prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the day of the horse race of which ESPN covers both the post position draw and the undercard races?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Thoroughbred Racing on ESPN
ESPN and ESPN2's coverage of Thoroughbred racing consisted of NTRA Racing to the Kentucky Derby , Road To The World Thoroughbred Championships/NTRA Racing to the Breeders' Cup, a series of prep races for the Breeders' Cup World Thoroughbred Championships, the post position draw for the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes, the Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes undercard races, the Kentucky Oaks and Black-Eyed Susan Stakes, NTRA 2Day At the Races, Racing Across America, the Preakness undercard races, the Eclipse Awards show, and Long John Silver's Wire to Wire (previously known as RaceHorse Digest), a weekly thoroughbred racing magazine show  They also had Triple Crown morning shows such as Breakfast at Churchill Downs and Breakfast at Pimlico  ESPN also broadcast NTRA Super Saturdays as well  
From 2006 to 2011, ESPN broadcast the Breeders' Cup  ESPN on ABC also broadcast a portion of the Breeders' Cup 

NTRA Racing to the Kentucky Derby
NTRA Racing to the Kentucky Derby was a series of races produced by NTRA Productions that air on ESPN or ESPN2  These networks currently air seven races under the Racing to the Kentucky Derby banner  They are the Lane's End Stakes, Rushaway Stakes, Florida Derby, Swale Stakes, Arkansas Derby, Blue Grass Stakes, and Lexington Stakes  Previous races broadcast on ESPN as part of NTRA Racing to the Kentucky Derby include the Fountain of Youth Classic, Louisiana Derby, El Camino Real Derby, Gotham Stakes, UAE Derby, Santa Anita Derby, Illinois Derby, Wood Memorial, Holy Bull Stakes, Hutcheson Stakes, and Federico Tesio Stakes 

Personalities
Among ESPN's regulars on its horse racing telecasts were hosts Chris Lincoln, Chris Fowler, Joe Tessitore and Kenny Mayne, along with analysts Charlsie Cantey, Dave Johnson, Bob Neumeier, Jerry D  Bailey and Randy Moss, handicapper Hank Goldberg and reporters Lesley Visser, Jeannine Edwards and Jay Privman 
Passage 2:
Political handicapping
The terms horse race and handicapping the horse race, have been used to describe media coverage of elections  The terms refer to any news story or article whose main focus is describing how a particular candidate or candidates is faring during the election, in other words, trying to predict the outcome  This category includes polls  There is a thin line between a horse race news story and a non horse race news story  For example, an article simply describing a candidate's economic policy is a non horse race article, but an article which is about how certain groups of voters are angry at a candidate's economic policy is a horse race article 

Criticisms of horse race coverage
Critics of the news media say that the vast majority of all articles during a political election are horse race style  Different criticisms have been raised as to why that is bad:

It is argued that news sources tend to use horse race journalism as a ploy to lure in audiences and tighten polls during election cycles by discrediting candidates favored to win and hyping underdogs
Horse race coverage is considered by some to cause voters to change their actual perceptions on a candidate in a sort of vicious cycle  For example, a poll showing a third party candidate having a low support percentage may discourage other people from voting for that person so as to avoid the spoiler effect  That effect is magnified if a particular media outlet has a biased point of view that they want to get across  One way that a biased news outlet would use this technique is similar to the "some say" rhetorical device, namely by making uncited references to constituent outrage or support of some particular issue 
Some say that horse race coverage destroys coverage of the issues, because often, an article is mostly about how groups reacted to a speech or other presentation of a candidate on an issue and has little room to discuss the candidate's point of view itself 
A horse race style of article allows for the use of weasel words: a subtle way of editorializing on the part of the author by focusing on the criticisms or praise of an anonymous or small group of voters 
It is argued that horse race coverage distracts voters from issues surrounding candidates by emphasizing poll results, regardless of how reliable the polls may be 

See also
Pollster
Swingometer

External links
Political Glossary: Horse Race
In Defense of (the Right Kind of) Horse Race Journalism
Hyping The Horse Race
Passage 3:
Set Weights
Set Weights (SW) is a condition for a Thoroughbred horse race  Horses carry a weight based on their age and sex  In a mixed-sex race, fillies and mares will usually carry less than colts, geldings and horses  Additional weight, or penalties, can also apply as a condition of the race  Many of the top races, particularly age-restricted races, are set weights races 

See also
Weight for Age
Passage 4:
2013 Preakness Stakes
The 2013 Preakness Stakes was the 138th running of the Preakness Stakes thoroughbred horse race  The race was held on May 18, 2013, and was televised on NBC  The race was won by Oxbow   The post time of the race was 6:18 p m  EDT  The race was the 12th race on a card of 13 races  The Maryland Jockey Club reported total attendance of 117,203, the second highest attendance for American thoroughbred racing events in North America during 2013 

Payout
The 138th Preakness Payout Schedule
$2 Exacta: (6-9) $301 40
$2 Trifecta: (6-9-5) $2,061 60
$1 Superfecta: (6-9-5-1) $1,817 80

Field
2013 Kentucky Derby winner Orb as expected entered the Preakness  It was announced on May 6 that Vyjack and Normandy Invasion would also be starting in The Preakness  Other Derby starters confirmed for The Preakness are Goldencents (17th) and the D  Wayne Lukas trained duo of Oxbow (6th) and Will Take Charge (8th)  Later connections of Vyjack and Normandy Invasion withdrew their nominations  Horses that did not start in the Kentucky Derby and were nominated include Illinois Derby winner Departing, Sunland Derby winner Govenor Charlie and Titletown Five Nine 3-year-olds were entered for the 138th Preakness Stakes   The post position draw was held at the International Pavilion in the Pimlico Infield at 6 p m  on May 15, 2013 and were broadcast live on Horse Racing TV using a blind draw  After the draw Orb was installed as the even money favorite, securing the rail 

Race
On the day of the race, the Kentucky Derby winner Orb was bet down further from even money of 1–1 on the morning line down to a prohibitive odds-on favorite at 3-5 by post time  Florida Derby runner-up Itsmyluckyday was listed as a distant second favorite at 8+1⁄2-1 while Santa Anita Derby winner Goldencents was the third choice at almost 9+1⁄2-1 by post time  Oxbow was relegated to longshot status of almost 15+1⁄2-1, the only horse with longer odds was stablemate Titletown Five at 22–1 At the break Oxbow was brushed by Will Take Charge, and then steadied as Goldencents, Oxbow and Titletown Five rushed out to the lead in that order   Orb broke well in sixth place out of nine stakes winning colts  Passing the stands for the first time Oxbow moved to the lead and led by one and one half length over Goldencents completing the first quarter mile in a slow :23-4/5  Making a point to ride three to four paths off the rail Oxbow's jockey Gary Stevens slowed down the pace of the race   Rounding Pimlico's famous "Clubhouse Turn" Oxbow opened a daylight advantage moving ahead by two and a half lengths tipping the clock at :48-3/5 for the first half mile   At this point Orb was running in fifth place only two lengths behind Oxbow 
Racing down the backstretch and entering the final turn Oxbow's lead dwindled to only a length and a half with Goldencents and Itsmyluckyday within striking distance   At the top of the lane Oxbow hit another gear and widened his lead to three lengths over Itsmyluckyday who went six wide and made a menacing run toward the front  The first mile was completed in 1:38 flat on the front end as Derby winner Orb toiled in sixth place Nearing the wire, Oxbow, under some hand urging by Stevens, held on to win by one and three quarter lengths over Itsmyluckyday  Louisiana Derby runner-up Mylute closed from the back of the pack under Rosie Napravnik to finish third by two and a quarter lengths (the best finish ever by a woman jockey in the 138-year history of the Preakness)  Kentucky Derby winner Orb made up some ground at the end but could finish no better than fourth, nine lengths behind the winner   Just after the wire NBC announcer Tom Hammond exclaimed, "Gary Stevens just stole the Preakness," with Oxbow becoming the first wire-to-wire winner of the race since Aloma's Ruler in 1982   The "Hall-of-Fame ride" allowed Oxbow to conserve enough energy to finish the mile and three sixteenths in a final time of 1:57 54; it was the slowest Preakness winning time since 1961 

The full chart
Winning Breeder: Colts Next Stables, LLC; (KY)
Final Time: 1:57 54
Track: Fast
Attendance - 117,203

Records
Winning jockey Gary Stevens became the oldest jockey at aged 50 years to win the race 
Winning trainer D  Wayne Lukas won his sixth Preakness to move one behind Robert Wyndham Walden for most wins in the second leg of the Triple Crown and won his record fourteenth Triple Crown race 

See also
2013 Kentucky Derby
2013 Belmont Stakes
Passage 5:
Kentucky Derby
The Kentucky Derby () is an American Grade I stakes race run at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky  The race is run by three-year-old Thoroughbreds at a distance of 1+1⁄4 miles (10 furlongs; 2,012 metres), the first time horses in the field race that distance  Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds (57 kilograms) and fillies 121 pounds (55 kilograms) Held annually on the first Saturday in May, the race is the first leg of the Triple Crown  The Derby is known as "The Run for the Roses," as the winning horse is draped in a blanket of roses  Lasting approximately two minutes, the race has also been called "The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports" or "The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports " It is preceded by the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival 
The race was first run in 1875  Unlike the other races of the Triple Crown, the Preakness Stakes and the Belmont Stakes, the Derby has been run annually since its first edition  The race was rescheduled to later in the year due to World War II in 1945 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 The Derby is the most-watched and most-attended horse race in the United States  
The 149th running of the Kentucky Derby took place on Saturday, May 6, 2023 

History
In 1872, Col  Meriwether Lewis Clark Jr , grandson of William Clark of the Lewis and Clark expedition, traveled to England, visiting Epsom in Surrey where The Derby had been running annually since 1780  From there, Clark went on to Paris, France, where a group of racing enthusiasts had formed the French Jockey Club in 1863  They had organized the Grand Prix de Paris at Longchamp, which at the time was the greatest race in France  Returning home to Kentucky, Clark organized the Louisville Jockey Club to raise money for building quality racing facilities just outside the city  The track would soon become known as Churchill Downs, named for John and Henry Churchill, who provided the land for the racetrack  The naming went official in 1937 
The Kentucky Derby was first run at 1+1⁄2 miles (12 furlongs; 2 4 km) the same distance as the Epsom Derby, before changing lengths in 1896 to its current 1+1⁄4 miles (10 furlongs; 2 km)  On May 17, 1875, in front of an estimated crowd of 10,000 people, a field of 15 three-year-old horses contested the first Derby  Under jockey Oliver Lewis, a colt named Aristides, who was trained by future Hall of Famer Ansel Williamson, won the inaugural Derby  Later that year, Lewis rode Aristides to a second-place finish in the Belmont Stakes 
Initially a successful venue, the track ran into financial difficulties due to a protracted, gambling-related horseman boycott removing it from the upper echelons of racing that would last until the Winn era (see below)  In 1894 the New Louisville Jockey Club was incorporated with the new capitalization and improved facilities  Despite this, the business floundered until 1902, when a syndicate led by Col  Matt Winn of Louisville acquired the facility  Under Winn, Churchill Downs prospered, and the Kentucky Derby then became the preeminent stakes race for three-year-old thoroughbred horses in North America 
Thoroughbred owners began sending their successful Derby horses to compete in two other races  These two are the Preakness Stakes at the Pimlico Race Course, in Baltimore, and the Belmont Stakes in Elmont, New York  The three races offered large purses, and in 1919 Sir Barton became the first horse to win all three races  However, the term Triple Crown didn't come into use for another eleven years  In 1930, when Gallant Fox became the second horse to win all three races, sportswriter Charles Hatton brought the phrase into American usage  Fueled by the media, public interest in the possibility of a "superhorse" that could win the Triple Crown began in the weeks leading up to the Derby  Two years after the term went in use, the race (until that time ran in mid-May since inception) changed the date to the first Saturday in May  This change allows for a specific schedule for the Triple Crown races  Since 1931, the order of Triple Crown races has been the Kentucky Derby first, followed by the Preakness Stakes and then the Belmont Stakes  Before 1931, eleven times the Preakness was run before the Derby  On May 12, 1917, and again on May 13, 1922, the Preakness and the Derby took place on the same day  On eleven occasions the Belmont Stakes was run before the Preakness Stakes, and in 2020, the Belmont was run first, then the Kentucky Derby, and the Preakness Stakes last 

On May 16, 1925, the first live radio broadcast of the Kentucky Derby aired on WHAS as well as on WGN in Chicago  On May 7, 1949, the first television coverage of the Kentucky Derby took place, produced by WAVE-TV, the NBC affiliate in Louisville  This coverage was aired live in the Louisville market and sent to NBC as a kinescope newsreel recording for national broadcast  On May 3, 1952, the first national television coverage of the Kentucky Derby took place, aired from then-CBS affiliate WHAS-TV  In 1954, the purse exceeded US$100,000 for the first time  In 1968, Dancer's Image became the first horse to win the race and then face disqualification  A urine test revealed traces of phenylbutazone (an anti-inflammatory painkiller drug) inside Dancer's Image  Forward Pass won after a protracted legal battle by the owners of Dancer's Image (which they lost)  Forward Pass thus became the eighth winner for Calumet Farm  Unexpectedly, the regulations at Kentucky thoroughbred race tracks were changed some years later, allowing horses to run on phenylbutazone  In 1970, Diane Crump became the first female jockey to ride in the Derby, finishing 15th aboard Fathom The fastest time ever run in the Derby was in 1973 at 1:59 4 minutes, when Secretariat broke the record set by Northern Dancer in 1964  Also during that race, Secretariat did something unique in Triple Crown races: for each successive quarter run, his times were faster  Although the races do not record times for non-winners, in 1973 Sham finished second, two and a half lengths behind Secretariat in the same race  Using the thoroughbred racing convention of one length equaling one-fifth of a second to calculate Sham's time, he also finished in under two minutes  Another sub-two-minute finish, only the third, was set in 2001 by Monarchos at 1:59 97, the first year the race used hundredths of seconds instead of fifths in timing In 2005, the purse distribution for the Derby changed, so that horses finishing fifth would henceforth receive a share of the purse; previously only the first four finishers did so The Kentucky Derby began offering $3 million in purse money in 2019  Churchill Downs officials have cited the success of historical race wagering terminals at their Derby City Gaming facility in Louisville as a factor behind the purse increase  The Derby first offered a $1 million purse in 1996; it was doubled to $2 million in 2005 In 2020, The Kentucky Derby was postponed from May 2 to September 5 due to the COVID-19 pandemic  This was the second time in history the race had been postponed, the other being in 1945  Churchill Downs used a new singular 20-stall starting gate for the 2020 Kentucky Derby, replacing the previous arrangement that used a standard 14-stall gate and an auxiliary six-stall gate  The old setup contributed to congestion at the start of the race, especially in the gap between the two gates The Kentucky Derby is the oldest continuously held major sporting event in the United States (1875) 

Attendance
Millions of people from around the world bet at various live tracks and online sportsbooks  In 2017, a crowd of 158,070 watched Always Dreaming win the Derby, making it the seventh biggest attendance in the history of the racetrack  The track reported a wagering total of $209 2 million from all the sources on all the races on the Kentucky Derby Day program  It was a 9 percent increase compared to the total of $192 6 million in 2016 and an increase of 8 percent over the previous record set in 2015 of $194 3 million  TwinSpires, a platform for betting online and a partner of the Kentucky Derby and the Breeders' Cup, recorded $32 8 million in handle on the Churchill Down races for the Kentucky Derby Day program  This record was a 22 percent increase over the preceding year  On the Kentucky Derby race alone, the handle of TwinSpires was $20 1 million, which is a 22 percent rise compared to the prior year The race often draws celebrities  HM Queen Elizabeth II, on a visit to the United States, joined the racegoers at Churchill Downs in 2007 

Sponsorship
The 2004 Kentucky Derby marked the first time that jockeys —as a result of a court order— were allowed to wear corporate advertising logos on their clothing Norman Adams has been the designer of the Kentucky Derby Logo since 2002  On February 1, 2006, the Louisville-based fast-food company Yum! Brands, Inc  announced a corporate sponsorship deal to call the race "The Kentucky Derby presented by Yum! Brands "  In 2018 Woodford Reserve replaced Yum! Brands as the presenting sponsor 

Traditions
In addition to the race itself, several traditions play a significant role in the Derby atmosphere  The mint julep—an iced drink consisting of bourbon, mint, and sugar syrup—is the traditional beverage of the race  The historic beverage comes served in an ice-frosted silver julep cup  However, most Churchill Downs patrons sip theirs from souvenir glasses (first offered in 1939 and available in revised form each year since) printed with all previous Derby winners  Also, burgoo, a thick stew of beef, chicken, pork, and vegetables, is a popular Kentucky dish served at the Derby 
The infield—a spectator area inside the track—offers general admission prices but little chance of seeing much of the race, particularly before the jumbotron installation in 2014  Instead, revelers show up in the infield to party with abandon  By contrast, "Millionaire's Row" refers to the expensive box seats that attract the rich, the famous and the well-connected  Women appear in elegant outfits lavishly accessorized with large, elaborate hats  Following the Call to the Post played on bugle by Steve Buttleman, as the horses start to parade before the grandstands, the University of Louisville Cardinal Marching Band plays Stephen Foster's "My Old Kentucky Home"  This song is a tradition which began in 1921  The event attracts spectators from a large area, flying in hundreds of private aircraft to Louisville International Airport The Derby is frequently referred to as "The Run for the Roses", because a lush blanket of 554 red roses is awarded to the Kentucky Derby winner each year  The tradition originated in 1883 when New York City socialite E  Berry Wall presented roses to ladies at a post-Derby party  The Churchill Downs founder and president, Col  M  Lewis Clark, attended that event  This gesture is believed to have led Clark to the idea of making the rose the race's official flower  However, it was not until 1896 that any recorded account referred to draping roses on the Derby winner  The Governor of Kentucky and the Chairman of Churchill Downs Incorporated present the garland and the Kentucky Derby Trophy to the winner  Pop vocalist Dan Fogelberg composed the song "Run for the Roses", released in time for the 1980 running of the race 

Riders Up!
"Riders Up!" is the traditional command from the Paddock Judge for jockeys to mount their horses in advance of the upcoming race  Since 2012, a dignitary or celebrity attendee recites this phrase 

Festival
In the weeks preceding the race, numerous activities took place for the Kentucky Derby Festival  Thunder Over Louisville—an airshow and fireworks display—generally begins the festivities in earnest two weeks before the Derby 

Derby Galas
A number of galas are held to celebrate the Kentucky Derby leading up to Derby day itself including one of the oldest, ongoing galas called Barnstable Brown  Funds raised at Barnstable Brown support the Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center at the University of Kentucky 
 

Records
Horse records
Secretariat set the record for speed in 1973 with a time of 1:59 4  During its first two decades when the Derby was run at 1+1⁄2 miles, and the record was 2:34 5, set by Spokane in 1889 
The largest margin of victory is 8 lengths, a feat tied by four different horses: Old Rosebud in 1914, Johnstown in 1939, Whirlaway in 1941, and Assault in 1946 
The highest odds of a winning horse were 91 to 1 for Donerail in 1913  The second-highest odds occurred in 2022, when Rich Strike went off at 80 to 1 and won the race 
Three horses have won the Kentucky Derby without competing as a two-year-old: Apollo (1882), Justify (2018), and Mage (2023) 

Jockey records
107 jockeys have won the Kentucky Derby, with 27 doing so multiple times  Isaac Murphy (1890–91), Jimmy Winkfield (1901–02), Ron Turcotte (1972–73), Eddie Delahoussaye (1982–83), Calvin Borel (2009–10), and Victor Espinoza (2014–15) are the only jockeys to win the Derby in back-to-back years  Borel is the only jockey with three wins in a four-year span (2007, '09, '10) 

Trainer records
116 trainers have won the Kentucky Derby, with 19 doing so multiple times  Six trainers have won the Derby in back-to-back years: Herbert J  Thompson (1932–33), Ben Jones (1948–49), Jimmy Jones (1957–58), Lucien Laurin (1972–73), D  Wayne Lukas (1995–96), and Bob Baffert (1997–98) 

Owner Records
Seventeen owners have won the Kentucky Derby multiple times with horses they fully or partially owned 

* Partnered with other entities in an ownership group for one or more winning horses 

"Oaks/Derby Double"
Jockeys, trainers, and owners competing in the Kentucky Derby often will compete in the Kentucky Oaks, a race for fillies held the day before the Derby  Winning both these races in the same year is referred to as an "Oaks/Derby Double;" 7 jockeys, 3 trainers, and 4 owners have accomplished this feat:

*Until the 1950s, the Oaks was held several days or weeks after the Derby 

Winners
Triple Crown winners are in bold and highlighted with gold 

Notes# Designates a filly 
† Designates a horse that won American Horse of the Year in the same year they won the Derby 
‡ Designates a horse that was inducted in subsequent years into the National Racing Hall of Fame 

Sire lines
Winners of the Kentucky Derby can be connected to each other due to the practice of arranging horse breeding based on their previous success  All of the horses can be traced back to the three foundational sires, with Godolphin Arabian the ancestor of 7 winners, Byerley Turk the ancestor of 11 winners, and Darley Arabian is the ancestor of 130 winners, including all winners since 1938 

Darley Arabian line
The Darley Arabian (1700c) sire line (all branched through the Eclipse (1764) line) produced 131 Derby winners (123 colts, 5 geldings, 3 fillies), including all winners from 1938 to present  The main branches of this sire line are:

