prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: For what ogranization does a commentator of Press TV serve as associate director?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Douglas Murray (author)
Douglas Kear Murray (born 16 July 1979) is a British author and political commentator  He founded the Centre for Social Cohesion in 2007, which became part of the Henry Jackson Society, where he was associate director from 2011 to 2018  He is also an associate editor of the conservative-leaning British political and cultural magazine The Spectator  Murray has also written columns for publications such as The Wall Street Journal 
Murray's books include Neoconservatism: Why We Need It (2005), Bloody Sunday: Truths, Lies and the Saville Inquiry (2011) about the Bloody Sunday Inquiry, The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam (2017), The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity (2019), and The War on the West: How to Prevail in the Age of Unreason (2022) 
Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Sohrab Ahmari have praised Murray's work and writing on Islam in Europe  French philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy has said of Murray, "Whether one agrees with him or not" he is "one of the most important public intellectuals today " Critics claim his views and ideology are linked to far-right political ideologies and accuse him of promoting far-right conspiracy theories such as Eurabia, the Great Replacement, and cultural Marxism  Murray has rejected descriptions of his politics as far-right 

Early life
Murray was born in Hammersmith, London, to an English, school teacher mother, and a Scottish, Gaelic-speaking father who had been born on the Isle of Lewis and who worked as a civil servant  He has one elder brother  In an interview with The Herald Murray stated that his father had intended to be in London temporarily but stayed after meeting his mother and that they "encouraged a good discussion around the dinner table" when he was growing up but "neither are political "Murray was educated at his local state primary and secondary schools, before going to a comprehensive which had previously been a grammar school  Recalling this experience in 2011, he wrote, "My parents had been promised that the old grammar school standards and ethos remained, but none did  By the time I arrived the school was what would now be described as 'an inner-city sink school', a war zone similar to those many of the children's parents had escaped from " Murray's parents withdrew him from the school after a year  He was awarded scholarships to St Benedict's School, Ealing, and subsequently Eton College, before going on to study English at Magdalen College, Oxford 

Publications
At age 19, while in his second year at the University of Oxford, Murray published Bosie: A Biography of Lord Alfred Douglas, which was described by Christopher Hitchens as "masterly"  Bosie was awarded a Lambda Award for a gay biography in 2000  After leaving Oxford, Murray wrote a play, Nightfall, about the Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg In 2006, Murray published a defence of neoconservatism – Neoconservatism: Why We Need It – and went on a speaking tour promoting the book in the United States  The publication was subsequently reviewed in the newspaper Asharq Al-Awsat by the Iranian author Amir Taheri: "Whether one agrees with him or not Murray has made a valuable contribution to the global battle of ideas " In 2007, he assisted in the writing of Towards a Grand Strategy for an Uncertain World: Renewing Transatlantic Partnership by Gen  Dr  Klaus Naumann, Gen  John Shalikashvili, Field Marshal The Lord Inge, Adm  Jacques Lanxade, and Gen  Henk van den Breemen  His book Bloody Sunday was (jointly) awarded the 2011–2012 Christopher Ewart-Biggs Memorial Prize  In June 2013, Murray's e-book Islamophilia: a Very Metropolitan Malady was published In 2017, Murray published The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam, which spent almost 20 weeks on The Sunday Times bestseller list and was a No  1 bestseller in non-fiction  It has since been published in over 20 languages  In The Strange Death of Europe, Murray argued that Europe "is committing suicide" by allowing non-European immigration into its borders and losing its "faith in its beliefs"  The book received a polarized response from critics  Juliet Samuel of The Telegraph praised Murray, saying that: "His overall thesis, that a guilt-driven and exhausted Europe is playing fast and loose with its precious modern values by embracing migration on such a scale, is hard to refute " An academic review in the Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs acclaimed the book as "explosive" and "an elegantly written, copiously documented exposé of Europe's suicidal hypocrisy"  Rod Liddle of The Sunday Times called the book "a brilliant, important and profoundly depressing book" Other reviews of the book were highly negative  In The Guardian, the political journalist Gaby Hinsliff described Strange Death as "gentrified xenophobia" and "Chapter after chapter circles around the same repetitive themes: migrants raping and murdering and terrorising", also pointing out that Murray offers little definition of the European culture which he claims is under threat  Writing in The New York Times, Pankaj Mishra described the book as "a handy digest of far-right clichés"  Mishra accused Murray of defending Pegida, of writing that the English Defence League "had a point", and of describing Viktor Orbán as a better sentinel of "European values" than George Soros  Writing in The Intercept, Murtaza Hussain criticised what he called the "relentlessly paranoid tenor" and "apocalyptic picture of Europe" portrayed in the book, while challenging the links Murray made between non-European immigration and large increases in crime  In Middle East Eye, Georgetown professor Ian Almond called the book "a staggeringly one-sided flow of statistics, interviews and examples, reflecting a clear decision to make the book a rhetorical claim that Europe is doomed to self-destruction" Murray wrote about social justice and identity politics in his 2019 book The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity which became a Sunday Times bestseller  It was also nominated as an audio book of the year for the British Book Awards  In the book, Murray points to what he sees as a cultural shift, away from established modes of religion and political ideology, in which various forms of victimhood can provide markers of social status  He divides his book into sections dealing with different forms of victimhood, including types of LGBT identity, feminism and racial politics  Murray criticises the work of French philosopher Michel Foucault for what he sees as a reduction of society to a system of power relations  Murray's book drew polarized responses from critics  Tim Stanley in The Daily Telegraph praised the book, calling Murray "a superbly perceptive guide through the age of the social justice warrior"  Katie Law in the Evening Standard said that Murray "tackled another necessary and provocative subject with wit and bravery"  Conversely, William Davies gave a highly critical review of Murray's work in The Guardian, describing the book as "the bizarre fantasies of a rightwing provocateur, blind to oppression" In 2021 Murray published The War on the West: How to Prevail in the Age of Unreason  The book was characterised by Gerard Baker as an examination of attempts to destroy Western civilisation from sources within 

Media career
Murray is an associate editor of The Spectator In 2016, Murray organised a competition through The Spectator in which entrants were invited to submit offensive poems about Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, with a top prize of £1,000 donated by a reader  This was in reaction to the Böhmermann affair, in which German satirist Jan Böhmermann was prosecuted under the German penal code for such a poem  His book Bloody Sunday: Truths, Lies and The Saville Inquiry, had been longlisted for the 2012 Orwell Book Prize  He announced the winner of the poetry competition as Conservative MP Boris Johnson (former editor of the magazine and former Mayor of London) In April, 2019, Murray spent weeks urging New Statesman journalist George Eaton and editor Jason Cowley to share the original recording of an interview between Eaton and Roger Scruton, with Murray branding the published interview – which attributed a number of controversial statements to Scruton – as "journalistic dishonesty"  Murray eventually managed to acquire the recording, which formed the basis of an article in the Spectator defending Scruton, arguing that his remarks had been misinterpreted  It is unclear how Murray obtained the recording  The New Statesman subsequently apologized for Eaton's misrepresentation Murray has written columns for The Daily Telegraph, National Review, The Wall Street Journal, UnHerd, and the New York Post  In February 2022, Murray became a Fox News contributor 

Political views
Murray has been described as a conservative, a neoconservative, and a regular critic of immigration and Islam  Murray's views have been described as "anti-Muslim" by British journalist Peter Oborne Murray has argued that the term 'far right' is used far too often by the political left  He has also said that political parties previously identified as far-right should be recognised as being able to moderate their politics over time  Murray has argued that there is an effort by the left to destroy Western culture and has argued that criticisms of Western leaders and philosophers are motivated by attempts to hurt the west 

Islam and Muslims
In February 2006, Douglas Murray said "conditions for Muslims in Europe must be made harder across the board: Europe must look like a less attractive proposition " Murray's former coworker James Brandon interpreted this comment as calling for the collective punishment of Muslims  After Murray refused Paul Goodman's offer to disown these comments, the Conservative Party frontbench severed formal relations with Murray and his Centre for Social Cohesion According to Murray's former coworker at the Centre for Social Cohesion, James Brandon, Murray failed to distinguish Islam from Islamism  Brandon said he attempted to "de-radicalise" Murray to ensure that only Islamists were targeted and not "Muslims as a whole"  Brandon writes that Murray has privately retracted some of his comments In 2005 Murray said there is "a creed of Islamic fascism – a malignant fundamentalism, woken from the Dark Ages to assault us here and now"  In 2010, during an Intelligence Squared US debate titled "Is Islam a Religion of Peace?" Murray argued "[Islam's Prophet] Muhammad was a bad man" In the wake of the 2017 London Bridge attack, Murray blamed Islam as a religion and called for reduced immigration In 2008, Murray listed the cases of 27 writers, activists, politicians and artists – including Sir Salman Rushdie, Maryam Namazie and Anwar Shaikh, all three of whom had received death threats due to their criticism of Islam  Murray said that "Unless Muslims are allowed to discuss their religion without fear of attack there can be no chance of reform or genuine freedom of conscience within Islam "In 2009, Murray was prevented from chairing a debate at the London School of Economics between Alan Sked and Hamza Tzortzis on the topic "Islam or Liberalism: Which is the Way Forward?", with the university citing security concerns following a week-long student protest against Israel's attacks on Gaza  The debate took place without Murray chairing  The move was criticised by the conservative press, such as The Daily Telegraph and The Spectator In June 2009, Murray accepted an invitation to a debate with Anjem Choudary, leader of the banned group Al-Muhajiroun, on the subject of Sharia law and British law at Conway Hall  Members of Al-Muhajiroun acting as security guards tried to segregate men and women at the entrance of the event  Clashes broke out near the entrance between Choudary's and Murray's supporters and Conway Hall cancelled the debate because of the attempted forced separation of men and women  Outside the building, a confrontation between Choudary and Murray over the cancellation of the event occurred  Murray's Centre for Social Cohesion later published a study arguing that one in seven Islam-related terrorist cases in the UK could be linked to Al-Muhajiroun Murray has argued in defence of Muslim reformers in his writing 

Brexit
Murray supported the 'Leave' side in the UK's 2016 EU referendum  In the wake of the Brexit vote, Murray expressed concern that the result "has just not been accepted by an elite" and said that the result "should be celebrated by anybody who actually believes in democracy" 

Immigration
Murray is a vocal critic of immigration  In March 2013, Murray claimed that London was a "foreign country" due to "white Britons" becoming a minority in 23 of the 33 London boroughs  In Murray's book The Strange Death of Europe, he writes that Europe and its values are committing suicide due to mass immigration; in the opening pages, he calls for halting Muslim immigration  In the book, he also details crimes committed by immigrants in Europe and writes favourably of immigration hard liner Viktor Orbán In 2018, Murray filmed a video for PragerU entitled "The Suicide of Europe"  Writing in the news website Sludge, journalist Alex Koch described the video as "evok[ing] the common white nationalist trope of white genocide with its rhetoric of 'suicide' and 'annihilation' " Koch interviewed a senior editor at the Anti-Defamation League's Center on Extremism, Mark Pitcavage, who stated that there was "almost certainly prejudice in the video" and that it was "filled with anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim rhetoric"  Similarly, the Southern Poverty Law Center described the video as a "dog whistle to the extreme right" In September 2016, Murray supported Donald Trump's proposal for a wall along the southern border of the United States  In January 2017, Murray defended Executive Order 13769 which banned entry to the U S  by citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries 

