDA discharged Long and Moore and issued five-day suspensions to Rodriguez and Smith 

Airport security changes
On June 29, 2017, the Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board decertified the Chicago Department of Aviation Police, stating the agency is "in no way" a police agency, merely a security force  The Chicago Police Department was designated as the primary responders to all future airport disturbance calls  The union representing the 300-officer department, Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Local 73, challenged the downgrade from police to security status in an unfair labor practices complaint Following a review prompted by the incident, in July 2017 the Chicago Department of Aviation reported that its unsworn, unarmed airport security personnel were not actually police officers under Illinois law  Their uniforms, badges and vehicles had been "improperly" labeled "police" for historical reasons  It promised that the incorrect insignia would be removed within months 

Social media
Video footage from passengers who remained on the aircraft throughout the incident was widely shared and was picked up by mainstream media agencies  One such video was shared 87,000 times and viewed 6 8 million times in less than a day The victim was initially thought to be Chinese-American, as one of the witnesses told The Washington Post, "He said, more or less, 'I'm being selected because I'm Chinese '" His daughter, Crystal Dao Pepper, later said in a press conference that her father was Vietnamese-Chinese  The incident drew outrage on mainland Chinese and Vietnamese social media, and became the number-one trending topic on the Chinese microblogging site Weibo, attracting the attention of more than 480 million users  An article in Foreign Policy noted the racial and political reasons for the wide spread of the video throughout the mainland Chinese mediasphere, where heated debates take place over the nature of America's political system and its relations to mainland China, and asserted that the video would serve the ends of the authorities and critics of America in challenging America's cultural sway in mainland China  In Vietnam, there was also bad reaction to the reporting into Dao's past, which was viewed as irrelevant and possibly racist The incident had taken place shortly after another controversy in which United refused boarding to two teenage girls wearing leggings  There were calls by social media users across the world, especially those in the United States, mainland China and Vietnam, to boycott United Airlines  Customers of the airline posted pictures of their United loyalty or credit cards cut into pieces  Another petition called on the U S  federal government to launch an investigation into the incident, invoking the Black Lives Matter movement by using the hashtag "#ChineseLivesMatters "

Stock market
Shares of United Continental Holdings (UAL), the parent company of United Airlines, closed at $70 88 on April 7  On April 10, the first trading day after the incident, they rose by 0 9% to close at $71 52  Although UAL shares declined by 1 1% on April 11, they closed at $70 71, only $0 17 or 0 2% less than the April 7 closing price  UAL shares declined and closed at $69 93 on April 12, and closed at $69 07 on April 13, and ultimately declined and closed at $67 75 on April 18 
Research analysts S3 Partners commented on the effect the incident would have on UAL's future financial performance, saying that "consumers might not have much choice but to fly UAL due to airline consolidation, which has reduced competition over most routes  As a result, with passengers having fewer options these days when it comes to carriers, UAL's revenues may not suffer as much as expected unless passengers opt for longer and more expensive flights " Analysts Wolfe Research and Cowen & Co  were also confident of future performance Investor Warren Buffett, a major investor in airline stocks, said that United made a "terrible mistake," and that public perceptions were influenced by the CEO's initial reaction 

Consumer preference
A poll of 1,900 people conducted three days after the incident suggested that all else being equal, 79% of prospective fliers who had heard of the incident would choose a non–United Airlines flight  44% would choose a non–United Airlines flight even if it cost US$66 more and took an additional three hours Despite calls for a boycott, United Airlines reported 39% greater profits over the previous year in the second quarter of 2017, as well as increased sales  Economist John Kwoka, Jr , attributed this to the high level of consolidation of American airlines, with a majority of flights controlled by four corporations—United, Delta, American, and Southwest—making a boycott impractical  Additionally, for many travelers, ticket price is the primary deciding factor when booking flights, outweighing other considerations, such as customer service 

Industry behavior
In August 2017, data from the U S  Department of Transportation showed that bumped-passenger rates were at their lowest since 1995  The rate "markedly decreased" starting in April 2017 (the same month this incident occurred) from 0 62 per 10,000 passengers, to 0 44 per 10,000 in the second quarter of 2017 

Responses
United Airlines
On April 9, United issued a statement: "Flight 3411 from Chicago to Louisville was overbooked  After our team looked for volunteers, one customer refused to leave the aircraft voluntarily and law enforcement was asked to come to the gate  We apologize for the overbook situation  Further details on the removed customer should be directed to authorities " By April 11, United changed its prior statement, stating that the flight was in fact not overbooked, but sold out, and the four employees who needed the seats were considered "must-ride" passengers who had to travel to another city to work as aircraft crew United CEO Oscar Munoz stated on April 10: "This is an upsetting event to all of us here at United  I apologize for having to re-accommodate these customers  Our team is moving with a sense of urgency to work with the authorities and conduct our own detailed review of what happened  We are also reaching out to this passenger to talk directly to him and further address and resolve this situation " Munoz's use of the word "re-accommodate" received particular attention and ridicule from social media and commentators  The words "re-accommodate" and "re-accommodated" appear several times in the text of the standard United Airlines Contract of Carriage Later on April 10, in an e-mail to employees, Munoz praised and defended the crew's actions, while claiming the passenger was "disruptive and belligerent " He stated that "Our employees followed established procedures for dealing with situations like this " This led to an online petition calling for his resignation In a subsequent public statement released by United on the afternoon of April 11, 2017, Munoz was more conciliatory  His note described the Dao incident as "truly horrific" and expressed an understanding of the "outrage, anger, disappointment" felt by many  He took full responsibility and apologized, adding that "No one should ever be mistreated this way " He promised to conduct a thorough review and release a report by April 30  The public statement ends with "I promise you we will do better "During a television interview on April 12, Munoz announced that, effective immediately, United Airlines would no longer use police in involuntary bumping situations: "We're not going to put a law enforcement official     [onto a United aircraft] to remove a booked, paid, seated passenger " He apologized to Dao and his family and said, "That is not who our family at United is  You saw us at a bad moment; this can and will never happen again on a United Airlines flight  That is my promise " Asked if Dao was at fault in any way, Munoz hesitated, then replied, "No, he can't be     no one should be treated that way, period "In response to a signed petition, Munoz said he did not intend to resign Three days after the incident, United Airlines elected to provide all passengers aboard United Express Flight 3411 compensation equal to the cost of their tickets  An email obtained by CNN stated that this compensation was in the form of a $500 voucher toward future travel on United Airlines  The email also indicated that customers were eligible for the voucher if they "released" the airline from lawsuits  A United spokesperson later indicated that passengers would not be required to agree to those terms  On April 13, 2017, United internally announced a policy change to ensure that flight crews are booked "at least 60 minutes prior to departure " On April 18, Munoz reported that no one would be fired as a result of the incident On April 21, it was reported that Munoz would not become chairman of the airline, as had been planned, because of the incident  Munoz's employment agreement was amended subsequent to the incident to reflect that he would not be elevated to chairman  In a government filing, United said that the airline was developing a program for 2017 so that compensation was "directly and meaningfully tied to progress in improving the customer experience " In 2019, Munoz announced his impending transfer from United, to become chairman of parent company United Airlines Holdings United and Dao reached a confidential settlement on April 27  Although the financial terms of the settlement remain confidential, one of the stipulations of the settlement was that Dao could not sue the city of Chicago  At the same time, the airline announced ten policy changes in response to the incident  These included raising the maximum amount of travel vouchers to passengers "bounced" from flights to up to $10,000 and a $1,500 "no questions asked" fee for permanently lost luggage, and the airline promised to reduce overbooking 

Public relations professionals
The handling of the incident by Munoz was described as a "fumbling response" by Bloomberg News, part of a "public-relations disaster" for United  Munoz had been named "Communicator of the Year for 2017" by PRWeek in March 2017  Steve Barrett, editor-in-chief of PRWeek US, later noted: "It's fair to say that if PRWeek was choosing its Communicator of the Year now, we would not be awarding it to Oscar Munoz … In time, the episode and subsequent response will be quoted in textbooks as an example of how not to respond in a crisis " Public relations expert Rupert Younger, director of the Oxford University Centre for Corporate Reputation, called the handling of the situation "a major disappointment " In Younger's view, Munoz should have moved more quickly and been more genuinely apologetic from the start  Former Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs Philip J  Crowley said: "It's hard to think of a case study that went so compellingly wrong so rapidly "

United Master Executive Council
On April 13, 2017, the United Master Executive Council, the United Airlines bargaining unit of the Air Line Pilots Association, a trade union, issued a statement to shift blame from United to Republic Airline, one of the carriers under contract to operate United Express flights, and especially the Chicago Department of Aviation  The statement read in part: "this violent incident should never have happened and was a result of gross excessive force by Chicago Department of Aviation personnel "

Other airlines
Emirates launched an advertising campaign that parodies United Airlines' "Fly the Friendly Skies" slogan and Munoz's previous statements about airlines in the Middle East  Royal Jordanian put up a picture of a no-smoking sign on its Twitter account with the messages, "We would like to remind you that drags on flights are strictly prohibited by passengers and crew," and "We are here to keep you #united  Dragging is strictly prohibited "Delta Air Lines increased the amount of compensation supervisors can offer to displaced passengers from $1,350 to $9,950 with gate agents able to offer $2,000, up from $800  American Airlines also enacted a new policy: passengers who have already boarded will never be removed to seat others  Southwest Airlines announced they will no longer overbook flights 

United States government
Executive branch
The White House's "We the People" webpage received 100,000 petition signatures in one day—exceeding the threshold needed for official review—demanding a government investigation into the incident  White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer commented that "It was an unfortunate incident" and added "when you watch the video, it is troubling to see how that was handled "The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) said it was reviewing the incident  "While it is legal for airlines to [involuntarily] bump passengers from an oversold flight when there are not enough volunteers, it is the airline's responsibility to determine its own fair boarding priorities," the agency said in a statement  On April 12, the USDOT stated that it was "reviewing the involuntary denied boarding of passenger(s) from United Express flight 3411 to determine whether the airline complied with the oversales rule "New Jersey Governor Chris Christie asked the United States Secretary of Transportation, Elaine Chao, to suspend allowing airlines to overbook passengers U S  President Donald Trump criticized United Airlines' response to Dao in an interview with The Wall Street Journal  He said the airline's treatment of their customer was "horrible" and that the airline should have further increased the financial offer to customers to voluntarily leave the plane, instead of choosing to use force  Trump told The Wall Street Journal: "You know, there's a point at which I'm getting off the plane     seriously  They should have gone up higher  But to just randomly say, 'You're getting off the plane,' that was terrible "On January 13, 2021, the United States Department of Transportation amended its rules, forbidding involuntarily bumping from an overbooked flight after boarding starting on April 21 

Congress
A bipartisan group of senators on the Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee described the incident as "disturbing", and wrote to Munoz and the Chicago Department of Aviation  The group sought information about the crew-scheduling mix-up that required passengers to give up their seats, and asked whether United considers bumping a passenger to accommodate employees to be the same as an "oversold" situation  They asked the Chicago Department of Aviation about their security protocols and whether Dao had been passive or threatening during the incident  Both parties were given until April 20, 2017, to respond  United Airlines submitted their response on April 26, 2017 Separately, twenty-one Democratic U S  Senators wrote to Munoz to express their deep concern, and asked a range of questions about the incident, requesting a response by April 24, 2017 Congressional Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-DC) called for hearings from the House Transportation and Infrastructure (T&I) Committee  Dan Lipinski (D-IL), member of the House Transportation Committee's Aviation subcommittee, called on Congress to make legislative amendments to give passengers more rights and to prevent further similar incidents  Senator Robert Menendez (D-NJ) said the incident was disturbing and criticized Munoz's "empty apology "Senator Chris Van Hollen (D-MD) is drafting the "Customers Not Cargo Act", which would ban airlines from involuntarily bumping passengers who are already on the aircraft and seated  He previously said United must do more than "apologize", and called for a full investigation  Separately, congresswoman Jan Schakowsky (D-IL) stated she intended to introduce legislation to end involuntary bumping of passengers, requiring airlines to increase their offer until a customer voluntarily gives up their seat  On April 26, 2017, Senators Maggie Hassan (D-NH) and Brian Schatz (D-Hawaii) introduced a bill which would change how airlines handle their boarding and bumping policies 

Illinois General Assembly
Illinois state Representative Peter Breen has introduced the Airline Passenger Protection Act in the Illinois House of Representatives  The act forbids state or local government authorities from removing passengers that are not dangerous or causing a disturbance in non-emergency situations  It also forbids the state of Illinois from doing business with airlines whose policies allow removal of paying passengers to make room for employees traveling on non-revenue tickets 

Chicago City Council
Chicago City Council's Aviation Committee held hearings starting April 13 to investigate the incident  Committee Chairman Mike Zalewski said the incident had damaged the reputation of Chicago and O'Hare International Airport  Zalewski wanted responses from United, Aviation Commissioner Ginger Evans, and from the union representing aviation police, Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Local 73 An April 12 statement by the Chicago Department of Aviation offered these comments about their security staff: "While they do have limited authority to make an arrest, Sunday's incident was not within standard operating procedures nor will we tolerate that kind of action  That is why we quickly placed the aviation security officer on leave pending a thorough review of the situation  The action we have taken thus far reflects what we currently know, and as our review continues we will not hesitate to take additional action as appropriate "

Chicago Police Department
Chicago Aviation Security were instructed to remove the word "police" from their uniforms in January 2017, but they disobeyed this instruction  As a result, there was confusion as to what organization had responded to the event, with some thinking that the Chicago Police Department responded  The Chicago Police Department Office of Communications stated that Dr  Dao fell—a statement which contradicts what is seen in both videos  When questioned about this, the Chicago Police Department's chief spokesman Anthony Guglielmi said, "CPD didn't release an official statement on it  We were not involved  Dept  of Aviation has everything you will need " When pressed further about why CPD issued a response about an incident in which they were not involved, Guglielmi said this, "A takeaway for me is to ensure the department's press office is more consistent in referring to appropriate outside agencies for incidents in which CPD is not the acting or involved agency "

Litigation
Dao's personal injury lawyer asked the Cook County Circuit Court for an order requiring United and the city of Chicago to retain all video, cockpit recordings, and other reports from the flight, including personnel files of the Aviation Department officers who pulled Dao from the plane  United and the city of Chicago agreed, forgoing a court hearing Through his lawyers, Dao described his ordeal as "more horrifying" than his experience of the Fall of Saigon during the Vietnam War On April 24, Dao's attorney announced that Dao intended to file a lawsuit against United  Three days later, United and Dao reached a confidential settlement In April 2018, one of the Aviation Department officers, James Long, filed a lawsuit against United Airlines and the Chicago Department of Aviation alleging that he was not properly trained to handle misbehaving passengers, was unfairly fired, and slandered  The lawsuit was dropped in April 2019 After the  Chicago Department of Aviation Police was downgraded to be a security agency, a federal class action lawsuit was filed in 2018 over a perceived loss of employment benefits enjoyed by law enforcement officers by some of the now reclassified security guards  The lawsuit was eventually denied in September 2021, and is undergoing an appeal in the Seventh Circuit appellate courts as of September 2022 

