prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What occupation is shared by both Marge Piercy and Richard Aldington?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Woman on the Edge of Time
Woman on the Edge of Time is a 1976 novel by American writer Marge Piercy  It is considered a classic of utopian speculative science fiction as well as a feminist classic  The novel was originally published by Alfred A  Knopf  Piercy draws on several inspirations to write this novel such as utopian studies, technoscience, socialization, and female fantasies  One of Piercy's main inspirations for her utopian novels is Plato's Republic  Piercy describes the novel as, "if only…" Piercy even compares Woman on the Edge of Time and another one of her utopian novels He, She, and It when discussing the themes and inspirations behind it 

Plot summary
In the 1970s, an impoverished and intelligent thirty-seven-year-old Mexican-American woman Consuelo "Connie" Ramos, a resident of Spanish Harlem, is unfairly incarcerated in a New York mental hospital due to her supposed violent criminal tendencies  She had been recently released from a previous voluntary commitment in a mental institution after an episode of drug-related child neglect, which led her also to lose custody of her daughter  Connie is caught within the government welfare and child custody labyrinth of 1970s New York City  She is after the first scene recommitted involuntarily by her niece's pimp on grounds of violent behavior, after she strikes him in the course of protecting her niece, Dolly (Dolores), from him  Dolly had sought Connie's protection because she was being forced by the pimp into having an illegal abortion  
One of Connie's chief abilities is her perceptiveness and empathy  As a result, before being committed, Connie had for some time begun to communicate with ("receive" from) a figure from the future: an androgynous young woman named Luciente  Connie retains her visions and her connection, which become more and more real, even while heavily drugged in the mental hospital in New York, based loosely on Bellevue and other mental institutions from that period  Luciente is time-traveling from a future (the date is given as 2137), in which a number of goals of the political and social agenda of the late sixties' and early seventies' radical movements have been fulfilled  Environmental pollution, patriarchy, homelessness, homophobia, racism, ethnocentrism, phallogocentrism, sexism, class-subordination, food injustice, consumerism, imperialism, and totalitarianism have been effectively dealt with in this world, which is governmentally decentralized in a loose version of anarchism  
In contrast to the contemporary 1970s setting in an abusive mental institution where patients are labelled "violent," "incapable," "irrational," etc  on the basis of their response to an unjust and harshly stratified class-, race-, and gender-ridden society, future dwellers experience enormous personal freedom and train one another in self-control and ways of producing win-win results in all social situations  In particular, the subjects of volition and free will, mental institutionalization, and interference in others' willed actions are key to the vision of the utopian future  Connie is introduced by Luciente to the agrarian, communal community of Mattapoisett, where children grow up in a culture where they are encouraged to know themselves and their own minds and emotions thoroughly through practicing a type of meditation from an early age ("in-knowing"), in the service of social harmony and the ability to communicate with others without domination or subservience  
This classless, gender-neutral (non-gendered pronouns are used, notably "per" or "person" for he or she), racial-difference-affirming society is sketched in detail, including meeting and discussion structures that eliminate power differentials as much as possible, the extensive use of technology only for social goods, the replacement of business and corporate agendas with general planning for social justice and respect for all human beings' individuality  Disputes between towns and regions are settled peacefully through discussion and merit-based competition of ideas, with the winning parties being obliged to "throw a big party for" or otherwise conciliate the losers in each case, in order to maintain friendly relations  
A 1970s emphasis on individual freedom can be seen at times: each person lives in a private tent or one-room home, and children develop outside the womb of an individual and are adopted by three "mothers" (of any gender) who guard and teach them only until puberty; every person chooses their own name, and can also choose their field of study and work, as well as when to disengage from their community, or join a new one; total freedom also applies to one's mental and emotional choices—in this future world one can check oneself into and out of the equivalent of a sanitorium at will, go into or out of various kinds of therapy, or take a mental break in some other way, and no other person has the right to choose this on one's behalf  One's field of work is self-chosen, and dicta apply to both one's life path and one's mental or emotional desires, needs, and capacities: "Per must not do what per cannot do" and "Per must do what per needs to do" are applied to both personal/emotional and professional life choices insofar as possible  There are limits to this utopia, which threaten always at the margins: the death penalty is imposed on occasion, and war is in the background, but both are considered extreme and unusual measures 
Connie learns tools of emotional and physical survival from Luciente and the future population of Mattapoisett, and comes to feel that she is living at an important time in history, and that she herself is in a pivotal position; her actions and decisions will determine the course of history  In particular, it is slowly revealed that Luciente's utopia is only one possible future; alternate futures are a possibility, and the novel shows us one example— a future consumerist, hyper-capitalist, environmentally sick and strictly classist, racist, and gender-stratified society in which a wealthy elite live on space platforms, sustaining themselves by dominating and exploiting the majority of the population through total control of knowledge and technology, personal control extending to physical "farming" of bodies (harvesting organs regularly) and the surgical control of moods through the use of psychotropic drugs  Women in this intensely violent, misogynistic and homophobic world are valued and "grown" solely for appearance and sexuality, and plastic surgery that gives women grotesquely exaggerated sexual features is commonplace 
It does not decide for the reader whether Connie's visions are by-products of her mental instability or are literal time-travel, but ultimately, Connie's confrontation with the future inspires her to violent revolt against her institutional captors  She uses her limited means, despite her very restricted situation, in a desperate and apparently heroic way to prevent the dissemination of the mind-control technology that makes the future dystopia possible, putting an end to the mind-control experiments and prevents the lobotomy operation that had been planned for her and hundreds of other imprisoned patients  Connie acts in the tradition of revolts by oppressed or subaltern classes to put a wrench into the system of oppression within which she is caught  Though her revolutionary action ensures her own permanent incarceration and possible death sentence, and may not ensure the existence of the Mattapoisett future, Connie nevertheless sees her act as a victory, and perhaps the reader is encouraged to agree: "I'm a dead woman now too  … But I did fight them  … I tried "

Major themes
Social transformation
The essence of Piercy's utopian vision is social transformation achieved after the existing civilization had been destroyed through environmental degradation and war  "The transformation of existing society into utopia is a precarious enterprise attainable only through a process of making choices and crossing boundaries " Descriptions of Mattapoisett, the potential future society described in the novel, emphasize that collective struggle has led to their egalitarian lifestyle and collective action is how they get along so well  "What is most important in Piercy's concern with activism is the basic connection between personal action and historical change itself  The revolution is not inevitable  It is a process of change that may require appropriate conditions and happen more readily at particular historical moments, but it will not happen at all without personal commitment and struggle " The reader is left to decide whether Mattapoisett and the self-determination of its inhabitants are real or figments of Connie's imagination  "By couching the reality of Connie's visions in ambiguity, the text questions the idealism of utopian thinking while showing that social change nevertheless starts in the realm of ideas " The novel criticizes mental institutions and hospitalization of its time extensively, and brings the problem of free will to the forefront as well as suggesting alternative routes to mental wellness and social reform  Throughout the novel, Piercy demonstrates that violence is the key to getting change to occur  Connie's revolt against the system may have been unsuccessful, but it had inspired others to continue to fight  This overarching theme ties into real life as feminists and other activist groups have fought for social change during the 1970s 

Feminism
Piercy has described Mattapoisett as not a utopia "because it's accessible  There's almost nothing there except the brooder not accessible now  So it's hardly a utopia; it is very intentionally not a utopia because it is not strikingly new  The ideas are the ideas basically of the women's movement "  Each character in Mattapoisett has a counterpart in Connie's present world, juxtaposing differences in personal power hence, opportunities for self-actualization  For example, Connie's friend Skip who has been committed to the mental institution by his father for being gay reminds her of Jackrabbit, a bisexual person who is not only accepted but very popular in Mattapoisett  In stark contrast to the mental hospital where the doctors are all men, in Mattapoisett, women have a special tradition and role in healing, and positions of power rotate among men and women alike  Even traditional parental power has been done away with, and the experience of motherhood is shared among women and men, as technology has been developed to gestate babies in a mechanical brooder and men have been enabled to breast-feed  Motherhood is seen as a duty to be shared equally by each parent, regardless of gender  "In addition, critics have treated the novel as an allegory for the conflict in academia between dogmatic feminism and the commitment to motherhood " "The deconstruction of power structures is continued on a linguistic level, where Piercy deletes the dimorphism of the objective and possessive pronouns 'his' and 'her,' which have been replaced with the unisex 'per' referencing the single personal pronoun 'person '" Feminist futurists argue that Piercy's nonlinear and complex structure of the novel leads to a more broad argument in regards to feminism  This idea is arguing to show that in order to deal with feminist solutions for the future, that there are problems from the past that must be addressed 

LGBTQIA+ equality
The idea of queer characters can be seen throughout the novel with Skip, Jackrabbit, and Luciente  Piercy shows the Skip going to a mental hospital for being gay showcasing her continuation of struggle other individuals  Also, Luciente has a queer relationship with her friend Diana  Piercy through this novel shows through the struggles of queer characters that there is progress to be made for those who are queer  Connie goes through a journey in Mattiposett in regards to the queer characters as she associates gendered roles to parents of the children  This is disproven by Luciente as they have both masculine and feminine qualities while in a queer relationship  Connie soon adapts to this idea by and begins to embrace homosexuality casting aside her patriarchal ideals from her present time  Through Piercy's portrayal of Connie's adaptation to Mattipoisett's homosexual relationships, it continues to show Piercy's point of queer progress in the novel 

Publication history
Literary significance and reception
Early reviews called the novel absorbing and exciting and beautifully written, but also polemical and didactic  Piercy's utopia was noted for "literally embodying every ideal of the counterculture/Movement: ecological wisdom, community, androgyny, ritual, respect for madness, propertylessness, etc " At the time, leaving the Sixties behind, American novels generally shared a post-apocalyptic feeling, asking "what are to be the new social and spiritual arrangements now that the old ones are completely shattered?" In that context, Roger Sale, in the New York Times, found nothing new in Woman on the Edge of Time, calling the book imitative and derivative, and pointing out that "the major instruments … are terribly familiar pieces of apparatus, the mental hospital and a utopian community of the future " Academic reviews, however, placed the novel among the important innovative fiction of the mid-1970s, characteristically works of social realism, all in some way describing a "new consciousness," "even though they don't always use the techniques of verisimilitude, and despite the mythical dimension of their representative characters "Combining feminist ideals with utopian visions of a future society based on principles of community and equality, Piercy imagined a post-apocalyptic world that established Woman on the Edge of Time as an early feminist innovation in the traditionally male genre of dystopian fiction  Depictions of sexuality and relations between the genders were already recognized as useful elements in depicting the conflict between individual and societal demands  "For example, the governments of dystopian societies like those described in We, Brave New World, and 1984 all focus on sexuality as a crucial matter for their efforts at social control  And it is also clear that this focus comes about largely because of a perception on the part of these governments that sexuality is a potential locus of powerful subversive energies " Woman on the Edge of Time "finely counterpoints the utopianism of Mattapoisset with the dystopian realism with which Connie's actual world is represented " The novel has been analyzed as a dystopia, as speculative fiction, and as realist fiction with fantastic episodes  "By her vivid and coherent descriptions of new social institutions, Piercy has answered the famous Cold War dystopias like 1984 and Brave New World which lament that there is no possibility of imagining an anti-totalitarian society " The book is often compared with other feminist utopian or dystopian fantasies such as Ursula K  Le Guin's The Dispossessed and The Left Hand of Darkness, Joanna Russ's The Female Man, Angela Carter's The Passion of New Eve, and Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale 
Passage 2:
He, She and It
He, She and It (retitled Body of Glass in the United Kingdom) is a 1991 cyberpunk novel by Marge Piercy  It won the Arthur C  Clarke Award for Best Science Fiction novel in 1993  Set in a post-apocalyptic America, the novel follows the romance between a human woman and a cyborg created to protect her community from corporate raiders, while interweaving a secondary narrative of the creation of a golem in 17th century Prague  Like Piercy's earlier novel Woman on the Edge of Time (1976), He, She and It also examines themes such as gender roles, political economy, and environmentalism 

Plot summary
The main story of He, She and It is situated in North America in the near future of the year 2059  At that time, the economic and political power is held by a few multis—huge multi-national enterprises with their own social hierarchy that have produced an affluent society  The main part of the population, however, lives in the glop outside of the multis' enclaves within an environment that has mainly been destroyed  Here, life is dominated by poverty, gangs and the law of the stronger man  An exception to this is the so-called free towns that are able to sell their technologies to the multis but remain autonomous  Communication is handled via a network which allows the participants to project themselves into Cyberspace 
When the protagonist Shira loses custody of her son Ari to her ex-husband Josh, she returns from her multi Yakamura-Stichen (Y-S) to her hometown Tikva (Hope in Hebrew) - a Jewish freetown   There, she starts working on the socialization of the cyborg Yod (the tenth letter in Hebrew and a symbol for God in Kabbalah), who has been created illegally by Avram to protect the city  Yod is the tenth cyborg (a robot with human appearance and programmed human characteristics) in a row of previously failed experiments whose programming has partially been completed by Malkah, Shira's grandmother  While Shira and Yod build up a (sexual) relationship, Shira's childhood sweetheart Gadi, Avram's son, also comes back to Tikva  Gadi returns due to his banishment for sleeping with a young girl  When Malkah is working on a chimaera (security software) to protect the city from online attack, she is attacked by Y-S  Yod, however, is able to prevent the attack  Eventually, Y-S invites Shira to a new hearing concerning the custody of her son  Shira is accompanied by Yod, her mother Riva, and  Nili, a biotechnologically enhanced woman from a nuclear-devastated Israel, when the situation escalates  The Y-S delegation and Riva die in the fight  Thereupon Shira, Malkah and Yod decide to infiltrate the Y-S network base  They manage to get hold of personnel files revealing a conspiracy against Shira and Tikva 
As the next step, Shira and Yod are accompanied by Nili and Gadi into the Glop  Here, they get in contact with an organized underground group in which they discover Riva is still alive and participating in resistance activities   From the Glop, they travel into the Y-S enclave in Nebraska to kidnap Ari  There, Josh is killed by Yod  Back to Tikva, Shira's family spends some quiet time until Y-S invites them to a further meeting on the net  Y-S demands that Yod be handed over, for Y-S to acquire its technology  Avram agrees to the deal with the hope of creating another cyborg  So, Yod agrees to destroy him/itself when sent to the enclave  However, Yod made sure that his own explosion would cause a synchronous explosion in Avram's lab  As Avram dies in this accident and all his notes are destroyed, the creation of a further cyborg becomes impossible 
Finally, Malkah leaves Tikva with Nili to visit a secret town in post-nuclear holocaust Israel and to profit from the possible biotechnological enhancements  Shira is integrated into Tikva's society further  When she discovers copies of the notes concerning Yod, she initially plans on recreating Yod; ultimately she respects Yod's wishes and destroys them 
The main plot is interwoven with a story Malkah tells Yod that deals with Rabbi Judah Loew who Malkah depicts as her ancestor living in the ghetto of Prague around 1600  To protect the Jewish community from the Christian mob, Loew uses the knowledge of Kabbalah to create the golem Joseph from clay  His granddaughter Chava, a highly educated woman, teaches Joseph to read and write  Joseph successfully protects the ghetto and begins to think of himself as human and makes a plea for his right to a human existence  However, when the pogrom climate calms down, Loew returns Joseph to clay  The two stories are mutually illuminating, both asking what it means to be human both from the perspective of the man-made life and that of those who love the artificial lives 
Passage 3:
December (magazine)
December is an independent nonprofit literary magazine that was founded in 1958  The journal was part of both the little magazine and the small press movements of the 1950s and was revived in 2012  December publishes original prose, poetry, and art submitted by new writers and artists, as well as previously unpublished work by distinguished literary figures   Former and current contributors include Joyce Carol Oates, James Wright, Marvin Bell, Marge Piercy, and Raymond Carver  December's mission is to promote unheralded writers and artists, celebrate fresh work from more seasoned voices, and advocate for its contributors in local literary and art communities 

History
December was founded in Iowa City in 1958 at the Iowa Writers' Workshop, and moved to Chicago in 1962, where it was passed to Curt Johnson, a short story writer and novelist   Johnson privately funded december and published the journal until his death in 2008  During this time, december featured the early work of many unknown artists and writers, most notably Raymond Carver, who first appeared in december in 1963 with his short story "Furious Seasons " Writers who published some of their first work in december include 5 U S  Poets Laureate, 6 Pulitzer Prize winners, 8 National Book Award winners, 5 O  Henry Award winners, and 9 Guggenheim fellows 

Revival
December was revived in 2012 by journalist and fiction writer Gianna Jacobson, and Volume 24 was released in December 2013   December releases two issues per year   The revival issue features new material from several of december's original contributors as well as from some contemporary authors and artists  December also has two contests each year, the Curt Johnson Prose Awards, judged in 2015 by Joyce Carol Oates and Albert Goldbarth, and the Jeff Marks Memorial Poetry Prize  It accepts submissions and only publishes original, previously unpublished work 

See also
List of literary magazines
Passage 4:
Vida (novel)
Vida is a 1979 novel by Marge Piercy 

Summary
The eponymous heroine is a 1960s anti-war and pro-environmental activist who has in the modern day (1980s—when the novel was written and is partially-set) become part of an illegal underground revolutionary network which resembles the real Weatherman (later known as the Weather Underground)  The story is told in the then present-day and in flashbacks to the 1960s  Vida struggles to maintain a double life; still having contacts with legitimate members of society, notably her lover Leigh, while continuing to carry out illegal actions against the government 

The novel is notable for describing what everyday-life was like for 60s radical fugitives living "underground", as Jo Walton writes:Vida here is realising that the choices she has made have left her  irrelevant not just politically but personally—her husband is marrying and having a baby with someone else, she is trapped with the other fugitives she increasingly dislikes, writing position papers nobody reads  She has false papers, a false name, she uses codes on the phone with her sister, she constantly has to appease people who are helping her  It’s very hard for her not to feel useless, because in fact she is useless, the revolution she was waiting for never happened, and she can’t be with the people she loves  And the other characters are just as real and well developed, even the minor characters 

Reception
John Leonard wrote in the New York Times:Vida is feisty, she is also emblematic  Marge Piercy, in her sixth novel, employs Vida to tell us exactly how it was in the lofts of the Left as the 1960s turned into the 1970s, as the massive peace marches turned into a tantrum of the cadres  This is the way everybody sounded, as if translated by thumb from the German and the Russian and the Chinese, at the endless meetings to establish policy  This is the way everybody behaved, in games of faction and musical beds  Here are the people who sold out -- to the media, the academy, the cops and medical school -- and those who persevered, in their purity and rage 
There is no reason to doubt that underground life for the radical fugitives is exactly as Miss Piercy describes it -- with pay phones ringing on prearranged hours on prearranged days, the switching of subways, the mail drop and the "safe house," the motel room and the Brooklyn Botanical Garden, the commune in Los Angeles and the A-frame in Vermont    
Cynthia Macdonald wrote in the Washington Post:MARGE PIERCY's strong, complex yet lucid political  novel is a flame-opus, not soap-opera, saved from being the latter by its incandescence    I welcome this book's complexities: solutions are struggled for in a way which not only illuminates but makes the reader think and feel 

External links
Vida on Marge Piercy's website
Passage 5:
Marge Piercy
Marge Piercy (born March 31, 1936) is an American progressive activist, feminist, and writer  Her work includes Woman on the Edge of Time; He, She and It, which won the 1993 Arthur C  Clarke Award; and Gone to Soldiers, a New York Times Best Seller and a sweeping historical novel set during World War II  Piercy's work is rooted in her Jewish heritage, Communist social and political activism, and feminist ideals 

Life
Family and early life
Marge Piercy was born in Detroit, Michigan to Bert (Bunnin) Piercy and Robert Piercy  While her father was non-religious from a Presbyterian background, she was raised Jewish by her mother and her Orthodox Jewish maternal grandmother, who gave Piercy the Hebrew name of Marah On her childhood and Jewish identity, Piercy said: "Jews and blacks were always lumped together when I grew up  I didn’t grow up 'white ' Jews weren't white  My first boyfriend was black  I didn't find out I was white until we spent time in Baltimore and I went to a segregated high school  I can't express how weird it was  Then I just figured they didn't know I was Jewish "An indifferent student in her early childhood, Piercy developed a love of books when she came down with the German measles and rheumatic fever in her mid-childhood and could do little but read  "It taught me that there's a different world there, that there were all these horizons that were quite different from what I could see" 

Education
Upon graduation from Mackenzie High School, Piercy became the first in her family to attend college, studying at the University of Michigan where she received a B A  degree in 1957  Winning a Hopwood Award for Poetry and Fiction (1957) enabled her to finish college and spend some time in France  She earned an M A  from Northwestern University in 1958 

Adulthood
After graduating college, Piercy and her first husband went to France, then returned to the United States  They divorced when Piercy was 23  Living in Chicago, she supported herself working various part-time jobs while unsuccessfully trying to get her novels published  It was during this time that Piercy realized she wanted to write fiction that focused on politics, feminism, and working-class people  After her second marriage, Piercy became involved in the organization Students for a Democratic Society  In 1968, Piercy's first book of poetry, Breaking Camp, was published, and her first novel was accepted for publication that same year 

Personal life and relationships
At a young age Marge Piercy was married to her first husband, a French Jewish physicist  However, the marriage failed when she was 23; Piercy attributes this to his expectations of gender roles in marriage  In 1962 she married her second husband, Robert Shapiro, a computer scientist  They divorced, and Piercy married her current husband, Ira Wood  She and her husband live in Wellfleet, MA  Piercy designed their home, where the couple have been living since the 1970s 

Politics
Piercy was involved in the civil rights movement, New Left, and Students for a Democratic Society  She is a feminist, environmentalist, Marxist, social, and anti-war activist In 1977, Piercy became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP), an American nonprofit publishing organization that works to increase communication between women and connect the public with forms of women-based media 
In 2013, Piercy signed an open letter, described as an "open statement from 48 radical feminists from seven countries " The letter endorses TERF ideology and defends the right to exclude transgender women from "women-only conferences "

Writing
Piercy is the author of more than seventeen volumes of poems, among them The Moon Is Always Female (1980, considered a feminist classic) and The Art of Blessing the Day (1999)  She has published fifteen novels, one play (The Last White Class, co-authored with her current—and third—husband Ira Wood), one collection of essays (Parti-colored Blocks for a Quilt), one non-fiction book, and one memoir  She contributed the pieces "The Grand Coolie Damn" and "Song of the Fucked Duck" to the celebrated anthology Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from The Women's Liberation Movement, edited by Robin Morgan Her novels and poetry often focus on feminist or social concerns, although her settings vary  While Body of Glass (published in the United States as He, She and It) is a science fiction novel that won the Arthur C  Clarke Award, City of Darkness, City of Light was set during the French Revolution  Other novels, such as Summer People and The Longings of Women are set during modern times  All of her books share a focus on women's lives 
Woman on the Edge of Time (1976) mixes a time travel story with issues of social justice, feminism, and the treatment of the mentally ill  This novel is considered a classic of utopian "speculative" science fiction as well as a feminist classic  William Gibson has credited Woman on the Edge of Time as the birthplace of Cyberpunk, as Piercy mentions in an introduction to Body of Glass  Body of Glass (He, She and It, 1991) itself postulates an environmentally ruined world dominated by sprawling mega-cities and a futuristic version of the Internet, through which Piercy weaves elements of Jewish mysticism and the legend of the Golem, although a key story element is the main character's attempts to regain custody of her young son 
Many of Piercy's novels tell their stories from the viewpoints of multiple characters, often including a first-person voice among numerous third-person narratives  Her World War II historical novel, Gone to Soldiers (1987) follows the lives of nine major characters in the United States, Europe and Asia  The first-person account in Gone to Soldiers is the diary of French teenager Jacqueline Levy-Monot, who is also followed in the third person after her capture by the Nazis Piercy's poetry tends to be highly personal free verse and often centered on feminist and social issues  Her work shows commitment to social change—what she might call, in Judaic terms, tikkun olam, or the repair of the world  It is rooted in story, the wheel of the Jewish year, and a range of landscapes and settings 
Piercy contributed poems to the journal Kalliope: A Journal of Women's Art and Literature  Piercy also contributed to the collection of essays by women leaders in the climate movement, All We Can Save 

Works
Novels
Going Down Fast, 1969
Dance The Eagle To Sleep, 1970
Small Changes, 1973
Woman on the Edge of Time, 1976
The High Cost of Living, 1978
Vida, 1979
Braided Lives, 1982
Fly Away Home, 1985
Gone To Soldiers, 1987
Summer People, 1989
He, She And It (aka Body of Glass), 1991
The Longings of Women, 1994
City of Darkness, City of Light, 1996
Storm Tide, 1998 (with Ira Wood)
Three Women, 1999
The Third Child, 2003
Sex Wars, 2005