Gender and sexuality
Murray is gay, and he is a supporter of same-sex marriage  However, he has said that he believes that homosexuality "is an unstable component on which to base an individual identity and a hideously unstable way to try and base any form of group identity"  In his book The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity, Murray defends conversion therapy, and asserts that homophobia has mostly been vanquished Murray has said that it is a lie that a man can become a woman  In September 2020, during an appearance on Joe Rogan's podcast, Murray compared accepting trans people to "late-empire sign of things falling apart"  He has stated that he thinks there is no such thing as non-binary gender In September 2019, Murray said in an interview that women are held to a different standard than men when it comes to sexual behaviour, citing instances involving Drew Barrymore, Jane Fonda and Mayim Bialik behaving sexually towards men without backlash from the media 

Foreign policy
In his book Neoconservatism: Why We Need It, Murray argues that neoconservatism is necessary for fighting against dictatorships and human rights abuses  Murray has called for continuing the War on terror on Iran, Syria, and any regime which supports terrorism  He has also said that he believes that the political left or right have no desire for foreign interventions since John McCain's death On June, 2013, Murray opposed U S intervention in the Syrian civil war and wrote "as the composition of the military opponents has become clearer—al Qaeda-linked Islamists dominating one side, Bashar al-Assad's forces and Hezbollah the other—it has become obvious that the window of opportunity for outside intervention is closed"  In 2021, Murray chastised the Biden administration for withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan and for attempting to portray the withdrawal as a success Murray supported the Iraq War and wrote in 2004, "Iraq may be the big intervention of this generation  Success means the success of the Iraqi nation in a region of failing states and unprecedented freedom for a nation previously cowed by brutalism and ignored by pacifism  Failure means not only the failure of the Arab world to allow freedom and democracy to stick, and the failure of the civilized world to stand up to tyranny, but the failure and loss of many more lives in a country which finally found hope and a future " Murray also defended the war against critics on multiple occasions In 2013, Murray condemned journalist Owen Jones for mistakenly saying that Israel had killed a 11 month old child in a military strike  Jones responded by criticising Murray for ignoring a UN report which reported an Israel airstrike had killed numerous innocent civilians  In 2014, Murray defended and supported Israel during 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict  Murray also defended Israel's right to defend itself, saying, "If you don't believe that Israel has the right to stop a group that has proposed repeatedly since its existence that it wants to annihilate Israel, if you believe that Israel doesn't have the right to try and stop this enemy, then of course you don't believe Israel has the right to exist; you believe Israel has the right to die " During a visit to Israel in 2019, Murray praised Israeli society, saying that Israel "has a healthier attitude towards nationalism than Europe" and lauded Israel's restrictive approach to immigration  In 2019, Murray supported the Trump administration's decision to formally recognize Israel's sovereignty over the Golan Heights In June 2019, Murray referred to Robert Mueller's investigation into Donald Trump and Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections as a "nothing-burger"  Murray called the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine a war crime and a blunder  He has claimed that the Russian military are corrupt and inefficient, as well as praised the Ukrainians for attempting to defend their homeland  Murray has urged the Republican Party to support Ukraine, and has expressed disappointment in Republicans Matt Gaetz and Kevin McCarthy for not supporting Ukraine Murray has said he believes that China is a threat to the west  In May 2020, he rebuked people labelling the COVID-19 lab leak theory – a theory which states that COVID-19 came from a lab in China – as a conspiracy theory  He has advocated for punishing China for their role in allowing COVID-19 into the United States and has expressed concern over China's influence on American universities  Murray has also criticised TikTok, referring to it as "a piece of malware from China", and accused the Chinese Communist Party of using it to corrupt society 

Donald Trump
In November 2016, Murray questioned US Democrats calling Trump sexist, homophobic, and racist, as they had also attempted to portray Mitt Romney and John McCain in the same way  Murray also said that Trump's foreign policy plans were less provocative than Hillary Clinton's would have been  In response to Trump being nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize, Murray argued that were good reasons to nominate Trump for a prize, citing his attempts to negotiate peace with Kim Jong-un and his policy towards Israel Ahead of the 2020 United States presidential election, Murray argued that while Trump had personality flaws and enacted certain policies he did not agree with, his re-election would be more beneficial for the United Kingdom in terms of foreign policy and Brexit than a Biden administration would be  Murray praised Trump for having brokered the Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement, and wrote of the assassination of Qasem Soleimani: "American forces took out Iran's leading general, a man who had overseen the deaths of countless numbers of British and American troops, not to mention Iraqi and other civilians in the area, and Iran took it  Not least because they seemed to fear that they were dealing with a madman "In 2021, Murray criticised the January 6 United States Capitol attack perpetrated by supporters of Trump, and said that Trump alone was responsible for stoking the riot The following year, Murray reiterated his criticism of Trump's behaviour following the Capitol riot, but argued some Democratic Party politicians were contradictory in condemning the violence and claiming the riots were a danger to democracy after they had endorsed the rhetoric of the Black Lives Matter movement during the riots that followed the murder of George Floyd and Hillary Clinton's claims that the 2016 election had been stolen  Murray also argued that the Trump administration had enacted strong policies in regard to immigration, Iran, and China and it would be a strategic mistake of the Biden administration to reverse them  However, Murray has also asserted that the Republican Party should distance itself from Trump's stolen election theories and not seek 2024 primary candidates based on Trump's personal approval if it is to win the next presidential election 

Viktor Orbán
In March 2018, Viktor Orbán posted a photo on his official Facebook account of himself reading the Hungarian-language edition of The Strange Death of Europe  Murray has disputed the claim that Hungary is experiencing significant democratic backsliding under Orbán, and has called Freedom House's comparisons of Orbán's government to a dictatorship as "increasingly off-kilter"  In May 2018, Murray was personally received by Orbán in Budapest as part of the "Future of Europe" conference, along with other conservative figures like Steve Bannon, and according to Hungarian state media had an individual discussion and photograph with Orbán 

Other activities
Murray is on the international advisory board of NGO Monitor, a Jerusalem-based NGO described as pro-Israel and right-wing, which was founded in 2001 by Gerald M  Steinberg  As of 2022, he is also one of the directors of the Free Speech Union, an organization established by Toby Young in 2020 which speaks out against cancel culture Murray participates in the Intellectual Dark Web, a loosely affiliated group of commentators including Bret Weinstein, Dave Rubin, Joe Rogan, and Sam Harris 

Criticism
A number of academic and journalistic sources have linked Murray's ideology and political views to the far right, the alt-right, the Islamophobic right or some combination thereof  Murray has also been accused of being xenophobic, chauvinist and racist  His fans have described him as a defender of "free speech" Murray has been accused of putting a socially acceptable face on what would otherwise be considered fringe ideologies  In 2012, Arun Kundnani, who has written on radicalization, wrote in an article for Security and Human Rights that the "counterjihadist" ideology expressed by Murray and other conservative intellectuals was "through reworking far-right ideology and appropriating official discourse    able to evade categorisation as a source of far-right violence"  Nafeez Ahmed argued in Middle East Eye that Murray's support for free speech in the wake of the Charlie Hebdo shooting and the January 2015 Île-de-France attacks was "really just a ploy for far-right entryism"  In 2019, an article in Social Policy Review described Murray's views as a kind of "mainstreamist" ideology that defies easy categorization as extremist while remaining "entangled with the far right" Murray has been accused of promoting far-right conspiracy theories, including the Great Replacement theory, the Eurabia conspiracy theory and the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory  However, he has indicated that he dislikes the term "Cultural Marxism" Murray has contended that he is frequently mislabelled politically, and that the mainstream right are unfairly conflated with the far-right in modern political discourse  In August 2019, Murray criticised what he perceived as the overuse of terms like "far-right", saying that since the election of Donald Trump and the Brexit vote "there has been an acceleration in claimed sightings [of the far right] and a blurring of the definitions" 

Personal life
Murray was a friend of the journalist Christopher Hitchens Murray has described himself as atheist, having been an Anglican until his twenties  He has also described himself as a cultural Christian and a Christian atheist 

Works
Brandon, James; Murray, Douglas (2007), Hate on the State: How British libraries encourage Islamic extremism (PDF), Westminster, UK: Centre for Social Cohesion 
Murray, Douglas (2000), Bosie: A Biography of Lord Alfred Douglas, ISBN 0-340-76771-5 
——— (2005), Neoconservatism: Why We Need It, ISBN 1-904863-05-1 
——— (2007), Towards a Grand Strategy for an Uncertain World: Renewing Transatlantic Partnership (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2019, retrieved 21 December 2019
———; Verwey, Johan Pieter (2008), Victims of Intimidation: Freedom of Speech Within Europe's Muslim Communities (PDF), London, UK: Centre for Social Cohesion 
——— (2011), Bloody Sunday: Truths, Lies and the Saville Inquiry, London: Dialogue, ISBN 978-1-84954-149-7 
——— (2013), Islamophilia: A Very Metropolitan Malady, emBooks, ISBN 978-1-62777050-7 
——— (2017), The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam, Bloomsbury, ISBN 978-1-47294224-1 
——— (2019), The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity, Bloomsbury, ISBN 978-1-47295995-9 
——— (2022), The War on the West: How to Prevail in the Age of Unreason, Harper Collins, ISBN 978-0063162020 
Passage 2:
Press TV controversies
Press TV (stylised as PRESSTV) is an Iranian state-owned news network that broadcasts in the English and French languages owned by Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), the only organization legally able to transmit radio and TV broadcasts in Iran  The 24-hour channel, which has headquarters in Tehran, was launched on 2 July 2007 and was intended to compete with western English language services 

Background and purpose
Iran's first international English-language TV channel was established in 1976  Later in 1997, Sahar TV was launched by IRIB, broadcasting in multiple languages including English Press TV was created on 8 July 2007, for the purpose of presenting news, images and arguments, especially on Middle Eastern affairs, to counter the news coverage that appears on BBC World News, CNN International and Al Jazeera English  Press TV is state-funded and is a division of the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), the only organisation legally able to transmit radio and television broadcasts inside Iran  Based in Tehran, It broadcasts to North America, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and areas of Africa and Latin America IRIB's head is appointed directly by the supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei; according to The Guardian, it is close to the country's conservative political faction, especially the Revolutionary Guards Press TV CEO Mohammad Sarafraz said in a June 2007 press conference that, "Since September 11, Western bias has divided the media into two camps: those that favour their policies make up one group and the rest of the media are attached to radical Islamic groups like Al-Qaeda  We want to show that there is a different view  Iran, and the Shi'as in particular, have become a focal point of world propaganda  From the media point of view, we are trying to give a second eye to Western audiences "By launching an English-language television network to promote an Iranian perspective of the world, together with an Arab-language station, the Al-Alam News Network, the Iranian government said it hoped "to address a global audience exposed to misinformation and mudslinging as regards the Islamic Republic of Iran " The two networks focus on "difficult issues in the Middle East such as the United States’ occupation of neighbouring Iraq and the Shia question " According to mediachannel org, "the government aims to use Press TV to counter what it sees as a steady stream of Western propaganda against Iran as well as offer an alternative view of world news" Press TV began its activities in London during 2007  The network's website launched in late January 2007, and the channel itself on 2 July 2007  Roshan Muhammed Salih was Press TV's first London news editor and chief correspondent  In an article for The Guardian in July 2009, Salih wrote that Press TV was "willing to give a platform to legitimate actors whom the western media will not touch, such as Hamas and Hezbollah" The BBC journalist Linda Pressly described Press TV as pro-Palestinian and opposed to sanctions against Iran in December 2011  At the time Press TV Ltd in London sold programmes to Iran, principally talk shows, while Tehran's Press TV International produced the majority of the news and documentaries As of 2009, the annual budget of Press TV is 250 billion rials (more than US$8 3 million)  By then, the station was employing more than 400 throughout the world 

