prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What year was the author of Cock and Bull born? 

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Kody Lostroh
Kody Lostroh (born September 18, 1985) is an American former professional rodeo cowboy who specialized in bull riding  He was the 2009 Professional Bull Riders (PBR) world champion 

Background
Kody Lostroh was born on September 18, 1985 in Longmont, Colorado  Lostroh watched a video of Cheyenne Frontier Days so many times that his mother Dena Schlutz signed him up to ride at the Boulder County Fair in 1993, when he was seven years old  He won a Little Britches Rodeo National Bull Riding title in 2003 and the Colorado High School Rodeo Bull Riding Championship three consecutive years  Kody was attending the University of Wyoming, but quit after a semester to pursue the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) tour 

Career
In 2005, Lostroh won the PBR Rookie of the Year award and in 2009, he won the PBR Built Ford Tough Series World Championship  He qualified for the PBR World Finals 10 consecutive times (2005 to 2014)  Lostroh suffered multiple injuries throughout his career  For example, Lostroh injured his riding hand in January 2014 and missed most of the first half of that season  In August 2017, he was considering retirement to spend more time with his two daughters, when he began experiencing significant health problems  He was eventually diagnosed with a tumor wrapped around his carotid artery, requiring surgery  He went back to the PBR but still had some reservations On March 29, 2018, Lostroh announced his retirement from bull riding In 2022, Lostroh became the assistant coach to head coach Cord McCoy of the Oklahoma Freedom; one of eight bull riding teams of the PBR’s Team Series, which debuted that year  In September of that year, the Oklahoma Freedom won the event at Cowboy Days in Winston-Salem, North Carolina; the hometown event of rival team, the Carolina Cowboys  The very next weekend, the Freedom won their own hometown event at Freedom Fest in Oklahoma City  They were the first team to win their hometown event  The Freedom ended up finishing in fourth place at the conclusion of the inaugural PBR Team Series season 

Personal life
He raises bucking bulls in Ault, Colorado, at the Shield of Faith Cattle Company  As of 2016, Lostroh and his wife, Candace, who is a barrel racer, live in Ault, Colorado, with their two daughters 
Passage 2:
Bones (bull)
Bones #05 (born March 31, 2003) is an American former bucking bull  He competed in the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) circuit and was the PBR World Champion Bull in 2008 and 2010  Two other bulls, Dillinger and Smooth Operator, have also won the title two times  Three other bulls, Little Yellow Jacket, Bushwacker, and Bruiser won the award three times  In 2011, the year after Bones won the 2010 World Champion Bull title, when he was 7 years old, his owner, Tom Teague announced his retirement from the sport  Bones lives on Teague's ranch in his retirement  In 2014, the bull was inducted into the PBR Brand of Honor 

Background
Bones was born on March 31, 2003  Bones grew up at Teague Bucking Bulls in Graham, North Carolina  Teague was the 2006 PBR Co-Stock Contractor of the Year   Bones got his name when one of Tom Teague's workers described him as a "bag of bones " Lee Holt said, "He was the poorest little thing " He was too small to take care of himself with the other calves so they moved him to be alone in the barn  Through the years, he grew into a brawny 1,550 pounds (700 kg) pounds  He is a black bull with a white face Bones' sire was 263 Bone Collector  Bone Collector's jumping prowess while bucking was well known  Bones' paternal grandsire was 64 Psycho  His mother is a daughter of Whitewater, a well-known breeding bull  Whitewater's sire was No  34 Oscar's Velvet, the 1983 Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) Bucking Bull of the Year  Oscar's Velvet was the son of Oscar, a ProRodeo Hall of Fame bucking bull  Bones is also a half-brother of the retired and highly ranked bucking bull Troubadour owned by Julio Moreno Teague raised Bones and retained full ownership of the bull throughout his bucking career and into retirement  This was not the first time Teague had ownership in a World Champion Bull, as he also had part ownership in world champion bulls Little Yellow Jacket, Mossy Oak Mudslinger, and Big Bucks, including gaining full ownership of Little Yellow Jacket for most of his retirement  This was, however, the first time Teague retained full ownership in a bull that he raised himself  He intended to keep Teague Bucking Bulls continuing in that direction, but decided in April 2014 to leave the stock contractor business  However, in an interview with the PBR, Teague stated that he would continue his position on the board of directors and aid them in "taking the sport to the next level "