Short stories
The Cost of Lunch, Etc , 2014

Poetry collections
Breaking Camp, 1968
Hard Loving, 1969
"Barbie Doll", 1973
4-Telling (with Emmett Jarrett, Dick Lourie, Robert Hershon), 1971
To Be of Use, 1973
Living in the Open, 1976
The Twelve-Spoked Wheel Flashing, 1978
The Moon is Always Female, 1980
Circles on the Water, Selected Poems, 1982
Stone, Paper, Knife, 1983
My Mother's Body, 1985
Available Light, 1988
Early Ripening: American Women's Poetry Now (ed ), 1988; 1993
Mars and her Children, 1992
What are Big Girls Made Of, 1997
Early Grrrl, 1999 
The Art of Blessing the Day: Poems With a Jewish Theme, 1999
Colours Passing Through Us, 2003
The Hunger Moon: New and Selected Poems, 1980-2010, 2012
Made in Detroit, 2015
On the Way Out, Turn Off the Light, 2020

Collected other
"The Grand Coolie Damn" and "Song of the fucked duck" in Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement, 1970, edited by Robin Morgan
The Last White Class, (play co-authored with Ira Wood), 1979
Parti-Colored Blocks For a Quilt, (essays), 1982
The Earth Shines Secretly: A book of Days, (daybook calendar), 1990
So You Want to Write, (non-fiction), 2001
Sleeping with Cats, (memoir), 2002
My Life, My Body (Outspoken Authors), (essays, poems & memoir), 2015

Awards and honors
Arthur C  Clarke Award for science fiction, 1992
Bradley Award, New England Poetry Club, 1992
Brit ha-Dorot Award, Shalom Center, 1992
May Sarton Award, New England Poetry Club, 1991
Golden Rose Poetry Prize, New England Poetry Club, 1990
Carolyn Kizer Poetry Prize, 1986, 1990
National Endowment for the Arts award, 1978
Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from the Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2004
Passage 6:
Richard Aldington
Richard Aldington (born Edward Godfree Aldington; 8 July 1892 – 27 July 1962) was an English writer and poet  He was an early associate of the Imagist movement  He was married to the poet Hilda Doolittle (H  D ) from 1911 to 1938  His 50-year writing career covered poetry, novels, criticism and biography  He edited The Egoist, a literary journal, and wrote for The Times Literary Supplement, Vogue, The Criterion and Poetry  His biography of Wellington (1946) won him the James Tait Black Memorial Prize  His contacts included writers T  S  Eliot, D  H  Lawrence, Ezra Pound, W  B  Yeats, Lawrence Durrell, C  P  Snow, and others  He championed Hilda Doolittle as the major poetic voice of the Imagist movement and helped her work gain international notice 

Early life and marriage
Aldington was born in Portsmouth, the eldest of four children and the son of a solicitor  Both his parents wrote and published books, and their home held a large library of European and classical literature  As well as reading, Aldington's interests at this time, all of which continued in later life, included butterfly-collecting, hiking, and learning languages – he went on to master French, Italian, Latin, and ancient Greek  He was educated at Mr  Sweetman's Seminary for Young Gentlemen, St Margaret's Bay, near Dover  His father died of heart problems at age 56 Aldington attended Dover College, followed by the University of London  He was unable to complete his degree because of the financial circumstances of his family caused by his father's failed speculations and ensuing debt  Supported by a small allowance from his parents, he worked as a sports journalist, started publishing poetry in British journals, and gravitated towards literary circles that included poets William Butler Yeats and Walter de la Mare In 1911 Aldington met society hostess Brigit Patmore, with whom he had a passing affair  At the time he was described as "tall and broad-shouldered, with a fine forehead, thick longish hair of the indefinite colour blond hair turns to in adolescence, very bright blue eyes, too small a nose, and a determined mouth " Through her he met American poets Ezra Pound and Hilda Doolittle, who had previously been engaged to each other  Doolittle and Aldington grew closer and in 1913 travelled together extensively through Italy and France, just before the war  On their return to London in the summer they moved into separate flats in Churchwalk, Kensington, in West London  Doolittle lived at No  6, Aldington at No  8, and Pound at No  10  In the presence of Pound and the Doolittle family, over from America for the summer, the couple married  They moved to 5 Holland Place Chambers into a flat of their own, although Pound soon moved in across the hall The poets were caught up in the literary ferment before the war, where new politics and ideas were passionately discussed and created in Soho tearooms and society salons  The couple bonded over their visions of new forms of poetry, feminism, and philosophy, emerging from the wake of staid Victorian mores  The couple were fed by a sense of peership and mutualism between them, rejecting hierarchies, beginning to view Pound as an intruder and interloper rather than a literary igniter The couple met influential American poet Amy Lowell and she introduced them to writer D  H  Lawrence in 1914, who would become a close friend and mentor to both 

Early career
Aldington's poetry was associated with the Imagist group, championing minimalist free verse with stark images, seeking to banish Victorian moralism  The group was key in the emerging Modernist movement  Ezra Pound coined the term imagistes for H  D  and Aldington (1912)  Aldington's poetry forms almost one third of the Imagists' inaugural anthology Des Imagistes (1914)  The movement was heavily inspired by Japanese and classical European art  Aldington shared T  E  Hulme's conviction that experimentation with traditional Japanese verse forms could provide a way forward for avant-garde literature in English 

Pound sent three of Aldington's poems to Harriet Monroe's magazine Poetry and they appeared in November 1912  She notes "Mr Richard Aldington is a young English poet, one of the "Imagistes", a group of ardent Hellenists who are pursuing interesting experiments in vers libre "She considered the poem "Choricos" to be his finest work, "one of the most beautiful death songs in the language" "a poem of studied and affected gravity" H D  became pregnant in August 1914, and in 1915 Aldington and H D  relocated from their home in Holland Park near Ezra Pound to Hampstead close to D  H  Lawrence and Frieda  They felt calmer out of the bustle of the city, with more space and green  The pregnancy ended in a stillborn daughter, which traumatised the couple and put a great strain on the relationship; H D  was 28 and Aldington 22  The outbreak of war in 1914 deeply disturbed Aldington, though no draft was in place at this time  H D  felt more distant from the melee, not having a close affinity to the European landscape, geographical or political  This rift also put pressure on the marriage  Unhappy, Aldington dreamed of escape to America and began to have affairs  He began a relationship with Florence Fallas, who had also lost a child Between 1914 and 1916 Aldington was literary editor and a columnist at The Egoist  He was assistant editor with Leonard Compton-Rickett under Dora Marsden  Aldington knew Wyndham Lewis well and reviewed his work in The Egoist  He was also an associate of Ford Madox Ford's, helping him with a propaganda volume for a government commission in 1914 and taking dictation for The Good Soldier 

First World War and aftermath
Aldington joined up in June 1916 and was sent for training at Wareham in Dorset  H D  moved to be closer to her husband  He then was sent to a camp near Manchester  They found the duality of their lives harsh, and the gruelling, regimented nature of the training felt hard for the sensitive professional poet  He felt fundamentally different from the other men, more given to intellectual pursuits than unending physical labour that left him little time to write  Their sporadic meetings were emotionally wrenching and the couple could make no plans for their future together  He encouraged H D  to return to America where she could make a safer and more stable home  They both watched news come in of heavy troop losses in France at the Somme and on other battlefields  She could not have information given on her husband's future postings overseas, all held to be secret  Rationing and the forced draft began as the war turned against the British When Aldington was sent to the front in December 1916, the couple's relationship became epistolary  He wrote that he'd managed to complete 12 poems and three essays since joining up and wanted to work on producing a new book, in order to keep his mind on literature, despite his work of digging graves  He found the soldier's life degrading, living with lice, cold, mud and little sanitation  His encounters with gas on the front would affect him for the rest of his life  He was given leave in July 1917 and the couple enjoyed a reunion during this brief reprieve  He felt distant from old Imagist friends like Pound who had not undergone the tortuous life of the soldiers on the front and could not imagine the living conditions Aldington joined up in the 11th Leicestershires and was later commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Sussex Regiment (November 1917)  He finished the war as a signals officer and temporary captain, being demobilised in February 1919  He may never have completely recovered from the war, writing of his own field experiences in the collections Images of War and Images of Desire (1919), which were suffused with a new melancholy  He ended the war feeling disconsolate about his own talent as a poet  Exile and Other Poems (1923) also dealt with the process of trauma  A collection of war stories Roads to Glory, appeared in 1930  After this point he became known as a critic and biographer Towards the end of the war H D  lived with composer Cecil Gray, a friend of D  H  Lawrence's  They had a daughter together in March 1919, the pregnancy much complicated by H D 's catching pneumonia towards the end  Neither Gray nor Aldington wanted to accept paternity  By the time of Aldington's return H D  was involved with the female writer Bryher  H D  and Aldington formally separated and had relationships with other people, but they didn't divorce until 1938  They remained friends for the rest of their lives  He destroyed all the couple's pre-1918 correspondence Aldington helped T  S  Eliot by persuading Harriet Shaw Weaver to appoint Eliot as Aldington's successor at The Egoist magazine  In 1919 he introduced Eliot to the editor Bruce Richmond of The Times Literary Supplement  Aldington was on the editorial board of Chaman Lall's London literary quarterly Coterie (published 1919–1921), accompanied by Conrad Aiken, Eliot, Lewis and Aldous Huxley  Eliot had a job in the international department of Lloyds Bank and well-meaning friends wanted him full-time writing poetry  Ezra Pound, plotting a scheme to "get Eliot out of the bank", was supported by Lady Ottoline Morrell, Leonard Woolf and Harry Norton Aldington began publishing in journals such as the Imagist The Chapbook  In reply to Eliot's The Waste Land, Aldington wrote A Fool i' the Forest (1924) 

Aldington suffered a breakdown in 1925  His interest in poetry waned, and he developed an animosity towards Eliot's celebrity  Aldington grew closer to Eliot but gradually became a supporter of Vivienne Eliot in the troubled marriage  Aldington satirised her husband as "Jeremy Cibber" in Stepping Heavenward (1931)  He had a relationship with writer Valentine Dobrée and a lengthy and passionate affair with Arabella Yorke, a lover since Mecklenburgh Square days, coming to an end when he went abroad Aldington helped Irene Rathbone publish her semi-autobiographical novel We That Were Young in 1932  They had an affair that ended in 1937  Rathbone dedicated her 1936 novel They Call it Peace to him, and she wrote a long poem, Was There a Summer?: A Narrative Poem, in 1943 about their relationship 

Exile
Aldington went into self-imposed exile in 1928  He lived in Paris for years, living with Brigit Patmore and fascinated by Nancy Cunard, whom he met in 1928  Following his divorce in 1938 he married Netta, née McCullough, previously Brigit's daughter-in-law 
Death of a Hero (1929), which Aldington called a "jazz novel," was his semi-autobiographical response to the war  He started writing it almost immediately after the armistice was declared  The novel condemned Victorian materialism as a cause of the tragedy and waste of the war  Rejectionist, an "Expressionist scream", it was commended by Lawrence Durrell as "the best war novel of the epoch"  It was developed mostly while Aldington was living on the island of Port-Cros in Provence, building on the manuscript from a decade before  Opening with a letter to the playwright Halcott Glover, the book takes a satirical, cynical, and critical stance on Victorian and Edwardian cant  Published in September 1929, by Christmas it had sold more than 10,000 copies in England alone, part of a wave of war remembrances from writers such as Remarque, Sassoon, and Hemingway  The book was quickly translated into German and other European languages  In Russia the book was taken to be a wholesale attack on bourgeois politics, "the inevitable result of the life which had preceded it", as Aldington wrote  "The next one will be much worse"  It was praised by Gorky as revolutionary, and the book, along with Aldington's later fiction, received huge Russian distribution  Aldington was, however, fiercely non-partisan in his politics, despite his passion for iconoclasm and feminism The character of George Winterbourne is loosely based on Aldington as an artist (Winterbourne a painter rather than writer), having a mistress before and through the war, and the novel portrays locations strongly resembling those he had travelled to  One of these locations, fictionally named "The Chateau de Fressin," strongly resembled a castle he wrote about in a letter to H  D Death of a Hero, like many other novels published around this time about the war, suffered greatly from censorship  Instead of changing or cutting parts of his novel, he replaced objectionable words with asterisks  Although they looked awkward on the page, Aldington, among others, wanted to call attention to censoring by publishers In 1930 Aldington published a translation of The Decameron and then the romance All Men are Enemies (1933)  In 1942, having relocated to the United States with his new wife Netta, he began to write biographies, starting with Wellington: The Duke: Being an Account of the Life & Achievements of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1943)  It was followed by works on D  H  Lawrence: Portrait of a Genius, But     (1950), Robert Louis Stevenson: Portrait of a Rebel (1957), and T  E  Lawrence: Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Inquiry (1955)  Under financial pressure, he also worked as a Hollywood screenwriter 
Aldington's excoriating biography of T  E  Lawrence caused a scandal on its publication in 1955  In the spirit of iconoclasm, he was the first to bring public notice to Lawrence's illegitimacy and asserted that he was a homosexual, a liar, a charlatan, an "impudent mythomaniac", a "self-important egotist", a poor writer and even a bad motorcyclist  The biography dramatically coloured popular opinion of Lawrence  Foreign and War Office files concerning Lawrence's career were released during the 1960s and further biographies continued to analyse the 'British hero'  There was speculation that Aldington's spite was driven by jealousy and a sense of exclusion by the British establishment  Lawrence had attended Oxford, and his father was a baronet; Aldington suffered in the bloodbath of Europe during the First World War while Lawrence gained a heroic reputation in the Middle Eastern theatre and became an international celebrity, a homosexual icon, as Aldington saw it  Robert Graves noted in a review of the book, "instead of a carefully considered portrait of Lawrence, I find the self-portrait of a bitter, bedridden, leering, asthmatic, elderly hangman-of-letters "

Last years
Aldington lived in Sury-en-Vaux, Cher, France, from 1958  His last significant book was a biography of the Provençal poet and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, Frédéric Mistral (1956) Aldington died in Sury on 27 July 1962, shortly after being honoured in Moscow on the occasion of his seventieth birthday and the publication of some of his novels in Russian translation  He was fêted in the USSR, "even if some of the fêting was probably because he had, in his writings, sometimes suggested that the England he loved could, in certain of its aspects, be less than an earthly paradise " He is buried in the local cemetery in Sury  He left one daughter, Catherine, the child of his second marriage; she died in 2010 

Legacy
On 11 November 1985 Aldington was among 16 Great War poets commemorated in stone at Westminster Abbey's Poet's Corner  The inscription on the stone is a quotation from the work of a fellow Great War poet, Wilfred Owen  It reads: "My subject is War, and the pity of War  The Poetry is in the pity "

Style and bitterness
Alec Waugh described Aldington as having been embittered by the war, but took it that he worked off his spleen in novels like The Colonel's Daughter (1931) rather than letting it poison his life  Douglas Bush describes his work as "a career of disillusioned bitterness " His novels contained thinly veiled portraits of some of his friends, including Eliot, Lawrence and Pound; the friendship not always surviving  Lyndall Gordon characterises the sketch of Eliot in Aldington's memoirs Life for Life's Sake (1941) as "snide " As a young man, he was cutting about Yeats, but they remained on good terms 
Aldington's obituary in The Times of London in 1962 described him as "[a]n angry young man of the generation before they became fashionable     who remained something of an angry old man to the end" 

Works
Images (1910–1915) (The Poetry Bookshop, London, 1915) & (historical reproduction by Bibliobazaar ISBN 978-1-113-27518-9) 2009
Images Old and New (Four Seas Co , Boston, 1916) & (historical reproduction by Bibliobazaar ISBN 978-1-113-39283-1) 2009
The Poems of Anyte of Tegea (1916) translator
The Little Demon, by Feodor Sologub, authorised translation by John Cournos and Richard Aldington (London: Martin Secker, 1916) 
Images of Desire (Elkin Mathews, 1919) & (historical reproduction by Bibliobazaar) ISBN 978-1-115-45071-3) 2009
Images of War, A Book of Poems (Beaumont Press, London, 1919) & (historical reproduction by Bibliobazaar) ISBN 978-1-171-58428-5) 2009
War and Love: Poems 1915–1918 (1919)
Greek Songs in the Manner of Anacreon (1919) translator
Hymen (Egoist Press, 1921) with H D 
Medallions in Clay (1921)
The Good-Humoured Ladies: A Comedy by Carlo Goldoni (1922) translator, with Arthur Symons
Exile and Other Poems (1923)
Literary Studies and Reviews (1924) essays
Sturly, by Pierre Custot (1924) translator
The Mystery of the Nativity: Translated from the Liegeois of the XVth Century (Medici Society, 1924) translator
A Fool i' the Forest: A Phantasmagoria (1924) poem
A Book of 'Characters' from Theophrastus, Joseph Hall, Sir Thomas Overbury, Nicolas Breton, John Earle, Thomas Fuller, and Other English Authors; Jean de La Bruyère, Vauvenargues, and Other French Authors, compiled and translated by Richard Aldington, with an introduction and notes (1924)
Voltaire (1925)
French Studies and Reviews (1926)
The Love of Myrrhine and Konallis: and other prose poems (1926)
Cyrano De Bergerac, Voyages to the Moon and the Sun (1927) translator
D H  Lawrence: An Indiscretion (1927) (34-page pamphlet)
Letters of Madame de Sévigné to Her Daughter and Her Friends, selected, with an introductory essay, by Richard Aldington (1927) translator
Letters of Voltaire and Frederick the Great (1927) translator
Candide and Other Romances by Voltaire (1928) translator with Norman Tealby
Collected Poems (1928)
Fifty Romance Lyric Poems (1928) translator
Hark the Herald (Hours Press, 1928)
Remy de Gourmont: Selections From All His Works Chosen and Translated by Richard Aldington (1928)
Remy de Gourmont: A Modern Man of Letters (1928)
The Treason of the Intellectuals (La Trahison des Clercs), by Julien Benda (1928) translator
Death of a Hero: A Novel (1929)
The Eaten Heart (Hours Press, 1929) poems
A Dream in the Luxembourg: A Poem (1930)
Euripides' Alcestis (1930) translator
At All Costs (William Heinemann, Ltd , 1930) 45-page story
D H  Lawrence (1930) (43-page pamphlet; its contents are identical to D H  Lawrence: An Indiscretion (1927), except for the dropping of the subtitle and the addition of a one-paragraph note following the title page )
Last Straws (Hours Press, 1930)
Medallions from Anyte of Tegea, Meleager of Gadara, the Anacreontea, Latin Poets of the Renaissance (1930) translator
The Memoirs of Marmontel (1930) editor, with Brigit Patmore
Roads to Glory (1930) stories
Tales from the Decameron (1930) translator
Two Stories (Elkin Mathews, 1930): "Deserter" and "The Lads of the Village"
Letters to the Amazon, by Remy de Gourmont (1931) translator
Balls and Another Book for Suppression (1931) (13 pages)
The Colonel's Daughter: A Novel (1931)
Stepping Heavenward: A Record (1931) satire aimed at T  S  Eliot
Aurelia by Gérard de Nerval (1932) translator
Soft Answers (1932) five short novels
All Men Are Enemies: A Romance (1933)
Last Poems of D H  Lawrence (1933) edited with Giuseppe Orioli
Poems of Richard Aldington (1934)
Women Must Work: A Novel (1934)
Artifex: Sketches and Ideas (1935) essays
D H  Lawrence: A complete list of his works, together with a critical appreciation by Richard Aldington (1935) (22-page pamphlet)
The Spirit of Place (1935), editor, D H  Lawrence prose anthology
Life Quest (1935) poem
Life of a Lady: A Play in Three Acts (1936) with Derek Patmore
The Crystal World (1937)
Very Heaven (1937)
Seven Against Reeves: A Comedy-Farce (1938) novel
Rejected Guest (1939) novel
W  Somerset Maugham: An Appreciation (1939)
Life for Life's Sake: A Book of Reminiscences (1941)
Poetry of the English-Speaking World (1941) anthology, editor
The Duke: Being an account of the life & achievements of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1943)  Later edition: Wellington: Being an account of the life & achievements of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1946) 
A Wreath for San Gemignano (1945) with illustrations by Netta Aldington and sonnets of Folgóre da San Gimignano titled The Garland of Months and translated by Richard Aldington
Great French Romances (1946) novels by Madame de La Fayette, Choderlos De Laclos, Abbé Prévost, Honoré de Balzac
Oscar Wilde: Selected Works (1946) editor
The Romance of Casanova: A Novel (1946)
Complete Poems (1948)
Four English Portraits, 1801–1851 (1948) (The four are the Prince Regent, the young Disraeli, Charles "Squire" Waterton, and the young Dickens )
Selected Works of Walter Pater (1948)
Jane Austen (1948)
Decameron of Giovanni Boccaccio (two volumes) (1949) translator
The Strange Life of Charles Waterton, 1782–1865 (1949)
A Bibliography of the Works of Richard Aldington from 1915 to 1948 (1950) with Alister Kershaw
Selected Letters of D H  Lawrence (1950) editor
The Indispensable Oscar Wilde (1950) editor
Portrait of a Genius, But       (The Life of D H  Lawrence, 1885–1930) (1950)
D H  Lawrence: An Appreciation (1950) (32-page pamphlet, which borrows from the 1927, 1930, and 1935 pamphlets on Lawrence listed above)
The Religion of Beauty: Selections from the Aesthetes (1950) anthology, editor
Ezra Pound and T  S  Eliot: A Lecture (Peacocks Press, 1954) (22 pages)
Lawrence L'imposteur: T  E  Lawrence, the Legend and the Man (1954) Paris edition; also published as Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Enquiry (1955)
Pinorman: Personal Recollections of Norman Douglas, Pino Orioli and Charles Prentice (1954)
A  E  Housman and W  B  Yeats: Two Lectures (Hurst Press, 1955)
Introduction to Mistral (1956) (biography of French poet Frédéric Mistral)
Frauds (1957)
Portrait of a Rebel: The Life and Work of Robert Louis Stevenson (1957)
The Viking Book of Poetry of the English-Speaking World, Volume II (1958) editor
"The Composite Biography as Biography," in Moore, Harry T , ed , A D H  Lawrence Miscellany, Southern Illinois University Press (1959) and William Heinemann Ltd (1961), pp  143-152  "[This] essay serves as the Introduction of Vol  3 of Edward Nehls's D H  Lawrence: A Composite Biography, copyright, 1959, by the University of Wisconsin Press   ," p  143 n 
Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (1960) translator with Delano Ames
Switzerland (1960)
Famous Cities of the World: Rome (1960)
A Tourist's Rome (1961)
Richard Aldington: Selected Critical Writing, 1928–1960 (1970) edited by Alister Kershaw  Contains chapters on ten writers: Remy de Gourmont, Aldous Huxley, Wyndham Lewis, Somerset Maugham, Oscar Wilde, Walter Pater, Jane Austen, Roy Campbell, Lawrence Durrell, and D  H  Lawrence 
A Passionate Prodigality: Letters to Alan Bird from Richard Aldington, 1949–1962 (1975) edited by Miriam J  Benkovitz
Literary Lifelines: The Richard Aldington and Lawrence Durrell Correspondence (1981)
In Winter: A Poem (Typographeum Press, 1987)
Austria/L'Autriche/Österreich: A Book of Photographs, with an introduction by Richard Aldington  London: Anglo-Italian Publication, [1950-1960?]
France/La France/Frankreich: A Book of Photographs, with an introduction by Richard Aldington  London: Anglo-Italian Publications, [1950-1965?]
Italy/L'Italie/Italien: A Book of Photographs, with an introduction by Richard Aldington  London: Anglo-Italian Publications, [1958?]
Passage 7:
Ivan Coyote
Ivan E  Coyote (born August 11, 1969) is a Canadian spoken word performer, writer, and LGBT advocate  Coyote has won many accolades for their collections of short stories, novels, and films  They also visit schools to tell stories and give writing workshops  The CBC has called Coyote a "gender-bending author who loves telling stories and performing in front of a live audience " Coyote is non-binary and uses singular they pronouns  Many of Coyote's stories are about gender, identity, and social justice  Coyote currently resides in Vancouver, British Columbia 

Career
Coyote started performing spoken word in 1992, and their work deals with contemporary issues of family, class gender, identity and social justice  In 1996, Coyote co-founded the queer performance group Taste This with Anna Camilleri, Zoe Eakle, and Lyndell Montgomery  Taste This was a multi-genre performance that incorporated live music, poetry and story-telling  The group disbanded in 2000  In 2001, Coyote briefly taught short fiction at Capilano University in North Vancouver  In 2010, Coyote, Camilleri and Montgomery regrouped as Swell, and premiered at the 2010 Vancouver Pride in Art Festival They joined Arsenal Pulp Press in 2000 and have published 10 books with them  Coyote regularly combines storytelling and music and has worked with a number of musicians including Veda Hille, Dan Mangan and Rae Spoon  Coyote has been a columnist for the LGBTQ+ magazines Xtra! and Xtra! West  and regularly contributes to The Georgia Straight and CBC Radio Coyote has been writer-in-residence for Carleton University in 2007, Vancouver Public Library in 2009, the University of Winnipeg in 2011, and the University of Western Ontario in 2012  They also served on the jury of the 2012 Dayne Ogilvie Prize, a literary award for emerging LGBT writers in Canada, selecting Amber Dawn as that year's winner In 2009, their performanceYou Are Here was scheduled for a cabaret run at Hysteria: A Festival of Women at Buddies in Bad Times Theatre, but was cancelled in January of that year In 2008 they performed spoken word at Montreal's Edgy Women festival and taught a writing workshop In 2012, Coyote and Spoon collaborated on Gender Failure, a touring multimedia show in which they performed music and spoken word pieces about their failed attempts at fitting into the gender binary  A performance of Gender Failure, as performed at the 27th London Lesbian & Gay Film Festival, is also available on YouTube  A book based on the show was published by Arsenal Pulp Press in 2014 On November 14, 2015 Coyote did a TED talk in Vancouver entitled "We all need a safe place to pee," where they discuss the need to have gender neutral bathrooms in all public places In 2016, they delivered the Florence Bird Lecture at Carleton University  Their lecture was titled "Neither, Nor: How to Circumnavigate the Gender Binary in Seven Thousand Easy Steps" In 2020, Coyote performed as part of CBC Gem's Queer Pride Inside special 

