prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the population of the city at which the transmitter of WLLZ-LP was placed? 

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
WLLZ-LP
WXII-LD (channel 12) is a low-power television station in Cedar, Michigan, United States, serving the Traverse City–Cadillac area with programming from MyNetworkTV and Cozi TV  Owned by Bridge Media Networks, it is sister to Lake City-licensed NewsNet flagship WMNN-LD (channel 26)  Both stations share studios on West 13th Street in Cadillac, while WXII-LD's transmitter is located west of downtown Traverse City near Harris and Cedar Run roads 
Despite having a digital signal of its own, WXII-LD is only 1 5 kW whereas WMNN-LD is 15 kW, so WXII-LD is simulcast over WMNN-LD's fifth digital subchannel (UHF channel 17 5 or virtual channel 26 5) to expand its over-the-air reach 

History
On December 12, 1996, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued a construction permit for a low-power television station on UHF channel 51 in Pinconning, Michigan with the call sign W51CS  In 2001, the permit was moved to VHF channel 12 in Traverse City under call letters W12CX  In 2003, the call letters were changed to WLLZ-LP  From 1980 to 1996, the WLLZ calls were used by an album oriented rock FM radio station broadcasting on 98 7 in the Detroit area, nicknamed "Detroit's Wheelz" (later Smooth Jazz WVMV "V98 7" and now top-40 "AMP Radio" WDZH)  After the FM station dropped the call letters, they were used for several years on an AM station in the market, and were picked up by Channel 12 after the AM station dropped them in 2003  WLLZ's owner at the time, P & P Cable Holdings, is known for picking up calls discarded by other Michigan radio and television stations for use on their own stations 
WLLZ-LP signed on in January 2004 as an affiliate of Urban America Television  It added America One programming to its schedule in Summer 2004  WLLZ became a full affiliate of the network in May 2006 when Urban America Television ceased operations 

In June 2008, the station was added to Charter digital channel 202 throughout the northern Lower Peninsula  It moved to the basic tier on channel 72 in December 2008 and has now moved to channel 11 in 18 counties on Charter cable  Also in December 2008, WLLZ became a primary affiliate of MyNetworkTV; the station was then branded as "My TV 12"  Until then, there was no local affiliate in the northern Michigan market 
On May 15, 2009, WLLZ discontinued an affiliation with The Sportsman Channel (which was phasing out its over-the-air affiliations) and added RTV, with America One programming significantly reduced (though not eliminated)  Previously from 2007 until 2008, NBC affiliate WPBN-TV (channel 7) carried RTV on a second digital subchannel  This was dropped in favor of a simulcast of ABC affiliate WGTU (channel 29)  Due to its low-powered status, WLLZ was exempt from switching to digital-only broadcasting on June 12, 2009 
The station discontinued their affiliation with America One in 2015, when it merged with Youtoo TV into Youtoo America, allowing a contractual out of that agreement  With the start of the 2015–16 season, WLLZ has wound down carrying nearly all of their syndicated programming, with Cozi TV being carried most of the day and MyNetworkTV in prime time 
On November 1, 2017, the FCC approved the sale of WLLZ-LP to Freelancer Television Broadcasting, Inc  On December 4, 2017, the sale to Freelancer Television Broadcasting was completed, making it a sister station to WMNN-LD; the station then modified its branding to "MI TV 12"  It changed its call sign to WXII-LP on December 21, 2017 On April 23, 2019, the FCC granted WXII-LP a construction permit to operate a digital companion channel on UHF channel 30  In the meantime, digital over-the-air access to this station had been being provided through a simulcast over a digital subchannel of co-owned station WMNN-LD; that simulcast continued post-transition to improve this station's over-the-air reach and also to feed local cable systems  On September 14, 2021, WXII-LP commenced digital operations and the FCC changed this station's call sign to WXII-LD to reflect this station's new digital operations  Concurrent with the launch of this station's digital operations, an uninterrupted national feed of the NewsNet service, absent of any locally-produced content, was added as a second subchannel On January 13, 2022, Freelancer Television Broadcasting's portfolio, including NewsNet, WMNN-LD, and WXII-LD, were sold to investor Manoj Bhargava, with Eric Wotila retaining 10% ownership in the new company Bridge News, LLC  Under the terms of the deal, Bridge News would operate the stations via a time brokerage agreement with Freelancer Television Broadcasting  The sale was consummated on March 24 

News programming
Until May 2009, WLLZ aired INN National News, a newscast produced by Independent News Network in Davenport, Iowa from America One  It also carried a video simulcast of an hour of radio station WMKT's morning show hosted by Greg Marshall  The simulcast was discontinued in early 2011 
In late 2017, following the station's callsign switch to WXII-LP, sister station WMNN-LD began producing 90-second news updates for channel 12 that aired during prime time over the first commercial break aired each hour  News programming expanded in March 2018, when WMNN-LD began producing hour-long 7:00 and 11:00 p m  newscasts for the station each weeknight  The early newscast competes against a half-hour newscast produced by CBS affiliate WWTV (channel 9) that airs on Fox affiliate WFQX-TV (channel 32), while the 11:00 p m  competes against longer-established late night newscasts on WWTV (and its Sault Ste  Marie satellite WWUP, channel 10), and WPBN-TV (and its Cheboygan satellite WTOM-TV, channel 4) as well as a pre-recorded broadcast on the latter's sister ABC affiliate, WGTU (and Sault Ste  Marie satellite WGTQ, channel 8) 

Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Passage 2:
White House, Tennessee
White House is a city in Robertson and Sumner counties in the United States state of Tennessee  The population was listed as 12,982 in the 2020 census  It is approximately twenty-two miles north of downtown Nashville 

History
Settlers
The area that is now White House was purchased around 1828 by Richard Stone Wilks, a settler from Virginia   A trail running from Kentucky to Nashville, originally created by Native Americans, cut through the area   This trail was originally known as the Louisville & Nashville Turnpike during the mid-19th century   In 1928, the trail was renamed US Highway 31W 

Naming the town
In the mid-19th century, the Carter, Thomas, and Hough Stagecoach Company traveled the L&N Turnpike carrying passengers  A typical stop along the way was a white, two-story house built by Wilks in 1829  The house was a popular stop for lodging, food, and changing out horses  President Andrew Jackson was even heard to have stayed here during his travels between his home and the White House   During this time, houses were rarely painted white, particularly in this underdeveloped area  The stage coach drivers began to call this stop and the surrounding area White House 

Original White House torn down, building replaced
The monument for which the town was named was torn down in 1951 to make way for new development   However, in 1986, the community erected a replica of the original building   The reproduction, called the White House Inn Library and Museum, currently sits in the center of town next to the Fire Department   It contains the library, a museum with artifacts from the area's early years, and the city's Chamber of Commerce  In 2015, the replica White House Inn Library and Museum was turned solely into a museum and Chamber of Commerce after the city built a new library 

Growth and development
White House was incorporated in 1971  Currently, the young town is experiencing population growth, economic progress, and community development, with many apartment projects and subdivisions planned for the area  There are over 800 homes planned for the area, and at least 5 apartment subdivisions are planned for the city  The city is located north of Nashville within the greater Nashville region, and is anticipated to grow rapidly in the future as a suburb of Nashville 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9 0 square miles (23 2 km2), all land 
White House is located along Interstate 65 at the intersection of State Highway 76 and US Highway 31W  The town, as of 2007, covers eleven square miles and is situated about 22 miles (35 km) north of downtown Nashville, lying in both Robertson and Sumner Counties 

Climate
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 12,982 people, 4,345 households, and 3,512 families residing in the city 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,220 people, 2,497 households, and 2,060 families residing in the city  The population density was 805 3 inhabitants per square mile (310 9/km2)  There were 2,578 housing units at an average density of 287 5 per square mile (111 0/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 97 35% White, 1 33% African American, 0 25% Native American, 0 35% Asian, 0 30% from other races, and 0 42% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 02% of the population 
There were 2,497 households, out of which 48 8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71 0% were married couples living together, 8 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17 5% were non-families  15 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 89 and the average family size was 3 22 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 31 7% under the age of 18, 6 6% from 18 to 24, 37 8% from 25 to 44, 17 6% from 45 to 64, and 6 3% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 32 years  For every 100 females, there were 99 6 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 8 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $51,649, and the median income for a family was $55,731  Males had a median income of $38,448 versus $26,216 for females  The per capita income for the city was $19,890  About 2 3% of families and 3 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2 6% of those under age 18 and 9 0% of those age 65 or over 

Government
White house was incorporated under the Mayor and Aldermanic charter in 1971  The town's current mayor is John Corbitt 

Notable People
Mason Jones

Education
Public schools
The city is split into two counties, and therefore has two public school districts 
Sumner County public schools:

Harold B  Williams Elementary School (K-4)
White House Middle School (5-8)
White House High School (9-12)Robertson County public schools:

Robert F  Woodall Elementary School (K-2)
White House Heritage Elementary School (3-6)
White House Heritage High School (7-12)

Private schools
Christian Community Schools (CCS)
Dayspring Academy (DSA)
Passage 3:
Kokomo, Indiana metropolitan area
The Kokomo Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of Howard county in Indiana, anchored by the city of Kokomo  As of the 2000 census, the MSA had a population of 101,541 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 98,787)  The official 2013 population estimate for the metro area is 82,760 people are in the Kokomo metropolitan area  The MSA formerly included Tipton County, Indiana  Kokomo is also the principal city of the area known as North Central Indiana, the area around Kokomo with economic ties   The six county area including Cass, Clinton, Fulton, Howard, Miami, and Tipton counties had population of 228,331 people in 2010 

Counties
Howard
Tipton (no longer included)

Communities
Incorporated places
Cities
Elwood (partial)
Kokomo (Principal city)
Tipton (no longer included)
Towns
Greentown
Kempton
Russiaville
Sharpsville
Windfall

Census-designated places
Note: All census-designated places are unincorporated 

Indian Heights (annexed to city of Kokomo in 2012)

Unincorporated places
Townships
Howard County
Tipton County
Cicero
Jefferson
Liberty
Madison
Prairie
Wildcat

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 101,541 people, 41,269 households, and 28,307 families residing within the MSA  The racial makeup of the MSA was 91 13% White, 5 50% African American, 0 33% Native American, 0 90% Asian, 0 02% Pacific Islander, 0 76% from other races, and 1 36% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 88% of the population 
The median income for a household in the MSA was $46,017, and the median income for a family was $54,566  Males had a median income of $42,938 versus $25,814 for females  The per capita income for the MSA was $21,988 

Combined Statistical Area
The Kokomo–Peru Combined Statistical Area (CSA) is made up of three counties in Indiana  The statistical area includes one metropolitan area and one micropolitan area  As of the 2000 Census, the CSA had a population of 137,623 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 134,788)  A 2013 population estimate placed the combined statistical area at 118,900 however, which again, further leads to the idea that the Kokomo Metropolitan area now only includes Howard County 

Components
Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)
Kokomo (Howard and Tipton counties)
Micropolitan Statistical Areas (μSA)
Peru (Miami County)

See also
Indiana census statistical areas
Passage 4:
Salt Lake City metropolitan area
The Salt Lake City metropolitan area is the metropolitan area centered on the city of Salt Lake City, Utah  The Office of Management and Budget and the United States Census Bureau currently define the Salt Lake City, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area as comprising two counties: Salt Lake and Tooele  As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 1,257,936  The Salt Lake City Metropolitan Area and the Ogden-Clearfield Metropolitan Area were a single metropolitan area known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden Metropolitan Area until being separated in 2005 The metropolitan area is part of the Salt Lake City–Provo–Ogden, UT Combined Statistical Area, which also includes the Ogden–Clearfield metropolitan area, the Provo–Orem metropolitan area, and the Heber City, Utah micropolitan area  As of the 2020 census, this CSA had a population of 2,701,129, comprising 82 6 percent of Utah's then 3,271,616 residents 

Counties
Salt Lake
Tooele

Communities
Incorporated places
Unincorporated places
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 968,858 people, 318,150 households, and 231,606 families residing within the MSA  The racial makeup of the MSA was 86 63% White, 1 04% African American, 0 90% Native American, 2 43% Asian, 1 15% Pacific Islander, 5 33% from other races, and 2 53% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11 71% of the population 
The median income for a household in the MSA was $53,036, and the median income for a family was $59,139  Males had a median income of $40,683 versus $26,302 for females  The per capita income for the MSA was $23,426 

Combined Statistical Area
The Salt Lake City–Provo–Ogden Combined Statistical Area is made up of ten counties in northern Utah  The statistical area includes three metropolitan areas and one micropolitan area 

Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)
Salt Lake City MSA (Salt Lake and Tooele counties)
Ogden–Clearfield MSA (Box Elder, Davis, Morgan, and Weber counties)
Provo–Orem MSA (Juab and Utah counties)
Micropolitan Statistical Areas (μSAs)
Heber City (Summit and Wasatch counties)

See also
Utah census statistical areas
Wasatch Front
Passage 5:
Mount Kaukau
Mount Kaukau (Māori: [kaʉkaʉ]) is a large hill in the northern suburbs of Wellington, New Zealand near Johnsonville, Khandallah and Ngaio   The summit is 445 metres above sea level and is the most visible high point in the Wellington landscape further accentuated by Wellington's main television transmitter mast, which stands 122m from the summit  The city, harbour and the Remutaka and Tararua Ranges can be seen from the summit  On a clear day Mt  Tapuae-o-Uenuku and the Kaikoura Ranges in the South Island may be seen, whilst northwest is the Porirua Basin and the Tasman Sea 

Name
The hill's original name Tarikākā means 'where the parrots rested' and is shared with the nearby settlement in Ngaio at the base of the mountain  Before the clearing of the native totara forest on the slopes and general area, the native parrot kākā was common through the city  Over a hundred years later today, the population of kākā has begun to regenerate thanks mostly to the efforts at Zealandia, and are becoming a more regular sight throughout the city and in the rejuvenating native forest on the slopes of Mount Kaukau 

Slopes and surrounding area
Much of the eastern 'city side' slopes of Mount Kaukau make up Khandallah Park, which is one of the oldest parks in New Zealand, established in 1888 and then registered as a domain in 1909  Khandallah Park has more than 60 hectares of native forest  Native birds such as the kererū, tūī and New Zealand fantail are common sights when walking through the native forest  Stumps of the old totara trees can also be seen walking through the first lower parts of the forest  In mid 2017 an old bunker off Woodmancote Road, at the base of Mount Kaukau, was rediscovered after it had been sealed off and forgotten many years previously  The bunker in an 'H' shape, had been built for Royal New Zealand Signals Corps in 1942  Due to poor construction the bunker was very leaky and was never used  Mount Kaukau forms part of the Northern Skyline track from Johnsonville to Karori and Makara 

Recreation
Khandallah Park has 9 kilometres of walking tracks allowing access to the peak of Mt Kaukau from Khandallah, Johnsonville, Ngaio and Crofton Downs  Some tracks are also open to mountain biking and e-biking 

Transmitter
The 122-metre Mount Kaukau television transmitter was built in 1965 to transmit television channel WNTV1 offering improved coverage over the channel's previous transmitter at Mount Victoria  Today it is the main television and FM radio transmitter for the Wellington metropolitan area 
In May 2022, Kordia removed the top 18 metres of the aerial, as the section was redundant following the end of analogue television broadcast 

Transmission frequencies
The following table contains television and radio frequencies currently operating at Mount Kaukau:

Former analogue television frequencies
The following frequencies were used until 29 September 2013, when Kaukau switched off analogue broadcasts (see Digital changeover dates in New Zealand) 

Kaukau Challenge
Every year Khandallah School, which is at the base of Mount Kaukau, organises a fun walk / fun run from the school to the summit and back, called the Kaukau Challenge  The Kaukau Challenge has been an annual event since 2006 with about 500 people taking part each year 

Snowfall of 2011
In mid-August 2011, two Wellington men, Nick Fone and Daniel McFadyen claimed to be the first people to ski and snowboard down Mount Kaukau when they took advantage of the unusual weather pattern delivering snow to most parts of the North Island  As Wellington has a temperate climate, snow down to near sea level is extremely rare, happening less often than once every 15 years 
Passage 6:
Traverse City, Michigan
Traverse City ( TRAV-ərs) is a city in the U S  state of Michigan  It is the county seat of Grand Traverse County, although a small portion extends into Leelanau County  It is the largest city in the 21-county Northern Michigan region  The population was 15,678 at the 2020 census, with 153,448 in the four-county Traverse City micropolitan area  Traverse City is also the second-largest city in Michigan north of the Tri-Cities, behind Marquette 
Traverse City is located at the head of the East and West arms of Grand Traverse Bay, a 32-mile-long (51 km) bay of Lake Michigan  Grand Traverse Bay is divided into arms by the 17-mile-long (27 km) Old Mission Peninsula, which is attached at its base to Traverse City  The city borders four townships–East Bay, Elmwood, Garfield, and Peninsula–all of which contain substantial suburban sprawl 

Traverse City is well-known for being a cherry production hotspot, as the area was  the largest producer of tart cherries in the United States in 2010  The city hosts the National Cherry Festival, attracting approximately 500,000 visitors annually  The area is also known for its viticulture industry, and is one of the centers of wine production in the Midwest  The city is home to a redeveloped psychiatric hospital and an active Coast Guard air base  Traverse City is located near the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, as well as a number of freshwater beaches, downhill skiing areas, and numerous forests  For these reasons, Traverse City is a year-round tourism hotspot, winning multiple accolades and awards  Traverse City has also been noted as one of Michigan's top LGBT-friendly locations 

History
19th century
American Indians
The Traverse City area is home to the Ojibwe, Ottawa, and Potawatomi people  They lived through the European colonization and the establishment of the Northwest Territory  These people groups inhabited the area surrounding the Great Lakes, including Michigan  The Traverse City area was known to Natives as gichi-wiikwedoongsing (Ojibwe: 'at the head of the great bay'), which was often anglicized to Wequetong  This settlement was located near the current-day mouth of the Boardman River, then known as adaawewiziibi (Ojibwe: 'river of trade'), however Wequetong was abandoned upon the advent of European settlement to the region 

European-American settlement
After the colonists came in, they discovered the Grand Traverse Bay  The bay earned its name from 18th-century French voyageurs who made la grande traverse, or "the long crossing", across the mouth of bay, from present-day Norwood to Northport  The area was owned by the French, followed by Great Britain as the Province of Quebec  After 1776, the area was owned by the Americans  On the Old Mission Peninsula, Rev  Peter Doughtery established the first permanent settlement in 1839  This was called "Grand Traverse", and is today known as Old Mission In 1847, Captain Horace Boardman of Naperville, Illinois, purchased the land at the mouth of the Boardman River (then known as the Ottawa River) at the head of the west arm of the bay, which at the time was still inhabited by Native Americans  In 1847, the captain, his son, and their employees built a dwelling and sawmill near the mouth of the river  In 1851 the Boardmans sold the sawmill to Hannah, Lay & Co (made up of Perry Hannah, Albert Tracy Lay and James Morgan), who improved the mill greatly  The increased investment in the mill attracted additional settlers to the new community  Perry Hannah today is known as the founding father of Traverse City 
Traverse City was originally part of Omeena County, which was originally set off in 1840 from Michilimackinac County  The county remained unorganized, lacking a central government until 1851, when it was reorganized as Grand Traverse County  The newly designated county government was assigned a county seat at Boardman's Mills, a location in present-day downtown Traverse City 

Further growth
As of 1853, the only operating post office in the Grand Traverse Bay region was the one located at Old Mission, which was then known as "Grand Traverse"  While in Washington, D C  in 1852, Mr  Lay had succeeded in getting the U S  Post Office to authorize a new post office at his newer settlement  As the newer settlement had become known as "Grand Traverse City", after the Grand Traverse Bay, Lay proposed this name for its post office, but the Post Office Department clerk suggested dropping the "Grand" from the name, as to limit confusion between this new office and the one at nearby Old Mission  Mr  Lay agreed to the new, shortened name of "Traverse City" for the post office, and the village took on this name  Also around this time, the first cherry trees were being planted on the Old Mission Peninsula, something the peninsula is widely known for today 