Career
One of the ways that Teague exercised Bones was in a circular sand pit that he had made, where he installed a type of hot walker sometimes used for horses  Once an animal was inside, there were walls that moved around in a circular direction, forcing the bull to walk in between them  Teague compared working in deep sand to walking on the beach – it took more effort than walking on hard ground Bones bucked in the PBR, mostly on the Built Ford Tough Series (BFTS), the elite series of the circuit, for four seasons, but only three were complete seasons, as he only bucked at one BFTS event in 2007  Two-time PBR World Champion bull rider Justin McBride stated that Bones is the "real deal"  He said Bones is one of only two bulls he got on more than once who bucked him off each time—he never got a qualified ride on Bones  McBride first got on the bull at an event at Columbus, Ohio, in 2008 when Bones was a fairly unknown five-year-old  Bones bucked him off 

2008 title
Bones qualified for the PBR World Finals his first time in 2008  McBride again picked him in round two and Bones bucked him off faster than in their first meeting  According to McBride, Bones had gotten better and "handed him his hat"  Bones bucked off all three riders at his first finals  Bones made what became his trademark set of bucking moves, going up high and bringing the rider over his shoulder and then down  In 4 7 seconds, McBride bucked off Bones  "It had been a long time since a bull had treated me that way," McBride said  For the other two riders, in round four Zack Brown bucked off Bones in 2 8 seconds, and in the final round 2008 World Champion Guilherme Marchi bucked off in 4 seconds  Bones finished the evening with bull scores of 47 points, 46 points, and 47 25 points  His bull score of 47 25 points was a career best  Bulls are scored from 1 to 50 points, half of the total score  The bull rider gets the other half of the score; together it totals up to 100  These bull scores were high enough to win the 2008 World Champion Bull title 

Betting events
An event between Bones and J B  Mauney on February 13, 2009, was billed as the best bull against the best bull rider  Tom Teague claimed that "no cowboy wearing spurs could stay on his star bull for the eight-second count", resulting in extensive comments from fans and stock contractors on the PBR site  The event took place that night as part of the PBR Express Classic event at the Ford Center, now known as Chesapeake Energy Arena, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma  Teague pitted his unridden bull Bones head to head against the current world standings leader and 2013 world champion with a prize of $20,000  Bones had been 13–0 on the BFTS circuit so far  Bones had bucked off, or "dusted", both McBride and 2002 World Champion Ednei Caminhas twice  He had dusted Marchi three times, and the last time, Marchi lost the opportunity to win $20,000; Teague bet that much against Marchi  Since Mauney was the world standings leader, he felt "slighted" that he was not offered an opportunity at Bones when Marchi got two  When Marchi fell the third time, Mauney asked Teague for a turn  Mauney would earn $20,000 if he became the first to make a successful eight-second qualifying ride on Bones, while Teague bet he would hit the dust in four seconds  Mauney succeeded  He rode Bones for a qualifying time and scored 93 5 points out of a maximum of 100  Although there was a great deal of hype about the event that weekend, Mauney stated that he just did what he did with every bull, "kept my hand shut and held on"  Teague said he was happy to see Mauney prove why he is the number one bull rider in the world  That score of 93 5 points became the highest-combined score of Bones' career In February 2009, stock contractor Chad Berger made it known in an interview that he reached his fill of hearing from Teague and others how great Bones is  Berger owned a rival bull named Big Tex, who he considered better than Bones  The then-current Stock Contractor of the Year challenged Teague to a contest for $25,000  Teague countered for $50,000 and Berger accepted  The match-up pitted the two bulls in the championship round of the Enterprise Rent-a-Car Invitational  World champion cowboy Ty Murray attested that they were both great bulls, and the outcome might depend on which bull rider drew which bull  The round took place in the Scottrade Center in St  Louis, Missouri, on Sunday, March 1, 2009  NBCSN's program Versus broadcast it in prime time  It was the first time the PBR sponsored a contest like this  No other bull vs bull challenge earned an owner such a large sum of money before  Zack Brown drew Big Tex, and 2004 World Champion Mike Lee drew Bones  Both men bucked off  It was an extremely close match, with Big Tex narrowly winning with a bull score of 46 to Bones' 45 5, giving Berger some relief  Berger received more relief later that year when a bull he owned an interest in, Code Blue, won that year's World Champion Bull title 

2010 title
PBR Livestock Director Cody Lambert believed that Bones was matched up with the best riders, and he proved he was their equal or better  Due to his bull scores, athleticism, and buck off percentages, he distinguished himself from the other bulls  In the 2010 PBR World Finals, Lambert did not hesitate to praise Bones when the bull won the World Champion Bull title again, this time against the favorite, Bushwacker  According to Lambert, it was surprising Bones won, but it was not a complete upset At the finals, Bones first bucked off Mauney, who had ridden him back in 2009  Mauney only lasted four seconds  Bones was given a 45 25 bull score  Some argued his score was slightly lower due to the judges foreseeing a qualified ride from Mauney  Marchi, who was up next, tied his hand down too far, according to fellow bull rider J W  Hart  This prevented Marchi from keeping up with Bones' change of direction; Bones bucked him off easily in two seconds, and was scored 47 25 which won him the World Champion Bull title  McBride felt winning two titles under different circumstances was impressive: the first time because he was an unknown, and the second time because other he was an underdog due to other bulls like Bushwacker who were favored to win 