Third-party legal commentary
Early reports and United Airlines initially characterized the incident as a consequence of overbooking, leading some experts to question whether that was the case  John Banzhaf, a professor of law at the George Washington University Law School, states that United was "citing the wrong federal rule to justify its illegal request to force a passenger already boarded and seated to disembark," since the regulation cited only covers denial of boarding, and not removing a passenger after boarding While United has asserted a right to remove passengers after boarding, none of the reasons for doing so specified in the airline's contract of carriage applied in this situation  One attorney pointedly stated United "had absolutely no right to remove that man from the airplane" and described the incident as "assault and battery "Chicago City Council alderman Michael Zalewski questioned whether the Chicago Airport Police even had the legal authority to enter the aircraft A partner at Kreindler & Kreindler, a law firm specializing in air disaster litigation, concluded, "United, if they're smart, will quickly and quietly settle the case "

Cultural impact
Comedian Jimmy Kimmel criticized United Airlines and its handling of the incident in a five-minute segment of Jimmy Kimmel Live! that aired on April 10, 2017, and included video of the incident  Kimmel, referring to the word "re-accommodate" used by Munoz, said, "That is such sanitized, say-nothing, take-no-responsibility, corporate B S  speak "The incident was discussed on numerous other comedy shows, including Conan, Ellen and Saturday Night Live  In an SNL sketch, Jimmy Fallon's character Doug proposes marriage to Cecily Strong's Jen after admitting that he made "one of the biggest mistakes a person can make " Jen replies, "No, Doug! You dragged a man off a plane this week!"The cover of the New Yorker May 22 issue depicted former FBI director James Comey, who had just been fired, being dragged down the aisle of an airplane by former U S  Attorney General Jeff Sessions American actor Will Ferrell mentioned the incident in his May 2017 commencement address to the University of Southern California's graduating class  Referring to his honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree awarded on the same day, he quipped, "The next time I'm flying and they ask if there's a doctor on board, I can now confidently leap to my feet and scream, 'I'm a doctor, what can I do? Yes, no problem, I can absolutely deliver that baby ' Hopefully it will be on United Airlines, in which case I will be immediately be subdued and dragged off the aircraft, which we all know will be recorded on someone's iPhone and put on YouTube "

Similar incidents
A passenger on a United Airlines flight who bought a full-price first-class ticket from Lihue to Los Angeles was told to get off the plane because "they needed the seat for somebody more important " According to the passenger, the gate agent stated "We have a priority list, and you're at the bottom of it " The gate agent then said that he would be arrested and put in handcuffs  The passenger said a fellow passenger warned him that the airline is "really nasty about this stuff" and might call the police  He is considering legal action against United After paying approximately $1,000 for a seat for her two-year-old child, a woman was forced to hold the child on her lap for over three hours when United Airlines re-sold the child's seat to a standby passenger  The passenger appealed to the flight attendant, who rudely shrugged her shoulders and told her in an aggressive tone that the flight was full  The passenger was afraid to push the issue because of what had happened to Dao  When she flew back to Hawaii, United Airlines upgraded her to business class, provided access to the United lounge at the airport and gave her a lei A family on a Delta Air Lines flight was removed from an aircraft and threatened with jail time and the loss of custody of their children for not surrendering a seat that they had originally purchased for their teenage son, who was not on the flight, but instead used for their 2-year-old child  After a video recording of the incident went viral, Delta offered an apology and compensation to the family 

2019 interview with Dao
On April 9, 2019, two years after the incident, David Dao was interviewed by ABC News, speaking out for the first time since the incident  Dao claimed that when he watched the video, he "just cried "

See also
List of air rage incidents
"United Breaks Guitars", song about Dave Carroll's struggle with the airline to get compensation for a guitar allegedly damaged during transit on a United flight
Passage 3:
Air Wisconsin
Air Wisconsin Airlines is a regional airline based at Appleton International Airport in the town of Greenville, Wisconsin, near Appleton  Air Wisconsin originally operated as one of the original United Express partners in 1985, and operated then as US Airways Express on behalf of US Airways prior to becoming an American Eagle regional air carrier  Between March 2018 and April 2023, Air Wisconsin operated exclusively as a United Express regional air carrier once again with primary hubs located at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD) and Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD)  This came to an end in April 2023 as the carrier switched to conducting solely American Eagle branded flights, per a new contract with American Airlines 

History
In 1963 investors from the Fox Cities raised $110,000 to start a new airline  The airline was established as an independent commuter air carrier in 1965 and started operations on August 23, 1965, just one day after the brand new Outagamie County Regional Airport was opened using de Havilland Dove commuter aircraft configured with nine passenger seats  It was founded to connect Appleton with Chicago and initially had 17 employees and two de Havilland Dove aircraft  According to the August 23, 1965 Air Wisconsin timetable, the airline was flying one route between Appleton and Chicago–O'Hare with four round trips on weekdays and two round trips on Saturdays and Sundays operated with the British-manufactured Dove twin prop aircraft By the mid 1970s, Air Wisconsin was flying two small commuter turboprop airliner types, being the de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter and Swearingen Metro, and was operating a small hub at Chicago's O'Hare Airport with service primarily to destinations in Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin as well as to Minneapolis/Saint Paul from several small cities in Wisconsin In September 1978 the airline was certified by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) as a regional air carrier (Air Wisconsin previously had commuter air carrier status with the CAB)  In October 1978 it had over $10 million in assets  Joining Air Wisconsin in 1965 as traffic manager and eventually becoming president, Preston H  Wilbourne's leadership oversaw Air Wisconsin grow to an airline serving 29 cities in an eleven state area with 32 aircraft boarding over 10,000 passengers daily  Air Wisconsin gained the nicknames "Air Willy" and "Rag Tag" and more recently "Air Wis" and "Air Wisky" By 1985, Air Wisconsin had become a large independent regional air carrier operating British Aerospace BAe 146-200 and British Aircraft Corporation BAC One-Eleven jets as well as de Havilland Canada Dash 7 turboprops with flights as far west as Grand Island, Nebraska, and Minneapolis/Saint Paul, and as far east as Bridgeport and New Haven, Connecticut, with a large connecting hub located at Chicago's O'Hare Airport (ORD)  By early 1986, the airline was serving sixteen airports with its British-manufactured jets with flights to Appleton, Bridgeport, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Chicago–O'Hare, Flint, Michigan, Fort Wayne, Indiana, Grand Island, Green Bay, Wisconsin, Kalamazoo, Michigan, Lincoln, Nebraska, Moline, Illinois/Quad Cities, New Haven, South Bend, Indiana, Toledo, Ohio, Waterloo, Iowa, and Wausau/Stevens Point, Wisconsin, with other flights and destinations in its route system being served with the Canadian-manufactured four engine Dash 7 turboprop Air Wisconsin pioneered the concept of code sharing on behalf of United Airlines when the carrier began operating as United Express on May 1, 1985  As an independent air carrier prior to its business agreement with United to provide passenger feed, Air Wisconsin rapidly became the nation's largest regional airline in the 1980s  On May 17, 1985, it merged with Mississippi Valley Airlines (MVA) and continued to fly as United Express, operated by Air Wisconsin 
By late 1989 Air Wisconsin was operating United Express code share service from two United hubs: Chicago–O'Hare (ORD) and Washington–Dulles (IAD)  According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG) at this time, United Express flights were operated with BAe 146-200 jets and Fokker F27 turboprops nonstop to Chicago–O'Hare from Akron/Canton, Ohio, Appleton, Cedar Rapids, Champaign, Illinois, Fort Wayne, Green Bay, Kalamazoo, La Crosse, Wisconsin, Lansing, Michigan, Lexington, Kentucky, Moline/Quad Cities, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, Peoria, Illinois, Roanoke, Virginia, South Bend, Toledo, and Wausau, and with BAe 146-200 jets and Short 360 turboprops nonstop to Washington Dulles from Charleston, West Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, and Richmond, Virginia, as well as Harrisburg, Reading, and State College, Pennsylvania 
In 1990 Air Wisconsin acquired Denver-based Aspen Airways and was itself bought by United Airlines a year later 
During the 1990s, Air Wisconsin operated British Aerospace (BAe) ATP turboprop aircraft as well as BAe 146-100, BAe 146-200, and BAe 146-300 jet aircraft on United Express services  These were all large aircraft types when compared to other regional aircraft in operation at the time  Air Wisconsin was the only U S  operator of the BAe ATP turboprop and also the BAe 146–300, which is the largest member of the BAe 146 family of jet aircraft  United Airlines sold Air Wisconsin and the BAe 146 fleet to CJT Holdings in 1993  Air Wisconsin was then renamed Air Wisconsin Airlines Corporation (AWAC) as UAL retained the rights to the Air Wisconsin name and logo  During the ski seasons, Air Wisconsin was operating British Aerospace BAe 146 jet shuttle service as United Express on the former Aspen Airways route between Aspen, Colorado, and Denver with at least fourteen daily nonstop flights in each direction In February 1998 AWAC acquired the assets of Mountain Air Express including Dornier 328 turboprop aircraft which were used to expand United Express service in the west  In the fall of 2003 AWAC acquired ten Bombardier CRJ regional jet aircraft from bankrupt Midway Airlines and became a feeder for AirTran Airways under the name AirTran JetConnect, but this relationship was discontinued in July 2004  Towards the end of the contract with United Airlines Air Wisconsin was unable to secure a long-term deal or extension to continue providing regional service for UAL  United failed to renew its contract with AWAC, allowing it to expire in April 2005, and the last flight under the United flag operated on April 16, 2006, using the BAe 146 
During 2005 AWAC invested $175 million U S  into US Airways for their bankruptcy exit financing in exchange for a long-term contract operating as US Airways Express  In 2005 AWAC began operating all of its CRJ-200 regional jets as a US Airways Express carrier with flight crew bases located in Philadelphia, New York LaGuardia, Washington Reagan National, and Norfolk, Virginia  US Airways has since merged with American Airlines and Air Wisconsin operated as an American Eagle regional air carrier via a code sharing agreement with American until March 2018 
On November 20, 2014, it was reported that Air Wisconsin was nearing an agreement with Delta Air Lines to fly as a Delta Connection carrier beginning in January 2015  Under the terms of the deal, 26 CRJ-200 aircraft were to be transferred to Air Wisconsin from Endeavor Air  In January 2015, Air Wisconsin said that negotiations had ended and that it did not want to fly under the Delta Connection brand In 2016, it was announced that Air Wisconsin would close all of its ground handling operations in all cities served by the air carrier primarily due to the formation of a wholly-owned subsidiary of United called United Ground Express  This would leave only three American Eagle ground handling cities served, which the airline deemed uneconomical 
On March 1, 2017, Air Wisconsin announced a new agreement with United Airlines to once again operate under the United Express banner upon the expiration of the airline's current agreement with American Eagle in 2018  Additionally, the new agreement with United would provide for the creation of a career pathway program whereby Air Wisconsin pilots would be offered the opportunity to move up to United upon meeting its hiring standards In September 2021, the company announced that they had signed a lease for at least 1 Bombardier CRJ200SF (converted cargo aircraft) set to enter service from December 2021 On 22 August 2022, Air Wisconsin announced a five year contract to operate up to 60 of the American Eagle CRJ-200s, starting in March 2023  These aircraft are based at Chicago-O'Hare, to fill in for the Envoy Air Embraer E145s that will be transferred over to Piedmont Airlines  The airline also plans to utilize some CRJ-700s  This ended their partnership with United Airlines 

Destinations
Air Wisconsin operating as American Eagle serves 53 destinations with nearly 350 flights per day, transporting nearly six million passengers on an annual basis 

Crew domiciles
Operating as American Eagle, Air Wisconsin pilots and flight attendants have crew domiciles at the following locations:
Chicago, Illinois – O'Hare International Airport (ORD)
Philadelphia, PA – Philadelphia International Airport (PHL)

Fleet
The Air Wisconsin fleet comprises the following aircraft (as of June 2023):

Historical fleet
In 2016, the airline retired four CRJ-200 regional jets that had met their structural time limit and sent them to Tupelo Regional Airport (TUP) in Tupelo, Mississippi 
The following aircraft types were formerly operated by Air Wisconsin:

Jet aircraft
BAe 146-100 (via acquisition of Aspen Airways)
BAe 146-200
BAe 146-300 (only U S  operator of the BAe 146-300)
BAC One-Eleven

Turboprop aircraft
Beechcraft Model 99
British Aerospace ATP
de Havilland Canada Dash 6
de Havilland Canada Dash 7
de Havilland Canada Dash 8-100
de Havilland Canada Dash 8-300
Dornier 328 (via acquisition of Mountain Air Express)
Fokker F27
Short 360 (via merger with Mississippi Valley Airlines)
Short 330 (via merger with Mississippi Valley Airlines)
Swearingen Metro

Piston aircraft
de Havilland Dove

Aircraft maintenance
Air Wisconsin performs CRJ maintenance activities at the following locations:

Appleton, Wisconsin (Appleton International Airport)
Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport)
Dayton, Ohio (Dayton International Airport)Air Wisconsin also contracts aircraft maintenance-heavy checks at a facility in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (OKC) 
Past heavy check maintenance was conducted in Montreal, Canada, and Hot Springs, Arkansas (HOT) 
Air Wisconsin's primary aircraft painting is located in Fort Worth, Texas – Meacham International (FTW) 

Incidents and accidents
See also
Air transportation in the United States
List of airports in Wisconsin
Passage 4:
United Express Flight 2415
United Express Flight 2415 was a regularly scheduled flight in the northwest United States from Seattle to Pasco, Washington, operated using a BAe Jetstream 31  Late on Tuesday, December 26, 1989, Flight 2415 crashed while attempting to land at Pasco's Tri-Cities Airport, killing both pilots and all four passengers aboard 

Aircraft, crew, and flight information
North Pacific Airlines, operating as United Express, operated Flight 2415 as a regularly scheduled flight from Seattle to Pasco, with an intermediate stop in Yakima   
On the night of the accident, Flight 2415 was operated using a BAe Jetstream 31 twin-turboprop airliner, registration number N410UE : 9  The aircraft was manufactured two years earlier in October 1987, and had accumulated approximately 4,972 flight hours at the time of the accident : 9   The aircraft was not equipped with a ground proximity warning system: 31  and did not have a cockpit voice recorder or flight data recorder : 13 The captain was 38-year-old Barry W  Roberts  He had 6,600 flight hours, including 670 hours on the Jetstream  The first officer was 25-year-old Douglas K  McInroe, who had 2,792 flight hours with 213 of them on the Jetstream : 5–9, 62