The King Fergus (1775) branch (all branched through the Voltigeur (1847) line), produced 14 winners  His sire line continued primarily through his son Vedette (1854) with 12 winners, due to his sons Speculum (1865) with 6 winners (nearly exclusively through Sundridge (1898) with 5 winners, most recently Count Turf in 1951) and Galopin (1872) with 6 winners (exclusively through St  Simon (1881), most recently Go For Gin in 1994) 
The Potoooooooo (1773) branch produced 117 winners (all branched through the Waxy (1790) line), including all winners from 1995 to present  The primary branch of this sire line is through Whalebone (1807), which has produced 112 winners  In turn, the primary branch continues through Sir Hercules (1826), which has produced 90 winners (including all winners since 2006), and then the Birdcatcher (1833) branch which produced 78 winners  From Birdcatcher, the branch of The Baron (1842) has produced 68 winners, of which 66 winners trace to Stockwell (1849)  Stockwell's son Doncaster (1870) sired Bend Or (1877), whose sire line accounts for 64 winners  The main branch of the Bend Or sire line continued through his son Bona Vista (1889) with 55 winners, exclusively through the Phalaris (1913) line, which has dominated in the last several decades (including all winners from 2006 to present) through the following sons:The Pharamond (1925) branch (4 winners all through the Tom Fool (1949) line, most recently Silver Charm in 1997) 
The Sickle (1924) branch, which has produced all winners from 2022 to present (24 winners all branched through the Native Dancer (1950) line, nearly exclusively through Raise a Native (1961) with 23 winners, continued primarily through Mr Prospector (1970) with 16 winners (including all winners since 2022) through 8 different sons: Fusaichi Pegasus, winner of the 2000 Kentucky Derby, and 7 other sons through their progeny (most recently Mage in 2023, with his son Fappiano (1977) accounting for 6 winners (most recently Always Dreaming in 2017)) 
The Pharos (1920) branch (27 winners all branched through the Nearco (1935) line, through his sons Royal Charger (1942), Nearctic (1954), and Nasrullah (1940))  The Royal Charger branch produced 5 winners (most recently Barbaro in 2006), the Nearctic branch produced 8 winners, exclusively through his son Northern Dancer (1961) with his win in the 1964 Kentucky Derby, and direct male progeny of 7 winners (most recently Mandaloun in 2021), while the Nasrullah branch produced 14 winners (most recently Nyquist in 2016) primarily due to his son Bold Ruler (1954) with 10 winners (most recently California Chrome in 2014) 
Special notes:
The Waxy (1790) branch produced two main lines: the primary branch of Whalebone (1807), and the secondary branch of Whisker (1812) which produced 5 winners (exclusively through the King Tom (1851) line), most recently 1909 Kentucky Derby winner Wintergreen 
An offshoot of the Whalebone (1807) branch, the Camel (1822) branch (18 winners exclusively through the Touchstone (1831) line), produced 2005 Kentucky Derby winner Giacomo through his grandson Orlando's (1841) branch  Since then, each winner of the Kentucky Derby has gone through Whalebone's more frequent sire line branch of Sir Herecules (1826)  The Orlando branch (6 winners exclusively through the Himyar (1875) line) is the less common of the two branches derived through Camel  Orlando's brother Newminster (1848) produced 12 winners (primarily through the Hyperion (1930) line with 8 winners), most recently Chateaugay in 1963 
The Sir Hercules (1826) branch produced two main lines: the primary branch of Birdcatcher (1833), and the secondary branch of Faugh-a-Ballagh (1841) which produced 12 winners (exclusively through the Leamington (1853) line), most recently 1908 Kentucky Derby winner Stone Street 
The Birdcatcher (1833) branch produced two main lines: the primary branch of The Baron (1842), and the secondary branch of Oxford (1857) which produced 10 winners (primarily through the Swynford (1907) line with 8 winners), most recently 1965 Kentucky Derby winner Lucky Debonair 
The Bend Or (1877) branch produced two main lines: the primary branch of Bona Vista (1889), and the secondary branch of Ormonde (1883) which produced 8 winners (exclusively through the Teddy (1913) line), most recently 1957 Kentucky Derby winner Iron Liege 

Byerley Turk line
The Byerley Turk (1680c) sire line produced 11 winners (8 colts, 3 geldings)  The main branches of this sire (all branched through the Herod (1758) line) are:

The Highflyer (1774) branch produced 1 winner, most recently Macbeth II in 1888 
The Florizel (1768) branch produced 3 winners (all branched through the Lexington (1850) line), most recently Manuel in 1899 
The Woodpecker (1773) branch produced 7 winners (all branched through the Buzzard (1787) line)  The main branches of this sire line are:
The Castrel (1801) branch produced 1 winner, most recently Kingman in 1891 
The Selim (1802) branch produced 6 winners (all branched through the Glencoe (1831) line)  The main branches of this sire line are:
The Star Davis (1849) branch produced 1 winner, most recently Day Star in 1878 
The Vandal (1850) branch produced 5 winners (all branched through the Virgil (1864) line), most recently Alan-a-Dale in 1902 

Godolphin Arabian line
the Godolphin Arabian (1724c) sire line produced 7 winners (6 colts, 1 gelding)  The main branches of this sire (all branched through the West Australian (1850) line) are:
the Solon (1861) branch produced 3 winners, including:
the Barcaldine (1878) branch produced 1 winner, most recently Omar Khayyam in 1917
the Arbitrator (1874) branch produced 2 winners (all branched through The Finn (1912) line), most recently Flying Ebony in 1925
the Australian (1858) branch produced 4 winners, including:
Baden-Baden (1874), winner of the 1877 Kentucky Derby
the Waverly (1870) branch produced 1 winner, most recently Montrose in 1887
the Spendthrift (1876) branch produced 2 winners (all branched through the Man o' War (1917) line), most recently War Admiral in 1937

Kentucky Derby winners with male-line descendants including other Kentucky Derby winners
Northern Dancer (1964 winner) – 7 colts; most recently Mandaloun (2021)
Ben Brush (1896 winner) - 3 winners (2 colts, 1 filly); most recently Whiskery (1927)
Seattle Slew (1977 winner) – 3 colts; most recently California Chrome (2014)
Unbridled (1990 winner) – 3 winners (2 colts, 1 gelding); most recently American Pharoah (2015)
Hindoo (1881 winner) – 2 colts; most recently Alan-a-Dale (1902)
Bold Venture (1936 winner) – 2 colts; most recently Middleground (1950)
Reigh Count (1928 winner) – 2 colts; most recently Count Turf (1951)
Pensive (1944 winner) – 2 colts; most recently Needles (1956)
Majestic Prince (1969 winner) – 2 colts; most recently Super Saver (2010)
Halma (1895 winner) – 1 colt; Alan-a-Dale (1902)
Leonatus (1883 winner) – 1 colt; Pink Star (1907)
Bubbling Over (1926 winner) – 1 colt; Burgoo King (1932)
Gallant Fox (1930 winner) – 1 colt; Omaha (1935)
Count Fleet (1943 winner) – 1 colt; Count Turf (1951)
Ponder (1949 winner) – 1 colt; Needles (1956)
Determine (1954 winner) – 1 colt; Decidedly (1962)
Swaps (1955 winner) – 1 colt; Chateaugay (1963)
Grindstone (1996 winner) – 1 gelding; Mine That Bird (2009)

See also
Kentucky Oaks
Kentucky Derby Festival
American thoroughbred racing top attended events
Kentucky Derby top four finishers
List of graded stakes at Churchill Downs
"The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved", a seminal example of New Journalism by Hunter S  Thompson
Triple Crown Productions
Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing
Grand Slam of Thoroughbred Racing
List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area
Derby Pie
List of Kentucky Derby broadcasters
Passage 6:
Claiming race
In Thoroughbred racing, a claiming race is a type of horse race in which the horses are all for sale at a specified claiming price until shortly before the race  In the hierarchy of horse races, based on the quality of the horses that compete, claiming races are at the bottom, below maiden races (races for horses that have never won a race)  In most race tracks in the United States, most of the races are claiming races  For example in Kentucky in 1999, 54% of all races run were claiming races, but had only 20% of the purse dollar value, the lowest average purse among race types The mechanics of claiming vary based on jurisdiction but in most cases almost anyone, or possibly anyone who is licensed to own racehorses, may claim  For example, the Illinois Racing Board stipulates that any horse may be claimed for its entered price by any licensed owner or agent or anyone who has filed an application and been granted a claiming license  Title to the horse typically transfers just before the start of the race, but the previous owner is entitled to the purse, if any, that results from the horse's performance in the race  Usually related parties such as the trainer or employees, or relatives, are prohibited from claiming, as are reciprocal agreements between owners to "protect" each other's horses  If a horse is purchased, a track official tags it (often with a red tag) after the race, and it goes to its new owner, assuming the new owner had sufficient funds on deposit Claiming races have claim amounts which vary, and higher amounts tend to have richer purses  The intent of this is to even the race; if a better-than-class horse is entered (with the expectation of an easy purse win), it might be lost for the claiming price, which is likely less than the horse is worth  Someone may wish to claim a horse if they think the horse has not been trained to its fullest potential under another trainer 
Claiming races serve several purposes  They are a quality classification, as well as a way of ensuring racing outcomes are less predictable, which in turn increases the handle, or amount of parimutuel betting, and a way to bring liquidity to the racehorse marketplace  Although many horses never rise above claiming races, some do  For example Stymie, a USD 1500 claimer, went on to earn over 900,000 USD, winning many storied grade 1 stakes and handicap races in the 1940s  General Quarters, a USD 20,000 claimer, won the grade 1 Blue Grass Stakes and ran in the 2009 Kentucky Derby  Make A Stand, claimed for £8,000 in 1995, won the 1997 Champion Hurdle   In 2018,  Maximum Security won a claiming race, but was not claimed, and went on to run in the 2019 Kentucky Derby, and initially appeared to win, but was disqualified for interfering with other horses  The 2022 Kentucky Derby winner Rich Strike was purchased in a claiming race for $30,000, was entered into the Derby only after Ethereal Road was scratched, and won at 80-1 odds 
Passage 7:
Miss Preakness Stakes
The Miss Preakness Stakes is a Grade III American Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-old fillies over a distance of six furlongs on the dirt held annually run on Black-Eyed Susan Stakes Day at the Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland as a stakes feature of the undercard  The event offers a purse of $150,000 added 

History
The race was first carded in its inaugural running in 1986  It became graded for the first time in 2002 by the American Graded Stakes Committee  The race was simply called the Miss Preakness Stakes from 1986 through 2003  The race was renamed with sponsorship in 2004 to the "Adena Stallions Miss Preakness Stakes" 

Sponsorship
From 2015 to 2019 the event was sponsored by Adena Springs, a breeding operation owned by Magna Entertainment Corporation Chairman, Frank Stronach  Adena Stallions' are the breeding stock stallions at Adena Springs including: Ghostzapper, Macho Uno, Giacomo, Congaree, Awesome Again and Touch Gold in Midway, Kentucky  Adena Springs stallions standing in Ocala, Florida includes Red Bullet, Milwaukee Brew, and Alphabet Soup   Adena Springs has donated a 2017 no guarantee breeding season to point of entry for the winning entry 

Records
Speed record:  

1:07 70 – Covfefe (2019)Margins: 

8+1⁄2 lengths – Covfefe (2019)Most wins by a jockey:

4 – Chris McCarron     (1986, 1987, 1988 & 1990)Most wins by a trainer:

3 – D  Wayne Lukas    (1995, 1998, & 2007)
3 – Todd Pletcher   (2000, 2011, 2016)Most wins by an owner:

no owner has won this race more than once 

Winners of The Miss Preakness Stakes
See also
Black-Eyed Susan Stakes
List of American and Canadian Graded races
List of graded stakes at Pimlico Race Course
Miss Preakness Stakes "top three finishers" and starters
Pimlico Race Course
Preakness Stakes
Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association
Passage 8:
Alysheba Stakes
The Alysheba Stakes is a Grade II American Thoroughbred horse race for horses aged three and older  over a distance of 1+1⁄16 miles on the dirt held annually in early May on the Kentucky Oaks day meeting at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky  during the spring meeting 

History
The Alysheba became the most recent addition to the Derby Week stakes with the inaugural running on 30 April 2004 as the sixth race on the undercard of the Kentucky Oaks day meeting  It was the first stakes to join the Derby Week lineup since 1997 
The event is named for the talented 1987 Kentucky Derby winner and United States Racing Hall of Fame inductee,  Alysheba, who returned to the Downs in 1988 to win the Breeders' Cup Classic  His victory marked the first time a Derby winner had returned to Churchill to win a stakes since Whirlaway took the 1942 Clark Handicap The event received graded status in 2007 and was upgrade to Grade II in 2012 The 2012 winner Successful Dan broke the track record for the distance which to date still holds 

Records
Speed record1+1⁄16 miles:  1:41 04 -  Successful Dan   (2012)Margins6 lengths - Take Charge Indy (2013)Most wins by a jockey3 - John Velazquez    (2004, 2005, 2015)Most wins by a trainer2 - Todd Pletcher (2005, 2015)
2 - Bob Baffert (2011, 2019)

Winners
See also
List of American and Canadian Graded races
Passage 9:
Jim McKay Turf Sprint
The Jim McKay Turf Sprint is a Listed American Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-olds and up over a distance of five furlongs on the turf held  as part of the undercard for the Black-Eyed Susan Stakes annually during the third week of May at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland    The race offers a purse of $100,000 The Jim McKay Turf Sprint is the lead off leg of the Mid Atlantic Thoroughbred Championships Sprint Turf Division or MATCh Races   MATCh is a series of five races in five separate thoroughbred divisions run throughout four Mid-Atlantic States including; Pimlico Race Course and Laurel Park Racecourse in Maryland; Delaware Park Racetrack in Delaware; Parx, Philadelphia Park and Presque Isle Downs in Pennsylvania and Monmouth Park in New Jersey 

Race name
The race was named in honor of James Kenneth McManus (1921-2008), better known by his professional name of Jim McKay, was an American television sports journalist  McKay is best known for hosting ABC's Wide World of Sports (1961–1998)  McKay covered a wide variety of special events, including horse races such as the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes, golf events such as the British Open, and the Indianapolis 500 

History
The Jim McKay Turf Sprint was first run in 2006 as the Baltimore Breeders' Cup Turf Sprint  In 2007, it ran as the Baltimore City Turf Sprint and in 2008 the race was known as the Old Mutual Turf Sprint  The stakes record is held by Heros Reward, who won the race in 2007 in a time of :55 90 over five furlongs 

Records
Speed record: 

5 furlongs - 55 4/5 - Hero's Reward  (2007)Most wins by a horse:

5 - Ben's Cat (2011, 2013, 2014, 2015 & 2016)Most wins by a jockey:

3 - Julian Pimentel (2013, 2014 & 2015)Most wins by a trainer:

5 - King T  Leatherbury  (2011, 2013, 2014, 2015 & 2016)Most wins by an owner:

5 - The Jim Stable    (2011, 2013, 2014, 2015 & 2016)

Winners of the Jim McKay Turf Sprint since 2006
See also
Jim McKay Turf Sprint top three finishers
Pimlico Race Course
List of graded stakes at Pimlico Race Course
Passage 10:
Horse Racing (video game)
Horse Racing is an equestrian video game released by Mattel Electronics for its Intellivision video game console in 1980   Although primarily a sports video game, Horse Racing received Mattel's "Gaming Network" branding, due to its pari-mutuel betting on horses during the game 
The game houses 8 virtual Thoroughbred race horses residing in the fictional Rainbow Thoroughbred Stables at a fictional western Kentucky race track called Plympton Downs (based loosely on long-time sportscaster/Intellivision sales personality George Plimpton)   Each of the horses have differing racing abilities (front runner, pace keeper, come from behind,    ), and do vary from game time to game time (a horse with come from behind traits during one match may have front runner abilities during the next match)   These horses are known by their colors (instead of their post position numbers—unlike in regular horse racing) 
Horse Racing was also released by Sears for their Intellivision private-label clone, the Super Video Arcade 

Gameplay
In Intellivision's original Horse Racing game, 6 players (bettors) begin each of the 10 races on the simulated match program by checking out the race program screen; 4 horses are entered for each race, with bettors starting out with a $750 simulated bankroll   For each of the 4 horses entered into a race, the odds—along with past performances—are listed (accessed by a side action button during placing bets)   Each bettor then keys in his/her player number (from 1 to 6 on the keypad), enters a bet pay amount against 
his/her bankroll, then—places the bet (of a win or exacta only—by pressing [9] on the keypad) on his/her selection of horse(s)   After all bets are made, a keypad press of [0] then [ENTER] starts the race 
The call to the post then plays   After a brief silence, the starting gate opens up, and 4 Thoroughbred horses run away from the gate   During the actual race, the disk/joystick is used to move a horse along, while the side action buttons perform either of 2 functions (top to coax a horse along, bottom to whip it)   Each race takes place on any of 3 different types of track:  dry, turf (grass), or muddy; additionally, the races run in length from 3 to 10 furlongs   After the horses cross the finish line, the results are shown on the tote board as colorful horse heads (reading from right to left in finishing order), along with the elapsed time of the race   The play screen then switches to the bet placing screen for the next race; after the full 10-race match program has run, a final GAME OVER screen shows up, with the bettors' final bankroll amounts 
The track is horizontally scrolling, with its color changing according to the racing surface (khaki for dry, pine green for turf, and brown for muddy)  A 4-stall starting gate with the horses loaded therein is shown at the start of each race   The cheering crowd fanfare sound is played as the horses cross the finish line 

The Rainbow Thoroughbred Stables
The RTS is a fictional stable in where the race horses featured in the game are housed   Each horse has differing abilities and personalities   These are referred to by their colors (unlike in actual horse races where they would get entrant post position numbers in relation to the inner rail)   These are assigned a button on the keypad as follows:

[1] PINK — Pink Lady
[2] RED — Red Devil
[3] ORANGE — Sun Shine Shake
[4] YELLOW — Gold Torts
[5] GREEN — Green Goblin
[6] BLUE — Blue Boy
[7] VIOLET (PURPLE) — Grape Ghost
[8] WHITE — Snowy GuyOn the original prototype ROM, there was a BLACK horse called Black Maurauder; however, he got dropped from the original release of the game, and got replaced by Snowy Guy 

Legacy
Horse Racing is included in the Intellivision Lives! game collection 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Arab Kingdom of Syria
The Arab Kingdom of Syria (Arabic: المملكة العربية السورية, al-Mamlakah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūrīyah) was a self-proclaimed, unrecognized constitutional monarchy existing briefly in the territory of historical Syria  It was announced on 5 October 1918 as a fully and independent Arab constitutional government with the permission of the British military  It gained de facto independence as an Emirate after the withdrawal of the British forces from OETA East on 26 November 1919, and was proclaimed as a Kingdom on 8 March 1920 
As a Kingdom it existed only a little over four months, from 8 March to 25 July 1920  During its brief existence, the kingdom was led by Sharif Hussein bin Ali's son Faisal bin Hussein  Despite its claims to the territory of Greater Syria, Faisal's government controlled a limited area and was dependent on Britain which, along with France, generally opposed the idea of a Greater Syria and refused to recognize the kingdom  The kingdom surrendered to French forces on 25 July 1920 

History
Foundations
The Arab Revolt and the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence were crucial factors in the foundation of the Arab Kingdom of Syria  In the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence promises of an Arab Kingdom were made by the British in return for an Arab uprising against the Ottomans : 209–215  As the British were promising independence, The French made the Sykes–Picot Agreement  Ultimately, the implementation of the Sykes–Picot Agreement would lead to the undermining and end of the Arab Kingdom of Syria  Despite the significance of the Arab Revolt to modern Arab countries formed in its wake, at the time there was significant distrust and even opposition to the idea of an Arab Kingdom or series of Arab Kingdoms 
This opposition was due in part to the heavy influence of the French and the British in facilitating the revolt and the establishment of what would be considered, by modern standards, puppet states : 185–191  The involvement of foreign powers in distributing large sums of money and military support to establish an empire that would be led by imperial aspirants, rather than legitimate Arab nationalists, was instrumental in the disintegration of the majority of the early Hashemite Kingdoms (Kingdom of Hejaz and Kingdom of Iraq)  Additionally, at the time, many Arabs expressed grave concerns that the family of the Sharif of Mecca, the Hashemites, could wrest control from the Ottoman Sultan, with whom their loyalty had rested for centuries : 187

Arab constitutional government
Near the end of World War I, the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force, under command of Edmund Allenby, captured Damascus on 30 September 1918  Shortly thereafter, on 3 October, Faisal entered the city : 30  The jubilation would be short lived, as Faisal would soon be made aware of the Sykes–Picot agreement  Faisal had come to expect an independent Arab kingdom in the name of his father but was soon told of the division of territory and how Syria fell under French protective power  Faisal saw this admission as a betrayal by the British, but believed the actual settlement would be worked out at a later date when the war had ended  There was some likelihood that by then the British would have changed their support for French pretensions in Syria 
On 5 October, with the permission of General Allenby, Faisal announced the establishment of a fully and absolutely independent Arab constitutional government : 34  Faisal announced it would be an Arab government based on justice and equality for all Arabs regardless of religion  The French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau found disconcerting the establishment of a semi-independent Arab state without international recognition and under the auspices of the British  Even reassurances by Allenby that all actions taken were provisional did not ease the looming tensions between the British, the French, and the Arabs  For Arab nationalists, and many of the Arabs who fought in the Arab Revolt, this independent state would be the realization of a long hard-fought goal 

Determining the status
After the war, at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Faisal pushed for Arab independence  At the Conference, the victorious Allies decided what was to become of the defeated nations of the Central Powers, especially who was to control their territories, such as the Ottoman Empire's Middle East possessions  The status of the Arab lands in the Middle East was the subject of intense negotiations between the French and British  In May 1919, the French and British prime ministers met in Quai d’Orsay to decide between them their respective claims to territories or spheres of influence in the Middle East  The meeting determined that in return for a British guarantee of French control in Syria, the British would be given a mandate over Mosul and Palestine 
At about the same time, an American compromise resulted in an agreement to set up a commission to determine the wishes of the inhabitants  Though they initially supported the idea, Britain and France eventually backed out, leaving the King–Crane Commission of 1919 solely American : 268  The findings of the commission, not published until 1922 after the vote on the mandates in the League of Nations, indicated strong Arab support for an independent Arab state and opposition to a French presence 