Summary
Bones bucked on the PBR tour a total of 45 times  He was ridden for a qualified ride only five times, giving him an 88 89% buckoff percentage at all levels  Bones bucked on the BFTS 34 times  Of those, he was ridden for a qualified ride four times, for an 88 24% buckoff percentage in the BFTS  Bones ranked 14th overall in the BFTS as of April 2017 according to Probullstats  Out of his four years on the BFTS, he qualified for the PBR World Finals three times  His average bull score was 45 56 points for all four years  Most do not take his first year on the BFTS seriously, since he only bucked one time that year, which was 2007  He had three scores over 90 points  On February 18, 2009, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Mauney rode him for 93 50 points  On October 30, 2009, in Las Vegas, Nevada, at the PBR World Finals, Pete Farley rode him for 93 25 points  And, on January 8, 2010, at Madison Square Garden, in New York City, Shane Proctor rode him for 91 25 points  Scores of 90 or higher points are tracked in the PBR's 90 Point Club  Mauney's ride did not count because it was a special match staged to top off the event, and not part of the BFTS circuit Bones was active from 2006 until 2010 at all levels  He won the World Champion Bull title in 2008 and 2010  He also won the Bull of the World Finals title both those same years  He, Dillinger, and Smooth Operator are the only two-time World Champion Bull title winners; Bones was the first bull to win multiple World Champion Bull titles in non-consecutive years  Only three other bulls won the title three times: Bushwacker, Little Yellow Jacket, and Bruiser  Their performances and the number of titles won is part of the reason these bulls (except Smooth Operator and Bruiser) were each selected to receive the Professional Bull Riders Heroes and Legends Celebration: Brand of Honor  This honor was inaugurated in 2011 and first given to Little Yellow Jacket  Bones was the 2014 inductee 

Retirement and legacy
Teague retired Bones after the 2010 BFTS season when he was 7 years old  He announced it at the beginning of the 2011 BFTS season  Bones was still in the peak of his career at the time  Four years later, in 2014, the PBR announced that they were honoring Bones with the Heroes and Legends Celebration: Brand of Honor  Bones was the fourth recipient to receive the Brand of Honor  The PBR created the Brand of Honor in 2011 to honor exemplary bulls in the sport  The ceremony usually takes place during the PBR World Finals, currently held at T-Mobile Arena on the Las Vegas Strip  Lambert was not surprised Bones received the Brand of Honor  He felt that Bones was one of the finest bulls ever to compete in the PBR  Lambert also felt the honor was appropriate because otherwise it is difficult for people to recall great bulls once they are not around  He compared Bones to bulls like Bushwacker, Voodoo Child, and even famous bulls of the past such as Mr  T and 105 of Dell's Hall As far as retiring Bones if he won the 2010 title, Teague said he had made up his mind to do it  McBride and Lambert both believed Teague wanted to see Bones go out while he was still on top  Teague also didn't want to chance Bones getting injured after he had already got two titles  Teague said, "What more can you ask for out of a bull? I couldn't be happier with him " Some think Bones could have matched Little Yellow Jacket's three title record  Teague has stated that he is happy with the way things ended  Bones is retired at Teague's ranch in Graham, North Carolina Two months before the PBR World Finals in 2014, McBride said Bones was one of the most gifted bulls he had been on, and was even harder to ride than World Champion Mossy Oak Mudslinger  At the time, Little Yellow Jacket was the solo holder of three World Champion titles, but McBride believed that Bones was more difficult to ride than Little Yellow Jacket  He compared Bones to other bulls that could yank a rider down to make them lose their seat like Rampage and Hollywood  Hearing of Bones receiving the Brand of Honor was no surprise to McBride, as he considered him one of the greats  That year, Bushwacker would win his third World Champion Bull title, and Lambert compared Bones to Bushwacker at the same stage of their bucking careers, noting that Bushwacker and Bones had a similar physicality and demeanor  "[Bones] excelled in all five categories: buck, kick, direction change, intensity and degree of difficulty " He could get his front feet 3 to 4 feet (0 91 to 1 22 m) in the air and then break over  He had a sense for knowing who was on his back  He performed at his best with the toughest riders  Lambert added that Bones was perhaps the second-best bull the PBR has seen  It is widely established that the PBR regards Bushwacker as the best bull they have ever seen 