Controversies
Pro-Iranian government bias
Press TV promotes Iranian foreign policy and has been described as Iranian government propaganda It has aired the coerced confessions of multiple prisoners, the basis for the revocation of its license to broadcast in the UK after such an incident  Press TV has disputed accusations made against it Press TV's news bulletins often feature Iranian ministers, diplomats or government officials, or guest commentators that  express views consistent with the Iranian government's "message of the day " In 2012, commentator Douglas Murray wrote that the station was the "Iranian government’s propaganda channel" In a post-election "information offensive," reports the Associated Press, Press TV and Al-Alam have "churned out a blitz of policy statements, negotiating points and news breaks as the main soapboxes for Iran's public diplomacy "In 2007, the Canadian weekly Maclean's, while observing that "most of Press TV's news reports are factually accurate," alleged that Press TV also publishes "intentional errors," citing a story on the Press TV website that contained the claim, based on "no evidence, that the Lebanese government is trying to convert the Nahr al-Bared Palestinian refugee camp into an American military base "In August 2009, Ofcom, the British broadcasting regulator, judged that two phone-in shows hosted by George Galloway on Press TV had broken its broadcasting code on impartiality in their coverage of the Gaza War by not including enough calls from pro-Israelis  Press TV said contributions to the show reflected the balance of opinion The Sunday Times journalist Eleanor Mills walked out before a Press TV interview in 2010 after discovering she was not being interviewed by Sky News, as she had falsely believed  While she was reassured on editorial independence from Tehran, Mills doubted she would be able to talk about torture in Iran or Neda Agha-Soltan, who was shot dead in the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests 

Antisemitism
Press TV has been accused by the UK's The Jewish Chronicle of broadcasting "the most disreputable of fringe causes", such as Holocaust denial, and of antisemitic conspiracy theories by the Anti-Defamation League It was accused in December 2011 by British journalist Nick Cohen of functioning as "a platform for the full fascist conspiracy theory of supernatural Jewish power"  He wrote that "If whites ran Press TV, one would have no difficulty in saying it was a neo-Nazi network"  Oliver Kamm in The Jewish Chronicle in 2009, of having an "ability to insinuate into public debate the worst and most pernicious ideas around", including Holocaust denial   Cohen mentioned that the station featured "fascist ideologues such as Peter Rushton, the leader of the White Nationalist Party – an organisation that disproves the notion that the only thing further to the right of the BNP is the wall "In a September 2009, Press TV picked up and republished an antisemitic conspiracy theory that was circulating in Algeria and Morocco, accusing Jews of a conspiracy to kidnap Algerian children and harvest their organs  Moroccan journalist Hassan Masiky criticized Press TV for trafficking in a dangerous "work of fantasy" that is a "nonsense, nightmarish tale" In a May 2011 article reprinted on the website of Press TV, correspondent Mark Dankof wrote an article about how the prediction of the fabricated antisemitic text Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion is "only partially true", and lauded Press TV as "one of the few exceptions to the Lobby's control" of the media In 2012, a report from the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) alleged that Press TV has broadcast what the ADL described as examples of anti-Semitic conspiracy theories and opinions  The report says Press TV for interviewing individuals such as the American conspiracy theorist David Duke who said on the station that Israel was involved in 9/11 and of the Iraq War, he said: "The Zionists orchestrated and created this war in the media, the government, and international finance"  The ADL reported in 2013 that in another appearance, Duke made "anti-Semitic allegations that are consistent with his record and typical of the views often espoused on Press TV"  Mark Dankof has also backed claims on Press TV that 9/11 was an "Israeli Mossad inside operation from start to finish" In early 2015, Press TV claimed Jews or Israel were responsible for the Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris  In a 20 January 2015 article by Kevin Barrett on the station's website he claimed that "The Zionists created ISIL and sent it to fight Muslims and Christians in Syria and Iraq" while "New World Order Zionism is also targeting the USA for destruction"  In a 17 February 2015 article for the website, Barrett claimed 9/11 was a "Zionist ‘coup d'etat’ to seize power in the country and launch a permanent war on Islam on behalf of Israel" and falsely claimed the 2011 attacks in Norway was the responsibility of a "team of Zionist-liked professional killers "In early March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Press TV broadcast an item claiming "Zionist elements developed a deadlier strain of coronavirus against Iran" and a few days later claimed Israel was responsible for the virus  Both claims are entirely false 

Publication of Holocaust denial
On the subject of International Holocaust Remembrance Day (27 January), an editorial on the Press TV website in 2008 noted, "On this anniversary, we all need to mull over the faking of history and the Greatest Lie Ever Told"  In 2008, The Jerusalem Post and the British Searchlight magazine criticized Press TV for reprinting on its website an article entitled "The Walls of Auschwitz: A Review of the Chemical Studies" by the British Holocaust denier Nicholas Kollerstrom which was first published by the denial group, the Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust (CODOH)  The document claims that the Auschwitz gas chambers were used for "benign" purposes only and said "the alleged massacre of Jewish people by gassing during World War II was scientifically impossible"  Press TV described Kollerstrom, by then removed as an honorary fellow of University College London (UCL) because of the article, as a "distinguished academic"  Other Holocaust deniers to have appeared on the station include Michèle Renouf and Peter Rushton In a 2014 article on the website, the Canadian writer Brandon Martinez described Auschwitz as having been an appealing place where Jews were able to participate in "cultural and leisure activities"  He rejected the existence of gas chambers during The Holocaust and the use of Zyklon B for the mass killings of History of the Jews in Europe  To make his assertions he drew on claims made by Holocaust deniers Mark Webber and David Irving In November 2013, the Press TV website reprinted an opinion piece in its 'Viewpoints' section, first written by M I  Bhat for Veterans Today, although Bhat was a regular columnist for Press TV as well  The article blamed Jews for their fate in the Holocaust and accepted "the Nazi regime’s anti-Jewish conspiracy theories as historical fact"  Bhat queried whether American Jews were "incubating another Hitler" 

Maziar Bahari case
On 10 June 2010, the United Kingdom's Channel 4 News interviewed Iranian-Canadian journalist Maziar Bahari, a documentary maker and Newsweek contributor, who was arrested while filming the protests following the contested Iranian presidential election in 2009 Held in Evin Prison, Bahari was accused of spying for the CIA, MI6 and Mossad, and was detained for 118 days  Bahari alleged that a 10-second Press TV interview and 'confession' that the western media was guilty of fomenting the protests had been preceded by torture, and was given under the threat of execution  The nature of the interview, that it was a forced confession, was not disclosed to viewers of the footage  Having to talk complete rubbish before a camera to save his life "was like a rape”, he told The Sunday Times in 2012  "It went against the very essence of me"  Bahari is not the only Iranian prisoner who has been coerced with a following broadcast of the supposed confession 

Allegations about Canada
Following the severing of diplomatic relations between Canada and Iran in September 2012, Press TV began to devote more attention to Canada 
In December 2012, Press TV aired a report entitled "Alberta takes aboriginal kids from parents at high rate" in which Joshua Blakeney, Press TV's Calgary correspondent, claimed that Alberta's child protective services were engaged in the human trafficking of First Nations children  Blakeney stated that "Some upset parents allege that there is a profit motive behind what they refer to as Canada's so-called child protective services" and asserted that an anti-terrorism squad, called INSET, was responsible for the abductions One of the veiled women interviewed in the report (who was not identified) claimed that her "aboriginal children were taken by a squad of 32 police officers " Another woman interviewed stated that "It definitely is a money-making scheme, because a lot of native children have been sold into adoption, but it is also used as an assimilation program [and] a genocidal program " The report also showed written messages of "Help me! Now!!", which were allegedly written by abducted children The allegations in the report were immediately denied by Government officials and Native leaders  Cindy Blackstock, an associate professor at the University of Alberta and executive director of the First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada denied the report was true, stating that "The factors driving aboriginal children into care have been well-known for 15 years; it's poverty, poor housing and substance abuse      The federal government provides significantly less funding on reserves than for all other Canadians     but I have never in my life heard of any military undertones to this "Blakeney has also claimed in reports published or broadcast by Press TV, that the appearance of Canada's new $20 bill was evidence that Canada "remained an imperialist nation" and that "90% of Canadian youth felt stressed about careers " Blakeney subsequently claimed that his reports for Press TV are "defiantly illuminating the skeletons in Canada’s closet "Another report made several charges against the Canadian government, including:

Secret plans to "steal indigenous children";
"Ignorance of the First Nation land rights";
Jailing refugees without cause; and
using excessive force to suppress student protests Another program interviewed Alfred Lambremont Webre, who was described as an "international lawyer" based in Vancouver  Webre stated Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper is an "out and out Zionist" who is engaging in the "same repressive policies within Canada that Israel follows within its own territories against the Palestinian people " Webre then described a conspiracy between Vancouver police and serial killer Robert Pickton "to commit ritual Satanic murders with high-ranking politicians " Finally, Webre claimed that Queen Elizabeth II abducted 10 Aboriginal children in 1964  Concluding his comments, Webre described Canada as "the ultimate Zionist state under the British Crown and under Israel "In response, Paul Heinbecker, a former Canadian ambassador to the United Nations and a distinguished fellow at the Centre for International Governance Innovation at the University of Waterloo, has stated that Press TV is highlighting Canada's First Nations in order to "negate" Canadian reports of human rights allegations against Iran  Heinbecker stated that "The human rights situations in the two countries are scarcely comparable     but our own very real shortcomings on Aboriginal issues     are fodder for the Iranian efforts " Iranian native Payam Akhavan, a professor of international law at McGill University, stated that "Canada's diplomatic posture has elevated its ranking in the regime's demonology charts " Ed Corrigan, an immigration lawyer and former councillor for London, Ontario, is a regular guest on Press TV  Corrigan, who has said that "There's very few people in Canada who have more expertise on Middle East politics than I do," argues that Press TV is demonstrating the "international opinion" of Canada's treatment of its native peoples, explaining that "We tend to forget about our conquest of North America     but most countries in the world see it as a colonial exercise "

Coverage of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Like the Kremlin, Press TV used Moscow's term "special operation" to describe the early days of the 2022 war in Ukraine  It also used headlines describing massacred civilians in Bucha as "fake attack" and "provocation" aimed at Russia 

Staff resignations
Nick Ferrari
Nick Ferrari, a British radio presenter on LBC, resigned from his show on Press TV on 30 June 2009, following the response of the country's authorities to protests over the disputed Iranian presidential election  Ferrari told The Times that Press TV's news coverage had been "reasonably fair" until the election—but was not any longer  Ferrari admitted joining Press TV "was one of the dimmest career decisions of my life", although he also said he had not been pressurized to adhere to any particular line 

Hassan Abdulrahman
In September 2009, The Times reported that Hassan Abdulrahman, born David Theodore Belfield, one of the chief editors of the Press TV website from the beginning of Press TV's news department, had stated that he left Press TV as chief online editor in July 2009 after the election in protest at its skewed coverage of that event  The Times quoted Abdulrahman as saying, "No, I don't think Press TV is about [real journalism]  By its nature, state journalism is not journalism  They have some programmes on there that might be, but generally it's not " In the article the Times also reported that Abdulrahman, who has also used the alias Dawud Salahuddin, is wanted by the FBI for shooting dead Ali Akbar Tabatabai, a former press attache at the pre-revolutionary Iranian embassy in Washington, in 1980  The Iranian government provided Belfield money and airfare to Tehran after he committed the killing, which he admitted to in 1995  (However, he denied that it was "murderous", stating that it was "an act of war   In Islamic religious terms, taking a life is sometimes sanctioned and even highly praised, and I thought that event was just such a time ")

Sheena Shirani
Sheena Shirani worked for Press TV from 2007 to January 2016 as an editor, producer and news presenter  She said that her news director Hamid Reza Emadi and studio manager Payam Afshar sexually harassed her for years, and published a recorded phone conversation with her boss Emadi  Press TV suspended both managers following the incident 