Creation
These events in Europe led Syrian nationalist societies like al-Fatat (the Young Arab Society) to make preparations for a national congress  These Syrian nationalist societies advocated complete independence for an Arab Kingdom that united Arabs under Faisal  The King–Crane Commission encouraged efforts to unify, and hasty elections were called including representatives from all over the Arab lands, including Palestine and Lebanon, although French officials prevented many of their representatives from arriving  The first official session of the Syrian Congress was held on 3 June 1919 and al-Fatat member Hashim al-Atassi was elected its president : 17 When the King–Crane Commission arrived in Damascus on 25 June 1919, it was met with a flurry of leaflets saying "Independence or Death" 
On 2 July the Syrian National Congress in Damascus passed the Damascus Program, a series of resolutions calling for a completely independent constitutional monarchy with Faisal as king, asking for assistance from the United States, and rejecting any rights claimed by the French : 19  The resolutions defined the borders as 

on the north, the Taurus Range; on the south, a line running from Rafah to Al-Jauf and following the Syria-Hejaz border below 'Aqaba; on the east, the boundary formed by the Euphrates and Khabur rivers and a line stretching from some distance east of Abu-Kamal to some distance east of al-Jauf; on the west, the Mediterranean Sea 
Any hope that Faisal may have had that either the British or Americans would come to his aid and counter French moves quickly faded, especially after the Anglo-French Agreement for the withdrawal of British troops from Syria and the end of the British military government in Syria  The British withdrew from the region on 26 November 1919 In January 1920, Faisal was forced into an agreement with France which stipulated that France would uphold the existence of the Syrian state and would not station troops in Syria as long as the French government remained the only government supplying advisers, counselors and technical experts : 167  News of this compromise did not bode well with Faisal's vehemently anti-French and independence-minded supporters who immediately pressured Faisal to reverse his commitment, which he did  In the aftermath of this reversal, violent attacks against French forces took place and the Syrian Congress assembled in March 1920 to declare Faisal the king of Syria as well as to officially set up the Arab Kingdom of Syria with Hashim al-Atassi as Prime Minister and Yusuf al-'Azma as Minister of War and Chief of Staff 
This unilateral action was immediately repudiated by the British and French and the San Remo Conference was called by the Allied Powers in April 1920 to finalise the allocation of League of Nations mandates in the Middle East  This was in turn repudiated by Faisal and his supporters  After months of instability and failure to make good on the promises to the French, the commander of French forces General Henri Gouraud gave an ultimatum to King Faisal on 14 July 1920 declaring he surrender or fight : 215

Dissolution
Worried about the results of a long bloody fight with the French, King Faisal surrendered  However, Yusuf al-'Azma, the defense minister, ignored the King's order, and led a small army to confront the French advance into Syria  This army depended mainly on individual weapons and were no match to the French artillery  At the Battle of Maysalun, the Syrian army was easily defeated by the French, with General al-'Azma being killed during the battle  The loss led to the siege and capture of Damascus on 24 July 1920 and the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon was put into effect thereafter 

Legacy
After surrendering to French forces, Faisal was expelled from Syria and went to live in the United Kingdom in August 1920  In August 1921 he was offered the crown of Iraq under the British Mandate of Iraq 
A pro-French government under the leadership of 'Alaa al-Din al-Darubi was installed one day after the fall of Damascus, on 25 July 1920 : 37  On 1 September 1920, General Gouraud divided the French mandate territory of Syria into several smaller states as part of a French scheme to make Syria easier to control 
The Kingdom, through its short and tumultuous existence, would become a subject of great inspiration to later Arab liberation movements  It would be the often-repeated story of an Arab people breaking out from their colonial bonds only to be castigated for their revolutionary fervor and for their resistance to the imperial powers  The symbolism of the fall of the Kingdom of Syria also imparted deep mistrust of European powers, who were seen as liars and oppressors 

Politics of Syria (1918–1920)
Heads of Government
King
Prime Ministers
Gallery
Passage 2:
Gouding
Gouding (Chinese: 句町) was a monarchical state that lasted approximately 400 years, from 111 BC to 316 AD, and was centered on Guangnan County in modern-day Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan province, China 

In December 2015, artifacts unearthed from Gouding were on display at the Guangnan Minorities Museum 

See also
Đông Sơn drums
Neighbouring kingdoms of Dian and Yelang 
Southward expansion of the Han dynasty
Zomia (geography)
Passage 3:
Modern history of Syria
The modern history of Syria begins with the termination of Ottoman control of Syria by French forces and the establishment of the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration during World War I  The short-lived Arab Kingdom of Syria emerged in 1920, which was however soon committed under the French Mandate, which produced the short-lived autonomous State of Aleppo, State of Damascus (later State of Syria), Alawite State and Jabal al-Druze (state); the autonomies were transformed into the Mandatory Syrian Republic in 1930  Syrian Republic gained independence in April 1946  The Republic took part in the Arab-Israeli War and remained in a state of political instability during the 1950s and 1960s 
The 8 March 1963 coup resulted in the installation of the National Council for the Revolutionary Command (NCRC), a group of military and civilian officials who assumed control of all executive and legislative authority  The takeover was engineered by members of the Ba'ath Party led by Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar  He was overthrown in early 1966 by Marxist-Leninist military dissidents of the party led by General Salah Jadid  Since the Arab Spring of 2011, Bashar al-Assad's government has been involved in the ongoing Syrian civil war 

Syria under the Mandate
OETA
The Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (OETA) was a joint British and French military administration over Levantine and Mesopotamian provinces of the former Ottoman Empire between 1918 and 1920, set up following the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I  The administration ended following the assignment of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon and British Mandate for Palestine at the 19–26 April 1920 San Remo conference 

Initial civil administration
Following the San Remo conference in April 1920 and the defeat of King Faisal's short-lived monarchy in Syria at the Battle of Maysalun on 24 July 1920, the French general Henri Gouraud established civil administration in the territory  The mandate region was subdivided into six states  They were the states of Damascus (1920), Aleppo (1920), Alawites (1920), Jabal Druze (1921), the autonomous Sanjak of Alexandretta (1921) (modern-day Hatay), and the State of Greater Lebanon (1920), which later became the modern country of Lebanon 
The drawing of those states was based in part on the sectarian make-up on the ground in Syria  However, nearly all the Syrian sects were hostile to the French mandate and to the division it created  This was best demonstrated by the numerous revolts that the French encountered in all of the Syrian states  Maronite Christians of Mount Lebanon, on the other hand, were a community with a dream of independence that was being realized under the French; therefore, Greater Lebanon was the exception to the newly formed states 

Syrian Federation (1922-24)
In July 1922, France established a loose federation between three of the states: Damascus, Aleppo, and the Alawite state under the name of the Syrian Federation (Fédération syrienne)  Jabal Druze, Sanjak of Alexandretta, and Greater Lebanon were not parts of this federation, which adopted a new federal flag (green-white-green with French canton)  On 1 December 1924, the Alawite state seceded from the federation when the states of Aleppo and Damascus were united into the State of Syria 

The Great Syrian Revolt
In 1925, a revolt in Jabal Druze led by Sultan Pasha el Atrash spread to other Syrian states and became a general rebellion in Syria  France tried to retaliate by having the parliament of Aleppo declare secession from the union with Damascus, but the voting was foiled by Syrian patriots 

First Syrian Republic
The red stars that represented the three districts of the republic (Damascus, Aleppo, and Deir ez Zor) 

1936 Independence treaty
In 1936, the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence was signed, a treaty that would not be ratified by the French legislature  However, the treaty allowed Jabal Druze, the Alawite (now called Latakia), and Alexandretta to be incorporated into the Syrian republic within the following two years  Greater Lebanon (now the Lebanese Republic) was the only state that did not join the Syrian Republic  Hashim al-Atassi, who was Prime Minister under King Faisal's brief reign (1918–1920), was the first president to be elected under a new constitution adopted after the independence treaty 

Separation of Hatay
In September 1938, France again separated the Syrian district of Alexandretta and transformed it into the Republic of Hatay  The Republic of Hatay joined Turkey in the following year, in June 1939  Syria did not recognize the incorporation of Hatay into Turkey and the issue is still disputed until the present time 

World War II and the founding of the UN
With the fall of France in 1940 during World War II, Syria came under the control of the Vichy Government until the British and Free French invaded and occupied the country in July 1941  Syria proclaimed its independence again in 1941 but it was not until 1 January 1944 that it was recognized as an independent republic 
On 27 September 1941, France proclaimed, by virtue of, and within the framework of the Mandate, the independence and sovereignty of the Syrian State  The proclamation said "the independence and sovereignty of Syria and Lebanon will not affect the juridical situation as it results from the Mandate Act  Indeed, this situation could be changed only with the agreement of the Council of the League of Nations, with the consent of the Government of the United States, a signatory of the Franco-American Convention of 4 April 1924, and only after the conclusion between the French Government and the Syrian and Lebanese Governments of treaties duly ratified in accordance with the laws of the French Republic Benqt Broms said that it was important to note that there were several founding members of the United Nations whose statehood was doubtful at the time of the San Francisco Conference and that the Government of France still considered Syria and Lebanon to be mandates Duncan Hall said "Thus, the Syrian mandate may be said to have been terminated without any formal action on the part of the League or its successor  The mandate was terminated by the declaration of the mandatory power, and of the new states themselves, of their independence, followed by a process of piecemeal unconditional recognition by other powers, culminating in formal admission to the United Nations  Article 78 of the Charter ended the status of tutelage for any member state: 'The trusteeship system shall not apply to territories which have become Members of the United Nations, relationship among which shall be based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality '"On 29 May 1945, France bombed Damascus and tried to arrest its democratically elected leaders  While French planes were bombing Damascus, Prime Minister Faris al-Khoury was at the founding conference of the United Nations in San Francisco, presenting Syria's claim for independence from the French Mandate 
Continuing pressure from Syrian nationalist groups and British pressure forced the French to evacuate their last troops on 17 April 1946 

Republic of Syria 1946-1963
Syrian independence was acquired in 1946  Although rapid economic development followed the declaration of independence, Syrian politics from independence through the late 1960s was marked by upheaval  The early years of independence were marked by political instability 
In 1948, Syria was involved in the Arab-Israeli War with the newly created State of Israel  The Syrian army was pressed out of the Israeli areas, but fortified their strongholds on the Golan and managed to keep their old borders and occupy some additional territory  In July 1949, Syria was the last Arab country to sign an armistice agreement with Israel 
In March 1949, Syria's national government was overthrown by a military coup d'état led by Husni al-Zaim in a coup  Some authors claim involvement by the United States CIA Later that year Zaim was overthrown by his colleague Sami al-Hinnawi and Adib al-Shishakli  The latter undermined civilian rule and led to Shishakli's complete seizure of power in 1951  Shishakli continued to rule the country until 1955, when growing public opposition forced him to resign and leave the country  The national government was restored, but again to face instability, this time from abroad  After the overthrow of President Shishakli in a 1954 coup, continued political maneuvering supported by competing factions in the military eventually brought Arab nationalist and socialist elements to power  Between 1946 and 1956, Syria had 20 different cabinets and drafted four separate constitutions 
During the Suez Crisis of 1956, after the invasion of the Sinai Peninsula by Israeli troops, and the intervention of British and French troops, martial law was declared in Syria  Later Syrian and Iraqi troops were brought into Jordan to prevent a possible Israeli invasion  The November 1956 attacks on Iraqi pipelines were in retaliation for Iraq's acceptance into the Baghdad Pact  In early 1957 Iraq advised Egypt and Syria against a conceivable takeover of Jordan 
In November 1956 Syria signed a pact with the Soviet Union, providing a foothold for communist influence within the government in exchange for planes, tanks, and other military equipment being sent to Syria  This increase in the strength of Syrian military technology worried Turkey, as it seemed feasible that Syria might attempt to retake Iskenderon, a formerly Syrian city now in Turkey  On the other hand, Syria and the USSR accused Turkey of amassing its troops at the Syrian border  During this standoff, communists gained more control over the Syrian government and military  Only heated debates in the United Nations (of which Syria was an original member) lessened the threat of war 
Syria's political instability during the years after the 1954 coup, the parallelism of Syrian and Egyptian policies, and the appeal of Egyptian President Gamal Abdal Nasser's leadership in the wake of the Suez crisis created support in Syria for union with Egypt  On 1 February 1958, Syrian president Shukri al-Kuwatli and Nasser announced the merging of the two countries, creating the United Arab Republic, and all Syrian political parties, as well as the Communists therein, ceased overt activities 
The union was not a success, however  Following a military coup on 28 September 1961, Syria seceded, reestablishing itself as the Syrian Arab Republic  Instability characterised the next 18 months, with various coups culminating on 8 March 1963, in the installation by leftist Syrian Army officers of the National Council of the Revolutionary Command (NCRC), a group of military and civilian officials who assumed control of all executive and legislative authority  The takeover was engineered by members of the Arab Socialist Resurrection Party (Ba'ath Party), which had been active in Syria and other Arab countries since the late 1940s  The new cabinet was dominated by Ba'ath members 

Ba'athist Arab Republic of Syria 1963-today
First Ba'ath government
The Ba'ath takeover in Syria followed a Ba'ath coup in Iraq, the previous month  The new Syrian Government explored the possibility of federation with Egypt and with Ba'ath-controlled Iraq  An agreement was concluded in Cairo on 17 April 1963, for a referendum on unity to be held in September 1963  However, serious disagreements among the parties soon developed, and the tripartite federation failed to materialize  Thereafter, the Ba'ath governments in Syria and Iraq began to work for bilateral unity  These plans foundered in November 1963, when the Ba'ath government in Iraq was overthrown 
In May 1964, President Amin al-Hafiz of the NCRC promulgated a provisional constitution providing for a National Council of the Revolution (NCR), an appointed legislature composed of representatives of mass organisations—labour, peasant, and professional unions—a presidential council, in which executive power was vested, and a cabinet 

Second Ba'ath government
On 23 February 1966, a group of army officers carried out a successful, intra-party coup, imprisoned President Hafiz, dissolved the cabinet and the NCR, abrogated the provisional constitution, and designated a regionalist, civilian Ba'ath government on 1 March  The coup leaders described it as a "rectification" of Ba'ath Party principles  In June 1967 Israel captured and occupied the Golan Heights  The Six Day War had significantly weakened the radical socialist government established by the 1966 coup 
On 18 September 1970, during the events of Black September in Jordan, Syria tried to intervene on behalf of the Palestinian guerrillas  Hafez al-Assad sent in armored forces equivalent to a brigade, with tanks, some of them allegedly hastily rebranded from the regular Syrian army for the purpose  Other Syrian units were the 5th Infantry Division and Commandos  On 21 September, the Syrian 5th Division broke through the defenses of the Jordanian 40th Armoured Brigade, and pushed it back off the ar-Ramtha crossroads  On 22 September, the Royal Jordanian Air Force began attacking Syrian forces, which were badly battered as a result  The constant airstrikes broke the Syrian force, and on the late afternoon of 22 September the 5th Division began to retreat  The swift Syrian withdrawal was a severe blow to Palestinian guerillas  Jordanian armored forces steadily pounded their headquarters in Amman, and threatened to break them in other regions of the Kingdom as well  Eventually, the Palestinian factions agreed to a cease-fire  King Hussein and Yasser Arafat attended the meeting of the Arab League in Cairo, where the hostilities briefly ended  The Jordanian-Palestinian Civil War shortly resumed, but without Syrian intervention 
By 1970 a conflict had developed between an extremist military wing and a more moderate civilian wing of the Ba'ath Party  The 1970 retreat of Syrian forces sent to aid the PLO during the "Black September" hostilities with Jordan reflected this political disagreement within the ruling Ba'ath leadership 

Ba'ath Party under Hafez al-Assad, 1970–2000
Power takeover
On 13 November 1970, Minister of Defense Hafez al-Assad effected a bloodless military coup, ousting the civilian party leadership and assuming the role of President 
Upon assuming power, Hafez al-Assad moved quickly to create an organizational infrastructure for his government and to consolidate control  The Provisional Regional Command of Assad's Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party nominated a 173-member legislature, the People's Council, in which the Ba'ath Party took 87 seats  The remaining seats were divided among "popular organizations" and other minor parties 
In March 1971, the party held its regional congress and elected a new 21-member Regional Command headed by Assad  In the same month, a national referendum was held to confirm Assad as president for a 7-year term  In March 1972, to broaden the base of his government, Assad formed the National Progressive Front, a coalition of parties led by the Ba'ath Party, and elections were held to establish local councils in each of Syria's 14 governorates  In March 1973, a new Syrian constitution went into effect followed shortly thereafter by parliamentary elections for the People's Council, the first such elections since 1962 

October War
On 6 October 1973, Syria and Egypt began the Yom Kippur War (also called the "Ramadan War" or "October War" because Syria and Egypt attacked during Muslim Ramadan holiday) by staging a surprise attack against Israel  Despite the element of surprise, Egypt and Syria lost their initial gains in a three-week-long warfare, and Israel continued to occupy the Golan Heights and the Sinai peninsula 

Intervention in Lebanon
In early 1976, the Lebanese Civil War was going poorly for the Maronite Christians, so the Lebanese President Elias Sarkis officially requested Syria intervene militarily  After receiving their first mandate from the Lebanese President, Syria was given a second mandate by the Arab League to intervene militarily in Lebanon  Syria sent 40,000 troops into the country to prevent the Christians from being overrun, but soon became embroiled in this war, beginning the 30 year Syrian presence in Lebanon  Over the following 15 years of civil war, Syria fought both for control over Lebanon, and as an attempt to undermine Israel in southern Lebanon, through extensive use of Lebanese allies as proxy fighters  Many saw the Syrian Army's presence in Lebanon as an occupation, especially following the end of the civil war in 1990, after the Syrian-sponsored Taif Agreement  Syria then remained in Lebanon until 2005, exerting a heavy-handed influence over Lebanese politics, that was deeply resented by many 
About one million Syrian workers came into Lebanon after the war ended to find jobs in the reconstruction of the country  Syrian workers were preferred over Palestinian Arabs and Lebanese workers because they could be paid lower wages, but some have argued that the Syrian government's encouragement of citizens entering its small and militarily dominated neighbor in search of work, was in fact an attempt at Syrian colonization of Lebanon  In 1994, under pressure from Damascus, the Lebanese government controversially granted citizenship to over 200,000 Syrians resident in the country 

Muslim Brotherhood uprising and Hama Massacre
On 31 January 1973, Assad implemented the new Constitution which led to a national crisis  Unlike previous constitutions, this one did not require that the  president of Syria must be a Muslim, leading to fierce demonstrations in Hama, Homs and Aleppo organized by the Muslim Brotherhood and the ulama  They labeled Assad as the "enemy of Allah" and called for a jihad against his rule  Robert D  Kaplan has compared Assad's coming to power to "an untouchable becoming maharajah in India or a Jew becoming tsar in Russia—an unprecedented development shocking to the Sunni majority population which had monopolized power for so many centuries " The authoritarian government was not without its critics, a serious challenge arose in the late 1970s from fundamentalist Sunni Muslims, who reject the basic values of the secular Ba'ath program and object to rule by the Alawis whom they consider heretical  From 1976 until its suppression in 1982, the arch-conservative Muslim Brotherhood led an armed insurgency against the government  In response to an attempted uprising by the brotherhood in February 1982, the government crushed the fundamentalist opposition centered in the city of Hama, leveling parts of the city with artillery fire and causing many thousands of dead and wounded  During the rest of Hafez al-Assad's reign, public manifestations of anti-government activity were very limited 

During Gulf War
Syria's 1990 participation in the U S -led multinational coalition aligned against Saddam Hussein marked a dramatic watershed in Syria's relations both with other Arab states and with the Western world  Syria participated in the multilateral Middle East Peace Conference in Madrid in October 1991, and during the 1990s engaged in direct, face-to-face negotiations with Israel  These negotiations failed, and there have been no further Syrian-Israeli talks since President Hafiz al-Assad's meeting with President Bill Clinton in Geneva in March 2000 

Internal power struggle
In what has become known as the 1999 Latakia incident, violent protests and armed clashes erupted following the 1998 People's Assembly's Elections  The violent events were an explosion of a long-running feud between Hafez al-Assad and his younger brother Rifaat, who previously attempted to initiate a coup against Hafez in 1984, but was eventually expelled from Syria  Two people were killed in fire exchanges of Syrian police and Rifaat's supporters during police crack-down on Rifaat's port compound in Latakia  According to opposition sources, denied by the government, the clashes in Latakia resulted in hundreds of dead and injured 

Drought in Syria
From 2006 to 2010, Syria experienced its worst drought in modern history  The drought resulted in a mass migration from the Syrian countryside into urban centers, which notably strained existing infrastructure already burdened by the influx of some 1 5 million refugees from Iraq  The drought itself has been linked to human caused global climate change  It has also been directly linked as a contributing factor to the socieoeconomic conditions that led to initial protests and uprising  Adequate water supply continues to be an issue in the ongoing civil war and the supply is frequently the target of military action 

Under Bashar al-Assad, 2000–present
The Damascus Autumn
Hafiz al-Assad died on 10 June 2000, after 30 years in power  Immediately following al-Assad's death, the Parliament amended the constitution, reducing the mandatory minimum age of the President from 40 to 34, which allowed his son, Bashar al-Assad, to become legally eligible for nomination by the ruling Ba'ath party  On 10 July 2000, Bashar al-Assad was elected president by referendum in which he ran unopposed, garnering 97 29% of the vote, according to Syrian government statistics Bashar, who speaks French and English and has a British-born wife, was said to have "inspired hopes" for reform, and a "Damascus Spring" of intense political and social debate took place from July 2000 to August 2001  The period was characterized by the emergence of numerous political forums or salons where groups of like minded people met in private houses to debate political and social issues  The phenomenon of salons spread rapidly in Damascus and to a lesser extent in other cities  Political activists, such as, Riad Seif, Haitham al-Maleh, Kamal al-Labwani, Riyad al-Turk, and Aref Dalila were important in mobilizing the movement  The most famous of the forums were the Riad Seif Forum and the Jamal al-Atassi Forum  The Damascus Spring ended in August 2001 with the arrest and imprisonment of ten leading activists who had called for democratic elections and a campaign of civil disobedience 