Honors
2008 PBR World Champion Bull
2008 PBR Bull of the World Finals
2010 PBR World Champion Bull
2010 PBR Bull of the World Finals
2014 PBR Brand of Honor
Passage 3:
Colin Fleming (racing driver)
Colin Fleming (born April 27, 1984) is an American former racing driver & Formula 1 test driver who competed in the World Series by Renault 3 5, Formula Renault 2 0 Eurocup, and Formula Renault 2000 Germany with Jenzer Motorsport and Carlin Motorsport after a successful go-karting career, winning 10 North American and National Championships 

Racing career
A former member from the Red Bull Junior Team, Fleming finished 3rd in the Formula Renault 2 0 Eurocup in 2004 and was rookie of the year in the Formula Renault 2000 Germany also in that year  He raced against fellow American and Californian and future Formula One driver Scott Speed  In 2005, he switched to the Formula Renault 3 5 with Swiss team Jenzer Motorsport, despite three DNS in the first 3 and missing one race of that season he finished 13th with 34 points with a best finish of 3rd in the second race in the Bugatti Circuit in LeMans, France  In 2006, he joined Carlin where he finished 6th in the first race of the season in Zolder  Later that year, he finished 4th in Circuit de Monaco and 8th in both races in Istanbul Park, but left Carlin and the Red Bull Junior team after the latter  Red Bull replaced him with fellow Red Bull Junior Team member and future Formula One Champion Sebastian Vettel After leaving Red Bull, he returned to the United States to complete in the Atlantic Championship mid-season 

Personal life
He is currently a Executive Vice President of Marketing with Salesforce 

Complete motorsports results
American Open-Wheel racing results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest race lap)

2003 Barber Dodge Pro Series (Rookie of the Year, 5th in championship)
2004 German Formula Renault – 2nd in the Championship
2004 European Formula Renault – 3rd in the Championship
World Series by Renault 3 5
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Passage 4:
Jan Bull
Jan Bull (7 January 1927 – 16 December 1985) was a Norwegian author and theater instructor  Born in Paris,  he was son of the Norwegian poet Olaf Bull and the grandson of author Jacob Breda Bull 

Bibliography
13 poetry – poetry (1957) 
Marianne – (1959)
Sommerfuglene (1960)
Den siste fuglen – poetry (1961)
Sodoma – poetry (1964)
En vanligvis godt underrettet kilde – poetry (1967)
Masker – poetry (1976)
Døden ville lese Dickens – novel (1981)

Awards
1981– Riksmål Society Literature Prize
Passage 5:
Buxtehude Bull
The Buxtehude Bull (German: Buxtehuder Bulle) is an award for youth literature, established in 1971 by Winfried Ziemann, a local book merchant from Buxtehude, a Hanseatic City located in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region  The town council took over the sponsorship of the award in 1981  The award is given annually to the best children's or young-adults' book published in German (either native language or translated) in the preceding year  The writer is presented with a small steel statue of the bull (German: Bulle)  Ferdinand, from the popular work The Story of Ferdinand by Munro Leaf, and also receives a monetary prize  of €5,000 