Writing
Coyote has written eleven books: one with Press Gang Publishers and ten with Arsenal Pulp Press  Common themes in their work involve identity, gender, community, and class 
Coyote's first book, Boys Like Her (Press Gang Publishers, 1998), was adapted from a live show that was performed by their theater troop, Taste This Close to Spiderman (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2000) and One Man's Trash (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2002) are both collections of stories told by Coyote's grandmother and written by Coyote Missed Her (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2010) is another book of compiled short stories  The works were first published in columns with Xtra Vancouver One in Every Crowd (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2012) is an anthology of Coyote's work that was put together by the request of high school teachers and librarians who wanted to share Coyote's writing with students  Without more mature parts of their writing, their works could be accepted by school administration and parents  It was specifically composed for queer youth Tomboy Survival Guide (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2016), has won the Stonewall Book Award Honor—an award given to outstanding LGBT literature—and has been long-listed for the BC National Award for Canadian Non-Fiction in 2017 Rebent Sinner (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2019) is a collection of stories and personal essays that has been favourably received  Coyote toured in 2019 with musician Sarah MacDougall, performing selections from the book along with music Care Of (Penguin Random House, 2021) is a collection of communications Coyote has received from audience members and the responses they have written in return 

Reception
Coyote has made significant contributions to the representation of queerness in Canadian literature  Their first collection of short stories, Close to Spider Man, was a finalist for the Danuta Gleed Literary Award for short fiction, and it received widespread acclaim across the Canadian critical community for its semi-autobiographical depiction of young, queer women growing up in the Yukon  Although their short stories received no awards recognition until their collection The Slow Fix was shortlisted for the Lambda Literary Award in 2008, and their collections One Man's Trash and Loose End received similar recognition as their debut, with outlets such as Herizons and the Lambda Book Report which praised the brevity and directness of Coyote's writing as it relates to depictions of the complexities of gender, sexuality, and identity Bow Grip, Coyote's only full-length novel, was the winner of the 2007 ReLit Award for Best Fiction and the Stonewall Honor Book Award, as well as being shortlisted for the Ferro Grumley Award  Their 2016 autobiography Tomboy Survival Guide also garnered numerous accolades, having been long-listed for the British Columbia's National Award for Canadian Non-Fiction and winning the 2017 Stonewall Book Award 

Bibliography
Passage 8:
Going Down Fast
Going Down Fast (ISBN 0-449-24480-6) is a 1969 novel by Marge Piercy  It tells the story of Anna, a woman living with multiple losses; Rowley, a blue-eyed soul singer; Leon, an underground film-maker; and Caroline, a woman with a dark secret  They all live in an area of an unnamed city where a swathe of blocks are being demolished to make way for a university 

Reception
A New York Times book review said that "Piercy burns anger and conviction" 

External links
"Marge Piercy Papers (1958-2004, bulk 1966-2003) " University of Michigan 
"Piercy, Marge 1936- " Encyclopedia com 
Passage 9:
Barbie Doll (poem)
"Barbie Doll" is a narrative poem written by American writer, novelist, and social activist Marge Piercy  It was published in 1971, during the time of second-wave feminism  It is often noted for its message of how a patriarchal society puts expectations and pressures on women, partly through gender role stereotyping  It tells a story about a girl who dies trying to meet the unrealistic expectations that society holds for her  It starts off talking about a little girl, and then continues chronologically through the girl’s life  Using strong diction, purposeful syntax, and various rhetorical devices, the poem hits on prominent feminist issues such as gender stereotypes, sexism, and the effect of a patriarchal society 

Background
Marge Piercy wrote this poem during an era of second wave feminism, a time in which women were concerned about sexuality, family, and the workplace  The poem expresses the stereotypes, sexism, and patriarchal influences that women were submitted to during the 1960s  Not only were women subjected to poor treatment because of their gender, women also experienced discrimination and unequal treatment because of their race  While this poem discusses the topic of gender and gender stereotypes, it is important to recognize that the development of the doll that inspired the poem has brought up the racial discrepancies woman faced during this time  According to Elizabeth Chin, “These toys were designed and marketed specifically to reshape a territory dominated by an assumption of whiteness, but paradoxically, they have integrated the toy world while at the same time fixing racial boundaries more firmly   Although not addressed in this poem, the racial discrepancies that arose after the creation of the Barbie Doll, such as "hair type, facial features, and skin color” have been addressed throughout the years  Therefore, the purpose of the poem was to display the struggle women faced because of these societal issues in hopes of changing them  The poem shows the idealist view that is created by the appearance of the doll that causes people to question social norms and expectations that seem to exist in society 

Analysis
First stanza
The first stanza begins with a girl being born, fitting perfectly into a mold provided by the society she was born into  The stanza lists toys that any little girl might play with, such as dolls and miniature GE stoves and irons  She was also given lipstick, compared to cherry candy using a metaphor  
 In a patriarchal society, women hold the positions of cooking and cleaning in the household  This, along with the makeup she was given, shows that from a very young age this girl was taught to conform to a specific gender stereotype, without even realizing it  The doll is also an important part of this stanza, as well as the entire poem  The Barbie Doll has been a cultural icon since it was created in 1959, a little over 10 years before this poem was published  It is somewhat controversial whether it is viewed as a “role model for young girls, an icon of American culture, and a model of aesthetic perfection” or on the other hand “a tool of racism, classism, and sexism, and disparaged as a contemporary epitomization of the cult of thinness ”   In the context of this poem, the Barbie Doll ends up being a negative aspect of the girl’s life, creating a poor self-body image among other problems  
  At the end of this stanza, the girl goes through puberty  Someone in the girl’s class commented negative things about her body, saying she had a large nose and fat thighs  This is the point in the poem at which her insecurities have been grounded  Throughout the rest of the poem, she grows up striving to meet unattainable societal standards that her Barbie doll  represents 

Second stanza
The next stanza talks about the girl in terms of what attributes she held, but also how she and society did not see them  She was described as healthy, smart, strong, sexually able, and fast, yet she did not see any of these things  According to Robert Perrin, Barbie is described using "robust terms" throughout this stanza; however, she immediately apologizes for her positive attributes as if she was not good enough in the eyes of society   She had learned from the time when she was a just a child that she had imperfections and was not good enough  She compared herself to her doll, and therefore apologized to society for her imperfections  She did not see the good in herself, only the comparison between what she was and what society says she should be  In this stanza, her qualities are listed one after another, which is then followed by her disapproval  This syntax helps the reader see all of the good aspects of the girl all at once, which then makes the reader question why the girl does not see them  The stanza finishes with saying everyone, meaning society, only sees her for her fat nose and thick legs, the same thing she was told by her classmate when she was a child 

Third stanza
The third stanza talks about the sexist expectations that patriarchal society has placed upon her  As a girl, “she was advised to play coy, exhorted to come on hearty, exercise, diet, smile and wheedle ” 
  This list shows the expectations that are placed upon women in society  The patriarchal power within the society is what is responsible for the belief of certain “standards” of women  Women are expected to play nice, come across as good girls, be skinny, eat little, and be happy all of the time  Because of external pressures, they try to do all of it  There is sexism represented in these lines because only women have lengthy expectations to meet  Piercy’s diction in this stanza “create[s] a powerful vision of the way people exert their influence on impressionable young women, as well as undermine young women who, at heart, want to resist the influences of the dominant culture ”  The girl in the poem is easily influenced because she has conformed to society since she was a little girl  Because of this, she aims to meet all of these expectations, but cannot sustain them  She is worn down further and further “like a fan belt "
 and eventually kills herself trying to become as perfect as society wants her to be  She finally gave society her nose and legs because she could not live in this way anymore 

Fourth stanza
The fourth and final stanza talks about the girl’s death  She ultimately died trying to be as perfect as her Barbie Doll, a cookie cutter woman molded by society  She died trying to reach something that was unattainable, yet encouraged, which is where the real problem in lies  She was displayed in her casket, all dolled up  Society had finally made her who it wanted her to be but at the cost of her life  Now that she was covered in makeup, reconstructed, and nicely dressed, she was considered pretty  The stanza finishes with the line “to every woman a happy ending " 
 This shows that in the end, this was all the girl wanted  She strove and strove to meet society’s unrealistic expectations and when she died trying, she finally did  Being viewed as pretty by society was her goal, and she accomplished it 

Conclusion
The girl in the poem was born in innocence and labeled "girlchild" but because of the society she was born and raised in to, she became corrupted  This poem shows a sad case of girl who lived trying to be perfect and died trying  From the very beginning she was taught to cook, clean, and be who she was “supposed” to be, or in other words, who society told her she was  Because of these sexist and patriarchal influences, she was never completely satisfied with herself  The tortures of society cost the girl her life 

Other analyses of the poem
Barbie Doll’ and ‘G  I  Joe’: Exploring Issues of Gender
Robert Perrin uses his students to examine Marge Piercy's poem  " Perrin provides insight into how younger generations are affected by the stereotyping that is shown by the Barbie Doll itself  This journal gives an analysis on Marge Piercy's poem that can help the reader better understand her criticism 



ground_truth: poet

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which country is home to Alsa Mall and Spencer Plaza?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Harbor Square
Harbor Square, formerly Shore Mall, is a shopping plaza (formerly a shopping mall) in Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey in the United States on U S  Route 40/U S  Route 322 originally known as "Searstown"  The plaza is accessible from Exit 36 off the Garden State Parkway  The plaza is owned by Aetna Realty  The plaza has a gross leasable area of 337,423 ft², formerly 620,000 ft² when it was a mall, located on 73 acres (300,000 m2) of land  The plaza's anchor stores include Boscov's, Restaurant Depot and Proshot Pickleball 

History
1968-1988
Shore Mall originally opened in 1968 as an open-air mall called Searstown  Original anchor stores included Sears, Grant City and a Pantry Pride supermarket  Between 1971 and 1974, the mall was enclosed and expanded, with regional up-market department store Steinbach being added as a fourth anchor store  A time capsule was buried next to the Steinbach store to be opened 100 years later on March 20, 2074  Grant City was  shuttered in 1976 when the chain declared bankruptcy; by the end of the year, JCPenney opened in the former Grant City space  Pantry Pride was subsequently replaced with Foodtown, and the mall was renamed Shore Mall 
In 1987, Developer Kravco Company (Kravco Company LLC) and JCP Realty, the development arm of JCPenney, opened the new Hamilton Mall about 5 miles west on the Black Horse Pike (U S  Route 40 and U S  Route 322)   This caused problems with the Shore Mall, because the Sears and JCPenney anchors moved to the Hamilton Mall  With the two anchors gone, Shore Mall underwent a fair sized renovation enclosing the still open-air portion between the two anchors (pictured to the right in December 2012) as well as re-tiling the mall to its current blue and white color scheme 
In 1988 Clover, a discount chain owned by the Strawbridge's chain (now Macy's), soon opened in the former JCPenney/Grant City space, while Boscov's replaced the former Sears   Circuit City opened in the former Foodtown, which closed in the early 1990s  Steinbach went out of business in 1995 but was replaced in 1996 with Value City Department Store  Clover closed in 1997 when that chain also faced closure by its parent company, becoming Burlington Coat Factory a year later 

2004-2010
In 2004, Circuit City moved to a strip mall called Hamilton Commons near the Hamilton Mall  The Circuit City's location at the mall was replaced with a K&G Fashion Superstore in 2006 (which has since closed)  Since then it has remained vacant but in 2012 it was rented by The Spirit Halloween Costume Store as a seasonal tenant  In January 2006, the Shore Mall was sold Cedar Realty Trust (Formally Cedar Shopping Centers) for $36 5 million   Their initial plan was to "de-mall" the mall converting it into an open-air plaza 
In 2008, the Value City store at Shore Mall was among 24 locations sold by Value City's parent company to Burlington Coat Factory  The store closed on September 21, 2008 and remained vacant until it was occupied temporarily by The Community Food Bank of New Jersey in 2011-2012 while their permanent location was torn down and reconstructed 
Construction began in 2010 on a Golden Corral restaurant near the main entrance to the mall (where the former Dairy Queen stood, before moving into the outer building where the AT&T store and Wells Fargo bank are located) and opened in 2011 
In August 2010, Cedar Shopping Centers applied for a state Economic Redevelopment and Growth(ERG) grant in the amount of $3 million to $41 million  The grant would be used to help finance an $87 million revamp of the mall  The plan called for demolishing most of the mall (except Boscov's, Burlington Coat Factory, and all everything else that can be seen from the Black Horse Pike), then converting the site to a strip mall with four additional large stores  It also includes $23 million for transportation upgrades such as a reconfiguration of Exit 36 of the Garden State Parkway, an intersection between West Jersey Avenue and the Black Horse Pike, and a boulevard style road network 

2012-present
In July 2012, Cedar Realty Trust stated that they will be razing 1/3 (over 250,000 square feet) of the mall including the former Value City location   Most tenants will have to relocate as the space will be torn down  After demolition, Cedar Realty Trust plans to do some improvements to the location such as a new south entrance to what is remained of the main shopping center, new landscaping, parking lot improvements, and fencing off the excess land in the rear part of the property to put up for sale as vacant commercial land unless phases of new development occur under the owner On January 28, 2013,  the Steinbach Time Capsule was dug up in a small ceremony due to demolition process needing it to be moved  The plaque and contents of the capsule were given to the Egg Harbor Township Historical Society who will create a display in remembrance of the mall at their location  Demolition continued through early-mid 2013, including the former Value City store 
The Motor Vehicle Commission office closed on August 23 and August 24, 2013, due to demolition of the back of the mall and the relocation to behind Boscov's which opened on August 26The center was renamed Harbor Square in October 2013  In February 2014, Cedar Realty Trust sold Harbor Square to Aetna Realty for $25 million In early 2017 the Carrabba's was closed abruptly along with 13 others due to under performance, in Fall 2019, Burlington Coat Factory moved to Consumer Square in Mays Landing 
In May 2023 Restaurant Depot opened in the old Burlington Coat Factory along with Proshot Pickleball and Umi Sushi & Seafood Buffet 

Gallery
Passage 2:
Smith Road, Chennai
Smith Road in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India branches off from Anna Salai, Chennai's arterial road near Spencer Plaza from the TVS Junction to join Whites Road near Hobart Muslim Girls Higher Secondary School Major companies and organizations located at this road includes

TVS Motors
Data Software Research Company
Passage 3:
Ashley Landing
Ashley Landing (originally opened as Ashley Plaza and later known as Ashley Plaza Mall) is a shopping mall in Charleston, South Carolina, United States  It was the first indoor shopping mall in the West Ashley area of Charleston when the complex was fully completed in 1972  The center, located at 1401 Sam Rittenberg Boulevard (S C  Highway 7) at the fork of Old Towne Road (S C  Highway 171) was developed by Gate City Realty Company of Fort Lauderdale, Florida  Ground was broken for the complex in 1962 with Ashley Plaza opening on April 16, 1964   At its opening the shopping center consisted of J M  Fields Department Stores joined to a Pantry Pride supermarket, built at a cost of $1 75 million and owned by Sumar Corporation of South Carolina  The locally owned Condon's Department Store, constructed adjacent to Pantry Pride as a freestanding building, became the third tenant when it opened in 1970  The center, originally known as "Ashley Plaza" was noted for its large red and white neon pylon "Ashley Plaza" sign in the center of the parking lot that remained until 1989 when it was destroyed by Hurricane Hugo 

Expansion and mall addition
In April 1972 an indoor shopping mall that was created by adding on to the shopping plaza and enclosing the area between Pantry Pride and Condon's Department Store opened  The mall featured a number of local retailers as well as nationally known retailers and specialty shops and a dual screen General Cinemas (which was later expanded to three screens)  A third department store, the locally owned Edward's was also added at this time  With the completion of the enclosed mall came a new name, Ashley Plaza Mall 

Turbulent 1970s and 1980s
The mall thrived for many years during the 1970s, but was dealt several blows beginning in the late 1970s  Perhaps the most devastating was the bankruptcy and subsequent closure of J M  Fields and Pantry Pride leaving one entire wing of the shopping complex vacant  Locally owned Edward's, on the opposite end of the mall, was purchased by the Kuhn's-Big K Corporation who renamed the store "Big K-Edwards "  The changes were in name only as the merchandise mix was not altered with the sale  Big K was subsequently sold to Wal-Mart Stores, Inc  who closed the Big K-Edwards store as it was not large enough to operate as a Wal-Mart  This left another large vacancy on the other end of the shopping center 
The mall's owners worked diligently to secure replacement anchor tenants for the vacant buildings and were successful in leasing the vacant J M  Fields building to the F W  Woolworth Company which opened a Woolco Department Store in the building  The Pantry Pride store was leased to a local businessman who opened Jameson's Red & White Supermarket in the vacated space  The former Edward's store remained vacant for a number of years before finally being subdivided and leased to a mattress shop and an unfinished furniture store  While all appeared to be on the upswing for the newly invigorated mall, change was again in store and would deal another devastating blow to the mall 

Woolco closure and Citadel Mall opening
The early 1980s brought a surprising announcement when the F W  Woolworth Company announced that it was closing all Woolco stores in the United States in 1983  The 87,000-square-foot (8,100 m2) big box store would again be left vacant which made a tremendous impact on traffic at the mall  Two years before Woolco closed, the new 100-store Citadel Mall opened less than three miles (5 km) away from Ashley Plaza Mall  Many of the major national retailers pulled out of Ashley Plaza Mall and opened new locations in the much larger, more modern Citadel Mall  The mall struggled to survive as occupancy rates fell significantly  The supermarket space that formerly housed Pantry Pride and later Jameson's Red & White was leased to another locally based supermarket retailer known as The Big W Food Warehouse and ultimately closed  This space would later temporarily become a locally operated fruit and vegetable retailer for a short time 
A large portion of the mall, including the space formerly occupied by Edward's, was closed in the late 1980s and vacant stores were combined and reconfigured for a Burlington Coat Factory store leaving only one small wing of the indoor mall operating with a handful of merchants 

Hurricane Hugo
On September 22, 1989, the mall was dealt another tremendous blow with the arrival of Hurricane Hugo which caused severe roof and water damage to many of the stores and destroyed some of the exterior facades  It would be several months before the majority of the stores could be repaired and reopened  The exterior was given a fresh new look with synthetic stucco and paint and redesigned storefronts and the remaining interior mall wing was updated with lighter floors and decor  The mall was renamed Ashley Landing (complete with new signage) to honor its close proximity to the nearby Charles Towne Landing state historic site, and "mall" was officially dropped from the name  The remaining indoor mall wing was closed within a short period of time and the individual store spaces combined and converted into space for another discount retailer, 50-Off Stores, which also ultimately closed, thus ending the mall's classification as a true indoor mall 

Conversion to a strip shopping center
With the mall's two concourses now combined to make space for big box retailers, the shopping center returned to its original roots as a strip shopping center  The former Woolco space had been subdivided into two smaller spaces and a portion was leased to Brendle's Catalog Showroom and the remaining space to a regionally owned clothing store, United Clothing Company  The clothing store closed within a year of opening although Brendle's, which had opened in the late 1980s, was rebuilt after Hurricane Hugo and reopened a newly designed store  The store remained at Ashley Landing until the company's subsequent bankruptcy in the mid-1990s  Discount retailer Big Lots leased the former grocery store space and remains there today  Upon Brendle's departure, the subdivided space that originally housed J M  Fields and later Woolco was once again converted back into a single 87,000-square-foot (8,100 m2) building and leased in 1997 to Carolina Pottery, a large regionally based importer of pottery, housewares and china 
Carolina Pottery remained at the center until 2001 when they suddenly broke their lease and departed resulting in a lawsuit filed by the center's owner, Ashley Plaza Mall Associates  The Carolina Pottery space was once again subdivided - this time into 3 separate buildings, with portions being leased to Dollar Tree and Pivotal Fitness, with a remaining 24,500-square-foot (2,280 m2) space leased to NAPA Auto Parts 
Another dispute emerged between original anchor, Condon's Department Stores, and Ashley Plaza Mall Associates over the center's construction of a new Publix Super Market addition that left large piles of dirt in the parking area, which Condon's claimed blocked customer access to their store and created a dangerous situation for customers  The dispute ultimately led to the Condon's store closing after their lease was not renewed 

Ashley Landing today
The center still suffered from an identity crisis in 2000 when the City of Charleston, in conjunction with the adjoining residential neighborhoods conducted a design charrette for the Ashley Landing site and recommended a number of improvements to the shopping center's owners for revitalization  The city proposed an extensive overhaul of the property in an attempt to make it a neighborhood gathering place, complete with redesigned buildings that would include retail, offices and residences  Design elements such as new store facades, extensive landscaping and brick pedestrian crosswalks were proposed  Representatives from The Cordish Company indicated that they were interested in the city's plans but could not commit to any revitalization efforts due to existing store leases 
It was announced on February 5, 2014, that Faison Enterprises Inc  of Charlotte, NC acquired Ashley Landing for $19 2 million   Faison is currently undertaking an extensive renovation, revitalization and expansion of the property and adding new tenants that are better suited to the area   While initial and substantial improvements are underway, Faison has indicated that this is a long-term redevelopment project   In conjunction with the redevelopment plans, Faison also acquired the adjacent vacant former Piggly Wiggly building and adjoining property located on Sumar Street, which was later sold to the City of Charleston   Faison Enterprises spun off a majority of its retail holdings in 2017, including Ashley Landing, to a newly formed sister company, Wintergreen Capital 
Passage 4:
Desert Fashion Plaza
Desert Fashion Plaza, formerly known as Desert Inn Fashion Plaza, was an enclosed shopping mall located in Palm Springs, California  The mall was originally developed by Home Savings and Loan Association, which sold the shopping center to Desert Plaza Partnership  In the early 1980s, Desert Plaza Partnership sold the property to DeBartolo Corporation which expanded and revamped the mall to accommodate more shops  Subsequently, sales declined prompting major retailers to close down business at the Desert Fashion Plaza  In 2002, John Wessman of Wessman Development bought the property and proposed a significant redevelopment on the whole site  Demolition began to take place in 2013, and shops, restaurants, and a six-story hotel have opened on part of the site with more planned 
Former anchor tenants in the mall were Saks Fifth Avenue, I  Magnin, and Bank of America The mall was used as the set for the fictional S'wallow Valley Mall in the 2012 comedy film, Tim and Eric's Billion Dollar Movie 

History
The site of the Desert Fashion Plaza was formerly a resort hotel named the Desert Inn opened and operated by Nellie Coffman, an early settler of Palm Springs  After Nellie's death in the 1950s, sons George Roberson and Earl Coffman, who had continuously assisted Nellie in the operation of the Inn, sold it in 1955 to actress Marion Davies By April 1956, there were plans for a $4 5 million, five story hotel and shopping center on the site  The project would have originally included a swimming pool, a Las Vegas-style restaurant, and a theater for both Broadway plays and cinema films during the winter and summer seasons, respectively  The hotel itself would accommodate 200 rooms and suites, along with a parking space for 1,000 cars  Victor Gruen and Associates were to be the architects to design the project, with Joseph Bliti of New York being contracted for the proposed construction  The proposed center was scheduled for completion by November 1957  However, the plans never came to fruition due to Davies's health deteriorating at the time 
Davies eventually sold the land for $2 5 million to developers Samuel Firks and George Alexander in 1960  Alexander and Firks originally envisioned an eight-story hotel that would accommodate 300 rooms and a 1,600 parking space facility for a proposed $4 million  Plans for redeveloping the Desert Inn fell, which prompted the Alexander Construction Company to focus more of using the property for commercial use instead On November 14, 1965, Alexander and his spouse Mildred, along with their son Robert and his wife Helene, were all killed when their plane impacted shortly after taking off from Palm Springs International Airport  The plane was expected to reach Hollywood-Lockheed Air Terminal, but the plane lost control while in flight and collided into the Chocolate Mountains region near Indio, California  All plans for redeveloping the old site were dropped 