International and internal tensions
On 5 October 2003, Israel bombed a site near Damascus, claiming it was a terrorist training facility for members of Islamic Jihad  Islamic Jihad said the camp was not in use; Syria said the attack was on a civilian area  The Israeli action was condemned by European governments  The German Chancellor said it "cannot be accepted" and the French Foreign Ministry said "The Israeli operation… constituted an unacceptable violation of international law and sovereignty rules



ground_truth: Saturday

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In modern history of Syria this kingdom lasted for only four months, this kingdom surrendered to who?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: " The Spanish UN Ambassador Inocencio Arias called it an attack of "extreme gravity" and "a clear violation of international law "The United States Congress passed the Syria Accountability Act in December 2003, with the goal of ending what the U S  sees as Syrian involvement in Lebanon, Iraq, terrorism, and weapons of mass destruction through international sanctions 
Ethnic tensions increased in Syria, following an incident in a football stadium in Al Qamishli, 30 people were killed and more than 160 were injured in days of clashes starting from 12 March  Kurdish sources indicated that Syrian security forces used live ammunition against civilians after clashes broke out at a football match between Kurdish fans of the local team and Arab supporters of a visiting team from the city of Deir al-Zor  The international press reported that nine people were killed on 12 March  According to Amnesty International hundreds of people, mostly Kurds, were arrested after the riots  Kurdish detainees were reportedly tortured and ill-treated  Some Kurdish students were expelled from their universities, reportedly for participating in peaceful protests In June 2005, thousands of Kurds demonstrated in Qamishli to protest the assassination of Sheikh Khaznawi, a Kurdish cleric in Syria, resulting in the death of one policeman and injury to four Kurds Renewed opposition activity occurred in October 2005 when activist Michel Kilo launched with leading opposition figures the Damascus Declaration, which criticized the Syrian government as "authoritarian, totalitarian and cliquish" and called for democratic reform On 6 September 2007 a Syrian facility was bombed in the Deir ez-Zor region  While no one claimed responsibility for this act, Syria accused Israel, which in turn declared that the indicated site was a nuclear facility with a military purpose  Syria denied the claim 
On 26 October 2008 helicopter-borne CIA paramilitary officers and United States Special Operations Forces carried out a raid to the Syrian territory from Iraq The Syrian government called the event a "criminal and terrorist" attack on its sovereignty, alleging all of the reported eight fatalities were civilians  An unnamed U S  military source, however, alleged that the target was a network of foreign fighters who travel through Syria to join the Iraqi insurgency against the United States-led Coalition in Iraq and the Iraqi government 

Syrian civil war
The Syrian civil war is an ongoing internal violent conflict in Syria  It is a part of the wider Arab Spring, a wave of upheaval throughout the Arab World  Public demonstrations across Syria began on 26 January 2011 and developed into a nationwide uprising  Protesters demanded the resignation of President Bashar al-Assad, the overthrow of his government, and an end to nearly five decades of Ba’ath Party rule 
Since spring 2011, the Syrian government deployed the Syrian Army to quell the uprising, and several cities were besieged, though the unrest continued  According to some witnesses, soldiers, who refused to open fire on civilians, were summarily executed by the Syrian Army  The Syrian government denied reports of defections, and blamed armed gangs for causing trouble  Since early autumn 2011, civilians and army defectors began forming fighting units, which began an insurgency campaign against the Syrian Army  The insurgents unified under the banner of the Free Syrian Army and fought in an increasingly organized fashion; however, the civilian component of the armed opposition lacked an organized leadership 
The uprising has sectarian undertones, though neither faction in the conflict has described sectarianism as playing a major role  The opposition is dominated by Sunni Muslims, whereas the leading government figures are Alawites, affiliated with the Shia Islam  As a result, the opposition is winning support from the Sunni Muslim states, whereas the government is publicly supported by the Shia dominated Iran and the Lebanese Hizbullah 
According to various sources, including the United Nations, up to 13,470–19,220 people have been killed, of which about half were civilians, but also including 6,035–6,570 armed combatants from both sides and up to 1,400 opposition protesters  Many more have been injured, and tens of thousands of protesters have been imprisoned  According to the Syrian government, 9,815–10,146 people, including 3,430 members of the security forces, 2,805–3,140 insurgents and up to 3,600 civilians, have been killed in fighting with what they characterize as "armed terrorist groups " To escape the violence, tens of thousands of Syrian refugees have fled the country to neighboring Jordan, Iraq and  Lebanon, as well to Turkey  The total official UN numbers of Syrian refugees reached 42,000 at the time, while unofficial number stood at as many as 130,000 
UNICEF reported that over 500 children have been killed, Another 400 children have been reportedly arrested and tortured in Syrian prisons  Both claims have been contested by the Syrian government  Additionally, over 600 detainees and political prisoners have died under torture  Human Rights Watch accused the government and Shabiha of using civilians as human shields when they advanced on opposition held-areas  Anti-government rebels have been accused of human rights abuses as well, including torture, kidnapping, unlawful detention and execution of civilians, Shabiha and soldiers  HRW also expressed concern at the kidnapping of Iranian nationals  The UN Commission of Inquiry has also documented abuses of this nature in its February 2012 report, which also includes documentation that indicates rebel forces have been responsible for displacement of civilians The Arab League, US, EU states, GCC states, and other countries have condemned the use of violence against the protesters  China and Russia have avoided condemning the government or applying sanctions, saying that such methods could escalate into foreign intervention  However, military intervention has been ruled out by most countries  The Arab League suspended Syria's membership over the government's response to the crisis, but sent an observer mission in December 2011, as part of its proposal for peaceful resolution of the crisis  The latest attempts to resolve the crisis has been made through the appointment of Kofi Annan, as a special envoy to resolve the Syrian crisis in the Middle East  Some analysts however have posited the partitioning the region into a Sunnite east, Kurdish north and Shiite/Alawite west 

See also
Politics of Syria
Foreign relations of Syria
Passage 4:
Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
The Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom (traditional Chinese: 甘州回鶻; simplified Chinese: 甘州回鹘; pinyin: Gānzhōu Huíhú), also referred to as the Hexi Uyghurs, was established in 894 around Ganzhou in modern Zhangye  The kingdom lasted from 894 to 1036; during that time, many of Ganzhou's residents converted to Buddhism The Hexi Corridor, located within modern Gansu, was traditionally a Chinese inroad into Central Asia  From the 9th to 11th centuries this area was shared between the Ganzhou Uyghurs and the Guiyi Circuit  By the early 11th century both the Uyghurs and Guiyi Circuit were conquered by the Tangut people of the Western Xia dynasty The Ganzhou Uyghur rulers were descended from the House of Yaglakar 

History
There was a pre-existing community of Uyghurs at Ganzhou by 840 at the very latest In 874, remnant forces of the Tibetan Empire known as the Wenmo, Han Chinese slave soldiers under the Tibetan Empire, in Ganzhou drove out the Uyghurs Around the years 881 and 882, Ganzhou slipped from the control of the Guiyi Circuit 
In 894 the Uyghurs led by Pangteqin (Huaijian Khagan) established the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom in Ganzhou In 902 the Ganzhou Uyghurs sent military aid to Emperor Zhaozong of Tang In 910 the Ganzhou Uyghurs attacked the Kingdom of Jinshan (Guiyi) 
In 911 the Ganzhou Uyghurs attacked the Kingdom of Jinshan and forced them into an alliance as a lesser partner In 916 a Ganzhou Uyghur princess was married to Cao Yijin, governor of the Guiyi Circuit 
In 920 Huaijian Khagan became sickly 
In 924 Huaijian Khagan died and his sons Diyin and Renmei fought over the throne with Diyin coming out on top  They received a royal appointment from the Later Tang dynasty  The Khitans of the Liao dynasty offered to let the Ganzhou Uyghurs return to their former homeland on the Orkhon but they refused the offer In 925 Cao Yijin led an attack on the Ganzhou Uyghurs and defeated them 
In 926 Diyin died and Aduoyu succeeded him as Shunhua Khagan  Shunhua Khagan married Cao Yijin's daughter 
In 930 Cao Yijin visited the Ganzhou Uyghur court in Ganzhou 
In 933 Shunhua Khagan died and Jingqiong succeeded him 
In 961 the Ganzhou Uyghurs accepted the Song dynasty as suzerains In 975 Jingqiong died and Yeluohe Mili'e succeeded him 
In 983 Jingqiong died and Lusheng succeeded him 
In 1003 Lusheng died and Zhongshun Baode Khagan succeeded him  The Tanguts attacked the Ganzhou Uyghurs but were defeated In 1008 the Ganzhou Uyghurs and Tanguts engaged in combat and the Uyghurs emerged victorious  The Liao dynasty attacked the Ganzhou Uyghurs and defeated them In 1009 the Ganzhou Uyghurs captured Liangzhou 
In 1010 the Liao dynasty attacked the Ganzhou Uyghurs and defeated them In 1016 Zhongshun Baode Khagan died and Huaining Shunhua Khagan succeeded him 
In 1023 Huaining Shunhua Khagan died and Guizhong Baoshun Khagan succeeded him 
In 1026 the Ganzhou Uyghurs were defeated in battle by the Liao dynasty In 1028 the Ganhzhou Uyghurs were defeated by the Tanguts  Guizhong Baoshun Khagan died and Baoguo Khagan succeeded him 
In 1036 the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom was annexed by the Tanguts  After the destruction of their realm, the Ganzhou Uyghurs migrated and settled in Dunhuang (Shazhou) and Guazhou  The Guazhou Uyghurs surrendered to the Tanguts in 1030 and Shazhou surrendered in 1036  A record of a Huolasan Khan ruling in Shazhou in 1127 shows that the Uyghurs there retained some amount of autonomy in Western Xia  Another group that settled between Dunhuang and the Qaidam Basin came to be known as the Yellow Head Uyghurs  They practiced Buddhism and lived as pastoral nomads  In the 13th century they were called the Sali Uyghurs  Their descendants are today known as the Yugurs 

Religion
The Uyghurs of Ganzhou originally practiced Manichaeanism as their state religion but abandoned it for Buddhism at the end of the 10th century due to pressure from the Tanguts  Like the Tanguts, they sent Buddhist pilgrimages to Mount Wutai, but the real reason for the expeditions may have been to spy on the Liao dynasty  According to Hong Hao, a Song dynasty diplomat on his way to the Jurchen Jin dynasty, the Uyghurs of the Hexi Corridor still practiced Buddhism:

The Uighur believe mostly in Buddhism  They place the (Buddhist) sculptures in the hall  At each sacrifice, they must slaughter a lamb  Some drink alcohol merrily  Then they dip their finger into the blood of the lamb and dye the mouth of the Buddha with blood  Some hold the foot of the Buddha screaming, which was meant to show intimacy and respect for the Buddha  When chanting the Scripture, they wore Kasaya (the monk’s robe) and used the Indian language 

Modern era
The modern day descendants of the Ganzhou Uyghurs are known as the Yugur 

See also
Yugur
Turkic peoples
Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300) 
Uyghur Khaganate
Qocho
Passage 5:
Omukama of Toro
The Omukama of Tooro is the name given to the king of Tooro, one of the East African kingdom of Tooro  The kingdom was founded in 1830 by Omukama Kaboyo Olimi l who was the son of Kyebambe lll Nyamutukura, the king of Bunyoro  Since that time, Tooro existed as an independent kingdom until 1967 when President Apollo Milton Obote banned all kingdoms in Uganda  The kingdoms were reinstated as cultural institutions in 1993 
The Omukama of Tooro and the other kings play a vital role in Ugandan politics as cultural leaders and agents of peace and stability in their respective kingdoms  Tooro and Bunyoro kingdoms enjoy a close relationship 

List of Abakama (Kings) of Tooro
The following is a list of the Abakama of Tooro, starting around 1800 AD:
Kaboyo Olimi I, (Kasunsu Nkwanzi) c  1830 - 1861
Kazaana Ruhaga l, c 1861- 1862
Nyaika Kasunga Kyebambe I, c  1862-1863 and c  1864 - 1874
Kato Rukidi I, 1863-64
Mukabirere Olimi II, c  1874 -1876
Mukarusa Kyebambe II, c  1876 - 1877
Isingoma Rukidi ll, c  1877
Rubuubi Kyebambe lll c  1878 and 1879
Kakende Nyamuyonjo c  1878 and 1881 - 1882
Katera Rujwenge, c 1878–1879 a period of Interregnum, 1880–1891; reverted to Bunyoro
Daudi Kasagama Kyebambe IV, 1891–1928
George David Kamurasi Rukidi III, 1929–1965
Patrick David Matthew Kaboyo Olimi III, 1966–1995 interrupted by the discontinuation by the Ugandan government, 1967–1993
Oyo Nyimba Kabamba Iguru Rukidi IV, 1995–present

See also
Omukama of Bunyoro
Kabaka of Buganda
Toro Kingdom
Passage 6:
Omukama of Bunyoro
Omukama wa Bunyoro  Translates to The King of Bunyoro is the title given to rulers of the East African kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara   The kingdom lasted as an independent state from the 16th to the 19th century  The Omukama of Bunyoro remains an important figure in Ugandan politics, especially among the Banyoro people of whom he is the titular head  He is closely related to the Omukama of Toro Kingdom 
The Royal Palace, called Ekikaali Karuziika, (Karuziika Palace) is located in Hoima  The current Omukama is Rukirabasaija Solomon Iguru I Gafabusa Amooti and his wife is Omugo (the Queen) Margaret Karunga Adyeri  As a cultural head, the King is assisted by his Principal Private Secretary, a Cabinet of 21 Ministers and  Orukurato (a Parliament) 

Constitutional recognition
In 1962, the United Kingdom granted independence to Uganda  In February 1966, Prime Minister Milton Obote suspended the constitution and seized power, abolishing all of the traditional kingdoms—including Bunyoro—in 1967  The Omukama (King) of Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom was reinstated by Statute No  8 of 1993, enacted by the Parliament of Uganda after the monarchy had been abolished for many years  Unlike the pre-1967 Omukama, who was both titular head and a political figure of the government of Bunyoro, the Omukama today is a cultural leader above partisan politics, although the king remains the titular head of the Bunyoro regional government Article 246 of the 1995 Ugandan constitution provides:

Etymology of Omukama
Omukama means ‘the milker’, as the leader of the kingdom provides his citizens with food and wealth  The word comes from Runyoro-Rutooro omu- (singular human-being class prefix) and -kama ‘to milk’, which ultimately comes from Proto-Bantu kám ‘squeeze, wring’ 
In modern Runyoro-Rutooro, however, dropping the initial vowel of this word (mukama ‘boss, sir’) changes its meaning considerably 

History of the Omukama of Bunyoro-Kitara dynasties
Babiito dynasty
The Bachwezi dynasty was followed by the Babiito dynasty of the current Omukama of Bunyoro-Kitara  Any attempt to pinpoint the dates of this, or any other dynasty before it, is pure conjecture; as there were no written records at the time  Modern day historians place the beginning of the Babiito dynasty at around the time of the invasion of Bunyoro by the Luo from the North  The first mubiito (singular) king was Isingoma Mpuga Rukidi I, whose reign is placed around the 14th century  To date, there have been a total of 27 Babiito kings of Bunyoro-Kitara 
Source: The official Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom website

List of Omukamas of the Babiito dynasty
Rukidi of Bunyoro, late fifteenth century
Ocaki of Bunyoro, late fifteenth/early sixteenth century
Oyo Nyiba of Bunyoro, early sixteenth century
Winyi I of Bunyoro, early sixteenth century
Olimi I of Bunyoro, mid sixteenth century
Nyabongo of Bunyoro, mid sixteenth century
Winyi II of Bunyoro, late sixteenth century/early seventeenth century
Olimi II of Bunyoro, mid seventeenth century
Nyarwa of Bunyoro, mid seventeenth century
Cwamali of Bunyoro, mid seventeenth century
Masamba of Bunyoro, late seventeenth century
Anabwani I of Bunyoro, late seventeenth century
Kyebambe I of Bunyoro, late seventeenth century
Winyi III of Bunyoro, early eighteenth century
Nyaika of Bunyoro, early eighteenth century
Kyebambe II of Bunyoro, early eighteenth century
Olimi III of Bunyoro, c  1710–1731
Duhaga of Bunyoro, 1731–c  1782
Olimi IV of Bunyoro, c  1782–1786
Nyamutukura Kyebambe III of Bunyoro, 1786–1835
Nyabongo II of Bunyoro, 1835–1848
Olimi V of Bunyoro, 1848–1852
Kyebambe IV of Bunyoro, 1852–1869
Kabalega of Bunyoro, 1869–1898
Kitahimbwa of Bunyoro, 1898–1902
Duhaga II of Bunyoro, 1902–1924
Winyi IV of Bunyoro, 1925–1967
Monarchy discontinued by the Ugandan government, 1967–1994
Solomon Iguru I, 1994–present
Passage 7:
Syrian National Congress
The Syrian National Congress, also called the Pan-Syrian Congress and General Syrian Congress (GSC), was convened in May 1919 in Damascus, Syria, after the expulsion of the Ottomans from Syria  The mission of the Congress was to consider the future of "Syria", by which was meant Greater Syria: present-day Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, and Jordan  The Congress also intended to present Arab views to the American King-Crane Commission of inquiry  The Congress was considered the first national parliament in the modern history of Syria 
The Congress was attended by representatives from all parts of Greater Syria, including Lebanon and Palestine, and was headed by Hashim al-Atassi  Some participants showed support for King Faisal's demands, while others were beginning to question his willingness to make concessions to pro-Zionist groups  In its final report it pleaded that "there be no separation of the southern part of Syria, known as Palestine, nor of the littoral western zone, which includes Lebanon, from the Syrian country " The King-Crane Commission recommended "the unity of Syria be preserved" in response The  Congress declared an independent Arab Kingdom of Syria on March 8, 1920, proclaiming:
The full and absolute independence of our country Syria, including Palestine, within her natural boundaries, based on a civil, representative form of government, protection of the rights of minorities, and rejection of the claims of the Zionists to Palestine as a national homeland or place of immigration for the Jews 
The new state intended to included Syria, Palestine, Lebanon and portions of northern Mesopotamia  King Faisal was declared the head of state  At the same time Prince Zeid, Faisal's brother, was declared regent of Mesopotamia  Hashim al-Atassi was named Prime Minister and Yusuf al-'Azma became Minister of War and Chief of Staff 
The Congress continued during the short-lived life of the Kingdom until July 17, 1920, when the French gave Faisal an ultimatum to surrender or fight, and Faisal surrendered, bringing to an end the Kingdom and dissolving its institutions 

Gallery
See also
Elizabeth F  Thompson (2020)  How the west stole democracy from the Arabs: The Syrian Arab Congress of 1920 and the Destruction of its Historic Liberal-Islamic Alliance  Grove Atlantic  ISBN 978-0-8021-4820-9  OL 29824859M  Wikidata Q108862853 
Passage 8:
Herodian dynasty
The Herodian dynasty was a royal dynasty of Idumaean (Edomite) descent, ruling the Herodian Kingdom of Judea and later the Herodian Tetrarchy as a vassal state of the Roman Empire  The Herodian dynasty began with Herod the Great, who assumed the throne of Judea, with Roman support, bringing down the century-old Hasmonean Kingdom  His kingdom lasted until his death in 4 BCE, when it was divided among his sons as a tetrarchy, which lasted for about 10 years  Most of those tetrarchies, including Judea proper, were incorporated into Judaea Province from 6 CE, though limited Herodian de facto kingship continued until Agrippa I's death in 44 CE and nominal title of kingship continued until 92 CE, when the last Herodian monarch, Agrippa II, died and Rome assumed full power over his de jure domain 

History
Origin
During the time of the Hasmonean ruler John Hyrcanus (134–104 BCE), Judea conquered Edom (Idumea) and forced the Edomites to convert to Judaism The Edomites were gradually integrated into the Judean nation, and some of them reached high-ranking positions  In the days of Alexander Jannaeus, the Edomite Antipas was appointed governor of Edom  His son Antipater, father of Herod the Great, was the chief adviser to Hasmonean Hyrcanus II and managed to establish a good relationship with the Roman Republic, who at that time (63 BCE) extended their influence over the region, following conquest of Syria and intervention in a civil war in Judea 
There are differing genealogies for the dynasty, depending on the source  According to Sextus Julius Africanus, Antipater's father was named Herod, and Epiphanius of Salamis writes that this Herod's father was named Antipas  It is Josephus who states that Antipas fathered Antipater, without further delineating his ancestry  This model is usually accepted by scholars 
Julius Caesar appointed Antipater to be procurator of Judea in 47 BCE and he appointed his sons Phasael and Herod to be governors of Jerusalem and Galilee respectively  Antipater was murdered in 43 BCE; however, his sons managed to hold the reins of power and were elevated to the rank of tetrarchs in 41 BCE by Mark Antony 

Rise to power
In 40 BCE, the Parthians invaded the eastern Roman provinces and managed to drive the Romans out of many areas  In Judea, the Hasmonean dynasty was restored under king Antigonus II Mattathias as a pro-Parthian monarch  Herod the Great, the son of Antipater the Idumaean and Cypros (possibly of Nabataean descent), managed to escape to Rome  After convincing the Roman Senate of his sincere intentions in favor of Romans he eventually was announced as king of the Jews by the Roman Senate Despite his announcement as king of the whole of Judea, Herod did not fully conquer it until 37 BCE  He subsequently ruled the Herodian kingdom as a vassal king for 34 years, crushing the opposition while also initiating huge building projects, including the harbor at Caesarea Maritima, the plaza surrounded by retaining walls at the Temple Mount, the Masada and the Herodium, among other fortresses and public works  Herod ruled Judea until 4 BCE; at his death, his kingdom was divided among his three sons as a tetrarchy 

Tetrarchies
Herod Archelaus, son of Herod and Malthace the Samaritan, was given the title of ethnarch and ruled over the main part of the kingdom: Judea proper, Idumea, and Samaria  He ruled for ten years until 6 CE, when he was "banished to Vienna in Gaul, where according to Cassius Dio, "Hist  Roma," lv  27—he lived for the remainder of his days " See also Census of Quirinius 
Philip, sometimes erroneously called Herod Philip II, was the son of Herod and his fifth wife Cleopatra of Jerusalem  He was given the title of tetrarch with jurisdiction over the northeast part of his father's kingdom: Iturea, Trachonitis, Batanaea, Gaulanitis, Auranitis, and Paneas  He ruled until his death in 34 CE 
Herod Antipas, another son of Herod and Malthace, was made a tetrarch of Galilee and Perea; he ruled there until he was exiled to Spain by emperor Caligula in 39 CE, according to Josephus  Herod Antipas is the person referenced in the Christian New Testament Gospels, playing a role in the death of John the Baptist and the trial of Jesus  The Gospel of Luke states that Jesus was first brought before Pontius Pilate for trial, since Pilate was the governor of Roman Judea, which encompassed Jerusalem where Jesus was arrested  Pilate initially handed him over to Antipas, in whose territory Jesus had been most active, but Antipas sent him back to Pilate's court 