Awards
1971: Alexander Sutherland Neill, Die grüne Wolke
1972: Cili Wethekam, Tignasse, Kind der Revolution
1973: Tilman Röhrig, Thoms Bericht
1974: Gail Graham, Zwischen den Feuern
1975: Johanna Reiss, Und im Fenster der Himmel
1976: Jaap ter Haar, Behalt das Leben lieb
1977: Gudrun Pausewang, Die Not der Familie Caldera
1978: Leonie Ossowski, Stern ohne Himmel
1979: Michael Ende, Die unendliche Geschichte (The Neverending Story)
1980: Hermann Vinke, Das kurze Leben der Sophie Scholl
1981: Myron Levoy, Der gelbe Vogel (Alan and Naomi)
1982: Rudolf Frank, Der Junge, der seinen Geburtstag vergaß
1983: Gudrun Pausewang, Die letzten Kinder von Schewenborn (The Last Children of Schewenborn)
1984: Mildred D  Taylor, Donnergrollen hör mein Schrei'n
1985: Urs M  Fiechtner, Annas Geschichte
1986: Joan Lingard, Über die Barrikaden
1987: James Watson, Hinter vorgehaltener Hand
1988: Isolde Heyne, Sternschnuppenzeit
1989: Heidi Glade-Hassenmüller, Gute Nacht, Zuckerpüppchen
1990: Maria Seidemann, Rosalie
1991: Ursula Wölfel, Ein Haus für alle
1992: Mecka Lind, Manchmal gehört mir die ganze Welt
1993: Klaus Kordon, Der erste Frühling
1994: Katarina von Bredow, Ludvig meine Liebe
1995: Tonke Dragt, Turmhoch und meilenweit
1996: Jostein Gaarder, Durch einen Spiegel, in einem dunklen Wort (Through a Glass, Darkly)
1997: Ralf Isau, Das Museum der gestohlenen Erinnerungen
1998: Andreas Steinhöfel, Die Mitte der Welt
1999: John Marsden, Gegen jede Chance (Third Day, the Frost)
2000: Sherryl Jordan, Junipers Spiel
2001: David Grossman, Wohin du mich führst
2002: Hanna Jansen, Über tausend Hügel wandere ich mit dir
2003: Nancy Farmer, Das Skorpionenhaus (The House of the Scorpion)
2004: Rainer M  Schröder, Die Lagune der Galeeren
2005: Kevin Brooks, Lucas
2006: Stephenie Meyer, Bis(s) zum Morgengrauen (Twilight)
2007: Anne C  Voorhoeve, Liverpool Street
2008: Markus Zusak, Die Bücherdiebin (The Book Thief)
2009: Suzanne Collins, Die Tribute von Panem – Tödliche Spiele (The Hunger Games)
2010: Susan Beth Pfeffer, Die Welt, wie wir sie kannten
2011: Lauren Oliver, Delirium
2012: John Green, Das Schicksal ist ein mieser Verräter
2013: Christine Fehér, Dann mach ich eben Schluss
2014: David Safier, 28 Tage lang
2015: Victoria Aveyard, Die Farben des Blutes: Die rote Königin
2016: Tamara Ireland Stone, Mit anderen Worten: ich
2017: John Boyne, Der Junge auf dem Berg (The Boy at the Top of the Mountain)
2018: Amy Giles, Jetzt ist alles, was wir haben (Now Is Everything)
2019: Wendelin Van Draanen, Acht Wochen Wüste (Wild Bird)
2020: Alan Gratz, Vor uns das Meer  Drei Jugendliche, drei Jahrzehnte, eine Hoffnung (Refugee)
2021: Malene Sølvsten, Ansuz – Das Flüstern der Raben
Passage 6:
Balarama (elephant)
Balarama (c  1956 – 7 May 2023) was the lead elephant of the Mysore Dasara procession and carried the idol of goddess Chamundeshwari on the fabled Golden Howdah thirteen times between 1999 and 2011  Balarama was a bull born about 1958 and was accompanied in the procession by other Dasara Elephants  Of the many (about 16) elephants participating, Balarama was one of the star attractions when he carried on his back the sacred idol of goddess Chamundeshwari in the 750 kilograms (1,650 lb) golden howdah on the auspicious 10th day of Dasara celebrations 

History
Balarama was captured in 1987 in the Kattepura forest near Somwarpet, in the Kodagu region of Karnataka  Balarama has taken part in the Dasara procession since 1994, carrying the golden howdah  A very silent bull (against the norm for elephants), he was said to be an introvert, and had to have special training so he could withstand the firing of cannons that occurs during the festival He succeeded Drona as the carrier of the Golden Howdah 
Balarama was not the first choice to carry the Howdah after Drona  Elephant Arjuna, a 44-year-old bull weighing 5,600 kilograms (12,300 lb) was supposed to be the carrier of the howdah, but was sidelined for accidentally killing a Mahout  One day, Arjuna went to bathe in a river with elephant Bahadur and Bahadur's trainer Annayya  While crossing a road, the elephants were startled by a vehicle and in the chaos that ensued, the rider Annayya fell down to the ground, only to be stamped on the head by Arjuna  He was crushed to death  People opined that an elephant that had killed a man was unfit to carry the religious duties of Dasara  So Arjuna, while being as capable as Drona, was not given the honorable duty, though he did have the honour of carrying the Chinnada Ambari once before being replaced by Balarama  Balarama had been rested from the duty of carrying the Golden Howdah due to his reducing weight and has been succeeded by Arjuna  Balarama led the procession as the 'nishane aane' or the lead elephant 
Balarama's Mahout Sannappa once refused to mount Balarama after his family were stopped by the police from watching him ride during Dasara 
Balarama refused food given to him by anybody other than his Mahout  Balarama weighed about 4590 Kilograms and he conquered the hearts of human beings by his majestic looks and the silence that he possessed  He was looked after at the Morkal Elephant camp at Nagarahole national park and his previous mahout Sannappa has retired and his new master Thimma has taken over 
The 67-year-old elephant was critically ill and under the care of a veterinarians at the Bhimanakatte elephant camp in the Hunsur range of the Nagarhole park  Despite the efforts of the medical team, Balarama’s condition deteriorated  According to reports, Balarama had been recovering from an ulcer in his mouth but the veterinarian treating him suspected that he may have been suffering from tuberculosis  He died on 7 May 2023 