Accident
Flight 2415 departed Seattle at 20:45 PST, and arrived at Yakima with no reported mechanical difficulties : 1  A company station agent at Yakima witnessed First Officer McInroe knocking ice off the wings of the aircraft, with the assistance of another company first officer  The station agent asked Captain Roberts whether he wanted his aircraft deiced, but the captain declined : 1   The station agent also asked if the captain wanted Flight 2415's tail deiced, since the first officers deicing the wings would be unable to reach the tail surfaces   Roberts declined this as well : 1–2  Flight 2415 was the only flight to depart Yakima that afternoon/evening that was not deiced prior to departure : 2 At 21:59, air traffic controllers at the Yakima tower announced that Yakima airport was closed due to weather conditions : 2  However, at 22:00, Flight 2415 contacted Yakima ground controllers and were cleared to proceed to Yakima's runway 27 for departure  Ground controllers advised Flight 2415 of "light to moderate mixed icing" between 4,000 and 18,000 feet (1,200 and 5,500 m), which Flight 2415 acknowledged : 2   At 22:01, Flight 2415 departed Yakima en route to Pasco, and climbed to a cruising altitude of 11,000 feet (3,400 m) : 2–3 At 22:26, Flight 2415 was cleared for an Instrument Landing System (ILS) approach to runway 21R at Pasco's Tri-Cities Airport : 3  Conversations between Flight 2415 and controllers were normal in the minutes leading up to the crash, and no distress call was made At 22:30, while Flight 2415 was on final approach, the Pasco tower controller observed Flight 2415 flying "higher than normal" for a final approach, and also descending faster than normal : 5  The controller watched Flight 2415 descend until it struck the ground 400 feet (120 m) short of runway 21R  The controller alerted emergency response crews, who arrived at the crash site at 22:34;: 5  the aircraft was destroyed, and there were no survivors : 5

Investigation
The accident was investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board   Investigators determined that the airplane was flying well above the glideslope for an ILS approach : 40  From the plane's last recorded position, investigators determined that Flight 2415 would need to follow a 7-degree glidepath in order to descend rapidly enough to reach the runway threshold : 40  This is more than twice the glidepath angle for an ILS approach and would have required a high descent rate of 2,000 to 3,000 feet (610 to 915 m) per minute : 40  Investigators also determined that ice had likely built up on the plane's wings during the flight, creating a higher risk of a stall at low speeds : 40  According to radar data, Flight 2415 had slowed to 110 knots (205 km/h; 125 mph) as it attempted to descend  The combination of an excessively steep descent, low speed, and aircraft icing likely resulted in loss of control of the aircraft : 40 On November 4, 1991, the NTSB issued its final report on the crash, which contained the following conclusions:: 47 
The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the flightcrew's decision to continue an unstabilized instrument landing system approach that led to a stall, most likely of the horizontal stabilizer, and loss of control at low altitude  Contributing to the accident was the air traffic controller's improper vectors that positioned the airplane inside the outer marker while it was still well above the glideslope  Contributing to the stall and loss of control was the accumulation of airframe ice that degraded the aerodynamic performance of the airplane 
Passage 5:
Republic Airline
Republic Airways Inc  is a regional airline subsidiary of Republic Airways Holdings that operates service as American Eagle, Delta Connection, and United Express using a fleet of Embraer 170 and Embraer 175 regional jets  It is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana  Its call sign "Brickyard" is derived from the nickname of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway 

History
In 1999, Republic Airways Holdings incorporated a new subsidiary, "Republic Airline, Inc " but the subsidiary had no activity prior to 2004 and no ability to operate aircraft prior to 2005  In 2004 the holding company activated Republic Airways in reaction to a pilots' suit against American Airlines 
American had awarded the flying of 44-seat regional jets to Chautauqua Airlines, then the main operating subsidiary of Republic Airways Holdings  However, Chautauqua later started to operate 70-seat regional jets on behalf of United Airlines, and this caused American to be in violation of its pilot union scope clause, which prevented an airline from operating on behalf of American if that airline was operating jet aircraft of more than 50 seats, even if such aircraft were operating on behalf of a carrier other than American  To repair the situation, Republic Airways Holdings activated Republic Airline, and upon Part 121 certification in 2005 allowing Republic Airline to operate commercial service  Republic Airways Holdings then transferred the offending 70-seat regional jets from Chautauqua to Republic Airline  American was then no longer in violation of its pilot union scope clause  Republic Airways Holdings paid $6 6 million to the pilot union of American Airlines to settle the issue US Airways' pilots had a scope clause prohibiting the airline from operating large regional jets such as the Embraer E170  The airline negotiated around this clause by offering flight deck jobs to laid-off US Airways pilots, in a program known as "Jets for Jobs"  This agreement created a subsidiary, MidAtlantic Airways  As part of US Airways' bankruptcy restructuring, the 25 Embraer E170s delivered to MidAtlantic were bought by Republic to help US Airways come out of bankruptcy; Republic operates them along with additional newly delivered aircraft 
In 2007, Frontier Airlines signed an 11-year service agreement with Republic Airways  Under the agreement, Republic would operate 17 Embraer E170 aircraft for the Frontier Airlines operation  The first aircraft was placed into service in March 2007, and the last aircraft was expected to be placed into service by December 2008  On April 23, 2008, Republic Airways Holdings (parent of Republic Airline) terminated its service agreement with Frontier Airlines, which entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy in early April 2008  Subsequently, Republic Air Holdings purchased Frontier Airlines in bankruptcy  Frontier-branded Republic Airways E190 aircraft provided regional capacity support  In September 2013, Republic Airways Holdings sold Frontier Airlines  As part of the sale, Republic Airways terminated the Frontier branded E190 from flying 
On February 1, 2008, Republic Airways opened a base at John Glenn Columbus International Airport in Columbus, Ohio 
On September 3, 2008, Republic signed a new 10-year codeshare agreement with Midwest Airlines  The aircraft would be based at Kansas City International Airport beginning October 1, 2008  Twelve aircraft would be placed in service with Midwest  On June 23, 2009, Republic announced it would acquire Midwest Airlines for $31 million In January 2013, Republic Airways Holdings reached a capacity purchase agreement with American Airlines to operate Embraer E175 airplanes under the American Eagle brand beginning in mid-2013  Republic began service as an American Eagle affiliate on August 1, 2013, from Chicago to New Orleans, Pittsburgh, and Albuquerque On February 25, 2016, the airline filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection  The airline was hit hard because of pilot shortages, but a new contract ratified in October 2015 helped restructure the airline  At the time of filing, Republic Holdings claimed $2 97 billion in liabilities and $3 56 billion in assets  On November 16, 2016, Republic Airways Holdings filed their Plan of Reorganization with intentions to emerge from Chapter 11 during the first quarter of 2017 It was announced that parent company Republic Airways Holdings would merge subsidiaries Shuttle America and Republic Airways into one company, with Republic Airways being chosen as the surviving company  On January 31, 2017, Shuttle America merged with Republic Airways  In December 2018, the operating division was renamed Republic Airways to match its parent company 
As of January 31, 2017, Republic Airways has the largest fleet of Embraer E170 and Embraer E175 aircraft in the world 

Destinations
As of January 2023, Republic operates for American Eagle, Delta Connection, and United Express 

Fleet
Current fleet
As of April 2022, the Republic Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Fleet development
The Embraer E175 made its United States domestic debut when the first aircraft was delivered to Republic Airways in March 2007  Total orders were for 36 aircraft, which were operated in an 80-seat configuration under the US Airways Express brand name In July 2010, Republic ordered a further 24 Embraer E190 aircraft In May 2012, Republic Airways agreed to fly the 28 Bombardier Q400s for United Express that bankrupt Pinnacle Airlines planned to return to its lessors  The Q400 fleet was retired in 2017 
Republic Airways Holdings signed a three-year contract in October 2012 with Caesars Entertainment Corporation where its Republic Airways subsidiary would operate five Embraer E190 aircraft to provide more than 1,500 charter flights annually for Caesars  Service began in January 2013  This contract ended in August 2015 and all E190 aircraft were sold or returned to the lease holders In January 2013, Republic Airways Holdings reached a capacity purchase agreement with American Airlines to operate 47 Embraer E175 airplanes under the American Eagle brand beginning in mid-2013  The regional jets would be deployed out of American's Chicago hub  In addition, Republic would have options to purchase an additional 47 Embraer aircraft beginning in 2015  Republic took first delivery of the E175 jets in July 2013 and service began August 1, 2013, from Chicago to New Orleans, Pittsburgh and Albuquerque  Republic began using Miami as an American Eagle hub in October 2014 and in New York-JFK in May 2015 
In late 2015, it was announced Republic Airways achieved approval from the FAA for Extended Overwater Operations (EOW), which allows Republic to operate up to 162 nautical miles from shore  As of January 31, 2017, only Republic E175 aircraft operating for American Airlines are equipped to operate as an EOW aircraft  American Airlines uses Republic to operate aircraft out of Miami International Airport to various Caribbean and Central American destinations, including the Bahamas, Mexico, Panama, Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica, Turks & Caicos, Cuba, Guadeloupe, and the French West Indies 
In late 2016 it was announced, due to the impending merger with Shuttle America, that the 80-seat Embraer E175s operated for American Eagle (previously US Airways Express) would have the last row of seats removed (4 in total) to conform with Delta's scope clause, which limits all regional jets to a maximum of 76 seats  These aircraft were retrofitted to American's standard Embraer E175 layout 
On January 31, 2017, all existing aircraft operating under the Shuttle America operating certificate were transferred to the Republic Airline Inc  operating certificate, thus ceasing operations for Shuttle America, and completing the merger process of both subsidiaries  The move made Republic the largest operator of Embraer E170 and Embraer E175 aircraft in the world 
On December 20, 2018, Republic Airways announced that it had finalized a firm order for 100 Embraer E175 aircraft, stating that deliveries for the new aircraft would start in the second half of 2020 In October 2019, Republic received the first of 30 E175s to be transferred from Compass Airlines upon the cancellation of their contract with Delta In September 2021, Republic agreed to sell 11 E170s and 6 E175s to Envoy 

Retired fleet
Incidents
On 9 April 2017, a passenger was forced off of a Republic-operated United Express flight in Chicago bound for Louisville  The passenger was forced off the flight by Department of Aviation officers after he refused to give up his seat to an airline employee  He attempted to run back onto the aircraft, but was forcibly removed  A video posted on social media showing him being injured and dragged off the plane led to a public outcry against United Airlines 
On 21 June 2018, a Republic-owned E170 registered N876RW was damaged by a fire while undergoing maintenance at John Glenn Columbus International Airport  The aircraft was deemed to be damaged beyond economical repair 
On 10 May 2019, a Republic-owned E175 operating Delta Connection flight 5935 was heading towards New York's LaGuardia Airport when a suicidal passenger attempted to open a cabin door in mid-flight, causing the pilots to declare an emergency shortly before landing  The situation was brought under control, after which the plane landed safely and was met by law enforcement at the gate 
On 6 November 2019, a Republic-owned E175 operating American Eagle Flight 4439 returned to Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport after suffering severe controllability issues after takeoff: ATC flight data recorded the crew stating a "trim runaway" and a "stalling situation"  The data shows the aircraft rapidly climbing to 15,100 ft (4,600 m) and slowing down to 160 knots (300 km/h) while performing nearly two full right turns 
On June 4, 2022, a Republic Airways flight from Indianapolis to Chicago aborted its takeoff after an odor of smoke was reported in the aircraft  The aircraft was evacuated on a taxiway  No injuries were reported 

See also
Air transportation in the United States
Passage 6:
United Express Flight 5925
United Express Flight 5925, operated by Great Lakes Airlines with a Beechcraft 1900 twin turboprop, was a regularly scheduled flight from Chicago O'Hare International Airport to Quincy, Illinois, with an intermediate stop in Burlington, Iowa  On November 19, 1996, the aircraft collided on landing at Quincy with another Beechcraft, a private King Air, that was taking off from an intersecting runway  The crash was known as the Quincy runway disaster  Fourteen people (twelve on board the 1900 and two on board the King Air) were killed as a result 

Accident
United Express Flight 5925 had departed from Chicago at 15:25, with Captain Kate Gathje (30), First Officer Darren McCombs (24), and ten passengers  After a stop at Burlington, Iowa, the flight proceeded to Quincy  Two aircraft at Quincy were ready for departure when Flight 5925 was on approach  Both aircraft, a Beechcraft King Air and a Piper Cherokee were proceeding to Runway 4  As Quincy is a non-towered airport, all three aircraft were communicating on the Common Traffic Advisory Frequency  On approach, Captain Gathje inquired as to whether the King Air would hold short of the runway, or depart before their arrival  After receiving no response, Gathje called again and received a reply from the Cherokee that they were holding short of Runway 4  However, because of a simultaneous sound emitted by the ground proximity warning system in the 1900's cockpit, only part of the transmission was received by the 1900  As a result,  the United Express crew misunderstood the transmission as an indication that both the King Air and the Cherokee would not take off until after Flight 5925 had cleared the runway Assuming that both planes were holding short, Flight 5925 landed on Runway 13  However, the King Air had taxied into position on Runway 4 and had begun its takeoff roll when Flight 5925 landed  Both aircraft collided at the intersection of Runways 4 and 13  The aircraft skidded for 110 feet (34 m), coming to rest alongside Runway 13, and caught fire  All 12 aboard the United Express flight survived the initial impact but were trapped inside by a jammed door  Several pilots in the vicinity of the crash came to the scene but were unable to open the doors of the aircraft before both planes were destroyed by fire  All 12 aboard Flight 5925 and both pilots of the King Air, Neal Reinwald (63) and Laura Winkleman Brooks (34), died from smoke inhalation : 19

Cause
The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the cause of the accident was the King Air pilots' failure to effectively monitor both the common frequency and to scan for traffic  A contributing factor was the Cherokee's transmission at the same time as the United Express transmission  Lack of adequate rescue and firefighting equipment was cited as a factor in the high fatality rate 

In popular culture
The crash was featured in the 15th season of the television documentary series Mayday in an episode titled "Fatal Transmission", which featured interviews with witnesses and accident investigators and a dramatic reenactment of the crash 

See also
Los Angeles runway disaster
Tenerife airport disaster
Linate Airport disaster
Madrid runway disaster
1990 Wayne County Airport runway collision
TWA Flight 427
Air Canada Flight 759



ground_truth: Brian Stokes Mitchell

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which is in the pop genre, Capital Cities or Tweaker?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Capital Cities (band)
Capital Cities is an American pop duo from Los Angeles, California, formed in 2008 by Ryan Merchant (vocals, keyboard, guitar) and Sebu Simonian (vocals, keyboard)  Their debut EP was released on June 7, 2011, with lead single "Safe and Sound" which became their first, and only, top ten hit single  The band currently consists of Ryan Merchant, Sebu Simonian, Manny Quintero on bass guitar, Spencer Ludwig on trumpet, Nick Merwin on guitar and Channing Holmes on drums 
A subsequent single, "Kangaroo Court", was released on March 27, 2012  The band was featured on the Pop Up #1 compilation selected by Perez Hilton that was released on August 7, 2012  The band's song "Safe and Sound" charted at #1 on the US Alternative Songs chart  The song was also used in a German Vodafone commercial, in a television commercial in the United States and Canada for the 2014 Mazda 3, and in an Air New Zealand in-flight safety video  The song "Center Stage" was featured on ESPN's First Take where they played a short segment of the retro-sounding track before going to commercial breaks 
The band's debut album, In a Tidal Wave of Mystery, was released June 4, 2013 via Capitol Records in partnership with Lazy Hooks  It was the first release of new material on Capitol with a Universal Music Group catalog number  The album debuted at number sixty-six on the Billboard 200 chart 