Operation
After Alexander's death, Home Savings and Loan Association obtained the Desert Inn property in 1966  That same year, developer Joseph K  Eichenbaum released a statement on plans of constructing a multi-million dollar commercial center on the old site  Architect Charles Luckman was commissioned to design the new shopping mall  Demolition of the Desert Inn began in August 1966 The Desert Inn Fashion Plaza was officially opened to the public on October 16, 1967, with the grand opening of a 20,000 square-foot I  Magnin, which represented the retailer's return to Palm Springs after its 1933–1942 presence with a resort shop at the El Mirador Hotel  A month before the mall opened, Luckman and Leonard R  Lockhart, first vice president of Home Savings and Loan Associates, were both honored by Southern California Edison for the all-electrical design In 1969, Joseph Magnin Co  broke ground on a 26,000 square foot department store in the mall  The new store would anchor at the corner of North Palm Canyon Drive and Andreas Road, and was set to open in September the same year  San Francisco-based architects, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, would design the store, along with contractors Diversified Builders, Inc 
In addition, 12 other major establishments also opened up in the new mall, including: Bank of America, Belmont Savings & Loan, P'iddlers Three Restaurant, Stuard's Sahara, Silverwoods, Islamania, Michael's, Robert Sands Hairstyling, Master's Candies, Village Card & Gift Shop and Orange Julius In 1978, Home Savings and Loan Associates sold the Desert Inn Fashion Plaza to Desert Plaza Partnership  The group compromised Arthur Gilbert, David Blum and Gerson Fox; three partners that were based in Los Angeles 

Expansion
During the 1980s, major shopping destinations such as Palm Desert Town Center and the El Paseo Shopping District were growing rapidly in Palm Desert, California  National chains also opened up businesses throughout the Palm Desert area  Because of this, most local shops that were in the central hub of Palm Springs began to shift away into other areas that were also seeing growth  This situation prompted Desert Plaza Partnership to focus on plans of expanding the mall 
In 1983, Edward J  DeBartolo Corp  announced an agreement with Desert Plaza Partnership to renovate the Desert Inn Fashion Plaza for $42 million  The Ohio-based corporation planned to enlarge the mall to accommodate more tenants, a six-story hotel, and underground parking  Meanwhile, the local redevelopment agency was authorized to help developers acquire the additional property needed for the potential project In 1984, redevelopment took place by first razing historic-period buildings on the site, and setting up the new section on top  At the same time, Joseph Magnin announced that they would close their remaining 24 stores, including the one in Palm Springs due to bankruptcy 
The mall was officially opened on November 16, 1985, under the new name of Desert Fashion Plaza  I  Magnin and Saks Fifth Avenue would serve as the main anchors of the newly redeveloped mall, as well as a hotel called Maxim's Paris Suite Hotel 

Decline
Despite the new stores that were opened, mall traffic did not increase considerably  In the years to come, retail sales declined and by 1991, Silverwoods men's clothing and Marie Callender's moved out of the still partially vacant Desert Fashion Plaza  Hyatt Regency Suites bought the hotel management and renamed it as Hyatt Palm Springs 
In 1992, R H  Macy & Co  closed the Palm Springs location of I  Magnin after several years in operation citing that their store was not a “suitable location" at the Desert Fashion Plaza In 1995, developer Mark Bragg, a former adviser to Ronald Reagan, and the ever-present Eddie DeBartolo Jr  teamed up to pass a measure which approved card clubs at three sites: two controlled by Bragg, and the third at DeBartolo's Desert Fashion Plaza mall  Palm Springs voted a ballot by a 2-to-1 margin for the gambling establishment 
At a cost of $13 5 million, Phoenix-based Arizona Partners became the new owners of Desert Fashion Plaza  Arizona Partners planned on expanding the Desert Fashion Plaza to over 350,000 square feet and removing the roof to make the mall open-air  The main entrance was to be an open air plaza with outdoor dining, shops, and gather places, plus a 3,000-seat cinema and a 2,400 seat live theater; the project would have been renamed The Promenade  The first phase of the project would begin in mid-1998 and be completed sometime at the end of the year 
By the beginning of 1999, about 75% of the tenants inside the mall were closed down  At the same time, San Diego-based Excel Legacy Corporation scrapped Arizona Partners's concepts and proposed its own project  Developer MBK Southern California Ltd  would design the center  Their decision was to bulldoze the whole mall and replace it with an open air plaza  Proposed tenants included Saks, a two-story multiplex theater, a food court, gourmet market, restaurants and various specialty shops  However, the concept was never realized, and the owners decided to sell the mall for an asking price of $25 million 
In 2000, the Agua Caliente Development Authority, a subsidiary of the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians, considered the  purchase and redevelopment of Desert Fashion Plaza, and were in discussions with Palm Springs city officials and the director of the Palm Springs Desert Museum  Agua Caliente ultimately made the decision to not to buy the property 
Developer John Wessman purchased the Desert Fashion Plaza and initially planned a Spanish-Mediterranean plaza on the site  Simultaneously, Saks Fifth Avenue closed down their location and moved to a new store in the El Paseo shopping district down in Palm Desert  At the same time, the attacks on September 11, 2001 caused the project to slow down 

Demolition and Redevelopment
In 2011, it was announced that workers were to begin the process of removing the large tent behind the mall, which removed in several phrases with the first stage After more than a decade since the mall sat empty, redevelopment finally moved forward on February 7, 2013, with the demolition of the mall  The large, vacant property would be turned into an outdoor shopping center with new shops, restaurants, and a six-story hotel  Wessman pledged that demolition of the plaza would take just four months, and that 90% of the materials would be recycled Before construction commenced in the middle of the same year, a lawsuit was filed by Frank Tysen, a member of the Citizens for a Sustainable Palm Springs, and owner of Casa Cody Bed & Breakfast  Tysen and his group were suing because it believes the city did not follow the proper protocol when it came to a petition that was submitted  The petition asked the city to place a portion of the concept on a ticket  However, the city of Palm Springs opted out of the deal saying that the redevelopment action was considered as administrative, and not legislative action  In April 2014, the court denied the halt of the project 
The mall was demolished in 2014  A Kimpton Hotel (Rowan) opened in 2017 on the southeast portion of the site  Other shops on or near the former mall property include H&M and Free People, as well as several smaller shops and restaurants 
Passage 5:
L  L  Berger
L  L  Berger was a high-end department store based in Buffalo, New York  The family owned store was started by Louis L  Berger in 1905, at 500 Main Street  The company grew through the next two decades and opened its flagship store at 514 Main Street on February 4, 1929  The first suburban branch opened in 1953, at Thruway Plaza (later Thruway Mall) in Cheektowaga, New York, followed in 1960, with a location at Sheridan Plaza, in Tonawanda (Town), New York  At the death of its founder in 1967, the L  L  Berger company was "compared in fashion retailing to Saks Fifth Avenue and Lord and Taylor in New York, I  Magnin in San Francisco, and Neiman Marcus in Dallas " Expansion continued with stores opening in 1969, at the Seneca Mall, in West Seneca, New York and 1970, at the Northtown Plaza in Amherst, New York  Additional stores opened in 1975, at the Lockport Mall, in Lockport, New York; in 1982 at the Transitown Plaza in Clarence, New York; in 1988 at the McKinley Mall, in Hamburg, New York; and in 1989 at the Walden Galleria in Cheektowaga, New York  A second Buffalo location opened at 510 Elmwood Avenue in the early 1980s  The company filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1991  In the early 2000s the flagship store was renovated to be upscale apartments and commercial space 
Passage 6:
The Plaza (mall)
The Plaza, formerly known as Evergreen Plaza, was a shopping mall in Evergreen Park, Illinois, United States  It was legally organized by Arthur Rubloff, who is also credited with coining the phrase "Magnificent Mile" describing the upscale section of Michigan Avenue north of the Chicago River to Oak Street   Rubloff secured the funding for the Evergreen Plaza from the Walgreen family who lived nearby in Beverly, Chicago   The Evergreen Plaza operated from 1952 to 2013  It featured over 120 stores, as well as a food court  The mall closed in 2013 and became an outdoor shopping center  Anchors include Whole Foods Market, and Burlington Coat Factory 

History
In 1936, developer Arthur Rubloff conceived a shopping mall in the Evergreen Park area located between the corners of W 95th Street and Western Ave, 98th Street and Western Ave , 98th Street slightly west of Campbell Ave , 96th Street and Campbell Ave , and 95th and Campbell Ave  Opened to the public in August 1952, the mall was originally an 500,000-square-foot (46,000 m2) open-air shopping center anchored by The Fair Store, Lytton's, Barnett's, and Walgreens  The center also contained a Jewel supermarket, which featured a conveyor belt that carried groceries from the store to a parking lot kiosk  The mall's Walgreens was the second self-service Walgreen pharmacy in the chain; it was also the chain's first location in a shopping center 
Evergreen Plaza was regarded by some sources as the first regional mall in the United States  Chas  A  Stevens added a store in 1962, Carson Pirie Scott was added as another anchor  Also, The Fair Store was converted to Montgomery Ward in April, 1964  In 1966, the mall was enclosed, becoming an indoor mall Circuit City came in the early 1990s, replacing a Silo electronics store that was formerly in this space Montgomery Ward closed its four-story store in 2001 as the chain declared bankruptcy  Shortly afterward, Village of Evergreen Park officials submitted proposals for Target to open in the former Wards; however, these deals fell through  Discount chain National Wholesale Liquidators opened in 2005, occupying two levels of the four-level anchor slot once occupied by Montgomery Ward until it closed in 2008  Walgreens closed in 2005, moving to a newer store about a mile away, and was replaced with an Office Depot  Circuit City also closed in mid-2005 
The movie theater, which had been converted to a triplex in 1977 and quadplex in 1983, closed in 1999  Office Depot closed its Evergreen Park location in 2008, along with many other small retail shops over the last few years  Following 2008, the mall began to gradually diminish as patronage numbers decreased, leading to the chronic closure of many of the original stores  Many businesses that had opened in more recent years had shorter longevity  Planet Fitness signed a 10-year lease to reside in the Plaza in 2011 in the original Walgreens space and began operation in January 2012 
The mall was scheduled for demolition in July 2013, to be replaced by an outdoor shopping center (which the Plaza once was during its first 14 years)  However, the building was not demolished and more proposals and rumors started floating around  Two development companies, Debartolo LLC, based in Tampa, and Lormax Stern, a developer from a Detroit suburb, came together to reach a deal to demolish the existing property to build a new outdoor mall that will feature 30-40 brand new stores including Burlington and Whole Foods  Applebee's and Planet Fitness are staying, while Enterprise Rent-A-Car left  Demolition began in May 2015 and continued until the fall of 2017  Carson's opened a brand-new store in September 2016, replacing the older store that was later demolished  The shopping center opened in Fall of 2017  On April 18, 2018, Carson's parent company The Bon-Ton Stores, announced that they will close all Carson's locations, including the Evergreen Plaza location following their bankruptcy  However, on Black Friday 2018, CSC Generation, Carson's new owner, reopened the location  On August 11, 2020, it was announced that Carson's would be closing again in October 2020  On June 16, 2022, it was announced that Macy's would be opening in the former Carson's space  The first floor will hold Market by Macy's and the second floor will hold Macy's Backstage 

Evergreen Theater
On June 26, 1964, Evergreen Theater was added in a separate building, located on the mall's south end  It first opened with two screens and sat upon the parking lot by 98th Street and Western Ave   Later, two more screens were added  Even later, two more screens were added, bringing the total up to six   In 1973, the manager was shot and killed during a robbery; other incidents occurred which led to its closure in July 1999  In 2003 the venue was torn down, along with the parking garage, on the west corner of the mall for landscaped parking, and parking entrances were widened  That same year, an Applebee's opened on an outparcel 
Passage 7:
The Crossings at Northwest
The Crossings at Northwest is a mixed-use commercial center containing 400,000 SF of retail and 500,000 SF of office uses located in St  Ann, a suburb of St  Louis, Missouri, United States  It was redeveloped from the old Northwest Plaza  The former mall comprised nearly 1,770,000 square feet (164,438 4 m2) of gross leasable area, making it the 27th largest mall in the United States according to the International Council of Shopping Centers prior to its closure  With a total of 1 9 million square feet (180,000 m2) of enclosed space, it was the largest enclosed mall in the state of Missouri  The mall featured nine anchor stores and more than 210 stores at its peak 

History
Beginning
Northwest Plaza opened in 1965 as an open-air shopping center comprising 1,600,000 square feet of retail space  The developers were Louis Zorensky, Milton Zorensky and Saul Brodsky   At the time the mall opened, it was the largest mall in the world  It was anchored by Famous-Barr, JCPenney, and Sears  Junior anchors included local department stores Vandervoort's (opened in 1965) and Boyd's (an upscale apparel store), a Walgreens pharmacy, and a two-story Woolworth dime store  The Famous-Barr (later Macy's) store also featured a rotunda  In 1969, a 12-story 194,000 sq ft (18,000 m2) adjacent office tower was added to the mall  Stix Baer & Fuller later joined the center between 1971 and 1983  When Vandervoort's closed, its building was leased by Famous-Barr to use as its home fashions store while the basement was leased to Venture Stores for office space  Dillard's acquired and re-branded all Stix, Baer & Fuller stores in 1984 including the River Roads Mall location in North St  Louis County 

Paramount
Paramount enclosed and expanded the mall in 1989, adding more than 200,000 square feet (18,580 6 m2) of retail space in the process  The enclosed space contained nearly 2 million square feet (190,000 m2), making it one of the largest malls in the country  The biggest change was remodeling the Famous-Barr home store/Venture office space into a mixed-use complex  A 40,000 square foot (3,716 1 m2) Tilt! arcade, including an 18-hole miniature golf course, was opened in the basement, the main level became a 12-bay food court, and a 9-screen movie theater was added on the upper level, replacing a freestanding cinema complex in the mall's parking lot  Kids "R" Us was also added shortly after the mall's enclosure, and the large Woolworth store was shuttered in early 1989 when the mall terminated its lease  Phar-Mor and Oshman's Sporting Goods were added in the early 1990s  In 1993 Phar-Mor closed due to a corporate scandal that threw the company into bankruptcy  After a mid-1990s lull with occupancy dropping to 86%, an unorthodox approach revived the struggling mall increasing occupancy to 96%  Office supply store chain OfficeMax opened one of its first mall-based location at Northwest Plaza in 1997  Also, opening in 1997 was the area's first Dick Clark's American Bandstand Grill 

Westfield
Northwest Plaza was acquired in late 1997 by the Westfield Group for $111 million, who renamed the mall "Westfield Shoppingtown Northwest" (later shortened to "Westfield Northwest" in June 2005) to match the nomenclature of other malls in their portfolio  Under Westfield's tenure, the mall opened many new stores  Burlington Coat Factory moved into the former Oshman's, Schweig Engel Furniture moved into the old Phar-Mor, and many other stores: American Eagle Outfitters, and Bath & Body Works opened  Gap, which had closed in 1996, returned to the mall  By 1999, the occupancy rate had increased to 98%  Additional plans for renovation were made by Westfield Corporation, but these plans never got beyond the addition of family restroom and a children's play area   Around this time, Westfield instead focused more on driving customer business to other area malls such as West County Center in Des Peres and Mid Rivers Mall in St  Peters, in turn neglecting Northwest Plaza, along with its redevelopment and upkeep  The first major vacancy at Northwest Plaza was JCPenney in 2002  Northwest Plaza had the second lowest occupancy rate of a Westfield mall, which was just 79% at year-end 2004 

Somera
After years of continued decline, Westfield Corporation sold the mall in June 2006 to Somera Capital Management, LLC  After having bought the mall for $45 million, with General Growth Properties acting as third-party leasing and management agent, the mall's name reverted to Northwest Plaza  As per the Federated Stores/May Co  merger, Famous-Barr was re-branded as Macy's  Later in 2007, the Tilt closed for good Somera unveiled a redevelopment plan in which the mall would become Lindbergh Town Center  In the plan, a small part of the Macy's hallway plus the former Kids "R" Us would be turned into a lifestyle center  The Dillard's and the hallway between it and Sears would become a new anchor, plus the old food court/theater/Tilt would revert to an anchor  The remaining mall was to be renovated to feature a new "picnic inspired" food court (on the upper level of the former Woolworth's), new flooring, new paint, new skylights, a "Secret Garden" themed play area, and a feature coffee kiosk  After the foreclosure of Northwest Plaza in September 2009, Somera was no longer associated with the property 

Crime
After the expansion of Northwest Plaza, the mall developed a reputation for crime  Part of this was because of multiple fatal shootings that occurred at the mall  The first fatality was in 1990  There was a second shooting in 1994 inside the Famous-Barr store, which resulted in the death of a teenager  In 2006, the third shooting involved an off-duty police officer who fatally shot a man inside the mall 

Damage
The mall suffered from a leaking roof  Also, crumbling floor tiles in the north court caused by the leaking roof between the former Sears and Dillard’s required it to be blocked off from foot traffic  The Tilt! arcade's 18-hole miniature golf course left behind after it closed was damaged beyond repair by vandalism, and subsequently the basement area was walled off  The food court which used to contain a 12-bay court, as well as the 9-screen cinema were also both walled off due to the extensive water damage 

Decline
The anchor stores once included (even as of 2008) Famous-Barr (later Macy's), Steve & Barry's, Dillard's and Sears  Other anchors at one time included JCPenney and Burlington Coat Factory  Junior anchors included the Wehrenburg Northwest Plaza 9 screen cinema, Tilt! arcade, Office Max as well as Schweig Engel Furniture and Toys "R" Us (built on part of the mall's massive parking lot) 
Northwest Plaza's highest grossing sales year was 2001  The early 2000s recession caused a small decline in the number of stores occupying Northwest Plaza  A rapid decline began in 2004, due to the increased competition from St  Louis Mills mall, which opened only 4 miles (6 4 km) away from Northwest Plaza  At the same time, the mall was suffering from lack of upkeep by then current owner Westfield  The mall's roof was examined under their ownership, and determined it needed to be replaced, among other things  Rather than the expensive rehabilitation of the mall, Westfield concluded it would not be cost effective, and decided to sell the mall entirely  When it was sold in 2006, Northwest Plaza had an occupancy rate of just 64%  Business continued to decline and when the late 2000s recession hit, most of the remaining stores vacated the mall  It was considered a dead mall by 2009 JCPenney was the first anchor store to close in 2002  OfficeMax was the second to leave the mall, and remaining vacant for eighteen months before being replaced by 24 Hour Fitness  Burlington Coat Factory then left to move to St  Louis Mills mall, but it was soon rented out to Ford Motor Company  Schweig Engel Furniture closed in July 2004 when the company went bankrupt but it was briefly replaced with discount retailer US Factory Outlets the following spring before becoming vacant again  Furniture retailer IKEA had also planned to open a store at the mall, but later withdrew its plans  Also in 2004 there was the addition of a Retail Skills Center, which offered training and placement facilities for people seeking careers in retail, the first such center in the Midwest, and discount clothing retailer Steve & Barry's in the former JCPenney  At the time Steve & Barry's opened, it was the largest in the chain  The mall's movie theater complex closed for good in September 2005  Toys "R" Us left the mall in early 2006  The Tilt! arcade closed in the summer of 2007, moving most of their arcades to other stores, namely their newest location in St  Louis Mills, despite being rated as one of the top 3 arcades in the St Louis area in 2003  Steve & Barry's closed in 2008, a year before the company became defunct  In early 2009, Dillard's left Northwest Plaza entered foreclosure and was auctioned on September 1, 2009  The shopping center was purchased by the only bidder at foreclosure, St  Ann Shopping Center LLC, for $29 95 million  The Macy's store closed in March 2010 and the Sears store closed in July 2010, the final anchor stores to leave  The final store left in November 2010  This left the mall with no internal stores  As of January 1, 2011, Northwest Plaza's doors have been permanently locked  Public access to the building is no longer allowed, as the only stores remaining are contained in the mall's outer ring (with external entrances only) and parking lot  The office tower remains open, but with entrances to the mall blocked  The future of the mall is unknown, with the idea of a total demolition, and the entire lot renovated into an office complex is one of the main proposals 

Redevelopment efforts
In March 2010, the St  Ann Board of Aldermen voted to select G J  Grewe Development Co  of Crestwood, Missouri as the preferred re-developer of the mall  It is expected that the bulk of the mall will be torn down (although the current office tower could remain) and its 122-acre (0 49 km2) site remade as a mixed-use development with offices and some retail  The developer was expected to work with Sears, the only remaining anchor at the time, to keep its store on the site, but not necessarily at the same location  In light of the closing of the Sears store, it is unclear how this will affect the redevelopment effort  The city of St  Ann holds a purchase option on Northwest Plaza that was set to expire on December 31, 2010 There have been a number of people in the area who are calling for the redevelopment of the site, rather than having a very large empty building  Demolition of the mall is anticipated, as efforts to revive the mall have failed  The new plans call for a completely new complex  The only part of the mall expected to remain is the office tower  It is expected this new complex will contain both office buildings as well as condos As reported by the St  Louis Post-Dispatch on July 6, 2011, the distressed Northwest Plaza, with no internal stores which has an 8% overall occupancy, with the office tower less than 50%, was put up for auction online by current owner, a division of Wells Fargo for $1 25 million in an attempt to spark interest in the property  The property failed to meet expectations though, as the bidding fell short of the minimum price 

Crossings at Northwest
Northwest Plaza was purchased by NWP LLC from St Ann Shopping Center LLC for $10 million in 2012  An approval of $33 million in TIF allowed for redevelopment of the center  The $106 million redevelopment of the 122 acre site began in 2012 with demolition of 1,000,000 square feet of the 1 8 million square foot mall, renovation of the office tower, and building big box stores, restaurants, and other outlot development  The demolition and completion of the project occurred in spring 2015 The redeveloped property is named The Crossings At Northwest  Menards, a chain of home improvement stores in the Midwest, was announced as the first large retail tenant   The conceptual site plan calls for an additional 89,600 SF second anchor, two 30,000 SF Jr  anchors 26,000 SF of small shop retail and 10 outlots  Menards opened in August 2015   The former Macy's Department Store has been renovated and Charter Communications opened a $16 million call center in January 2016 occupying 135,000 SF   Tenet Conifer has leased an additional 48,000 SF in the renovated office tower  Ruler Foods has opened a 10,000SF location in the development   An 80,000 SF retail strip center opened in early 2017  Current tenants include Bob's Furniture, Edge Fitness Club, and Value City Furniture   Starbucks also opened an outlot location on site in 2017   Save-A-Lot food stores announced that they would be moving their corporate headquarters to the site from Earth City   Some 450 existing jobs along with 65 new positions will occupy 162,000 SF of space   Additionally, American Family Insurance  leased 81,000 SF of space, relocating from an existing office in the Riverport area of Maryland Heights  St  Louis County leased 155,000 square feet in 2016 for a 20-year term for use as its Government Center Northwest  As of 2019, the redevelopment was home to about 4,000 jobs  In fall 2021, Discount Tire opened on the final outlot of the redevelopment  Other outlots were previosuly developed into Freddy's Frozen Custard & Steakburgers, Popeye's Panda Express, Sherwin Williams, Raising Cane's, QT, the previously mentioned Starbucks, two retail strip centers containing First Watch, Sprint, Jersey Mike's Subs, GNC, and Cricket Wireless  One outlot containing a freestanding Jack-In-The-Box dates has been in operation since prior to the closure of the original mall 
Passage 8:
Farmers Plaza
Farmers Plaza is a shopping mall located at the Araneta City in Cubao, Quezon City  Renovated and expanded in 1999 and in 2014, the five-level complex is the first ever fully first enclosed, air-conditioned mall in the Philippines, making it one of the oldest commercial buildings in the country  The mall is owned by the ACI, Inc  and offers 60,400 m2 (650,000 sq ft) of retail space, occupied mostly by various merchandise and lifestyle outlets 

History
Originally named the "Coliseum Farmers Market and Shopping Center", the mall was constructed in 1968, and opened its doors in 1969, nine years after the opening of the Araneta Coliseum  The mall was designed by Filipino architect Antonio Sevilla Sindiong  Sindiong, along with Fernando Hizon Ocampo (Sindiong/Ocampo), were also responsible for the architectural designs of Ali Mall, located along P  Tuazon Boulevard  The mall is known as the first air-conditioned mall in the country and hosted numerous commercial establishments, including the Farmers Market, as one of the original tenants of the building  The market occupied the building's lower ground floor since its opening, until in 1975, when the market was moved to its new site, located across the mall  Due to the mall's location to various entertainment facilities and department stores, the mall also complemented with various buildings such as Ali Mall, located two blocks away, and made Cubao a bustling shopping hub throughout its time, and entered stiff competition to malls such as Harrison Plaza, the first mall in the country to include a department store within the building; Greenhills Shopping Center, and other shopping districts such as the Makati Central Business District and the areas of Binondo and Quiapo in Manila In 1985, the mall encountered a fire that destroyed many parts of the building  Three years later, the mall was rebranded and renamed as the "New Farmers Plaza Shopping Center", also known as "New Farmers Plaza", after being delayed within the construction phase following the political uncertainties within the 1986 People Power Revolution and the coups made by Reform the Armed Forces Movement and Marcos Loyalists in the following months after the revolution  The mall also faced its second renovation project in 1990 and was completed in 1991  In early 1991, a stampede in Cinema 2 was caused by a 31-year-old shouting "fire" during a screening of My Pretty Baby, injuring 20 people Following the construction of the Araneta Center-Cubao MRT Station located adjacent to the mall, the mall entered its third renovation in 1999 and was completed in 2001, where the western portions of the mall were renovated, and connect the mall to the adjacent MRT Station  The mall became the first property within the Araneta Center to be renovated as part of the Araneta Center Master Plan  The mall entered its fourth renovation project in 2012, and was completed in 2014, featuring a new and modernized facade and interiors, upgraded facilities and amenities, and enhanced security systems 