See also
List of individual elephants
Passage 7:
Justin Tranchita
Justin Chase Tranchita  (born June 22, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and businessman  Born in Geneva, Illinois and raised in Princeton, Illinois  He achieved popularity by his recurring role on Game of Pawns and his music 

Life and career
Early life and career beginning
Justin was born to Joseph James Tranchita and Julee Ann Child in Geneva, Illinois, on June 22, 1981  His paternal grandfather was an immigrant from Marsala, Italy, while his mother was of Jewish and Irish ancestry  He has four elder siblings, Joe (born 1971), Julie (born 1974), Pam (born 1976) and Angie (born 1978) and four younger siblings, Jonathan (born 1983), Elliott (born 1990), Joshua (born 1995) and Marie (born 2000) 
He was raised in Princeton, Illinois just past the Red Covered bridge on a farm with animals surrounded by corn fields  He attended Princeton High school and played football for the school but due to his parents religious beliefs he was pulled out of attendance and home schooled after his sophomore year  Tranchita went on several humanitarian trips as a boy taking him all over America and twice to Israel  After his parents divorced his senior year in high school Tranchita had a crisis of faith and left Princeton  He later told the Bureau County Republican that "It was kind of a long road out of Princeton but it was the best place a kid could grow up  " Justin received a music scholarship to Greenville College and attended in 1999  In 2000 he dropped out of college and relocated to Branson , Missouri where he met Don Williams brother of American singer Andy Williams and Robert Vinton son of American singer Bobby Vinton  who helped Justin take the leap into a career in music and television 

Television and music
Tranchita starred on the television series Game of Pawns which airs on the Discovery Channel globally  The series was filmed in 2013 by High Noon Entertainment and is based on the goings on in a pawn shop in Branson, Missouri  Justin is joined by Scott Velvet and Brian Roman in this television game show which continues to run as re-runs in the United States and around the world on Discovery networks Recorded with producer and writer Steve Messer, the song "This is America" features lyrics about American politics  It first became noticed when the Ben Carson presidential campaign heard the song and decided to use it as their campaign song for 2016  Quickly after Ben Carson used the song it had commercial success by reaching number one on the Billboard Twitter Emerging Artist chart on November 28th, 2015 where it continued to stay on the chart for weeks  The song was controversial in nature and garnered mixed reviews, digg com said it was "one of the worste campaign songs of all time " Dan Fallon of digg com wrote "Props to Tranchita for almost getting the lyric "While governmental power tends to grow continuously" to not sound super awkward " Tranchita told The Guardian, "When I started to look into Ben Carson and what he stood for   people who have a faith – I identify with them because it does separate from people who do not ” Ben Carson personally thanked Justin for allowing him to use the song publicly in a statement to his Facebook followers, This is America returned to the number one spot again in 2016 after spending ten weeks on Billboards Emerging chart  This gave Tranchita a number one hit with the same song in two different years 

Discography
The Devil Song, (single)  (2012)
Cock of The Walk (2012)
This is America (single) (2015)
American Man 2016

Michigan State House Run
After the song "This is America" vaulted Tranchita into the political limelight he decided to run for the Michigan State House, district 32 in March of 2016  He was among Macomb County Republicans competing in state House races  Tranchita said the popularity of his song was responsible in part for his run, he told The Detroit News, "Millions of people have responded to [the song]    There's some angst, some anger, and people are feeling like their voices aren't heard  I feel that  I'm a blue-collar guy, not some elitist or crony that wants to be in the ruling class " After a very hard fought race Tranchita was narrowly defeated in his first ever political campaign by six percent in the August 2016 primary 
Passage 8:
Cock and Bull (book)
Cock and Bull is the title of a volume composed of two novellas by Will Self, which includes the stories Cock and Bull  The two stories are characterized by empty, emotionless, phatic sex; rape; cruelty; and violence  The book was originally published in 1992 by Bloomsbury 

Plot summaries
Cock
A woman grows a penis and then uses it to rape her tedious, alcoholic husband and his patronising, evangelical mentor from Alcoholics Anonymous  In the story's final twist, the woman comes into non-consensual contact with her violating member, and makes allusions to The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 