Late 19th century
In December 1872, rail service arrived in Traverse City via a Traverse City Railroad Company spur from the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad line at Walton Junction  The railroad tracked along the Boardman River and along Boardman Lake into Traverse City, and ended at a station along the Grand Traverse Bay, at the corner of present-day Grandview Parkway and Park Street  This new line of transportation from Southern Michigan opened up the area to settlement and industrial development  Many more people started flocking to the small community, and in 1881, Traverse City was incorporated as a village  This began the major commercial growth of the town 
In 1890, another rail line was extended to Traverse City, this one from Baldwin via Copemish and Interlochen  This line primarily served lumber companies, such as the Buckley & Douglas Lumber Company, and was used to transport logs from the vast forest of Northwest Michigan to sawmills in Manistee and Traverse City  Two years later, new railroads were extended out of Traverse City  One line was extended along the bay into Leelanau County, and curved south to a preexisting spur at Lake Ann  Another line was extended east into present-day Williamsburg, and to Charlevoix and Petoskey  This railroad was largely to serve tourists 
In 1881, the Northern Michigan Asylum, later the Traverse City State Hospital, was established as the demand for a third psychiatric hospital in Michigan, in addition to those established in Kalamazoo and Pontiac, began to grow  Perry Hannah, by then a prominent Michigan Republican, used his political influence to secure its location in Traverse City  Under the supervision of prominent architect Gordon W  Lloyd, the first building, known as Building 50, was constructed in Victorian-Italianate style according to the Kirkbride Plan  The hospital opened in 1885 with 43 residents  Under Dr  James Decker Munson, the first superintendent from 1885 to 1924, the institution expanded  Twelve housing cottages and two infirmaries were built between 1887 and 1903 to meet the specific needs of male and female patients  The institution became the city's largest employer and contributed to its growth  While the hospital was established for the care of the mentally ill, its use expanded during outbreaks of tuberculosis, typhoid, diphtheria, influenza, and polio  It also cared for the elderly, served as a rehab for drug addicts, and was used to train nurses 
On May 18, 1895, Traverse City was incorporated as a city  Perry Hannah served as the first mayor of Traverse City, after also serving as first and third village president 

20th century
The first National Cherry Festival was held in Traverse City in 1925  It was first called "Blessing of the Blossoms" and held in the spring to attract people during the blooming season  With the exception of the years before and during World War II, this tradition has been carried on since in Traverse City  The legislature moved the date of the festival to the summer, and it attracts tourists from around the state  During the week the festival takes place, the population of Traverse City rises from about 15,000 to about 500,000  In 2004 the legislature added "Blossom Days", again as a spring festival 
Also in 1925, Munson Medical Center opened, and has since grown to serve much of Northern Michigan and serves as one of Traverse City's largest employers In 1929, Traverse City's first airport, Ransom Field, opened, offering flights to Grand Rapids  It closed in 1936, when the new Traverse City Airport (now called Cherry Capital Airport) was opened  In 1953 the grounds of Ransom Field were redeveloped as Memorial Gardens Cemetery 
In 1934, the original Traverse City High School building burnt down, with no casualties  For three years, while the high school was being rebuilt, classes were moved to the Perry Hannah House, the former residence of the city's founder  Classes were moved back to the new school building in September 1937  In 1960, the high school was moved from downtown Traverse City to a new college-style campus on the grounds of Northwestern Michigan College, which opened a few years prior in 1951  The former high school building was converted to Traverse City Junior High  In 1997, the high school split into Traverse City Central and Traverse City West High Schools due to extreme overcrowding at the 1960s building In 1989, the Traverse City State Hospital closed, leaving hundreds without jobs, massive abandoned buildings, and many homeless former patients  Since 2000, the Minervini Group has undertaken the project of renovating the entire property into a social center, including many restaurants, retail spaces, office space, and residential space 

21st century
In 2005, Michigan filmmaker Michael Moore organized the first Traverse City Film Festival in downtown Traverse City  In 2015 and 2016, Traverse City was called the best small town in America by Livability com On November 3, 2015, Traverse City elected Jim Carruthers, its first openly gay mayor  After serving as mayor of Traverse City for 6 years, in June 2021 Jim Carruthers announced he would not run for his 4th mayoral term May 18, 2020, served as the city's 125th anniversary of Traverse City's incorporation as a city in 1895, and was known as the "quarantine quasquicentennial" On June 1, 2020, commissioners of Traverse City approved a plan that would close two blocks of Front Street and return State Street to two-way traffic, until Labor Day of that year  This was enacted in order to prevent crowding in reopening businesses following the COVID-19 pandemic  This followed the cancelation of the 2020 National Cherry Festival and Traverse City Film Festival On November 2, 2020, President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence appeared at a campaign rally at Traverse City's Cherry Capital Airport, the day before the 2020 election In April 2021, a group composed mostly of White students from two Traverse City area school districts held an online mock slave auction via social media app in a private group chat titled "Slave Trade", wherein they traded their Black student peers for monetary amounts while using derogatory language  After the local community was made aware of this event, a coalition of community members and Traverse City Area Public School (TCAPS) Board of Education officials drafted in response a resolution which denounced the behavior  The draft of the resolution itself led to community backlash initiated largely by White conservative parents and community members who regarded the planned resolution to be "   interlaced with critical race theory"  In the aftermath of the backlash, the resolution was edited by TCAPS school board officials  No date for consideration of the revised resolution has been set 

Geography
Topography
Traverse City is a part of the greater Northern Michigan region, located in the northwest of Michigan's Lower Peninsula  The city is the main inland port of Grand Traverse Bay, a long, natural harbor separated from the waters of Lake Michigan by the Leelanau Peninsula  The bay is divided into an East Arm and West Arm by the Old Mission Peninsula, a thin strip of rolling hills and farmland known for its cherry crop and viticulture industry  As Traverse City contains shores on both of Grand Traverse Bay's East and West Arms, one cannot access the Old Mission Peninsula without entering Traverse City 
The Boardman River is a prominent river bisecting Traverse City from south to north  It also snakes through Traverse City's downtown district, effectively forming a peninsula, and dividing it from the Grandview Parkway  The river terminates at the Grand Traverse Bay northeast of downtown Traverse City  The river's 287-square-mile (740 km2) watershed contributes one-third of the water volume to the bay and is one of Michigan's top-ten fisheries, with more than 36 miles (58 km) of its 179 miles (288 km) designated as a Blue Ribbon trout fishery  It is also a state-designated "Natural River"  As of 2023, only one of the five dams constructed on the Boardman River remains 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8 66 square miles (22 43 km2), of which, 8 33 square miles (21 57 km2) of it is land and 0 33 square miles (0 85 km2) is water 
Traverse City is surrounded by a substantial suburban ring, especially within Garfield Township, to its southwest  Garfield Township is the largest municipality in Northern Michigan by population  Other adjacent townships, East Bay, Elmwood, and Peninsula, and nearby Blair and Long Lake townships, boast significant suburban populations dependent upon Traverse City 

Layout and cityscape
Traverse City, like most of Grand Traverse County and many other cities in the United States, is laid out in a grid plan  Major streets run east–west and north–south  
Traverse City's tallest building is the Park Place Hotel (at 10 stories), although recently, many proposals have been made to build taller buildings  One of these was the River West building, which was canceled in 2017 

Neighborhoods
Traverse City is divided into the following neighborhoods:
Base of the Peninsula (BOOM)
Boardman
Central Neighborhood
Downtown
East Bay
Fernwood
Grand Traverse Commons
Hilltop
Kids Creek
Morgan Farms
North Boardman Lake (NoBo)
Oak Park
Oakwood
Old Towne
Slabtown
Traverse Heights
Triangle Neighborhood

City parks
Traverse City is home to the following parks:

Superfund site
Traverse City has one superfund site, according to the Environmental Protection Agency  This is the Avenue E Groundwater Contamination Site  At this location, toxic runoff from the Coast Guard Air Station contaminated the groundwater along Avenue E 

Climate
Traverse City has a warm-summer continental climate (Köppen Dfb) close to being a hot-summer continental climate (Dfa) 
Its location near the 45th parallel is tempered by the strong and moderating effects of Lake Michigan and Grand Traverse Bay, which have a particularly noteworthy effect on the peninsulas that branch north of the city  As a result, they have viticulture and cherry orchards 
Consequently, it generally experiences warm, mild summers and severe winters  Lake Michigan especially, but also Grand Traverse Bay, greatly impact the area's diverse coastal weather patterns, which occasionally consist of sudden and/or large amounts of precipitation during the seasonally active periods  Lake-effect snowfall constitutes a large percentage of the total annual snow accumulation, which averages around 80 inches (203 cm)  Periods of snowfall typically last from November to April, although light snow as late as May or as early as late September sometimes occur 
Traverse City's record high temperature is 105 °F (41 °C), recorded in 1936, and its low temperature is −37 °F (−38 °C), recorded on February 17, 1979 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 14,674 people, 6,675 households, and 3,369 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,761 6 inhabitants per square mile (680 2/km2)  There were 7,358 housing units at an average density of 883 3 per square mile (341 0/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 94 4% White, 0 7% African American, 1 8% Native American, 0 7% Asian, 0 5% from other races, and 1 9% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 9% of the population 
There were 6,675 households, of which 22 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35 6% were married couples living together, 10 9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4 0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 49 5% were non-families  38 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 08 and the average family size was 2 77 
The median age in the city was 40 8 years  18 2% of residents were under the age of 18; 10 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26 7% were from 25 to 44; 28 3% were from 45 to 64; and 16 7% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 47 4% male and 52 6% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 14,532 people, 6,443 households, and 3,485 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,728 7 inhabitants per square mile (667 5/km2)  There were 6,842 housing units at an average density of 813 9 per square mile (314 2/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 96 00% White, 0 65% African American, 0 98% Native American, 0 50% Asian, 0 03% Pacific Islander, 0 48% from other races, and 1 36% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 67% of the population 
There were 6,443 households, out of which 24 5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39 7% were married couples living together, 11 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45 9% were non-families  35 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 15 and the average family size was 2 82 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 20 3% under the age of 18, 10 8% from 18 to 24, 29 6% from 25 to 44, 24 1% from 45 to 64, and 15 2% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 90 5 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87 2 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $37,330, and the median income for a family was $46,912  Males had a median income of $31,587 versus $22,512 for females  The per capita income for the city was $22,247  About 4 8% of families and 8 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7 2% of those under age 18 and 7 9% of those age 65 or over 

Religion
Traverse City is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gaylord  It is part of the Episcopal Diocese of Western Michigan and served by Grace Episcopal Church 

Government
Traverse City is a home rule, charter city under the Home Rule Cities Act, incorporated on May 18, 1895  The city is governed by six commissioners and a mayor, elected at-large  Together they compose a seven-member legislative body  The commission appoints a city manager who serves as chief executive for city operations 
As of 2023, the city commission consists of Richard Lewis (mayor), Amy Shamroe (mayor pro tempore), and commissioners Linda Koebert, Mi Stanley, Mitchell Treadwell, Tim Werner, and Mike Wilson  The city clerk of Traverse City is Benjamin Marentette  The office of city manager has been vacant since April 11, 2023, upon the departure of Marty Colburn  Until a replacement is found, duties are held by interim city manager Nate Geinzer Traverse City's current mayor, Richard Lewis, was elected to office in 2021, running unopposed  Lewis previously served as Traverse City city manager, and interim city manager of Evart  Lewis identifies as a moderate Democrat Traverse City is located within Michigan's 1st congressional district, represented by Jack Bergman (R–Watersmeet)  As with the rest of Michigan, it is served by senators Debbie Stabenow and Gary Peters (both Democratic) in the United States Senate  It is represented in the Michigan House of Representatives by Betsy Coffia (D–Traverse City), and is a part of the 103rd district  It is also represented in the Michigan Senate by John Damoose (R–Harbor Springs) and is a part of the 37th senate district 

Education
Public schools
The public school district serving Traverse City is Traverse City Area Public Schools  This district includes 10 elementary schools serving grades Pre-K through 5, two middle schools serving grades 6 through 8, and two high schools serving grades 9 through 12: Traverse City Central and Traverse City West  In addition, the district includes an alternative high school (Traverse City High School) and a montessori elementary school 
Traverse City offers a handful of charter schools, including the Woodland School, the Old Mission Peninsula School, and Grand Traverse Academy Vocational career training is offered to high school students within the Traverse Bay Area Intermediate School District at the TBAISD Career Tech Center (CTC), located within just outside Traverse City  Students are bussed to and from their respective high schools to the Career Tech Center daily, and are eligible to receive credit for each  Courses include:
Agriscience
Arts & Communication
Business Management, Marketing & Technology
Engineering/Manufacturing & Industrial Technology
Health Services
Human Services

Private schools
Traverse City offers a number of private schools Just outside Traverse City sits the Children's House, an independent montessori school  The Pathfinder School is another independent school near Greilickville 

Religious schools
Traverse City contains a number of private religious schools
The Grand Traverse Area Catholic Schools district (GTACS) offers students of the area a catholic education, with high school students attending St  Francis High School  Another school is the Traverse City Christian School, offering non-denominational Christian education to Traverse City students  The Trinity Lutheran School offers a lutheran education to K-8 students in Traverse City  Other smaller religious schools include the Traverse Bay Mennonite School and the Traverse City Adventist School 

Higher education
Traverse City is home to Northwestern Michigan College, a two-year community college  Its annual enrollment is around 5,100  One of its campuses is at the Cherry Capital Airport, and offers aviation and auto service classes  Another campus is at the Hagerty Center on Grand Traverse Bay, which is home to Great Lakes Maritime Academy, Great Lakes Culinary Institute, Great Lakes Water Studies Institute, and the Hagerty Conference Center 

Libraries
Traverse City is served by the Traverse Area District Library, which has six branch libraries in Grand Traverse County 

Media
Print
The Traverse City Record-Eagle is one of northwest lower Michigan's daily newspapers  It is circulated in the 13 counties surrounding the city  In December 2006 it was sold by Ottaway Newspapers Inc , the community newspaper subsidiary of Dow Jones & Company to Community Newspaper Holdings, Inc  (CNHI)  It is the newspaper of record for Grand Traverse County  Daily editions of the Detroit Free Press, The Detroit News, and The Grand Rapids Press also are available on news stands throughout the region  Other local publications have included Traverse (a monthly regional magazine), NM3 Magazine (a local lifestyle and entertainment publication, no longer published), Grand Traverse Insider (a local weekly community newspaper), Northern Express Weekly, Traverse City Business News, Edible Grande Traverse magazine dedicated to the food, farms and chefs of the area, and Grand Traverse Woman Magazine 
At least seven national magazines were published in Traverse City, including Thirdeye Magazine  Village Press is based in Traverse City; it publishes the Home Shop Machinist, Live Steam and Outdoor Railroading, Machinists' Workshop, Just Labs, Pointing Dog Journal, Retriever Journal and Twin and Turbine magazines 
Traverse City is also the home of Arbutus Press, one of the leading Michigan publishers for regional non-fiction  The company has published many books including four books selected by the Library of Michigan as Michigan Notable Books: Historic Cottages of Mackinac Island (awarded in 2002), Asylum for the Insane: History of Kalamazoo State Hospital (awarded in 2009), Vintage Views Along the West Michigan Pike (awarded in 2012), and Fishtown (awarded in 2013) 

Television
Traverse City is the largest city in the Traverse City–Cadillac–Sault Ste  Marie designated market area, the largest television market in area east of the Mississippi River  Accordingly, most stations in this region are broadcast simultaneously on widely spaced transmitters on separate channels, with no difference in their feeds besides FCC-mandated station identification 
Traverse City has two television stations licensed directly to the city:

Channel 7: WPBN-TV "TV 7&4" (NBC) (simulcast on channel 4, Cheboygan)
Channel 29: WGTU "ABC 29&8" (ABC) (simulcast on channel 8, Goetzville)Additionally, WFQX operates a CW Plus station on its second digital subchannel and Northern Michigan cable television systems, branded as “The CW Northern Michigan; prior to 2018 the station was owned by WGTU and was broadcast on their second digital subchannel 
Stations licensed to nearby Cadillac are considered local to Traverse City:

Channel 9: WWTV "9&10 News" (CBS) (simulcast on channel 10, Raber Township, Michigan in the eastern Upper Peninsula)
Channel 27: WCMV (PBS)
Channel 32: WFQX-TV "Local 32" (Fox) (simulcast on channel 45, Vanderbilt)Fox's sister network, MyNetworkTV, did not have an affiliate in the market when it launched back in September 2006  This changed in 2008 when WLLZ-LP channel 12 (now WXII-LD) added the network 
Cable television service is provided within Traverse City and many outlying communities by Charter Spectrum  Public-access television cable TV programming is provided on channel 189 

Radio
Traverse City is the home of Northern Michigan talk radio station WTCM News/Talk 580 AM  Other talk stations available in the Traverse City area include WJML, WMKT, WSRT, and WLDR  AM 1310 ESPN Radio (operated by WCCW) broadcasts national ESPN content along with Detroit Pistons, Tigers, Red Wings and Lions games  MSU Football and Basketball can also be heard on 1310 
There are 16  commercial radio stations in a variety of radio formats  WKLT-97 5/98 9-FM is the area's longest serving rock station, known for its show Lunch at the Leetsville Cafe with Terri Ray, and the iconic Giant Red Radio party trailer  WNMC 90 7 FM is a community public radio station that is committed to a wide variety of musical genres and local events, with a broadcast focus on jazz, blues, and world music 
Traverse City has three religious radio stations: W201CM (a translator at 88 1) and WLJN AM/FM 89 9 FM and 1400 AM  In 2014 WLJN added another frequency at 95 9 playing contemporary Christian music 24 hours a day 
Interlochen Center for the Arts broadcasts the NPR member station dubbed Interlochen Public Radio  It serves a large portion of Northwest Lower Michigan via two stations:
88 7 is music and 91 5 is talk 
WLDR was for 10 years Sunny Country 101 9 until October 22, 2014, when the station switched back to an adult contemporary format  The station went on the air in 1966 with owner Roderick Maxson serving the Grand Traverse area and surrounding counties  They were the first to broadcast in HD radio in Michigan  They have been the sponsor for several major events in Traverse City, including The Beach Bum Games, Horses by the Bay, the Make-A-Wish Motorcycle Tour, and the Traverse City Easter Egg Hunt 

Culture
Most of Traverse City's economy is based on tourism  As part of the 2011 tourism advertising campaign the Traverse City Visitors Bureau, Traverse City Cherry Capital Airport and local businesses sponsored a video to be played on all Delta flights to and from Cherry Capital Airport in the month of June 2011  The National Cherry Festival, usually in the first week of July, tends to host hundreds of thousands of tourists and locals to the area at the end of July  It has become a focal point within the craft brewing trend  In November Beer Week is celebrated, with tours of breweries including samplings of craft brews, dinners and workshops The National Cherry Festival, held during the first full week of July every year, is a draw for tourists to Traverse City  The festival features parades, fireworks, an air show, election of festival royalty, live music, a pie-eating contest and cherries  It is estimated that the Grand Traverse region produces up to 360,000,000 pounds (163,000,000 kg) of cherries annually  The largest variety of cherry produced locally is the Montmorency cherry, or the "pie cherry"  Other cherries grown in the region include the Ulster, or sweet cherry, and the Balaton (from Lake Balaton in Hungary), a cherry situated between the Montmorency and Ulster in terms of color and taste 
The Traverse City Film Festival, held at the end of July and beginning of August every year from 2005 to 2019, was another draw for tourists and film buffs to Traverse City  The festival was started by Michael Moore, Doug Stanton and John Robert Williams as a way to bring more culture into the area via cinema 
The locale and topography is conducive for road bicycling, aided by the TART trail system  A map with routes, different trips, advice and local knowledge is available  Lake Michigan presents a location for sailing, fishing, and kayaking The Traverse City State Park, with about 250 campsites, is located three miles (4 8 km) east of downtown on 47 acres (19 ha) including a quarter mile beach on the East Bay arm of Grand Traverse Bay 
The Boardman River Nature Center is the interpretive center and management headquarters for the Grand Traverse Natural Education Reserve, a 505-acre local park and natural area 

The sandy soil is conducive to viticulture, and there are over 50 wineries in the Traverse City area  Most offer free wine tasting  Traverse City is located at the base of the Old Mission Peninsula wine region 

Performing arts and exhibits
The City Opera House, located in downtown Traverse City features plays, movies, and other performances 
The Traverse Symphony Orchestra (TSO), founded in 1952 by community leader Elnora Milliken as the Northwestern Michigan Symphony Orchestra, has grown from a small group of volunteer musicians to a paid professional orchestra of 60 contracted members  There was a connection over the years with Interlochen Center for the Arts, providing a core of musicians and conductors from among faculty and students  Until 1985 it was known as the Northwestern Michigan Symphony Orchestra The Dennos Museum Center, located on the campus of Northwestern Michigan College, is home to a collection of Inuit art including sculpture, drawing and prints  The center is also home to an interactive gallery, as well as various ongoing exhibitions in their large exhibition space  The museum expanded in 2017 and added two new wings of galleries to display art from its permanent collection (both of Inuit art and non-Inuit art) 

Historical markers
There are eleven recognized Michigan historical markers in the Traverse City area  They are:

Bingham District No  5 Schoolhouse
City Opera House
Congregation Beth El
Grand Traverse Bay
Grand Traverse County Courthouse
Great Lakes Sport Fishery
Ladies Library Association
Novotny's Saloon
Park Place Hotel
Perry Hannah House
Traverse City State Hospital

Viticulture
Traverse City was named by USA Today among the Top Ten Places for Local Wine  There are nine wineries on the Old Mission Peninsula and 21 wineries on the Leelanau Peninsula, both just a few minutes drive from downtown Traverse City  Both peninsulas sit close to the 45th parallel, a latitude known for growing grapes  The two arms of Grand Traverse Bay provide a maritime climate  Northern Michigan specializes in growing white grapes and is known for its Rieslings which grow well in the summer months and late fall which Traverse City is known for  Every October the wineries host a harvest fest  Some Riesling grapes are spared being picked in the fall to be picked when they freeze, from which ice wine is made  The wineries along the Old Mission Peninsula are Black Star Farms, 2 Lads Winery, Bowers Harbor Vineyards, Brys Estate Vineyard & Winery, Chateau Chantal Winery And Inn, Chateau Grand Traverse, Bonobo Winery, Mari Vineyards, and Peninsula Cellars  The wineries along the Leelanau Peninsula are Black Star Farms, Leelenau Cellars, Silver Leaf Vineyard and Winery, Gill's Pier Vineyard and Winery, Raftshol Vineyards, Circa Estate Winery, Forty-Five North Vineyard and Winery, Good Harbor Vineyards, Chateau Fontaine, Boskydel Vineyards, L  Mawby Vineyards, Ciccone Vineyard and Winery, Willow Vineyards, Chateau de Leelanau Vineyard and Winery, Shady Lane Cellars, Cherry Republic Winery, Longview Winery, Boathouse Winery, Verterra, Brengman Brothers, Bel Lago Winery, and Rove Estate Vineyard and Winery 

Sports
Traverse City is home to many public sporting facilities  These include the Grand Traverse County Civic Center, which is a large sports complex in the heart of the city, housing seven baseball/softball fields, a skatepark, a mile-long walk trail, an amphitheater, sledding hill, pavilion, playground, an indoor pool, and an indoor hockey rink  Other complexes include the Grand Traverse Bay YMCA, four complexes that offer public swimming, soccer, and tennis  The Huntington Rink indoor arena is used primarily for ice hockey, and is the home of the Traverse City North Stars hockey team  Many of the city parks in Traverse City also offer volleyball, soccer, and basketball 

During their annual offseason, the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League hold their training camp at Traverse City's Centre Ice Arena  In addition to training camp every September, the Red Wings host an NHL Prospect Tournament, consisting of prospects of participating teams around the league  In 2021, the Traverse City Prospect Tournament consisted of players from the Detroit Red Wings, Toronto Maple Leafs, Columbus Blue Jackets, Dallas Stars, and St  Louis Blues  The Red Wings' influence in Traverse City goes beyond training camp, however; multiple former Red Wings have lived in Traverse City, including Dallas Drake and the legendary Gordie Howe  For this reason, Traverse City is often referred to as Hockeytown North, in reference to Detroit's popular nickname, Hockeytown 

Economy
Traverse City is home to a number of local businesses including Hagerty Insurance Agency and Munson Medical Center  There is a significant manufacturing presence, as well  In recent years, the city has developed a growing technology industry, with numerous tech start-ups, a startup incubator, podcasts, and breweries  Traverse City and its micropolitan area are known for their small business, which bring in a multitude of people during the summer months 

Traverse City's central business district is located along Front Street downtown  Another major shopping district is on US 31 southwest of town, where several big box stores are located, as well as a shopping malls, the Grand Traverse Mall, anchored by Target, JCPenney, Macy's  The Buffalo Ridge Shopping Center is also on US 31 about a mile northwest of the Grand Traverse Mall  Another mall, the Cherryland Center, is located on Garfield Avenue on the south end of town; this mall features Big Lots  Two Meijer stores, one Walmart, one Sam's Club, one Costco, one Target, one Menards, and a multitude of local grocery store chains offer grocery and other options to big-box shopping 

Transportation
Airports
With a new terminal completed in 2004, Cherry Capital Airport provides regularly scheduled passenger airline service to Chicago and Detroit, with seasonal flights to Dallas-Fort Worth, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Atlanta, New York City, Denver, Boston, Mesa, Ponte Vedra, St  Petersburg, Orlando, and Newark  It is the fourth largest airport in Michigan  Around the area, there are smaller nearby paved and unpaved airports 

Ships and boats
Adjacent to the airport is Coast Guard Air Station Traverse City, responsible for both maritime and land-based search and rescue operations in the northern Great Lakes region  On April 7, 2010, the USCG designated Traverse City a Coast Guard City  Traverse City is the second city in Michigan and tenth in the country to receive this honor 
Located in the harbor of the Great Lakes Maritime Academy is the T/S State of Michigan, a 224-foot (68 m) former Navy submarine surveillance vessel  The vessel is used as a classroom and laboratory while cadets of the academy are underway and shore side 
A tall ship, the schooner Manitou is berthed at Traverse City, and offers passages to the public 
Near Traverse City, there are two other tall ships, the schooner Madeline and the 55-foot-long (17 m) replica of the sloop Welcome, an 18th-century British warship sloop, which was built for the 1976 Bicentennial of the American Revolution  They are the only two boats recognized by the State of Michigan for their historic significance  From May through October, trained volunteers conduct tours (when in port), and give a history of the boats and Great Lakes sailing  The Madeline is berthed at Elmwood Township "Coal Dock" (Heritage Harbor), West Bayshore, just south of the Elmwood Township Marina Both are maintained by the Maritime Heritage Alliance 
The Nauti-Cat, a 43-passenger catamaran books passages on Grand Traverse bay  The Nauti-Cat is the largest commercial sailing catamaran on the Great Lakes at 47 feet (14 m) long, 29 feet (8 8 m) wide and has a 63-foot (19 m) mast  They offer cruises seven days a week, four times a day 

Buses
The area is served by Indian Trails Bus service, an intercity bus system that connects to St  Ignace to the north and to Grand Rapids and Kalamazoo to the south  The bus station is located at 107 Hall Street with connection to the BATA transfer station 
Traverse City also has a public transportation system, the Bay Area Transportation Authority (BATA) which serves most of the Grand Traverse and Leelanau region  With link services and a fixed route bus service, called the Loops, serves Traverse City and the urbanized areas of Garfield Township  BATA put into service its first hybrid bus in December 2005  BATA's downtown bus transfer terminal on Hall Street opened July 21, 2006  The terminal is used to transfer riders to different buses on different routes 

Major highways
US 31 is a major north–south highway, and serves as the primary thoroughfare through Traverse City  US 31 enters Michigan from Indiana, and runs through communities such as Benton Harbor, Holland, Grand Haven, Muskegon, Ludington, Manistee, Charlevoix, and Petoskey  Throughout its route, US 31 parallels the coast of Lake Michigan 
 M-22 is a scenic highway that parallels the shore of Grand Traverse Bay and Lake Michigan  The highway begins at an intersection in Traverse City, and runs north through Greilickville and Suttons Bay, before turning back south along Lake Michigan, through communities such as Leland, Glen Arbor, Empire, Frankfort, and Onekama, before ending at US 31 near Manistee 
 M-37 is a north–south highway  Largely following the route of US 31 in Traverse City, M-37 exits to the north, running about 18 miles (29 km) up the Old Mission Peninsula before terminating at a cul-de-sac near the Mission Point Lighthouse  South of Traverse City, M-37 runs through communities such as Mesick, Baldwin, Grand Rapids, Hastings, and Battle Creek 
 M-72 is an east–west highway that traverses the width of the Lower Peninsula  Beginning at M-22 in Empire, M-72 follows the Grandview Parkway in Traverse City, and continues east toward communities such as Kalkaska, Grayling, Mio, and Harrisville on Lake Huron 

Railroads
The Great Lakes Central Railroad (GLCR) provides freight rail service to the Traverse City area on track owned by the state of Michigan  The tracks were once owned by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (ex-Pere Marquette Railway) and the Pennsylvania Railroad (ex-Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad) but were purchased by the state in the late 1970s and early 1980s to preserve rail service in the area  Current freight traffic includes fruit/perishables, scrap metal, and lumber 
On February 20, 1982, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway stopped using the line after the last long train serve Traverse City  Then the railroad was dismantled next year from Manistee to Grawn and from Williamsburg to Charlevoix Since then, excursion passengers trains have operated in and out of Traverse City on an irregular basis  Recently, Lake Central Rail Tours has operated a summer excursion during the Cherry Festival until 2008  On May 11, 1996, the Grand Traverse Dinner Train began year round service from the Traverse City depot to Williamsburg and to Walton Junction  Dinner train service was suspended in 2004 after a contract dispute with the Tuscola and Saginaw Bay Railway and additional difficulties  The train itself was removed to Owosso in mid-July 2006  However, in 2015 a study was started by the Michigan Department of Transportation, and passenger rail is gaining interest 

Sister city
Traverse City has one sister city:
 Tsuchiyama (Koka), Shiga (Japan) 

Notable people
See also
Cherry production in Michigan
Former Traverse City State Hospital, historical Kirkbride Building
Munson Medical Center, regional medical referral center serving patients from 32 counties in Northern Michigan and the Upper Peninsula
Watershed Center Grand Traverse Bay

Notes



ground_truth: 143,372

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Spider9 was founded in 2011 by the head of which subsidiary of Wanxiang Group?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Spider9
Spider9 Inc  is an American environmental technologies company headquartered in Northville, MI which develops and manufactures advanced control systems for energy storage and solar fields  It was founded in 2011 by Glynne Townsend (A123 Systems), Dave Park (former Vice President of Production at Wave Crest Energy Systems), Dave Smith (former chairman of USABC), and Bill Beckman (former Vice President of Finance at Johnson Controls) Spider9 acquired control system technology from the University of Michigan, Office of Technology Transfer and is developing the technology at their facilities at the Water Wheel Centre, in the historic Ford Valve Plant 

History
Spider9 was founded on control system technology patents licensed from the University of Michigan Real-Time Computing Laboratory  In the summer of 2011, the Spider9 leadership team brought the technology out of the Office of Technology Transfer, where it had been incubating  In July 2011, Spider9 pivoted the technology's business plan to target grid energy storage and solar field optimization rather than electric vehicles  On November 3, 2011, Spider9 received a Michigan Economic Development Corporation (MEDC) grant to install a solar field on the roof of the Water Wheel Centre in Northville, MI 

Technology
Spider9 systems are capable of reconfiguring the architecture of systems through in-house developed hardware and software algorithms  Using a Spider9 system, individual cells and panels are monitored and managed  The system architecture is dynamically reconfigured around the components to deliver a consistent voltage output, compensating for performance variances and failures 

Facilities
Spider9's facilities are equipped with a waterwheel designed by Albert Kahn (architect) which once provided constant, sustainable hydroelectric power to the facility  The waterwheel no longer fulfills the electricity needs of the building  Spider9 is designing a control system for an 85 kW rooftop solar field with backup battery storage to supply the building with renewable power 
Passage 2:
A123 Systems
A123 Systems, LLC, a subsidiary of the Chinese Wanxiang Group Holdings, is a developer and manufacturer of lithium iron phosphate batteries and energy storage systems 
The company was founded in 2001 by Yet-Ming Chiang, Bart Riley, and Ric Fulop  By 2009, it had about 2,500 employees globally and was headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts  Its original product technology was based upon materials initially developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

History
In November 2005, the company announced a new, faster-recharging lithium-ion battery system based on doped nanophosphate materials licensed from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 
In December 2006, the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) in collaboration with the U S  Department of Energy (DOE) awarded the company a US$15 million development contract to optimize A123 Systems' proprietary doped nano-phosphate battery technology for hybrid electric vehicle applications with a focus on power, abuse tolerance, durability and cost  USABC is an organization composed of Chrysler LLC Corporation, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors Corporation BAE Systems announced that, from 2008, it would offer A123 Systems' lithium-ion battery technology as part of its HybriDrive Propulsion System used in the 2008 version of the Daimler Orion VII hybrid electric buses  As of September 7, 2009, more than 3,000 of the buses were in service In May 2008, the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) in collaboration with the U S  Department of Energy (DOE) awarded the company a US$12 5 million grant to develop its lithium ion battery technology for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles On March 5, 2008, General Electric, the company, and Think Global announced that the three firms had entered a partnership to enable global electrification of transportation  GE invested US$20 million in the company to help it roll out batteries for Think  The company and Think at the same time signed a commercial supply agreement  The partnership was announced at the 78th annual international Motor Show in Geneva  After over $10 million in investment in the Think Global Think City, A123 ceased production of its L20 battery pack for Think after a single day of production in December, 2008 
In January 2009, A123 systems applied to the U S  Department of Energy's Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program (ATVMLP) for US$1 84 billion in direct loans to support the construction of new lithium-ion battery manufacturing facilities in the United States, locating the first plant in southeast Michigan near Detroit  The application was still pending as of early 2012, the company estimated that it might be allowed to borrow up to US$233 million from the program In April 2009, Chrysler Corp  announced a contract with A123 to supply batteries for their ENVI EV vehicles In August 2009, the company received a US$249 million grant from the U S  Department of Energy's Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program (ATVMLP) to build production facilities in Romulus and Livonia, Mich  after it received a US$125 million in tax credits and incentives from the Michigan Economic Development Corporation in spring and a US$10 million grant from the state in fall 2008 In September 2009, the company raised US$380 million after going public on the NASDAQ stock exchange In 2009, the company was included on the Guardian's "Global Cleantech 100" list  Later, A123 was selected to Technology Review Magazine's list of the 50 Most Innovative Companies 2011 Chrysler's ENVI division was disbanded by Nov 2009 In December 2009, the company formed a joint venture with Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC), the largest automaker in China  This was the first joint venture between a Chinese automaker and a non-Chinese battery supplier  The new venture is called Advanced Traction Battery Systems (ATBS) In August 2010, A123's co-founder Professor Yet-Ming Chiang spun off a new company from A123 named 24M Technologies, which makes technology that combines concepts in current lithium ion batteries with flow batteries, where tanks of liquid electrolytes combine to create an electric current In 2010, A123 received a US$249 million grant from the U S  Department of Energy for building battery production facilities  Approximately $129 million of the grant was used to build a 550 MWh battery plant in Livonia and another in Romulus  An untapped $120 million grant was abandoned by A123 by May 2012 In September 2010, the company opened the largest lithium ion battery manufacturing facility in North America in Livonia, Michigan  When fully operational, the factory is expected to be capable of producing battery packs for the equivalent of up to 30,000 electric cars per year In March 2011, the company received its third contract from the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) in collaboration with the U S  Department of Energy (DOE): a US$8 million advanced battery development contract to continue developing its Nanophosphate® lithium ion battery systems to meet USABC's target application for a Power-Assist Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PAHEV) Low-Energy Energy Storage System (LEESS) The company laid off 125 workers in December 2011 as A123 had to issue a battery recall for all batteries in a car developed by Fisker 
A123 Systems had more than 3000 employees as of December 2012 

Investments
In 2010 the company invested in Fisker Automotive's Karma with Ace Investments and Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers The company formed a joint venture with SAIC Motor to manufacture its batteries in China in early 2010 In February 2018, A123 announced an investment in Ionic Materials' solid-state battery technology  Ionic is developing a unique polymer electrolyte that claims new levels of safety and performance in advanced batteries 

Product recall
In early 2012, the company announced the replacement of defective battery packs and modules supplied to about five customers, including Fisker Automotive  The defect caused a Fisker Karma to shut down in a Consumer Reports test  It estimated the recall would cost about US$55 million  Fisker reduced its purchase order of battery from the company to lower its inventory  Cylindrical cells made in China that are used by BMW and others were declared as not affected 

Wangxiang acquisition and bankruptcy
In August 2012, Chinese automotive components manufacturer Wanxiang Group agreed to invest up to $465 million to acquire as much as 80% of A123 Systems; but the acquisition was not completed before A123 filed for bankruptcy 
In early October 2012, the A123 Systems' stock was trading for 27 cents per share, down from a 52-week high of $4 44 per share about a year beforehand On October 16, 2012, A123 filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11  On January 28, 2013, Wanxiang America purchased the preponderance of A123's assets out of bankruptcy for $256 6M and organized A123Systems, LLC An earlier statement, released by A123 Systems in early October, said that it had entered an asset purchase agreement with Johnson Controls, with the stipulation that the company's bid must be approved by a US bankruptcy court and could be topped by a rival bidder 
Johnson did not win the bankruptcy auction and withdrew its bid in early December On October 16, 2012, A123 filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11  The filing listed assets of $459 8 million and liabilities of $376 million  The company also stated that its automotive assets would be purchased by Johnson Controls, a supplier to A123, for $125 million  On January 28, 2013, Wanxiang America purchased the preponderance of A123's assets out of bankruptcy for $256 6M and created A123Systems, LLC  The government business was sold to US firm Navitas Systems for $2 25m 

Lithium Werks sale
In March 2018, the US battery manufacturer Lithium Werks announced it took over the Chinese factory of A123 Systems in Changzhou, plus the workforce and clients base in China, Europe and the United States  After the merger the Texas-based company owns factories in China and offices in the US, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland, the UK and Norway   Lithiumwerks continued the production of the 'nanophosphate' battery range, renaming the cells from 'A123' to 'Lithiumwerks' by the end of 2019 The A123 company said it wanted to concentrate on mobility solutions after the sale of their plants 

Products
Transportation
Passenger vehiclesFisker Karma, a plug-in hybrid
Taxis in Tokyo, Japan  Better Place is running a demonstration project with three electric taxis powered by A123 Systems batteries 
The Roewe 750 hybrid, the Roewe 550 plug-in hybrid and a yet-to-be-announced Roewe-brand all-electric vehicle from Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC), the largest automaker in China
Chevrolet Spark EV, a city electric car to be produced by General Motors and scheduled to be sold in low volumes at select U S  (including California) and global markets beginning in 2013 
In May 2011, A123 introduced a lithium ion 12V engine starter battery designed as a lighter-weight, longer-lasting and more environmentally friendly drop-in replacement for lead acid batteries  A123's Nanophosphate® Engine Start Battery was selected to R&D Magazine's 2011 R&D 100, which salutes the 100 most technologically significant products introduced into the marketplace over the past year Commercial truck, bus, and off-highwayNavistar International EStar: Electric Vehicle (EV) delivery vehicle
Daimler Buses North America (Orion VII)  The number one selling hybrid electric bus in the world  Operating in New York, San Francisco, Toronto, Dallas and other major cities 
Eaton: Plug-in hybrid Trouble Truck based on Ford F550 [1]
Smith Electric Vehicles Newton, an all-electric zero-emission delivery truck
ALTe, a maker of range-extended hybrid electric powertrain systems targeting the light-duty truck marketRacing2009 McLaren Mercedes Formula 1 KERS race car
Killacycle, formerly the world's quickest electric vehicle, capable of accelerating from 0–100 kilometres per hour (0–62 mph) in less than 1 second 
Ohio State University's Buckeye Bullet, an electric landspeed racer powered by A123's batteries, broke the international electric vehicle speed record in August 2010, reaching 307 666 m p h 
In May 2011, A123 signed an agreement with Mavizen, a leader in electric motorcycle racing technology, by which Mavizen will make A123's battery technology available for TTXGP racing and other two-wheel motorsports 
An ultra-light electric vehicle powered by 880 A123 Li-PO4 batteries, Brigham Young University's Electric Blue Streamliner set a land speed record for the 'E1' vehicle class (cars less than 1,100 lbs), averaging 204 9 m p h  in two runs in September 2014 

Electric grid
In November 2008, A123 entered into the electric grid market by delivering its first battery energy storage system to AES Corporation for use at several AES substations in Southern California 
In November 2009, A123 announced the commercial operation of a 12MW operating reserve project at the AES Gener Los Andes substation in the Atacama Desert in Chile 
In December 2010, AES Corporation secured a loan from the United States Department of Energy to fund a 20MW frequency regulation energy storage system using A123's battery technology at the AES Westover power plant in Johnson City, New York 
In February 2011, A123 announced its second project in Chile with AES Gener—a 20MW operating reserve energy storage system to be installed at a new 500MW power plant in Northern Chile called Angamos 
In July 2011, A123 announced a contract to supply a 500 kW advanced energy storage system to Dongfang Electric, the third largest manufacturer of wind turbines in China and the country's largest exporter of power equipment, as a demonstration project to help evaluate how advanced energy storage can address the challenges associated with the rapid growth of wind power in China, where only about 72% of the country's wind turbines are connected to the power grid, according to the China Power Union 
In October 2011, AES Corporation unveiled a 32 MW energy storage systems featuring A123's battery technology at the Laurel Mountain Wind Farm in West Virginia to be used for renewable integration and frequency regulation  As of its commissioning date it was the largest Lithium Ion battery energy storage system of its kind then in operation  This site was successfully commissioned in December 2011 
In March 2014, Japan's NEC announced its purchase of A123's grid energy storage business for $100 million 