Location and transportation
The mall is directly linked to the Line 3 Araneta Center-Cubao station, and is located along one of Metro Manila’s busiest thoroughfare, EDSA  The mall is also directly connected to the Smart Araneta Coliseum, the Gateway Mall, the Gateway Tower, and the upcoming New Gateway Mall and the Ibis Styles Araneta City  The mall is also located close to the Araneta Center–Cubao LRT Station, the New Frontier Theater, the Manhattan Gardens complex, the Araneta City Cyberpark, the Aurora Tower, the SM Cubao, and Ali Mall  The mall is also used as a terminal for UV Express vehicles 

Features
The mall consists of 5-levels and has 60,400 m2 (650,000 sq ft) of retail spaces, and is occupied by a mix of international and local shops; lifestyle, electronic, and merchandising shops; dining outlets and entertainment facilities  The mall also has 100 outdoor parking slots, and features 193 stores anchored by Robinsons Easymart (formerly Wellcome), Handyman, Mercury Drug, Bench, National Book Store, Penshoppe and other shops  The mall also features a Food Court (Food Plaza) and an activity area atrium, where public events, sales and concerts were held, both located at the Lower Ground Floor; and the Farmers Plaza Bazaar, an indoor bazaar, featuring fashion, electronics, and food stores, located at the 4th floor 

Gallery
Passage 9:
Alsa Mall
Alsa Mall is a shopping mall on Montieth Road in the neighbourhood of Egmore in Chennai, India  Established in the mid-1980s, along with the Spencer Plaza, it is one of the oldest surviving malls in the city  Alsa Mall has a variety of shops in and around it  It is also considered to be a hangout location for youngsters during evening owing to the variety of street food vendors who hold business in the mall 

History
Alsa Mall was a private property before it was converted into a mall  Along with the Spencer Plaza, it remained one of the premier shopping malls in the city until the 2000s, when numerous malls began to appear across the city  In 2013, the mall became the first mall to host the state-owned Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation's (Tasmac) first premium alcoholic beverages outlet 

See also
Shopping in Chennai
Passage 10:
Spencer Plaza
Spencer Plaza (Tamil: ஸ்பென்சர் பிளாசா) is a shopping mall located on Anna Salai in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, and is one of the  modern landmarks of the city  Originally built during the period of the British Raj and reconstructed in 1985 on the site of the original Spencer's department store, it is the oldest shopping mall in India and was one of the biggest shopping malls in South Asia when it was built  It is one of the earliest Grade A commercial projects of the city, which were developed in the second half of the 1990s  As of March 2010, it is the 11th largest mall in the country, with a gross leasable (retail) area of 530,000 sq ft 

History
Spencer Plaza was built in 1863–1864, established by Charles Durant and J  W  Spencer in Anna Salai, then known as Mount Road, in the Madras Presidency  The property originally belonged to Spencer & Co Ltd  Spencer & Co opened the first department store in the Indian subcontinent in 1895  It had over 80 individual departments  After a few years, Eugene Oakshott, owner of Spencer's, shifted the department store to a new building, which was an example of Indo-Saracenic style of architecture  The building was designed by W  N  Pogson  In 1983, the original building was destroyed in a fire 
The present Spencer Plaza was constructed on the same site, measuring about 10 acres, and was opened in 1991  Spread across a million square feet built in three phases with parking space for 800 cars, the plaza is a major hangout for the people of Chennai  The mall was developed by Mangal Tirth Estate Limited in January 1993 

Building
The plaza is an eight-storey shopping-cum-office complex of approximately 1 068 million sq ft, consisting of nearly 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2) of air-conditioned shopping units and 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) of office units  The shopping arcade is located on the ground, first and second floors in all three phases, and the office units are spread between the fourth and the seventh floors  The car parks are spread over the basement, ground, second and third floors, in addition to double basement parking lots in the third phase of the building The first phase of the building consists of about 300,000 sq ft, including about 125,000 sq ft of centrally air-conditioned shopping space and 100,000 sq ft of office units together with about 75,000 sq ft of service areas  The second phase consists of about 400,000 sq ft, with a provision for about 600 cars at the basement, with shops with various sizes ranging from 300 sq ft to 2,000 sq ft  The third phase covers another 300,000 sq ft  The theme of the third phase is based on colonnaded structure recreating the old Spencer's around a full-height atrium There are over 700 shops in the plaza and over 22,000 people visit the plaza every day, with the number increasing to 40,000 on weekends and to 60,000 on festival days  The complex has three counters to keep track of footfalls  Over 20,000 two-wheelers check into the parking lot on weekends 

Technical and safety aspects
Being a high-rise building, the complex has a wet riser system and electronic fire alarm system installed  The underground sump has a storage capacity of 100,000 litres (22,000 imp gal; 26,000 US gal)  A ring main surrounds the building from the pump room  Five wet risers run from basement to the second floor and three run from the fourth floor to the seventh floor  These risers are located at strategic points in each floor  The pump room has three pumps, one jockey pump, one main pump with an electric motor and one main pump connected with a diesel engine  The electronic fire detection system comprises smoke detectors and manual call points located in various points in common areas in all floors, sub-stations, electrical rooms, A/C plant and so forth, which are connected to a centralised computer located at the enclosures of the chief security officer  There are also many portable fire extinguishers at each floor in different locations  The rear periphery of the building has fire escape stairs, with fire escape routes displayed with signboards at various points of the building  The car ramps can also be used as fire escape routes  The building has two entrances, one from Binny Road and another from Anna Salai, for fire engines Fire safety includes a water capacity of 1 2 million litres, fire sprinklers, smoke and heat detection systems and fire extinguishers  The in-house fire department has six firemen per shift 

Shops
The mall hosts major anchor stores such as Westside (spread across 20,000 sq ft) and Landmark (40,000 sq ft), and several local and international brands such as Nike, Adidas, Bata, Regal, Health & Glow, Vummidiars, Van Heusen, Proline, Allen Solly, Florshaim shoes, Lipton, Louis Philippe, Titan, Levi's, Casio, V I P  Luggage, Spencer & Co (40,000 sq ft on the ground, first and second floors), Timex Watch Showroom, Swatch, Cookie Man, BPL (Profx), Color Plus, Navigator, Witco, Pantaloons (26,000 sq ft), Arrow, Lee, Music World (now closed), Food World, HSBC, ABN AMRO, American Express, Citibank (65,000 sq ft in second and third phases), First Flight and Du Bowl (16,000 sq ft)  McDonald's, the world's largest fast food chain, has established an outlet 

On 26 February 2004, the Sri Lanka Export Development Board (SLEDB) established a trade centre at the complex at a cost of ₹17 million  The Sri Lanka Trade Centre is spread over 20,000 sq ft on the first floor at the third phase of the building  Seventeen frontline Sri Lankan companies display apparel, artificial flowers, confectionaries, footwear and leather products, gems and jewellery, herbal products, light engineering products, porcelain, tableware, Ceylon tea and toys 

Incidents
On 4 September 2008, a fire erupted on the first floor of the building's first phase around 10:20 p m  local time, perhaps due to a short circuit  A garment shop was burned in the incident  With the help of 12 water tenders and 9 fire tenders, the fire was extinguished within 30 minutes, and no casualties were reported  The firemen had easy access to the spot, mainly due to the setback space available inside the building 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Charles Haughey
Charles James Haughey (; 16 September 1925 – 13 June 2006) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Taoiseach on three occasions – 1979 to 1981, March to December 1982 and 1987 to 1992  Haughey led four governments while serving as Taoiseach; December 1979 to June 1981, March to December 1982, March 1987 to June 1989, and June 1989 to February 1992  He was also Minister for the Gaeltacht from 1987 to 1992, Leader of the Opposition from 1981 to 1982 and 1982 to 1987, Leader of Fianna Fáil from 1979 to 1992, Minister for Social Welfare and for Health from 1977 to 1979, Minister for Finance from 1966 to 1970, Minister for Agriculture from 1964 to 1966, Minister for Justice from 1961 to 1964 and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Justice from 1959 to 1961  He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1957 to 1992 Haughey was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil TD in 1957 and was re-elected at every election until 1992, representing successively the Dublin North-East, Dublin Artane and Dublin North-Central constituencies 
Haughey was the dominant Irish politician of his generation, as well as the most controversial  Upon entering government in the early 1960s, Haughey became the symbol of a new vanguard of Irish Ministers  As Taoiseach, he is credited by some economists with starting the positive transformation of the economy in the late 1980s  However, his career was also marked by several major scandals  Haughey was implicated in the Arms Crisis of 1970, which nearly destroyed his career  His political reputation revived, his tenure as Taoiseach was then damaged by the sensational GUBU Affair in 1982; his party leadership was challenged four times, each time unsuccessfully, earning Haughey the nickname "The Great Houdini"  Revelations about his role in a phone tapping scandal forced him to resign as Taoiseach and retire from politics in 1992 
After Haughey's retirement from politics, further revelations of corruption, embezzlement, tax evasion and a 27-year extra-marital affair tarnished his already chequered reputation  He died of prostate cancer in 2006, aged 80 

Early life
He was born in Castlebar, County Mayo in 1925, the third of seven children, of Seán Haughey and Sarah McWilliams, both natives of Swatragh, County Londonderry   Haughey's father was in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence, then in the National Army of the Irish Free State  Seán Haughey left the army in 1928 and the family moved to County Meath; he subsequently developed multiple sclerosis and the family moved again to Donnycarney, a northern suburb of Dublin, where Charles Haughey spent his youth Haughey was educated by the Irish Christian Brothers at St Joseph's secondary school in Fairview, where one of his classmates was George Colley, subsequently his cabinet colleague and rival in Fianna Fáil  In his youth he was an active amateur sportsman, playing Gaelic football with the Parnells GAA Club in Donnycarney; he won a Dublin Senior Football Championship medal in 1945  Haughey studied commerce at University College Dublin (UCD), where he took a first class Honours degree in 1946  It was at UCD that Haughey became increasingly interested in politics and was elected Auditor of the Commerce & Economics Society  He also met there one of his future political rivals, Garret FitzGerald He joined the Local Defence Force during "The Emergency" in 1941 and considered a permanent career in the Army  He continued to serve in the reserve FCÁ force, until entering Dáil Éireann in 1957 On VE-day Haughey and other UCD students burnt the British Union Jack on College Green, outside Trinity College Dublin, in response to a perceived disrespect afforded the Irish tricolour among the flags hung by the college in celebration of the Allied victory which ended World War II 
Haughey qualified as a chartered accountant and also attended King's Inns  He was subsequently called to the Irish Bar  Shortly afterwards, he set up the accountancy firm of Haughey, Boland & Company with Harry Boland, son of Fianna Fáil Minister Gerald Boland 
On 18 September 1951, he married Maureen Lemass, the daughter of the Fianna Fáil Minister and future Taoiseach Seán Lemass, having been close to her since their days at UCD, where they first met  They had four children together: Eimear, Conor, Ciarán and Seán After selling his house in Raheny in 1969, Haughey bought Abbeville and its estate of approximately 250 acres (100 ha), located at Kinsealy, north County Dublin   This historic house, once owned by Anglo-Irish politician John Beresford, had been extensively re-designed by the architect James Gandon in the late 18th century and it became the Haughey family home, where he lived for the rest of his life  This marked the beginning of a long period when Haughey's spending was well beyond his apparent income level  For the rest of his life Haughey would refuse to say where the extra money came from 

Early political career
He started his political career as a local councillor, being a member of Dublin Corporation from 1953 to 1955  Haughey's first attempt at election to Dáil Éireann came in June 1951, when he unsuccessfully contested the general election  While living in Raheny, Haughey was first elected to the Dáil as a Fianna Fáil TD at the 1957 general election for the Dublin North-East constituency; it was his fourth attempt 
Haughey was re-elected in every election until 1992, representing Dublin North-East from 1957 to 1977, Dublin Artane from 1977 to 1981, and Dublin North-Central from 1981 until his retirement in 1992 (moving constituencies in line with boundary changes) 
In 1959, Haughey obtained his first government position, that of Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Justice, serving under his constituency colleague Oscar Traynor, appointed by the first government of his father-in-law Seán Lemass  It is unclear whether the choice was made by Lemass directly as Taoiseach, or by the cabinet against his wishes  Lemass had advised Haughey;

As Taoiseach it is my duty to offer you the post of parliamentary secretary, and as your father-in-law I am advising you not to take it 
Haughey ignored Lemass's advice and accepted the offer  Although officially junior to Traynor, Haughey was the de facto minister, as Traynor, a minister in governments since the 1930s, was elderly and in poor health, and only nominally running the department  Haughey and Traynor clashed openly Haughey came to epitomise the new style of politician – the "men in the mohair suits"  He regularly socialised with other younger cabinet colleagues, such as Donogh O'Malley and Brian Lenihan 
By day he impressed the Dáil  By night he basked in the admiration of a fashionable audience in the Russell Hotel  There, or in Dublin's more expensive restaurants, the company included artists, musicians and entertainers, professionals, builders and business people 
His companions, Lenihan and O'Malley, took mischievous delight in entertaining the Russell with tales of the Old Guard  O'Malley in turn entertained the company in Limerick's Brazen Head or Cruise's Hotel with accounts of the crowd in the Russell  On the wings of such tales Haughey's reputation spread 
Haughey's status by 1961 was such that Leader of the Opposition James Dillon complimented him lavishly on the floor of the Dáil, remarking on his opponent's "skill with which he has had recourse to his brief," as well as his "extraordinary erudition" and "his exceptional and outstanding ability "

Ministerial office
Minister for Justice
When Traynor retired in 1961, Haughey succeeded him as Minister for Justice  As such, he initiated an extensive scale of legislative reforms  He introduced new legislation including the Adoption Act; the Succession Act, which protected the inheritance rights of wives and children; the Criminal Justice Act, which severely restricted the application of capital punishment; and the Extradition Act, which virtually prevented extradition for IRA offences  Haughey also introduced the Special Military Courts which helped to defeat the Irish Republican Army's Border Campaign 

Minister for Agriculture: 1966 Farmers' Strike
In 1964, Lemass appointed Haughey as Minister for Agriculture  Criticism was voiced from the National Farmers Association (NFA) of the appointment of a non-rural person to the position, and there was increased antagonism from farmers towards the government  Haughey became embroiled in a series of controversies with the NFA and with another organisation, the Irish Creamery Milk Suppliers Association (ICMSA)  Twenty-seven ICMSA picketers outside Leinster House, were arrested on 27 April 1966 under the Offences Against the State Act, an act originally intended for use against the IRA  78 were arrested the following day, and 80 a day later as the dispute escalated  The general public was supportive of the farmers, who were not in a position to hold a strike to air their grievances, and who were clearly only posing a problem to the Minister, rather than the state  The farmers then began a national solidarity campaign, and even farmers who supported Fianna Fáil turned against the government  Haughey, who did not rely on rural voters, was under intense pressure from fearful members of his own party to negotiate a deal and reduce the tension  It was Haughey's first alienation of a significant voting block, and probably damaged him electorally in later years as many farmers remembered the events, known in folk memory as the "Farmers' Strike" 

Minister for Finance and 1966 presidential election
Haughey was appointed by Fianna Fáil to run President Éamon de Valera's re-election campaign for the 1966 presidential election  His interventions proved highly controversial  Fine Gael chose a comparatively young TD and barrister, Tom O'Higgins (nephew of Kevin O'Higgins), to run against de Valera  Aware that de Valera's age (84) and almost total blindness might compare unfavourably to O'Higgins, whose campaign drew comparisons with the equally youthful US President John F  Kennedy, Haughey launched what was seen as a political stroke  He insisted that it was beneath the presidency to actively campaign, meaning that de Valera would have a low profile  Therefore, in the interests of fairness the media was asked to give O'Higgins an equally low profile, ignoring his speeches and publicity campaign  The print media, both nationally and locally, ignored Haughey's suggestion  But the state-run Raidió Teilifís Éireann, facing criticism from Lemass' government for being too radical in other areas, agreed and largely ignored the O'Higgins campaign 
De Valera got a high media profile from a different source, the fiftieth anniversary commemoration of the Easter Rising, of which he was the most senior survivor  While O'Higgins's campaign was ignored by RTÉ, de Valera appeared in RTÉ coverage of the Rising events regularly  To add further to de Valera's campaign, Haughey as Agriculture Minister arranged for milk price increases to be given to farmers on the eve of polling, as a way of reducing farmer disquiet after they had effectively become an opposition movement to the government 
These tactics should have ensured an easy de Valera victory  Instead O'Higgins came within less than one percent of winning the vote, with de Valera re-elected by a narrow margin of ten thousand votes out of a total of nearly one million  De Valera came to distrust Haughey; Frank Aiken, Minister for Foreign Affairs under de Valera and his lifelong political confidant, dismissed Haughey's political motives as being entirely selfish, and believed he was motivated to hold power for its own sake and not duty 
In 1966, the Taoiseach Seán Lemass retired  Haughey declared his candidature to succeed Lemass in the consequent leadership election, and George Colley and Neil Blaney did likewise  As this meant that there were three strong candidates who held strong and divisive views on the future of the party, the party elders sought to find a compromise candidate  Lemass himself encouraged his Minister for Finance Jack Lynch, to contest the party leadership, and encouraged Colley, Haughey and Blaney to withdraw in favour of Lynch, arguing that they would not win a contest against him  However, Colley refused the Taoiseach's request and insisted on remaining in the race, but he was defeated by Lynch  Upon Lynch's election as Taoiseach, Haughey was appointed Minister for Finance by Lynch, in a cabinet reshuffle, which indicated that Haughey's withdrawal was a gain at the expense of Colley  The inexpensive and socially inclusive initiatives that Haughey made caught the public imagination; these included popular decisions to introduce free travel on public transport for pensioners, subsidise electricity for pensioners, the granting of special tax concessions for the disabled and tax exemptions for artists  They increased Haughey's populist appeal and his support from certain elements in the media and artistic community 
As Minister for Finance, Haughey on two occasions arranged foreign currency loans for the government which he then arranged to be left on deposit in foreign countries (Germany and the United States), in the local currencies, instead of immediately changing the loans to Irish pounds and depositing them in the exchequer  These actions were unconstitutional, because it effectively meant that the Minister for Finance was making a currency speculation against his own currency  When this was challenged by the Comptroller and Auditor General Eugene Francis Suttle, Haughey introduced a law to retrospectively legalise his actions  The debate was very short and the record shows no understanding of the issue by the Opposition Spokesperson for Finance, O'Higgins for Fine Gael and Tully for Labour  The legislation was passed on 26 November 1969 

Arms crisis
The late 1960s saw the old tensions boil over into an eruption of violence in Northern Ireland  Haughey was generally seen as coming from the pragmatist wing of the party, and was not believed to have strong opinions on the matter, despite having family links with Derry  Indeed, many presumed that he had a strong antipathy to physical force Irish republicanism; during his period as Minister for Justice he had followed a tough anti-IRA line, including using internment without trial against the IRA  The hawks in the cabinet were seen as Kevin Boland and Neil Blaney, both sons of founding fathers in the party with strong Old IRA pasts  Blaney was also a TD for Donegal; a staunchly Republican area which bordered Derry  They were opposed by those described as the "doves" of the cabinet; Tánaiste Erskine Childers, George Colley and Patrick Hillery  A fund of £100,000 was set up to give to the Nationalist people in the form of aid  Haughey, as Finance Minister would have a central role in the management of this fund 
There was general surprise when, in an incident known as the Arms Crisis, Haughey, along with Blaney, was sacked from Lynch's cabinet amid allegations of the use of the funds to import arms for use by the IRA  The Garda Special Branch informed the Minister for Justice Mícheál Ó Móráin and Taoiseach Jack Lynch that a plot to import arms existed and included government members, however Lynch took no action until the Special Branch made Leader of the Opposition Liam Cosgrave aware of the plot  Cosgrave told Lynch he knew of the plot and would announce it in the Dáil the next day if he didn't act  Lynch subsequently requested Haughey and Blaney to resign from cabinet  Both men refused, saying they did nothing illegal  Lynch then asked President de Valera to terminate their appointments as members of the government, a request that de Valera was required to grant by convention  Boland resigned in sympathy, while Mícheál Ó Móráin was dismissed one day earlier in a preemptive strike to ensure a subservient Minister for Justice was in place when the crisis broke  Lynch chose government chief whip Desmond O'Malley for the role  Haughey and Blaney were subsequently tried in court along with an army Officer, Captain James Kelly, and Albert Luykx, a former Flemish National Socialist and businessman, who allegedly used his contacts to buy the arms  After trial all the accused were acquitted but many refused to recognise the verdict of the courts  Although cleared of wrongdoing, it looked as if Haughey's political career was finished  Blaney and Boland eventually resigned from Fianna Fáil but Haughey remained  He spent his years on the backbenches – the wilderness years – building support within the grassroots of the party; during this time, he remained loyal to the party and served the leader, but after the debacle of the "arms crises" neither man trusted the other 

Leadership years
Opposition to Jack Lynch
In 1975, Fianna Fáil was in opposition and Haughey had achieved enough grassroots support to warrant a recall to Jack Lynch's opposition front bench  Haughey was appointed Spokesman on Health and Social Welfare, a fairly minor portfolio at the time, but Haughey used the same imagination and skill he displayed in other positions to formulate innovative and far reaching policies  Two years later in 1977, Fianna Fáil returned to power with a massive parliamentary majority in Dáil Éireann, having had a very populist campaign (spearhead by Colley and O'Malley) to abolish rates, vehicle tax and other extraordinary concessions, which were short-lived  Haughey returned to the cabinet, after an absence of seven years, as Minister for Health and Social Welfare 
In this position he continued the progressive policies he had shown earlier by, among others, beginning the first government anti-smoking campaigns and legalising contraception, previously banned  Following the finding by the Supreme Court of Ireland, in McGee v The Attorney General, that there was a constitutional right to use contraceptives, he introduced The Family Planning Bill which proved to be highly controversial  The bill allowed a pharmacist to sell contraceptives on presentation of a medical prescription  Haughey called this bill "an Irish solution to an Irish problem"  It is often stated that the recipient of the prescription had to be married, but the legislation did not include this requirement 
The fallout from the giveaway concessions that had re-elected the government under Lynch, led to a succession race to succeed Lynch  As well as this a group of backbenchers began to lobby in support of Haughey  This group, known as the "gang of five," consisted of Jackie Fahey, Tom McEllistrim, Seán Doherty, Mark Killilea Jnr and Albert Reynolds  Haughey was also helped by the TD Síle de Valera  The granddaughter of Éamon de Valera, she was highly critical of Jack Lynch's policy regards to Northern Ireland  In a speech at the Liam Lynch commemoration at Fermoy on 9 September, de Valera made a series of thinly veiled attacks on Lynch  Although Lynch quickly tried to impose party discipline, attempting to discipline her for opposing party policy at a parliamentary party meeting held at the 28th, de Valera correctly pointed out that she had not opposed the party policy regarding Northern Ireland which called for the declaration of the British intent to withdraw from Northern Ireland  Lynch left for a trip to the United States on 7 November  On the same day the government lost two by-elections to Fine Gael in Cork and in Cork North-East  During the trip Lynch claimed in an interview with The Washington Post that a five-kilometer air corridor between the border was agreed upon during the meeting with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, to enhance security co-operation  This was something highly unsavoury to many in Fianna Fáil  When Lynch returned he was questioned on this by a Clare backbencher Bill Loughnane, along with Tom McEllistrim at a parliamentary party meeting  Lynch stated that the British did not have permission to overfly the border  Afterwards Loughnane went public with the details of the meeting and accused Lynch of deliberately misleading the party  An attempt to remove the whip from Loughnane failed  At this stage Lynch's position had become untenable, with supporters of Haughey and George Colley caucusing opinion within the party 
In December 1979, Lynch announced his resignation as Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil  The leadership contest that resulted was a two-horse race between Haughey and the Tánaiste, George Colley  Colley had the support of the entire cabinet, with the exception of Michael O'Kennedy, and felt that this popularity would be reflected within the parliamentary party as a whole 
Haughey on the other hand was distrusted by a number of his cabinet colleagues, but was much more respected by new backbenchers who were worried about the safety of their Dáil seats  When the vote was taken Haughey emerged as the victor by a margin of 44 votes to 38, a very clear division within the party  In a conciliatory gesture, Colley was re-appointed as Tánaiste and had a veto over whom Haughey would appoint as Ministers for Justice and for Defence  This was due to his distrust of Haughey on security issues (because of the Arms Crisis)  However, he was removed from the important position of Minister for Finance 
Nonetheless, on 11 December 1979, Charles Haughey was elected Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil, almost a decade after the Arms Crisis set back his political career  In 2010, a founder of the Saatchi & Saatchi advertising firm, said that Haughey had asked for "a new image" similar to the one provided for Margaret Thatcher for the 1979 general election 