Sanctions and restrictions
In 2010, the Jammu and Kashmir government banned Press TV for airing video on the 2010 Qur'an-burning controversy saying "We have decided to impose a ban on the airing of Press TV broadcasts by local cable operators  We appeal to the people not to heed unverified reports about the alleged desecration of the Holy Koran which have only been aired by Press TV and no other television news channel in the world "On 3 April 2012, Munich-based media regulator Bayerische Landeszentrale für neue Medien (BLM), announced it was removing Press TV from the SES Astra satellite, as they did not have a licence to broadcast in Europe In October 2012, Eutelsat stopped broadcasting Press TV on the order, the channel said, of the European Commission  The following month, the Hong Kong-based AsiaSat took Iranian channels off air in East Asia  The Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting managed to resume broadcasts after striking deals with smaller companies that are based in other countries Google blocked Press TV access to their Gmail and YouTube in April 2019; although the latter remained active no new content could be added  YouTube removed Press TV UK from its platform in January 2020  Press TV accused Google, which owns YouTube, of censorship  The Press TV UK channel appeared after the original was removed  In April 2019, Press TV reported that Google blocked their access (along with HispanTV) "without prior notice, citing "violation of policies," and that they received a message saying "your Google Account was disabled and can’t be restored because it was used in a way that violates Google’s policies " Although their YouTube channels remain open, no new content can be published  Press TV claimed that Google "has refused to offer an explanation for shutting down the accounts," and that they have not violated any of Google's listed policies On 26 June 2008, Florida congressman Gus Bilirakis proposed to declare Press TV, Al-Alam News Network and several IRIB-affiliated channels as a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist entity "

UK license revocation
Maziar Bahari, by then a British resident, complained to Ofcom, the regulatory authority for the telecommunication industries in the United Kingdom In May 2011, Ofcom ruled that Press TV was responsible for a serious breach of UK broadcasting rules by airing a 10-second interview with Maziar Bahari, accepting that it had been obtained under duress while he was imprisoned  Ofcom held a hearing in July 2011; the Press TV delegation included two British politicians who have worked as presenters for the channel  A fine of £100,000 ($155,000 in January 2012) was eventually imposed in November 2011, reversing an initial decision to revoke Press TV's licence  The extent of the fine was partly due to Press TV continuing to run the interview after warnings from Ofcom that the station had broken the Broadcasting Code Responding to the decision, Press TV said Ofcom was "influenced by powerful pro-Israeli politicians and US sympathisers" and "members of the royal family and the government"  It maintained Bahari was an "MI6 contact person"  Defenders of Press TV, such as Geoffrey Alderman and the broadcaster's legal representative, Farooq Bajwa, referred to a formerly secret American diplomatic cable dated 4 February 2010 which was released by WikiLeaks  The cable said the British government was then "exploring ways to limit the operations of the IRIB's Press TV service" in response to the jamming by the Iranian government of broadcasts by the BBC Persian Service and the Voice of America On 20 January 2012, Press TV's licence to broadcast in the UK was revoked by Ofcom with immediate effect  The investigation into the Bahari case had revealed the applying company's direct connection to Tehran, and that editorial control came from there  An invitation to change this in the licence had not been taken up by Press TV  Geoffrey Alderman, who had appeared on Press TV to put the Zionist case, criticised the Ofcom decision, describing it as "thoroughly deplorable as well as palpably cynical" and "an affront to freedom of expression"  He said the location of Press TV's editorial control had not changed since the licence was granted  Press TV said Ofcom's decision was a "clear instance of censorship"  However, it continued to broadcast in the UK via its YouTube and Facebook pages 

Website domain seizure
On 22 June 2021, the presstv com domain was seized from a company based in the United States by the United States Department of Justice, shutting down Press TV's website and the websites of other Iranian media outlets  The Department of Justice said that these sites were sources of Iranian-linked disinformation and that proper licensing had not been acquired from the Office of Foreign Assets Control for the use of the domains  Soon thereafter, the broadcaster changed the domain name for its website to use the  ir top-level domain and was back online 

Support for Press TV
In 2009, responding to Peter Wilby, Dominic Lawson and other critics, Mehdi Hasan, writing for the New Statesman, argued that "engaging with Iran, no matter who is in charge in Tehran, is a prerequisite for peace and progress in the region  The very fact that Press TV is Iranian-owned makes it the ideal English-language platform on which to do so "American conspiracy theorist James Fetzer, whose views have often been featured by PressTV and Fars News, has stated that "Press TV, along with RT and Sputnik News, have become the gold standard for reporting on international events and developments" 

See also
Media in Iran
National Iranian Radio and Television
Passage 3:
Francis J  Beckwith
Francis J  "Frank" Beckwith (born November 3, 1960) is an American philosopher, professor, scholar, speaker, writer, and lecturer 
He is currently Professor of Philosophy & Church-State Studies, Affiliate Professor of Political Science and Associate Director of the Graduate Program in Philosophy, at Baylor University, where he first served as Associate Director of Baylor's J  M  Dawson Institute of Church-State Studies Beckwith works in the areas of ethics, legal and political philosophy, philosophy of religion, and church-state jurisprudence Beckwith is well known for his legal and philosophical work on abortion, arguing in defense of the sanctity of life in several academic publications including his 2007 book Defending Life, published by Cambridge University Press, and his 1993 book, Politically Correct Death, published by Baker Publishing Group  He has also published multiple books examining current philosophical questions regarding religion, law and politics  His 2015 book, Taking Rites Seriously: Law, Politics and the Reasonableness of Faith, (Cambridge University Press), was the winner of the prestigious American Academy of Religion's 2016 Book Award for Excellence in the Study of Religion in the category of Constructive-Reflective Studies In May 2007, he returned to the Catholicism of his youth, after decades as an Evangelical Protestant  This inspired him to write a book describing his faith journey, titled Return to Rome: Confessions of an Evangelical Catholic published by Brazos Press  It is compared with Scott Hahn's Rome Sweet Home, as a significant work of Catholic Apologetics 

Life, education and academic appointments
Beckwith was born in Brooklyn, New York and grew up in Las Vegas, Nevada  He is a graduate of Bishop Gorman High School, where he was a member of the 1978 AAA Basketball high school state championship team  His siblings include the writer, comic, and actress Elizabeth Beckwith Francis Beckwith earned a B A  in philosophy from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV)  He later earned his MA in apologetics from Simon Greenleaf University, Anaheim, which merged with Trinity International University, Illinois in 1996  Beckwith earned his doctorate from  Fordham University (PhD  and M A  in philosophy), and his MJS (Master of Juridical Studies) from the Washington University School of Law, St  Louis A condensed version of Beckwith's 1984 M A  thesis on the Baháʼí Faith was published by Bethany House, as Baha'i [sic]: A Christian Response in 1985 In 2001, Beckwith completed his Wash  U  M J S dissertation on the inclusion of intelligent design in public school science curricula  In 2003, Rowman and Littlefield published his dissertation in revised and expanded form as Law, Darwinism, and Public Education: The Establishment Clause and the Challenge of Intelligent Design 
Prior to arriving at Baylor in July 2003, he was a Visiting Research Fellow (2002–2003) in the James Madison Program in the Politics Department at Princeton University  He has also held full-time academic appointments at UNLV (Lecturer in Philosophy, 1989–96), Whittier College (Assistant Professor of Philosophy, 1996–97), and Trinity International University (Associate Professor Philosophy, Culture, and Law, 1997-2002)  Beckwith has also held two visiting endowed appointments: (2008-2009) Mary Anne Remick Senior Visiting Fellow in the de Nicola Center for Ethics & Culture at the University of Notre Dame, and (2016–2017) Visiting Scholar in Conservative Thought and Policy in the Benson Center for Western Civilization, Thought, and Policy at the University of Colorado, Boulder In November 2006, Beckwith became the 58th president of the Evangelical Theological Society (ETS), only to resign both his presidency and membership in May 2007, a week after he returned to the Catholic Church  Over a decade later, he became the 90th president of the American Catholic Philosophical Association (ACPA)  From 1995 to 2007, he was a fellow at The Center for Bioethics & Human DignityIn 2003, after his appointment as associate director of the J  M  Dawson Institute of Church-State Studies at Baylor, 29 members of the Dawson family called on Baylor University to remove Beckwith as associate director  The Dawson family members questioned the appointment, accusing Beckwith of holding church-state positions contrary to Dawson's beliefs on the separation of church and state, largely because of Beckwith's affiliation with the Discovery Institute (DI) and his work on 
intelligent design and public education  Beckwith argued that their concerns were not well founded and that they represented a fundamental misunderstanding of his positions  In summer 2007 Beckwith dropped his affiliation with Discovery  He has subsequently published works highly critical of intelligent design, including chapters in his award-winning 2015 book Taking Rites Seriously' and his 2019 book Never Doubt Thomas: The Catholic Aquinas as Evangelical and Protestant  He currently resides with his wife in Texas 

Bibliography
Francis J  Beckwith in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Baha'i [sic]: A Christian Response to Baha'ism [sic] (Bethany House, 1985) 
David Hume's Argument Against Miracles: A Critical Analysis (Lanham: University Press of America, 1989) 
The Mormon Concept of God: A Philosophical Analysis with Stephen E  Parrish (Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1991) 
Politically Correct Death: Answering the Arguments for Abortion Rights (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1993) 
Are You Politically Correct?: Debating America's Cultural Standards with Michael E  Bauman, eds  (Buffalo: Prometheus, 1993) 
See the gods fall: Four Rivals to Christianity with Stephen E  Parrish, (Joplin: College Press, 1997) 
Affirmative Action: Social Justice or Reverse Discrimination? with Todd E  Jones, eds  (Amherst: Prometheus, 1997) 
Relativism: Feet Firmly Planted in Mid-Air with Gregory Koukl, (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998) 
The Abortion Controversy 25 Years After Roe v  Wade: A Reader 2nd ed  with Louis Pojman, eds  (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1998) 
The New Mormon Challenge with Carl Mosser and Paul Owen, eds  (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2002) 
Do the Right Thing: Readings in Applied Ethics and Social Philosophy editor, 2nd ed  (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2002) 
Law, Darwinism, and Public Education: The Establishment Clause and the Challenge of Intelligent Design (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003) 
To Everyone An Answer: A Case for the Christian Worldview with William Lane Craig and J  P  Moreland, eds  (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2004) 
Defending Life: A Moral and Legal Case Against Abortion Choice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007)
Return to Rome: Confessions of an Evangelical Catholic  Grand Rapids, MI: Brazos Press, 2009
Politics for Christians: Statecraft as Soulcraft (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2010)
A Second Look at First Things: A Case for Conservative Politics  The Hadley Arkes Festschrift (w/ R  P  George, S  McWilliams)  (South Bend, IN: St  Augustine Press, 2013)
Taking Rites Seriously: Law, Politics, and the Reasonableness of Faith (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015)
Never Doubt Thomas: The Catholic Aquinas as Evangelical and Protestant (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2019)
Passage 4:
George Weinstock
George M  Weinstock (born February 6, 1949) is an American geneticist and microbiologist on the faculty of The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, where he is a professor and the associate director for microbial genomics  Before joining The Jackson Laboratory, he taught at Washington University in St  Louis and served as associate director of The Genome Institute  Previously, Dr  Weinstock was co-director of the Human Genome Sequencing Center (HGSC) at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, and Professor of Molecular and Human Genetics there [1] He received his B S  degree from the University of Michigan in 1970 and his Ph D  from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1977  He has spent most of his career taking genomic approaches to study fundamental biological processes 
Weinstock's parents met during the Manhattan Project in Los Alamos, New Mexico, and he grew up meeting many of the participants in the atomic bomb project and their colleagues  He performed his PhD thesis under David Botstein at MIT, studying the structure of phage P22 chromosome 
As a postdoctoral fellow with Dr  I  R  Lehman at Stanford University School of Medicine, Dr  Weinstock and Kevin McEntee discovered that the RecA protein of E  coli catalyzed strand transfer in genetic recombination  Later, as a faculty member at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), he led one of the first bacterial genome projects, collaborating with The Institute for Genomic Research to sequence the entire genome of a bacterium, Treponema pallidum, the organism that causes syphilis  In 1999 he joined Richard Gibbs at the HGSC as one of the five main centers to work on the Human Genome Project   The HGSC produced sequences of human chromosomes 3, 12 and X  Dr  Weinstock was a principal investigator in projects producing genome sequences for rat, mouse, macaque, bovine, sea urchin, honey bee, fruit fly and many microbial genomes, as well as one of the first personal genome projects, sequencing Dr  James Watson’s genome using next-generation sequencing technology He was a leader of the Human Microbiome Project, studying the collection of microbes that colonize the human body 