Last rulers
Herod Agrippa was the grandson of Herod  Thanks to his friendship with Caligula, the emperor appointed him ruler with the title of king over the territories of Philip in 37 CE, which were after Philip's death in 34 CE shortly part of the Roman province of Syria, and in 40 CE he was given the territories of Herod Antipas  In 41 CE, Emperor Claudius added to his territory the parts of Judea province that previously belonged to Herod Archelaus  Thus Agrippa I practically re-united his grandfather's kingdom under his rule  Agrippa died in 44 CE 
Agrippa's son Herod Agrippa II was appointed a tetrarch of Chalcis and later king of the territories previously ruled by Philip  He actively participated in the quelling of the Great Revolt of Judea on the Roman side  Agrippa II was the last of the Herodians; with his death in c  92 or 100 CE the dynasty was extinct, and the kingdom became fully incorporated into the Roman province of Judaea 
In addition, Herod of Chalcis ruled as king of Chalcis, and his son, Aristobulus of Chalcis, was tetrarch of Chalcis and king of Armenia Minor 

List of Herodian rulers (47 BCE – 100 CE)
Antipater the Idumaean (Procurator of Judaea) 47–44 BCE
Herod the Great
Governor of Galilee 47–44 BCE
Tetrarch of Galilee 44–40 BCE
Elected king of all Judaea by the Roman Senate 40 BCE, reigned 37–4 BCE
Phasael (Governor of Jerusalem) 47–40 BCE
Pheroras (Governor of Perea) 20–5 BCE
Herod Archelaus (Ethnarch of Judaea) 4 BCE – 6 CE
Herod Antipas (Tetrarch of Galilee) 4 BCE – 39 CE
Philip the Tetrarch (Tetrarch of Batanaea) 4 BCE – 34 CE
Salome I (Tetrach of Jabneh) 4 BCE – 10 CE
Tigranes V of Armenia (King of Armenia) 6–12 CE
Herod Agrippa
King of Batanaea 37–41 CE
King of Galilee 40–41 CE
King of all Judaea 41–44 CE, previously Judaea (Roman province), given to him by Claudius, and reinstated as a province after his death 
Herod of Chalcis (King of Chalcis) 41–48 CE
Herod Agrippa II
Tetrarch of Chalcis 48–53 CE
King of Batanaea 53–100 CE
Aristobulus of Chalcis
King of Armenia Minor 55–72 CE
Tetrarch of Chalcis 57–92 CE
Tigranes VI of Armenia (King of Armenia) 58–61 CE
Gaius Julius Alexander (King of Cetis) 58–72 CE

Herodian dynasty in later culture
Literature
Novels
Hordos u-Miryam (1935), a Hebrew novel by Aaron Orinowsky
Mariamne (1967), a Swedish novel by Pär Lagerkvist
Claudius the God (1934), an English novel by Robert Graves, features Herod Agrippa I as an important character

Plays
Herod appears in some cycles of the Mystery Plays, played as an over the top villain   Such portrayals were still in folk memory in William Shakespeare's time, for Hamlet instructs the players not to "out-Herod Herod" (Act 3, Scene 2) 
Marianna (1565), an Italian drama by Lodovico Dolce
Mariam, the Faire Queene of Jewry (1613) an English drama by Elizabeth Tanfield Cary
Herod and Antipater, with the Death of Faire Mariam (1622), an English drama by Gervase Markham and William Sampson
Mariamne (1636), a French drama by François Tristan l'Hermite
La mort des enfants d’Hérode; ou, Suite de Mariamne (1639), a French drama by Gathier de Costes de la Calprenède
Herod and Mariamne (1673), an English drama by Samuel Pordage
La Mariamne (1696), an Italian opera by Giovanni Maria Ruggeri (mus ) and Lorenzo Burlini (libr )
Mariamne (1723), a French drama by Elijah Fenton
Herod features in two 18th century French plays on Mariamne, by Nadal and Voltaire 
Herodes und Mariamne (1850), a German drama by Christian Friedrich Hebbel
Myriam ha-Hashmonayith (1891), a Yiddish drama by Moses Seiffert
Tsar Irod I tsaritsa Mariamna (1893), a Russian drama by Dmitri Alexandrov
Herod and Mariamne (1938), an English drama by Clemence Dane

Poetry
Herod and Mariamne (1888), an English poem by Amelie Rives
Mariamne (1911), an English poem by Thomas Sturge Moore

Movies
The King of Kings (1927) by Cecil B  DeMille
Salome (1953) by William Dieterie
King of Kings (1961) by Nicholas Ray
The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965) by George Stevens, David Lean, Jean Nugelesco
Herod the Great (1959) (Italy) by Victor Tourjansky

Figurative arts
Painting
Mariamne Leaving the Judgment Seat of Herod (1887), a painting by John William Waterhouse

Performing arts
Music
Herod’s Lament for Mariamne (1815), an English song by Isaac Nathan (mus ) and George Byron (libr )
Herodes und Mariamne (1922), incidental music by Karol Rathaus
Lied der Mariamne (ohne Worte) (1927), incidental music by Mikhail Gnesin

Ballet
La Marianna (1785), an Italian ballet by Giuseppe Banti (chor )

Opera
Marianne (1796), opera in French with music by Nicolas Dalayrac and a libretto of Benoît-Joseph Marsollier
Hérodiade (1881), opera in French by Jules Massenet after Gustave Flaubert's play Hérodias (1877)
Salome (1905), opera in German by Richard Strauss after Oscar Wilde's play's Salome

Family tree of the Herodian dynasty
See also
Hasmonean dynasty
History of ancient Israel and Judah#Roman occupation
Herod's Temple
Herodian coinage
Herodian kingdom
Kings of Israel and Judah
Kings of Judah
List of High Priests of Israel
Promagistrate
Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)
Context 3: Passage 1:
Masilamaniswara Temple, Thiruvaduthurai
Masilamaniswara Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Hindu god Shiva, located in the village of Thiruvaduthurai, located 22 km from the South Indian town, Kumbakonam and 14 km from Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu  It is one of the shrines of the 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams  The temple is referred to in the verses of Tevaram, the 7th century Tamil Saiva canon by Tirugnana Sambandar, Appar and Sundarar  The temple is associated with the legend of Saivite saint Tirumular (6th century CE) 
The temple is believed to have been built by Cholas during 9th century A D and with significant additions from later Chola kings and by the subsequent ruling empires  It houses five-tiered gateway towers known as gopurams  The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Masilamaniswarar and Oppilamulai Nayagi Amman being the most prominent  The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 6:30 a m  to 8:30 p m , and three yearly festivals on its calendar  The temple is maintained and administered by the Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam, whose headquarters is located inside the temple 

Legend
Legend associates the temple with the saivite saint Tirumular (6th century CE)  Tirumular saw a herd of cows lamenting the death of their herdsmen named Moolan  Being a siddha, he entered into the body of Moolan, came back alive to serve as the herdsman  It is believed that he was coming from North to South India to meet sage Agastya  When he went back to the place where he left his original body, he did not find it  Considering it as a divine play, he continued to remain in the body of Moolan for the rest of his life As per another legend, Parvathi was cursed to become a cow and she worshipped Shiva to attain her original form  The legend is closely associated with this temple, but is also associated with other temples like Thenupuriswarar Temple at Patteswaram, Aavoor Pasupatheeswaram and Tirukogarnam near Pudukkottai 

History
The temple is counted as one of the earliest temples built during the regime of Parantaka I  An inscription in the temple indicates record of grants to pipers, land endowments, flower gardens, carriers of sacred water during his third regnal year  Another inscription from his 38th regnal year recorded as 143 of 1925 indicates  gift of 500 kalanjus of gold for the construction of the kudapadai upwards  Historians believe that the temple was built by Tirukaralippichan and was completed during the regime of Parantaka  There are other inscriptions that indicate donation of gold and silver vessels to the temple  The inscriptions from Rajaraja I recorded as 104 and 107 of 1925 indicate similar gift of metal images to the temple  This is counted as the first mention of portrait installation indicated in an inscription, with the other ones being in Konerirajapuram and Thiruvisanallur temples  The temple has been maintained and administered by the Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam, whose headquarters is located inside the temple 

Architecture
The temple is located 12 km away from Mayiladuthurai and 24 km away from Kumbakonam  The temple has a five tiered Rajagopuram with elevated stone walls separating the second, third and fourth precinct  The images of the presiding deity, Masilamaniswarar, in the form of Shiva lingam occupies the main sanctum facing east  The shrine of the consort of Masilamaniswarar, Oppilamulaiyar faces west  The third prakaram has a separate shrine for the saivite saint Tirumular  The temple has three water bodies located at various places inside the temple  The Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam is located in the premises outside the fourth precinct 

Religious significance
The temple is revered in the verses of Tevaram, the 7th century Saivite canonical work by the three saint poets, namely, Appar, Sambandar and Sundarar   The temple is reverred by Sambandar in the third Tirumurai in one verse, Appar in five and Sundarar in two verses 
"இடரினும் தளரினும் எனதுறுநோய்
தொடரினும் உனகழல் தொழுதெழுவேன்
கடல்தனில் அமுதொடு கலந்தநஞ்சை
மிடறினில் அடக்கிய வேதியனேஇதுவோஎமை ஆளுமா றீவதொன்றெமக் கில்லையேல்
அதுவோவுன தின்னருள் ஆவடுதுறை அரனே "
translating to

"when I am undergoing sufferings 
when I am depressed in spirits 
when my big karmams follow me I shall wake up from sleep worshipping your feet 
Civaṉ who gave out the Vētams and who controlled the poison which was mixed with the nectar in the ocean of milk and made it stay in the neck!
Civaṉ in Āvaṭutuṟai!
if there is nothing to give to us 
is this way you admit us as your protege?
is your sweet grace like that?" Sambandar is believed to obtained gold coins from the presiding deity for performing Yagna by his father  Sundarar was relieved off his curse after praying the presiding deity  Thirumoolar, a Sidhha saint, is believed to have sung 3,000 in praise of the presiding deity in the temple  Thirumaligai Devar, another Siddha, is believed to have performed many wonders in the temple  The Samathi of both the Siddhas are in the precinct of the temple  The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of River Kaveri 

Worship practices
The temple priests perform the puja (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis  Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the Shaiva community, a Brahmin sub-caste  The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 6:30 a m , Kalasanthi at 8:00 a m , Uchikalam at 12:00 a m , Sayarakshai at 5:00 p m , and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p m  Each ritual comprises four steps: abhisheka (sacred bath), alangaram (decoration), naivethanam (food offering) and deepa aradanai (waving of lamps) for both Masilamaniswarar and Kodiyidai Nayagi  The worship is held amidst music with nagaswaram (pipe instrument) and tavil (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the Vedas (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshipers in front of the temple mast  There are weekly rituals like somavaram (Monday) and sukravaram (Friday), fortnightly rituals like pradosham and monthly festivals like amavasai (new moon day), kiruthigai, pournami (full moon day) and sathurthi  
Brahmotsavam during the Tamil month of somavaram (September – October), Thiruvadhirai during the month of Margazhi (December – January) and Annabhishekam during the Tamil month of Masi are the major festivals celebrated in the temple  Saiva Sithantham philosophy is promulgated in the temples owned by Atheenam  Tevaram is recited during all the six daily rituals 
Passage 2:
Bylakuppe
Bylakuppe is an area in Karnataka which is home to the Indian town Bylakuppe and several Tibetan settlements (there are several Tibetan settlements in India), established by Lugsum Samdupling (in 1961) and Dickyi Larsoe (in 1969)  Bylakuppe is the second largest Tibetan settlement in the world outside Tibet after Dharamshala  It is located to the west of Mysore district in the Indian state of Karnataka which is roughly 80 km from Mysore city 

History
In 1960, the Government of Mysore (as Karnataka was called at that time) allotted nearly 3,000 acres (12 km2) of land at Bylakuppe in Mysore district in Karnataka and the first ever Tibetan exile settlement, Lugsung Samdupling came into existence in 1961  A few years later another settlement, Tibetan Dickey Larsoe, also called TDL, was established  This was followed by the establishment of three more settlements in Karnataka state making it the state with the largest Tibetan refugee population  
The Government of India built special schools for Tibetans that provide free education, health care and scholarships for those students who excel in school  There are a few medical and civil engineering seats reserved for Tibetans  Tibetans live in India with a stay permit which is processed through a document called Registration Certificate (RC)  It is renewed every year, or half-year in some areas  Every Tibetan refugee above the age of 16 must register for the stay permit  RCs are not issued to new arrival refugees  The Indian Government also issues "Yellow Books" after one years' processing with a RC, which allow Tibetans to travel abroad which is an Identity Certificate 

Population
The town is mainly inhabited by Tibetans who, according to a demographic survey carried out by the Central Tibetan Administration's Planning Commission in 1998, accounted for 50,727 individuals at that time  However, it is unclear whether these figures included the Vajrayana Buddhist monks living there  Today, an estimated 70,000 Tibetans live in the settlements; these were established on land leased by the state government to accommodate some of the Tibetan expatriates who came to resettle in India after 1959  Bylakuppe consists of a number of agricultural settlements, colonies are close to each other, and has number of monasteries and temples in all the major Tibetan Buddhist traditions  Most notable among them are the large educational monastic institution Sera Monastery, the smaller Tashi Lhunpo Monastery (both in the Gelug tradition) and Namdroling Monastery (in the Nyingma tradition)  Bylakuppe also has many Buddhist universities for advanced Buddhist practices 

Tibetan Buddhist Monasteries and Study Centres of Bylakuppe
Namdroling Monastery of Nyingma Also known as Golden Temple
Drigung Kagyud Monastery
Sakya Monastery
Sera je Monastery
Sera Mey Monastery
Tashi Lhunpo monastery in Bylakuppe was newly built  Inaugurated by Dalai Lama in 2016 

Facilities
Bylakuppe is a small town  It has a police station, commercial banks, a telephone exchange, a post office, lodges and hotels  Transport facilities such as buses, auto-rickshaws and taxis are also available  PAP (Protected Area Permit) is mandatory for foreigners to stay here overnight, which can take up to three months to be issued 

Accessibility
Bylakuppe is situated on the state highway 88 (now NH 275) and is well connected to most of the major cities in south-India  Bus facilities are available from major towns like Mysuru, Bengaluru, Mangaluru, Chennai, Panaji, etc  Following are the distances between Bylakuppe and other cities in kilometers: Kushalanagar(05),Mysuru (82), Bengaluru  (222), Mangaluru (172), Mandya (122), Chennai (582), Hassan (80), Madikeri (36), Kasaragod (145), Kozhikode (190) 

Main attractions
Ingalakere: Largest lake in Mysore district
Namdroling Monastery (Golden Temple)
Sera Monastery
Other Buddhist monasteries, schools and settlements

Image gallery
Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as tropical wet and dry (Aw) 

See also
Kaveri Nisargadhama
Dubare Elephant camp
Kushalanagar
Passage 3:
Birgunj
Birganj (Nepali: वीरगञ्ज) is a metropolitan city in Parsa District in Madhes Pradesh of southern Nepal  It lies 135 km (84 mi) south of the capital Kathmandu, attached in the north to Raxaul in the border of the Indian state of Bihar  As an entry point to Nepal from Patna, Birganj is known as the "Gateway of Nepal"  It is also called "Commercial capital of Nepal"  The town has significant economic importance for Nepal as most of the trade with India is via Birganj and the Indian town of Raxaul  Tribhuvan Highway links Birgunj to Nepal's capital, Kathmandu  
Birganj was one of the first three municipalities formed during the rule of Prime Minister Mohan Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana  It was declared a Metropolitan City on 22 May 2017 along with Biratnagar and Pokhara  Birganj is one of the largest city in Nepal and largest in Madhesh Province  Birganj is the fifth most populated metropolis of the nation 

Etymology
Birgunj was established as a conglomerate of several villages in and around Gahawa Mai Temple  Gahawa Mai Temple remains the epicenter of the town  The settlement was named after the Rana Prime Minister Bir Shamsher, thus acquiring the name Birgunj 

History
Ancient
Before the establishment of Birgunj, the main center of Parsa district was Alau (near Dryport), Nepal  In July 1959 From Sugauli King Rajendra Bikram Shah has a history of setting up a military camp in Alau of Parsa district Birgunj was founded in 1897 by 11th Rana Prime Minister Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana; the ancient name was Gahawa  Before the establishment of Birgunj Bazar, the surrounding villages Bagahi, Alau, Barewa, Kalaiya, Parsauni, Inaruwa, Chhapkaiya existed  To establish Birgunj Bazar in a forest covered area, Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana appointed his trusted duo Siddhvir Mathema and Dhadjavir Mathema (two brothers) respectively in Birgunj as the ruler of Mal Ada and Kath Mal Ada  In this connection, Siddhvir Mathema distributed free land and timber and provided cash assistance to the homeowners in Birgunj  The act had subsequently required Siddhvir Mathema to pay the death penalty 
After the death of Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Dev Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana became Prime Minister, but within three months Chandra Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana had driven Dev Shamsher and made himself Prime Minister  The people of Late Bir Shamsher Rana and Dev Shamsher Rana did not tolerate Chandra Shamsher Rana  Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana'special man Siddhivir Mathema, was accused of conducting an inspection of a reservoir treaty and carrying out three lakh irregularities on his forehead  When Siddhivir showed the calculations he had spent on setting up Birganj Bazar, he was declared invalid and an order was issued to pay the money immediately  After answering that he could not pay for what he did, As a punishment, the signboard was stick on his chest and move it around the market  The verbal verdict of the death sentence was decided to cut off and kill  After hearing about verbal of death sentence to Mathema who worked day and night to establish Birgunj Bazar, Late Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana's wife has paid 3 lakh and rescued Mathema from the death penalty 
Chandra Shamsher also wanted to displace Birgunj Bazar, which his brother had established  He wanted to remove the Birgunj bazaar from there and set it in Rautahat  According to the move to displace the market, In 1959, it raided the main market from Raxaul to Birgunj and extended the rail line service to Amalekhganj  From the link, the train used to run around the houses, exploding and terrorizing the residents  Later, the rail link was moved to the east of the market (outside the market)  The Raxaul city in India, which is currently connected to Birgunj as the main gateway to Nepal, was not established  At that time Indian trains operated only till Sugauli 

Modern
On 18 May 2006, the parliament of Nepal declared that the country would become a secular state  Birgunj was the main center from where Madhes movement started twice both in 2007 and 2013 

Geography
Topography, Geology and Soils
Birgunj is located in the Terai plain which is the northern part of the Indo-Gangetic plain  Birgunj metropolitan city has an elongated shape  The variation in altitude is in the range of 78 m to 95 m when moving from south to north of Birgunj  Although the range of altitude variation is small, but there is a high micro-topographical variation  The city lies about 90 m above sea level  Quaternary sediments are mainly found in the area  Soil is very fertile that consists the mixture of clay, silt and sand 

Climate
The climatic condition is sub-tropical monsoon with a very hot and humid summer  The mean annual temperature ranges from 23 8 to 24 5 °C (74 8 to 76 1 °F)  The annual rainfall ranges from about 1,300 to 2,800 mm (51 to 110 in) with an average of 1,800 mm (71 in)  Majority of the precipitation occurs during June, July, August and September 

Surface and Ground Water
Sirsiya in the west and Singaha in the east are the two major rivers in Birgunj  Both rivers flow from north to south  During monsoon, these rivers are flooded and river bank cutting at the bends is common  The water level is very low in these rivers during winter  The depth of groundwater table is approximately between 9–15 m (30–49 ft) deep with 1–2 m (3 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in) fluctuation during wet and dry season 

Demographics
According to the 2021 Census, Birgunj had a population of 268,273  It is the second biggest city in Terai and the fifth biggest city in Nepal after Kathmandu, Pokhara, Bharatpur, and Lalitpur  It serves as the headquarters of the Parsa District 
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Birgunj Metropolitan City had a population of 244,086  Of these, 78 6% spoke Bhojpuri, 6 5% Nepali, 5 5% Maithili, 3 1% Urdu, 1 9% Rajasthani, 1 5% Newar, 0 7% Tharu, 0 6% Hindi, 0 4% Rai, 0 1% Bengali, 0 1% Magar, 0 1% Punjabi, 0 1% Tamang, 0 1% Uranw/Urau, and 0 1% other parties as their first language In terms of ethnicity/caste, 18 1% were Musalman, 9 6% Kurmi, 6 5% Yadav, 6 4% Kanu, 3 6% Hill Brahmin, 3 6% Teli, 3 2% Dhanuk, 3 1% Sonar, 3 1% Thakuri, 3 0% Kalwar, 2 9% Chamar/Harijan/Ram, 2 8% Koiri/Kushwaha, 2 3% Newar, 2 2% Marwadi, 2 1% Kathabaniyan, 2 1% Kayastha, 1 9% Chhetri, 1 9% Dusadh/Paswan/Pasi, 1 8% Terai Brahmin, 1 6% Baraee, 1 6% Mallaha, 1 4% Nuniya, 1 4% other Terai, 1 3% Rajput, 1 2% Hajjam/Thakur, 1 2% Lohar, 1 2% Tatma/Tatwa, 1 1% Dhobi, 0 9% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 0 7% Kumal, 0 7% Musahar, 0 5% Kumhar, 0 5% Rai, 0 4% Halkhor, 0 4% Tamang, 0 3% Dom, 0 3% Magar, 0 3% Mali, 0 2% Badhaee, 0 2% Bengali, 0 2% Bin, 0 2% Halwai, 0 2% Kahar, 0 2% Kewat, 0 2% Natuwa, 0 2% Rajbhar, 0 2% Thakuri, 0 1% Damai/Dholi, 0 1% Gaderi/Bhedihar, 0 1% Gurung, 0 1% Jhangad/ Dhagar, 0 1% Kami, 0 1% Majhi, 0 1% Punjabi/Sikh, 0 1% Sudhi, 0 1% Yakkha and 0 1% others In terms of religion, 81 1% were Hindu, 17 9% Muslim, 0 4% Buddhist, 0 1% Christian, 0 1% Kirati, 0 1% Sikh and 0 2% others In terms of literacy, 66 5% could read and write, 2 4% could only read and 31 0% could neither read nor write 