Small applications
Black & Decker and DeWalt power tool lines were early adopters of A123 cells 

Cells
A123 had LiFePO4 Cells in the form 18650, 26650 and Pouch Cells with 14 and 20Ah  The company EVLithium reports that A123 has additional Pouch cells: A123 38AH NMC Lithium ion Pouch Battery and A123 LiFePO4 Battery 50AH http://www evlithium com/A123-Battery/

See also
Navistar
Passage 3:
Tax consolidation
Tax consolidation, or combined reporting, is a regime adopted in the tax or revenue legislation of a number of countries which treats a group of wholly owned or majority-owned companies and other entities (such as trusts and partnerships) as a single entity for tax purposes  This generally means that the head entity of the group is responsible for all or most of the group's tax obligations (such as paying tax and lodging tax returns)  Consolidation is usually an all-or-nothing event: once the decision to consolidate has been made, companies are irrevocably bound  Only by having less than a 100% interest in a subsidiary can that subsidiary be left out of the consolidation 
The aim of a tax consolidation regime is to reduce administrative costs for government revenue departments and reduce compliance costs for corporate taxpayers  For companies, consolidating can help understate profits by having losses in one group company reduce profits for another  Assets can be transferred between group companies without triggering a tax on gain for the company receiving assets, dividends can be paid between group companies without incurring tax liabilities, and tax attributes of one group company such as imputation credits can be used by other companies in the group  In some jurisdictions there may be other benefits, such as the ability to look through the acquisition of shares of acquired companies to depreciate the underlying assets 
Countries which have adopted a tax consolidation regime include the United States, France, Australia and New Zealand  Countries which do not permit tax consolidation often have rules which provide some of the benefits   For example, the United Kingdom has a system of group relief, which permits profits of one group company to be reduced by losses of another group company 
Consolidation regimes can include onerous rules and regulations  There are typically complex rules to deal with the acquisition of companies with tax losses or other tax attributes   Both the United States and Australia have rules which restrict the use of such losses in the wider group  In Australia, fixed trusts and 100% partnerships can be members of a consolidated group, but the head company must be a company and cannot be a trust or partnership 

United States consolidated returns
United States federal income tax rules permit commonly controlled corporations to file a consolidated return   The income tax and credits of the consolidated group are computed as if the group were a single taxpayer   Intercorporate dividends are eliminated   Once a group has elected to file a consolidated return, all members joining the group must participate in the filing   The common parent corporation files returns, and is entitled to make all elections related to tax matters   The common parent acts as agent for the members, and it and the members remain jointly and severally liable for all federal income taxes   Many U S  states permit or require consolidated returns for corporations filing federal consolidated returns 

Requirements for filing
Only entities organized in the United States and treated as corporations may file a consolidated Federal income tax return   The return is filed by a “common parent” and only those subsidiaries in which the common parent owns 80% or more of the vote AND value   The parent and all subsidiaries must file Form 1122 to elect to file a consolidated return in the first year of election  Every 80% subsidiary must make the election or it is not valid   Thereafter, all corporations that begin to meet the 80% vote and value test must join in the consolidated return   If a subsidiary ceases to meet the 80% vote and value test, it is removed from the group   Adjustments to basis and other tax attributes apply upon a subsidiary joining or leaving a group 

Consolidated taxable income
Taxable income of each member is computed as if no consolidated return were filed, with the exception of certain items computed on a consolidated basis   Then adjustments are made for certain transactions between group members   Dividends between group members are eliminated   Sales of property between members give rise to a deferred intercompany transaction   The effect on the selling member is deferred and recognized as the corresponding effects are recognized by the buying member   For example, Member A sells Member B some goods at a profit   This profit is not recognized until Member B sells the goods or recognizes depreciation expense on the goods   These complex rules require adjustments related to intra-group sales of property (including depreciable assets and inventory), transactions in stock or other obligations of members, performance of services, entry and exit of members, and certain back-to-back and avoidance transactions 
Certain deductions and most credits are computed on a consolidated rather than separate company basis   These include the deductions for net operating loss, charitable contributions, domestic production activities deduction, dividends received deduction and others 

Basis and related items
Each member of a group must recognize gain or loss on disposition of its shares of other members   Such gain or loss is affected by the member's basis in such shares   Basis must be adjusted for several items, including taxable income or loss recognized by the other member, distributions, and certain other items   To the extent a member recognizes losses in excess of the owner's basis, such excess loss is treated as negative basis for all U S  Federal income tax purposes   Additional adjustments apply in the case of intra-group reorganizations or acquisition of the common parent, and upon entry to or exit from the group by a member   The adjustments “tier up” to consolidated return members who own shares of the entity making the adjustment   Numerous other adjustments apply 

Filing periods
All members of the group must use the same tax year as the common parent   This may be adopted or changed by the common parent   If one group acquires another group, the acquiring common parent's tax year must be adopted by all acquired subsidiaries then meeting the 80% vote and value test   Short periods may be required upon joining or leaving a group   In addition, if a member enters or leaves the group, certain adjustments to earnings and profits, basis, and other tax attributes apply 

Fiscal unity
Several countries allow related groups of corporations to compute income tax on a consolidated basis, in a manner similar to consolidation for financial reporting purposes   This is referred to in the Netherlands and Luxembourg as a Fiscal Unity, and in France as Intégration Fiscale   A similar consolidated return regime applies in Spain   In such systems, consolidating eliminations of income and expense are taken into account 
The Netherlands system allows a group of Netherlands resident corporations and branches of foreign corporations to elect to be taxed as a Fiscal Unity   Such election is permitted only for a parent corporation and its 95% or greater owned subsidiaries   Upon election, the parent is taxed on the combined income of the members of the group   The parent and subsidiaries retain joint and several liability for the tax of the group Netherlands fiscal unity functions much like financial statement consolidation   Intra-group transactions, including property transfers, are generally eliminated   Most intra-group reorganizations do not trigger taxable events 

Group relief
Some countries allow losses of one commonly controlled company to offset the profits of another commonly controlled company   The United Kingdom permits group relief, and Germany permits an Organschaft   Neither of these systems involve combined reporting or combined tax return filing, though certain additional reporting may be required Under the UK scheme, a company's losses may be surrendered to a related company if several conditions are met   The companies must be 75% owned companies   For this purpose, a parent company and its subsidiaries qualify if the parent company owns at least 75% of the ordinary share capital of the subsidiary(ies) and have a beneficial interest in at least 75% of any distributions of earnings or upon winding up   Alternative similar rules apply for certain consortia and branches   Under European Court of Justice rulings incorporated into UK law, the parent company need not be resident in the UK 
The UK scheme allows losses of one group member to be relieved (deducted) by members using a different accounting period, with certain adjustments   Trading (business) losses, capital losses, certain excess (disallowed) management expenses from non-UK affiliates, and certain excess charges may be relieved, subject to limitations   The surrender of these items is done by one company for the benefit of one other company 

Unitary groups
Some states in the United States require related corporations to file a consolidated return if such corporations constitute a unitary business or unitary group   Such consolidated returns tend to follow the pattern of United States Federal consolidated returns, though differences exist in the particular rules   Generally, a group of corporations in the same, similar, or integrated businesses that are under common management and operational control may be treated as a unitary group 
In a late June, 1983 decision, the US Supreme Court first sanctioned worldwide combined reporting in Container Corp  v  Franchise Tax Board (CA)  The years in question were 1963-1965 and the California corporate income tax rate was 5 5%  The additional amount of tax due applying the worldwide combined reporting method was less than $72,000  The vote was 5–3,  Justice John Paul Stevens did not participate 
The court's majority decision was written by Justice Brennan, joined by White, Marshall, Blackmun, and Rehnquist  Justice Powell wrote the dissenting opinion, joined by Burger and O'Connor   Friend-of-the-court amicus curiae briefs were filed in support of California by the Attorneys General of Idaho, Utah, Illinois, Montana, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Kansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nebraska, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Hawaii, and Vermont  Also, in support of California, briefs were filed by the National Governors' Association, the National Farmers Union, and the Citizens for Tax Justice 
In support of the Container Corporation, amicus briefs were filed by Allied Lyons, Coca-Cola, Colgate-Palmolive, EMI Limited, Firestone Tire & Rubber, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, Caterpillar Tractor, Gulf Oil, Phillips Petroleum, Shell Oil, and Sony  Also, in support of Container, were briefs filed by the U S  Chamber of Commerce's Committee on State Taxation, the Financial Executives Institute, the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Confederation of British Industry, the International Bankers Association in California, and the Union of Industries of the European Union 
The Working Group agreed on three principles that should guide state taxation of the income of multinational corporations:
Principle One: Water's edge unitary combination for both U S  and foreign based companies 
Principle Two: Increased federal administrative assistance and cooperation with the states to promote full taxpayer disclosure and accountability 
Principle Three: Competitive balance for U S  multinationals, foreign multinationals, and purely domestic businesses California adopted a requirement that both United States and foreign corporations be included in a worldwide unitary group filing, absent a “water's edge” election and fee   This requirement was limited somewhat by the U S  Supreme Court in Barclays Bank PLC v  Franchise Tax Board  The vote in that case was 7–2 in favor of California and 9–0 in the companion Colgate-Palmolive case  California subsequently repealed the “water's edge” fee   Illinois requires unitary group filings for United States corporations only 
Under the unitary concept, all commonly controlled corporations within the unitary management and control group are required to join in a consolidated return filing for the state  An example of why a state would adopt unitary combined reporting is in the Statement of Intent in section 152 of Vermont's 2004 Act:

In recognition of the fact that corporate business is increasingly conducted on a national and international basis, it is the intent of the general assembly to adopt a unitary combined system of income tax reporting for corporations, and as an integral part of this proposal, to lower the corporate income tax rates  Vermont's separate accounting system is inadequate to measure accurately the income of a corporation with non-Vermont affiliates and creates tax disadvantages for Vermont corporations which compete with multistate and multinational corporations doing business in Vermont  It is the intent of the general assembly, in adopting a unitary combined reporting system, to put all corporations doing business in Vermont on an equal income tax footing, and with the revenue from the expanded and more accurate tax base, to lower Vermont's corporate income tax rates 
The enabling statute, however, excludes "overseas business organizations" from the taxable combined group so water's edge instead of worldwide combined reporting is adopted  Therefore, purely domestic businesses (i e  national multi-state corporations) are subject to tax on 100% of their taxable profits, U S  based multinational corporations are subject to tax on 100% of their reported U S  profits plus foreign profits via repatriated dividends from foreign subsidiaries (if and when repatriated), and foreign based multinational corporations are subject to tax on 100% of their U S  subsidiaries' reported U S profits  As a result, under water's edge combined reporting, separate accounting is only ignored for purely domestic businesses but retained for multinational corporations  Per the 2003-2004 Biennial Report of the Vermont Commissioner of Taxes, the adoption of unitary combined reporting "will diminish opportunities for certain aggressive tax management strategies that were available to multi-state corporations and will help create a level playing field with respect to Vermont-based corporations "
Therefore, under water's edge, U S  based and foreign-based multinationals have the ability to shift U S  profits to foreign subsidiaries and avoid federal and state income taxes  Profits shifted out of the U S  would be taxed only if and when they are repatriated as foreign dividends to a U S  based multinational  Most foreign countries do not tax foreign dividends received by multinationals based in their countries so profits shifted out of the U S  by U S  subsidiaries owned by foreign based multinationals and later repatriated to the foreign parent are usually not taxed 
The State of New Hampshire adopted worldwide combined reporting in 1981 but restricted it to water's edge five years later in 1986  In 1999, in Caterpillar Inc  v  New Hampshire Department of Revenue, the court stated "We point out that the water's edge method was adopted for the benefit of foreign businesses "Approaching 30 years since the 1984 principals of the Worldwide Unitary Tax Working Group, it is questionable whether or not a competitive balance for U S  multinationals, foreign multinationals, and purely domestic businesses has been attained  Bloomberg reporter Jesse Drucker demonstrates that separate accounting/arm's length pricing favors the multinationals in an October 2010 article titled "Google 2 4% Rate Shows How $60 Billion Lost to Loopholes" with tax strategies known as the "Double Irish" and the "Dutch Sandwich "   In a New York Times October 2012 Dealbook column, Victor Fleischer wrote about "Overseas Cash And The Tax Games Multinationals Play " Although billions in corporate profits are reported to be on the books of foreign subsidiaries located in tax havens, a New York Times article by David Kocieniewski titled "For U S  Companies, Money Offshore Mean Manhattan" dated May 2013, indicates that those corporate profits are being utilized in the U S  This is supported by a more recent report by Kitty Richards and John Craig at the Center for American Progress titled "Offshore Corporate Profits - The Only Thing 'Trapped' is Tax Revenue"  An article by Floyd Norris in the May 23, 2013 New York Times, "The Corrosive Effect of Apple's Tax Avoidance", points out how these tax avoidance strategies will most likely be followed by many other multinational corporations  And, an article by David Gelles titled "New Corporate Shelter: A Merger Abroad" dated October 8, 2013 makes a case that the best tax strategy for a U S  based corporation is to become a foreign based corporation The apportionment factors for state income tax are computed on a consolidated basis and applied to the income of members doing business in the state   Illinois taxes only United States corporations in this manner   California, following the Barclays case, modified its rules to include in the combined reporting only the taxable income of United States corporations   California's computation of apportionment factors is still based on worldwide group amounts unless a “water's edge” election is made 

Further reading
Crestol, Jack; Hennessey, Kevin M , and Yates, Richard F :  "Consolidated Tax Return : Principles, Practice, Planning, 1998 ISBN 978-0-7913-1629-0
Hellerstein, Jerome & Walter, and Youngman, Joan: State and Local Taxation, ISBN 0-314-15376-4 
Passage 4:
Glénat Editions
Glénat Editions SA is a French publisher with its head office in Grenoble  Their products include comic albums and manga in France, Benelux, and in the past Spain; it was founded by Jacques Glénat  The Benelux subsidiary, Glénat Benelux N V , is located in Brussels, Belgium  The Switzerland subsidiary, Glénat Editions (Suisse) SA, has its headquarters in Nyon  The Spanish subsidiary had its head office in Barcelona 

History
Jacques Glénat started his comics fanzine Schtroumpf (the French, original, title of The Smurfs) in 1969, when he was still a student  In 1972, only twenty years old, he established his own publishing house, Glénat  The first two books were by Claude Serre and by Claire Bretécher  Two years later, he already received the award for best publisher at the Angoulême International Comics Festival  To support the rapid growth, the company opened warehouses in Orly near Paris, and a flagship store in Paris 
A new comics magazine, Circus, first appeared in 1975 and existed until 1989  But the next few years saw Glénat move more away from the traditional juvenile Franco-Belgian comics and more towards the graphic novel, with an emphasis on their successful historical series by François Bourgeon and André Juillard  A second magazine, Vécu, dedicated to historical comics, was created in 1985 and survived until 2004 
From 1980 on, Glénat also published non-fiction books related to mountain climbing and to the sea  They also bought the publisher Vents d'Ouest and from 1991 on started publishing manga  But the biggest success of all came with Titeuf by Zep, which soon was one of the bestselling French comic series, with its own magazine Tchô and animated series 
On 5 October 2011, yielded 100% of the capital of Glénat España to Joan Navarro and Félix Sabaté, the two heads of the former subsidiary 

Company
As of 2009, the company gets 50% of its turnover from comics, 20% from manga, and 15% from books, with the last 15% divided over smaller products 
The book division has a catalogue of over 4,000 titles, publishing some 400 new books and 12 million volumes a year  Bestselling series include Titeuf, with 16 million copies, and Dragon Ball, with 17 million copies  It is the second largest comics publishing group in France, behind Média-Participations, with some 20% of the market 
The company has two international subsidiaries, Glénat Benelux and Glénat Suisse (Switzerland)  The company is also very active in Canada and collaborates with other publishers in other countries  Apart from translating and distributing the original Glénat productions, these regional companies also produce their own content and specializations  Glénat Benelux has 13% of the market of Belgian comic shops 

Head office
The company head office is in central Grenoble, in the former Convent of St  Cecilia, a 17th-century building which previously hosted a theater  Jacques Glénat had the building restored so it could become the headquarters of the company  The building's restoration took five years to complete  100 employees work in the building  The building's archives, library, and private collection are open to the public 

Awards
1974: Best French Publisher at the Angoulême International Comics Festival, France

Gallery
Passage 5:
Wanxiang
Wanxiang Group Corporation (Chinese: 万向集团) is a Chinese multinational conglomerate, headquartered in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China   Its automotive components subsidiary (Wangxiang Qiaochao) is the largest China-based automotive components company measured by revenues  The company was founded in 1969 by Lu Guanqiu 

Subsidiaries
Wangxiang Qianchao Co , Ltd 
Wangxiang Qiaochao Co , Ltd  is a public company listed on Shenzhen Stock Exchange (Symbol 000559) 

A123 Systems, LLC
On October 16, 2012, A123 Systems had filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code  Wanxiang won an auction for the bankrupt United States-based lithium-ion battery maker in December 2012 for a closing price of US$256 6 million 
A123 Systems had more than 3000 employees as of that date The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) granted its approval, and on January 28, 2013, Wanxiang Group's Chicago-based subsidiary, Wanxiang America, purchased the preponderance of A123's assets out of bankruptcy for US$256 6 million and organized a new company, similarly named A123Systems, LLC 

Karma Automotive
Wanxiang received U S  bankruptcy court approval on February 18, 2014, to buy the assets of Fisker Automotive, a manufacturer of plug-in hybrid sports cars which was declared bankrupt in November 2013  Wanxiang's American subsidiary won a three-day auction with a bid of US$149 2 million  Bidding had started at US$55 million  The company said in court papers that it could restart production in the coming months, estimating that it would sell more than 1,000 Fisker Karma cars in the first 18 months in the U S  and 500 in Europe  The automotive company was renamed to Karma Automotive, and their car was renamed Revero 

SAIC Wanxiang New Energy Coach Co , Ltd 
SAIC Motor Corporation and Wanxiang Group have set up a 49%-51% joint venture, known as SAIC Wanxiang New Energy Coach Co , Ltd  and acquired the license to manufacture vehicles in July 2015  The joint-venture plans to produce its first new alternative fueled coach after granted with license plates by Chinese authorities after a few years of operation 

See also
Automotive industry in China
Passage 6:
Tongil Industries Company
Tongil Group (Korean: 통일그룹) is a Korean business group (chaebol) associated with the Unification Church (UC)  (“Tongil” is Korean for “unification,”  the name of the Unification Church in Korean is “Tongilgyo ”)  It was founded in 1963 by Unification Church founder Sun Myung Moon (following the purchase of a surplus Japanese lathe in 1962) as a nonprofit organization which would provide revenue for the UC  Its core focus was manufacturing but in the 1970s and 1980s it expanded by founding or acquiring businesses in pharmaceuticals, tourism, and publishing In 1998 Tongil Group was about 35th in size among South Korean business groups and was in the process of expanding into North Korea, with the blessing of the South Korean government which had previously forbidden relationships between North Korea and South Korean businesses In the 1990s Tongil Group suffered as a result of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis  By 2004 it was losing money and was $3 6 billion in debt  In 2005 Moon’s son, Kook-jin Justin Moon (founder of Kahr Arms) was appointed chairman of Tongil Group  As of 2010 he was in the process of reforming its businesses by hiring new managers and by closing unprofitable operations  Among Tongil Group’s chief holdings are: The Ilwha Company, which produces ginseng and related products; Ilshin Stone, building materials; and Tongil Heavy Industries, machine parts including hardware for the South Korean military  
The Tongil Group funds the Tongil Foundation which finances about 20 religious and educational institutions, including the Sun Moon University, and the Little Angels Children’s Folk Ballet of Korea  And it donates to the UC, how much and whether by personal or corporate channels, is not public 
Passage 7:
Keep Your Head Down (song)
"Keep Your Head Down" (Korean title: 왜 Wae; "Why"), released in Japan as "Why? (Keep Your Head Down)", is a song recorded by South Korean pop group TVXQ (or Tohoshinki in Japan)  Composed by Yoo Young-jin and Yoo Han-jin, the Korean-language version of "Keep Your Head Down" was released by S M  Entertainment on January 3, 2011 as the lead single for the group's fifth Korean studio album Keep Your Head Down (2011), TVXQ's first album since becoming a two-piece band with U-Know Yunho and Max Changmin  The Japanese-language version of "Keep Your Head Down", which was released on January 26, 2011, by Avex Trax, served as TVXQ's 31st Japanese single in Japan  It was the first single taken from their fifth Japanese studio album, Tone (2011) 
With elements of industrial hip hop and baroque pop, "Keep Your Head Down" is labeled as an SMP song, a staple genre in TVXQ's music  A sample of the song's original Korean-language version was first performed by Yunho at the SM Town Live '10 World Tour in August 2010, three months before the official announcement of TVXQ's Korean comeback  The full Korean single was released on January 3, 2011, which was accompanied by the premiere of its music video on TVXQ's official video-sharing websites 
The song was met with mixed reviews upon its debut  With lyrics talking about overcoming a relationship breakup, it was claimed that the song was a diss to JYJ, the three former members of TVXQ  Yunho and Changmin had denied the claims  Pervasively, "Keep Your Head Down" became one of the duo's most commercially successful songs  It topped real-time music charts upon its release and peaked at number five on Korea's Gaon Singles Chart  The song won seven music show trophies for three consecutive weeks and sold over 1 3 million digital units in South Korea by the end of the year  In Japan, "Keep Your Head Down" was TVXQ's ninth single to top Japan's Oricon Singles Chart  It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ), becoming TVXQ's second best-selling single in Japan  The Japanese version was used in the Japanese Wii game Just Dance Wii