Taoiseach (1979–1981)
When Haughey came to power, the country was sinking into a deep economic crisis, following the 1979 energy crisis  Haughey effectively acted as his own Minister for Finance, ignoring the views of his Minister  One of his first functions as Taoiseach was a televised address to the nation – only the third such address in the Republic's history – in which he outlined the bleak economic picture:
I wish to talk to you this evening about the state of the nation's affairs and the picture I have to paint is not, unfortunately, a very cheerful one  The figures which are just now becoming available to us show one thing very clearly  As a community we are living away beyond our means  I don't mean that everyone in the community is living too well, clearly many are not and have barely enough to get by, but taking us all together we have been living at a rate which is simply not justified by the amount of goods and services we are producing  To make up the difference we have been borrowing enormous amounts of money, borrowing at a rate which just cannot continue  A few simple figures will make this very clear     we will just have to reorganise government spending so that we can only undertake those things we can afford…
While Haughey had identified the problem with the economy, his actions made the problem worse  He increased public spending, which soon became out of control, and led to increases in borrowing and taxation at an unacceptable level  By 1981, Haughey was still reasonably popular and decided to call a general election  However, the timing of the election was thwarted twice by external events, in particular the hunger strikes of IRA volunteers for political status  The Anti H-Block Committee announced that they would field abstentionist candidates which many predicted correctly would take Republican votes away from Fianna Fáil  This coincided with the Stardust Disaster, where a fire destroyed a night club in Haughey's constituency and claimed the lives of 48 young people; these caused Haughey to delay the Ard Fheis and the election  The poll was eventually held in June, much later than Haughey wanted  In the hope of winning an overall Dáil majority Haughey's campaign took a populist line with regard to taxation, spending and Northern Ireland  The campaign was enhanced and hyped up by a live debate on RTÉ between Haughey and the Leader of the Opposition Garret FitzGerald, of Fine Gael, over the major issues  On the day of the vote Fianna Fáil won 45 5%, failing to secure a majority in the 166-seat Dáil  A Fine Gael–Labour Party coalition came to power, under FitzGerald and Haughey went into opposition 
Within days of his becoming Taoiseach, Allied Irish Banks forgave Haughey £400,000 of a £1,000,000 debt  No reason was given for this  The Economist obituary on Haughey (24 June 2006) asserted that he had warned the bank "I can be a very troublesome adversary" 

Opposition (1981–1982)
FitzGerald's government lasted until January 1982, when it collapsed due to a controversial budget which proposed the application of Value Added Tax to children's shoes, previously exempt  FitzGerald, no longer having a majority in the Dáil, went to Áras an Uachtaráin, to advise President Hillery to dissolve the Dáil and call a general election  However, the night the government collapsed the Fianna Fáil Front Bench issued a statement encouraging the President not to grant the dissolution and to allow Fianna Fáil to form a government  Phone calls were also made to the President by Brian Lenihan  Haughey, on attempting to contact his former colleague, the President, and on failing to be put through to him, was reported to have threatened the president's aide de camp by telling him that he would be Taoiseach one day and when that happened, "I intend to roast your fucking arse if you don't put me through immediately"  Hillery considered such pressure to be gross misconduct, and granted the dissolution 
A biography of Hillery blames Haughey for the sex scandal rumours which almost destroyed the presidency of Hillery in 1979 

Second term as Taoiseach (1982)
After the February 1982 election, when Haughey failed to win an overall majority again, questions were raised about his leadership  Some of Haughey's critics in the party suggested that an alternative candidate should stand as the party's nominee for Taoiseach  Desmond O'Malley emerged as the likely alternative candidate and was ready to challenge Haughey for the leadership  However, on the day of the vote O'Malley withdrew and Haughey went forward as the nominee  He engineered confidence and supply agreements with the Independent Socialist TD, Tony Gregory (in return for £100 million of investment in the Dublin North Inner City; a deal dubbed the Gregory Deal), the Independent Fianna Fáil TD Neil Blaney and three Workers' Party TDs, which saw him return as Taoiseach for a second time 
Haughey's second term was dominated by even more economic mismanagement, based on Haughey's policy of using government policy and money, in an effort to induce a sufficiently large share of the electorate to vote him his elusive 'overall majority' in the Dáil  With Haughey and his supporters taking a dangerously populist line in every area of policy, and refusing to address serious shortcomings in the performance of the state, a growing minority in his own party were becoming increasingly concerned  The issue of his leadership cropped up again when in October the backbench TD, Charlie McCreevy, put down a motion of no-confidence in Haughey  Desmond O'Malley disagreed with the timing but supported the hasty motion of no confidence all the same  O'Malley resigned from the cabinet prior to the vote as he was going to vote against Haughey  A campaign now started that was extremely vicious on the side of Haughey's supporters, with threats made to the careers of those who dissented from the leadership  After a marathon 15-hour party meeting, Haughey, who insisted on a roll-call as opposed to a secret ballot, and won the open ballot by 58 votes to 22  Not long after this, Haughey's government collapsed when the Workers' Party TD's and Tony Gregory withdrew their support for the government over a Fianna Fáil policy document called "The Way Forward," which would lead to massive spending cuts  Fianna Fáil lost the November 1982 election and FitzGerald once again returned as Taoiseach at the head of a Fine Gael-Labour coalition with a comfortable Dáil majority  Haughey found himself back in opposition 
In August 1982, the Attorney General Patrick Connolly was the subject of controversy when a man in his house was arrested for murder  At a press conference on the affair, Haughey was paraphrased as having described the affair as "grotesque, unbelievable, bizarre and unprecedented", from which journalist and former politician Conor Cruise O'Brien coined the term GUBU 

Return to opposition (1982–1987)
Haughey's leadership came under scrutiny for a third time when a report linked Haughey with the phone tapping of political journalists  In spite of huge pressure Haughey refused to resign and survived yet another vote of no-confidence in early 1983, albeit with a smaller majority  Haughey's success was partly due to the death of the Fianna Fáil TD Clement Coughlan, a supporter of O'Malley  Haughey's supporters managed to have the meeting moved to the following week after the funeral, which gave him more time to manoeuver  Having failed three times to oust Haughey, most of his critics gave up and returned to normal politics 
In May 1984, the New Ireland Forum Report was published  Haughey was involved in the drafting of this at the time he was in office and had agreed to potential scenarios for improving the political situation of Northern Ireland  However, on publication, Haughey rejected it and said the only possible solution was a United Ireland  This statement was criticised by the other leaders who forged the New-Ireland Forum, John Hume, Garret FitzGerald and Dick Spring  Desmond O'Malley supported the Forum report and criticised Haughey's ambiguous position, accusing him of stifling debate  At a Fianna Fáil Parliamentary Party meeting to discuss the report, the whip was removed from O'Malley, which meant he was no longer a Fianna Fáil TD  Ironically, when Haughey returned to power he embraced the Anglo-Irish Agreement that had developed from the New Ireland Forum Report 
In early 1985, a bill was introduced by the Fine Gael–Labour government to liberalise the sale of contraceptives in the country  Fianna Fáil in opposition opposed the bill  O'Malley supported it as a matter of principle rather than a political point to oppose for opposition's sake  On the day of the vote O'Malley spoke in the Dáil chamber stated:

But I do not believe that the interests of this State or our Constitution and of this Republic would be served by putting politics before conscience in regard to this     I stand by the Republic and accordingly, I will not oppose this Bill 
He abstained rather than vote with the government  Despite this Haughey moved against O'Malley and in February 1985, O'Malley was charged with "conduct un-becoming"  At a party meeting, even though O'Malley did not have the party whip, he was expelled from the Fianna Fáil organisation by 73 votes to 9 in roll-call vote  With George Colley dead, O'Malley expelled and other critics silenced, Haughey was finally in full control of Fianna Fáil 
O'Malley decided to form a new political party and 21 December 1985, Desmond O'Malley announced the formation of the Progressive Democrats  Several Fianna Fáil TDs joined including Mary Harney and Bobby Molloy 
In November 1985, the Anglo-Irish Agreement was signed between Garret FitzGerald and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher  The agreement gave Ireland a formal say in Northern Ireland and its affairs  As was the case with the New Ireland Forum Report, the Anglo-Irish Agreement was harshly criticised by Haughey, who said that he would re-negotiate it, if re-elected  FitzGerald called a general election for February 1987  The campaign was dominated by attacks on the government over severe cuts in the budget and the general mismanagement of the economy  When the results were counted Haughey had failed once again to win an overall majority for Fianna Fáil  When it came to electing a Taoiseach in the Dáil Haughey's position looked particularly volatile  When it came to a vote the Independent TD Tony Gregory voted against Fitzgerald but abstained on Haughey, seeing Haughey as the "lesser of two evils" (the reason for this was Gregory's opposition to the Anglo-Irish agreement as well as his personal dislike of Garret FitzGerald and Fine Gael)  Haughey was elected Taoiseach on the casting vote of the Ceann Comhairle 

Final term as Taoiseach (1987–1992)
Haughey now headed a minority Fianna Fáil government  Fine Gael under leader Alan Dukes, made the unprecedented move, with its Tallaght strategy, of supporting the government and voting for it when it came to introducing tough economic policies  The national debt had doubled under previous administrations, so the government introduced severe budget cuts in all departments  The taxation system was transformed to encourage enterprise and employment  One of the major schemes put forward, and one which would have enormous economic benefits for the country, was the establishment of the International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) in Dublin 
In late April 1989, Haughey returned from a trip to Japan, to the news that the government was about to be defeated in a Dáil vote, on a private members' motion regarding provision of funds for HIV/AIDS sufferers  The government lost the vote, which was seen as merely embarrassing, but Haughey, buoyed by opinion polls which indicated the possibility of winning an overall majority, called a general election for 15 June  Fianna Fáil however ended up losing four seats and the possibility of forming another minority government looked slim  For the first time in history a nominee for Taoiseach failed to achieve a majority when a vote was taken in the Dáil, on 29 June 1989  Constitutionally Haughey was obliged to resign, however he refused to, for a short period  He eventually tendered his resignation to President Hillery and remained on as Taoiseach, albeit in an acting capacity  A full 27 days after the election had taken place a coalition government was formed between Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats  It was the first time that Fianna Fáil had entered into a coalition, abandoning one of its "core values" in the overwhelming need to form a government 
Haughey in 1990 had more difficulties than successes  The first half of the year saw Haughey in a leading role as European statesman, when Ireland held the presidency of the European Community, which rotated semi-annually between the member states of the European Union  Haughey supported German Reunification and during the extraordinary Dublin Summit, which he called for in April, he pressed this viewpoint forward  He believed both Ireland and Germany were similar in that both countries were divided  During a Dáil debate on German Reunification, Haughey stated "I have expressed a personal view that coming as we do from a country which is also divided many of us would have sympathy with any wish of the people of the two German States for unification" The presidential election was disappointing for Haughey with Brian Lenihan, the Tánaiste, who was nominated as the party's candidate, being defeated by Mary Robinson  During the campaign the controversy over the phone calls made to the Áras an Uachtaráin in 1982, urging the then President not to dissolve the Dáil resurfaced  Lenihan was accused of calling and attempting to influence the President, who as Head of State is above politics  The Progressive Democrats threatened to pull out of the coalition and support a Fine Gael no-confidence motion unless Haughey forced Lenihan out  Haughey tried to force Lenihan to resign, and sacked him when he refused to do so  Lenihan's dismissal damaged Haughey's standing in the Fianna Fáil organisation 
Haughey's grip on political power began to slip in the autumn of 1991  There was a series of resignations by chairmen of semi-state companies, followed by an open declaration by Minister for Finance Albert Reynolds, that he had every intention of standing for the party leadership if Haughey resigned  Following a heated parliamentary party meeting, Seán Power, one of Reynolds's supporters, put down a motion of no-confidence in Haughey  Reynolds and his supporters were sacked from the government by Haughey, who went on to win the no-confidence motion by 55 votes to 22 

Haughey's victory was short-lived, as a series of political errors would lead to his demise as Taoiseach  Controversy erupted over the attempted appointment of Jim McDaid as Minister for Defence, which saw him withdraw his nomination under pressure from O'Malley  Worse was to follow when Seán Doherty, who as Minister for Justice had taken the blame for the phone-tapping scandal of the early 1980s, went on RTÉ television, and after ten years of insisting that Haughey knew nothing of the tapping, claimed that Haughey had known and authorised it  Haughey denied this, but the Progressive Democrats members of the government stated that they could no longer continue in government with Haughey as Taoiseach  Haughey told Desmond O'Malley, the Progressive Democrats leader, that he intended to stand down shortly, but wanted to choose his own time of departure  O'Malley agreed to this and the government continued 
On 30 January 1992, Haughey resigned as leader of Fianna Fáil at a parliamentary party meeting  He remained as Taoiseach until 11 February 1992, when he was succeeded by the former Finance Minister, Albert Reynolds  During his final address to the Dáil he quoted Othello, saying "I have done the state some service, they know it, no more of that"  Haughey then returned to the backbenches before retiring from politics at the 1992 general election  His son, Seán Haughey, was elected at the election that followed, in his father's old constituency  Seán Haughey was appointed as a Minister of State at the Department of Education and Science in December 2006 

Retirement, tribunals and scandal
Financial scandals
Haughey's personal wealth and extravagant lifestyle (he owned racehorses, a large motor sailing yacht Celtic Mist, an Inishvickillane island and a Gandon-designed mansion) had long been a point of speculation  He refused throughout his career to answer any questions about how he financed this lifestyle on a government salary  Despite his professed desire to fade from public attention, these questions followed him into retirement, eventually exploding into a series of political, financial and personal scandals that tarnished his image and reputation 
In 1997, a government-appointed tribunal, led by Judge Brian McCracken, first revealed that Haughey had received substantial monetary gifts from businessmen and that he had held secret offshore bank accounts in the Ansbacher Bank in the Cayman Islands  Haughey faced criminal charges for obstructing the work of the McCracken tribunal  His trial on these charges was postponed indefinitely after the judge in the case found that he would not be able to get a fair trial following prejudicial comments by the then PD leader and Tánaiste Mary Harney Also in 1997, the public were shocked by allegations that Haughey had embezzled money destined for the Fianna Fáil party, taxpayers' money taken from government funds earmarked for the operation of a political party, and that he had spent large portions of these funds on Charvet shirts and expensive dinners in a top Dublin restaurant, while preaching belt-tightening and implementing budget cuts as a national policy The subsequent Moriarty Tribunal delved further into Haughey's financial dealings  In his main report on Charles Haughey released on 19 December 2006, Mr Justice Moriarty made the following findings:

Haughey was paid more than IR£8 million between 1979 and 1986 from various benefactors and businessmen, including £1 3 million from the Dunnes Stores supermarket tycoon Ben Dunne  The tribunal described these payments as "unethical" 
In May 1989 one of Haughey's lifelong friends, former government minister Brian Lenihan, underwent a liver transplant which was partly paid for through fundraising by Haughey  The Moriarty tribunal found that of the £270,000 collected in donations for Brian Lenihan, no more than £70,000 ended up being spent on Lenihan's medical care  The tribunal identified one specific donation of £20,000 for Lenihan that was surreptitiously appropriated by Haughey, who took steps to conceal this transaction 
The tribunal found evidence of favours performed in return for money (bribes): Saudi businessman Mahmoud Fustok paid Haughey £50,000 to support applications for Irish citizenship 
In other evidence of favours performed, the tribunal reported that Haughey arranged meetings between Ben Dunne and civil servant Seamus Pairceir of the Revenue Commissioners  These discussions resulted in an outstanding capital gains tax bill for Dunne being reduced by £22 8 million  Moriarty found that this was "not coincidental", and that it was a substantial benefit conferred on Dunne by Haughey's actions 
Allied Irish Banks settled a million-pound overdraft with Haughey soon after he became Taoiseach in 1979; the tribunal found that the lenience shown by the bank in this case amounted to an indirect payment by the bank to Haughey The tribunal rejected Haughey's claims of ignorance of his own financial affairs and Haughey was accused by the tribunal of "devaluing democracy" Haughey eventually agreed a settlement with the revenue and paid a total of €6 5 million in back taxes and penalties to the Revenue Commissioners in relation to these donations  In August 2003 Haughey was forced to sell his large estate, Abbeville, in Kinsealy in north County Dublin for €45 million to settle legal fees he had incurred during the tribunals  He continued to live at Abbeville and own the island of Inishvickillane off the coast of County Kerry until his death 

Terry Keane affair
In May 1999, Terry Keane, gossip columnist and once wife of former Chief Justice of Ireland Ronan Keane, revealed on The Late Late Show that she and Haughey had conducted a 27-year extramarital affair  In a move that she subsequently said she deeply regretted, Keane confirmed that the man she had been referring to for years in her newspaper column as "sweetie" was indeed Haughey  The revelation on the television programme shocked at least some of the audience, including Haughey's son Seán who was watching the show  Haughey's wife Maureen was also said to have been deeply hurt by the circumstances of the revelation 

Death and funeral
Haughey's attendance before the tribunals had repeatedly been disrupted by illness  He died from prostate cancer, from which he had suffered for a decade, on 13 June 2006, at his home in Kinsealy, County Dublin, aged 80 Haughey received a state funeral on 16 June 2006  He was buried in St  Fintan's Cemetery, Sutton in County Dublin, following mass at Donnycarney  The then Taoiseach Bertie Ahern delivered the graveside oration The funeral rites were screened live on RTÉ One and watched by a quarter of a million people  It was attended by President Mary McAleese, the Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, members of the Oireachtas, many from the world of politics, industry and business  The chief celebrant was Haughey's brother, Father Eoghan Haughey 

Legacy
Former Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald said that Haughey had the potential to be one of the best Taoisigh that the country ever had, had his preoccupation with wealth and power not clouded his judgement: Charles Haughey spent much energy fending off leadership challenges, chasing an elusive Dáil majority and dealing with GUBU-like events "
He comes with a flawed pedigree      His motives can ultimately only be judged by God, but we cannot ignore the fact that he differs from his predecessors in that these motives have been widely impugned, most notably by those in his own party who have observed him over many years 
Taoiseach Bertie Ahern said,
He had an immense ability to get things done and he inspired great loyalty amongst many of his followers both inside and outside Fianna Fáil 
In recent times, these achievements have become clouded by the revelations that are the subject of inquiry by the Moriarty Tribunal 

History will have to weigh up both the credit and the debit side more dispassionately than may be possible today, but I have no doubt its ultimate judgement on Mr Haughey will be a positive one 
Historian Diarmaid Ferriter said, He was a very promising minister in the '60s, but once he became leader all he was concerned with was staying leader  It was always about the cult of leadership  His sense of himself was much more important than any vision he had for the country  People say he discovered fiscal rectitude in '87, and people talk about his contribution to Anglo-Irish affairs, but really if you try and look for any consistency in his affairs after the late '70s you can't find it because it's just about him 
Historian John A  Murphy said, His vision was one of personal vanity  I don't think history's assessment will be the one Bertie uttered over his grave 
Haughey was characterised in a 2012 novel Ratlines, by Stuart Neville  A three-part television drama Charlie, covering Haughey between 1979 and 1992, débuted on RTÉ in January 2015, with Aidan Gillen in the title role  

Governments
The following governments were led by Haughey:

16th Government of Ireland (December 1979 – June 1981)
18th Government of Ireland (March 1982 – December 1982)
20th Government of Ireland (March 1987 – July 1989)
21st Government of Ireland (July 1989 – February 1992)

See also
Families in the Oireachtas
Haughey
Haughey (TV series)
Passage 2:
Members of the 25th Dáil
The 25th Dáil was elected at the 1987 general election on 17 February 1987 and met on 10 March 1987  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature), of Ireland are known as TDs  The 25th Dáil was dissolved by President Patrick Hillery on 25 May 1989, at the request of the Taoiseach Charles Haughey  The 25th Dáil lasted 808 days  There were no by-elections during the 25th Dáil 

Composition of the 25th Dáil
Fianna Fáil, denoted with bullet (●), formed the 20th Government of Ireland 

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 25th Dáil from March 1987  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On 10 March 1987, Seán Treacy (Ind) was proposed by Charles Haughey and seconded by Brian Lenihan for the position of Ceann Comhairle  He was approved without a vote 

TDs by constituency
The list of the 166 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency 

Changes
See also
Members of the 18th Seanad
Passage 3:
Members of the 21st Dáil
The 21st Dáil was elected at the 1977 general election on 16 June 1977 and met on 5 July 1977  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland, are known as TDs  The 21st Dáil saw a change of Taoiseach from Jack Lynch to Charles Haughey  On 21 May 1981, President Patrick Hillery dissolved the Dáil on the request of Taoiseach Charles Haughey  The 21st Dáil lasted 1,417 days 

Composition of the 21st Dáil
In July 1977, Fianna Fáil, denoted with a bullet (●), formed the 15th Government of Ireland, a majority government, led by Jack Lynch as Taoiseach  In December 1979, Charles Haughey succeeded as Fianna Fáil leader and Taoiseach, forming the 16th Government of Ireland 

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 21st Dáil from July 1977  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On the meeting of the Dáil, Joseph Brennan (FF) was proposed by Jack Lynch (FF) and seconded by George Colley (FF) for the position of Ceann Comhairle  Seán Treacy (Lab) was proposed by Garret FitzGerald (FG) and seconded by Joseph Bermingham (Lab) for the position  Brennan was elected by a vote of 84 to 60 Brennan died on 13 July 1980  On 15 October 1980, Pádraig Faulkner (FF) was appointed Ceann Comhairle on a temporary basis  On 16 October 1980, Faulkner was proposed by Jack Lynch for the position on a permanent basis, and was elected without a vote 

TDs by constituency
The list of the 148 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency 

Changes
On 11 February 1981, a motion to move the writ for the vacancy in Tipperary North was rejected on a vote of 40 to 66 

See also
Members of the 14th Seanad
Passage 4:
Members of the 23rd Dáil
The 23rd Dáil was elected at the February 1982 general election on 18 February 1982 and met on 9 March 1982  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature), of Ireland are known as TDs  On 4 November 1982, President Patrick Hillery dissolved the Dáil at the request of the Taoiseach Charles Haughey after the loss of a vote of confidence  The 23rd Dáil is the third shortest Dáil in history, lasting 241 days 

Composition of the 23rd Dáil
Fianna Fáil, which formed the 18th Government of Ireland, is marked with a bullet (●) 

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 23rd Dáil from March 1982  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On the meeting of the Dáil, John O'Connell (Ind), who had served as Ceann Comhairle in the previous Dáil, was proposed by Neil Blaney (IFF) and seconded by Garret FitzGerald (FG) for the position  He was elected without a vote 

TDs by constituency
The list of the 166 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency 

Changes
See also
Members of the 16th Seanad
Passage 5:
P  J  Mara
Patrick James Mara (1 February 1942 – 15 January 2016) was an Irish public affairs consultant and politician who served as Senator from July 1981 to October 1981 and May 1982 to December 1982  He was most renowned for being the political adviser to former Taoiseach Charles Haughey  He also served as Press Secretary to Fianna Fáil from 1983 to 1987 and Government Press Secretary from 1987 to 1992 He was appointed the Fianna Fáil Director of Elections for the 1997, 2002, and 2007 general elections  He was a member of the board of Digicel, the company founded by Denis O'Brien to build mobile networks in the Caribbean 
He was regularly lampooned on the satirical Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) radio sketch show Scrap Saturday, which ran from 1989 to 1991 

Early life
Mara was born in Galway, but was raised in Millmount Avenue in Drumcondra, Dublin  He was educated at O'Connell's Richmond Street, and at Coláiste Mhuire, an Irish-language Christian Brothers secondary school (Gaelscoil) on Parnell Square  Mara's father, a Garda, died when Mara was still in school  He was raised by his mother and sister  After school, Mara worked at Boland's Mill for a short time  After a few more jobs, he started working in the textiles industry 

Earlier career
Mara started becoming actively involved in politics in his late 20s, having come from a family background of support for Fianna Fáil  He unsuccessfully ran for public office multiple times 
Mara began to show interest in the career of Charles Haughey in 1970, during the Arms Trial, and began a professional relationship with him, eventually becoming his right hand man and confidante  Haughey and Mara at the time would travel around Ireland visiting local branches of Fianna Fáil  Mara assisted Haughey with strategy during election campaigns  His attempts at a non-political entrepreneurial career were sidelined by his political aspirations, including his carpet sales business, which failed 
When Haughey came back from the political wilderness in the late 1970s, Mara helped to secure support for him in the 1979 leadership election of the party  In his first government, Haughey appointed Mara as a senator 
In 1982, despite having no previous experience in public relations, Mara was appointed press secretary for Fianna Fáil by Haughey  He made innovations in how to operate public relations for the party, including holding opposition press briefings  He also tried to increase the electability of Haughey, particularly among young people  
Mara adopted techniques of electioneering from US politics for the campaign for the 1987 Irish general election  He devised a strategy for the election by consulting with a broad range of people, to aid re-election  When the party went back into government in 1987 with Haughey as Taoiseach, Mara served as the press secretary for the new government, and until the resignation of Haughey  He did not work with Albert Reynolds in government 