Economy
Birgunj is the Industrial and Commercial Capital of Nepal  Birgunj Chamber of Commerce & Industries is the leading and the oldest Chamber of Commerce & Industries in Nepal  
In 1964 when Birgunj Sugar Factory Ltd  was established by the Government of Nepal in collaboration with the Soviet Union (at present, Russia) with initial crushing capacity of 1,000 metric tons which later increased to 1,500 metric tons (Rajak, 2006)  This was the first sugar mill established in the public sector  Later on, this mill was liquidated due to heavy losses 
Birgunj is a major business centre of Nepal, especially for trade with India  Almost all trade with India occurs through this route  The Indian border town of Raxaul has become one of the busiest towns for heavy transportation due to high trade volume  With a large number of industries set on the Birgunj-Pathlaiya industrial corridor, Birgunj produces a wide range of products such as pharmaceuticals, textiles, vegetable ghee, plastic, steel, plastic, cigarettes, aluminium, among others  Almost 56% of the total products of Birgunj are exported to the Indian state of Bihar Birgunj Customs holds a major contribution in terms of revenue earnings in the nation  On 16 July 2004 Birganj Inland Dry Port came in operation to improve trade operation and address the concerns in handling the large volume of goods 
The India-Nepal oil pipeline construction that began on March 9, 2018, saw its completion up to 13 km (8 1 mi)  The 69-kilometre (43 mi) Amlekhgunj-Raxaul oil pipeline connecting the two countries has been laid along the Pathlaiya-Simara-Jitpur, Parwanipur and Birgunj bypass roadway  According to the reports, major part of the pipeline alignment is covered in the Birgunj-Pathlaiya commercial highway 

Tourism
Birgunj is main entry to Nepal  So, the city is widely visited by the Indians  There are good three-star hotels in the main centre of the city  These hotels operate some mini casinos as well 

During Chhath festival, Ghadiarwa Pokhari is visited by numerous people from different parts of the country  Vishwa Buddha Vihar is another religious place which is located in the out-skirts of the city  Vishwa is actually shaped like a stupa and has engravings of Buddha facing the cardinal directions of the universe  This place has a tranquil ambience and it attracts those tourists who want to flee the bustling life of the city  The term vishwa is derived from the word vicchu-wa, which is translated as a resting place for Bikshu(s) or Buddhist monks and means a resting place  In the ancient times, the pilgrims stopped at Birgunj in the midst of their journey between Lumbini and Bodh Gaya (India)  The mound is protected by a boundary wall, and future excavations may well tell us about the history of not just Birgunj but also its importance to Buddhism 2,500 years ago 
Parsa National Park which is 33 km (21 mi) from the city, known for inhabiting Royal Bengal Tigers (Panthera tigris tigris), Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), One-horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), Common Leopard (Panthera pardus) and also various species of mammals, birds and reptiles  The park can visited by one hour drive by bus from the city 

Transport
Birgunj was built as the closest Nepalese city connecting the capital Kathmandu with India  Birgunj railway station was connected by the Nepal Government Railway (NGR) to Raxaul station in Bihar across the border with India  The 47 km (29 mi) railway extended north to Amlekhganj in Nepal  It was built in 1927 by the British but discontinued beyond Birgunj in December 1965 Rail
Trains run to major cities of India from Raxaul station (in India, adjacent to Birgunj) and Sugauli station (17 miles from Raxaul) including the Satyagrah Express to Delhi, Mithila Express to Kolkata, Lokmanya Tilak express to Mumbai, and HYD-RXL express to Hyderabad  Thus, Birgunj has direct connectivity to major Indian cities like – Patna, Varanasi, Haridwar, Chandigarh, Dehradun, Allahabad, Kolkata, New Delhi, Mumbai, Bhopal, Amritsar, Guwahati, Lucknow, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, Ranchi, Raipur, Nagpur, Hyderabad, etc  The Raxaul-Birgunj-Kathmandu railway survey report has been ready and in coming future the further work will be started soon 
Air
Birgunj is served by Simara Airport, which lies 9 miles north of the city  Regular flights operate to Kathmandu & Pokhara, and   The second International Airport of Nepal is under construction at Nijgadh (22 miles from Birganj)  There are plans to connect the new airport, Birgunj and Kathmandu via a "Fast track" expressway after its completion  This is expected to reduce travel times between the capital and the commercial capital, Birgunj 
Buses
There are regular bus services to all major cities and towns in Nepal including Kathmandu, Pokhara, Patan, Bhaktapur, Biratnagar, Dharan, Butwal, Nepalgunj, Dhangadhi, Kakarvitta, Janakpur, Bhairahawa (Lumbini), Bharatpur (Chitwan), etc 
Local bus services provide transportation inside the city and into its vicinity  Night buses from Birgunj to Kathmandu are the most luxurious bus services in all over Nepal  Birgunj bus park is the centre to find buses for any route,
Tanga
Horse driven carts locally called Tanga have historically been the mode of transport for the Madheshi people  Today it survives as a popular transportation vehicle between Birgunj and its sister city Raxaul 
Cargo
The 6 km (3 7 mi) railway track from Raxaul to Birgunj was converted to broad gauge two years after the Indian railways converted the track to Raxaul inside India to broad gauge  Now, broad gauge railway line connects Raxaul to the Sirsiya (Birgunj) Inland Container Depot (ICD) that became fully operational in 2005  Talks have been held to reopen the railway route from Birgunj to Amlekhganj in Nepal by converting it to broad gauge because of its socio-economic importance 
Goods are transported to and from India via Birgunj dry port, which is the key terminal of surface cargo delivery to Nepal  This cargo point on the south connects the heart of the country, Kathmandu, via another key industrial city, Hetauda  It is also served by Tribhuvan Highway, extending from the Indian border at Raxaul through Birgunj and Hetauda to Kathmandu with frequent bus service  Simara Airport — 9 mi (14 km) north near the highway in Pipara Simara, Bara district—offers scheduled flights to Kathmandu 
India and Nepal have an open border with no restrictions on the movement of their citizens  There is a customs checkpoint for the movement of goods between the two countries 

Sports
The city has its own stadium, Narayani Stadium which is Nepal's second largest stadium after Dasarath Rangasala built on 1981  The stadium has capacity of 15,000 seats  At Present, the stadium is in poor condition 
A national level Cricket Ground is also located beside the Narayani Stadium  The cricket ground has top class outfield and a better cricket pitch  National level and Regional level cricket tournament are regularly held here  Every year day night T20 Cricket tournament is held using temporary flood light towers  Day night cricket match in Nepal was first played here  Nepal national cricket team's players Haseem Ansari, Aarif Sheikh, Avinash Karn and Irshad Ahmed hail from Birgunj  Cricket is the most popular sport and is played more than any other games and sports 

Education
Birgunj has a history in education  Education was started in town with the establishment of Trijuddha School by Mahavir Prasad and Raghubir Ram during the regime of Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana which was among the first three schools to be established in Nepal  Currently, Trijuddha School is the second oldest school in Nepal  It serves classes in both English and Nepali Medium and also conducts diplomas for civil engineering 
Thakuram Multiple Campus, located in the city was the first campus o be established outside Kathmandu Valley as well as in the Narayani zone  This city has made rapid development in the field of education by the establishment of many schools and colleges  Notable institutions include Gyan Jyoti School, Moonlight English Boarding School and Gautam School 

National Infotech College

Media
Birgunj has many FM Community radio stations including Narayani FM 103 8Mhz, Terai FM, Radio Birgunj, Bhojpuriya FM, Indreni FM, Radio Bindas, Birgunj Musical FM, City FM, Aawaz FM, Public FM etc  It has also different television stations: My Television, TV Birgunj and Birgunj Television (BTV)  Many local newspapers like Prateek, Loktimes Daily, Kripa, Bhojpuri Time, Birgunjsanjal, Jana Aawaz etc  are published 
Some popular online news site like Yatra daily, Nepal Post Daily, Aapan Birgunj, etc  are from Birgunj  TEDxBirgunj was successfully held on 17 December, that was the first ever TED event conducted in Terai region of Nepal 

Health
Narayani Hospital is one of the oldest government hospital of Nepal  It is the central hospital of government of Nepal  National Medical College under TU and Kedia Dental College also under TU are two major institutions providing health facilities   There are many other big and small hospitals, and international standard diagnostic centres throughout the city such as Asharam Hospital, Gandak hospital, Advance Medicare Hospital, Kedia eye hospital, Bhawani Hospital, Mangalam Diagnostic Centre, Vision Diagnostic Private Limited, Vayodha Hospital etc  The area extending from Chhapakaiya ward No  3 up to Gandak is full of private nursing homes and clinics  Mostly the people of Nepal from Parsa, Bara, Rautahat, Sarlahi and other districts along with the people from Raxaul and different districts of India come here for medical check ups & treatments 

Culture
Ganesh Chaturthi, Holi, Teej, Krishna Janmasthami, Maha Shivaratri, Durgapuja, Chhath, Dipawali and Ram Navami are major festivals celebrated in Birgunj  Small proportion of the religious diversity of Birgunj is occupied by Buddhists  Thus Buddha Jayanti is also celebrated throughout the city  The culture of this city is not limited to religious diversity but ethnic diversity is found too  People of Madheshi ethnicity occupies greater portion of population which includes castes such as Chaurasiya, Jaiswal, Gupta, Sah, Singh, Kushwaha, Yadav, Mahato, Rauniyar, Patel, and others from the Hindu community  There is also a presence of Marwari, Agrawal, Kedia, Sarawagi, Golchha, and Sharma, people who migrated from Rajasthan 

Cuisine
The cuisine of Birgunj has influence of both Nepali and Indian culture  Dal, bhat, roti, vegetable curry, and achar (pickle) are the most widely consumed food items  Tibetan cuisine such as momo and chowmein are also popular among the youths and the elderly  A place named Adarsh Nagar has established its name as the center for street food where food vendors sell varieties of street food during evening time  Food such as Pav Bhaji (bread and vegetable curry) and Chaat (snack made with potato as the main ingredient) are relatively popular 

Notable people
Ranu Devi Adhikari— Nepalese singer
Usha Khadgi— winner of Miss Nepal 2000
Anju Kumari— politician
Ruby Rana— winner of Miss Nepal 1994
Samragyee RL Shah— actress
Aarif Sheikh— cricketer
Prakash Shrestha— singer

Places of interest
Gadhimai Temple
Maisthan Mandir
Narayani Stadium
Parsa National Park
Ramtole
Simraungadh

Gallery
See also
Pokhara
Butwal
Dharan
Janakpur
2022 Birgunj municipal election
Passage 4:
Pasupatheeswarar Temple, Aavoor
Pasupatheeswarar Temple, Avoor or  Avoor Pasupatheeswaram is a Hindu temple dedicated to Hindu god Shiva, located in the village Avoor, located 12 km south of South Indian town, Kumbakonam,  Tamil Nadu, India  The temple is one of the 70 madakoil built by 2nd century Chola king, Kochengat Chola  The temple is known for the Panchabairavar, the five images of Bhairavar  The temple is revered in the verses of Tevaram, the 7th century Tamil Saiva canon by Tirugnana Sambandar 
There are various inscriptions associated with the temple indicating contributions from Cholas  The present masonry structure was built during the Chola dynasty in the 9th century, while later expansions are attributed to Thanjavur Nayaks during the 16th century 
The temple is built in Dravidian architecture with a three-storied gopuram, the gateway tower  The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Padikasunathar and Soundaranayagi being the most prominent  The temple complex houses many halls and two precincts  The temple has four daily rituals at various times from 6:30 a m  to 8 p m , and two yearly festivals on its calendar 
The major festivals celebrated in the temple are Shivratri during the Tamil month of Vaikaasi (May - June), Annabhishekam during Aippasi (October - November) and Thiruvadhirai in Margazhi (December - January) 

Legend
Pasupatheeswarar indicates God of cows  Shiva is believed to have descended for the holy cow Kamadenu that prayed to him by ablution with their milk on the Shivalingam to get relief from the curse of sage Vashista  A sculpture indicating the legend is present in the walls of the second precinct of the temple  Another legend associates the temple with the saivite saint Tirumular (6th century CE)  Tirumular saw a herd of cows lamenting the death of their herdsmen  Being a siddha, he entered into the body of dead herdsman, came back alive to serve as the herdsman and sung 3000 verses in praise of Shiva  The legend is closely associated with Gomukteswarar temple at Tiruvadurai, but is also associated with other temples like Thenupuriswarar Temple at Patteswaram and Tirukogarnam near Pudukkottai As per another legend, sage Vasishtha cursed the sacred cow Kamadhenu  To relieve off the curse, Kamadhenu sought the advice of Brahma who asked her to perform penance at this place  It is also believed that the presiding deity is believed to have been worshipped by the Devas, Saptarishi, Indra, Surya and Navagrahas, the nine planetary deities  As per a local legend, Vayu, the god of wind, in a contest with Adisesha, brought two hillocks, one of which was installed here and other at Nallur 

Maadakovil
Avur was a fort during the 2nd century rule of Cholas  Kochengat Chola was a Chola king and one of the 63 nayanmars (saivite saints) of saivism  He is believed to have attained spiritual rebirth of a spider that fought with an elephant in its previous birth over the worship of the Hindu god Shiva  He had red eyes during birth as he remained in his mother's womb a little longer  His mother, looking into the babies red eyes said Kochengkannano (in Tamil ko=king, cheng=red, kan=eyes), which literally means king with red eyes and hence he was named Kochengat Cholan  After becoming a king, he followed saivism and built 70 Maadakovils, temples with elevated structure where elephants cannot reach the sanctum, in the Chola empire  The temple has an inscription (181 of 1911) dating from the 3rd year of the rule of Rajendra Chola III (1246-1279 CE) indicating grants of land to the temple  The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu 

Architecture
The temple is located 10 km away from Kumbakonam, 6 km east of Tirukarugavoor and 30 km south of Thanjavur  The temple has a five tiered Rajagopuram with an elevated structure for the main shrine  The temple is a Maadakoil, a series of 70 temples which were built by Kochengat Chola with the major shrines of the temple located in the elevated structure  The images of the presiding deity, Pasupatheeswarar, in the form of Shiva lingam occupies the main sanctum  The consort of Pasupatheeswarar, Mangalanayagi and Pangajavalli occupy twin sanctums facing west  The images of Panchabairavar, the five Bairavar statues are found in the corner facing the main sanctum  The second prakaram downstairs has a separate shrine for the Hindu god Murugan in the form Dhanush Subramaniyar  Muruga sports a dhanush (bow) instead of his regular weapon, the vel  The temple has a small tank called Braham Tirtham located outside the main entrance  The image of Mangalanayagi was found in the temple tank  The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of River Kaveri  It is located on the banks of Kudamurutti, a tributary of river Kaveri 

Literary mention
It is one of the shrines of the 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams  The temple is revered in the verses of Tevaram, the 7th century saivite canonical work by the three saint poets namely, Appar, Sambandar and Sundarar   The temple is revered by Sambandar in the first Tirumurai in eleven verses  He refers to the temple as Avoor Pasupatheeswaram 
"புண்ணியர் பூதியர் பூதநாதர் புடைபடு வார்தம் மனத்தார்திங்கட்
கண்ணிய ரென்றென்று காதலாளர் கைதொழு தேத்த விருந்தவூராம்
விண்ணுயர் மாளிகை மாடவீதி விரைகமழ் சோலை சுலாவியெங்கும்
பண்ணியல் பாடல றாதவாவூர்ப் பசுபதி யீச்சரம் பாடுநாவே "translating to

This is the place where the blessed devotees of Shiva
who are rich and where Shiva has raised in the temple in such a place called Avoor Pasupatheeswaram 
The place is surrounded by beautiful gardens, palaces and where Shiva's name is frequently uttered 
Let my tongue praise Avoor Pasupatheeswaram" 

Worship practices
The temple priests perform the puja (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis  Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the Shaiva community, a Brahmin sub-caste  The temple rituals are performed four times a day; Kalasanthi at 8:00 a m , Uchikalam at 10:00 a m , Sayarakshai at 5:00 p m , and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p m  Each ritual comprises four steps: abhisheka (sacred bath), alangaram (decoration), naivethanam (food offering) and deepa aradanai (waving of lamps) for both Pasupatheeswarar and Mangalambikai  The worship is held amidst music with nagaswaram (pipe instrument) and tavil (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the Vedas (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast  There are weekly rituals like somavaram (Monday) and sukravaram (Friday), fortnightly rituals like pradosham and monthly festivals like amavasai (new moon day), kiruthigai, pournami (full moon day) and sathurthi 
The major festivals celebrated in the temple are Shivratri during the Tamil month of Vaikaasi (May - June), Annabhishekam during Aippasi (October - November) and Thiruvadhirai in Margazhi (December - January) 

Citations
Passage 5:
Tharangambadi
Tharangambadi (Tamil: [t̪aɾaŋgambaːɖi]), formerly Tranquebar (Danish: Trankebar, pronounced [ˈtsʰʁɑŋkəˌpɑˀ]), is a town in the Mayiladuthurai district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu on the Coromandel Coast  It lies 15 kilometres (9 3 mi) north of Karaikal, near the mouth of a distributary named Uppanar of the Kaveri River  Tranquebar was established on 19 November 1620 as the first Danish trading post in India  King Christian IV had sent his envoy Ove Gjedde who established contact with Raghunatha Nayak of Tanjore  An annual tribute was paid by the Danes to the Rajah of Tanjore until the colony of Tranquebar was sold to the British East India Company in 1845 Tharangambadi is the headquarters of Tharangambadi taluk  Its name means "place of the singing waves"; the old designation Trankebar remains current in modern Danish  Tharangambadi is located at the distance of 285 km from Chennai  The nearest airport is at Tiruchirapalli international airport at 172 km and the nearest port is at Karaikal at 26 km  It is served by Tharangambadi railway station 

History
The place dates back to the 14th century  Masilamani nathar (Shiva) temple was built in 1306, in a land given by Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I  As of now, this temple is the oldest monument  Until 1620, when the Danes came, the place was under Thanjavur Nayak kingdom  Danish admiral Ove Gjedde felt the place would be a potential trading centre, made a deal with Raghunatha Nayak and built a fort, which is known as Fort Dansborg A Jesuit Catholic congregation in Tranquebar predated the arrival of the Danes by several decades  This congregation descended from Tamil fishermen converted by Portuguese missionaries  There was also a sizable population of Indo-Portuguese due to their presence nearby in Nagapattinam  The Catholic church was probably demolished to build the fort  This fort was the residence and headquarters of the governor and other officials for about 150 years  It is now a museum hosting a collection of artifacts from the colonial era 

Among the first Protestant missionaries to set foot in India were two Lutherans from Germany, Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich Pluetschau, who began work in 1705 in the Danish settlement of Tranquebar  Ziegenbalg translated the Old and New Testaments into Tamil, imported a printing press, and printed the New Testament in Tamil in 1714 

Bible translations into the Tamil language started with the arrival of Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg at Tranquebar in 1706  He was a member of the Lutheran clergy who responded to the appeal of King Frederick IV of Denmark to establish a mission for the natives of Tranquebar  They also established a printing press, which within a hundred years of its establishment in 1712 had printed 300 books in Tamil  At first they only made little progress in their religious efforts, but gradually the mission spread to Madras, Cuddalore and Tanjore  Today Bishop of Tranquebar is the official title of a bishop in the Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church (TELC) in South India which was founded in 1919 as a result of the German Lutheran Leipzig Mission and Church of Sweden Mission   The seat of the Bishop, the Cathedral and its Church House ("Tranquebar House") is in Tiruchirappalli 
The Zion church was consecrated in 1701, which is the oldest Protestant church in India  In 1718, The New Jerusalem Church was constructed  Moravian Brethren missionaries from Herrnhut, Saxony established the Brethren's Garden at Porayar near Tranquebar and operated it as a missionary centre for a number of years  An Italian Catholic Father Constanzo Beschi, who worked in the colony from 1711 to 1740, found himself in conflict with the Lutheran pioneers at Tranquebar, against whom he wrote several polemical works Tranquebar was occupied by the British in February 1808 during the Napoleonic Wars but was restored to Denmark following the Treaty of Kiel in 1814  Along with the Danish settlement of Serampore in Bengal, it was sold to the British in 1845  Tranquebar was then still a busy port, but it later lost its importance after a railway was opened to Nagapattinam The Subrahmanya Temple, Perambur, located in the outskirts of the town is one of the most prominent Murugan temples in the region 

Tranquebar Museum
The 17th and 18th century antiquities and relics from the Vijayanagara empire and Thanjavur Nayak kingdom, which authorised, allowed, and sanctioned the aforementioned Danish port township connected with the colonial period and Danish settlement at Tharangampadi are exhibited  The museum contains porcelain ware, Danish manuscripts, glass objects, Chinese tea jars, steatite lamps, decorated terracotta objects, figurines, lamps, stones, sculptures, swords, daggers, spears, sudai (stucco) figurines and wooden objects  There is also part of a whale skeleton, a giant sawfish rostrum and small cannonballs 

New Jerusalem Church
The New Jerusalem Church was built in 1718 by the Royal Danish missionary Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg in the coastal town of Tranquebar, India which was at that time a Danish India colony  The church is located on King Street, and church services are conducted every Sunday  The church, along with other buildings of the Tranquebar Mission was damaged during the tsunami of 2004, and were renovated at a cost of ₹ 7 million, and re-consecrated in 2006 

Fort Dansborg
Construction of Fort Dansborg started in 1620  Many parts of the fort have been reconstructed several times  Dansborg is the second largest Danish fort ever constructed, with Kronborg in Helsingør being the largest  The rampart wall is a fairly large four sided structure, with bastions at each cardinal point  A single storied building was constructed along three inner sides of the rampart, with barracks, warehouse, kitchen, and jail  The rooms on the southern side remain in good condition, but the rooms on the western and northern sides have been substantially damaged  On the eastern side of the fort, there was a two storied building facing the sea  It was the main building of the fort  The vaulted lower storey served as a magazine and a warehouse, while the vaulted upper storey contained the church and the lodgings of the governor, the senior merchants, and the chaplain  The sea on the eastern and western side protected the fort  The fort was surrounded by a moat, access to the fort being over a drawbridge  The moat has completely disappeared  Interestingly, today, none of the fort’s door openings and windows have doors in them  It is believed that during the end of their colonisation period, the Danish ran into financial issues  To make ends meet, they pulled out the metal doors, molded them into weapons and sold them 