Background and recording
"Keep Your Head Down", also known by its Korean title "Why" (왜), was composed by brothers Yoo Han-jin and Yoo Young-jin, who also wrote the song lyrics  An SMP song, "Keep Your Head Down" has musical influences of industrial hip hop, baroque pop, R&B, and rap  The song was originally written for Yunho, who recorded the song in early August 2010 and performed it at the SM Town Live '10 World Tour concert in Seoul on August 21, 2010  The Seoul concert marked Yunho and Changmin's first comeback appearance together since their split with former TVXQ members Kim Jae-joong, Park Yoo-chun, and Kim Jun-su in early 2010  The positive responses in their two-piece performances prompted Yunho and Changmin to return to the studios to finish the recording of TVXQ's fifth Korean studio album  "Keep Your Head Down" was then chosen as the lead single 
The song debuted on South Korea's digital charts on January 3, 2011, the same day as the premiere of the song's music video  The Japanese version of the song was released as a CD and DVD single on January 26, 2011 

Critical response
"Keep Your Head Down" received mixed responses upon its release, and its lyrics came under media scrutiny  Starting off with the self-empowering English opening lines "Do you know what time it is? This is return of the King", TVXQ sing about their determination to return stronger after breaking up with a former lover  The song ends with the protagonist claiming that his former lover has "[been] erased, disappeared, died" in his heart, and that she no longer ceases to exist Korean netizens claimed that the song was a diss to former members Jaejoong, Yoochun, and Junsu, who were still in legal disputes with TVXQ's agency S M  Entertainment at the time of the song's release  Yunho and Changmin clarified that the lyrics of "Keep Your Head Down" were not directed at the trio, and that the lyrics were written in a style that could be interpreted in different ways 

Formats and track listings
Charts
Certifications
Credits
Credits adapted from album's liner notes 

Studio
SM Booming System – recording, mixing, digital editing
Sonic Korea – mastering

Personnel
SM Entertainment – executive producer
Lee Soo-man – producer
Kim Young-min – executive supervisor
TVXQ – vocals, background vocals
Luna – Japanese lyrics
Yoo Young-jin – producer, Korean lyrics, composition, vocal directing, background vocals, recording, mixing, digital editing, music and sound supervisor
Yoo Han-jin – composition, arrangement
Jeon Hoon – mastering
Passage 8:
Karma Automotive
Karma Automotive is a Chinese-owned American producer of luxury electric vehicles founded in 2014  Headquartered in Irvine, California, United States with an assembly plant located in Moreno Valley, Karma sells vehicles via its dealer network of locations in North America, Europe, South America, and the Middle East 

History
In February 2014, Chinese auto-parts supplier Wanxiang Group purchased assets of Fisker Automotive for $149 2 million in a bankruptcy auction  These assets included designs, a plug-in hybrid powertrain, and the former Wilmington Assembly factory in Wilmington, Delaware  Fisker Automotive was founded in 2007 by Henrik Fisker and his business partner Bernhard Koehler  Its Fisker Karma plug-in hybrid sports sedan debuted in 2011, and about 2,000 of the vehicles were sold  After Fisker's battery supplier A123 Systems filed for bankruptcy after two battery recalls, Fisker Automotive could not continue its business operations, and the company declared bankruptcy in February 2014 which led to the Wanxiang acquisition  The purchase excluded the Fisker brand and trademarks owned by Henrik Fisker  Wanxiang also purchased A123 Systems following its bankruptcy declaration In early 2016, Karma Automotive enlisted a straw buyer in an attempt to reverse engineer technology from a parts supplier and former employee In October 2016, the Wilmington, Delaware factory was put up for sale by Wanxiang Group The company began building the Revero in 2016 at its factory in Moreno Valley, California, with production set to begin in late 2016  The Revero debuted on September 8, 2016  Karma plans to manufacture 3,000 of the vehicles  Karma hopes to build close to 150 cars in 2018, and in the 200 to 300 range of cars in 2019 and beyond  On April 11, 2019, Karma Automotive issued a recall and stop-sale order on all Revero vehicles, due to a flaw in the roll over sensors which would disable the side-curtain airbags In 2019, the company opened the Karma's Innovation and Customization Center  In conjunction with the opening, Karma announced a design and manufacturing partnership with electric vehicle company AYRO to build 20,000 electric delivery vehicles by 2023  Karma’s Innovation and Customization Center has the ability to build the frames, chassis and bodies, integrate the powertrain and finish the cars in its robotic paint shop In November 2019, Karma Automotive laid off 200 employees at its Irvine, California headquarters due to financial difficulty  In February 2020, the company laid off an additional 60 employees In July 2020, the company raised $100 million USD from outside investors  Karma announced its intentions to license its electric vehicle platform to other automakers in order to generate more revenue In November 2020, Karma sued Lordstown Motors in a technology dispute 

Models
Production models
Revero
The Revero is a luxury electric hybrid sedan  The model was awarded Luxury Green Car of the Year by Green Car Journal in 2018  The model's total cruising range is approximately 300 miles with combined electric and combustion engine power, while electric power alone provides an estimated 50 miles (80 km) 

Revero GT
The Revero GT is a luxury extended-range electric vehicle  The model was awarded the 2020 Luxury Green Car of the Year Award from Green Car Journal in 2020  The GT model is differentiated from the standard Revero model by a launch control feature and increased acceleration (0 to 60mph in approximately 4 5 seconds)  The model's total cruising range is approximately 360 miles (580 km) with combined electric and combustion engine power, and approximately 80 miles (130 km) with only electric power  Karma plans to remake the Revero GT as its halo vehicle, upgrading the model with an all-wheel-drive powertrain said to offer in excess of 1,100 hp 

GS Series
The GS Series is a new vehicle line introduced in 2021  The series includes the company's first battery-electric sedan  In addition, the company announced plans to reduce the prices of the GS line 

GS-6
The GS-6 is a range-extended, plug-in hybrid vehicle capable of traveling up to 330 miles (530 km) with combined electric and combustion engine power  The GS-6 has a 400-kw, two-motor propulsion system that outputs 536 hp and 550 lb-ft of torque 

GSe-6
The GSe-6 is an all-electric vehicle, holding an 85-kWh battery pack that provides up to 230 miles (370 km) of range  A version with a 105-kWh pack & more than 300 miles (480 km) of range is in development  The GS-6 has a 400-kw, two-motor propulsion system that outputs 536 hp and 550 lb-ft of torque 

Concept cars
Karma GT by Pininfarina
The Karma GT by Pininfarina is a range-extender luxury electric hybrid coupe, based on the 2020 Revero chassis with a body by Pininfarina  It was introduced at the 2019 Shanghai Auto Show 

SC1 Vision Concept
The Karma SC1 Vision Concept is a roofless scissor-doored working fully electric sports car concept  It was introduced at the 2019 Shanghai Auto Show 

SC2 Concept
The Karma SC2 Concept is a scissor-doored working fully electric sports car concept  It was unveiled on the eve of the 2019 Los Angeles Auto Show  It was named 2020's Concept Car of the Year by Robb Report in their "Best of Best" issue 

See also
Fisker Coachbuild (2005–2007)
Fisker Automotive (2007–2014)
Fisker Inc  (2016–present)
VLF Automotive
Passage 9:
Copterline Oy
Copterline Oy was Finland's largest helicopter airline established on 15 October 1990 as Copter Action and renamed to Copterline in 2000  In 2004 the company ferried over 75,000 passengers  On December 19, 2008, Copterline confirmed that it had ceased its scheduled service between Helsinki and Tallinn  On 15 February 2010, Copterline filed for bankruptcy, citing inability to keep the company profitable  Its head office was located on the grounds of Helsinki-Malmi Airport in Helsinki   In 2011, Line Support Oy, founded by mostly the same group as Copterline Oy, announced a resumption of service from September, operated by its Estonian subsidiary Copterline OÜ  On 9 September 2011, the first commercial flights were undertaken 

History
Copterline acquired Helikopteripalvelu in 1999, the oldest Finnish company in the business, and began offering services in 2000 Copterline used to maintain hourly passenger flights across the Gulf of Finland between Helsinki, Finland (Helsinki Hernesaari Heliport) and Tallinn, Estonia (Tallinn Linnahall Heliport) between 07:00–20:00 (14 round trips),  9:00–17:00 on Saturdays (9 round trips) and 10:00–16:00 on Sundays (7 round trips)  The trip took 18 minutes, and the helicopters could carry 12 passengers on each flight On 10 August 2005, Copterline Flight 103 crashed while flying between Tallinn and Helsinki, three kilometers south of Aegna island  All 14 people on board died  After that tragic accident, the company closed the route In August 2006, Copterline sold its last remaining S-76 and focused on charter flights resuming the route between Helsinki and Tallinn on April 9, 2008, with a new AgustaWestland AW139 helicopter  The company was planning a new terminal in Helsinki 
In August 2008, a second AW139 entered into the fleet, and started operating in the same route  Kaj Takolander became CEO of the company 
On 19 December 2008, Copterline confirmed that it had ceased its scheduled service between Helsinki and Tallinn and was now looking at the possibility of alternative uses for its helicopters, otherwise, it will sell or lease its aircraft As of September 2011 the Copterline website was back in service with a flight schedule advertising flights up until the Christmas period  The new service was operated by the Estonian company Copterline OÜ with an AgustaWestland AW139 helicopter owned and operated by the Finnish company FirstClass Oy  The 2011 service offered 5 round trips on weekdays with no scheduled weekend service 
Copterline has not been operating on the Helsinki-Tallinn route recently  The airline was planning to open the route again in August 2013, but these plans were postponed and later cancelled  The company currently provides helicopter services to the oil and energy sector on the North Sea In March 2016, Copterline OÜ filed for bankruptcy for the second time 

Incidents and accidents
In spring 2004, the company had been restricted from commercial flights in bad weather conditions, due to concerns about pilot qualifications, but the restriction had since been lifted On 10 August 2005 Flight 103, a Sikorsky S-76, crashed into the sea near Tallinn, Estonia, three to four minutes after taking off  The craft was carrying 14 people, all of whom were killed: six Finnish, four Estonian and two American passengers, and two Finnish crew members  The disaster was caused by the failure of the power steering system of the American-built helicopter  According to Estonian authorities, no distress signals of any kind were received  However, after examining the helicopter's black box it has been reported that the pilots had attempted sending one, but wasn't received because an air traffic controller in Tallinn Airport was reading back a landing permit  The black box also revealed that the pilots had remained calm and attempted a safe landing in a "by the book" fashion The cause of the accident was the failure of the power flying control system  Plasma coating on the pistons of the power flying control system had flaked off and blocked the return valve, causing the aircraft to lose its maneuverability  It was revealed in 2007 that the failed component was inside a system that Copterline did not have the authority to service or even open  A periodic leak test that could have revealed the problem was omitted  Furthermore, the emergency floats failed to operate  The manufacturer, Sikorsky, confirmed that damages have been paid to the families of the casualties, but a court case between Copterline and Sikorsky is still pending 

Fleet
The Copterline fleet consists of nine helicopters and several rescue craft 
Copterline uses four Eurocopter EC 135 helicopters for emergency and medical service operations from three different base: Oulu, Pete got moved from Vaasa to Tampere and Varkaus 
Passage 10:
Fisker Automotive
Fisker Automotive was an American company founded in 2007  It was known for producing the Fisker Karma, which was one of the world's first production luxury plug-in hybrid electric vehicles  The company was founded by Henrik Fisker, a Danish automobile designer  
The company received significant private and public investment, including a $529 million loan from the federal government  The company raised over $1 billion from private investors such as the Kleiner Perkins venture capital firm However, it repeatedly missed production deadlines and production of the Fisker Karma was suspended in November 2012 with about 2,450 Karmas built since 2011 and just over 2,000 cars sold worldwide  The New York Times described the company as the "Solyndra of the electric car industry" and a "debacle"  The company's federal loan was suspended in 2011; the government recovered some of the invested funds, but nevertheless took a $139 million loss In February 2014, Fisker Automotive's Karma vehicle design, tooling and a manufacturing facility in Delaware were purchased by Chinese auto parts conglomerate Wanxiang Group  In 2016, Wanxiang would rename the holding company for the assets of Fisker Automotive to Karma Automotive 

History
Henrik Fisker co-founded Fisker Automotive in 2007 with Fisker Coachbuild partner Bernhard Koehler and Quantum Technologies after securing U$5 2 million investment from Gianfranco Pizzuto, an Italian businessman, and Palo Alto Investors  Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, a venture capital firm, was one of the early investors  Fisker is responsible for designing many premium cars such as the Aston Martin DB9 and V8 Vantage, Artega GT, and BMW Z8  He also served as design director and sat on the board at Aston Martin 
Before Fisker Automotive, Fisker and Koehler left Aston Martin in 2005 to establish Fisker Coachbuild, in an attempt to revive the art of coach-building automobiles to customer specifications  The Fisker Tramonto and Latigo used chassis and power trains from Mercedes-Benz SL and BMW 6 Series automobiles  Several were purchased, but the business soon gave way to Fisker Automotive, a true automobile manufacturer 
In 2009, Fisker mentioned plans for another plug-in hybrid, a "high-volume vehicle for a lower price", subject to getting a U S  Department of Energy loan to build about 100,000 vehicles annually in the United States On April 14, 2008, Tesla Motors filed a lawsuit against Fisker Automotive, alleging they stole Tesla's technology and were using it to develop their own hybrid car, the Fisker Karma, which was announced at the North American International Auto Show in January 2008  Tesla's suit claimed that the design work done for the Model S by Fisker Coachbuild was substandard, and that Fisker diverted its best ideas to the Karma  In early 2009, the suit was settled in Fisker's favor and Tesla was ordered to pay Fisker more than US$1 1 million in legal fees Fisker's problems started with a recall of its battery by supplier A123 systems in December 2011, followed by a second recall in March 2012, and eventually A123 Systems' bankruptcy in August 2012  In addition to production stopping for over five months, with no date announced to recommence, the planned production of the second model, the Fisker Atlantic, was postponed, together with the cessation of development of the new model 
In February 2012, Tom LaSorda was named the new CEO, and Henrik Fisker became executive chairman, but six months later on August 14, La Sorda was replaced by Tony Posawatz, previously General Motors Vehicle Line Director for the Chevrolet Volt The company suffered a setback on October 29, 2012, when Hurricane Sandy flooded and destroyed its entire European shipment of 338 Karmas at Port Newark, New Jersey  Sixteen of the cars burned, because six to eight feet of seawater caused a short circuit in a vehicle control unit in one Karma, and high winds spread the resulting fire to 15 others  The company said that its lithium-ion battery was not at fault  Insurer XL Insurance America initially denied the roughly US$30 million loss claim and was subsequently sued by Fisker in New York State Supreme Court  The case was settled with an undisclosed out-of-court agreement Henrik Fisker resigned in March 2013, after "disagreements with management", in particular "disagreements over business strategy"  Shortly after the departure of Henrik Fisker from Fisker Automotive, on April 5, 2013, Fisker laid off 75% of its workforce, retaining only a core group of 40 workers as it continued to negotiate with prospective investors On October 11, 2013, Hybrid Technology LLC agreed to buy Fisker's defaulted government loan at a heavy discount  On November 22, 2013, Fisker filed its Chapter 11 bankruptcy case  Concurrently, on November 23, 2013, Fisker agreed, subject to bankruptcy court approval, to be acquired by Hybrid, owned by Hong Kong billionaire, Richard Li  At the last moment, though, Chinese parts supplier Wanxiang Group submitted a competing bid of US$24 75 million, supported by the Official Creditors' Committee in the case  Wanxiang had earlier lost out to Hybrid in bidding for purchase of the government's loan to Fisker  Wanxiang owns A123 Systems LLC, Fisker's former battery supplier, and Fisker argued that Wanxiang's conduct was partly responsible for Fisker's business failure  As part of its bid, Wanxiang proposed restarting production of the Karma Wanxiang received court approval on February 18, 2014, to buy the assets of Fisker after a three-day auction against Hybrid with a bid of $149 2 million, with bidding starting at $55 million, significantly more than the previous $24 75 million bid, and significantly higher than the $25 million Hybrid Technology LLC paid the Department of Energy for a $164 million loan note  On top of the $25 million, the DOE also recouped $28 million from Fisker for a total of $53 million recovered of its $192 million loan Following Fisker Automotive's structured bankruptcy auction in February 2014, Henrik Fisker retained the Fisker logo and trademarks  Wanxiang Group then transformed the assets of Fisker Automotive into a new company named Karma Automotive, thus launching the Karma Revero plug-in hybrid car based on the Fisker Karma  Henrik Fisker would later start another electric vehicle company named Fisker Inc in 2016 with the Fisker logo and trademarks 

Production models
Fisker Karma
The Karma was a plug-in hybrid luxury sports sedan produced by Fisker Automotive and manufactured at Valmet Automotive in Finland  After missing its initial late 2009 launch, and after the launch was rescheduled several times, the first deliveries took place in the U S  in late July 2011 and deliveries to retail customers began in November 2011 
The 20 1 kWh (72 36 MJ) lithium ion rechargeable battery in each car came from A123 Systems in Watertown, Massachusetts  The aluminum frame was engineered by Fisker and was supplied by Norsk Hydro from Norway  The cabin interior was designed by Fisker Automotive, but was made in the United States by Magna International of Canada  The EVer powertrain system, technically a series hybrid, delivered over 400 horsepower, and was inspired by Quantum Technologies, a cofounder of and early investor in Fisker  A version of the Karma was relaunched as the Karma Revero in 2016 by Karma Automotive 

Sales
By February 2012, Fisker had established 45 dealerships in the US and three in Canada  By March 2012, the company had built over 2,450 vehicles, with over 2000 cars delivered to customers by the end of 2012  Fisker Automotive distributed vehicles through a traditional dealer network and partnered with five importers: GP Supercars (Merano, Italy), Nellemann (Copenhagen, Denmark); the Emil Frey Group (Zurich, Switzerland); BD Otomotive (Istanbul, Turkey) and Al-Futtaim Group (Middle East and North Africa) 

Manufacturing
Fisker Automotive used to retain core competencies, such as design, engineering and marketing, in house, but outsourced manufacturing of its first vehicle Fisker Karma  Fisker's outsourcing methods allowed the company a 2–3 year period of development instead of the typical 5 years and at a cost of US$333 million instead of $1 billion, and claimed that it could make a profit from selling just 15,000 cars  Fisker used to save significant development costs by using pre-engineered components developed by other car companies whenever possible, such as the door handle mechanism which was a General Motors part; Fisker Automotive just paid a royalty to GM for each door handle in the Karma, which was much cheaper than designing its own door handles  However, the A123 battery failure and its resulting recall, and the eventual bankruptcy of the battery supplier, led to significant problems and added cost to the manufacture of the Karma model, finally resulting in Fisker's bankruptcy 
In 2008, Fisker estimated 15,000 cars per year would be assembled by Valmet Automotive in Uusikaupunki, Finland  Manufacturing eventually commenced in 2011 but by the third quarter of 2012 production ceased Then-Vice President of the United States Joe Biden (later President) attended the October 27, 2009, announcement that Fisker Automotive would take control of the Boxwood Road Plant (previously owned and operated by General Motors as Wilmington Assembly) in Wilmington, Delaware, with production scheduled to begin in late 2012  This never happened and the plant was ultimately torn down 