History
The two musicians met after Merchant responded to Simonian's open ad on Craigslist offering his production services  They began jingle-writing together  After three years successfully  composing music for commercials and advertising campaigns, the duo formed Capital Cities  The band released its debut, self-titled EP in June 2011 via their label, Lazy Hooks 
In 2012, the band signed with Capitol Records  In partnership with Lazy Hooks, the label released In a Tidal Wave of Mystery, the band's debut album, on June 4, 2013  The album takes its name from the lyrics of its top 10 Modern Rock radio hit "Safe and Sound",  the album's first single  The song has been used in promotional campaigns for HBO, Smart Car, Microsoft, Mazda and many other spots  The album includes the songs "Kangaroo Court" and "I Sold My Bed, But Not My Stereo"  Outkast's André 3000, vocalist Shemika Secrest and NPR's Frank Tavares are featured on the song "Farrah Fawcett Hair"  The album is produced and mixed entirely by the pair of Merchant and Simonian  The artwork is by Brazilian artist João Lauro Fonte 

The band embarked on its first-ever North American outing, the "Dancing with Strangers" tour, with special guests Gold Fields, which kicked off on April 23, 2013, at the Crescent Ballroom in Phoenix, Arizona  Capital Cities' May 9 show at New York City's Irving Plaza sold out two months in advance as well two nights at the El Rey Theatre in Los Angeles  All proceeds from the June 7 show at the El Rey went to MusiCares and a Place Called Home  The band has also appeared and performed at Sundance, SXSW, SweetLife, and ULTRA 
The band premiered the official video of "Safe and Sound" on April 25, 2013 on Vevo  The clip was directed by Grady Hall (who also has worked with Beck and Modest Mouse)  In the video, the song fuels a mash-up of the past 100 years of dance, presided over by the band at the newly restored Los Angeles Theater in downtown Los Angeles  The video featured work from Emmy-nominated choreographer Mandy Moore  The video was nominated for two 2013 MTV Video Music Awards: Best Art Direction and Best Visual Effects  The video won a 2013 MTV Video Music Award for Best Visual Effects 
In May 2013, "Safe and Sound" reached number one on the German Singles Chart 
September 5, 2013 marked the premiere of the "Kangaroo Court" music video  The video features appearances from Darren Criss, Shannon Woodward, and Channing Holmes  The story tells of a zebra (Merchant) who has been forbidden from a club, The Kangaroo Court  Attempting entry disguised as a horse, he falls for a lapdog (Woodward)  Her date that night, a bulldog (Criss), becomes jealous and reveals the zebra for who he actually is  The zebra is placed under arrest for his crime and sent to court to face a kangaroo judge (Holmes)  He is found guilty immediately and is executed by lion (Simonian) 
The band was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Music Video 
Capital Cities joined Katy Perry on the North American leg of her Prismatic World Tour 
In April and May 2016, nearly three years after the release of the band's debut album, the official Capital Cities Facebook page made two posts strongly suggesting that new music was in the works  Two years later, the band released four singles within the span of four weeks and followed up with the release of Solarize on August 10, 2018 as their latest album to date 

Discography
Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
Notes
Awards and nominations
Passage 2:
Capital Cities/ABC Inc 
Capital Cities/ABC Inc  was an American media company  It was founded in 1985 when Capital Cities Communications purchased the much larger American Broadcasting Company  It was eventually acquired by The Walt Disney Company and re-branded itself as Disney–ABC Television Group (now Disney General Entertainment Content) in 1996 

History
Origins
Capital Cities/ABC Inc  origins trace back in 1946, when Hyman Rosenblum (1911–1996), a local Albany businessman, and several investors, including future Congressman Leo William O'Brien and local advertising executive Harry L  Goldman decided to bid for a new radio station license in Albany  Rosenblum was also instrumental in help co-founding Hudson Valley Community College in Troy several years later, when he was on the Board of Trustees from 1953 to 1957 and then became the board's secretary in 1957, holding that position until his death in 1996  The company was incorporated as Hudson Valley Broadcasting Company on April 5, 1946   when the company received the license for WROW radio in Albany, New York  In October 1953, it opened the Albany-Schenectady-Troy area's second television station, WROW-TV on channel 41  In the late fall of 1954, a group of New York City-based investors, led by famous radio broadcaster and author Lowell Thomas, bought majority control of Hudson Valley Broadcasting from Rosenblum and associates  Thomas' manager/investing partner, Frank Smith became the President of the company 

The Capital Cities era
In 1956, WROW-TV moved from channel 41 to channel 10 and became WCDA  In 1957, Hudson Valley Broadcasting merged with Durham Broadcasting Enterprises, the owners of WTVD television in Durham, North Carolina   The new company took the name Capital Cities Television Corporation in November 1957, as both WROW/WCDA (now WTEN) and WTVD served the capital regions of their respective states  Capital Cities then began purchasing stations, starting with WPRO-AM-FM-TV in Providence, Rhode Island (another capital city) in 1959  In December 1959, the company's name was changed to Capital Cities Broadcasting During the 1960s, Capital Cities' holdings grew with the separate 1961 purchases of WPAT-AM-FM in Paterson, New Jersey, and WKBW radio and WKBW-TV in Buffalo, New York; and of the Goodwill Stations, which included WJR-AM-FM in Detroit, WJRT-TV in Flint, Michigan, and WSAZ-AM-TV in Huntington, West Virginia (serving the Charleston capital region), in 1964   CapCities entered the Los Angeles market in 1966 with its purchase of KPOL (later KZLA and now the present-day KMPC) and KPOL-FM (later KZLA-FM and now KLLI)  As a result of the Goodwill Stations purchase, and to adhere to Federal Communications Commission rules limiting ownership of VHF television stations to five per company, Capital Cities spun off WJRT-TV to Poole Broadcasting, a company owned by former CapCities shareholder John B  Poole  Poole's own Poole Broadcasting firm would later purchase two other television stations from CapCities: the second was WPRO-TV (now WPRI-TV) in 1967, coinciding with CapCities' purchase of KTRK-TV in Houston from the Houston Chronicle in June of that year In 1968, Capital Cities entered the publishing business by acquiring Fairchild Publications, publisher of several magazines including Women's Wear Daily   The following year the firm purchased its first newspaper, The Oakland Press of Pontiac, Michigan 
The following year, the company made another big purchase—acquiring WFIL-AM-FM-TV in Philadelphia, WNHC-AM-FM-TV in New Haven, Connecticut (in another capital region), and KFRE-AM-FM-TV in Fresno, California from Triangle Publications, as well as its syndicated television unit Triangle Program Sales  Capital Cities would immediately sell the radio stations to new owners, and, so as to comply with an FCC rule in place then that prohibited TV and radio stations in the same market, but different ownership from sharing the same callsigns, changed the television stations' calls to WPVI-TV, WTNH-TV, and KFSN-TV respectively  The acquisitions of WPVI and WTNH gave them seven VHF stations, two stations over the FCC limit at the time, and WTEN and WSAZ-TV were respectively spun off by CapCities to Poole Broadcasting and Lee Enterprises not long after the Triangle purchase was finalized  After the sale was consummated, its syndicated unit was renamed to Capital Cities Television Productions  Charles Keller was named general manager of the unit  WSAZ radio in Huntington was divested to Stoner Broadcasting (it is now WRVC), also as a result of the Triangle deal  To reflect the diversity of their holdings, the company changed its name to Capital Cities Communications on May 4, 1973 In 1974, Capital Cities bought WBAP and KSCS-FM in Fort Worth, Texas, along with its purchase of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram  The firm also increased its newspaper and publishing holdings during the middle-1970s  In 1974, Capital Cities acquired the Oregon-based Jackson Newspapers chain, which included the Albany Democrat-Herald, the Ashland Daily Tidings, and several other local newspapers and magazines  The Kansas City (Missouri) Star was acquired in 1977, and the following year CapCities bought Times Leader of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania In 1977, the company was a lead plaintiff in a lawsuit by the owners of Buffalo-based TV stations against the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission over that country's simultaneous substitution rules  The Supreme Court of Canada ruled against the broadcasters 
Returning to broadcasting, WBIE-FM (now WKHX-FM) in Marietta, Georgia (near Atlanta, another capital city), was bought in 1981   WROW radio in Albany, the company's first station, and its FM counterpart (which is now WYJB) were sold in 1983, and in 1984 the company made its last pre-ABC-merger purchases with independent station WFTS-TV in Tampa, Florida and KLAC radio in Los Angeles (concurrent with the sale of KZLA) 

Capital Cities/ABC
On March 19, 1985, Capital Cities announced that it would purchase ABC for $3 5 billion, which shocked the media industry, as ABC was some four times bigger than Capital Cities was at the time  Berkshire Hathaway chairman Warren Buffett helped to finance the deal in exchange for a 25 percent share in the combined company  The deal was, at the time, the largest non-oil merger in world business history  However, this record would be surpassed by year's end by the merger of General Electric and RCA (the latter company then being the parent company of rival network NBC) The newly merged company, known as Capital Cities/ABC (or CapCities/ABC), was forced to sell off some stations due to FCC ownership limits  Between them, ABC and CapCities owned more television stations than FCC rules allowed at the time  Also, the two companies owned several radio stations in the same markets  Of the former Capital Cities television stations, the new company opted to keep the outlets in Philadelphia, Houston, Durham, and Fresno  WFTS and ABC's WXYZ-TV in Detroit were divested as a pair to the E  W  Scripps Company's broadcasting division (then known as Scripps-Howard Broadcasting)  WTNH and WKBW-TV were sold separately to minority-owned companies; WKBW-TV would eventually be acquired by E W  Scripps by 2014  WTNH would have been sold in any event due to a significant city-grade signal overlap with ABC flagship WABC-TV in New York City  At the time, the FCC normally did not allow companies to own two television stations with common coverage areas (known commonly as the "one-to-a-market" rule), and would not even consider granting a waiver for a city-grade overlap 
The merged company could have been forced to sell off WPVI as well due to a large Grade B signal overlap with WABC-TV  Citing CBS' ownership of television stations in New York City (WCBS-TV) and Philadelphia (at the time WCAU-TV) under grandfathered status, Capital Cities/ABC requested, and was granted a permanent waiver from the FCC allowing it to keep WPVI-TV  Had the waiver request been denied, WXYZ-TV would have been retained 
WPVI-TV and KTRK-TV had long been ABC affiliates (in fact, two of ABC's strongest affiliates), while WTVD and KFSN-TV, longtime CBS affiliates, respectively switched to ABC in August and September 1985 (CBS went to WRAL-TV and KJEO now KGPE) 
On the radio side, new owners were found for CapCities' WPAT stations (Park Communications was the buyer), WKBW (Price Communications, the new owner, changed its call letters to WWKB, which was necessitated due to an FCC regulation in effect then that forbade TV and radio stations in the same city, but with different owners from sharing the same call letters) and KLAC and KZLA-FM (to Malrite Communications), and ABC's WRIF-FM in Detroit (to a minority-owned concern), among others The merger was completed on January 3, 1986   The new company retained ABC's radio and television combinations in New York City (WABC, WABC-TV and WPLJ), Los Angeles (KABC, KABC-TV and KLOS), Chicago (WLS, WLS-FM and WLS-TV), and San Francisco (KGO and KGO-TV), along with WMAL and WRQX-FM in Washington, D C ; CapCities' aforementioned television outlets and the Detroit, Providence, Marietta and Fort Worth radio stations; Fairchild Publications; the Fort Worth Star-Telegram and the Kansas City Star; and other broadcasting and publishing properties  Orbis Communications immediately purchased the syndication rights to the Capital Cities production library In May 1991, Capital Cities/ABC's Farm Progress Cos  closed its purchase of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc 's 12-magazine farm publishing group  In 1992, Capital Cities/ABC sold Word Inc 's music and book publishing to Thomas Nelson  In 1992, ABC launched its new home video unit ABC Video, which was headed by former Vestron Video employee Jon Peisinger  In February 1993, the company formed a television production joint venture with Brillstein-Grey Entertainment to tap into their managed talent and to take advantage of relaxed production regulations   In July, CC/ABC purchased a majority ownership in animation studio DIC Animation City, forming a joint venture called DIC Entertainment L P  Later in July, CC/ABC reorganized into 4 groups, ABC TV Network Group, CC/ABC Publishing Group, the CC/ABC Broadcast Group, and a newly formed CC/ABC Multimedia Group overseeing the network, magazines & newspapers, stations and new technology & miscellaneous operations respectively  Network Group president Bob Iger was also promoted to executive president of CC/ABC  Also in 1993, ABC launched a new video line Signet Video, which were designed to release feature films for theatrical release or telemovies  It was subsequently changed its name to Summa Video, and signed a deal with Paramount Home Video to handle distribution of the titles In 1994, CC/ABC agreed to a $200 million seven-year television production joint venture with the original DreamWorks live-action studio  Also that year, CC/ABC formed a partnership with Brillstein/Grey Entertainment to launch Brillstein/Grey Communications During the 1994-1996 United States broadcast TV realignment, the Fox Broadcasting Company agreed to a multi-year, multi-station affiliation deal with New World Communications  Unless Scripps told that they would affiliate the other three stations to ABC and threatened to flip WEWS and WXYZ to CBS, Capital Cities/ABC and Scripps-Howard Broadcasting reached a deal to affiliate five of the Scripps-Howard TV properties with ABC (WEWS, WXYZ, two outgoing Fox affiliates KNXV and WFTS, and NBC affiliate WMAR-TV), with one additional outlet received in a separate deal (CBS affiliate WCPO) in September 1995  As a contingency, ABC bought WJRT-TV in Flint, Michigan and WTVG in Toledo, Ohio from SJL Broadcasting in 1995  In a separate deal, Allbritton Communications purchased WCFT-TV and WJSU-TV, and made them full power satellites of WBMA-LP; this prompted Allbritton to sign a groupwide affiliation deal with ABC which caused WCIV and Brunswick sister station WBSG-TV (now Ion Television O&O WPXC-TV) to become ABC affiliates  The latter had joined ABC as a semi-satellite of WJXX, which replaced WJKS as Jacksonville's ABC affiliate upon its 1997 sign-on)  In a separate deal, McGraw-Hill had to switch KERO-TV (channel 23) in Bakersfield, California; and KMGH-TV (channel 7) in Denver to ABC, and a renewal of the affiliation agreements with existing ABC affiliates WRTV (channel 6) in Indianapolis and KGTV (channel 10) in San Diego  This deal was made in response of the agreement stemming from NBC's acquisition of WCAU and the trade of KCNC and KUTV to CBS The Walt Disney Company announced that it would merge with Capital Cities/ABC in 1995  This merger of equals led to the formation of a new subsidiary, ABC, Inc , on September 19, 1996 