Flood Tribunal
Mara was one of the components of the so-called Century Radio module at the Flood Tribunal  Mara told the Tribunal that during the course of his employment as a Press Secretary, his financial remuneration was not sufficient to meet his immediate financial requirements, and he experienced financial difficulties  He said he received assistance from his friends, Oliver Barry and financier Dermot Desmond, in the form of loans  However, there was no interest charge, nor was there any fixed schedule for repayment  Those making the loans did not intend that the sums advanced would be treated as gifts by Mara, but were content to receive their money back, once Mara was in a position so to do  Desmond told the Tribunal that he had lent £46,000 to Mara between 1986 and 1989  Barry said he remembered lending Mara a sum of £2,000 on one occasion between 1982 and 1984 In the Second Interim Report of the Flood Tribunal, Judge Feargus Flood found that Mara failed to co-operate with the Tribunal by: "Failing to provide the Tribunal with details of an account in the name of Pullman Limited, operated by him at Royal Bank of Scotland in the Isle of Man, when swearing his Affidavit of Discovery made pursuant to an Order of the Tribunal requiring him to discover, inter alia, any such account "

Later career
Mara was the director of elections for Fianna Fáil when Bertie Ahern was leader, which included managing the campaigns for the party in the general elections in 1997, 2002, and 2007 
Starting in the 1990s, Mara began working as a public relations consultant for many prominent Irish businessmen  He worked closely with Denis O'Brien in the later stages of his life 

Personal life
Mara married Breda Brogan from Kinvara, County Galway, who was a model and later an entrepreneur, setting up a clothing wholesales company which was later bought out by Penney's  They had one son, John  Breda died in 2003  With his partner Sheila, Mara had a daughter, Elena, born in 2013  Mara pursued unsuccessful business ventures, which included selling carpets   While Mara was wealthy in his earlier career before politics, and during it, at one point after he could not even get the credit to buy a used car 

Death
Mara died at the Beacon Hospital after a long illness on 15 January 2016 at the age of 73  He died without a will, leaving an estate of €1,593,213  He was buried in Kinvara, County Galway 
Passage 6:
Members of the 28th Dáil
The 28th Dáil was elected at the 1997 general election on 6 June 1997 and met on 26 June 1997  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland, are known as TDs  The 28th Dáil lasted 1,765 days, the 2nd longest after the 10th Dáil  The 28th Dáil was dissolved by President Mary McAleese on 25 April 2002, at the request of the Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern 

Composition of the 28th Dáil
Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats, denoted with bullets (●), formed the 25th Government of Ireland 

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 28th Dáil from June 1997  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On 26 June 1997, Séamus Pattison (Lab) was proposed by Dick Spring and seconded by Mary O'Rourke for the position of Ceann Comhairle  Pattison was approved without a vote 

List of TDs
This is a list of TDs elected to Dáil Éireann in the 1997 general election, arranged by party  This table is a record of the 1997 general election results  The Changes table below records all changes in membership and party affiliation 

Changes
See also
Members of the 21st Seanad
Passage 7:
Arms Crisis
The Arms Crisis was a political scandal in the Republic of Ireland in 1970 in which Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney were dismissed as cabinet ministers for alleged involvement in a conspiracy to smuggle arms to the Irish Republican Army in Northern Ireland  At the ensuing Arms Trial, charges against Blaney were dropped, and Haughey, along with co-defendants Captain James Kelly, John Kelly and Belgian businessman Albert Luykx, were found not guilty of conspiracy  Blaney claimed that the then government knew about the plan, while Haughey denied this 

Background
The events occurred during the Fianna Fáil government of Jack Lynch  Amid the 1969 Northern Ireland riots, which would lead to the Troubles, nationalist families were being forced from their homes, and refugees "streamed over the border" into the Republic  The Dublin government established a cabinet subcommittee to organise emergency assistance and relief   Haughey, then Minister for Finance and the hardline Blaney, Minister for Agriculture and Fisheries who was from the Donegal North-East constituency bordering Northern Ireland were members of the subcommittee, along with Pádraig Faulkner and Joseph Brennan  Jack Lynch took little interest in the work of the subcommittee, and after an initial meeting, Faulkner and Brennan seem to have left their senior colleagues Haughey and Blaney to their own devices  A government fund of £100,000 was set up to provide relief to civilians forced out of their homes by the Troubles, and Haughey was given sole authority over this money Haughey and Blaney disapproved of the cautious policies of Taoiseach Lynch on Northern Ireland and favoured a more robust approach  In August 1969, after Blaney had proposed military intervention in Northern Ireland, Lynch had asked Irish Army Intelligence to draft proposals for limited military intervention in Northern Ireland to protect nationalist areas from Ulster loyalist mobs, known as Exercise Armageddon, but it was seen to be unworkable and was not adopted by the cabinet  The nationalist areas were given a form of protection later in August by British forces in Operation Banner, and Lynch saw this as an effective short-term measure  On 30 October 1968, Lynch had met with Harold Wilson, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in London and had called on Britain to take steps to end the partition of Ireland 
Blaney, the then Minister of Agriculture, was an outspoken critic of government policy on Northern Ireland  In a speech in 1969 he said "the Fianna Fail party has never taken a decision to rule out the use of force if the situation in the Six Counties so demand"  Haughey had not publicly opposed Lynch's policy, but was concerned about being outflanked by his Fianna Fail leadership rival 
In October 1969, a meeting of the Northern Citizen Defence Committees, which had been set up to defend nationalist areas from unionist attack, and which included IRA officers, was held in Bailieborough, County Cavan, with Irish Army intelligence officer Captain James Kelly in attendance  Captain Kelly promised the Northern Citizen Defence Committees  £50,000, that would be made available to buy weapons for defense of nationalist areas against loyalist attack 
After the Bailiebourough meeting, Kelly reported directly to Blaney, who in turn brought him to Haugheys's house to give account of the meeting  Kelly suggested that the government should support the IRA, acknowledging "this would mean accepting the possibility of armed action of some sort as the ultimate solution" Blaney allegedly made plans with Captain Kelly to import weapons from continental Europe  Haughey provided the money for the purchase from his civilian relief fund, and also made a failed attempt to arrange customs clearance for the shipment Haughey met with the IRA Chief of Staff Cathal Goulding  Garda Special Branch informed the Minister for Justice Mícheál Ó Móráin of this meeting and he reported it to the Cabinet, but Haughey dismissed it as a chance encounter  In November 1969, a Belfast republican leader named John Kelly, and Haughey's brother Jock, traveled to London to purchase arms, but Kelly became suspicious that their plot had been discovered and they returned to Ireland 

Revelation and trial
By late April 1970, the Garda Síochána Special Branch were aware of the plot and had informed Lynch  However, Lynch took no action until the leader of the opposition, Liam Cosgrave was also informed by the Special Branch of the smuggling scheme and pressed the Taoiseach to take action  Haughey and Blaney were sacked by Lynch on 6 May when they refused to resign   Kevin Boland, the Minister for Social Welfare resigned from the government in protest at the sackings as he was adamant (as were the accused) that Jack Lynch and most of the Cabinet—in particular Jim Gibbons, then Minister for Defence—knew about the plan to import arms  The Minister for Justice, Mícheál Ó Móráin who was in hospital at the time was asked to resign on 4 May  He later claimed that he had in fact informed Lynch of the individuals involved 
On 28 May 1970, Haughey and Blaney went on trial in Dublin, together with an Irish Army intelligence officer, Captain James Kelly, John Kelly and Belgian businessman Albert Luykx, who had allegedly agreed to use his contacts to acquire the weapons  All charges against Blaney were dropped in the District Court on 2 July 1970 and as a result he was not tried, before the main trial got underway under Justice Aindrias Ó Caoimh  The trial collapsed a week later as Ó Caoimh withdrew after allegations of bias  Following a second trial, presided over by Justice Seamus Henchy, the other four defendants were cleared on 23 October At the trial there was a direct contradiction of evidence regarding the sanctioning of the imports between Haughey and the chief prosecutorial witness, Jim Gibbons, Minister for Defence at the time of the attempted imports  Haughey admitted arranging customs clearance for the shipment, but claimed in his defence that he did not know it consisted of weapons  This directly contradicted the evidence of Gibbons and Peter Berry that Haughey was fully aware of all the details of the conspiracy  It also contradicted the testimony of his co-defendants, who admitted that they had tried to import weapons, but maintained that the shipment had been legally authorised by the government  During the trial the judge remarked that either Haughey or Gibbons had to be committing perjury 

Impact
The resignations and sackings left four vacancies in cabinet   As a result, there was a major cabinet reshuffle and some senior politicians of the future, such as Desmond O'Malley and Gerry Collins, got their first step on the ministerial ladder 
The scandal led to bitter divisions in Fianna Fáil between supporters of the sacked ministers Haughey and Blaney and supporters of Lynch   The same divisions affected government policy on Northern Ireland   Although the events led to Haughey being demoted to the back-benches, he remained a member of Fianna Fáil, while Boland was expelled in 1970 and Blaney in 1971   Blaney went on to found his own party, Independent Fianna Fáil, which re-joined Fianna Fáil in 2006, eleven years after Blaney's death   Haughey later returned to ministerial office and succeeded Lynch as party leader in 1979  There was no rapprochement in the relationship between Gibbons and Haughey and when Haughey became Taoiseach, Gibbons was dropped from his ministerial office   During a later leadership contest, Gibbons was assaulted in Dáil Éireann by Haughey supporters in retaliation for his testimony at the Arms Trial The events came to be one of the defining periods of Lynch's term as leader, during which there were several crises   Lynch supporters saw him as exhibiting strength in facing down the rebel ministers and his detractors saw it as an illustration of his weakness on the national question and procrastination in the face of difficult decisions 
As state papers relating to the period were released after 1995, further light was shed on the events, questioning the outcome   Much remains unknown about the truthfulness of the various personalities involved, and what exactly each knew, and when they came to know it  The diaries of Peter Berry, Secretary of the Department of Justice, published in Magill magazine, claimed that Lynch had not been forthright publicly  Documents released through the Freedom of Information Act 30 years later showed that the state had altered statements by Colonel Hefferon to suppress the fact that he and Captain Kelly had kept Gibbons informed  This caused the then Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, to publicly state that Captain Kelly had done nothing wrong 

See also
Exercise Armageddon
Passage 8:
Members of the 27th Dáil
The 27th Dáil was elected at the 1992 general election on 25 November 1992 and met on 14 December 1992  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland, are known as TDs  The 27th Dáil lasted 1,614 days  The 27th Dáil saw a change of Taoiseach from Albert Reynolds to John Bruton in December 1994, the only time there was a new Taoiseach with a change in the party composition of the government during a Dáil term  The 27th Dáil was dissolved by President Mary Robinson on 15 May 1997, at the request of the Taoiseach, John Bruton 

Composition of the 27th Dáil
23rd Government of Ireland (1993–1994) coalition parties denoted with bullets (●)
24th Government of Ireland (1994–1997) coalition parties denoted with daggers (†)

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 27th Dáil from January 1993  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On 14 December 1992, Seán Treacy (Ind) was proposed by Albert Reynolds and seconded by John Bruton for the position of Ceann Comhairle  Treacy was approved without a vote  On 23 April 1997, Treacy announced to the Dáil that would not be availing of his constitutional right to automatic re-election to the 28th Dáil 

TDs by constituency
The list of the 166 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency 

Changes
On 24 February 1994, Proinsias De Rossa (DL) sought to direct that the writ be moved for the by-elections in Dublin South-Central, and Enda Kenny (FG) sought to direct that the writ be moved for the by-elections in Mayo West  This was opposed by the government  The government moved the writs on 18 May 1994  The by-elections were held at the same date as the European Parliament election and the local elections 

See also
Members of the 20th Seanad
Passage 9:
Members of the 20th Dáil
The 20th Dáil was elected at the 1973 general election on 28 February 1973 and met on 14 March 1973  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland, are known as TDs  On 25 May 1977, President Patrick Hillery dissolved the Dáil on the request of Taoiseach Liam Cosgrave  The 20th Dáil lasted 1,534 days 

Composition of the 20th Dáil
Fine Gael and the Labour Party, denoted with bullets (●), formed the 14th Government of Ireland, known as the National Coalition, with Liam Cosgrave as Taoiseach and Brendan Corish as Tánaiste 

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 20th Dáil from March 1973  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On the meeting of the Dáil, Seán Treacy (Lab) was proposed by Liam Cosgrave (FG) and seconded by Brendan Corish (Lab) for the position  His election was approved without a vote 

TDs by constituency
The list of the 144 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency 

Changes
See also
Members of the 13th Seanad
Passage 10:
Members of the 26th Dáil
The 26th Dáil was elected at the 1989 general election on 15 June 1989 and met on 29 June 1989  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland, are known as TDs  The 26th Dáil lasted 1,226 days, and saw a change of Taoiseach from Charles Haughey to Albert Reynolds  The 26th Dáil was dissolved by President Mary Robinson on 5 November 1992, at the request of the Taoiseach Albert Reynolds  There were no by-elections during the 26th Dáil 

Composition of the 26th Dáil
On 12 July 1989, Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats, denoted with bullets (●), formed the 21st Government of Ireland, led by Charles Haughey  On 11 February 1992, they formed the 22nd Government of Ireland led by Albert Reynolds  The Progressive Democrats left the government on 4 November 1992 

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 26th Dáil from June 1989  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On 29 June 1989, Seán Treacy (Ind) was proposed by Charles Haughey for the position of Ceann Comhairle  Alan Dukes proposed Paddy Harte for the position  Treacy was approved by a vote of 87 to 78 

TDs by constituency
The list of the 166 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency 

Changes
See also
Members of the 19th Seanad



ground_truth: India

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Charles Haughey held what position when he dissolved the list of members who were elected to the lower house of the Oireachtas of Ireland on 25 May 1989?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  At the same time, the airline announced ten policy changes in response to the incident  These included raising the maximum amount of travel vouchers to passengers "bounced" from flights to up to $10,000 and a $1,500 "no questions asked" fee for permanently lost luggage, and the airline promised to reduce overbooking 

Public relations professionals
The handling of the incident by Munoz was described as a "fumbling response" by Bloomberg News, part of a "public-relations disaster" for United  Munoz had been named "Communicator of the Year for 2017" by PRWeek in March 2017  Steve Barrett, editor-in-chief of PRWeek US, later noted: "It's fair to say that if PRWeek was choosing its Communicator of the Year now, we would not be awarding it to Oscar Munoz … In time, the episode and subsequent response will be quoted in textbooks as an example of how not to respond in a crisis " Public relations expert Rupert Younger, director of the Oxford University Centre for Corporate Reputation, called the handling of the situation "a major disappointment " In Younger's view, Munoz should have moved more quickly and been more genuinely apologetic from the start  Former Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs Philip J  Crowley said: "It's hard to think of a case study that went so compellingly wrong so rapidly "

United Master Executive Council
On April 13, 2017, the United Master Executive Council, the United Airlines bargaining unit of the Air Line Pilots Association, a trade union, issued a statement to shift blame from United to Republic Airline, one of the carriers under contract to operate United Express flights, and especially the Chicago Department of Aviation  The statement read in part: "this violent incident should never have happened and was a result of gross excessive force by Chicago Department of Aviation personnel "

Other airlines
Emirates launched an advertising campaign that parodies United Airlines' "Fly the Friendly Skies" slogan and Munoz's previous statements about airlines in the Middle East  Royal Jordanian put up a picture of a no-smoking sign on its Twitter account with the messages, "We would like to remind you that drags on flights are strictly prohibited by passengers and crew," and "We are here to keep you #united  Dragging is strictly prohibited "Delta Air Lines increased the amount of compensation supervisors can offer to displaced passengers from $1,350 to $9,950 with gate agents able to offer $2,000, up from $800  American Airlines also enacted a new policy: passengers who have already boarded will never be removed to seat others  Southwest Airlines announced they will no longer overbook flights 

United States government
Executive branch
The White House's "We the People" webpage received 100,000 petition signatures in one day—exceeding the threshold needed for official review—demanding a government investigation into the incident  White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer commented that "It was an unfortunate incident" and added "when you watch the video, it is troubling to see how that was handled "The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) said it was reviewing the incident  "While it is legal for airlines to [involuntarily] bump passengers from an oversold flight when there are not enough volunteers, it is the airline's responsibility to determine its own fair boarding priorities," the agency said in a statement  On April 12, the USDOT stated that it was "reviewing the involuntary denied boarding of passenger(s) from United Express flight 3411 to determine whether the airline complied with the oversales rule "New Jersey Governor Chris Christie asked the United States Secretary of Transportation, Elaine Chao, to suspend allowing airlines to overbook passengers U S  President Donald Trump criticized United Airlines' response to Dao in an interview with The Wall Street Journal  He said the airline's treatment of their customer was "horrible" and that the airline should have further increased the financial offer to customers to voluntarily leave the plane, instead of choosing to use force  Trump told The Wall Street Journal: "You know, there's a point at which I'm getting off the plane     seriously  They should have gone up higher  But to just randomly say, 'You're getting off the plane,' that was terrible "On January 13, 2021, the United States Department of Transportation amended its rules, forbidding involuntarily bumping from an overbooked flight after boarding starting on April 21 

Congress
A bipartisan group of senators on the Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee described the incident as "disturbing", and wrote to Munoz and the Chicago Department of Aviation  The group sought information about the crew-scheduling mix-up that required passengers to give up their seats, and asked whether United considers bumping a passenger to accommodate employees to be the same as an "oversold" situation  They asked the Chicago Department of Aviation about their security protocols and whether Dao had been passive or threatening during the incident  Both parties were given until April 20, 2017, to respond  United Airlines submitted their response on April 26, 2017 Separately, twenty-one Democratic U S  Senators wrote to Munoz to express their deep concern, and asked a range of questions about the incident, requesting a response by April 24, 2017 Congressional Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-DC) called for hearings from the House Transportation and Infrastructure (T&I) Committee  Dan Lipinski (D-IL), member of the House Transportation Committee's Aviation subcommittee, called on Congress to make legislative amendments to give passengers more rights and to prevent further similar incidents  Senator Robert Menendez (D-NJ) said the incident was disturbing and criticized Munoz's "empty apology "Senator Chris Van Hollen (D-MD) is drafting the "Customers Not Cargo Act", which would ban airlines from involuntarily bumping passengers who are already on the aircraft and seated  He previously said United must do more than "apologize", and called for a full investigation  Separately, congresswoman Jan Schakowsky (D-IL) stated she intended to introduce legislation to end involuntary bumping of passengers, requiring airlines to increase their offer until a customer voluntarily gives up their seat  On April 26, 2017, Senators Maggie Hassan (D-NH) and Brian Schatz (D-Hawaii) introduced a bill which would change how airlines handle their boarding and bumping policies 

Illinois General Assembly
Illinois state Representative Peter Breen has introduced the Airline Passenger Protection Act in the Illinois House of Representatives  The act forbids state or local government authorities from removing passengers that are not dangerous or causing a disturbance in non-emergency situations  It also forbids the state of Illinois from doing business with airlines whose policies allow removal of paying passengers to make room for employees traveling on non-revenue tickets 

Chicago City Council
Chicago City Council's Aviation Committee held hearings starting April 13 to investigate the incident  Committee Chairman Mike Zalewski said the incident had damaged the reputation of Chicago and O'Hare International Airport  Zalewski wanted responses from United, Aviation Commissioner Ginger Evans, and from the union representing aviation police, Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Local 73 An April 12 statement by the Chicago Department of Aviation offered these comments about their security staff: "While they do have limited authority to make an arrest, Sunday's incident was not within standard operating procedures nor will we tolerate that kind of action  That is why we quickly placed the aviation security officer on leave pending a thorough review of the situation  The action we have taken thus far reflects what we currently know, and as our review continues we will not hesitate to take additional action as appropriate "

Chicago Police Department
Chicago Aviation Security were instructed to remove the word "police" from their uniforms in January 2017, but they disobeyed this instruction  As a result, there was confusion as to what organization had responded to the event, with some thinking that the Chicago Police Department responded  The Chicago Police Department Office of Communications stated that Dr  Dao fell—a statement which contradicts what is seen in both videos  When questioned about this, the Chicago Police Department's chief spokesman Anthony Guglielmi said, "CPD didn't release an official statement on it  We were not involved  Dept  of Aviation has everything you will need " When pressed further about why CPD issued a response about an incident in which they were not involved, Guglielmi said this, "A takeaway for me is to ensure the department's press office is more consistent in referring to appropriate outside agencies for incidents in which CPD is not the acting or involved agency "

Litigation
Dao's personal injury lawyer asked the Cook County Circuit Court for an order requiring United and the city of Chicago to retain all video, cockpit recordings, and other reports from the flight, including personnel files of the Aviation Department officers who pulled Dao from the plane  United and the city of Chicago agreed, forgoing a court hearing Through his lawyers, Dao described his ordeal as "more horrifying" than his experience of the Fall of Saigon during the Vietnam War On April 24, Dao's attorney announced that Dao intended to file a lawsuit against United  Three days later, United and Dao reached a confidential settlement In April 2018, one of the Aviation Department officers, James Long, filed a lawsuit against United Airlines and the Chicago Department of Aviation alleging that he was not properly trained to handle misbehaving passengers, was unfairly fired, and slandered  The lawsuit was dropped in April 2019 After the  Chicago Department of Aviation Police was downgraded to be a security agency, a federal class action lawsuit was filed in 2018 over a perceived loss of employment benefits enjoyed by law enforcement officers by some of the now reclassified security guards  The lawsuit was eventually denied in September 2021, and is undergoing an appeal in the Seventh Circuit appellate courts as of September 2022 

Third-party legal commentary
Early reports and United Airlines initially characterized the incident as a consequence of overbooking, leading some experts to question whether that was the case  John Banzhaf, a professor of law at the George Washington University Law School, states that United was "citing the wrong federal rule to justify its illegal request to force a passenger already boarded and seated to disembark," since the regulation cited only covers denial of boarding, and not removing a passenger after boarding While United has asserted a right to remove passengers after boarding, none of the reasons for doing so specified in the airline's contract of carriage applied in this situation  One attorney pointedly stated United "had absolutely no right to remove that man from the airplane" and described the incident as "assault and battery "Chicago City Council alderman Michael Zalewski questioned whether the Chicago Airport Police even had the legal authority to enter the aircraft A partner at Kreindler & Kreindler, a law firm specializing in air disaster litigation, concluded, "United, if they're smart, will quickly and quietly settle the case "

Cultural impact
Comedian Jimmy Kimmel criticized United Airlines and its handling of the incident in a five-minute segment of Jimmy Kimmel Live! that aired on April 10, 2017, and included video of the incident  Kimmel, referring to the word "re-accommodate" used by Munoz, said, "That is such sanitized, say-nothing, take-no-responsibility, corporate B S  speak "The incident was discussed on numerous other comedy shows, including Conan, Ellen and Saturday Night Live  In an SNL sketch, Jimmy Fallon's character Doug proposes marriage to Cecily Strong's Jen after admitting that he made "one of the biggest mistakes a person can make " Jen replies, "No, Doug! You dragged a man off a plane this week!"The cover of the New Yorker May 22 issue depicted former FBI director James Comey, who had just been fired, being dragged down the aisle of an airplane by former U S  Attorney General Jeff Sessions American actor Will Ferrell mentioned the incident in his May 2017 commencement address to the University of Southern California's graduating class  Referring to his honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree awarded on the same day, he quipped, "The next time I'm flying and they ask if there's a doctor on board, I can now confidently leap to my feet and scream, 'I'm a doctor, what can I do? Yes, no problem, I can absolutely deliver that baby ' Hopefully it will be on United Airlines, in which case I will be immediately be subdued and dragged off the aircraft, which we all know will be recorded on someone's iPhone and put on YouTube "

Similar incidents
A passenger on a United Airlines flight who bought a full-price first-class ticket from Lihue to Los Angeles was told to get off the plane because "they needed the seat for somebody more important " According to the passenger, the gate agent stated "We have a priority list, and you're at the bottom of it " The gate agent then said that he would be arrested and put in handcuffs  The passenger said a fellow passenger warned him that the airline is "really nasty about this stuff" and might call the police  He is considering legal action against United After paying approximately $1,000 for a seat for her two-year-old child, a woman was forced to hold the child on her lap for over three hours when United Airlines re-sold the child's seat to a standby passenger  The passenger appealed to the flight attendant, who rudely shrugged her shoulders and told her in an aggressive tone that the flight was full  The passenger was afraid to push the issue because of what had happened to Dao  When she flew back to Hawaii, United Airlines upgraded her to business class, provided access to the United lounge at the airport and gave her a lei A family on a Delta Air Lines flight was removed from an aircraft and threatened with jail time and the loss of custody of their children for not surrendering a seat that they had originally purchased for their teenage son, who was not on the flight, but instead used for their 2-year-old child  After a video recording of the incident went viral, Delta offered an apology and compensation to the family 

2019 interview with Dao
On April 9, 2019, two years after the incident, David Dao was interviewed by ABC News, speaking out for the first time since the incident  Dao claimed that when he watched the video, he "just cried "