Funding
Fisker Automotive's investors have included Leonardo DiCaprio, Palo Alto Investors, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, Qatar Holdings, LLC, A123 Systems, and Ace Investments 
In April 2012, Fisker announced it had received $392 million in a round of financing, which was in addition to $850 million in private investment it had received in previous rounds  In Fisker's bankruptcy case, Hybrid Technology LLC ranked ahead of all the equity investors as a senior creditor since they purchased the Department of Energy loan note to Fisker Automotive in November 2013  In total, the company raised well over $1 billion from private investors Fisker had received a US$528 7 million conditional loan in September 2009 from the Department of Energy's US$25 billion Advanced Technologies Vehicle Manufacturing Loan Program (ATVM)  Of the total loan amount approved, a total of US$192 million was drawn by Fisker Automotive for engineering work with primarily US suppliers to complete the Fisker Karma and Fisker's Project Nina, later revealed as the Fisker Atlantic The Department of Energy froze Fisker's credit line in August 2012 after US$192 million had been drawn, and after differences between the DOE and Fisker on the milestones set as conditions for the loan  The loan received additional scrutiny for being awarded for the manufacture of luxury vehicles that are too expensive for much of the general public  Fisker investor Ray Lane responded that the issues were being blown out of proportion due to election-year politics 

See also
List of hybrid vehicles
List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles
Fisker Coachbuild (2005–07)
Karma Automotive (2014–present)
Fisker Inc  (2016–present)
VLF Automotive
Tesla, Inc 



ground_truth: A123 Systems, LLC

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What else was Baghdad known as during the Abbasid Caliphate?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Sinbad the Sailor
Sinbad the Sailor (; Arabic: سندباد البحري, romanized: Sindibādu al-Bahriyy  or Sindbad) is a fictional mariner and the hero of a story-cycle  He is described as hailing from Baghdad during the early Abbasid Caliphate (8th and 9th centuries A D )  In the course of seven voyages throughout the seas east of Africa and south of Asia, he has fantastic adventures in magical realms, encountering monsters and witnessing supernatural phenomena 

Origins and sources
The tales of Sinbad are a relatively late addition to the One Thousand and One Nights – they do not feature in the earliest 14th-century manuscript, and they appear as an independent cycle in 18th- and 19th-century collections  The tale reflects the trend within the Abbasid realm of Arab and Muslim sailors exploring the world  The stories display the folk and themes present in works of that time  The Abbasid reign was known as a period of great economic and social growth  Arab and Muslim traders would seek new trading routes and people to trade with  This process of growth is reflected in the Sinbad tales  The Sinbad stories take on a variety of different themes  Later sources include Abbasid works such as the "Wonders of the Created World", reflecting the experiences of 13th century Arab mariners who braved the Indian Ocean The Sinbad cycle is set in the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786–809)  The Sinbad tales are included in the first European translation of the Nights, Antoine Galland's Les mille et une nuits, contes arabes traduits en français, an English edition of which appeared in 1711 as The new Arabian winter nights entertainments and went through numerous editions throughout the 18th century 
The earliest separate publication of the Sinbad tales in English found in the British Library is an adaptation as The Adventures of Houran Banow, etc  (Taken from the Arabian Nights, being the third and fourth voyages of Sinbad the Sailor ), around 1770  An early US edition, The seven voyages of Sinbad the sailor  And The story of Aladdin; or, The wonderful lamp, was published in Philadelphia in 1794  Numerous popular editions followed in the early 19th century, including a chapbook edition by Thomas Tegg  Its best known full translation was perhaps as tale 120 in Volume 6 of Sir Richard Burton's 1885 translation of The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night 

Tales
Sinbad the Porter and Sinbad the Sailor
Like the 1001 Nights, the Sinbad story-cycle has a frame story which goes as follows: in the days of Harun al-Rashid, Caliph of Baghdad, a poor porter (one who carries goods for others in the market and throughout the city) pauses to rest on a bench outside the gate of a rich merchant's house, where he complains to God about the injustice of a world which allows the rich to live in ease while he must toil and yet remain poor  The owner of the house hears and sends for the porter, finding that they are both named Sinbad  The rich Sinbad tells the poor Sinbad that he became wealthy "by Fortune and Fate" in the course of seven wondrous voyages, which he then proceeds to relate 

First Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor
After dissipating the wealth left to him by his father, Sinbad goes to sea to repair his fortune  He sets ashore on what appears to be an island, but this island proves to be a gigantic sleeping whale on which trees have taken root ever since the whale was young  Awakened by a fire kindled by the sailors, the whale dives into the depths, the ship departs without Sinbad, and Sinbad is only saved by a passing wooden trough sent by the grace of Allah  He is washed ashore on a densely wooded island  While exploring the deserted island, he comes across one of the king's grooms  When Sinbad helps save the king's mare from being drowned by a sea horse (not a seahorse, but a supernatural horse that lives underwater), the groom brings Sinbad to the king  The king befriends Sinbad, and he rises in the king's favor and becomes a trusted courtier  One day, the very ship on which Sinbad set sail docks at the island, and he reclaims his goods (still in the ship's hold)  Sinbad gives the king his goods and in return the king gives him rich presents  Sinbad sells these presents for a great profit  Sinbad returns to Baghdad, where he resumes a life of ease and pleasure  With the ending of the tale, Sinbad the sailor makes Sinbad the porter a gift of a hundred gold pieces and bids him return the next day to hear more about his adventures 

Second Voyage
On the second day of Sinbad's tale-telling (but the 549th night of Scheherazade's), Sinbad the sailor tells how he grew restless of his life of leisure, and set to sea again, "possessed with the thought of traveling about the world of men and seeing their cities and islands " Accidentally abandoned by his shipmates again, he finds himself stranded in an island which contains roc eggs  He attaches himself with the help of his turban to a roc and is transported to a valley of giant snakes which can swallow elephants; these serve as the rocs' natural prey  The floor of the valley is carpeted with diamonds, and merchants harvest these by throwing huge chunks of meat into the valley: the birds carry the meat back to their nests, and the men drive the birds away and collect the diamonds stuck to the meat  The wily Sinbad straps one of the pieces of meat to his back and is carried back to the nest along with a large sack full of precious gems  Rescued from the nest by the merchants, he returns to Baghdad with a fortune in diamonds, seeing many marvels along the way 

Third Voyage
Sinbad sets sail again from Basra  But by ill chance, he and his companions are cast up on an island where they are captured by a "huge creature in the likeness of a man, black of colour,     with eyes like coals of fire and large canine teeth like boar's tusks and a vast big gape like the mouth of a well  Moreover, he had long loose lips like camel's, hanging down upon his breast, and ears like two Jarms falling over his shoulder-blades, and the nails of his hands were like the claws of a lion " This monster begins eating the crew, beginning with the Reis (captain), who is the fattest  (Burton notes that the giant "is distinctly Polyphemus" )
Sinbad hatches a plan to blind the beast with the two red-hot iron spits with which the monster has been kebabbing and roasting the ship's company  He and the remaining men escape on a raft they constructed the day before  However, the giant's mate hits most of the escaping men with rocks and they are killed  After further adventures (including a gigantic python from which Sinbad escapes using his quick wits), he returns to Baghdad, wealthier than ever 

Fourth Voyage
Impelled by restlessness, Sinbad takes to the seas again and, as usual, is shipwrecked  The naked savages amongst whom he finds himself feed his companions a herb which robs them of their reason (Burton theorises that this might be bhang), prior to fattening them for the table  Sinbad realises what is happening and refuses to eat the madness-inducing plant  When the cannibals lose interest in him, he escapes  A party of itinerant pepper-gatherers transports him to their own island, where their king befriends him and gives him a beautiful and wealthy wife 
Too late Sinbad learns of a peculiar custom of the land: on the death of one marriage partner, the other is buried alive with his or her spouse, both in their finest clothes and most costly jewels  Sinbad's wife falls ill and dies soon after, leaving Sinbad trapped in a cavern, a communal tomb, with a jug of water and seven pieces of bread  Just as these meagre supplies are almost exhausted, another couple—the husband dead, the wife alive—are dropped into the cavern  Sinbad bludgeons the wife to death and takes her rations 
Such episodes continue; soon he has a sizable store of bread and water, as well as the gold and gems from the corpses, but is still unable to escape, until one day a wild animal shows him a passage to the outside, high above the sea  From here, a passing ship rescues him and carries him back to Baghdad, where he gives alms to the poor and resumes his life of pleasure 
Burton's footnote comments: "This tale is evidently taken from the escape of Aristomenes the Messenian from the pit into which he had been thrown, a fox being his guide  The Arabs in an early day were eager students of Greek literature " Similarly, the first half of the voyage resembles the Circe episode in The Odyssey, with certain differences: while a plant robs Sinbad's men of their reason in the Arab tales, it is Circe's magic which "fattened" Odysseus' men in The Odyssey  It is in an earlier episode, featuring the 'Lotus Eaters', that Odysseus' men are fed a similar magical fruit which robs them of their senses 

Fifth Voyage
"When I had been a while on shore after my fourth voyage; and when, in my comfort and pleasures and merry-makings and in my rejoicing over my large gains and profits, I had forgotten all I had endured of perils and sufferings, the carnal man was again seized with the longing to travel and to see foreign countries and islands " Soon at sea once more, while passing a desert island Sinbad's crew spots a gigantic egg that Sinbad recognizes as belonging to a roc  Out of curiosity, the ship's passengers disembark to view the egg, only to end up breaking it and having the chick inside as a meal  Sinbad immediately recognizes the folly of their behaviour and orders all back aboard ship  However, the infuriated parent rocs soon catch up with the vessel and destroy it by dropping giant boulders they have carried in their talons Shipwrecked yet again, Sinbad is enslaved by the Old Man of the Sea, who rides on his shoulders with his legs twisted round Sinbad's neck and will not let go, riding him both day and night until Sinbad would welcome death  (Burton's footnote discusses possible origins for the old man—the orang-utan, the Greek god Triton—and favours the African custom of riding on slaves in this way) Eventually, Sinbad makes wine and tricks the Old Man into drinking some  Sinbad kills him after he falls off  A ship carries him to the City of the Apes, a place whose inhabitants spend each night in boats off-shore, while their town is abandoned to man-eating apes  Yet through the apes, Sinbad recoups his fortune and eventually finds a ship which takes him home once more to Baghdad 

Sixth Voyage
"My soul yearned for travel and traffic"  Sinbad is shipwrecked yet again, this time quite violently as his ship is dashed to pieces on tall cliffs  There is no food to be had anywhere, and Sinbad's companions die of starvation until only he is left  He builds a raft and discovers a river running out of a cavern beneath the cliffs  The stream proves to be filled with precious stones and it becomes apparent that the island's streams flow with ambergris  He falls asleep as he journeys through the darkness and awakens in the city of the king of Serendib (Sri Lanka/Ceylon), "diamonds are in its rivers and pearls are in its valleys"  The king marvels at what Sinbad tells him of the great Haroun al-Rashid, and asks that he take a present back to Baghdad on his behalf, a cup carved from a single ruby, with other gifts including a bed made from the skin of the serpent that swallowed an elephant ("And whoso sitteth upon it never sickeneth"), and "A hundred thousand miskals of Sindh lign-aloesa ", and a slave-girl "like a shining moon"  Sinbad returns to Baghdad, where the Caliph wonders greatly at the reports Sinbad gives of Serendib 

Seventh and Last Voyage
The ever-restless Sinbad sets sail once more, with the usual result  Cast up on a desolate shore, he constructs a raft and floats down a nearby river to a great city  Here the chief of the merchants gives Sinbad his daughter in marriage, names him his heir, and conveniently dies  The inhabitants of this city are transformed once a month into birds, and Sinbad has one of the bird-people carry him to the uppermost reaches of the sky, where he hears the angels glorifying God, "whereat I wondered and exclaimed, 'Praised be God! Extolled be the perfection of God!'" But no sooner are the words out than there comes fire from heaven which all but consumes the bird-men  The bird-people are angry with Sinbad and set him down on a mountain-top, where he meets two youths, servants of God who give him a golden staff; returning to the city, Sinbad learns from his wife that the bird-men are devils, although she and her father were not of their number  And so, at his wife's suggestion, Sinbad sells all his possessions and returns with her to Baghdad, where at last he resolves to live quietly in the enjoyment of his wealth, and to seek no more adventures 
Burton includes a variant of the seventh tale, in which Haroun al-Rashid asks Sinbad to carry a return gift to the king of Serendib  Sinbad replies, "By Allah the Omnipotent, Oh my lord, I have taken a loathing to wayfare, and when I hear the words 'Voyage' or 'Travel,' my limbs tremble"  He then tells the Caliph of his misfortune-filled voyages; Haroun agrees that with such a history "thou dost only right never even to talk of travel"  Nevertheless, at the Caliph's command, Sinbad sets forth on this, his uniquely diplomatic voyage  The king of Serendib is well pleased with the Caliph's gifts (which include, among other things, the food tray of King Solomon) and showers Sinbad with his favour  On the return voyage, the usual catastrophe strikes: Sinbad is captured and sold into slavery  His master sets him to shooting elephants with a bow and arrow, which he does until the king of the elephants carries him off to the elephants' graveyard  Sinbad's master is so pleased with the huge quantities of ivory in the graveyard that he sets Sinbad free, and Sinbad returns to Baghdad, rich with ivory and gold  "Here I went in to the Caliph and, after saluting him and kissing hands, informed him of all that had befallen me; whereupon he rejoiced in my safety and thanked Almighty Allah; and he made my story be written in letters of gold  I then entered my house and met my family and brethren: and such is the end of the history that happened to me during my seven voyages  Praise be to Allah, the One, the Creator, the Maker of all things in Heaven and Earth!" 
Some versions return to the frame story, in which Sinbad the Porter may receive a final generous gift from Sinbad the Sailor  In other versions the story cycle ends here, and there is no further mention of Sinbad the Porter 

Adaptations
Sinbad's quasi-iconic status in Western culture has led to his name being recycled for a wide range of uses in both serious and not-so-serious contexts, frequently with only a tenuous connection to the original tales  Many films, television series, animated cartoons, novels, and video games have been made, most of them featuring Sinbad not as a merchant who stumbles into adventure, but as a dashing dare-devil adventure-seeker 

Theatrical films
English language animated films
Sinbad the Sailor (1935) is an animated short film produced and directed by Ub Iwerks 
Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor (1936) is a two-reel animated cartoon short subject in the Popeye Color Feature series, produced in Technicolor and released to theatres on 27 November 1936 by Paramount Pictures  It was produced by Max Fleischer for Fleischer Studios, Inc  and directed by Dave Fleischer 
Sinbad (1992) is an animated film originally released on 18 May 1992 and based on the classic Arabian Nights tale, Sinbad the Sailor, and produced by Golden Films 
Sinbad: Beyond the Veil of Mists (2000) is the first feature-length computer animation film created exclusively using motion capture  While many animators worked on the project, the human characters were entirely animated using motion capture 
Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas (2003) is an American animated adventure film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by DreamWorks Pictures  The film uses traditional animation with some computer animation  It was directed by Tim Johnson 

Non-English language animated films
Arabian naito: Shindobaddo no bôken (Arabian Nights: Adventures of Sinbad) (1962) (animated Japanese film) 
A Thousand and One Nights (1969) Story created by Osamu Tezukui, combination of other One Thousand and One Nights stories and the legends of Sinbad 
Pohádky Tisíce a Jedné Noci (Tales of 1,001 Nights) (1974), a seven-part animated film by Karel Zeman 
Doraemon: Nobita's Dorabian Nights (1991) 
Sinbad (film trilogy) (2015–2016) is a series of Japanese animated family adventure films produced by Nippon Animation and Shirogumi 
The Adventures of Sinbad (2013) is an Indian 2D animated film directed by Shinjan Neogi and Abhishek Panchal, and produced by Afzal Ahmed Khan 
Sinbad: Pirates of Seven Storm (2016) A Russian animated film by CTB Film Company 

Live-action English language theatrical films
Arabian Nights is a 1942 adventure film directed by John Rawlins and starring Sabu, Maria Montez, Jon Hall and Leif Erickson  The film is derived from The Book of One Thousand and One Nights but owes more to the imagination of Universal Pictures than the original Arabian stories  Unlike other films in the genre (The Thief of Bagdad), it features no monsters or supernatural elements 
Sinbad the Sailor (1947) is a 1947 American Technicolor fantasy film directed by Richard Wallace and starring Douglas Fairbanks Jr , Maureen O'Hara, Walter Slezak, and Anthony Quinn  It tells the tale of the "eighth" voyage of Sinbad, wherein he discovers the lost treasure of Alexander the Great 
Son of Sinbad (1955) is a 1955 American adventure film directed by Ted Tetzlaff  It takes place in the Middle East and consists of a wide variety of characters including over 127 women 
The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1958) is a 1958 Technicolor heroic fantasy adventure film directed by Nathan H  Juran and starring Kerwin Mathews, Torin Thatcher, Kathryn Grant, Richard Eyer, and Alec Mango  It was distributed by Columbia Pictures and produced by Charles H  Schneer 
Captain Sindbad (1963) is a 1963 independently made fantasy and adventure film, produced by Frank King and Herman King (King Brothers Productions), directed by Byron Haskin, that stars Guy Williams and Heidi Brühl  The film was shot at the Bavaria Film studios in Germany and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 
The Golden Voyage of Sinbad (1973) a fantasy film directed by Gordon Hessler and featuring stop motion effects by Ray Harryhausen  It is the second of three Sinbad films released by Columbia Pictures 
Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger (1977) is a fantasy film directed by Sam Wanamaker and featuring stop motion effects by Ray Harryhausen  The film stars Patrick Wayne, Taryn Power, Margaret Whiting, Jane Seymour, and Patrick Troughton  It is the third and final Sinbad film released by Columbia Pictures 

Live-action English language direct-to-video films
Sinbad: The Battle of the Dark Knights (1998) - DTV film about a young boy that must go back in time to help Sinbad 
The 7 Adventures of Sinbad (2010) is an American adventure film directed by Adam Silver and Ben Hayflick  As a mockbuster distributed by The Asylum, it attempts to capitalise on Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time and Clash of the Titans 
Sinbad and The Minotaur (2011) starring Manu Bennett is a 2011 Australian fantasy B movie directed by Karl Zwicky serving as an unofficial sequel to the 1947 Douglas Fairbanks Jr  film and Harryhausen's Sinbad trilogy  It combines Arabian Nights hero Sinbad the Sailor with the Greek legend of the Minotaur 
Sinbad: The Fifth Voyage (2014) starring Shahin Sean Solimon, low budget film 
Sinbad and the War of the Furies (2016) An American action film starring John Hennigan, direct-to-streaming 

Live-action non-English language films
Sinbad Khalashi, or Sinbad the Sailor is a 1930 Indian silent action-adventure film by Ramchandra Gopal Torney 
Sinbad Jahazi, or Sinbad the Sailor, is a 1952 Indian Hindi-language adventure film by Nanabhai Bhatt 
Sindbad ki Beti, or Daughter of Sindbad, is a 1958 Indian Hindi-language fantasy film by Ratilal  It follows the daughter of Sindbad as she goes out in search for her missing father 
Son of Sinbad is a 1958 Indian Hindi-language film by Nanabhai Bhatt  A sequel to Sinbad Jahazi, it follows the adventures of the son of Sinbad in high seas 
Sinbad contro i sette saraceni (Sinbad against the Seven Saracens)  (Italian: Sindbad contro i sette saraceni, also known as Sinbad Against the 7 Saracens) is a 1964 Italian adventure film written and directed by Emimmo Salvi and starring Gordon Mitchell  The film was released straight to television in the United States by American International Television in 1965 
Sindbad Alibaba and Aladdin is a 1965 Indian Hindi-language fantasy-adventure musical film by Prem Narayan Arora  It starred Pradeep Kumar in the role of Sindbad 
Shehzade Sinbad kaf daginda (Prince Sinbad of the Mountains) (1971) (Turkish film) 
Simbad e il califfo di Bagdad (Sinbad and the Caliph of Baghdad) (1973) (Italian film) 
Sinbad of the Seven Seas (1989) is a 1989 Italian fantasy film produced and directed by Enzo G  Castellari from a story by Luigi Cozzi, revolving around the adventures of Sinbad the Sailor  Sinbad must recover five magical stones to free the city of Basra from the evil spell cast by a wizard, which his journey takes him to mysterious islands and he must battle magical creatures in order to save the world 