Structure at Disney acquisition
ABC Television Network Group
ABC News
ABC Sports
ABC Entertainment
ABC Daytime
ABC Children's Programming
CC/ABC Broadcasting Group
ABC Radio Network
eight TV stations
21 radio stations
ABC Cable and International Broadcast Group
ESPN Inc  (80%)
Eurosport (33 3%, England)
TV Sport (10%, France; Eurosport affiliate)
The Japan Sports Channel (20%)
A&E Television Networks (37 5%)
Lifetime Television (50%)
Tele-Muchen (50%, Germany)
RTL2 20%
Hamster Productions  (33%, France)
DIC Entertainment (Limited Partnerships with Andy Heyward)
DIC Entertainment, L P  (100%)
DIC Productions, L P  (95%)
Scandinavian Broadcasting System (23%, Luxembourg)
CC/ABC Publishing Group
Fairchild Publications
Chilton Publications
multiple newspapers from a dozen dailies  and more weeklies
Ft  Worth Star-Telegram
The Kansas City Star
Belleville News-Democrat
Times Leader
Pacific Northwest GroupAlbany Democrat-Herald
Ashland Daily Tidings
The Sandy Post
Lebanon Express
Cottage Grove Sentinel
The Outlook
News-Times (Newport)
The Oakland Press
dozens more publications in the fields of business and law trade journals
Farm Progress
Los Angeles Magazine
Institutional Investor
CC/ABC Multimedia GroupCreative Wonders (Joint-venture with Electronic Arts)

Former Capital Cities-owned stations
Stations are listed alphabetically by state and city of license 
Notes:

(**) – indicates a station built and signed on by a predecessor company of Capital Cities 

Television stations
This list does not include WTVG in Toledo, Ohio  That station, which switched its affiliation from NBC to ABC, was purchased by Capital Cities/ABC in 1995, and was completed just before Disney's acquisition of the combined group was finalized  In addition, WJRT-TV was reacquired in the same deal 

Radio stations
All stations currently under ownership of Cumulus Media were previously owned by Citadel Broadcasting before Cumulus acquired the company on September 16, 2011  Most of these same stations were owned by the Walt Disney Company until Citadel's purchase of ABC Radio Networks and these stations on June 12, 2007 (except for WPRO-AM-FM, which were sold by Capital Cities/ABC in 1993 and acquired by Citadel in 1997) 

Financial results
Passage 3:
Thomas Murphy (broadcasting)
Thomas Sawyer Murphy (May 31, 1925 – May 25, 2022) was an American broadcasting executive, and was chair and chief executive officer of Capital Cities / ABC, Inc  until 1996  Together with fellow Capital Cities executive Daniel Burke, Murphy engineered the acquisition of the American Broadcasting Company in 1986 for $3 5 billion  Murphy and Burke, who served as president and chief executive of ABC until 1994, are credited with increasing the profitability and efficiency of ABC 

Early life
Murphy was born in Brooklyn on May 31, 1925   His father, Charles, was a lawyer involved in Democratic Party politics and later worked as a judge in the Judiciary of New York; his mother, Elizabeth (Sawyer), was a homemaker   Murphy initially studied at Princeton University, before enlisting in the US Navy and serving from 1943 to 1946   He then studied mechanical engineering at Cornell University, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in 1945   After his application to Harvard Business School was rejected, he was employed by Texaco as an oil salesman for a year   He was later accepted by Harvard and obtained a Master of Business Administration in 1949, graduating as a Baker Scholar 

Career
Murphy first worked at Kenyon & Eckhardt as an account executive, before becoming a brand manager for Lever Brothers   His fortunes changed when broadcaster and author Lowell Thomas, and his business manager/partner, Frank Smith, led a New York City-based investor group to buy control of Albany, New York-based Hudson Valley Broadcasting Company, in 1954 and hired Murphy to run the WROW stations as their new general manager  Although Murphy did not have any broadcast experience, his leadership and conservative financial restraint helped bring WROW-TV (now WTEN) to profitability three years later   In December 1957, Hudson Valley merged with Durham Television Enterprises, owners of WTVD in Durham, North Carolina, to form Capital Cities Television Corporation, which later became Capital Cities Broadcasting Corp  in 1960 and Capital Cities Communications thirteen years later Murphy moved up quickly in the ranks of the company   He became Capital Cities' first vice president in 1960   Four years later, he was promoted to president while Smith moved up to become the company's first chairman   After Smith's unexpected death in 1966, Murphy became chairman and chief executive officer, a position that he held for the next 30 years   Under his leadership, he helped build Capital Cities from a small broadcasting company into a multibillion-dollar media conglomerate  He then got into the publishing and newspaper business by buying Fairchild Publications in 1968, and then bought several newspapers including The Kansas City Star and Fort Worth Star-Telegram  Murphy's biggest acquisition came in 1985 when he bought the American Broadcasting Company for $3 5 billion to form Capital Cities/ABC  The merger was engineered by Murphy and the man who replaced him as WTEN's station manager, Daniel B  Burke, who became ABC's president 
In 1995 Capital Cities / ABC was bought by Disney  He was a member of the board of directors of Berkshire Hathaway, General Housewares Corp , Texaco, Inc , Johnson & Johnson, and IBM Corporation and a life trustee and honorary vice chair of New York University 

Personal life and death
Murphy was married to Suzanne Crosby Murphy until her death in 2009  Together, they had four children: Emilie, Thomas Jr , Kathleen, and Mary  Murphy died on May 25, 2022, at his home in Rye, New York 

Awards
Television Hall of Fame
1996 NATPE Lifetime Achievement Award

Citations
General and cited sources
"Thomas S  Murphy", Encyclopedia of television, Editor Horace Newcomb, CRC Press, 2004, ISBN 978-1-57958-411-5
Forbes, Malcolm S  "Mighty CEOs Who are Also All-round Nice Guys are Rare " Forbes (New York), December 11, 1989 
Gibbs, Nancy  "Easy as ABC " Time (New York), August 14, 1995 
Hawver, W  Capital Cities/ABC The Early Years: 1954-1986 How the Minnow Came to Swallow The Whale  Radnor, Pennsylvania: Chilton, 1994 
Ländler, Mark  "Creators of the Big Deal, Capital Cities' Tandem Team " The New York Times, August 1, 1995 
Roberts, Johnnie L  "The Men Behind the Big Megadeals " Newsweek (New York), August 14, 1995 

External links
"TOM MURPHY", Harvard Business School, December 2000, Amy Blitz
Passage 4:
Wandu
Hwando (Chinese: 丸都; pinyin: Wandu) is a mountain fortress of the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo, built to protect Goguryeo's second capital, Gungnae  It is located in present-day Ji'an city of the province of Jilin, China 
The fortress is located 2 5 km west of Ji'an, Jilin province in Northeast China, near the North Korean border  It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom, together with nearby Gungnae City and the Ohnyeosan City, because of its historical importance and exceptional architecture 

History
In 3 CE, King Yuri of Goguryeo moved the capital to Gungnae Fortress, and built the Wina Rock fortress  Gungnae Fortress, the capital, was a fortress on Amnok River's plain, while "Wina Rocks fortress" (Hangul: 위나암성, Hanja: 尉那巖城) was a fortified city in the mountain which was later renamed to Hwando by King Sansang of Goguryeo 
Goguryeo consolidated its power and began to threaten the Chinese commanderies, under the nominal control of Wei  In 242, Dongcheon attacked a Chinese fortress near the mouth of the Amnok River leading to the Goguryeo–Wei War; in 244, Wei invaded Goguryeo and sacked Hwando Goguryeo ended China's presence on the Korean peninsula by conquering the Lelang commandery in 313  However, Goguryeo faced opposition by the proto-Mongol Xianbei who had conquered northern China; the Murong clan of the Xianbei attacked Goguryeo and sacked Hwando in 341, capturing thousands of prisoners to provide cheap labor  The Xianbei also devastated Buyeo in 346, accelerating Buyeo migration to the Korean peninsula  Goguryeo, though temporarily weakened, would soon recoup and continue its expansion 

Gallery
Passage 5:
Premio Lo Nuestro 2003
Premio Lo Nuestro 2003 was the 15th anniversary of the awards  the show was hosted by Mexican presenters Marco Antonio Regil and Adal Ramones  Juanes, Thalía, Marc Anthony, Pilar Montenegro, Sin Bandera, Banda el Recodo and other Latin music greats gave electrifying performances  In the show, there was 36 awards winners with 135 nominations  In Pop genre, Awards was given for : Album of the Year, Best Male Artist, Best Female Artist, Best Group or duo, Best New Artist and Song of the Year  In Rock Genre : Best Rock Album and Best rock Performer of the Year  In Tropical genre : Best Tropical Album of the Year, Best Tropical Male Artist, Best Tropical Female Artist, Best Tropical Group or Duo of the Year, Best Tropical New Artist, Tropical Song of the Year, Best Merengue Performance, Best Salsa Performance and Best Traditional Performance  Juanes was the biggest winner of night, took home four awards Best Pop Male Artist, Best Music Video, Best Rock Performance, and Pop Song of the Year   In the Regional Mexican, Pilar Montenegro took three awards for Regional Mexican Song of the Year, Pop Song of the Year ("Quitame Ese Hombre"), and for Best Regional Mexican Female Artist  In the tropical genre, Celia Cruz took home with four great awards of the night for Best Salsa Performance, Best Tropical Female Artist, Best Tropical Song of the year and Tropical Album of the Year  At the night, the greatest performance was a medley of top Latin hits from the last 15 years, performed by the artists that made them famous, including Vikki Carr, Son by Four, Los Ilegales, La Mafia, Luis Enrique, Wilfrido Vargas and Olga Tañón  There was a great tribute to Celia Cruz by the world-famous salsa group "Fania All-Stars", of which Cruz was a member during the 1970s, reunited for an exclusive performance that rocked the house 

Nominees and winners
Special awards
Excellence Award: Luis Miguel
Premio del Pueblo (People's Choice):
Pop: Thalía
Rock: Shakira
Tropical: Marc Anthony
Regional/Mexican: Vicente Fernández
Urban: El General

Pop category
Rock category
Tropical category
Regional Mexican category
Urban category
Popular award
Passage 6:
Safe and Sound (Capital Cities song)
"Safe and Sound" is a song by American indie pop duo Capital Cities, written and produced by band members Ryan Merchant and Sebu Simonian  The song was released as a single on January 6, 2011, and first appeared on their debut EP Capital Cities (2011), later serving as the lead single from their debut studio album, In a Tidal Wave of Mystery (2013)  "Safe and Sound" became the duo's breakout hit, peaking at number eight on the United States Billboard Hot 100 and achieving commercial success in several other territories  Three music videos were produced for the single, with the third video, directed by Grady Hall and set in the Los Angeles Theatre, later being nominated for Best Music Video at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards  It is the theme song for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League 

Background and composition
"Safe and Sound" is a synth-pop, dance-pop and alternative rock song, and was written and produced by Capital Cities members Ryan Merchant and Sebu Simonian  It features a prominent trumpet line, which was only incorporated into its production after eight previous takes of the song 

Music videos
The first music video for "Safe and Sound" was self-produced and edited by the band and uploaded to their official YouTube account on February 24, 2011  It features alternating historical film clips of dancing and war from the last century generally arranged in chronological order  Another video, directed by Jimmy Ahlander, was released on October 21, depicting the duo being led through a junkyard by a monk The third and most well-known video for the song was directed by Grady Hall and released on April 25, 2013  The video is set in the Los Angeles Theatre and depicts Capital Cities performing on stage as dancers of all types (1940s swing dancers, 1970s roller-disco skaters, 1990s hip-hop dancers, etc ) emerge from pictures on the wall and film clips from different time periods in the theater's history come to life and compete in dance-offs  It received a nomination in the Best Music Video category at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards 

Cover versions and in other media
On November 7, 2013, the song was performed by Team Adam (consisted of Tessanne Chin, James Wolpert, Will Champlin, Grey and Preston Pohl) from the fifth season of the series, The Voice Zendaya, Kina Grannis, Kurt Hugo Schneider and Max Schneider (not related) released a cover of the song on March 31, 2014, used for a Coca-Cola commercial  Actual Coca-Cola bottles served as instruments in the version Air New Zealand have used the song in their in-flight safety video for 2014, while the Barcelona's Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB) has used it in its dance video to raise awareness and support for research into diseases such as cancer and metastasis, Alzheimer's and diabetes The song was featured as the background music for the 2014 model year Mazda3 vehicles  The music video featured prominent figures Bruce Lee, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Jackie Robinson to promote the all new features, including the "kodo" design Mazda has introduced post-Ford ownership of the company 
The song is briefly played at a party scene in the beginning of the 2015 film Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip 
McDonald's has used the song in 2020 in McDonald's Australia promotion for the return of the McRib® & El Maco® as part of the that year’s summer menu Beginning in July 2021, the song was used in an advertising campaign for ADT Home Security titled “It’s Safe To Say”, which featured Drew and Jonathan Scott from the HGTV series “Property Brothers” 

Commercial performance
"Safe and Sound" first gained commercial success in Germany following its use in a Vodafone commercial, later topping the German Media Control singles chart  A sleeper hit, it peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 in September 2013, over two-and-a-half years after its initial release  It has sold over two million copies in the United States as of January 2014  It also reached #2 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart  In the United Kingdom, the single was added to the BBC Radio 2 playlist on August 31, 2013; following its official single release in the country the following month, it peaked at number 42 on the UK Singles Chart 

Awards and nominations
Track listing
Charts
Certifications
Release history
Passage 7:
Institutional Investor (magazine)
Institutional Investor magazine is a periodical published by Euromoney Institutional Investor  It was founded in 1967 by Gilbert E  Kaplan  A separate international edition of the magazine was established in 1976 for readers in Europe and Asia 

History
Capital Cities Communications purchased the magazine in early 1984  The Walt Disney Company bought Capital Cities in 1996 and sold the magazine to Euromoney one year later  Institutional Investor has offices in New York City, London and Hong Kong  In 2018, Institutional Investor became digital only In March 2021, it was announced that Diane Alfano, the CEO of Institutional Investor, would be stepping down effective June 30, 2021  Alfano has worked at Institutional Investor since 1984  According to the announcement, her resignation comes as Euromoney, the publication's publicly-traded parent company, plans to merge Institutional Investor with sister companies BCA Research and NDR into an asset management division  As of May 2021, the CEO of the new unit is Francis Cashman 

Research and rankings
Institutional Investor publishes global research and issues rankings throughout the year that often serve as industry benchmarks  Top-line results are published in the magazine while the full details are available on institutionalinvestor com  The rankings include:

Executive teams
The All-America Executive Team
The All-Europe Executive Team
The All-Asia Executive Team (excludes Japan)
The All-Japan Executive Team
The Latin America Executive Team