Awards and honors
Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellow, American Academy of Microbiology
Editorial Board, Genome Biology
Editorial Board, Genome Biology and Evolution
Editorial Board, BMC Genomics
Passage 5:
Richard D  Cummings
Richard D  Cummings is an American biochemist who is the S  Daniel Abraham Professor of Surgery at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts  He also the chief of the division of surgical sciences within the department of surgery   He is  the director of the Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, director of the National Center for Functional Glycomics, and also founder of the Glycomics Core at BIDMC   As of 2018 Cummings is also the scientific director of the Feihi Nutrition Laboratory at BIDMC   Before moving to BIDMC/HMS, Cummings was the William Patterson Timmie Professor and chair of the department of biochemistry at Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta, Georgia from 2006 to 2015  At Emory, Cummings was a founder in 2007 of the Emory Glycomics Center 

Education
Cummings graduated from Isabella High School near Maplesville, Alabama, and received his B S  in biology and chemistry from the University of Montevallo in Montevallo, Alabama  He received his Ph D  in biology (biochemistry) from The Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, where he trained with Stephen A  Roth, and was a postdoctoral fellow in the division of hematology/oncology at Washington University School of Medicine, where he trained with Stuart A  Kornfeld 

Career and research
Cummings was professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at the University of Georgia in Athens from 1983-1992 and associate director of the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center Cummings was the Ed Miller Endowed Chair in Molecular Biology, the George Lynn Cross Professor in Biochemistry, and professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Medicine, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma from 1992-2006  He was the founder in 1999 of the Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology Cummings was a co-founder in 2002, along with Rodger P  McEver and Richard Alvarez, of Selexys Pharmaceuticals Corporation, where he initially served as president and chief scientific officer   Selexys was based in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma   The emphasis of the company was in developing treatments for inflammatory disorders  On November 21, 2016, it was announced that Selexys was purchased by Novartis   The purchase occurred following receipt of results of the SUSTAIN study, a Phase II trial evaluating the use of SelG1, an anti-P-selectin antibody, in the reduction of vaso-occlusive pain crises in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) Cummings was also a co-founder in 2014 of Tetherex Pharmaceuticals, a spinoff of Selexys in Oklahoma City, that is developing novel first-in-class therapeutics targeting cell adhesion proteins in inflammatory and oncologic diseases  In 1988 he was a founder of ELA Technologies, Inc  in Athens, Georgia, that specialized in developing uses of bioluminescent proteins in high-sensitivity detection assays 

Research
Cummings is a co-founder of the fields of glycomics and glycobiology   His research, which has been funded by the National Institutes of Health since 1984, has focused on the biochemical and molecular regulation of cellular metabolism and function   His work emphasizes the roles of glycoconjugates in cell adhesion and cell signaling   In his biochemical studies he is exploring the fundamental pathways of glycoconjugate biosynthesis and alterations in biosynthesis in human and animal diseases   He is also exploring the roles of proteins and lectins that recognize glycans, as well as anti-glycan antibodies, in biological pathways and disease, including inflammation, autoimmunity, infectious diseases, and cancer   Cummings has over 330 peer-reviewed publications in the field  Among his notable discoveries are the immunogenic glycans in parasitic helminths, the nature of the sulfated and glycosylated ligand PSGL-1 for selectins, the molecular chaperone COSMC (C1GalT1C1) that regulates T-synthase activity and consequently O-glycosylation pathways, and the roles of glycans in regulating leukocyte trafficking 

Appointments and awards
Cummings is an elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2014), member of Sigma Xi (2020) and a past President of the Society for Glycobiology (2001)   In 2008 he received the Karl Meyer Award from the Society for Glycobiology and in 2019 he received the IGO Award from the International Glycoconjugate Organization, all in recognition of his contributions to glycosciences  Cummings is the chair of the Steering Committee for the Consortium of Functional Glycomics, a worldwide organization that is a comprehensive resource for functional glycomics   Cummings is the director of the National Center for Functional Glycomics, which relocated in 2015 from Emory to BIDMC/HMS, and develops and offers a variety of glycan microarray technologies for researchers in the field  Cummings is also co-Director of the Human Glycome Project, a world-wide effort to identify and functionally characterize the components of the human glycome 

Publications
Cummings is a co-Editor of the 1st Edition of Essentials of Glycobiology (1999), the 2nd Edition (2009) of Essentials of Glycobiology, the 3rd Edition (2017) of Essentials of Glycobiology, and now the 4th Edition (2022) of Essentials of Glycobiology, the first textbook in the field of glycobiology  Cummings was also the artwork editor for the textbook and prepared most of the illustrations   This textbook in 2003 became one of the pioneering textbooks to be distributed electronically by the National Library of Medicine  Cummings is also a co-editor of Handbook of Glycomics, which provides a comprehensive overview of the emerging field of glycomics, and a co-editor of Galectins:  Methods and Protocols   In addition, Cummings currently has 32 US Patents in the field of biotechnology and glycobiology 
Passage 6:
Jeanetta Laurence
Jeanetta Christine Laurence OBE (born December 1949) is the former associate director of The Royal Ballet  She was artistic administrator from 1990, assistant director from 2003 and associate director from  2009 to 2014 Jeanetta Laurence was born in Oxford, trained at The Royal Ballet School  She rose to be a soloist with The Royal Ballet and created roles in works by Jack Carter, Ronald Hynd, Joe Layton, Lynn Seymour and others Laurence received an OBE in the 2015 New Year Honours, "for services do dance" 
Passage 7:
Carole Hayman
Carole Hayman is an English writer, broadcaster, actor and director  She was born in Kent, and attended Leeds University and the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School  She has been an actress and theatre director and was an associate director at the Royal Court Theatre in the late eighties  She was married to Max Stafford-Clark, the director of the theatre during some of that period  During that time she appeared in many of Caryl Churchill's plays including, Cloud Nine and Top Girls   As Associate Director, she directed plays by Sarah Daniels, Andrea Dunbar, G E  Newman, Fay Weldon and Sue Townsend, including Ripen our Darkness and Byrthrite by Sarah Daniels and Bazaar and Rummage and The Great Celestial Cow by Sue Townsend   She has published many comic and satirical novels and written radio and TV series for the BBC, ITV and Channel Four  These include Ladies of Letters (co-written with Lou Wakefield) and The Refuge and The Spinney (co-written with Sue Townsend) 

Novels
The Warfleet Chronicles, consisting of:
Missing (1998) Gollancz
Greed, Crime, Sudden Death (1998) Gollancz
Connections (2002), published online at http://www sealit org
Hard Choices (2001) published online  Later published in hard copy by Aurora Metro 
Cuddling Sharks (2001) published online
One to Watch (2001) published online
Ladies of Letters (series of books and BBC Radio 4 eleven comedy series  ITV three TV series)
Ladies of Letters (2000) Granada Media
More Ladies of Letters (2000) Granada Media
Ladies of Letters com (2001, Little, Brown)
Ladies of Letters Log On (2002)
The Rashomon Principle (2000)
Ciaou Kim (1989)
All The Best Kim (1988) HarperCollins

Television
She played Mrs Godber in "The Veiled Lady", S2:E2 of ITV's Agatha Christie's Poirot, January 14, 1990 
Passage 8:
Murray Esler
Professor Murray David Esler, AM (born in 1943 in Geelong, Australia) is a clinical cardiologist and medical scientist, based at the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute and the Alfred Hospital in Melbourne, where he is the Associate Director of the Heart Centre  He is a Professor of Medicine at Melbourne's Monash University  As Associate Director of the Baker, Professor Esler leads the Institute’s research into the relationship between the brain and heart health  He studied medicine at the University of Melbourne and received a PhD from the Australian National University (Department of Clinical Science)  His chief research interests are the causes and treatment of high blood pressure and heart failure, the effects of stress on the cardiovascular system, and monoamine transmitters of the human brain 
His research on the sympathetic nerves of the kidneys in essential hypertension provided the theoretical basis for the development of a revolutionary treatment of high blood pressure, involving silencing these nerves with a radio wave emitting catheter placed in the kidney arteries  This treatment, called Renal Sympathetic Denervation, is now used clinically in Europe and Australia for severe drug-resistant hypertension, and is in Stage 3 trials in the United States 
He is the father of actor Ben Esler 

Awards
Professor Esler has received the following awards for his research:

Excellence Award in Hypertension Research, awarded by the American Heart Association in (2013) 
Bjorn Folkow Award of the European Society of Hypertension (2012) 
Eureka Prize for Translational Research, shared with Professor Markus Schlaich (2011) 
Victoria Prize, State Government of Victoria (2009)
Order of Australia; AM (2007)
Hamdan Award for Medical Research Excellence, awarded by Sheikh Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum Award for Medical Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (2006) 
Centenary Medal (2003) of the Government of Australia 
Elected a fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (2002) 
Hartnett Medal of the Royal Society of the Arts (2002) 
Merck Sharpe & Dohme Award of the International Society of Hypertension (2000) 
Ramaciotti Medal (1997), for excellence in biomedical research 
RT Hall Prize (1996), for research in cardiology, awarded annually by the Cardiac Society of Australasia 
Wellcome (Australia) Medal (1989), awarded annually for "the most outstanding biomedical research in Australia" 
Susman Prize, Royal Australasian College of Physicians (1983), awarded annually for "the best original contribution to internal medicine by a Fellow or Member of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians" 
Passage 9:
Julie Huber
Julie Huber is a Senior Scientist in the Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry department at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  She previously was an associate professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at Brown University, an associate scientist at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and the associate director of the MBL's Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution  She also serves as the associate director of the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations, a National Science Foundation-supported program headquartered at the University of Southern California 

Early life and education
Huber spent her youth in Chicago and has cited frequent visits to the local Shedd Aquarium as part of her inspiration to pursue a career in oceanography  Huber was an undergraduate student at Eckerd College in St  Petersburg, Florida, and received her B S  in marine science in 1998  She received her Ph D  in biological oceanography from the University of Washington in 2004 for work with oceanographer and astrobiologist John Baross on the microbial ecology of underwater volcanoes 

Academic career
Huber began work as a postdoctoral fellow at the Marine Biological Laboratory, a facility in Woods Hole, Massachusetts affiliated with the University of Chicago, in 2005; she became an assistant scientist there in 2007  She joined the faculty at Brown University as an assistant professor of ecology and evolutionary biology in 2008  She became an associate scientist at MBL and the associate director of the Josephine Bay Paul Center in 2013, and an associate professor at Brown in 2014  She moved her laboratory to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in June 2017 
Since 2015 Huber has served on the editorial board of the scientific journal Environmental Microbiology and as a senior editor of mSystems, an open-access journal published by the American Society for Microbiology  Huber is also active in public outreach and science communication 