See also
List of air rage incidents
"United Breaks Guitars", song about Dave Carroll's struggle with the airline to get compensation for a guitar allegedly damaged during transit on a United flight
Passage 3:
Air Wisconsin
Air Wisconsin Airlines is a regional airline based at Appleton International Airport in the town of Greenville, Wisconsin, near Appleton  Air Wisconsin originally operated as one of the original United Express partners in 1985, and operated then as US Airways Express on behalf of US Airways prior to becoming an American Eagle regional air carrier  Between March 2018 and April 2023, Air Wisconsin operated exclusively as a United Express regional air carrier once again with primary hubs located at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD) and Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD)  This came to an end in April 2023 as the carrier switched to conducting solely American Eagle branded flights, per a new contract with American Airlines 

History
In 1963 investors from the Fox Cities raised $110,000 to start a new airline  The airline was established as an independent commuter air carrier in 1965 and started operations on August 23, 1965, just one day after the brand new Outagamie County Regional Airport was opened using de Havilland Dove commuter aircraft configured with nine passenger seats  It was founded to connect Appleton with Chicago and initially had 17 employees and two de Havilland Dove aircraft  According to the August 23, 1965 Air Wisconsin timetable, the airline was flying one route between Appleton and Chicago–O'Hare with four round trips on weekdays and two round trips on Saturdays and Sundays operated with the British-manufactured Dove twin prop aircraft By the mid 1970s, Air Wisconsin was flying two small commuter turboprop airliner types, being the de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter and Swearingen Metro, and was operating a small hub at Chicago's O'Hare Airport with service primarily to destinations in Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin as well as to Minneapolis/Saint Paul from several small cities in Wisconsin In September 1978 the airline was certified by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) as a regional air carrier (Air Wisconsin previously had commuter air carrier status with the CAB)  In October 1978 it had over $10 million in assets  Joining Air Wisconsin in 1965 as traffic manager and eventually becoming president, Preston H  Wilbourne's leadership oversaw Air Wisconsin grow to an airline serving 29 cities in an eleven state area with 32 aircraft boarding over 10,000 passengers daily  Air Wisconsin gained the nicknames "Air Willy" and "Rag Tag" and more recently "Air Wis" and "Air Wisky" By 1985, Air Wisconsin had become a large independent regional air carrier operating British Aerospace BAe 146-200 and British Aircraft Corporation BAC One-Eleven jets as well as de Havilland Canada Dash 7 turboprops with flights as far west as Grand Island, Nebraska, and Minneapolis/Saint Paul, and as far east as Bridgeport and New Haven, Connecticut, with a large connecting hub located at Chicago's O'Hare Airport (ORD)  By early 1986, the airline was serving sixteen airports with its British-manufactured jets with flights to Appleton, Bridgeport, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Chicago–O'Hare, Flint, Michigan, Fort Wayne, Indiana, Grand Island, Green Bay, Wisconsin, Kalamazoo, Michigan, Lincoln, Nebraska, Moline, Illinois/Quad Cities, New Haven, South Bend, Indiana, Toledo, Ohio, Waterloo, Iowa, and Wausau/Stevens Point, Wisconsin, with other flights and destinations in its route system being served with the Canadian-manufactured four engine Dash 7 turboprop Air Wisconsin pioneered the concept of code sharing on behalf of United Airlines when the carrier began operating as United Express on May 1, 1985  As an independent air carrier prior to its business agreement with United to provide passenger feed, Air Wisconsin rapidly became the nation's largest regional airline in the 1980s  On May 17, 1985, it merged with Mississippi Valley Airlines (MVA) and continued to fly as United Express, operated by Air Wisconsin 
By late 1989 Air Wisconsin was operating United Express code share service from two United hubs: Chicago–O'Hare (ORD) and Washington–Dulles (IAD)  According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG) at this time, United Express flights were operated with BAe 146-200 jets and Fokker F27 turboprops nonstop to Chicago–O'Hare from Akron/Canton, Ohio, Appleton, Cedar Rapids, Champaign, Illinois, Fort Wayne, Green Bay, Kalamazoo, La Crosse, Wisconsin, Lansing, Michigan, Lexington, Kentucky, Moline/Quad Cities, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, Peoria, Illinois, Roanoke, Virginia, South Bend, Toledo, and Wausau, and with BAe 146-200 jets and Short 360 turboprops nonstop to Washington Dulles from Charleston, West Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, and Richmond, Virginia, as well as Harrisburg, Reading, and State College, Pennsylvania 
In 1990 Air Wisconsin acquired Denver-based Aspen Airways and was itself bought by United Airlines a year later 
During the 1990s, Air Wisconsin operated British Aerospace (BAe) ATP turboprop aircraft as well as BAe 146-100, BAe 146-200, and BAe 146-300 jet aircraft on United Express services  These were all large aircraft types when compared to other regional aircraft in operation at the time  Air Wisconsin was the only U S  operator of the BAe ATP turboprop and also the BAe 146–300, which is the largest member of the BAe 146 family of jet aircraft  United Airlines sold Air Wisconsin and the BAe 146 fleet to CJT Holdings in 1993  Air Wisconsin was then renamed Air Wisconsin Airlines Corporation (AWAC) as UAL retained the rights to the Air Wisconsin name and logo  During the ski seasons, Air Wisconsin was operating British Aerospace BAe 146 jet shuttle service as United Express on the former Aspen Airways route between Aspen, Colorado, and Denver with at least fourteen daily nonstop flights in each direction In February 1998 AWAC acquired the assets of Mountain Air Express including Dornier 328 turboprop aircraft which were used to expand United Express service in the west  In the fall of 2003 AWAC acquired ten Bombardier CRJ regional jet aircraft from bankrupt Midway Airlines and became a feeder for AirTran Airways under the name AirTran JetConnect, but this relationship was discontinued in July 2004  Towards the end of the contract with United Airlines Air Wisconsin was unable to secure a long-term deal or extension to continue providing regional service for UAL  United failed to renew its contract with AWAC, allowing it to expire in April 2005, and the last flight under the United flag operated on April 16, 2006, using the BAe 146 
During 2005 AWAC invested $175 million U S  into US Airways for their bankruptcy exit financing in exchange for a long-term contract operating as US Airways Express  In 2005 AWAC began operating all of its CRJ-200 regional jets as a US Airways Express carrier with flight crew bases located in Philadelphia, New York LaGuardia, Washington Reagan National, and Norfolk, Virginia  US Airways has since merged with American Airlines and Air Wisconsin operated as an American Eagle regional air carrier via a code sharing agreement with American until March 2018 
On November 20, 2014, it was reported that Air Wisconsin was nearing an agreement with Delta Air Lines to fly as a Delta Connection carrier beginning in January 2015  Under the terms of the deal, 26 CRJ-200 aircraft were to be transferred to Air Wisconsin from Endeavor Air  In January 2015, Air Wisconsin said that negotiations had ended and that it did not want to fly under the Delta Connection brand In 2016, it was announced that Air Wisconsin would close all of its ground handling operations in all cities served by the air carrier primarily due to the formation of a wholly-owned subsidiary of United called United Ground Express  This would leave only three American Eagle ground handling cities served, which the airline deemed uneconomical 
On March 1, 2017, Air Wisconsin announced a new agreement with United Airlines to once again operate under the United Express banner upon the expiration of the airline's current agreement with American Eagle in 2018  Additionally, the new agreement with United would provide for the creation of a career pathway program whereby Air Wisconsin pilots would be offered the opportunity to move up to United upon meeting its hiring standards In September 2021, the company announced that they had signed a lease for at least 1 Bombardier CRJ200SF (converted cargo aircraft) set to enter service from December 2021 On 22 August 2022, Air Wisconsin announced a five year contract to operate up to 60 of the American Eagle CRJ-200s, starting in March 2023  These aircraft are based at Chicago-O'Hare, to fill in for the Envoy Air Embraer E145s that will be transferred over to Piedmont Airlines  The airline also plans to utilize some CRJ-700s  This ended their partnership with United Airlines 

Destinations
Air Wisconsin operating as American Eagle serves 53 destinations with nearly 350 flights per day, transporting nearly six million passengers on an annual basis 

Crew domiciles
Operating as American Eagle, Air Wisconsin pilots and flight attendants have crew domiciles at the following locations:
Chicago, Illinois – O'Hare International Airport (ORD)
Philadelphia, PA – Philadelphia International Airport (PHL)

Fleet
The Air Wisconsin fleet comprises the following aircraft (as of June 2023):

Historical fleet
In 2016, the airline retired four CRJ-200 regional jets that had met their structural time limit and sent them to Tupelo Regional Airport (TUP) in Tupelo, Mississippi 
The following aircraft types were formerly operated by Air Wisconsin:

Jet aircraft
BAe 146-100 (via acquisition of Aspen Airways)
BAe 146-200
BAe 146-300 (only U S  operator of the BAe 146-300)
BAC One-Eleven

Turboprop aircraft
Beechcraft Model 99
British Aerospace ATP
de Havilland Canada Dash 6
de Havilland Canada Dash 7
de Havilland Canada Dash 8-100
de Havilland Canada Dash 8-300
Dornier 328 (via acquisition of Mountain Air Express)
Fokker F27
Short 360 (via merger with Mississippi Valley Airlines)
Short 330 (via merger with Mississippi Valley Airlines)
Swearingen Metro

Piston aircraft
de Havilland Dove

Aircraft maintenance
Air Wisconsin performs CRJ maintenance activities at the following locations:

Appleton, Wisconsin (Appleton International Airport)
Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport)
Dayton, Ohio (Dayton International Airport)Air Wisconsin also contracts aircraft maintenance-heavy checks at a facility in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (OKC) 
Past heavy check maintenance was conducted in Montreal, Canada, and Hot Springs, Arkansas (HOT) 
Air Wisconsin's primary aircraft painting is located in Fort Worth, Texas – Meacham International (FTW) 

Incidents and accidents
See also
Air transportation in the United States
List of airports in Wisconsin
Passage 4:
United Express Flight 2415
United Express Flight 2415 was a regularly scheduled flight in the northwest United States from Seattle to Pasco, Washington, operated using a BAe Jetstream 31  Late on Tuesday, December 26, 1989, Flight 2415 crashed while attempting to land at Pasco's Tri-Cities Airport, killing both pilots and all four passengers aboard 

Aircraft, crew, and flight information
North Pacific Airlines, operating as United Express, operated Flight 2415 as a regularly scheduled flight from Seattle to Pasco, with an intermediate stop in Yakima   
On the night of the accident, Flight 2415 was operated using a BAe Jetstream 31 twin-turboprop airliner, registration number N410UE : 9  The aircraft was manufactured two years earlier in October 1987, and had accumulated approximately 4,972 flight hours at the time of the accident : 9   The aircraft was not equipped with a ground proximity warning system: 31  and did not have a cockpit voice recorder or flight data recorder : 13 The captain was 38-year-old Barry W  Roberts  He had 6,600 flight hours, including 670 hours on the Jetstream  The first officer was 25-year-old Douglas K  McInroe, who had 2,792 flight hours with 213 of them on the Jetstream : 5–9, 62

Accident
Flight 2415 departed Seattle at 20:45 PST, and arrived at Yakima with no reported mechanical difficulties : 1  A company station agent at Yakima witnessed First Officer McInroe knocking ice off the wings of the aircraft, with the assistance of another company first officer  The station agent asked Captain Roberts whether he wanted his aircraft deiced, but the captain declined : 1   The station agent also asked if the captain wanted Flight 2415's tail deiced, since the first officers deicing the wings would be unable to reach the tail surfaces   Roberts declined this as well : 1–2  Flight 2415 was the only flight to depart Yakima that afternoon/evening that was not deiced prior to departure : 2 At 21:59, air traffic controllers at the Yakima tower announced that Yakima airport was closed due to weather conditions : 2  However, at 22:00, Flight 2415 contacted Yakima ground controllers and were cleared to proceed to Yakima's runway 27 for departure  Ground controllers advised Flight 2415 of "light to moderate mixed icing" between 4,000 and 18,000 feet (1,200 and 5,500 m), which Flight 2415 acknowledged : 2   At 22:01, Flight 2415 departed Yakima en route to Pasco, and climbed to a cruising altitude of 11,000 feet (3,400 m) : 2–3 At 22:26, Flight 2415 was cleared for an Instrument Landing System (ILS) approach to runway 21R at Pasco's Tri-Cities Airport : 3  Conversations between Flight 2415 and controllers were normal in the minutes leading up to the crash, and no distress call was made At 22:30, while Flight 2415 was on final approach, the Pasco tower controller observed Flight 2415 flying "higher than normal" for a final approach, and also descending faster than normal : 5  The controller watched Flight 2415 descend until it struck the ground 400 feet (120 m) short of runway 21R  The controller alerted emergency response crews, who arrived at the crash site at 22:34;: 5  the aircraft was destroyed, and there were no survivors : 5

Investigation
The accident was investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board   Investigators determined that the airplane was flying well above the glideslope for an ILS approach : 40  From the plane's last recorded position, investigators determined that Flight 2415 would need to follow a 7-degree glidepath in order to descend rapidly enough to reach the runway threshold : 40  This is more than twice the glidepath angle for an ILS approach and would have required a high descent rate of 2,000 to 3,000 feet (610 to 915 m) per minute : 40  Investigators also determined that ice had likely built up on the plane's wings during the flight, creating a higher risk of a stall at low speeds : 40  According to radar data, Flight 2415 had slowed to 110 knots (205 km/h; 125 mph) as it attempted to descend  The combination of an excessively steep descent, low speed, and aircraft icing likely resulted in loss of control of the aircraft : 40 On November 4, 1991, the NTSB issued its final report on the crash, which contained the following conclusions:: 47 
The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the flightcrew's decision to continue an unstabilized instrument landing system approach that led to a stall, most likely of the horizontal stabilizer, and loss of control at low altitude  Contributing to the accident was the air traffic controller's improper vectors that positioned the airplane inside the outer marker while it was still well above the glideslope  Contributing to the stall and loss of control was the accumulation of airframe ice that degraded the aerodynamic performance of the airplane 
Passage 5:
Republic Airline
Republic Airways Inc  is a regional airline subsidiary of Republic Airways Holdings that operates service as American Eagle, Delta Connection, and United Express using a fleet of Embraer 170 and Embraer 175 regional jets  It is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana  Its call sign "Brickyard" is derived from the nickname of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway 

History
In 1999, Republic Airways Holdings incorporated a new subsidiary, "Republic Airline, Inc " but the subsidiary had no activity prior to 2004 and no ability to operate aircraft prior to 2005  In 2004 the holding company activated Republic Airways in reaction to a pilots' suit against American Airlines 
American had awarded the flying of 44-seat regional jets to Chautauqua Airlines, then the main operating subsidiary of Republic Airways Holdings  However, Chautauqua later started to operate 70-seat regional jets on behalf of United Airlines, and this caused American to be in violation of its pilot union scope clause, which prevented an airline from operating on behalf of American if that airline was operating jet aircraft of more than 50 seats, even if such aircraft were operating on behalf of a carrier other than American  To repair the situation, Republic Airways Holdings activated Republic Airline, and upon Part 121 certification in 2005 allowing Republic Airline to operate commercial service  Republic Airways Holdings then transferred the offending 70-seat regional jets from Chautauqua to Republic Airline  American was then no longer in violation of its pilot union scope clause  Republic Airways Holdings paid $6 6 million to the pilot union of American Airlines to settle the issue US Airways' pilots had a scope clause prohibiting the airline from operating large regional jets such as the Embraer E170  The airline negotiated around this clause by offering flight deck jobs to laid-off US Airways pilots, in a program known as "Jets for Jobs"  This agreement created a subsidiary, MidAtlantic Airways  As part of US Airways' bankruptcy restructuring, the 25 Embraer E170s delivered to MidAtlantic were bought by Republic to help US Airways come out of bankruptcy; Republic operates them along with additional newly delivered aircraft 
In 2007, Frontier Airlines signed an 11-year service agreement with Republic Airways  Under the agreement, Republic would operate 17 Embraer E170 aircraft for the Frontier Airlines operation  The first aircraft was placed into service in March 2007, and the last aircraft was expected to be placed into service by December 2008  On April 23, 2008, Republic Airways Holdings (parent of Republic Airline) terminated its service agreement with Frontier Airlines, which entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy in early April 2008  Subsequently, Republic Air Holdings purchased Frontier Airlines in bankruptcy  Frontier-branded Republic Airways E190 aircraft provided regional capacity support  In September 2013, Republic Airways Holdings sold Frontier Airlines  As part of the sale, Republic Airways terminated the Frontier branded E190 from flying 
On February 1, 2008, Republic Airways opened a base at John Glenn Columbus International Airport in Columbus, Ohio 
On September 3, 2008, Republic signed a new 10-year codeshare agreement with Midwest Airlines  The aircraft would be based at Kansas City International Airport beginning October 1, 2008  Twelve aircraft would be placed in service with Midwest  On June 23, 2009, Republic announced it would acquire Midwest Airlines for $31 million In January 2013, Republic Airways Holdings reached a capacity purchase agreement with American Airlines to operate Embraer E175 airplanes under the American Eagle brand beginning in mid-2013  Republic began service as an American Eagle affiliate on August 1, 2013, from Chicago to New Orleans, Pittsburgh, and Albuquerque On February 25, 2016, the airline filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection  The airline was hit hard because of pilot shortages, but a new contract ratified in October 2015 helped restructure the airline  At the time of filing, Republic Holdings claimed $2 97 billion in liabilities and $3 56 billion in assets  On November 16, 2016, Republic Airways Holdings filed their Plan of Reorganization with intentions to emerge from Chapter 11 during the first quarter of 2017 It was announced that parent company Republic Airways Holdings would merge subsidiaries Shuttle America and Republic Airways into one company, with Republic Airways being chosen as the surviving company  On January 31, 2017, Shuttle America merged with Republic Airways  In December 2018, the operating division was renamed Republic Airways to match its parent company 
As of January 31, 2017, Republic Airways has the largest fleet of Embraer E170 and Embraer E175 aircraft in the world 

Destinations
As of January 2023, Republic operates for American Eagle, Delta Connection, and United Express 

Fleet
Current fleet
As of April 2022, the Republic Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Fleet development
The Embraer E175 made its United States domestic debut when the first aircraft was delivered to Republic Airways in March 2007  Total orders were for 36 aircraft, which were operated in an 80-seat configuration under the US Airways Express brand name In July 2010, Republic ordered a further 24 Embraer E190 aircraft In May 2012, Republic Airways agreed to fly the 28 Bombardier Q400s for United Express that bankrupt Pinnacle Airlines planned to return to its lessors  The Q400 fleet was retired in 2017 
Republic Airways Holdings signed a three-year contract in October 2012 with Caesars Entertainment Corporation where its Republic Airways subsidiary would operate five Embraer E190 aircraft to provide more than 1,500 charter flights annually for Caesars  Service began in January 2013  This contract ended in August 2015 and all E190 aircraft were sold or returned to the lease holders In January 2013, Republic Airways Holdings reached a capacity purchase agreement with American Airlines to operate 47 Embraer E175 airplanes under the American Eagle brand beginning in mid-2013  The regional jets would be deployed out of American's Chicago hub  In addition, Republic would have options to purchase an additional 47 Embraer aircraft beginning in 2015  Republic took first delivery of the E175 jets in July 2013 and service began August 1, 2013, from Chicago to New Orleans, Pittsburgh and Albuquerque  Republic began using Miami as an American Eagle hub in October 2014 and in New York-JFK in May 2015 
In late 2015, it was announced Republic Airways achieved approval from the FAA for Extended Overwater Operations (EOW), which allows Republic to operate up to 162 nautical miles from shore  As of January 31, 2017, only Republic E175 aircraft operating for American Airlines are equipped to operate as an EOW aircraft  American Airlines uses Republic to operate aircraft out of Miami International Airport to various Caribbean and Central American destinations, including the Bahamas, Mexico, Panama, Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica, Turks & Caicos, Cuba, Guadeloupe, and the French West Indies 
In late 2016 it was announced, due to the impending merger with Shuttle America, that the 80-seat Embraer E175s operated for American Eagle (previously US Airways Express) would have the last row of seats removed (4 in total) to conform with Delta's scope clause, which limits all regional jets to a maximum of 76 seats  These aircraft were retrofitted to American's standard Embraer E175 layout 
On January 31, 2017, all existing aircraft operating under the Shuttle America operating certificate were transferred to the Republic Airline Inc  operating certificate, thus ceasing operations for Shuttle America, and completing the merger process of both subsidiaries  The move made Republic the largest operator of Embraer E170 and Embraer E175 aircraft in the world 
On December 20, 2018, Republic Airways announced that it had finalized a firm order for 100 Embraer E175 aircraft, stating that deliveries for the new aircraft would start in the second half of 2020 In October 2019, Republic received the first of 30 E175s to be transferred from Compass Airlines upon the cancellation of their contract with Delta In September 2021, Republic agreed to sell 11 E170s and 6 E175s to Envoy 

Retired fleet
Incidents
On 9 April 2017, a passenger was forced off of a Republic-operated United Express flight in Chicago bound for Louisville  The passenger was forced off the flight by Department of Aviation officers after he refused to give up his seat to an airline employee  He attempted to run back onto the aircraft, but was forcibly removed  A video posted on social media showing him being injured and dragged off the plane led to a public outcry against United Airlines 
On 21 June 2018, a Republic-owned E170 registered N876RW was damaged by a fire while undergoing maintenance at John Glenn Columbus International Airport  The aircraft was deemed to be damaged beyond economical repair 
On 10 May 2019, a Republic-owned E175 operating Delta Connection flight 5935 was heading towards New York's LaGuardia Airport when a suicidal passenger attempted to open a cabin door in mid-flight, causing the pilots to declare an emergency shortly before landing  The situation was brought under control, after which the plane landed safely and was met by law enforcement at the gate 
On 6 November 2019, a Republic-owned E175 operating American Eagle Flight 4439 returned to Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport after suffering severe controllability issues after takeoff: ATC flight data recorded the crew stating a "trim runaway" and a "stalling situation"  The data shows the aircraft rapidly climbing to 15,100 ft (4,600 m) and slowing down to 160 knots (300 km/h) while performing nearly two full right turns 
On June 4, 2022, a Republic Airways flight from Indianapolis to Chicago aborted its takeoff after an odor of smoke was reported in the aircraft  The aircraft was evacuated on a taxiway  No injuries were reported 

See also
Air transportation in the United States
Passage 6:
United Express Flight 5925
United Express Flight 5925, operated by Great Lakes Airlines with a Beechcraft 1900 twin turboprop, was a regularly scheduled flight from Chicago O'Hare International Airport to Quincy, Illinois, with an intermediate stop in Burlington, Iowa  On November 19, 1996, the aircraft collided on landing at Quincy with another Beechcraft, a private King Air, that was taking off from an intersecting runway  The crash was known as the Quincy runway disaster  Fourteen people (twelve on board the 1900 and two on board the King Air) were killed as a result 

Accident
United Express Flight 5925 had departed from Chicago at 15:25, with Captain Kate Gathje (30), First Officer Darren McCombs (24), and ten passengers  After a stop at Burlington, Iowa, the flight proceeded to Quincy  Two aircraft at Quincy were ready for departure when Flight 5925 was on approach  Both aircraft, a Beechcraft King Air and a Piper Cherokee were proceeding to Runway 4  As Quincy is a non-towered airport, all three aircraft were communicating on the Common Traffic Advisory Frequency  On approach, Captain Gathje inquired as to whether the King Air would hold short of the runway, or depart before their arrival  After receiving no response, Gathje called again and received a reply from the Cherokee that they were holding short of Runway 4  However, because of a simultaneous sound emitted by the ground proximity warning system in the 1900's cockpit, only part of the transmission was received by the 1900  As a result,  the United Express crew misunderstood the transmission as an indication that both the King Air and the Cherokee would not take off until after Flight 5925 had cleared the runway Assuming that both planes were holding short, Flight 5925 landed on Runway 13  However, the King Air had taxied into position on Runway 4 and had begun its takeoff roll when Flight 5925 landed  Both aircraft collided at the intersection of Runways 4 and 13  The aircraft skidded for 110 feet (34 m), coming to rest alongside Runway 13, and caught fire  All 12 aboard the United Express flight survived the initial impact but were trapped inside by a jammed door  Several pilots in the vicinity of the crash came to the scene but were unable to open the doors of the aircraft before both planes were destroyed by fire  All 12 aboard Flight 5925 and both pilots of the King Air, Neal Reinwald (63) and Laura Winkleman Brooks (34), died from smoke inhalation : 19

Cause
The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the cause of the accident was the King Air pilots' failure to effectively monitor both the common frequency and to scan for traffic  A contributing factor was the Cherokee's transmission at the same time as the United Express transmission  Lack of adequate rescue and firefighting equipment was cited as a factor in the high fatality rate 

In popular culture
The crash was featured in the 15th season of the television documentary series Mayday in an episode titled "Fatal Transmission", which featured interviews with witnesses and accident investigators and a dramatic reenactment of the crash 

See also
Los Angeles runway disaster
Tenerife airport disaster
Linate Airport disaster
Madrid runway disaster
1990 Wayne County Airport runway collision
TWA Flight 427
Air Canada Flight 759



ground_truth: Taoiseach of Ireland