Research teams
The All-America Research Team
The All-Europe Research Team
The All-Asia Research Team (excludes Japan)
The All-Japan Research Team
The All-China Research Team
The Latin America Research Team
The All-Brazil Research Team
The All-India Research Team
The All-America Fixed-Income Research Team
The All-America Research Team Rising Stars
The All-Europe Fixed-Income Research Team
America's Top Corporate Access Providers
Asia's Top Corporate Access Providers
The Emerging EMEA Research Team
Europe's Top Corporate Access Providers
Japan's Top Corporate Access Providers
Passage 8:
History of Northwest Territories capital cities
The history of Northwest Territories capital cities begins with the purchase of the Territories by Canada from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869, and includes a varied and often difficult evolution  Northwest Territories is unique amongst the other provinces and territories of Canada in that it has had seven capital cities in its history  The territory has changed the seat of government for numerous reasons, including civil conflict, development of infrastructure, and a history of significant revisions to its territorial boundaries 
The result of these changes has been a long and complex road to responsible government  Effectively providing services and representation for the population has been a particular challenge for the Territories' government, a task often complicated by the region's vast and changing geographic area  A small number of communities in Northwest Territories have unsuccessfully tried to become the capital over the years  The territory has had the seat of government outside of its territorial boundaries twice in its history  The only other political division in Canada without a seat of government inside its own boundaries was the defunct District of Keewatin that existed from 1876 until 1905 
The term "capital" refers to cities that have served as home for the Legislative Assembly of Northwest Territories, the legislative branch of Northwest Territories government  In Canada, it is customary for provincial and territorial level government to have the administrative centre of the civil service in the same city as the legislative branch  The Northwest Territories, however, had separate administrative and legislative capitals officially exist between 1911 and 1967  This is the only province or territory in Canadian history to have had such an arrangement 

Fort Garry (1870–1876)
The Government of Canada purchased the North-Western Territory and Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1868, under the terms of the Rupert's Land Act 1868 for £300,000 sterling  Both purchased territories were largely uninhabited, consisting mostly of uncharted wilderness  After the purchase, the Government decided to merge both of the properties into a single jurisdiction and appoint a single territorial government to run both  The purchase of the two territories added a sizable portion of the current Canadian landmass 

In 1869, Ontario Member of Parliament William McDougall was appointed as the first Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories and sent to Fort Garry to establish formal governance for Canada  Before his party arrived at the settlement, a small group led by Louis Riel intercepted him near the Ontario border and forced him to turn back because they opposed the transfer to the Canadian government  The inhabitants of the Red River Valley began the Red River Rebellion, delaying formal governance until their demands for provincial status were met The rebellion resulted in the creation of the Province of Manitoba (inclusive of Fort Garry) and a delay in establishing governance in the Territories  In 1870, the Northwest Territories and Manitoba formally entered the Canadian confederation  The two jurisdictions remained partially conjoined: under the Temporary Government Act, 1870  The Temporary North-West Council was appointed in 1872, mainly from members of the new Manitoba Legislative Assembly, with the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba serving as the leader of the territorial government  The Governor and Council were mandated to govern the Territories through the Manitoba Act and did so from outside of the Northwest Territories  Fort Garry served as the first seat of government for both jurisdictions 

The temporary government sat for the first time in 1872  It was renewed by federal legislation each year until a permanent solution for governance was decided upon  The federal government renewed the Temporary Council for the last time in 1875 and chose a new location, within the boundaries of the Northwest Territories, to form a new government  Along with the new seat of power, a new council greatly reduced in size was appointed along with a new Lieutenant Governor to specifically lead the Territories without also governing Manitoba In the 1870s, Fort Garry consisted of two distinct settlements  The first site was named Upper Fort Garry, and the secondary site was named Lower Fort Garry, 32 kilometres (20 mi) downstream on the Red River  After the territorial government moved, Fort Garry continued to be the seat of government for Manitoba, and for the now defunct District of Keewatin territory between 1876 and 1905  Fort Garry evolved to become modern-day Winnipeg, still the capital of Manitoba, with Lower Fort Garry being declared a national historical site 

Fort Livingstone (1876–1877)
The North-West Territories Act, 1875 dissolved the Temporary North-West Council and appointed a permanent government to take effect on October 7, 1876  The new council governed from Fort Livingstone, an outpost constructed west of the Manitoba border, in modern-day Saskatchewan  Fort Livingstone served as a small frontier outpost and not as a bona fide capital city   The location was chosen by the federal government as a temporary site to establish the new territorial government until the route of the railway was determined Fort Livingstone was founded in 1875 by the newly created North-West Mounted Police, the predecessor of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Canada's national police force  The Swan River North-West Mounted Police Barracks, inside Fort Livingstone, became the temporary assembly building for legislative-council sessions as well as the office for the Lieutenant Governor The bulk of the police forces moved out to Fort Macleod in 1876, to crack down on the whisky trade  A year later, Lieutenant Governor David Laird moved the seat of government to Battleford  The decision was based upon the original plans of constructing the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) through Battleford Fort Livingstone continued to serve as a small outpost until being totally destroyed by a prairie grass fire in 1884  The nearest modern settlement to the original Fort Livingstone site is Pelly, Saskatchewan, four kilometres (2 5 mi) to the south  The fort is sometimes referred to as Fort Pelly or Swan River  The Fort Livingstone site is marked with a plaque as was declared a Saskatchewan provincial heritage site and contains no resident population 

Battleford (1877–1883)
The Northwest Territories government moved to Battleford in 1877 on the order of the Lieutenant Governor  Battleford was supposed to be the permanent capital of the Territories  The town was chosen because it was expected to be linked with the Canadian Pacific Railway The government in Battleford would see significant milestones towards attaining responsible government for the Northwest Territories  For the first time, the territory had democratically elected members join the appointed members in the assembly  Elections in the territory became a reality after the passage of the Northwest Territories election ordinance 1880  The first election took place in 1881, after electoral districts were created by royal proclamations, issued the order of the Lieutenant Governor  Battleford hosted the first official royal visit in western Canada, when the Marquis of Lorne and Princess Louise Caroline Alberta toured the territories in 1881 The first Northwest Territories legislature building, and residence for the Lieutenant Governor named "NWT Government House", was completed and used by the territorial government until 1883  After the government moved the building stood as a historical site until it was destroyed in a fire in 2003 After consultation with Canadian Pacific Railway officials, Lieutenant Governor Edgar Dewdney made the decision to move the capital to Regina, also in present-day Saskatchewan, in June 1882  The decision to move the capital was controversial with the public because Edgar Dewdney owned real estate in Regina  He was accused of having conflicted interests between his private affairs and the needs of the government 

Regina (1883–1905)
After Edgar Dewdney ordered that the government be moved south to meet the railway in Regina, it was confirmed as the new territorial capital on March 27, 1883  Construction of a new legislature began  In Regina, the government continued to grow as the size of the settlement increased rapidly  The legislature had the most sitting members in Northwest Territories history after the fifth general election in 1902 The government in Regina struggled to deliver services to the vast territory  The influx of settlers and responsibility for the Klondike, as well as constant fighting with the federal government over limited legislative powers and minimal revenue collection, hampered the effectiveness of government  The government during this period slowly released powers to the elected members  In 1897, after control of the executive council was ceded to elected members from the Lieutenant-Governors, a short-lived period of party politics evolved that challenged the consensus model of government that had been used since 1870 

The territorial government under the leadership of Premier Frederick Haultain struck a deal with the federal Government of Canada in early 1905 to bring provincial powers to the territories  This led to the creation of the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta from the southernmost and most populous areas of the territory  The Northwest Territories, reduced to its northern, lightly populated hinterland, continued to exist under the 1870s constitutional status under control of the federal government  A new council was convened in Ottawa, Ontario, to deal with the region The Territorial Administration Building was declared a historical site by the Saskatchewan government after it was restored by the Saskatchewan Government in 1979, the building remains standing to this day  The territorial government would not have another permanent legislature of its own design until 1993  After 1905, Regina continued to serve as capital for the province of Saskatchewan 

Ottawa (1905–1967)
In 1905, under the direction of Wilfrid Laurier, the Northwest Territories seat of government was moved to Ottawa, Ontario, the capital of Canada  This change was made when Northwest Territories defaulted back to the 1870 constitutional status after Alberta and Saskatchewan were sectioned off from the territory on September 1, 1905  After the populated regions of the territory were made into their own jurisdictions, there were very few settlements left in the territory with any significant population or infrastructure  The non-Inuit population was estimated to total around 1,000  Inuit were not counted at the time because they had no status under Canadian law, and were not yet settled in towns or villages In the period without a sitting council from 1905 to 1921, the government of the Territories was small but still active  A small civil service force was sent to Fort Smith to set the town up as the new administrative capital in 1911  A budget to provide minimal services was still given by the federal government  Commissioner Frederick D  White administered the territories day-to-day operations during that period  During this 16-year lapse in legislative government, no new laws were created, and the Territories and its population were severely neglected even with the services provided at the time The first session of the new council was called to order in 1921, a full 16 years after the government was dissolved in Regina  This new government contained no serving member who was resident in the Territories  The council during this period was primarily composed of high-level civil servants who lived and worked in Ottawa   The first person to sit on the council since 1905 who actually resided from within the Territories was John G  McNiven who was appointed in 1947 The Ottawa-based council eventually grew sensitive to the needs of the territory residents  Democracy returned to the territories in the sixth general election in 1951  After the election, the council was something of a vagabond body, with alternating sittings in Ottawa, and various communities in Northwest Territories  The council held meetings in school gymnasiums, community halls, board rooms, or any suitable infrastructure  The council even transported ceremonial implements to conduct meetings with such as the speakers chair and mace  Both are traditional artifacts common to Westminster style parliaments Legislative sessions held in Ottawa were conducted in an office building on Sparks Street  The Northwest Territories government continues to hold an office in Ottawa on Sparks Street to this day  In 1965, a federal government commission was set up to determine a new home for the government and the future of the territory  The seat of government was moved back inside the territories to Yellowknife, after it was selected capital in 1967 

Fort Smith (1911–1967)
Fort Smith became the official administration and transportation hub for the Northwest Territories in 1911  This marked the first services provided by the territorial government in six years  The first services included an agent from the Department of Indian Affairs, a medical doctor, and a Royal Canadian Mounted Police station Fort Smith was chosen to house the civil service because of its geographical location and state of development  The community was one of the few that had steamboat service from the railheads in Alberta and access to the vast waterways in the territory  The community was the easiest for the government to access, and the most well developed community, closest to Ottawa Fort Smith housed the civil service working in the Territories officially until 1967  The town continued to host the civil service for many years after Yellowknife was picked as capital, because the infrastructure was not yet in place in the new capital city at the time 

Carrothers Commission (1965-1967)
The "Advisory Commission on the Development of Government in the Northwest Territories", commonly called the Carrothers Commission for its chair, Alfred Carrothers, was struck by the Government of Canada in 1965  The Carrothers Commission marked a significant turning point in modern Northwest Territories history  The Carrothers Commission was tasked to evaluate and recommend changes to the Northwest Territories to deal with an array of outstanding issues regarding self-government in the north  One of the more visible and lasting effects of the Carrothers Commission was to choose a new capital city for the territorial government The Carrothers Commission, for the first time, gave some voice to residents in the Northwest Territories through extensive consultations with the territorial population   In prior years, the decision to change the seat of government had always been made without consulting Northwest Territories residents  Edgar Dewdney, for example, who made the decision to change the capital from Battleford to Regina, faced controversy because he owned property in Regina  After the territorial government moved to Ottawa, the government was often resented for being so far away The Carrothers Commission spent two years visiting nearly every community in the territory and consulting with residents, community leaders, business people, and territorial politicians  The Carrothers Commission investigated and considered five communities for the capital: Hay River, Fort Simpson, Fort Smith, Inuvik and Yellowknife 
Many people in the Northwest Territories believed that Fort Smith would win since it already housed the Territories' civil service 

Yellowknife (1967–present)
Yellowknife officially became the capital on September 18, 1967, after the Carrothers commission chose it for its central location, transportation links, industrial base and residents' preferences Yellowknife, in 1967, was not yet ready to serve as home for the government  During the years that it took for the capital's infrastructure to slowly develop, most of the civil service remained in Fort Smith for many years and the governing Council continued its practice of holding legislative sessions all over the territory for a number of years The Northwest Territories marked a new era when the legislative council moved into a newly constructed legislature building on November 17, 1993  The new legislature was the first building built specifically for the Northwest Territories government since the government sat in Regina 88 years earlier  The legislature building was constructed to feature themes derived from the Inuit culture, which signaled that the government was sensitive to the ethnicity of the resident population The modern day territorial government has matured in Yellowknife to become effective and responsible  The government in Yellowknife had largely gained back its powers on par with the pre-1905 government that was dissolved during creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan  The civil service has been effectively consolidated into the city of Yellowknife; and has gained control over administering its own elections from Elections Canada  Education is now under the jurisdiction of the territorial government and the territory has most powers afforded to the rest of the provinces  There has even talk by the Federal government of the territories gaining provincial status in the future 

Lessons learned for Nunavut capital (1995 vote)
As chronicled above, all seven capitals throughout the history of the Northwest Territories were chosen by some form of external government decision, though the Carrothers Commission did consult with the territorial population to guide its decision 
After the selection of Yellowknife as the capital in 1967, many residents in the eastern Arctic continued to feel unrepresented by the territorial government, and many movements and groups were formed to remedy the situation   Lessons had been learned from the historical changes in the Northwest Territories' seat of power, resulting in a number of territorial democratic processes leading to the creation of the new territory of Nunavut in 1999, formed from the eastern half of the Northwest Territories 
In 1976, as part of the land claims negotiations between the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami population and the Government of Canada, the parties discussed division of the Northwest Territories to provide a separate territory for the Inuit  In 1982, a plebiscite on division was held throughout the Northwest Territories, in which a majority of the residents voted in favour of division The land claims agreement was completed in September 1992 and ratified by a majority of voters  On July 9, 1993, the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act and the Nunavut Act were passed by the Canadian Parliament 
In December, 1995, the Nunavut capital plebiscite was held, and the voters in the future Nunavut territory chose Iqaluit as their capital city, defeating Rankin Inlet  Iqaluit became the official capital on April 1, 1999, when Nunavut separated from the Northwest Territories 

See also
Commissioners of the Northwest Territories
List of Northwest Territories general elections
List of premiers of the Northwest Territories
List of Northwest Territories Legislative Assemblies
Passage 9:
Tweaker (band)
Tweaker is an American alternative rock collaboration project band founded by Chris Vrenna in the late 1990s  Tweaker's musical style incorporates synthpop, progressive rock, modern jazz and electronica genres, and is characterized by a generally melancholy and somber sound with matching artwork 

History
The album The Attraction to All Things Uncertain was Vrenna's "solo" debut and it was not until the follow-up album, 2 a m  Wakeup Call, that Clint Walsh was announced as a permanent fixture to the band  While Vrenna and Walsh supply most instruments and electronics, many other musicians contributed to Tweaker's performances and recordings, including Robert Smith, David Sylvian, Burton C  Bell, Craig Wedren, Will Oldham, Hamilton Leithauser, Buzz Osborne, Jonathan Bates and Johnny Marr  The subsequent albums followed a preset central theme 
Tweaker wrote and performed the theme music to Doom 3, of which the theme song was released via the band's website  The rest of the soundtrack is accessible from the game's files  Tweaker also composed the theme music for the animated television show Xiaolin Showdown  Unlike the band's usual synthpop, shoegaze, modern jazz, Dark Ambient and industrial sound, the Doom 3 theme was mainly heavy metal 
In 2004, Tweaker opened for Skinny Puppy on select dates with a full live band, consisting of Chris Vrenna (drums, percussion and keyboard), Clint Walsh (guitar and keyboard), William Faith (bass guitar) and Nick Young (vocals)  They performed everything live (i e , no pre-recorded tape), although they did have to alter some of their songs to fit the live format — the most extreme case being a completely revamped rock version of "Microsize Boy"   The final performance on the tour was at QuakeCon 2005 in Dallas, TX 