Bull
A sensitive rugby player-cum-writer for a small magazine grows a vagina behind his knee  His megalomaniacal general practitioner, having discovered the vagina during an examination, conceals it from Bull, telling him it was 'a burn and a wound', though later visits Bull at home, fixated on this popliteal yoni  The doctor, removing the bandages from the site, reveals the truth, and seduces Bull while he is traumatised and huddled beneath the sink 
Gender stereotypes are examined; much fun is made of modern literary criticism and its often clichéd takes on the gender debate 

Reviews
"In recounting such events, Mr  Self demonstrates an uncanny ability, similar to that displayed by Kafka in The Metamorphosis, to lend utterly absurd events an aura of verisimilitude by grounding the fantastic in the mundane  He possesses all those gifts a satiric writer might want: an eye for the telling detail, an ear for the pretensions of contemporary locution, an ability to write idiosyncratic prose that twinkles with cleverness and wit  Unfortunately, in this volume, these copious gifts are all too frequently put in the service of a misogynistic and ridiculously sophomoric vision  " Michiko Kakutani, The New York Times
Passage 9:
Will Self
William Woodard Self (born 26 September 1961) is an English author, journalist, political commentator and broadcaster  He has written 11 novels, five collections of shorter fiction, three novellas and nine collections of non-fiction writing  Self is currently Professor of Modern Thought at Brunel University London, where he teaches psychogeography His 2002 novel Dorian, an Imitation was longlisted for the Booker Prize, and his 2012 novel Umbrella was shortlisted  His fiction is known for being satirical, grotesque and fantastical, and is predominantly set within his home city of London  His writing often explores mental illness, drug abuse and psychiatry 
Self is a regular contributor to publications including The Guardian, Harper's Magazine, The New York Times and the London Review of Books  He currently writes a column for the New Statesman, and he has been a columnist for the Observer, The Times, and the Evening Standard  His columns for Building Design on the built environment, and for the Independent Magazine on the psychology of place brought him to prominence as a thinker concerned with the politics of urbanism 
Self is a regular contributor to British television, initially as a guest on comic panel shows such as Have I Got News for You  In 2002, Self replaced Mark Lamarr on the BBC comedy panel show Shooting Stars  for two series, but was himself replaced by comedian Jack Dee when the programme returned in 2008   He has since appeared on current affairs programmes such as Newsnight and Question Time  Self is a contributor to the BBC Radio 4 programme A Point of View, to which he contributes radio essays delivered in his familiar "lugubrious tones"  In 2013, Self took part in discussions about becoming the inaugural BBC Radio 4 Writer-in-Residence, but later withdrew 

Early life
Self was born in Charing Cross Hospital and brought up in North London, between the suburbs of East Finchley and Hampstead Garden Suburb  His parents were Peter John Otter Self, Professor of Public Administration at the London School of Economics, and Elaine Rosenbloom, from Queens, New York, who worked as a publisher's assistant  His paternal grandfather was Sir Albert Henry Self  Self spent a year living in Ithaca in upstate New York Self's parents separated when he was nine, and divorced when he was 18  Despite the intellectual encouragement given by his parents, he was an emotionally confused and self-destructive child, harming himself with cigarette ends and knives before beginning to experiment with drugs Self was a voracious reader from a young age  When he was 10, he developed an interest in works of science fiction such as Frank Herbert's Dune and the works of J  G  Ballard and Philip K  Dick  Into his teenage years, Self claimed to have been "overawed by the canon", which stifled his ability to express himself  Self's use of drugs increased in step with his prolific reading  He started smoking cannabis at the age of 12, progressing by way of amphetamines, cocaine and LSD to heroin, which he started injecting at 18  Self struggled with mental health issues during this period, and aged 20 became a hospital outpatient Self attended University College School, an independent school for boys in Hampstead  He later attended Christ's College, Finchley, from where he went to Exeter College, Oxford, reading Philosophy, Politics and Economics and graduated with a third class degree  At Oxford, he was editor of and frequent contributor to an underground left-wing student newspaper called Red Herring/Oxford Strumpet, copies of which are archived in the Bodleian Library 