Research
Huber's research group studies the microbial ecology of the deep ocean, particularly the habitat formed beneath the sea floor and the contributions of microbes to marine biogeochemistry 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Jack Young (speedway rider)
Jack Ellis Young (31 January 1925 in Adelaide, South Australia – 28 August 1987 in Adelaide) was a Motorcycle speedway rider who won the Speedway World Championship in 1951 and 1952  He also won the London Riders' Championship 1953 and 1954 and was a nine time South Australian Champion between 1948 and 1964 By winning the 1951 and 1952 World Championships, Young became the first Australian to win two World Championships in any form of motorsport 

Career
Australia
Jack Young started racing bikes with younger brother Frank on the Sand Pits at Findon in Adelaide, before starting his speedway career at the Kilburn Speedway on 9 May 1947 riding a 1926 Harley-Davidson Peashooter borrowed from his brother  There he rode alongside older brother Wally "Joey" Young (b  1916 – d  1990), and younger brother Frank  Jack and Frank both represented Australia in test matches against England  Quickly proving himself to be one of the best riders in Adelaide, Jack placed an impressive second in the SA title in 1947 (after only having raced at a couple of meetings), and would win his first South Australian Championship in 1948  He would go on to win the SA Championship again in 1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1963 and 1964, all at Rowley Park Speedway  Young would win the Queensland State Championship in 1953 at the Brisbane Exhibition Ground, and the Victorian State Championship in 1957 at the Tracey's Speedway in Melbourne 
Despite his two World Championships, nine South Australian Championships and the Queensland and Victorian titles, Jack Young would never win or even place in the Australian Individual Speedway Championship, which during his time were held almost exclusively in New South Wales (at the Sydney Showground or Sydney Sports Ground), or in Queensland at the Exhibition Ground  Young declined several invitations to ride in the Australian championship, often preferring to take a break from speedway to enjoy the Australian summer and go fishing  He did finish third in an unofficial "Australian Championship" staged at the Harringay Stadium in London, England in 1950  The promoters of the speedway had a clearing in their schedule and decided fill the space by inviting the top Australian riders in the British Leagues at the time to ride in an Australian Championship (the field included Aussie born New Zealander Ronnie Moore)  Brisbane rider Graham Warren won the meeting from NSW rider Aub Lawson and Young 
Jack Young announced his retirement from Speedway in December 1963 on the night he won his ninth and last SA Championship (counted as the 1963/64 Championship)  Young and the rider who would succeed him as South Australia's best rider John Boulger, jointly hold the record for SA title wins with nine each 
A lover of fishing, at his home in Adelaide Young was known to use his two World Championship trophies as a place to store his sinkers 
Just a year after his death, Jack Young was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame for his services to speedway In 2008, Young was posthumously inducted into the Australian Speedway Hall of Fame 
In November 2014, Jack Young was inducted into the Motorcycling South Australia Hall of Fame 

International
After winning his first South Australian championship in 1948 at Kilburn, as well as impressive displays for Australia in home Test's against England, Jack Young had the attention of British promoters  He was signed by the Edinburgh Monarchs in 1949 after they paid his fare to come over for a trial  He scored maximum points on his debut, winning all six of his rides 
In 1949, 1950 and 1951, Young won the Scottish Riders Championship (now the Scottish Open) at Old Meadowbank in Edinburgh 
In 1951, Jack Young made history by becoming the first second division rider to become World Champion when he won the title at the Wembley Stadium in London  He defeated England's Split Waterman and fellow Australian Jack Biggs in a three way run-off for the title after each had finished the meeting on 12 points In 1952 Young moved up a division by joining the West Ham Hammers for a then record transfer fee of UK£3,750  He also retained his World title in front of 93,000 fans at Wembley, thus becoming the first dual World Champion and the first rider to win the title two years in succession 
He stayed with the Hammers until the end of the 1955 season and is remembered by many West Ham riders and fans alike as the best rider to ever race for the team  Young stayed home in Adelaide for the next two seasons riding mainly at his home track of Rowley Park, but in 1958 he returned to the UK to ride for the Coventry Bees  After again returning home to Adelaide in 1959, he again rode for the Bees in 1960 and 1961 
Jack Young's last World Final appearance was as a reserve rider for the 1961 Championship at the Malmö Stadion in Malmö, Sweden (the first World Championship Final not held at Wembley)  Neither Young, nor the other reserve rider, Swede Leif Larsson, got to ride in the final 
Jack Young also represented Australia in test matches both at home and overseas and had the honour of captaining his country on many occasions  He first represented Australia in the 7th test against England on 17 February 1950 at the Kilburn Speedway in Adelaide and proved his class by top scoring on the night with 17 points  During the early part of his career when riding for the Edinburgh Monarchs, Young also represented Scotland in some matches 

Career Highlights
World Champion – 1951, 1952
South Australian Champion – 1948, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1964
Scottish Riders Champion – 1949, 1950, 1951
Adelaide Golden Helmet winner – 1949 (4 wins at Kilburn Speedway) and 1950 (2 wins at Rowley Park Speedway)
Tom Farndon Memorial Trophy – 1951, 1961
Queensland State Champion – 1953
London Riders' Champion – 1953, 1954
National Trophy (with West Ham Hammers) – 1955
Victorian State Champion – 1957
12 times in succession British Match Race Champion over a two-year period, unbeaten in 33 successive meetings in Britain
Holds the record for the highest points won in a season in Britain 
Inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame – 1988
Inducted into the Australian Speedway Hall of Fame – 2008
Inducted into the Motorcycling South Australia Hall of Fame – 2014

World Final Appearances
1950 –  London, Wembley Stadium – 8th – 7pts
1951 –  London, Wembley Stadium – Winner – 12+3pts
1952 –  London, Wembley Stadium – Winner – 14pts
1953 –  London, Wembley Stadium – 5th – 10pts
1954 –  London, Wembley Stadium – 4th – 11pts
1955 –  London, Wembley Stadium – 7th – 10pts
1960 –  London, Wembley Stadium – 10th – 6pts
1961 –  Malmö, Malmö Stadion – Reserve – Did not Ride

Death
Jack died of a lung disorder in Adelaide's Modbury Hospital on 28 August 1987 at the age of sixty two  Years of riding through dust clouds on British cinder tracks, as well as being a heavy cigarette smoker had left Young with Emphysema  He was survived by his wife Joan whom he had married on 12 May 1945 in the All Saints Church of England in the Adelaide suburb of Hindmarsh  Jack and Joan Young (born Joan Mary Carroll) had one son and two daughters 
Jack Young was the idol of a young rider from Christchurch, New Zealand who rode against him in Australia during the early 1960s, with the two forming a friendship that would last until Jack's passing in 1987  That rider, Ivan Mauger, who was actually based at Rowley Park at the time, would go on to win a record six Speedway World Championships (1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1977, 1979), three Long Track World Championships (1971, 1972, 1976), four Speedway World Team Cups (1968, 1971, 1972, 1979), and two Speedway World Pairs Championships (1969, 1970)  Mauger credits advice he received from Young at the 1960 Australian Long Track Championship in the South Australian coastal town of Port Pirie for putting him on the path to becoming a World Champion 

Jack Young Solo Cup
The Jack Young Solo Cup (formerly known as the Jack Young Memorial Cup) is held in his honour every year at the Gillman Speedway in Adelaide after being previously held from 1990 to 1997 at Gillman's predecessor North Arm Speedway  The first cup was won by Swedish rider Jimmy Nilsen at the conclusion of an Australia vs the Rest of the World test match  The second running of the race again saw a win by a Swedish rider, 1984 and 1988 Ice Racing World Champion Erik Stenlund  The race was again run at the conclusion of Test, this time between Australia and Sweden  The international flavour continued in 1992 when the Cup was won by England's Steve Schofield  The first Australian winner was Mildura rider Jason Lyons who won the Cup in 1993 
Ten times Australian Solo Champion Leigh Adams from Mildura holds the record with five wins in 1994 and 1997 (North Arm), and 2001, 2002 and 2003 (Gillman)  The first South Australian rider to win the cup was Shane Bowes who won in 1996 
1995 winner Tomasz Gollob from Poland (who was based at North Arm for the 1994/95 Australian season) is the only rider to win the cup who has emulated Young's feat of winning the Individual Speedway World Championship  Gollob won the 2010 Speedway Grand Prix series to become the World Champion, while Leigh Adams was the 1992 World Under-21 Champion and Eric Stenlund was a dual Ice Racing World Champion 
With the closure of North Arm in 1997, and the new Gillman Speedway not ready for championship meetings until 2001, the Jack Young Solo Cup was not held from 1998 to 2000  Leigh Adams won the Cup the last time it was held at North Arm in 1997 as well as the first time it was run at Gillman in 2001  The 2001 meeting, held on 26 January (Australia Day), was also the official opening of the new Gillman Speedway 
After being a single, six lap race for many years, the Jack Young Solo Cup is currently run in a championship format with riders earning points in the heats before the top scorers go into a semi final and then the final  The current holder of the Jack Young Solo Cup is Tyron Proctor who won his third JYSC in four years on 28 November 2015 * Note: The winner of the "Scottish Open Championship", of which Young was a three time winner, also receives the "Jack Young Memorial Scottish Open Trophy" in honour of the former Edinburgh Monarchs star rider  Adelaide's Rory Schlein is the only rider to have won both Jack Young Memorial trophies 

Jack Young Solo Cup Winners
Passage 2:
British Speedway Championship
The British Speedway Championship is an annual motorcycle speedway competition open to British national speedway riders 
The winner of the event becomes the British Speedway Champion 

History
Inaugurated in 1961 as a qualifying round of the Speedway World Championship it was open to riders from Britain and the British dominions  It was initially dominated by riders from New Zealand such as Barry Briggs and Ivan Mauger because of the British Final forming part of the World Speedway championship qualifying rounds  Briggs and Mauger were multiple world champions  It was not until 1975 that the final was restricted to British riders  Countries such as Australia and New Zealand then held their own World Individual Speedway championship qualifying rounds  In the first dozen finals, it was only won twice by a British born rider, both times by Peter Craven Australians Rory Schlein and Jason Crump rode under an ACU (British) licence 

British Champions
Medals classification
See also
British Speedway Under 18 Championship
British Speedway Under 21 Championship
Speedway in the United Kingdom
Passage 3:
Kurt Hansen (speedway rider)
Kurt Hansen (born 2 October 1964) is a former motorcycle speedway rider from Denmark 

Career
He competed in two finals of the Speedway Under-21 World Championship (known as the European Championship at the time)  The first was as a reserve  in the 1984 Individual Speedway Junior European Championship and the second as an outright qualifier in the 1985 Individual Speedway Junior European Championship, where he finished in 9th place He only rode in the British leagues for two seasons (1984 and 1985) for the Halifax Dukes He represented the Denmark national under-21 speedway team 
Passage 4:
1952 Individual Speedway World Championship
The 1952 Individual Speedway World Championship was the seventh edition of the official World Championship to determine the world champion rider Australian rider Jack Young became the first rider to win a second title (and the first to win two in a row) when he won his second straight World Championship after scoring 14 points



ground_truth: Henry Jackson Society

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The winner of the the London Riders' Championship in 1953 scored how many points in the 1952 Individual Speedway World Championship?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Second was Welshman Freddie Williams on 13 points, with England's Bob Oakley third on 12 points 