Official members
Chris Vrenna
Clint Walsh

Discography
Studio albums
The Attraction to All Things Uncertain (September 18, 2001)
2 a m  Wakeup Call (April 20, 2004)
Call the Time Eternity (October 23, 2012)

Remix albums
And Then There's Nothing (November 26, 2013)

EPs
Linoleum (August 21, 2001)

Singles
Linoleum (2001)
Xiaolin Showdown (2003)
The Steel Box (2019)



ground_truth: Capital Cities

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is the airline company that operated United Express Flight 3411 on April 9, 2017 on behalf of United Express headquartered?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  The Miami metropolitan statistical area is longer than any other urbanized area in the United States except for the New York metropolitan area  It was the eighth most densely populated urbanized area in the United States in the 2000 census As of the 2000 census, the urbanized area had a land area of 1,116 square miles (2,890 km2), with a population of 4,919,036, for a population density of 4,407 4 per square mile (1,701 7 per km2)  Miami and Hialeah, the second-largest city in the metropolitan area, had population densities of more than 10,000/sq mi (more than 3,800/km2)   The Miami Urbanized Area was the fourth-largest urbanized area in the United States in the 2010 census 
The Miami metropolitan area also includes several urban clusters (UCs) as of the 2000 Census, which are not part of the Miami urbanized area  These are the Belle Glade UC, population 24,218, area 20 717 km2 and population density of 3027 6/sq mi; Key Biscayne UC, population 10,513, area 4 924 km2 and population density of 5529 5/sq mi; Redland UC, population 3,936, area 10 586 km2 and population density of 963 0/sq mi; and West Jupiter UC, population 8,998, area 24 737 km2 and population density of 942 1/sq mi The most notable colleges and universities in the Miami metropolitan area include Florida Atlantic University, Florida International University, Nova Southeastern University, and the University of Miami, as well as community colleges such as Broward College, Miami Dade College, and Palm Beach State College  Some of these institutions, such as Florida International University and Miami Dade College, make up some of the largest institutions of higher learning in the United States 

Definitions
Miami metropolitan area
As of 2023, the Miami metropolitan area is defined by the U S  Office of Management and Budget as the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), with a 2020 population of 6,138,333  The MSA is made up of three "metropolitan divisions" :

Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall Metropolitan Division, coterminous with Miami Dade County (2020 population 2,701,767) 
Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach-Sunrise Metropolitan Division, coterminous with Broward County (2020 population 1,944,375) 
West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach Metropolitan Division, coterminous with Palm Beach County (2020 population 1,492,191) The MSA is the most populous metropolitan area in the Southeastern United States and has an area of 6,137 sq  mi (15,890 km2) 
The original MSA for Miami, as defined by the OMB, included only Dade County (now Miami-Dade County)  By 1995, the Miami-Hialeah and Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood-Pompano Beach MSAs had been merged into the Miami-Fort Lauderdale Consolidated MSA, consisting of the Miami Primary MSA (Dade County) and the Fort Lauderdale Primary MSA (Broward County)  In 2003, the West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach MSA was merged with the consolidated MSA to form the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area, consisting of: the Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach-Deefield Beach Metropolitan Division (Broward County), the Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall Metropolitan Division (Miami-Dade County), and the West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach Metropolitan Division (Palm Beach County) 

Miami-Port Saint Lucie-Fort Lauderdale Combined Statistical Area
The Census Bureau also defines a wider commercial region based on commuting patterns, the Miami-Port Saint Lucie-Fort Lauderdale Combined Statistical Area (CSA), with a population of 6,887,655 in 2020 
As of 2023, the CSA consists of three component metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and one Micropolitan statistical area (μSA):

The Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach MSA (2020 pop  6,138,333)
The Port Saint Lucie MSA (2020 pop  486,660), consisting of:
Martin County (2020 pop  158,431)p  28
Saint Lucie County (2020 pop  329,226)p  28
The Sebastian-Vero Beach MSA, coterminous with Indian River County (2020 pop  159,788)
The Key West μSA, coterminous with Monroe County (2020 pop  82,874) When the CSA was defined in 2013, it included the Okeechobee μSA, coterminous with Okeechobee County, but not the Key West μSA  In 2018 the Okeechobee μSA was removed from the CSA and the Key West μSA was added 

Gold Coast
The Miami metropolitan area is frequently named the "Gold Coast" in convention with Florida's other coast regions, including the Space Coast, Treasure Coast, Sun Coast, Nature Coast, Forgotten Coast, Fun Coast, and First Coast  Like several of the others, it seems to have originated at the time the area first saw major growth  One of the best known of Florida's vernacular regions, the name is a reference to the wealth and ritzy tropical lifestyle that characterizes the area 

Climate and geography
Climate
South Florida/Miami metropolitan area has a tropical climate, similar to the climate found in much of the Caribbean  It is the only metropolitan area in the 48 contiguous states that falls under that category  More specifically, it generally has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification, Am)  The South Florida  metropolis sees most of its rain in the summer (wet season) and is quite dry in the winter (dry season)  The wet season, which is hot and humid, lasts from May to October, when daily thunderstorms and passing weak tropical lows bring downpours during the late afternoon  The dry season often starts in late October and runs through late April  During the height of the dry season from February through April, South Florida is often very dry, and often brush fires and water restrictions are an issue  At times cold fronts can make it all the way down to South Florida and provide some modest rainfall in the dry season  The hurricane season largely coincides with the wet season In addition to its sea-level elevation, coastal location and position near the Tropic of Cancer and the Caribbean, the area owes its warm, humid climate to the Gulf Stream, which moderates climate year-round  A typical summer day does not see temperatures below 75 °F (24 °C)  Temperatures in the high 80s to low 90s (30–35 °C) accompanied by high humidity are often relieved by afternoon thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the Atlantic Ocean, which then allow lower temperatures, although conditions still remain very muggy 
During winter, dry air often dominates as dew points are often very low  Average daily high temperatures across South Florida during the winter are around 74–77 °F (23–25 °C)  Although daily highs can sometimes reach 82–85 °F (28–29 °C) even in January and February  Daily low temperatures during the winter are generally around 55–63 °F (13–17 °C)  Each winter, cold fronts occasionally make their way down to the northern Bahamas and South Florida  As a result, daytime high temperatures in South Florida may only reach around 65 °F (18 °C) or cooler  When this occurs low temperatures can dip into the 40s during the early morning hours before quickly warming-up toward late morning/early afternoon  It is rare for temperatures to drop below 40 °F (4 °C), however, low temperatures at or around 35 °F (2 °C) have occurred some years  South Florida only experiences these cold spells about twice each winter and they typically only last a day or two before temperatures return to the mid 70s  On average South Florida is frost-free, although there can be a light frost in the inland communities about once every decade 
Hurricane season officially runs from June 1 through November 30, although hurricanes can develop outside that period  The most likely time for South Florida to be hit is during the peak of the Cape Verde season, mid-August through the end of September  Due to its location between two major bodies of water known for tropical activity, South Florida is also statistically the most likely major area to be struck by a hurricane in the world, trailed closely by Nassau, Bahamas, and Havana, Cuba  Many hurricanes have affected the metropolis, including Betsy in 1965, Andrew in 1992, Irene in 1999, Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma in 2005, and Irma in 2017  In addition, a tropical depression in October 2000 passed over the city, causing record rainfall and flooding  Locally, the storm is credited as the No Name Storm of 2000, though the depression went on to become Tropical Storm Leslie upon entering the Atlantic Ocean 

Component counties, subregions, and cities
Largest cities
The following is a list of the twenty largest cities in the Miami metropolitan area as ranked by population 

Areas with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants
Areas with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants
Demographics
There is a strong divide between the northern and southern parts of the region in terms of dominant language  In 2010, English was the household language of 73 1% of Palm Beach County residents and 63 4% of Broward County residents but only 28 1% of Miami-Dade County residents  In contrast, 63 8% of Miami-Dade County residents spoke Spanish at home 

Religion
According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity is the most prevalent religion in the Miami metropolitan area (68%), with 39% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant and 27% professing Roman Catholic beliefs  Judaism is second (9%), followed by Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism and a variety of other religions have smaller followings; 21% of the population did not identify with any religion 
The Miami area has one of the largest Jewish communities in the United States  10 2% of the population identified as Jewish in the 2000 Census  According to a 2011 survey of American Judaism, Palm Beach County had the most Jews of any Florida county both in absolute numbers (205,850) and as a percentage of the overall population (15 8%)  Broward County came in second place with 170,700 Jewish reidents or 9 8% of the population, and Miami-Dade County came in third with 106,300 or 4 3% 

Housing
Changes in house prices for the area are publicly tracked on a regular basis using the Case–Shiller index; the statistic is published by Standard & Poor's and is also a component of S&P's 10-city composite index of the value of the residential real estate market 
As of 2005, the Miami area had a total of 2 3 million housing units, 13% of which were vacant  Of the total housing units, 52% were in single-unit structures, 45% were in multi-unit structures, and 3% were mobile homes  25% of the housing units were built since 1990  As of 2019, over 70% of Miami's residents are renters with median rent of $1,355, $180 over the national average 
Households and families: There were 2,338,450 households, The average household size was 2 6 people  Families made up 65% of the households in the Miami area  This figure includes both married-couple families (45%) and other families (20%)  Nonfamily households made up 35% of all households in Miami  Most of the nonfamily households were people living alone, but some consisted of people living in households in which no one was related to the householder 
Occupied housing unit characteristics: In 2005, the Miami area had 2 0 million occupied housing units – 1 3 million (66%) owner occupied and 688,000 (34%) renter occupied 
As of 2010, housing costs in the Miami area typically represented 40% of household income, compared to 34% nationwide Property tax increase: In March 2009, Miami area lawmakers passed a 5–10% hike in property tax millage rates throughout the metropolitan area to fund the construction of new schools and to fund understaffed schools and educational institutions, resulting in an increase in residents' property tax bills beginning in the 2009 tax year 

Politics
Politically, metropolitan Miami is strongly Democratic, like most large metropolitan regions in the United States  Broward County is the second-most heavily Democratic county in the state, behind only Gadsden County, which is much smaller  This contrasts with most of the rest of Florida, whose heavier Southern influence and high population of elderly voters makes it a swing or Republican-leaning state  Miami-Dade County has a relatively high percentage of Republican voters for an urban county, due partially to its Cuban-American population, which leans Republican as a result of its anti-communist views, but Miami-Dade County still remains very Democratic when compared with most of Florida's other counties  Despite being more suburban and affluent, Palm Beach County is reliably Democratic as well and in the 2020 presidential election voted for Democratic candidate Joe Biden by a higher margin than Miami-Dade County did 
In the 2016 presidential election, 62 3% of voters in the Miami metropolitan area voted Democratic  This was the 6th highest of any metro area in the United States  However, in recent years the area has shifted hard to the Republicans, with former president Donald Trump losing the metro area by 16 points in 2020 compared to losing it by 30 in 2016 (Fueled especially by Miami Dade County shifting 22 points to the right between 2016 and 2020), and Governor Ron DeSantis winning the metro area outright in the 2022 gubernatorial election, winning both Miami Dade and Palm Beach Counties (With the former being won by double digits) while losing Broward only by less than 16 points  This may be attributed in part to a broader rightward shift among Hispanic voters in these years 

Government
The metropolitan area is governed by 3 counties  In total there are 107 municipalities or incorporated places in the metropolis  Each one of the municipalities has its own city, town or village government, although there is no distinction between the 3 names  Much of the land in the metropolis is unincorporated, which means it does not belong to any municipality, and  therefore is governed directly by the county it is located in 

Congressional districts
The Miami metropolitan area contains all or part of nine Congressional districts: the 18th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th districts  As of 2017 (the 113th Congress), the Cook Partisan Voting Index listed four as being Republican-leaning: the 18th, 25th, 26th, and 27th, with the 25th being the most Republican-leaning at R+5, and five as being Democratic-leaning: the 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, and 24th, with the 24th being the most Democratic-leaning at D+34, making it the ninth-most Democratic-leaning district in the nation 

Economy
Among those employed in the Miami metropolitan area, 32% were management, professional, and related occupations, 30% were sales and office occupations, 18% were service occupations, 11% were construction, extraction, maintenance and repair occupations, and 9% were production, transportation, and material moving occupations  81% of the people employed were Private wage and salary workers; 12% were Federal, state, or local government workers; and 7% were self-employed 
The median income of households in the Miami area was $43,091  78% of the households received earnings and 13% received retirement income other than Social Security  30% of the households received Social Security  The average income from Social Security was $13  These income sources are not mutually exclusive; that is, some households received income from more than one source 
In 2005, for the employed population 16 years and older, the leading industries in the Miami area were educational services, health care, and social assistance, which accounted for 18%, and Professional, scientific, and management, and administrative and waste management services, which accounted for 13% of the population  79% of Miami area workers drove to work alone in 2005, 10% carpooled, 4% took public transportation, and 4% used other means  The remaining 3% worked at home  Among those who commuted to work, it took them on average 28 5 minutes to get to work 

Culture
Miami dialect
In  Miami-Dade County a unique dialect, commonly called the Miami dialect, is widely spoken  The dialect developed among second- or third-generation Hispanics, including Cuban-Americans, whose first language was English, though some non-Hispanic white, black, and other races who were born and raised in Miami-Dade tend to adopt it as well  It is based on a fairly standard American accent but with some changes very similar to dialects in the Mid-Atlantic, especially the New York area dialect, Northern New Jersey English, and New York Latino English  Unlike Virginia Piedmont, Coastal Southern American, and Northeast American dialects and Florida Cracker dialect of the Miami accent is rhotic; it also incorporates a rhythm and pronunciation heavily influenced by Spanish in which rhythm is syllable-timed It is possible to differentiate the Miami accent from a variety of interlanguages spoken by second-language speakers  THE Miami accent does not generally display addition of /ɛ/ before initial consonant clusters with /s/, speakers do not confuse of /dʒ/ with /j/, (e g , Yale with jail), and /r/ and /rr/ are pronounced as alveolar approximant [ɹ] instead of alveolar tap [ɾ] or alveolar trill [r] in Spanish The Miami accent is much less common in Broward County and Palm Beach County, where the majority of the population is non-Hispanic 

Area codes
305: Miami-Dade County and the Florida Keys; overlaid by 786
786: Miami-Dade County and the Florida Keys; overlays 305
954: All of Broward County: Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Coral Springs, Pompano Beach, overlaid by 754
754: All of Broward County: Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Coral Springs, Pompano Beach, overlays with 954
561: All of Palm Beach County: West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, Boynton Beach, Delray Beach, will be overlaid by 728
728: All of Palm Beach County: West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, Boynton Beach, Delray Beach, will overlay with 561