Demographics
As of 2001 India census, Tharangambadi had a population of 20,841  Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%  Tharangambadi has an average literacy rate of 74%, similar to than the national average of 74 5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 69%  In Tharangambadi, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age 

Notable people
Kavignar Meenavan (1933–2012), Tamil poet, writer and activist

Gallery
See also
India portal
 Denmark portal
 Norway portal
Passage 6:
Thirukkalacherry
Thirukkalachery is a small village in Mayiladuthurai District, Tranquebar (Tharangambadi) Taluk, Tamil Nadu, India 
See: The Taluk Map of Tranquebar (Tharangambadi)

Transport and communication
Thirukkalachery is well-connected with other major towns in the region, such as Porayar which is the nearest town and links with Karaikal, Mayiladuthurai, Sirkali, Nagapattinam and Tiruchirappalli 
The nearest international airport is at Tiruchirapalli, which is 150 kilometres from Thirukkalachery and Chennai International Airport is approx  300 kilometers away  There are regular government and private bus services to Chennai  Nearest Railway Junction is also at Mayiladuthurai 

Economy
Agriculture is the main activity in this area as this is a cultivation rich land  Rice, sugarcane, Coconut and banana plantation are the main products  This is a small village with about ten to twenty shops along Thirukkalachery's Main Road 

Landmark
*the famous #sri seethala devi Mariyaman temple situated here  One of grand temple  

The famous naganathaswamy temple also situated here (the Siva temple) 
The famous petti kaliyaman temple also situated here 
The famous Vinayagar temple situated here 
Mohaideen Andavar Mosque - This is the biggest mosque (also called Pallivasal) in Mayiladuthurai District Experiment ideas Tamil YouTube channel  foundation office  in situated here  
Fashion tailor Shop situated here  

Schools
There are four Schools in this village:-

Aided Elementary School, Thirukkalachery 
Aiyas Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Thirukkalachery 
Hameediya Higher Secondary School, Thirukkalachery 
Hameediya Free Nursery & Primary School, Thirukkalachery 

Adjacent communities
Passage 7:
Suryanar Kovil
Suryanar Kovil (also called Suryanar Temple) is a Hindu temple dedicated to the deity Hindu Sun-God, located in Suryanar Kovil, a village near the South Indian town of Kumbakonam Thanjavur District in Tamil Nadu, India  The presiding deity is Suriyanar, the Sun and his consorts Ushadevi and Pratyusha Devi  The temple also has separate shrines for the other eight planetary deities  The temple is considered one of the nine Navagraha temples in Tamil Nadu  The temple is one of the few historic temples dedicated to Sun god and is also the only temple in Tamil Nadu which has shrines for all the planetary deities The present masonry structure was built during the reign of Kulottunga Choladeva (1060-1118 CE) in the 11th century with later additions from the Vijayanagar period  Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture, the temple has a five-tiered rajagopuram, the gateway tower and a granite wall enclosing all the shrines of the temple It is believed that the planetary deities were cursed by Brahma to dwell in Vellurukku Vanam, the white wild flower jungle and were blessed by Shiva to make it their abode to devotees  The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 5:30 a m  to 9 p m , and two yearly festivals on its calendar  The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu 

Legend
As per Hindu legend, Sage Kalava was suffering from serious ailments along with leprosy  He prayed to the Navagrahas, the nine planet deities  The planets were pleased by his devotion and offered cure to the sage  Brahma, the Hindu god of creation, was angered as he felt that the planets have no powers to provide boons to humans  He cursed the nine planets to suffer from leprosy and were sent down to earth in Vellurukku Vanam, the white wild flower jungle  The planets prayed to Shiva to relieve them off the curse  Shiva appeared to them and said that the place belonged to them and they would have to grace the devotees worshipping them from the place  This is the only temple where there are separate shrines for each of the planet deities  It is also the only temple among the nine planetary temples where Shiva is not the presiding deity 

History
It is stated in one of the inscriptions found in the temple that it was built in the reign of Kulottunga Choladeva (1060-1118 CE) and was called Kulottungachola-Marttandalaya  In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu  The temple is mentioned in the songs of Muthuswami Dikshitar, who has composed a song starting with "Suryamurthe" in Saurashatra ragam 

Architecture
Suriyanar Temple is located at the distance of 15 km from Kumbakonam in west, 2 km from Aduthurai, 8 km from Thiruppanandal and 58 km (36 mi) from Thanjavur  The temple can be accessed by road through Aduthurai in Kumbakonam - Mayiladuthurai road and Thiruppanandal in Kumbakonam - Chennai road  The temple has a rectangular plan with compound walls, pierced by a five-tiered raja gopuram (entrance tower)  The central shrine is of Surya, the Sun God, is built on an elevated structure  The central shrine houses the image of Surya and his consorts Usha and Chhaya  The hall leading to the central shrine has images of Viswanathar, Visalakshi, Nataraja, Sivakami, Vinayagar and Murugan  On the axial line in front of the central shrine, there is an image of Guru (Jupiter), one of the planetary deities  There are separate shrines for all the other seven planet deities namely Budha (Mercury), Shani (Saturn), Sukran (Venus), Soma (Moon), Angaragan (Mars), Rahu and Ketu  All the other eight shrines of the Navagrahas are arranged facing the shrine of Suryanar  Guru is depicted performing pooja to Shiva 

Worship and festivals
The temple priests perform the pooja (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis  Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the Shaivaite community, a Brahmin sub-caste  The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 5:30 a m , Kalasanthi at 8:00 a m , Uchikalam at 10:00 a m , Sayarakshai at 6:00 p m , Irandamkalam at 8:00 p m  and Ardha Jamam at 10:00 p m  Each ritual comprises four steps: abhisheka (sacred bath), alangaram (decoration), neivethanam (food offering) and deepa aradanai (waving of lamps) for Surya, Usha and Chhaya  The worship is held amidst music with nadaswaram (pipe instrument) and tavil (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the Vedas  read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast  There are weekly rituals like somavaram and sukravaram, fortnightly rituals like pradosham and monthly festivals like amavasai (new moon day), kiruthigai, pournami (full moon day) and sathurthi 

Religious importance
The temple is one of the nine Navagraha temples of Tamil Nadu and is a part of the popular Navagraha pilgrimage in the state - it houses the image of Surya (Sun)  The planets are believed to influence the horoscope computed based on time of one's birth and subsequently influence the course of life  Each of the planets are believed to move from a star to another during a predefined period and thus sway over an individual's fortunes  Kol vinay theertha Vinayagar is an important deity inside the temple and should be worshiped first before worshiping Lord Suriyan and other planets
  The Navagrahas, as per Hindu customs, are believed to provide both good and bad effects for any individual and the bad effects are mitigated by prayers  As in other Navagraha temples, the common worship practises of the devotees include offering of cloth, grains, flowers and jewels specific to the planet deity  Lighting a set of lamps is also commonly followed in the temple  As per contemporary Saivite belief, the energies distributed cyclically by Navagrahas can be channeled based on remedial measures  As per local legends, Shiva, the overlord of the nine planetary deities, allowed them to freely grant wishes based on devotion of the devotees According to Hindu legend, Mahalingaswamy is the centre of all Shiva temples in the region and the Saptha Vigraha moorthis (seven prime consorts in all Shiva temples) are located at seven cardinal points around the temple, located in various parts of the state  The seven deities are Nataraja in Chidambaram Nataraja Temple at Chidambaram, Chandikeswarar temple at Tirucheingalur, Vinayagar in Vellai Vinayagar Temple at Thiruvalanchuzhi, Muruga in Swamimalai Murugan Temple at Swamimalai, Bhairava in Sattainathar Temple at Sirkali, Navagraha in this temple and Dakshinamoorthy in Apatsahayesvarar Temple at Alangudi, Nannilam  The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the northern banks of River Kaveri 
Passage 8:
Sawaare Sabke Sapne    Preeto
Sawaare Sabke Sapne Preeto (SSSP) is an Indian television series that premiered on Imagine TV on 4 July 2011 and ended abruptly on 12 April 2012  The story is located against a Punjabi backdrop and is based on the lives of five sisters  Set in the picturesque north Indian town of Amritsar, which is also an Indian Air Force base, this is the story of the quirky, lovable Dhillon family  They live in a run-down mansion, having moved to India from Pakistan after the Partition, a generation ago  In many ways the Dhillon family is a typical lower-middle-class Indian family 
At the head of the family is retired school master Gangandeep Dhillon, who lives with his wife Kanwal and five daughters 

Plot
Sawaare Sapke Sapne Preeto is the story of Preeto, third among the five Dhillon sisters  The eldest sister is Jasmeet (Meeta) who is lovable and plump, second is Ishmeet (Ishu) who is quiet and respectful and is considered the prettiest, third is Manpreet (Preeto) who is respectful but always speaks her mind, fourth is Gurbaani (Bani) who is in college and like partying, and the youngest is Sonu who is in school and is everybody's favorite  Their father's income is not enough to maintain the entire family  Preeto's mother often regrets that she does not have a son who could have supported them all  Hence Preeto decides to contribute to the family income by designing and stitching clothes for clients  Her dream is to get her older sisters married and the younger ones educated 
Meeta is engaged to Bobby but he tries to take advantage of Ishu and the wedding is called off  At her friends' wedding, Preeto meets Rajbeer, an air force officer and they develop feelings for each other  Dhruv, another air force officer, falls in love with Ishu  Dhruv and Ishu's wedding is fixed and Preeto and Rajbeer confess their love to each other  But Preeto's father meets with an accident and loses his job  Preeto decides to break up with Rajbeer to focus on arranging money for Ishu's wedding 
However, Dhruv's parents are unhappy with the wedding  At a family outing in Manali, Rajbeer saves Dhruv's sister Simran and she falls in love with him  In Amritsar, Bani falls in love with a man named Ranjeet but he only wants to destroy Rajbeer  He sells Bani off to some goons but Preeto and Rajbeer are able to save her and expose Ranjeet's true intentions  Meanwhile, Preeto's Biji finds out about Preeto and Rajbeer and encourages Preeto to fight for her love 
Dhruv and Simran's mother, Neelam, blackmails Preeto that if she confesses her love to Rajbeer, Neelam would make sure Dhruv divorces Ishu  Conflicted, Preeto decides to fake marriage with Sunny, a cousin of Pankaj's (Meeta's husband) who loves Preeto but knows about her feelings for Rajbeer  But one day Rajbeer overhears Preeto talking to herself and realizes that her marriage is fake and she still loves him 

Cast
Main
Ankita Sharma as Manpreet "Preeto" Dhillon: Kavaljit and Gagandeep's third daughter; Meeta, Ishu, Bani and Sonu's sister; Rajbeer's lover (2011–2012)
Aditya Redij as Rajbeer Singh: Preeto's lover (2011–2012)

Recurring
Ira Soni as Ishmeet "Ishu" Ahluwalia: Kavaljit and Gagandeep's second daughter; Preeto, Meeta, Bani and Sonu's sister; Dhruv's wife (2011−2012)
Divya Bhatnagar as Jasmeet "Meeta" Ambrela: Kavaljit and Gagandeep's eldest daughter; Ishu, Preeto, Bani and Sonu's sister; Pankaj's wife (2011–2012)
Devoleena Bhattacharjee as Gurbani "Bani" Dhillon: Kavaljit and Gagandeep's fourth daughter; Meeta, Ishu, Preeto and Sonu's sister (2011−2012)
Mahima Makwana as Sonam "Sonu" Dhillon; Kavaljit and Gagandeep's youngest daughter; Meeta, Ishu, Preeto and Bani's sister (2011−2012)
Kanan Malhotra as Dhruv Ahluwalia: Neelam and Kulbhushan's son; Simmi's brother; Ishu's husband (2011–2012)
Rohit Mehta as Mr  Kumar administrative officer (2012)
Pavitra Punia as Simran "Simmi" Ahluwalia: Neelam and Kulbhushan's daughter; Dhruv's sister (2011−2012)
Sailesh Gulabani as Pankaj Ambrela: Sunny's cousin; Meeta's husband (2011−2012)
Shresth Kumar as Shivansh "Sunny" Ambrela: Pankaj's cousin; Preeto's ex-fiancé (2012)
Ujjwal Rana as Baljeet "Bobby" Singh: Meeta's former fiancé (2011−2012)
Susheel Parashar as Gagandeep Dhillon: Kavaljit's husband; Meeta, Ishu, Preeto, Bani and Sonu's father (2011–2012)
Nitika Anand as Kavaljit Kaur Dhillon: Gagandeep's wife; Meeta, Ishu, Preeto, Bani and Sonu's mother (2011–2012)
Ritwika Gupta as Aisha Sood: Simmi's friend (2011–2012)
Vijay Aidasani as Kulbhushan Ahluwalia; Dhruv and Simmi's father (2011−2012)
Aradhana Uppal as Neelam Ahluwalia: Kulbhushan's wife; Dhruv and Simmi's mother (2011−2012)

Guest stars
Himesh Reshammiya as himself for the promotion of Bodyguard and Damadamm! (2011)
Passage 9:
Buckingham Archeological Site
Buckingham Archeological Site is an archaeological site near Berlin in Worcester County, Maryland   It is one of the few known Woodland period village sites in the coastal marsh areas of the Atlantic Coast section of Maryland  The site falls within the general vicinity of an Assateague Indian town  It is located four miles east of the Sandy Point Site, both including the southernmost reported occurrence of Townsend Series ceramics on the coastal section of the Eastern Shore It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 
Passage 10:
Paravakkal
Paravakkal is a town in the Kadungapuram village of the Puzhakkattiri panchayath, located in the Malappuram district, in the state of Kerala, southeast India  It was the homeland of Valluvanad, an erstwhile kingdom in Malabar  Perinthalmanna, Malappuram, and Kottakkal are some of the major towns nearby 
There is a tradition known as Nercha and Pooram which is a symbol of unity among various religions in the area 

Geography
The town is 12 km (7 5 mi) from Perinthalmanna, the taluk headquarters, and 11 km (6 8 mi) from the district headquarters at Malappuram  The town is midway between Perinthalmanna and Kottakkal road  The Paravakkal Lake is located north of the town, which lays close south to National Highway 213  The land is mostly dry and flat, few hills obstruct the nearby fields  An abundant amount of trees and shrubbery lie to the south of the town 

People
Paravakkal consists of 1723 people, 838 of which are male, and 885 female 

Culture
Paravakkal village is a predominantly Muslim populated area  Hindus exist in comparatively smaller numbers  So the culture of the locality is based upon Muslim traditions  Duff Muttu, Kolkali and Aravanamuttu are common folk arts of this locality  There are many libraries attached to mosques giving a rich source of Islamic studies  Most of the books are written in Arabi-Malayalam which is a version of the Malayalam language written in Arabic script  People gather in mosques for the evening prayer and continue to sit there after the prayers discussing social and cultural issues  Business and family issues are also sorted out during these evening meetings  The Hindu minority of this area keeps their rich traditions by celebrating various festivals in their temples  Hindu rituals are done here with a regular devotion like other parts of Kerala 

Transportation
Paravakkal village connects to other parts of India through Perinthalmanna town  National highway No 66 passes through Tirur and the northern stretch connects to Goa and Mumbai  The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum  Highway No 966 goes to Palakkad and Coimbatore  The nearest airport is at Kozhikode  The nearest major railway station is at Tirur 



ground_truth: French

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Thirukkalacherry is a village in which Indian town?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: : 47  The manufacturers in India are the most advanced in the developing world and include the Serum Institute of India, one of the largest producers of vaccines by number of doses and an innovator in processes, recently improving efficiency of producing the measles vaccine by 10 to 20-fold, due to switching to a MRC-5 cell culture instead of chicken eggs : 48  China's manufacturing capabilities are focused on supplying their own domestic need, with Sinopharm (CNPGC) alone providing over 85% of the doses for 14 different vaccines in China : 48  Brazil is approaching the point of supplying its own domestic needs using technology transferred from the developed world : 49

Delivery systems
One of the most common methods of delivering vaccines into the human body is injection 
The development of new delivery systems raises the hope of vaccines that are safer and more efficient to deliver and administer  Lines of research include liposomes and ISCOM (immune stimulating complex) Notable developments in vaccine delivery technologies have included oral vaccines  Early attempts to apply oral vaccines showed varying degrees of promise, beginning early in the 20th century, at a time when the very possibility of an effective oral antibacterial vaccine was controversial  By the 1930s there was increasing interest in the prophylactic value of an oral typhoid fever vaccine for example An oral polio vaccine turned out to be effective when vaccinations were administered by volunteer staff without formal training; the results also demonstrated increased ease and efficiency of administering the vaccines  Effective oral vaccines have many advantages; for example, there is no risk of blood contamination  Vaccines intended for oral administration need not be liquid, and as solids, they commonly are more stable and less prone to damage or spoilage by freezing in transport and storage  Such stability reduces the need for a "cold chain": the resources required to keep vaccines within a restricted temperature range from the manufacturing stage to the point of administration, which, in turn, may decrease costs of vaccines 
A microneedle approach, which is still in stages of development, uses "pointed projections fabricated into arrays that can create vaccine delivery pathways through the skin" An experimental needle-free vaccine delivery system is undergoing animal testing  A stamp-size patch similar to an adhesive bandage contains about 20,000 microscopic projections per square cm  This dermal administration potentially increases the effectiveness of vaccination, while requiring less vaccine than injection 

In veterinary medicine
Vaccinations of animals are used both to prevent their contracting diseases and to prevent transmission of disease to humans  Both animals kept as pets and animals raised as livestock are routinely vaccinated  In some instances, wild populations may be vaccinated  This is sometimes accomplished with vaccine-laced food spread in a disease-prone area and has been used to attempt to control rabies in raccoons 
Where rabies occurs, rabies vaccination of dogs may be required by law  Other canine vaccines include canine distemper, canine parvovirus, infectious canine hepatitis, adenovirus-2, leptospirosis, Bordetella, canine parainfluenza virus, and Lyme disease, among others 
Cases of veterinary vaccines used in humans have been documented, whether intentional or accidental, with some cases of resultant illness, most notably with brucellosis  However, the reporting of such cases is rare and very little has been studied about the safety and results of such practices  With the advent of aerosol vaccination in veterinary clinics, human exposure to pathogens not naturally carried in humans, such as Bordetella bronchiseptica, has likely increased in recent years  In some cases, most notably rabies, the parallel veterinary vaccine against a pathogen may be as much as orders of magnitude more economical than the human one 

DIVA vaccines
DIVA (Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals), also known as SIVA (Segregation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals) vaccines, make it possible to differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals  DIVA vaccines carry at least one epitope less than the equivalent wild microorganism  An accompanying diagnostic test that detects the antibody against that epitope assists in identifying whether the animal has been vaccinated or not The first DIVA vaccines (formerly termed marker vaccines and since 1999 coined as DIVA vaccines) and companion diagnostic tests were developed by J  T  van Oirschot and colleagues at the Central Veterinary Institute in Lelystad, The Netherlands  They found that some existing vaccines against pseudorabies (also termed Aujeszky's disease) had deletions in their viral genome (among which was the gE gene)  Monoclonal antibodies were produced against that deletion and selected to develop an ELISA that demonstrated antibodies against gE  In addition, novel genetically engineered gE-negative vaccines were constructed  Along the same lines, DIVA vaccines and companion diagnostic tests against bovine herpesvirus 1 infections have been developed The DIVA strategy has been applied in various countries to successfully eradicate pseudorabies virus from those countries  Swine populations were intensively vaccinated and monitored by the companion diagnostic test and, subsequently, the infected pigs were removed from the population  Bovine herpesvirus 1 DIVA vaccines are also widely used in practice  Considerable efforts are ongoing to apply the DIVA principle to a wide range of infectious diseases, such as classical swine fever, avian influenza, Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia and Salmonella infections in pigs 

History
Prior to the introduction of vaccination with material from cases of cowpox (heterotypic immunisation), smallpox could be prevented by deliberate variolation with smallpox virus  The earliest hints of the practice of variolation for smallpox in China come during the tenth century  The Chinese also practiced the oldest documented use of variolation, dating back to the fifteenth century  They implemented a method of "nasal insufflation" administered by blowing powdered smallpox material, usually scabs, up the nostrils  Various insufflation techniques have been recorded throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries within China : 60  Two reports on the Chinese practice of inoculation were received by the Royal Society in London in 1700; one by Martin Lister who received a report by an employee of the East India Company stationed in China and another by Clopton Havers 
Mary Wortley Montagu, who had witnessed variolation in Turkey, had her four-year-old daughter variolated in the presence of physicians of the Royal Court in 1721 upon her return to England  Later on that year, Charles Maitland conducted an experimental variolation of six prisoners in Newgate Prison in London  The experiment was a success, and soon variolation was drawing attention from the royal family, who helped promote the procedure  However, in 1783, several days after Prince Octavius of Great Britain was inoculated, he died  In 1796, the physician Edward Jenner took pus from the hand of a milkmaid with cowpox, scratched it into the arm of an 8-year-old boy, James Phipps, and six weeks later variolated the boy with smallpox, afterwards observing that he did not catch smallpox  Jenner extended his studies and, in 1798, reported that his vaccine was safe in children and adults, and could be transferred from arm-to-arm, which reduced reliance on uncertain supplies from infected cows  In 1804, the Spanish Balmis smallpox vaccination expedition to Spain's colonies Mexico and Philippines used the arm-to-arm transport method to get around the fact the vaccine survived for only 12 days in vitro  They used cowpox  Since vaccination with cowpox was much safer than smallpox inoculation, the latter, though still widely practiced in England, was banned in 1840 
Following on from Jenner's work, the second generation of vaccines was introduced in the 1880s by Louis Pasteur who developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax, and from the late nineteenth century vaccines were considered a matter of national prestige  National vaccination policies were adopted and compulsory vaccination laws were passed  In 1931 Alice Miles Woodruff and Ernest Goodpasture documented that the fowlpox virus could be grown in embryonated chicken egg  Soon scientists began cultivating other viruses in eggs  Eggs were used for virus propagation in the development of a yellow fever vaccine in 1935 and an influenza vaccine in 1945  In 1959 growth media and cell culture replaced eggs as the standard method of virus propagation for vaccines Vaccinology flourished in the twentieth century, which saw the introduction of several successful vaccines, including those against diphtheria, measles, mumps, and rubella  Major achievements included the development of the polio vaccine in the 1950s and the eradication of smallpox during the 1960s and 1970s  Maurice Hilleman was the most prolific of the developers of the vaccines in the twentieth century  As vaccines became more common, many people began taking them for granted  However, vaccines remain elusive for many important diseases, including herpes simplex, malaria, gonorrhea, and HIV 