Qualification
Nordic Final
20 June 1952
 Växjö
First 8 to Continental Final

Continental Final
22 June 1952
 Falköping
First 8 to Championship Round

Championship Round
Venues
10 events in Great Britain 

Scores
Top 16 qualify for World final, 17th & 18th reserves for World final

World final
18 September 1952
 London, Wembley Stadium

Classification
Podium
  Jack Young (Australia)
  Freddie Williams (Wales)
  Bob Oakley (England)
Passage 5:
1989 Individual Speedway World Championship
The 1989 Individual Speedway World Championship was the 44th edition of the official World Championship to determine the world champion rider  It was the second time the championship was held in West Germany after previously being held in Norden in 1983 The World Final was held at the Olympic Stadium in Munich  Hans Nielsen made up for his 1988 run-off defeat to fellow Dane Erik Gundersen by scoring a 15-point maximum to take his third World Championship  Nielsen joined fellow Danes Ole Olsen and Erik Gundersen as a three time Speedway World Champion Simon Wigg from England finished second with the slick, 400 metres (440 yards) track suiting his long track style  Wigg defeated fellow Englishman Jeremy Doncaster in a run-off for second and third places  In what would prove to be his last World Final before his career ending crash in the World Team Cup Final at the Odsal Stadium in England just two weeks later, Erik Gundersen finished in fourth place  His chances of an outright second-place finish (after having finished second behind Nielsen in Heat 4) ended when his bike's engine seized while leading heat 9 causing him to not finish the race  In a sad twist, it was also seized engine in Heat 1 of the World Team Cup Final that would cause Gundersen's career ending crash 
Australian rider Troy Butler had a lucky passage to the World Final  After being seeded to the Commonwealth Final, he finished eighth to qualify for the Overseas Final  He then finished tenth in the Overseas Final to be the first reserve for the Intercontinental Final  He then got a start in the Intercontinental Final at Bradford when Overseas champion Sam Ermolenko injured his back in a horrific Long track motorcycle racing crash and was forced to withdraw (the American would be out for over 6 months)  Butler would finish twelfth in the IC Final to become a reserve for the World Final where he once again came in as an injury replacement when Dane Jan O  Pedersen was forced to pull out  The 1986 Australian Champion ultimately finished twelfth in Munich, finishing with 4 points (two second places) from his 5 rides 

First Round (Overseas Series)
New Zealand Qualification
First 2 from New Zealand final to Commonwealth final (Mitch Shirra seed to Commonwealth Final)Final  Western Springs Stadium, 28 January

Australian Qualification
Winner of Australian final to Commonwealth final (Stephen Davies & Troy Butler seeded to Commonwealth Final)
Final  Newcastle Motordrome, 15 January

Swedish Qualification
Swedish Final

May 16, 17 & 18
 SWE Nässjö, Nyköping & Karlstad
First 5 to Nordic Final plus 1 reserve

Danish Final
May 19
 Vojens, Speedway Center
First 6 to Nordic final plus 1 reserve

British Final
May 21
 Coventry, Brandon StadiumFirst 10 to Commonwealth final plus 1 reserve
Passage 6:
Speedway World Championship Competitions
There are annual world championship events in the sport of motorcycle speedway for individual riders - the Speedway Grand Prix - and for national teams - the Speedway World Cup  Each has a counterpart for riders under 21: the Speedway World Under 21 Championship and the Team Speedway Junior World Championship  A pairs event, the Speedway World Pairs Championship, ran until 1993 
In addition there are two Ice Speedway World Championships for individuals and teams   The first Ice World Championships were held in 1966 Another form of speedway on larger tracks takes place called Longtrack and there is a World Championship called the Individual Speedway Long Track World Championship  Since 1998 it has been a combination of grasstrack and longtrack
Passage 7:
2010 Speedway Grand Prix Qualification
The 2010 Individual Speedway World Championship Grand Prix Qualification were a series of motorcycle speedway meetings used to determine the three riders who qualified for the 2010 Speedway Grand Prix  The top eight riders finishing the 2009 Grand Prix series automatically qualified for 2010  The final round of qualification – the Grand Prix Challenge – took place on 18 September 2009, in Coventry, England  The Grand Prix Challenge was won by Magnus Zetterström who finished ahead of Chris Holder and former Grand Prix rider Jarosław Hampel  All three riders qualified for the 2010 Grand Prix 

Calendar
Domestic Qualifications
Deutscher Motor Sport Bund nominated five riders and two track reserve in February 2009  Avto-Moto Zveza Slovenije nominated three riders in March 2009 

Czech Republic
Autoklub of the Czech Republic nominated six riders in October 2008: Lukáš Dryml, Aleš Dryml, Jr , Luboš Tomíček, Jr , Adrian Rymel, Matěj Kůs and Filip Šitera  A last rider, who will be started in SGP Qualification will be nominated in 2009 

Poland
The top three riders from 2008 Golden Helmet Final qualified for Grand Prix Qualification (Damian Baliński, Jarosław Hampel and Adrian Miedziński)  Four riders will be qualified after Domestic Final  Last rider and one reserve will be nominated by Main Commission of Speedway Sport  Two Polish 2009 Speedway Grand Prix permanent (Rune Holta and Grzegorz Walasek will be started in Domestic Final  Tomasz Gollob (#3) and Sebastian Ułamek (#14) will be not started 

Finał krajowych eliminacji do GP IMŚ (Final of Domestic Qualification to Individual World Championship Grand Prix)
7 April 2009 (18:00)
 Gdańsk
Referee: Andrzej Terlecki
Beat Time: 63 26 - Piotr Protasiewicz (heat 3)
Qualify: 4 and 1 + 1R by Main Commission of Speedway Sport

Qualifying rounds


== Semi-finals ==
Passage 8:
Brian Andersen
Brian Askel Andersen (born 13 March 1971) is a Danish former international motorcycle speedway rider 

Career
Andersen reached the final of the Under-21 World Championship in 1990 and then won the event the following year  to become the 1991 Junior World Champion The success brought him to the attention of British leagues and Coventry Bees signed him for the 1992 British League season He drove up his average over the following seasons for Coventry and established himself as one of their leading riders  In 1995, he won the Individual Speedway Danish Championship  In 1996, he finished second in the 1996 Intercontinental Final, which qualified him for his first Speedway Grand Prix series He rode in the Grand Prix between 1997 and 2001, and won two bronze medals in the Speedway World Team Cup  He won the Danish Championship for the second time in 1999, which was also his last season for Coventry before he moved to join Oxford Cheetahs for the 2000 Elite League speedway season In 2001, he was part of the Oxford Cheetahs title winning team in 2001 

Family
His brother Jan Andersen was a speedway rider  His son Mikkel Andersen is also a speedway rider and the 2022 FIM Speedway Youth World Championship (SGP3) world champion 

Major results
World individual Championship
1997 Speedway Grand Prix - 6th (80 pts) including winning the 1997 Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain
1998 Speedway Grand Prix - 16th (31 pts)
1999 Speedway Grand Prix - 22nd (12 pts)
2000 Speedway Grand Prix - 23rd (15 pts)
2001 Speedway Grand Prix - 18th (23 pts)

World team Championships
1996 Speedway World Team Cup - bronze medal
1998 Speedway World Team Cup - bronze medal
2000 Speedway World Team Cup  - =5th
2001 Speedway World Cup - 4th

See also
Denmark national speedway team
List of Speedway Grand Prix riders
Passage 9:
1936 Individual Speedway World Championship
The 1936 Individual Speedway World Championship was the first ever Speedway World Championship and was won by Lionel Van Praag of Australia  The forerunner to the World Championship was generally regarded to be the Star Riders' Championship  The final was held at London's Wembley Stadium in front of 74,000  It was the first of a record 26 times that Wembley would host the World Final with the last being in 1981 

Summary
The World Championship would consist of a semi final round, where points would be added to the final to determine the winner  One of the favourites Jack Parker had a broken hand injury and was unable to compete in the final  Joe Abbott was also unable to line up for the final due to injury, despite qualifying for the final  They were replaced by Norman Parker and Bill Pitcher Despite being unbeaten in the Final, Australian Bluey Wilkinson only finished third as the Championship was decided by bonus points accumulated in previous rounds plus the score from the final  Van Praag defeated England's Eric Langton in a runoff to be declared the inaugural Speedway World Champion As they lined up at the tapes for the runoff, Langton broke them which would ordinarily lead to disqualification  However, Van Praag stated he did not want to win the title by default and insisted that a race should take place  At the restart Langton made it to the first bend in front and led until the final bend on the last lap when Van Praag darted through the smallest of gaps to win by less than wheel length Afterwards, controversial allegations were abound that the two riders had 'fixed' the match race, deciding between them that the first person to the first bend would win the race and the Championship and split the prize money; Langton led into the first bend but was overtaken by Van Praag  Van Praag reportedly paid Langton £50 "conscience money" after the race for going back on the agreement 

Qualifying
The top 16 riders over 7 rounds would qualify for the World final  Ron Johnson and Bill Pitcher qualified as first reserves 

Podium
Lionel Van Praag (Australia)
  Eric Langton (Great Britain)
  Bluey Wilkinson (Australia)

World final
10 September 1936
 London, Wembley Stadium
Passage 10:
2010 Individual Speedway Polish Championship
The 2010 Individual Speedway Polish Championship (Polish: Indywidualne Mistrzostwa Polski, IMP) was the 2010 version of Individual Speedway Polish Championship organized by the Polish Motor Union (PZM)  The Championship was won by Janusz Kołodziej, who beat Krzysztof Kasprzak in the Run-off  Third was Rafał Dobrucki  Kołodziej, who won 2009 (host in 2010), 2010 Golden Helmet and 2010 Speedway World Cup was award nomination to the 2011 Speedway Grand Prix  The defending Champion, Tomasz Gollob, who was a 2010 Speedway Grand Prix leader, resigned from the IMP Final 

Format
In four quarter-finals was started 64 riders and to semi-finals was qualify 27 riders (top 6 from Lublin' QR and top 7 from Opole, Piła and Poznań meetings  This 27 riders and 5 seeded was started in two semi-finals  This five riders was Grand Prix permanent riders (Tomasz Gollob, Rune Holta and Jarosław Hampel) and top 3 from 2009 Polish Championship Final (Gollob, Krzysztof Kasprzak and Janusz Kołodziej)  The top 8 riders from both SF was qualify for the final in Zielona Góra  The hosting of the final is traditionally awarded to the defending Team Polish Champion, Falubaz Zielona Góra 

Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
The final
7 August 2010 18 September 2010
 Zielona Góra
Referee:



ground_truth: 14

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which ocean would the ingredients likely come from for the She-crab soup?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Avocado soup
Avocado soup is a fruit soup prepared using avocados as a primary ingredient  Ingredients used in its preparation in addition to ripe avocados can include milk, cream, half-and-half or buttermilk, soup stock or broth, water, lime juice, lemon juice, salt and pepper  Additional ingredients used can include onions, shallots, garlic, hot sauce, cilantro, red pepper, cayenne pepper and cumin, and water can be used to thin the soup  It is enjoyed widely in areas of Mexico as a classic dish 
The avocados are typically puréed or mashed, and sliced, diced or cubed avocado can be used as a garnish  Additional garnishes can include sliced lime, sour cream, chives, crab meat, shrimp and salsa fresca  It can be prepared and served as a cold or hot soup Avocado soup's color can change as time passes because oxidation causes avocados to brown, but this does not affect the soup's flavor  It can be a relatively easy dish to prepare that does not require a great deal of time 

See also
Avocado § Culinary uses
List of avocado dishes
List of cold soups
List of soups
Passage 2:
Lettuce soup
Lettuce soup is a soup prepared with lettuce as a primary ingredient  It may be prepared with myriad lettuces and other ingredients, and some lettuce soups may use several cultivars of lettuce in their preparation  It is a part of French cuisine and Chinese cuisine  Cream of lettuce soup is a type of lettuce soup prepared using milk or cream  The soup may be served with toast or rolls as a side dish or with the soup atop them  It may be served as an appetizer, a side dish or as a main dish, and may be served hot or cold 