Television
English language series and films
Sinbad Jr  and his Magic Belt (1965) 
The Freedom Force (TV Series) (1978) 
The Adventures of Sinbad (1979) - TV animated film 
Mystery Science Theater 3000 (1993) episode: The Magic Voyage of Sinbad
The Fantastic Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor (1996–1998) is an American animated television series based on the Arabian Nights story of Sinbad the Sailor and produced by Fred Wolf Films that aired beginning 2 February 1998 on Cartoon Network 
The Adventures of Sinbad (1996–98) is a Canadian Action/Adventure Fantasy television series following on the story from the pilot of the same name 
The Backyardigans (2007) episode: "Sinbad Sails Alone" 
Sinbad (2012) - A UK television series from Sky1 
Sindbad & The 7 Galaxies (2016 by Sun TV, picked up by Toonavision in 2020) is an animated children's comedy adventure TV series created by Raja Masilamani and IP owned by Creative Media Partners Note: Sinbad was mentioned, but did not actually appear, in the Season 3 episode Been There, Done That of Xena Warrior Princess when one of the story's lovers tells Xena that he was hoping that Hercules would have appeared to save his village from its curse 

Non-English language series and films
Arabian Nights: Sinbad's Adventures (Arabian Naitsu: Shinbaddo No Bôken, 1975) 
Manga Sekai Mukashi Banashi: The Arabian Nights: Adventures of Sinbad the Sailor (1976) Japanese anime TV series, Directed by Sadao Nozaki and Tatsuya Matano  Producer Yuji Tanno  The origins of this is a series called Manga Hajimete Monogatari  This is dubbed in English and narrated by Telly Savalas 
Alif Laila (1993–1997), an Indian television series based on the One Thousand and One Nights which aired on Doordarshan's DD National  Episodes titled "Sindbad Jahaazi" focus on the adventures of the sailor, where he is portrayed by Shahnawaz Pradhan 
Princess Dollie Aur Uska Magic Bag (2004–2006), an Indian teen fantasy adventure television series on Star Plus where Vaquar Shaikh portrays Sinbad, one of the main characters in the show along with Ali Baba and Hatim 
Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic (2012), Magi: The Kingdom of Magic (2013) and Magi: Adventure of Sinbad (2016) are Japanese fantasy adventure manga series 
Janbaaz Sindbad (2015–2016), an Indian adventure-fantasy television series based on Sinbad the Sailor which aired on Zee TV, starring Harsh Rajput in the titular role Note: A pair of foreign films that had nothing to do with the Sinbad character were released in North America, with the hero being referred to as "Sinbad" in the dubbed soundtrack  The 1952 Russian film Sadko (based on Rimsky-Korsakov's opera Sadko) was overdubbed and released in English in 1962 as The Magic Voyage of Sinbad, while the 1963 Japanese film Dai tozoku (whose main character was a heroic pirate named Sukezaemon) was overdubbed and released in English in 1965 as The Lost World of Sinbad 

Video games
In the Arabian Nights-themed video game Sonic and the Secret Rings, Sinbad looks almost exactly like Knuckles the Echidna 
In 1978 Gottlieb manufacturing released a pinball machine named Sinbad, the artwork featured characters from the movie Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger  Also released, in a shorter run, was an Eye of the Tiger pinball game 
in 1996 the pinball game Tales of the Arabian Nights was released featuring Sinbad  This game (manufactured by Williams Electronics) features Sinbad's battle with the Rocs and the Cyclops as side quests to obtain jewels  The game was adapted into the video game compilation Pinball Hall of Fame: The Williams Collection in 2009 
In 1984 game simply called Sinbad was released by Atlantis Software 
In 1986 game called Sinbad and the Golden Ship was released by Mastertronic Ltd 
Another 1986 game called The Legend of Sinbad was released by Superior Software 
in 1987 game called Sinbad and the Throne of the Falcon was released by Cinemaware 

Music
In Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's suite Scheherazade, the 1st, 2nd, and 4th movements focus on portions of the Sinbad story  Various components of the story have identifiable themes in the work, including rocs and the angry sea  In the climactic final movement, Sinbad's ship (6th voyage) is depicted as rushing rapidly toward cliffs and only the fortuitous discovery of the cavernous stream allows him to escape and make the passage to Serindib 
The song "Sinbad the Sailor" in the soundtrack of the Indian film Rock On!! focuses on the story of Sinbad the Sailor in music form 
Sinbad et la légende de Mizan (2013) A French stage musical  the musical comedy event in Lorraine  An original creation based on the history of Sinbad the Navy, heroes of 1001 nights  A quest to traverse the Orient, 30 artists on stage, mysteries, combats, music and enviable dances     A new adventure for Sinbad, much more dangerous than all the others 
Sinbad's adventures have appeared on various audio recordings as both readings and dramatizations, including Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves/Sinbad the Sailor (Riverside Records RLP 1451/Golden Wonderland GW 231, played by Denis Quilley), Sinbad the Sailor (Tale Spinners for Children on United Artists Records UAC 11020, played by Derek Hart), Sinbad the Sailor: A Tale from the Arabian Nights (Caedmon Records TC-1245/Fontana Records SFL 14105, read by Anthony Quayle), Sinbad the Sailor /The Adventures of Oliver Twist and Fagin (Columbia Masterworks ML 4072, read by Basil Rathbone), 1001 Nights: Sinbad the Sailor and Other Stories (Naxos Audio 8 555899, narrated by Bernard Cribbins) and The Arabian Nights (The Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor) (Disneyland Records STER-3988) 
"Nagisa no Sinbad" (渚のシンドバッド) was the 4th single released by Pink Lady, a popular Japanese duo in the late 1970s and early 1980s  The song has been covered by former idol group W and by the Japanese super group Morning Musume 

Literature
In The Count of Monte Cristo, "Sinbad the Sailor" is but one of many pseudonyms used by Edmond Dantès 
In his Ulysses, James Joyce uses "Sinbad the Sailor" as an alias for the character of W B  Murphy and as an analogue to Odysseus  He also puns mercilessly on the name: Jinbad the Jailer, Tinbad the Tailor, Whinbad the Whaler, and so on 
Edgar Allan Poe wrote a tale called "The Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherazade"  It depicts the 8th and final voyage of Sinbad the Sailor, along with the various mysteries Sinbad and his crew encounter; the anomalies are then described as footnotes to the story 
Polish poet Bolesław Leśmian's Adventures of Sindbad the Sailor is a set of tales loosely based on the Arabian Nights 
Hungarian writer Gyula Krúdy's Adventures of Sindbad is a set of short stories based on the Arabian Nights 
In John Barth's "The Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor", "Sinbad the Sailor" and his traditional travels frame a series of 'travels' by a 20th-century New Journalist known as 'Somebody the Sailor' 
Pulitzer Prize winner Steven Millhauser has a story entitled "The Eighth Voyage of Sinbad" in his 1990 collection The Barnum Museum 

Comics
"Sinbad the Sailor" (1920) artwork by Paul Klee (Swiss-German artist, 1879–1940) 
In 1950, St  John Publications published a one shot comic called Son of Sinbad 
In 1958, Dell Comics published a one shot comic based on the film The 7th Voyage of Sinbad 
In 1963, Gold Key Comics published a one shot comic based on the film Captain Sinbad 
In 1965, Dell Comics published a 3 issue series called Sinbad Jr 
in 1965 Gold Key Comics published a 2 issue mini-series called The Fantastic Voyages of Sinbad 
In 1974 Marvel Comics published a two issue series based on the film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad in Worlds Unknown #7 and #8  They then published a one shot comic based on the film The 7th Voyage of Sinbad in 1975 with Marvel Spotlight #25 
In 1977, the British comic company General Book Distributors, published a one shot comic/magazine based on the film Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger 
In 1988, Catalan Communications published the one shot graphic novel The Last Voyage of Sinbad 
In 1989 Malibu Comics published a 4 issue mini-series called Sinbad, and followed that up with another 4 issue mini-series called Sinbad Book II: In the House of God In 1991 
In 2001, Marvel Comics published a one shot comic that teamed Sinbad with the Fantastic Four called Fantastic 4th Voyage of Sinbad 
In 2007, Bluewater Comics published a 3 issue mini-series called Sinbad: Rogue of Mars 
In 2008, the Lerner Publishing Group published a graphic novel called Sinbad: Sailing into Peril 
In 2009, Zenescope Entertainment debuted Sinbad in their Grimm Fairy Tales universe having him appearing as a regular ongoing character  He first appeared in his own 14 issue series called 1001 Arabian Nights: The Adventures of Sinbad  Afterwards he appeared in various issues of the Dream Eater saga, as well as the 2011 Annual, Giant-Size, and Special Edition one-shots 
In 2012, a graphic novel called Sinbad: The Legacy, published by Campfire Books, was released  He appears in the comic book series Fables written by Bill Willingham, and as the teenaged Alsind in the comic book series Arak, Son of Thunder—which takes place in the 9th century AD—written by Roy Thomas 
In Alan Moore's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier, Sinbad appears as the Immortal Orlando's lover of thirty years, until he leaves for his 8th Voyage and never returns 
In The Simpsons comic book series "Get Some Fancy Book Learnin'", Sinbad's adventures are parodied as "Sinbart the Sailor" 
"The Last Voyage of Sinbad" by Richard Corben and Jan Strnad originally appeared as "New Tales of the Arabian Nights" serialized in Heavy Metal magazine, issues #15–28 (1978–79) and was later collected and reprinted as a trade paperback book 
Sinbad is a major character in the Japanese manga series Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic written and illustrated by Shinobu Ohtaka 

Theme parks
Sinbad provides the theme for the dark ride Sinbad's Storybook Voyage at Tokyo DisneySea 
Sinbad embarks on an adventure to save a trapped princess in the water-based boat ride, The Adventures of Sinbad at Lotte World in Seoul, South Korea 
The Efteling theme park at Kaatsheuvel in the Netherlands has a land themed after Sinbad called De Wereld van Sindbad (The World of Sinbad)  It includes the indoor roller coaster Vogel Rok, themed after Sinbad's fifth voyage, and Sirocco, a teacups ride 
The elaborate live-action stunt show The Eighth Voyage of Sinbad at the Universal Orlando Resort in Florida features a story inspired by Sinbad's voyages 

Other references
Actor and comedian David Adkins uses the stage name Sinbad 
An LTR retrotransposon from the genome of the human blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni, is named after Sinbad  It is customary for mobile genetic elements like retrotransposons to be named after mythical, historical, or literary travelers; for example, the well-known mobile genetic elements Gypsy and Mariner 

See also
Aeneid
Gulliver's Travels
List of literary cycles
Odyssey
Sunpadh
The Voyage of Bran

Notes
Passage 2:
Battle of Hama
The Battle of Hama was fought some 24 km (15 mi) from the city of Hama in Syria on 29 November 903 between the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate and pro-Isma'ili Bedouin (called "Fatimids" or "Qarmatians")  The Abbasids were victorious, resulting in the capture and execution of the Isma'ili leadership  This removed the Isma'ili presence in northern Syria, and was followed by the suppression of another revolt in Iraq in 906  More importantly, it paved the way for the Abbasid attack on the autonomous Tulunid dynasty and the reincorporation of the Tulunid domains in southern Syria and Egypt into the Abbasid Caliphate 

Background
In the second half of the 9th century, the Isma'ili Shi'ite sect began establishing a network of agents and sympathizers across the Muslim world  It was a time of millennialist expectations, coinciding with a deep crisis of the Abbasid Caliphate during the decade-long Anarchy at Samarra, the rise of breakaway and autonomous regimes in the provinces, and the large-scale Zanj Rebellion, whose leader claimed Alid descent and proclaimed himself as the mahdi  In this chaotic atmosphere, and with the Abbasids preoccupied with suppressing the Zanj uprising, the Isma'ili missionaries found fertile ground, aided by dissatisfaction among the adherents of the rival Twelver branch of Shi'a Islam with the political quietism of their leadership and the recent disappearance of their own imam  Missionaries like Hamdan Qarmat and his brother-in-law Abu Muhammad Abdan spread their network of agents to the area around Kufa in the late 870s, and from there to Yemen (Ibn Hawshab, 882) and thence India (884), Bahrayn (Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi, 899), Persia, and Ifriqiya (Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i, 893)  In this period, the Isma'ili movement was based at Salamiya on the western edge of the Syrian Desert, and its leadership was assumed by Sa'id ibn al-Husayn, the future founder of the Fatimid Caliphate  Sa'id's claims to be the awaited mahdi instead of Muhammad ibn Isma'il, as had been hitherto assumed, caused a split in the movement in 899  Hamdan denounced the leadership in Salamiya, gathered the Iraqi missionaries and ordered them to cease the missionary effort  Shortly after he disappeared from his headquarters, and Abdan was assassinated at the instigation of Zakarawayh ibn Mihrawayh, who had remained loyal to Salamiya  These events caused a major split in the Isma'ili movement, between those who recognized Sa'id's claims to the imamate and those who rejected them  The latter are generally known by the term "Qarmatians", although this name was also applied by non-Isma'ilis in a pejorative sense to the supporters of the Fatimids After his role in the murder of Abdan, Zakarawayh ibn Mihrawayh escaped Iraq and resumed his missionary efforts among the Bedouin tribes of the eastern Syrian Desert, but with little success  He then sent his sons, al-Husayn and Yahya, who became known by the names Sahib al-Shama ("Man with the Mole") and Sahib al-Naqa ("Master of the She-camel"), to proselytize among the large Bedouin tribal confederation of the Banu Kalb, between Palmyra and the Euphrates River  Many Bedouin from the Banu'l-Ullays and Banu'l-Asbagh flocked to them, thus acquiring a potent military force, albeit one with limitations: the Bedouin were more concerned with extracting booty from the settled communities, and were ill-suited to campaigns of conquering and holding territories  Buoyed by their success, the brothers and their followers adopted the name al-Fatimiyyun ("Fatimids") and rose in revolt in 902  The motivations of al-Husayn, Yahya, and their father, who remained in Iraq, have been variously interpreted by modern scholars  Traditionally this movement has been regarded as wholly "Qarmatian" in character, and was called that by the Abbasid government  In recent years, however, the consensus follows the analysis of Heinz Halm, which has shown that Zakarawayh and his sons remained loyal to Sa'id, and that their actions aimed at securing possession of Syria and triggering a general rebellion against the Abbasids  Nevertheless, this uprising was apparently without the knowledge or authorization of Sa'id, and would end up placing him in mortal danger, as it alerted the authorities to the whereabouts of the Isma'ili movement's true leader, who had to flee to Ramla From their base in the region around Palmyra, the Fatimid Bedouin began launching raids against the Abbasid and Tulunid provinces of Syria, with devastating effect  In 902, they defeated the Tulunids under Tughj ibn Juff near Raqqa, and laid siege to Damascus for seven months, from December 902 until July 903  The city was successfully held by Tughj and the Sahib al-Naqa was killed  Leadership passed to the Sahib al-Shama, who led his men to ravage Homs, Hama, Ba'albek, and Ma'arrat al-Numan  Based at Salamiya, and in the expectation that his hidden master would come forth, the Bedouin began to establish the institutions of a state: at the mint of Homs, coins were issued in the name of the mahdi, and in the Friday sermon the name of the Abbasid caliph was dropped in favour of the—as yet unnamed—"Successor, the rightly-guided Heir, the Lord of the Age, the Commander of the Faithful, the Mahdi"  Encamped at Salamiya, the Bedouin waited for Sa'id's arrival in vain, from August to November 903  Despite al-Husayn's repeated entreaties in his correspondence with his master, however, Sa'id refused to leave the safety of Ramla 

Battle
In view of the apparent impotence of the Tulunid regime to stop the Bedouin raids, the Syrians called upon the Abbasid government to intervene directly, and on 30 July 903, Caliph al-Muktafi commanded that a campaign be undertaken  The campaign was nominally headed by al-Muktafi in person, who left Baghdad on 9 August and went to Raqqa  In mid-August, the Bedouin under a certain al-Mutawwaq surprised an Abbasid army some 10,000 strong near Aleppo, while it was resting and dispersed, with many troops seeking to escape the intense heat in a local river; the Abbasid troops were routed, and only about a thousand managed to reach the city, where, under the command of Abu al-Agharr, they repulsed the Bedouin attacks  At about the same time, however, the general Badr al-Hammami inflicted a heavy defeat on the Sahib al-Shama and his men near Damascus  The Bedouin fled to the desert, and Caliph al-Muktafi sent men under al-Husayn ibn Hamdan to pursue them  While al-Muktafi remained at Raqqa, command of the army in the field was given to the head of the department of the army (diwan al-jund), Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib  On Tuesday, 29 November 903, the Abbasid army under Muhammad met the Fatimids at a location some 24 km from Hama  The course of the battle is described in a victory dispatch sent by Muhammad to the caliph afterwards and included in the History of the Prophets and Kings of al-Tabari According to the latter, on the morning of 29 November, the Abbasid army set out from al-Qarwanah towards al-Alyanah—both unidentified locations—deployed in full battle order  During the march, Muhammad ibn Sulayman received a report that a part of the Fatimid army, comprising 3,000 horse and many foot under one of the Isma'ili chief missionaries, al-Nu'man, had encamped at a locality some 12 Arabic miles (about 24 kilometres (15 mi)) from Hama, and that the other detachments of the Bedouin army had joined him there  Muhammad led his army towards the Bedouin encampment, and found them deployed in battle array  According to the report of Muhammad, the Bedouin left wing was led by Masrur al-Ulaymi and others, in charge of 1,500 horsemen  Behind the left wing was placed a reserve force of 400 cavalry  The Bedouin centre was commanded by al-Nu'man al-Ullaysi and other officers, and comprised 1,400 cavalry and 3,000 infantry, while the right wing was commanded by Kulayb al-Ullaysi and others and numbered 1,400 horsemen, with a reserve force of 200 horsemen more As the two armies advanced on each other, the Bedouin left thrust forward against the Abbasid right, which was commanded by al-Husayn ibn Hamdan  The troops of Ibn Hamdan repulsed the first Bedouin attack, and then the second, killing 600 horsemen  The Bedouin on the left broke and fled; Ibn Hamdan and his men pursued them and in a series of engagements killed all but 200 of them  Ibn Hamdan's troops reportedly captured 500 horses and 400 silver necklaces as well  The Bedouin right wing likewise attacked the Abbasid left, held by al-Qasim ibn Sima, Yumn al-Khadim, and the tribal allies of Banu Shayban and Banu Tamim  While the two wings were grappling with each other, an Abbasid detachment under Khalifah ibn al-Mubarak and Lu'lu' attacked the Bedouin on their flank and broke their lines  Here too the Bedouin fled pursued by the government forces, who took some 600 horses and 200 necklaces as booty  Several Fatimid commanders, including the missionary al-Nu'man, were killed at the battle Muhammad himself confronted the Bedouin centre along with several other officers: Khaqan, Nasr al-Qushuri, and Muhammad ibn Kumushjur led forces from the right flank, Wasf Mushgir, Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Kundajiq, Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh and his brother Ibrahim, al-Mubarak al-Qummi, Rabi'a ibn Muhammad, Muhajir ibn Tulayq, al-Muzaffar ibn Hajj, Abdallah ibn Hamdan (al-Husayn's brother), Jinni the Elder, Wasif al-Buktamir, Bishr al-Buktamiri, and Muhammad ibn Qaratughan  With the support of troops from the right wing, who after repelling the Bedouin left flanked their centre, the Abbasids were victorious here as well  The Fatimids broke and were pursued over several miles  Muhammad ibn Sulayman, fearful lest his army disperse itself during the pursuit, or leave the infantry and the baggage train—guarded by Isa ibn Muhammad al-Nushari—exposed to a Bedouin attack, halted the pursuit of his own detachment after half a mile  He set up camp there for the night, and with the Caliph's spear as a rallying point, began regrouping the various squadrons  Despite the overwhelming victory, Muhammad and his officers remained on guard during the night, concerned of a possible Bedouin attack 