Generations of vaccines
First generation vaccines are whole-organism vaccines – either live and weakened, or killed forms  Live, attenuated vaccines, such as smallpox and polio vaccines, are able to induce killer T-cell (TC or CTL) responses, helper T-cell (TH) responses and antibody immunity  However, attenuated forms of a pathogen can convert to a dangerous form and may cause disease in immunocompromised vaccine recipients (such as those with AIDS)  While killed vaccines do not have this risk, they cannot generate specific killer T cell responses and may not work at all for some diseases Second generation vaccines were developed to reduce the risks from live vaccines  These are subunit vaccines, consisting of specific protein antigens (such as tetanus or diphtheria toxoid) or recombinant protein components (such as the hepatitis B surface antigen)  They can generate TH and antibody responses, but not killer T cell responses RNA vaccines and DNA vaccines are examples of third generation vaccines  In 2016 a DNA vaccine for the Zika virus began testing at the National Institutes of Health  Separately, Inovio Pharmaceuticals and GeneOne Life Science began tests of a different DNA vaccine against Zika in Miami  Manufacturing the vaccines in volume was unsolved as of 2016  Clinical trials for DNA vaccines to prevent HIV are underway  mRNA vaccines such as BNT162b2 were developed in the year 2020 with the help of Operation Warp Speed and massively deployed to combat the COVID-19 pandemic  In 2021, Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman received Columbia University's Horwitz Prize for their pioneering research in mRNA vaccine technology 

Trends
Since at least 2013, scientists have been trying to develop synthetic third-generation vaccines by reconstructing the outside structure of a virus; it was hoped that this will help prevent vaccine resistance Principles that govern the immune response can now be used in tailor-made vaccines against many noninfectious human diseases, such as cancers and autoimmune disorders  For example, the experimental vaccine CYT006-AngQb has been investigated as a possible treatment for high blood pressure  Factors that affect the trends of vaccine development include progress in translatory medicine, demographics, regulatory science, political, cultural, and social responses 

Plants as bioreactors for vaccine production
The idea of vaccine production via transgenic plants was identified as early as 2003  Plants such as tobacco, potato, tomato, and banana can have genes inserted that cause them to produce vaccines usable for humans  In 2005, bananas were developed that produce a human vaccine against hepatitis B 

Vaccine hesitancy
Vaccine hesitancy is a delay in acceptance, or refusal of vaccines despite the availability of vaccine services  The term covers outright refusals to vaccinate, delaying vaccines, accepting vaccines but remaining uncertain about their use, or using certain vaccines but not others  There is an overwhelming scientific consensus that vaccines are generally safe and effective  Vaccine hesitancy often results in disease outbreaks and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases  The World Health Organization therefore characterized vaccine hesitancy as one of the top ten global health threats in 2019 

See also
Passage 2:
Marco Marcola
Marco Marcola (1740–1793) was an Italian painter, born and mainly active in Verona  He was initially apprenticed to his father Giovanni Battista Marcola  Among his pupils were Antonio Pachera, Bellino Bellini, and Domenico Zanconti  He is also known as Marco Marcuola  His sister Angela Marcola was also a painter 

Sources
Zannandreis, Diego (1891)   Giuseppe Biadego (ed )  Le vite dei pittori, scultori e architetti veronesi  Verona: Stabilimento Tipo-Litografico G  Franchini  p  478 
Passage 3:
Rue Lhomond
Rue Lhomond is a street in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, France  It is located in the quartier du Val-de-Grâce and has existed since the 15th century  It was once known as rue des Poteries after its Gallo-Roman pottery workshops (re-discovered in the 18th century), then from around 1600 as rue des Pots and finally rue des Postes  It was given its present name in 1867 after the priest, grammarian and scholar Charles François Lhomond (1727-1794) 

History
The street has housed several Catholic seminaries and convents, along with a British seminary established at number 22 by permission of Louis XIV of France in 1684 and active until 1790 Rue Lhomond features in the Georges Simenon novel ′Maigret Takes a Room′  In the novel Maigret takes a room in a boarding house to discover who shot his subordinate Janvier 

Buildings
Passage 4:
Vatos Locos
Vatos Locos is a Chicano slang term that means "crazy Dudes"  It is also used as the name of multiple small gangs around the USA, Canada and Mexico  Many "Vatos Locos" use the colors red, black, green or brown The film Blood In Blood Out (1993) which was written by poet Jimmy Santiago Baca, is based on the experiences of gang members of a fictional gang called Vatos Locos The video game Call of Juarez: The Cartel features a fictional Vatos Locos gang 

See also
List of gangs in Mexico
Passage 5:
Giuseppe Appiani
Giuseppe Appiani (1740 or 1754–1812) was an Italian painter of the Neoclassic periods  He was born in Vaprio d'Adda, near Milan, where he was mainly active  His parents moved to Monza, where his first mentor was the painter Giovanni Maria Gariboldi  At age 21, he moved to Milan, where he worked in the studios of Giorgi, and later Giuliano Traballesi  He was active in restoration of paintings  Another painter, Giuseppe Appiani (Porto, c  1700-Triefenstein, c  1785), was active in Germany 
Passage 6:
Massimiliano Soldani Benzi
Massimiliano Soldani or Massimiliano Soldani Benzi (15 July 1656 – 23 February 1740) was an Italian baroque sculptor and medallist, mainly active in Florence  Born at Montevarchi, the son of a Tuscan cavalry captain, Soldani was employed by the Medici for his entire career 

Name
He first went under the name Soldani but, claiming descent from the family of bishop Soldani of Fiesole and from the aristocratic Benzi family of Figline, he applied for and received, in 1693, an official letter acknowledging his nobility based on this ancestry  From this date forward, he called himself, and is referred to in many documents as, Soldani Benzi 

Life
Soldani began training in the Medici drawing school in Florence  He attracted the attention of Grand Duke Cosimo III de' Medici who sent Soldani to his grand-ducal academy in Rome to study under Ciro Ferri and Ercole Ferrata, and to train in coining  During his years in Rome (1678–81), he showed much promise and was asked by Queen Christina of Sweden to create several medals  He started this enterprise but left it unfinished as Cosimo transferred the artist to Paris to work with the famous medallist Joseph Roettiers While there in 1682, Soldani came into contact with Charles Le Brun and minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert  Learning that the artist was working on a medal portrait of Louis XIV, a courtier Soldani refers to the courtier as "Mons r Duca d'Homone"  (possibly Louis, duc d'Aumont who was very interested in the art of medals) introduced the young man to the king  The model for this medal of Louis XIV is now in the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto Grand Duke Cosimo in the meantime decided that it was time for Soldani to return to Florence and take charge of the Grand-ducal Mint, the job he was meant to occupy from the very start  Upon the death of the current director, Soldani was officially made Maestro dei Coni e Custode della Zecca in 1688  As such he had his workshop and living quarters in the Uffizi When he finally gave up work at the age of about 80, Soldani Benzi retired to his Villa Petrolo near Bucine where he died in 1740 

Work
Soldani developed into one of the finest bronze casters of his time in Europe  Though first specialising as a medallist, Soldani also produced bronze reliefs, bronze vases and free-standing figures and busts 
For Joseph Johann Adam, Prince of Liechtenstein, he produced a series of bronze copies of works of the Medici collection, mainly antique busts and figures but also after works by Michelangelo and Gianlorenzo Bernini Klaus Lankheit recognized in a small bronze Pietà attributed to Soldani at the Walters Art Museum a "balanced triangular composition" that is "almost a relief in form" and suggested that it had been composed first as a relief; A more elaborate version, with additional figures, in the Kress collection at the Seattle Art Museum, was identified as by Soldani by Ulrich Middeldorf  A second table bronze, Venus and the Wounded Adonis, on a richly-mounted ebony base raised on bronze paw feet, is also at the Walters Art Museum At rare intervals he exhibited terra cotta bozzetti at the irregularly staged exhibitions of the Accademia del Disegno, Florence: in 1715 a Pietà in terracotta by "Sig  M S " A highly finished terracotta relief, Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane, doubtless intended as a modello to be cast in bronze as a private devotional work, is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art A major document of his career is his autobiography, dated 1718, correspondence, and the inventory taken after his death A collection of his drawings is in the Uffizi in Florence 

Doccia
After his death, his heirs sold some of his wax models to marchese Carlo Ginori, who had them adapted by his chief modeller, Gaspero Bruschi, and reproduced in porcelain at his Doccia porcelain manufactory near Florence  Thus Soldani's Apollo in His Chariot, Venus Plucking the Wings of Cupid and Virtue Overpowering Vice all exist as Doccia porcelain groups 

Notes
Further reading
Klaus Lankheit, Soldani (Benzi), Massimiliano, Oxford Art Online

External links
(Fitzwilliam Museum) Leda and the Swan, bronze
Biografia em portugues
European sculpture and metalwork, a collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Benzi (see index)
Passage 7:
Francesco Corneliani
Francesco Corneliani (1740-1815) was an Italian painter, mainly active in a Neoclassic style in his native Milan 

He was born to Carlo Corneliani (or Corneliano), and was intended to become a jeweller  He  trained under Sangiorgi at the Accademia Ambrosiana  In 1760, influenced by the paintings of Anton Rafael Mengs, he left for Parma and worked under Carlo Calani  He returned to Milan where he painted lunette frescoes in the Casa Candiani 
He also painted the lunettes over the altars to the side of the chorus in the church of San Sebastiano  He made portraits of the family in the walls of the house of Castiglioni  He painted the four evangelists for the church of San Gervasio in Bergamo He was a close friend of Andrea Appiani and is described as a man alien to intrigue and vanity, pious without ostentation, he lived retired but always ready to work on works of art and piety He died in Milan 


== Sources ==
Passage 8:
François Beaucourt
François Beaucourt (1740–1794) is said to be the first native-born Canadian painter who studied in France with a professional reputation  He was active mainly in the Province of Quebec 

Career
François Malepart Beaucourt was born in Laprairie, Quebec  Paul Beaucourt, his father, was an amateur painter and military engineer  After he died, the family seems to have returned to France  In 1773, Beaucourt married the daughter of his painting master, Joseph Camagne, in Bordeaux, afterwards painting in France and Russia  He was accepted into the local academy in Bordeaux in 1784  In Canada, after 1786, he painted a wide variety of subjects, mostly portraits, including a self-portrait in the National Gallery of Canada  In 1792, he worked in Philadelphia but returned to Montreal that year  In 1794, he died in Montreal  One critic speaks of his "decorative and light provincial rococo" manner 
Passage 9:
Norman Newell
Norman Newell  (25 January 1919 – 1 December 2004) was an English record producer, who was mainly active in the 1950s and 1960s  He was also the co-writer of many notable songs  As an A&R manager for EMI, he worked with musicians such as Shirley Bassey, Dalida, Claude François, Vera Lynn, Russ Conway, Bette Midler, Judy Garland, Petula Clark, Jake Thackray, Malcolm Roberts, Bobby Crush and Peter and Gordon 
Newell was particularly known for his recorded productions of West End musicals  His songs have been covered by Judy Garland, Frank Sinatra, Celine Dion and Aretha Franklin  In 1999, Newell's song, "Portrait of My Love", originally recorded by Matt Monro in 1960, was honoured at the BMI Awards in London for having two million radio plays 

Early life
Newell was born in Plaistow, Essex (now part of Greater London) to a poor family  He aspired to be an actor, but expected to work for London Transport  During the Second World War, Newell befriended the variety performer Bill Waddington, and wrote lyrics to his music  Following the end of the war, Waddington found Newell a job selling sheet music at the Cinephonic Music Company on Charing Cross Road  He began his career as a songwriter for the London-based publisher 

Music producer
Newell joined EMI's Columbia label as a staff producer in 1949, and was head of the label for its most successful years  During this period, he produced records by Petula Clark, the French male voice choir Les Compagnons de la Chanson, Josef Locke, Ronnie Ronalde, The Beverley Sisters, Dorothy Squires and the bandleader Victor Silvester  He also discovered the singer Steve Conway, who recorded Newell's "My Thanks To You" (with music by Noel Gay) In 1953, Newell moved to the new Philips record label, and produced their first release by a British artist, Johnny Brandon  Newell asked Geoff Love to arrange the song, and this marked the start of their professional relationship, in which Love's albums as Manuel and his Music of the Mountains would be produced by Newell  Following six months working at MGM in America, Newell came back to EMI in 1954, whereupon he recorded the comedians Norman Wisdom and Joyce Grenfell  Although Newell "did not understand" rock 'n' roll, he produced albums of the television shows Drumbeat and 6 5 Special  He used Trevor Stanford as a rehearsal pianist, and began recording with him in 1957, under the name Russ Conway, the surname being a tribute to Steve Conway, who had died in 1952 Newell went freelance in 1965, and was then put under contract with EMI, where he produced the top selling single of 1965, "Tears", by comedian Ken Dodd 

Lyricist
Newell was also a much sought-after lyricist, sometimes writing under the pen-name David West, and responsible for co-writing songs that included "Portrait of My Love" (music by Cyril Ornadel), a UK Singles Chart hit for Matt Monro  In addition, he provided the English lyrics for "More" (the theme from the film Mondo Cane)  Newell also wrote the English lyrics of Shirley Bassey's 1961 No  1 hit "Reach for the Stars", (composed by Nini Oliviero and Riz Ortolani) and Bassey's "This Is My Life" ("La vita", written by Antonio Amurri and Bruno Canfora)  Commenting on the latter, Bassey said that "Norman knows more about me than I do "Further compositions by Newell were "The Importance of Your Love" ("Important C'est La Rose", by Gilbert Bécaud); "Born to Sing" ("Mourir Sur scène", by Dalida); "Monday Morning Again" ("Le Lundi au Soleil", by Claude François) and "Never, Never, Never" ("Grande grande grande"), which was a hit for Bassey in 1973  With the composer Philip Green, he co-wrote the United Kingdom's 1963 Eurovision Song Contest entry, "Say Wonderful Things", recorded by Ronnie Carroll  The song was later recorded in the United States by Patti Page He wrote the English lyrics to the German song "Sailor", a number one UK hit for Petula Clark and a top ten hit for Anne Shelton in 1961  In 1964, Newell produced Peter and Gordon's number one UK hit "A World Without Love", which also topped the charts in the United States and several other countries  The song "Forget Domani", from the film The Yellow Rolls-Royce (1964), with lyrics by Newell to music by Riz Ortolani, won a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 
Newell wrote English-language lyrics to "The White Rose of Athens" for Nana Mouskouri, and Vicky Leandros's 1972 Eurovision Song Contest winning entry, "Après toi" ("Come What May")  "Come What May" reached No 2 on the UK and Republic of Ireland singles charts in 1972 
In his later years, Newell penned lyrics to Pietro Mascagni's "Intermezzo" from Cavalleria rusticana  The song, entitled "Pray For Love", was recorded by Vince Hill 
His numerous contacts in the music publishing industry in the United Kingdom assisted EMI in securing the rights for British recordings of cast albums for many American shows opening in London  Newell also wrote the lyrics for the West End musical Mister Venus (with music by Russ Conway), but the show was not a success  Despite starring Frankie Howerd, the show ran for just 16 performances at the Prince of Wales Theatre in 1958 

Later career
Newell continued working as a producer into the 1980s, including on Shirley Bassey's Gold selling album I Am What I Am, recorded with the London Symphony Orchestra  
He also wrote the English lyrics for the 1983 Julio Iglesias recording of "Hey", which featured in the Platinum selling album Julio He also produced several cast recordings of West End musicals for First Night Records: Seven Brides For Seven Brothers – Original London Cast (1986), Annie Get Your Gun – 1986 London Cast (starring Suzi Quatro and Eric Flynn), Kiss Me, Kate – 1987 Royal Shakespeare Company Cast (starring Paul Jones, Nichola McAuliffe and Fiona Hendley), and South Pacific – 1988 London Cast (starring Gemma Craven and Emile Belcourt)  George Martin said of Newell that he "always wanted to be a Stephen Sondheim," but noted that "his main strength came from his ability to handle big showbiz entertainers "Newell retired in 1990  However, he continued to write lyrics, and his final works were with Les Reed 

Honours
During his career, Norman Newell won a Grammy, an Emmy and three Ivor Novello Awards for his contribution to the entertainment industry, as well as six British Music Industry Awards  He was awarded an OBE in 2003 

Personal life and death
Newell, who was gay, lived in Rustington, West Sussex  After a series of debilitating strokes, he was moved to a local nursing home  He died on 1 December 2004, aged 85 
Passage 10:
Province of Quebec (1763–1791)
The Province of Quebec (French: Province de Québec) was a colony in British North America which comprised the former French colony of Canada  It was established by the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763, following the conquest of New France by British forces during the Seven Years' War  As part of the Treaty of Paris, France gave up its claim to the colony; it instead negotiated to keep the small profitable island of Guadeloupe Following the Royal Proclamation of 1763, Canada was renamed the Province of Quebec, and from 1774 extended from the coast of Labrador on the Atlantic Ocean, southwest through the Saint Lawrence River Valley to the Great Lakes and beyond to the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers  Portions of its southwest, those areas south of the Great Lakes, were later ceded to the newly established United States in the Treaty of Paris (1783) at the conclusion of the American Revolution; although the British maintained a military presence there until 1796  In 1791, the territory north of the Great Lakes was reorganised and divided into Lower Canada and Upper Canada 

History
Under the Proclamation, Quebec included the cities of Quebec and Montreal, as well as a zone surrounding them, but did not extend as far west as the Great Lakes or as far north as Rupert's Land In 1774, the Parliament of Great Britain, Frederick North, Lord North, Prime Minister, passed the Quebec Act that allowed Quebec to restore the use of French customary law (Coutume de Paris) in private matters alongside the English common law system, and allowing the Catholic Church to collect tithes  The act also enlarged the boundaries of Quebec to include the Ohio Country and part of the Illinois Country, from the Appalachian Mountains on the east, south to the Ohio River, west to the Mississippi River and north to the southern boundary of lands owned by the Hudson's Bay Company, or Rupert's Land 
Prince Edward  Duke of Kent lived in Quebec City 
(Known as the Prince of Quebec)from 1791-1793 this was when Michigan territory was a part of Quebec and a member of Parliament  
Detroit was transferred to Quebec under the Quebec Act of 1774   
It was then the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec, after Montreal and Quebec  1792 Detroit, including settlements on both sides of the river, holds its first election, sending
three representatives to the Parliament of Upper Canada 
The Act Against Slavery, 1793, an anti-slavery act passed in Upper Canada  The Act was created partially in response to Loyalist refugees who brought slaves with them 
Michigan Territory was a part of Upper Canada from 1790-1796  British control of Detroit and Michigan after the American Revolution  When Quebec split into Lower and Upper Canada in 1791, Michigan was part of Kent County, Upper Canada  It held its first democratic elections in August 1792 to send delegates to the new provincial parliament at Newark (now  Niagara-on-the-Lake)  
Western District was one of four districts of the Province of Quebec created in 1788 in the western reaches of the Montreal District which were later detached in 1791 to create the new colony of Upper Canada  Known as Hesse District (named after Hesse in Germany) until 1792 
Through Quebec, the British Crown retained access to the Ohio and Illinois Countries after the Treaty of Paris (1783) ceded control of this land to the United States  By well-established trade and military routes across the Great Lakes, the British continued to supply not only their own troops but a wide alliance of Native American nations through Detroit, Fort Niagara, Fort Michilimackinac, and so on, until these posts were turned over to the United States following the Jay Treaty (1794) 
Quebec retained its seigneurial system after the conquest  Owing to an influx of Loyalist refugees from the American Revolutionary War, the demographics of Quebec came to shift and now included a substantial English-speaking Protestant element from the former Thirteen Colonies  These United Empire Loyalists settled mainly in the Eastern Townships, Montreal, and what was known then as the pays d'en haut west of the Ottawa River  The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the colony in two at the Ottawa River, so that the western part (Upper Canada) could be under the English legal system, with English speakers in the majority  The eastern part was named Lower Canada 

Governors
In 1760, following the capitulation of Montreal, the colony was placed under military government, with civil government only instituted beginning in 1764  The following were the governors:

James Murray 1760–1766
Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester 1766–1778
Sir Frederick Haldimand 1778–1786
Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester 1786–1796There were also "lieutenant governors", but these were merely the deputies of the governors, and should not be confused with the subsequent to 1791 Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec 

Guy Carleton (lieutenant governor to James Murray)	1766–1768
Hector Theophilus de Cramahé (lieutenant governor to Guy Carleton)	1771–1782
Henry Hamilton (lieutenant governor to Frederick Haldimand)	1782–1785
Henry Hope (lieutenant governor to the Lord Dorchester)	1785–1788
Alured Clarke (lieutenant governor to the Lord Dorchester)	1790

Counsellors to the governor
The Province of Quebec did not have an elected legislature and was ruled directly by the governor with advice from counsellors  A council responsible to advise the governor (then James Murray) on all affairs of state was created in 1764  In 1774, the Quebec Act created a Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec to advise the governor on legislative affairs  The Legislative Council served as an advisory council to the governor until a legislative assembly was established after 1791 
The individuals James Murray called into the council from 1764 to 1766:

List of councillors under Carleton from 1766 to 1774:

Geography
Around 1763 to 1764, the province was divided into two judicial districts:

Montreal District – covering the western parts of Quebec along the St  Lawrence River including Montreal and much of Ontario (Eastern and Southern Ontario)
Quebec District – covering the eastern parts of Quebec along the St  Lawrence and LabradorIn 1790, the Trois-Rivières District was formed out of part of Quebec District 
The Trois-Rivières and Quebec districts continued after 1791 when Lower Canada came into existence, while Montreal District west of the Ottawa River became Upper Canada and east of the Ottawa River was partitioned into many electoral districts 

See also
Former colonies and territories in Canada
Territorial evolution of Canada after 1867



ground_truth: Tharangambadi