Preparation
Lettuce is a primary ingredient, and several types of lettuce can be used, such as butter lettuce, cos lettuce, Boston lettuce, romaine lettuce, green leaf lettuce and iceberg lettuce, among others  The lettuce may be chopped, torn, shredded or sliced into ribbons  Additional ingredients may include, but are not limited to, chicken stock, beef stock, cream, milk, wine, lemon juice, egg or egg yolk, meats, rice, potato, greens, sorrel, watercress, Swiss chard, escarole, peas, parsley/dried parsley, bread crumbs, onion, shallot, garlic, salt and pepper, among others  Some preparations purée all of the ingredients together, and some preparations are strained in a sieve  Lettuce soup is sometimes served with toast or rolls, either as a side dish or with the soup poured upon it  Sometimes croutons or chopped bacon are used in the dish or to garnish it  In French cuisine, lettuce soup is usually served poured atop thin slices of lightly toasted French bread  Some versions are served cold  Total calories can vary depending on the ingredients used  For example, versions that use milk may have fewer calories than those that use cream 

Dishes
Chinese versions include Cantonese dishes such as "minced chicken with lettuce soup" and "fish with lettuce soup" 

See also
Lettuce sandwich
List of Chinese soups
List of French soups and stews
List of soups
List of vegetable soups
Passage 3:
Spinach soup
Spinach soup is a soup prepared using spinach as a primary ingredient  A common dish around the world, the soup can be prepared as a broth-based or cream-based soup, and the latter can be referred to as "cream of spinach soup " In China, a spinach and tofu soup is also known as "emerald and white jade soup"; spinach and tofu represent emerald and white jade respectively, and thus the spinach soup itself can be called "emerald soup"  Fresh, canned or frozen spinach can be used, and the spinach can be used whole, puréed or chopped  Additional ingredients can include onion, green onion, carrot, celery, tomatoes, potatoes, lemon juice, olive oil, seasonings, salt and pepper  Spinach soup is typically served hot, but can also be served as a cold soup  Prior to being served, it can be topped or garnished with ingredients such as sour cream and crème fraîche 

Gallery
See also
Passage 4:
Spring soup
Spring soup is a soup made with ingredients that are only in season for a short period during spring  Although asparagus largely characterizes spring soup, spring soup may include just about any spring vegetable added to a broth, chowder, or bisque  Spring soup is popular largely because it includes fresh ingredients not seen for a while by the consumer 

Characteristics
Where winter soups are hearty to "warm and fortify", spring soups aim to celebrate "new skies and freshness" by being "delicate and light, pretty and promising " Spring soups need lighter, brighter tastes and textures than their winter counterparts  A reason for this is that spring soups "capture the essence of the season in a clean-tasting, refreshing broth that showcases the pure flavors" of its ingredients Ingredients used in spring soup include a purée of pea, asparagus, rapini, and fennel, with asparagus being considered the quintessential spring vegetable to largely characterize spring soup  Spring soups typically show a subtle green color to reflect spring 

History
In 1828, The British Almanac provided housekeepers' information to add spring soup to a July menu  In 1896, the Holland Society of New York published a spring soup recipe that included amontillado, olives, almonds, chicken, and radishes  In 1898, spring soup was defined as a soup having a stock with any spring vegetables added that have first been parboiled in water, with the soup often colored with caramel 

See also
List of vegetable soups

Notes
Passage 5:
Tidewater region
Tidewater refers to the north Atlantic Plain region of the United States 

Definition
Culturally, the Tidewater region usually includes the low-lying plains of southeast Virginia, northeastern North Carolina, southern Maryland and the Chesapeake Bay  Speaking geographically, however, it covers about 50,000 square miles, from New York's Long Island in the north to the southernmost edge of North Carolina in the south, an area that includes the state of Delaware and the Delmarva Peninsula 
The cultural Tidewater region got its name from the effects of the changing tides on local rivers, sounds, and the ocean  The area has a centuries-old cultural heritage that sets the Tidewater region apart from the adjacent inland parts of the United States, especially with respect to its distinctive dialects of English, which are gradually disappearing, along with its islands and its receding shoreline 

Geography
The tidewater region developed when sea level rose after the last ice age, resulting in the flooding of river valleys in the coastal plain  Such flooded river valleys now make up the tidewater since tides continue to affect water levels far inland, in some cases all the way west to the Fall Line  It is generally flat and low, with large expanses near the tidal shorelines composed of tidal marsh and swamp  Much of the area is covered with pocosin and the higher areas are used for agricultural farmlands  Geographically, in North Carolina and Virginia the Tidewater area is the land between the Suffolk Scarp and the Atlantic Ocean  In Maryland the Tidewater area is the flooded river areas below the Fall Line   The Hampton Roads area of Virginia is considered to be  a Tidewater region   Southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore, parts of Delaware round out the northern part of the region on the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays 
The term tidewater may be correctly applied to all portions of any area, including Virginia, where the water level is affected by the tides (more specifically, where the water level rises when the tide comes in)  In the case of Virginia, the Tidewater region includes the land east of the Fall Line, the natural border with the Piedmont Region  It includes Hampton Roads, the rest of the Virginia Peninsula, the Middle Peninsula, the Northern Neck, and the Eastern Shore 
Planters in the early American colonies extended their tobacco and peanut productions above the Fall Line, where waterfalls or rapids mark the end of the Tidewater and the beginning of the foothill region known as the Piedmont Tidewater is host to flora commonly associated with the South Atlantic pine forests and lower Southeast Coastal Plain maritime flora, the latter found primarily in southeastern Virginia 

Regional accents
A distinctive non-rhotic accent of the Old South was spoken in the Tidewater coastal region of Virginia, best associated with upper-class white speakers of the 19th and early 20th centuries  In the actual islands of the Chesapeake themselves, a separate, rhotic accent survives among the locals, sometimes known as "Hoi Toider" 

See also
Hampton Roads
Inner Banks
Southern Maryland
Eastern Shore (Maryland)
Eastern Shore (Virginia)
Passage 6:
Peanut soup
Peanut soup or groundnut soup is a soup made from peanuts, often with various other ingredients  It is a staple African cuisine but is also eaten in East Asia (Taiwan), the United States (mainly in Virginia) and other areas around the world  It is also common in some regions, such as Argentina northwest, Bolivia and Peru, where it can sometimes be served with bone meat and hollow short pasta or fries  In Ghana it is often eaten with fufu or omo tuo and is often very spicy  Groundnut soup is also a native soup of the Benin (Edo) people in Nigeria and it is often eaten with pounded yam   Some of the essential ingredients used in making it are Piper guineense (uziza seed) and Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) It is prepared from groundnut which is mashed into a paste, usually termed as groundnut paste  Groundnut soup is eaten with eba, fufu, banku, kenkey and so on  It is a delicacy that Nigerian, Ghanaian and people in other African countries consume, such as in Sierra Leone  In Ghana, it is known as nkatenkwan in Akan language 

Gallery
See also
Peanut stew
Palm nut soup
List of peanut dishes
List of soups
Passage 7:
She-crab soup
She-crab soup is a rich soup, similar to bisque, made of milk or heavy cream, crab or fish stock, Atlantic blue crab meat, and (traditionally) crab roe, and a small amount of dry sherry added as it is plated  It may be thickened either by heat reduction or with a purée of boiled rice; it may also include such seasonings as mace and shallots or onions   The soup is a regional specialty from the South Carolina Lowcountry   It is commonly featured on the menus of many Charleston, South Carolina and Savannah, Georgia restaurants The soup is named for the "she-crab", or female crab, originally a gravid (roe-carrying) crab, as the orange crab roe comprise a chief ingredient in traditional she-crab soup   As with turtle soup, other ingredients may be added to the soup or substituted for others, although crabmeat is found in all versions 
Regulations in Maryland and other states restrict the collection of egg-bearing female crabs 

See also
Partan bree
List of cream soups
List of regional dishes of the United States
List of soups
Passage 8:
Syodon
Syodon is an extinct genus of dinocephalian therapsids that lived approximately 267-260 million years ago during the middle Permian period of the Paleozoic era  These therapsids, located in Russia  were initially believed to be true mammals   Syodon was first named by Stephan Kutorga in 1838  The fossils of these synapsids were first discovered in the Molotov Province region of Russia in limestone beds with a high content of copper  However, scientists believe that these organisms likely come from higher rock beds due to increased specializations in their morphology 

Etymology
The name Syodon is derived from Greek meaning pig's tooth  This name likely stemmed from the protruding canines similar to that of the lower canines of a wild boar 

Diet
Syodon is characterized as a carnivore, likely feeding on small-bodied prey   They lack the ‘expansion of supraorbital bones over the orbits, which would act as a stress sink’ in certain hypercarniverous species such as thalattosuchian Dakosaurus  This thickened supraorbital regions also found in large theropods would have alleviated cranial stress used for feeding on large prey  Since this adaption is not found in Syodon it is thought they were limited to small animals and prey which they could easily consume with their limited jaw architecture 

Paleobiology
Syodon is characterized by possessing "bulbous" post-canines featuring significant wear facets in adults, whereas juveniles tend to have ‘bladelike’ post canines  The canine of Syodon is highly distinctive and allows it to be distinguished easily  They also possess a large, strongly curved ‘hook-like canine  Syodon also feature a set of smaller, replacement teeth out-of-place from the main palatine tooth row The snout of Syodon is relatively long narrow compared to the rest of the body  The snout comprises approximately 1/4 the length of the skill  These synapsids reached 1 2 m (4 ft) in length 

See also
List of therapsids
Archaeosyodon
Microsyodon
Passage 9:
Watercress soup
Watercress soup is a soup prepared using the leaf vegetable watercress as a primary ingredient  It may be prepared as a cream soup or as a broth/stock-based soup using vegetable or chicken stock  Additional ingredients used can include vegetables such as potato, leeks, spinach, celery and turnips, cheese, butter, lemon juice, salt and pepper  Watercress soup can be prepared as a puréed soup by mixing the ingredients in a food processor  It can be served hot or cold, and may be garnished with crème fraîche, shaved Parmesan cheese, drizzled olive oil and watercress leaves 

Gallery
See also
Cabbage soup
List of soups
Spinach soup
Vegetable soup
List of vegetable soups
Passage 10:
1996 PW
1996 PW is an exceptionally eccentric trans-Neptunian object and damocloid on an orbit typical of long-period comets but one that showed no sign of cometary activity around the time it was discovered  The unusual object measures approximately 10 kilometers (6 miles) in diameter and has a rotation period of 35 4 hours and likely an elongated shape 

Description
1996 PW orbits the Sun at a distance of 2 5–504 AU once every 4,033 years (semi-major axis of 253 AU)  Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0 99 and an inclination of 30° with respect to the ecliptic Simulations indicate that it has most likely come from the Oort cloud, with a roughly equal probability of being an extinct comet and a rocky body that was originally scattered into the Oort cloud  The discovery of 1996 PW prompted theoretical research that suggests that roughly 1 to 2 percent of the Oort cloud objects are rocky 1996 PW was first observed on 9 August 1996 by the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) automated search camera on Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii  It is the first object that is not an active comet discovered on an orbit typical of long-period comets 1996 PW has a rotation period of 35 44±0 02 hours and a double-peaked lightcurve with a high amplitude of 0 44±0 03 magnitude (U=3)  Its spectrum is moderately red and featureless, typical of D-type asteroids and bare comet nuclei  Its spectrum suggests an extinct comet  The upper limit on 1996 PW's dust production is 0 03 kg/s 

See also
Extinct comets
List of Solar System objects by greatest aphelion



ground_truth: Atlantic Ocean