Media
Greater Miami is served by several English-language and two major Spanish-language daily newspapers  The Miami Herald, headquartered in Doral, is Miami's primary newspaper with over a million readers  It also has news bureaus in Broward County, Monroe County, and Nassau, Bahamas  The South Florida Sun-Sentinel circulates primarily in Broward and southern Palm Beach counties and also has a news bureau in Havana, Cuba  The Palm Beach Post serves mainly Palm Beach County, especially the central and northern regions, and the Treasure Coast  The Boca Raton News publishes five days a week and circulates in southern Palm Beach County  El Nuevo Herald, a subsidiary of the Miami Herald, and Diario Las Americas, are Spanish-language daily papers that circulate mainly in Miami-Dade County  La Palma and El Sentinel are weekly Spanish newspapers published by the Palm Beach Post and Sun-Sentinel, respectively, and circulate in the same areas as their English-language counterparts 
There are several university student-run newspapers in the area, including The Miami Hurricane at the University of Miami, University Press at Florida Atlantic University, PantherNOW at Florida International University, and The Current at Nova Southeastern University 
Greater Miami is split into two separate television/radio markets: The Miami-Fort Lauderdale market serves Miami-Dade, Broward and the Florida Keys  The West Palm Beach market serves Palm Beach County and the Treasure Coast region 
Miami-Fort Lauderdale is the 12th largest radio market and the 16th-largest television market in the U S  television stations serving the Miami-Fort Lauderdale area include WAMI-TV (UniMas), WBFS-TV (MyNetworkTV), WSFL-TV (The CW), WFOR-TV (CBS), WHFT-TV (TBN), WLTV (Univision), WPLG (ABC), WPXM (ION), WSCV (Telemundo), WSVN (FOX), WTVJ (NBC), WLRN-TV (PBS), and WPBT (also PBS), the latter television station being the only channel to serve the entire metropolitan area 
In addition to the Miami-Fort Lauderdale market, West Palm Beach has its own  It is the 49th largest radio market and the 38th-largest television market in the U S   Television stations serving the West Palm Beach area include WPTV (NBC), WPEC (CBS), WPBF (ABC),  WFLX (FOX), WTVX (The CW), WXEL (PBS), WTCN (MyNetworkTV), and  WPXP (ION)   The West Palm Beach market shares use of WSCV and WLTV for Telemundo and Univision respectively    Also, both markets cross over and tend to be available interchangeably between both areas   In 2015, WPBT and WXEL merged their operations, to form South Florida PBS, although both stations have maintained separate programming schedules and social media platforms, but share the same subchannel lineup 

Education
In Florida, each county is also a school district  Each district is headed by an elected school board  A professional superintendent manages the day-to-day operations of each district, who is appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the school board 
The Miami-Dade County Public School District is currently the 4th-largest public school district in the nation  The School District of Palm Beach County is the 4th-largest in Florida and the 11th-largest in the United States  Broward County Public School District is the 6th-largest in the United States 
The University of Miami is the one of the top-ranked research institutions in the United States, and is the most selective major university in Florida 
As of 2023, Florida International University is ranked the 8th largest public university by enrollment in the United States 
Some colleges and universities in Greater Miami include:

Barry University (private/Catholic)
Broward College (public)
Carlos Albizu University (private)
Chamberlain University (private)
Florida Atlantic University (public)
Florida International University (public)
Florida Memorial University (private/Baptist)
Florida National University (private)
Jersey College (private)
Keiser University (private)
Lynn University (private)
Miami Dade College (public)
Northwood University (private)
Nova Southeastern University (private)
Palm Beach Atlantic University (private/Christian)
Palm Beach State College (public)
St  Thomas University (private/Catholic)
University of Miami (private)In 2005, 82% of people 25 years and over had at least graduated from high school and 28% had a bachelor's degree or higher  Among people 16 to 19 years old, 7% were dropouts; they were not enrolled in school and had not graduated from high school  The total school enrollment in the Miami metro area was 1 4 million in 2005  Nursery school and kindergarten enrollment was 170,000 and elementary or high school enrollment was 879,000  College or graduate school enrollment was 354,000 

Transportation
Roads
The Miami metropolitan area is served by five interstate highways operated by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) in conjunction with local agencies  Interstate 95 (I-95) runs north to south along the coast, ending just south of Downtown Miami at South Dixie Highway (US 1)  I-75 runs east to west, turning south in western Broward County and connecting suburban north Miami-Dade to Naples on the Southwest Coast via Alligator Alley, which transverses the Florida Everglades before turning north  I-595 connects the Broward coast and Downtown Fort Lauderdale to I-75 and Alligator Alley  In Miami, I-195 and I-395 relay the main I-95 route east to Biscayne Boulevard (US 1) and Miami Beach across Biscayne Bay via the Julia Tuttle and MacArthur causeways 
In greater Miami, the Miami-Dade Expressway Authority and Florida's Turnpike Enterprise (FTE) maintain eight state expressways in conjunction with FDOT  The Airport Expressway (SR 112) and the Dolphin Expressway (SR 836) relay western Miami-Dade suburbs to the eastern urban coast at I-95, and to Miami Beach via  I-195 and I-395 at the Airport and Midtown interchanges  The Gratigny Parkway (SR 924) connects northern Miami suburbs to the southern end of I-75  The Palmetto Expressway (SR 826) is the primary beltway road of urban Miami, relaying I-95 and Florida's Turnpike (SR 91) at the Golden Glades Interchange near northeastern North Miami Beach to the southern inland suburbs of Kendall and Pinecrest  The Don Shula Expressway (SR 874) and the Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike (SR 821) form the southernmost end of the beltway, connecting the Palmetto Expressway to the bedroom communities of Homestead and Florida City  The Snapper Creek Expressway (SR 878) relays the Don Shula Expressway to South Dixie Highway (US 1) 
The urban bypass expressway in greater Fort Lauderdale is the Sawgrass Expressway (SR 869), connecting the northern Broward County coast at I-95 and Deerfield Beach to I-595 and I-75 at Alligator Alley in Sunrise 
Express lanes on I-95 start in Miami-Dade County and continue into Broward County  With an increased presence of traffic in South Florida, it is projected that express lanes will soon be implemented in southern Palm Beach County 

Major freeways and tollways
Interstate 95
 Interstate 75
 Interstate 195 /  State Road 112 (Airport Expressway)
 Interstate 395 /  State Road 836 (Dolphin Expressway)
 Interstate 595 (Port Everglades Expressway)
 Florida's Turnpike, including Homestead Extension
 State Road 924 (Gratigny Parkway)
 State Road 874 (Don Shula Expressway)
 State Road 878 (Snapper Creek Expressway)
 State Road 869 (Sawgrass Expressway)
 State Road 826 (Palmetto Expressway)

Major airports
The metropolitan area is served by three major commercial airports  These airports combine to make the fourth largest domestic origin and destination market in the United States, after New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago 
The following smaller general aviation airports are also in the metro area:

Seaports
The metropolis also has four seaports, the largest and most important being the Port of Miami  Others in the area include Port Everglades, Port of Palm Beach and the Miami River Port   On August 21, 2012, PortMiami and the U S  Army Corps of Engineers signed the Partnership Agreement (PPA) construction agreement that will allow the Deep Dredge project to go out for bid   The Deep Dredge will deepen the Port's existing channels to minus 50/52 feet to prepare for the Panama Canal expansion, now scheduled for completion in early 2015   PortMiami's deeper channel will provide ships with an economically efficient, reliable and safe navigational route into the Port  PortMiami will be the only U S  Port south of Norfolk, Virginia to be at the minus 50 foot depth in sync with the opening of the expanded Canal  Deep Dredge is expected to create more than 30,000 direct, indirect, and induced jobs in Florida and allow the Port to meet its goal to double its cargo traffic over the next decade 

Public transportation
Miami-Dade Transit (MDT) is the largest public transit agency in Florida, operating rapid transit, people movers, and an intercity bus system  Metrorail is Florida's only rapid transit, currently with 23 stations on a 24 4-mile (39 3 km) track  The Downtown Miami people mover, Metromover, operates 20 stations and three lines on a 4 4-mile (7 1 km) track through the Downtown neighborhoods of the Arts & Entertainment District, the Central Business District, and Brickell  Metrobus serves the entirety of Miami-Dade County, also serving Monroe County as far south as Marathon, and Broward County as far north as Downtown Fort Lauderdale  In Broward County, Broward County Transit runs public buses, as does Palm Tran in Palm Beach County  Additionally, the South Florida Regional Transportation Authority operates Tri-Rail, a commuter rail train that connects the three of the primary cities of South Florida (Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach), and most intermediate points  Brightline provides service to Miami, Aventura, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Boca Raton, and Central Florida's Orlando, with talks to expand to Tampa and Jacksonville 

Sports
Professional
The Miami metro area is home to five major league professional sports teams:

The Miami Dolphins of the National Football League play at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens
The Inter Miami CF of Major League Soccer play at Inter Miami CF Stadium in Fort Lauderdale
The Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association play at Miami-Dade Arena in Downtown Miami
The Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball play at Marlins Park in Little Havana
The Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League play at BB&T Center in Sunrise

College sports
The most prominent college sports program in the Miami metropolitan area are the Miami Hurricanes of the University of Miami in Coral Gables, who compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the highest level of collegiate athletics  The University of Miami's football team has won five national championships since 1983 and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982 
Other collegiate sports programs in the metropolitan area include the Florida Atlantic Owls of Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, the FIU Panthers of Florida International University in University Park, the Nova Southeastern Sharks of Nova Southeastern University in Davie, and the Barry Buccaneers of Barry University in Miami Shores 

Minor league and other sports
The Miami area is also host to minor league sports teams, including:

The Miami Marlins and St  Louis Cardinals conduct spring training in Jupiter at Roger Dean Stadium 
The Houston Astros and Washington Nationals conduct spring training in West Palm Beach at The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches 
Inter Miami CF will have a reserve team that will play in USL League One 
The Homestead-Miami Speedway oval has hosted NASCAR Cup Series and IndyCar Series events  Temporary street circuits at Museum Park hosted several CART, IMSA GT, and American Le Mans Series races between from 1986 to 1995, as well as a Formula E race in 2015  The Palm Beach International Raceway is a minor road course 

See also
South Florida
United States metropolitan area
Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas
Largest metropolitan areas in the Americas

Notes
Passage 6:
Miami metropolitan area (disambiguation)
The Miami metropolitan area is the metropolitan area centered on Miami, Florida 
The Miami metropolitan area may also refer to:

The Miami, Oklahoma micropolitan area, United States

See also
Miami (disambiguation)
Passage 7:
Tidal flooding
Tidal flooding, also known as sunny day flooding or nuisance flooding, is the temporary inundation of low-lying areas, especially streets, during exceptionally high tide events, such as at full and new moons  The highest tides of the year may be known as the king tide, with the month varying by location  These kinds of floods tend not to be a high risk to property or human safety, but further stress coastal infrastructure in low lying areas This kind of flooding is becoming more common in cities and other human-occupied coastal areas as sea level rise  associated with climate change and other human-related environmental impacts such as coastal erosion and land subsidence increase the vulnerability of infrastructure  Geographies faced with these issues can utilize coastal management practices to mitigate the effects in some areas, but increasingly these kinds of floods may develop into coastal flooding that requires managed retreat or other more extensive climate change adaptation practices are needed for vulnerable areas 

Effects on infrastructure
Tidal flooding is capable of greatly inhibiting natural gravity-based drainage systems in low-lying areas when it reaches levels that are below visible inundation of the surface, but which are high enough to incapacitate the lower drainage or sewer system  Thus, even normal rainfall or storm surge events can cause greatly amplified flooding effects  One passive solution to intrusion through drainage systems are one way back-flow valves in drainage ways  However, while this may prevent a majority of the tidal intrusion, it also inhibits drainage during exceptionally high tides that shut the valves  In Miami Beach, where resilience work is underway, the pump systems replace insufficient gravity-based systems 

Relation to climate change
Sunny day flooding is often associated with coastal regions, where sea level rise attributed to global warming can send water into the streets on days with elevated high tides  Further, regions with glaciers also experience sunny day flooding as climate change alters the dynamics of glacier meltwater  Abnormally hot temperatures not only swell rivers and creeks directly through accelerated snowmelt, but can burst ice dams and cause water from glacial lakes to swell waterways less predictably A warming climate causes physical changes to the types of ice on a glacier  As glaciers retreat, there is less firn (water-retaining snow) so that more meltwater runs directly into the watershed over deeper, impervious glacial ice 

Affected geographies
United States
Most of the coastal communities in the Eastern Seaboard of the United States are vulnerable to this kind of flooding as sea level rise increases Due to changing geography such as subsidence, and poorly planned development, tidal flooding may exist separate from modern nuisance flooding associated with sea level rise and anthropocentric climate change  The widely publicized Holland Island in Maryland for example has disappeared over the years mainly due to subsidence and coastal erosion  In the New Orleans area on the Gulf Coast of Louisiana, land subsidence results in the Grand Isle tide gauge showing an extreme upward sea level trend 

Florida
In Florida, controversy arose when state-level government mandated that the term "nuisance flooding" and other terms be used in place of terms such as sea level rise, climate change and global warming, prompting allegations of climate change denial, specifically against Governor Rick Scott  This amid Florida, specifically South Florida and the Miami metropolitan area being one of the most at risk areas in the world for the potential effects of sea level rise, and where the frequency and severity of tidal flooding events increased in the 21st century  The issue is more bipartisan in South Florida, particularly in places like Miami Beach, where a several hundred million dollar project is underway to install more than 50 pumps and physically raise roads to combat the flooding, mainly along the west side of South Beach, formerly a mangrove wetland where the average elevation is less than one meter (3 3 feet) 
In the Miami metropolitan area, where the vast majority of the land is below 10 ft (3 0 m), even a one-foot increase over the average high tide can cause widespread flooding  The 2015 and 2016 king tide event levels reached about 4 feet (1 2 m) MLLW, 3 feet (0 9 m) above mean sea level, or about 2 ft (0 61 m) NAVD88, and nearly the same above MHHW  While the tide range is very small in Miami, averaging about 2 ft (0 61 m), with the greatest range being less than 2 m (6 6 ft), the area is very acute to minute differences down to single inches due to the vast area at low elevation  NOAA tide gauge data for most stations shows current water level graphs relative to a fixed vertical datum, as well as mean sea level trends for some stations  During the king tides, the local Miami area tide gauge at Virginia Key shows levels running at times 1 foot (0 30 m) or more over datum 
Fort Lauderdale has installed over one hundred tidal valves since 2013 to combat flooding  Fort Lauderdale is nicknamed the "Venice of America" due to its roughly 165 miles (266 km) of canals A recent University of Florida study correlated the increased tidal flooding in south Florida, at least from 2011–2015 to episodic atmospheric conditions  The rate was about 3/4 of an inch (19 mm) per year, versus the global rate of just over a tenth of an inch (3 mm) per year 

See also
Acqua alta, tidal peaks in the northern Adriatic Sea which cause flooding in the Venetian Lagoon



ground_truth: Indianapolis, Indiana