Aftermath
The Sahib al-Shama did not take part in the battle, having remained behind at Salamiya along with the treasure he had hoarded there on behalf of his master  Enraged about the apparent abandonment by the supposed divinely-guided imam, the Sahib al-Shama turned against him: his residence at Salamiya was destroyed, and all family members and servants encountered there executed  This atrocity, along with the failure of the uprising, led later Fatimid historians to try and excise Sa'id's relationship with the sons of Zakarawayh in what Halm calls an act of damnatio memoriae  The Sahib al-Shama tried to rouse the chiefs of the Banu'l-Ullays to resistance, but they refused  Left with no other recourse, the Sahib al-Shama, along with his cousin al-Muddathir, his associate al-Muttawaq and a Greek page fled through the desert  By the time they reached the locality of al-Daliyah on the Euphrates Road near al-Rahba, they had run out of supplies  When a servant was sent to buy provisions in the settlement, he aroused the suspicions of the villagers with his strange dress and manner, so that they notified a local official, Abu Khubzah  The latter rode out with an escort, and after interrogating the servant went to the Qarmatians' camp and took them prisoner  They captured the Sahib al-Shama and his companions were then escorted by Abu Khubzah and the local governor, Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kushmard, to Caliph al-Muktafi in Raqqa, which they entered on 19 December Al-Muktafi returned to Baghdad with the senior captives, who were thrown into prison  Muhammad ibn Sulayman remained at Raqqa to scour the countryside and round up the remaining rebels  He too then returned to Baghdad, which he entered in triumph on 2 February 904  Eleven days later, on 13 February, Muhammad and the sahib al-shurta of the capital, Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Wathiqi, presided over the public execution of the Fatimid leaders and Isma'ili sympathizers rounded up from Kufa and Baghdad The Abbasid victory near Hama did not yet fully eradicate the Isma'ili threat  In 906, the Banu Kalb, under Abu Ghanim Nasr, rose up in rebellion, raided the Hawran and Tiberias, and launched a failed attack on Damascus  They then sacked Tiberias and plundered Hit on the Euphrates  Nasr was soon cornered by the caliphal army, however, and killed by the Banu Kalb themselves in exchange for pardon  As a result, the Isma'ili activities shifted east to the Euphrates, where Zakarawayh ibn Mihrawayh (the father of al-Husayn and Yahya) had also rebelled in 906 near Kufa  After leading an unsuccessful attack on Kufa and number of devastating raids on Hajj caravans, he too was killed in early 907 by caliphal troops under Wasif ibn Sawartakin near al-Qadisiyya  With these defeats, the Isma'ili movement virtually ceased to exist in the Syrian Desert, although their counterparts in Bahrayn remained an active threat for several decades to come More importantly, the defeat of the Fatimid Bedouin at Hama opened the way for the Abbasids to recover the provinces of southern Syria and Egypt, held by the Tulunids  The Tulunid regime had become enfeebled due to internal strife, rivalries and the defection of senior officers, and the recent failures against the Bedouin  In 904, Muhammad ibn Sulayman led an army into Syria  The campaign met with little opposition; the Tulunid emir Harun ibn Khumarawayh was even assassinated by his uncles, whereupon several senior commanders switched sides  The Abbasids entered the Egyptian capital Fustat in January 905 without a fight, completing the reconquest of the province 
Passage 3:
Abna' al-dawla
The abnāʾ al-dawla (Arabic: أبناء الدولة, meaning "sons of the regime/dynasty"), often simply " the Abnāʾ", is a term for the Khorasani Arabs who had participated in the Abbasid Revolution of 749–750 and their descendants, who settled in Baghdad and Iraq  They became the ruling elite of the Abbasid Caliphate and formed the mainstay of the caliphal army  However, the term appears rarely in the sources until the time of the Fourth Fitna civil war in the 810s, when it is applied to the Khurasanis of Baghdad, who overwhelmingly supported Caliph al-Amin against his brother al-Ma'mun  The terms ahl Khurāsān ("people of Khurasan") and abnāʾ ahl Khurāsān ("sons of the people of Khurasan") are more frequently used for the Khurasanis who formed the mainstay of the Abbasid regime in general  Following al-Ma'mun's victory in the civil war, the abnāʾ al-dawla were largely replaced by the latter's Persian followers, and under his successor al-Mu'tasim, the rise of the Turkish slave-soldiers to power began 

Sources
Crone, Patricia (1998)  "The 'Abbāsid Abnā' and Sāsānid Cavalrymen"  Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society  8 (1): 1–19  ISSN 1356-1863  JSTOR 25183463 
Turner, John P  (2004)  "The abnāʾ al-dawla: The Definition and Legitimation of Identity in Response to the Fourth Fitna"  Journal of the American Oriental Society  124 (1): 1–22  ISSN 0003-0279  JSTOR 4132150 
Turner, John P  (2016)  "Abnāʾ"   In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds )  Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed )  Brill Online  ISSN 1873-9830 
Passage 4:
The Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor
The Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor is a novel by American writer John Barth, published in 1991  It is a postmodern metafictional story of a man who jumps overboard from a modern replica of a medieval Arab ship and is rescued by sailors from the world of Sinbad the Sailor  Eventually he makes his way to "Baghdad, the City of Peace", and finds himself in the stories of Sindbad and Scheherazade   The novel makes use of a challenging double-stranded narrative and a rich prose style 
Passage 5:
Bajkam
Abū al-Husayn Bajkam al-Mākānī (Arabic: أبو الحسين بجكم المكاني), referred to as Bajkam, Badjkam or Bachkam (from Bäčkäm, a Persian and Turkish word meaning a horse- or yak-tail), was a Turkish military commander and official of the Abbasid Caliphate  A former ghulam of the Ziyarid dynasty, Bajkam entered Abbasid service following the assassination of the Ziyarid ruler Mardavij in 935  During his five-year tenure at the Caliphate's court at Baghdad, he was granted the title of amir al-umara, consolidating his dominance over the caliphs al-Radi and al-Muttaqi and giving him absolute power over their domains  Bajkam was challenged throughout his rule by various opponents, including his predecessor as amir al-umara, Muhammad ibn Ra'iq, the Basra-based Baridis, and the Buyid dynasty of Iran, but he succeeded in retaining control until his death  He was murdered by a party of Kurds during a hunting excursion in 941, shortly after the accession of al-Muttaqi as Caliph  Bajkam was known both for his firm rule and for his patronage of Baghdad intellectuals, who respected and in some cases befriended him  His death led to a void in central power, resulting in a brief period of instability and fighting in Baghdad 

Early military career and service under Ibn Ra'iq
Details of Bajkam's early life are unknown  He was a Turk, and began his career as one of the ghilman (military slaves, usually of Turkish origin) of a vizier to the Daylamite warlord Makan ibn Kaki in northern Iran  His master then made a gift of his ghilman, including Bajkam, to Makan  The latter took care of the young Bajkam's training and education, something for which the latter showed his gratitude by adopting his patron's name as his nisba (surname) After Makan was defeated by Mardavij, founder of the Ziyarid dynasty, who came to control Daylam, Jibal and Tabaristan, he entered Mardavij's service, along with many others among Makan's ghilman  Mardavij mistreated his ghilman, who consequently murdered him at Isfahan in January 935, an act in which Bajkam may have been complicit  After Mardavij's death, most of the ghilman in Ziyarid service dispersed  Bajkam and his fellow officer Tuzun assumed the leadership of a large group and, after first offering their services to the new governor of Jibal, Hasan ibn Harun, proceeded to the Abbasid court at Baghdad  At first, their offers were rejected by the court, where the Caliph's Hujariyya bodyguards jealously guarded their prerogatives, but the ghilman were eventually taken into the service of Muhammad ibn Ra'iq, governor of Basra and Wasit in southern Iraq  Now known as Bajkam Ra'iqi, Bajkam created a large military force under his command consisting of his own followers as well as additional Turks and Daylamites summoned from Jibal In early November 936, the Caliph al-Radi (r  934–940) bestowed the newly created title of amir al-umara ("commander of commanders") on Ibn Ra'iq, who was effectively granted absolute control over the Caliphate  This provoked the reaction of various provincial governors as well as that of powerful interest groups in Baghdad itself, such as the caliphal bodyguards  Against them, Ibn Ra'iq employed Bajkam and his Turkish supporters  With their aid, he managed to neutralize the Hujariyya and Saji guard units, after which, in February 937, Bajkam was rewarded with the posts of sahib al-shurta (chief of police) and governor of the eastern provinces Far more difficult and protracted was the war against the ambitious governor of Ahwaz, Abu Abdallah al-Baridi, who aimed to supplant Ibn Ra'iq  Al-Baridi's family was of Basran origin, and had served the Abbasids in various roles as officials before managing to assert a weak hold over Khuzistan  Ibn Ra'iq himself was defeated and forced to leave Basra to the Baridis, but Bajkam saved the situation by scoring two major victories, despite being outnumbered, that allowed him to take possession of Khuzistan  The hard-pressed al-Baridi now turned to his powerful neighbour, the Buyid ruler of Fars, Ali ibn Buya, for help  Ali's brother Ahmad soon took over Khuzistan, and Ibn Ra'iq was forced to offer possession of the province as an independent domain if Bajkam would recover it  Bajkam however was repulsed by the Buyid forces, and fell back to Wasit Ignoring Ibn Ra'iq's orders to retake Khuzistan, Bajkam remained at Wasit, and began plotting to depose Ibn Ra'iq himself  To this end, Bajkam began seeking allies: he offered the governorship of Wasit to the Baridis, and through the former vizier Ibn Muqla, who wished to avenge himself on Ibn Ra'iq for his own downfall and confiscation of his property, gained the covert support of Caliph al-Radi himself  In September 938, Bajkam led his troops from Wasit to Baghdad  Ibn Ra'iq tried without success to impede his advance by destroying the great dams of the Nahrawan Canal and flooding the plain, but Bajkam's army entered the Abbasid capital without opposition, and al-Radi immediately transferred Ibn Ra'iq's title of amir al-umara to Bajkam 

Amir al-umara
Despite the continued relegation of al-Radi to a ceremonial role, the relationship between the Caliph and Bajkam was strong, with al-Radi praising Bajkam for his harsh discipline and referring to the latter as his "protégé"  Al-Radi was appreciative of Bajkam's respect for his position as Caliph, and promised his support for the amir al-umara In October–November 938, Bajkam and the Caliph campaigned against the influential Hamdanid emir of Mosul, Hasan ibn Abdallah, who had taken advantage of the turmoil in Iraq to cease forwarding his province's revenue to Baghdad  Although Bajkam's army captured Mosul, Hasan fled before him to the remotest corners of his domain, where Bajkam's forces pursued him in vain  In the meantime, the local population resented the presence of the caliphal troops and launched guerilla warfare against them, while Ibn Ra'iq used Bajkam's absence to take control of Baghdad at the head of a Carmathian force  These developments forced Bajkam to negotiate with his rivals: the Hamdanids were restored in their province in exchange for the payment of the tax arrears, and Ibn Ra'iq was bought off with the governorship of the provinces of Tariq al-Furat, Diyar Mudar, Qinnasrin and al-'Awasim, which were also claimed by the Ikhshidids of Egypt  This arrangement allowed Bajkam and the Caliph to return to Baghdad in February 939 Bajkam, having consolidated his control over Baghdad, now turned to face the threat posed by the Buyids  To this end, he strengthened his ties with the Baridis of Basra, by handing over Wasit, as previously agreed, appointing Abu Abdallah al-Baridi as vizier of the Abbasid court (although the latter remained at Wasit and did not visit Baghdad), and, finally, by marrying himself to one of al-Baridi's daughters  Neither side really trusted the other—Bajkam is said to have remarked of his father-in-law, an inveterate intriguer, that his "turban covered the head not of a man but of a devil"—but the deal allowed a fragile peace to prevail in Iraq Bajkam's success against the Buyids was mixed: Wasit was saved from Buyid attack, and the Baridis led a successful campaign in Susiana, but an expedition into Jibal was crushed by the third Buyid brother, Hasan  The alliance with the Baridis quickly soured, however, as al-Baridi still maintained his ambition of replacing Bajkam, and Bajkam was aware of this  In late August 940, Bajkam removed al-Baridi from the vizierate and launched an attack on Wasit, which the Baridis abandoned without resistance  In the meantime, the Baghdad was in turmoil as religious violence had become commonplace, with fanatical members of the Hanbali school imposing their tenets on the general populace In December 940, al-Radi died  Bajkam remained at Wasit, but sent his secretary to Baghdad to convene a council of Abbasid aristocrats, who selected al-Muttaqi (r  940–944), al-Radi's brother, as Caliph  Bajkam also sent a slave named Takinak to the deceased Caliph's palace, the Dar al-Sultan, to procure various items, including the valuable al-Yatimah pearl  He also obtained three female slaves from al-Radi's palace, whose singing he remembered from his earlier visits to the Caliph Among al-Muttaqi's first actions as Caliph was the confirmation of Bajkam as amir al-umara  Despite al-Muttaqi's gesture of support, Bajkam still faced opposition among the semi-autonomous provincial governors, including al-Baridi 

Death and ensuing anarchy
Bajkam opened a campaign against al-Baridi in early spring 941  His lieutenants were at first defeated by the Baridis, whereupon Bajkam himself left Wasit to take the field  On his way to join his army, however, he was informed that his generals had achieved a major victory over the Baridis, and decided to return to Wasit  On 21 April 941, while travelling, he took part in a hunting excursion, during which he and his party encountered a band of Kurdish brigands  During a brief skirmish, Bajkam was slain when one of the Kurds stabbed him in the back with his lance Bajkam's unexpected death created a power vacuum in Baghdad, with disagreements between Daylamite and Turkish forces prompting the former to join the defeated al-Baridi  With their assistance, he marched on Wasit and Baghdad, capturing them, but was soon forced to flee due to the disorder that followed his usurpation of power  A Daylamite chief named Kurankij replaced him as de facto ruler of Baghdad, but he imposed tyrannical rule, and al-Muttaqi appealed to the former amir al-umara Ibn Ra'iq for assistance Ibn Ra'iq soon retook control of Baghdad, but political turmoil did not cease with his re-installation as amir al-umara  Once again, al-Baridi captured the city, and Ibn Ra'iq fled with the Caliph to Mosul, from where the Hamdanid rulers launched a successful attempt to restore them  The Hamdanid emir Hasan, after ordering the assassination of Ibn Ra'iq, was made amir al-umara and given the laqab of Nasir al-Dawla ("Defender of the Dynasty")  In 943, the Hamdanids were forced to retreat to Mosul when Tuzun, one of Bajkam's officers, seized power with military support; the following year, Tuzun captured, blinded, and deposed al-Muttaqi, assuming the role of amir al-umara  The Caliph's brother, al-Mustakfi (r  944–946), was appointed as his successor  The competition for control of the Caliph ended in 945, when the Buyid Ahmad took over the position of  amir al-umara with the title of Mu'izz al-Dawla  This began the period of undisputed Buyid control over Baghdad and Iraq, which lasted until the Seljuk conquest in the 1050s 

Character
Despite his slave origin, Bajkam was educated in Arabic (although he reportedly did not speak it for fear of making mistakes), respected by intellectuals and was known to seek the company of such men as al-Suli and the physician Sinan ibn Thabit  It is in their writings that glimpses of his character survive  According to the researcher Marius Canard, Bajkam was "covetous of power and money, he did not hesitate to resort to dissimulation and ruse, corruption and torture to attain his ends; he was at times cruel, though his bravery was legendary, and was more upright in character than Ibn Ra'iq"  Bajkam was also solicitous for the welfare of his subjects, and especially the inhabitants of Wasit cherished his memory 

See also
Passage 6:
Sa'id ibn Makhlad
Sa'id ibn Makhlad (Arabic: سعيد بن مخلد) (died 889) was a senior official of the Abbasid Caliphate  Born a Nestorian Christian, he converted to Islam and served as a secretary in the Abbasid capital, Baghdad  He rose to prominence during the regency of al-Muwaffaq over his brother, the Caliph al-Mu'tamid (r  870–892): between 878 and 885, he served as de facto vizier of the Caliphate, although he did not bear the title  His valuable assistance to al-Muwaffaq was recognized in 882 by the award of the honorific title Dhu'l-wizaratayn ("possessor of the two vizierates"), with which he appears even on coins  However, the activities of his brother, Abdun, who had remained a Christian and tried to obtain concessions for the Christian subjects of the Caliphate, brought about his sudden fall from power in 885  He died in 889 
Sa'id has been erroneously considered by some writers as the brother of another Christian convert, al-Hasan ibn Makhlad al-Jarrah, who was his predecessor as vizier 

Sources
Sourdel, Dominique (1971)  "Ibn Makhlad"   In Lewis, B ; Ménage, V  L ; Pellat, Ch  & Schacht, J  (eds )  Encyclopaedia of Islam  Volume III: H–Iram (2nd ed )  Leiden: E  J  Brill  p  859  OCLC 495469525 
Passage 7:
Nahrawan Canal
The Nahrevan Canal (Persian: کانال نرهوان) was a major irrigation system of the Sassanid and early Islamic periods in central Iraq, along the eastern banks of the Tigris and the lower course of the Diyala River  Created in the 6th century, it reached its peak under the Abbasid Caliphate, when it served the main water supply for the Abbasid capital of Baghdad, while the regions irrigated by it served as the city's main breadbasket  Its destruction and progressive abandonment from the mid-10th century onwards mirror the Abbasid Caliphate's decline 

History
The first irrigation works along the Diyala River were undertaken in Parthian times  Indeed, it may be that the lower part of the Nahrawan Canal was originally the lower course of the Diyala  The large-scale canal system of early medieval times however was created in the reign of the Sassanid ruler Khosrau I (r  531–579), who also established it as a separate administrative district (Bazidjan Khusraw)  A treasury and mint were possibly established there In early Islamic times, the town of Jisr al-Nahrawan in the middle of the canal was the site of the Battle of Nahrawan on 17 July 658 between Ali and the Kharijites under Abdallah ibn Wahb  Under the early Caliphates, and especially under the Abbasids who made nearby Baghdad their capital, the canal network was repaired and expanded, reaching its peak in the 9th and early 10th centuries  In Abbasid times, the region was divided into three tax districts, Upper, Middle and Lower Nahrawan The canal was breached in 937/8, during the revolt of Bajkam against Ibn Ra'iq; the latter tried to impede Bajkam's advance from Wasit to Baghdad by flooding the region in between  The move barely obstructed Bajkam, but succeeded in destroying the agriculture of the region, hitherto the breadbasket of the Abbasid capital  As Hugh N  Kennedy writes, "the breach of the Nahrawan canal was simply the most dramatic example of a widespread phenomenon of the time; and it was symbolic of the end of ‘Abbasid power just as the breach of the Marib Dam was of the end of the prosperity of pre-Islamic south Arabia"  The lower and middle Nahrawan were entirely abandoned for almost 14 years, until the Buyids under Mu'izz al-Dawla restored the canal  Nevertheless, the canal network continued to decline thereafter  As late as 1140, the Seljuq governor Bihruz tried to restore it, but according to the 13th-century scholar Yaqut al-Hamawi, infighting among the Seljuqs once again meant the neglect of the canal, and its use as a road by their troops compounded the destruction of the network  By Yaqut's time, the canal network had largely silted up and the countryside along them was abandoned 

Outline
In medieval times, the main canal was divided into three sections, described in detail by the 13th-century geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi, in his Mu'jam al-Buldan  The initial feeder canal drawing water from the Tigris at Dur al-Arabaya near Samarra and carrying it to the Diyala at Ba'quba was called al-katul al-Kisrawi ('the Cut of Khosrau')  During its course, it was joined by three smaller canals taken from the Tigris, the Yahudi ('of the Jews'), the al-Ma'muni, named after Caliph al-Ma'mun (r  813–833), and the largest of the three, the Abu'l-Jund ('father of the army'), built under Harun al-Rashid (r  786–809) Some 20 km south of the inflow of the Abu'l-Jund stood the town of Salwa or Bab Salwa (Basalwa), and a little further on the town of Ba'quba, the capital of the Upper Nahrawan district, some 50 km north-northeast of Baghdad  From there, the main canal, now known as the Tamarra, turned south to the towns of Bajisra (originally Bayt al-Jisr, 'bridge-house') and finally Jisr al-Nahrawan, from where it was known as the Nahrawan proper  From Bajisra a canal, the Nahr al-Khalis, connected the main canal with the Tigris at Baradan and supplied the eastern suburbs of Baghdad with water, while another, the Nahr Bin, connected Jisr al-Nahrawan with Kalwadha south of Baghdad  Just south of Jisr al-Nahrawan there was another canal, the Diyala canal—the present course of the namesake river—which joined the Tigris some 5 km south of Baghdad  Jisr al-Nahrawan itself was a wealthy place, as there the Khurasan Road connecting Baghdad with Central Asia crossed the canal  Surviving descriptions record that it was extended on both sides of the canal, each with its own mosques, markets and hostels for travellers and pilgrims  It was abandoned by the 14th century, as the road to Khurasan was diverted north, through Ba'quba Below Jisr al-Nahrawan came a large Sassanid-era weir (Shadhurwan), followed by the towns of Jisr Buran/Puran (named after Ma'mun's wife), Yarzatiya, 'Abarta, another weir, and the city of Iskaf Bani Junayd, divided by the canal in upper and lower towns  From Iskaf, the canal went on for another 100 km amidst a heavily cultivated landscape to rejoin the Tigris at Madharaya, near modern Kut 



ground_truth: the City of Peace