Career
After graduating from Oxford, Self worked for the Greater London Council, including as a road sweeper, while residing in Brixton  He pursued a career as a cartoonist for the New Statesman and other publications and as a stand-up comedian  He moved to Gloucester Road around 1985  In 1986 he entered a treatment centre in Weston-super-Mare, where he claimed that his heroin addiction was cured  In 1989, "through a series of accidents", he "blagged" his way into running a small publishing company The publication of his short story collection The Quantity Theory of Insanity brought him to public attention in 1991  Self was hailed as an original new talent by Salman Rushdie, Doris Lessing, Beryl Bainbridge, A  S  Byatt and Bill Buford  In 1993, he was nominated by Granta magazine as one of the 20 "Best Young British Novelists"  Conversely, Self's second book, My Idea of Fun, was "mauled" by the critics Self joined the Observer as a columnist in 1995  He gained negative publicity in 1997 when he was sent to cover the election campaign of John Major and was caught by a rival journalist using heroin on the Prime Minister's jet; he was fired as a result  At the time, he argued "I'm a hack who gets hired because I do drugs"  He joined the Times as a columnist in 1997  In 1999 he left the Times to join the Independent on Sunday, which he left in 2002 for the Evening Standard He has made many appearances on British television, especially as a panellist on Have I Got News for You and as a regular on Shooting Stars  Since 2008 Self has appeared five times on Question Time  He stopped appearing in Have I Got News for You, stating the show had become a pseudo-panel show  Between 2003 and 2006, he was a regular contributor to the BBC2 television series Grumpy Old Men Since 2009, Self has written two alternating fortnightly columns for the New Statesman  The Madness of Crowds explores social phenomena and group behaviour, and in Real Meals he reviews high street food outlets  For a May 2014 article in The Guardian, he wrote: "the literary novel as an art work and a narrative art form central to our culture is indeed dying before our eyes", explaining in a July 2014 article that his royalty income had decreased "dramatically" over the previous decade  The July article followed the release of a study of the earnings of British authors that was commissioned by the Authors' Licensing and Collecting Society Self is a professor of Modern Thought at Brunel University London  He was appointed in 2012 

Literary style
According to M  Hunter Hayes, Self has given his reason for writing as follows: "I don't write fiction for people to identify with and I don't write a picture of the world they can recognise  I write to astonish people " "What excites me is to disturb the reader's fundamental assumptions  I want to make them feel that certain categories within which they are used to perceiving the world are unstable "When he was ten, he developed an interest in works of science fiction such as Frank Herbert's Dune and those of J  G  Ballard and Philip K  Dick  Self admires the work of J  G  Ballard, Alasdair Gray and Martin Amis  He has said that he previously admired William Burroughs but went off him  He has cited influences such as Jonathan Swift, Franz Kafka, Lewis Carroll and Joseph Heller as formative influences on his writing style  Other influences on his fiction include Hunter S  Thompson  Self credits Céline's book Journey to the End of the Night with inspiring him to write fiction Zack Busner is a recurring character in Self's fiction, appearing in the short story collections The Quantity Theory of Insanity, Grey Area and Dr  Mukti and Other Tales of Woe, as well as in the novels Great Apes, The Book of Dave, Umbrella and Shark  Busner is a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst practising in London, and is prone to self-promotion at the expense of his patients  He is often the antagonist of the stories he appears in, although not always with villainous intent 
Among Self's admirers was the American critic Harold Bloom  Journalist Stuart Maconie has described him as "that rarity in modern cultural life, a genuine intellectual with a bracing command of words and ideas who is also droll, likeable and culturally savvy "

Political views
In the 2015 UK general election Self voted Labour in a general election for the first time since 1997  In May 2015, he wrote in The Guardian: "No, I'm no longer a socialist if to be one is to believe that a socialist utopia is attainable by some collective feat of will – but I remain a socialist, if 'socialism' is to be understood as an antipathy to vested interests and privileges neither deserved nor earned, and a strong desire for a genuinely egalitarian society " In March 2017, he wrote in the New Statesman: "Nowadays I think in terms of compassionate pragmatism: I'll leave socialism to Žižek and the other bloviators "In July 2015 Self endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election  He said during a Channel 4 News interview that Corbyn represents a useful ideological divide within Labour, and could lead to the formation of a schism in the party Self is a republican 

Personal life
Self's mother died in 1988  He was married from 1989 to 1997 to Kate Chancellor  They have two children, a son, Alexis, and a daughter, Madeleine  They lived together in a terraced house just off the Portobello Road  In 1997, Self married journalist Deborah Orr, with whom he has sons Ivan and Luther  In 2017, Orr and Self separated, and Self was living in a rented flat in Stockwell  Orr died on 20 October 2019 
Self has stated that he has abstained from drugs, except for caffeine and nicotine, since 1998  He sent his younger children to private schools after they experienced bullying at state schools in Lambeth Self was diagnosed with the blood disease Polycythaemia vera in 2011 He has described himself as a psychogeographer and modern flâneur, and has written about walks he has taken  In December 2006, he walked 26 miles (42 kilometres) from his home in South London to Heathrow Airport  Upon arriving at Kennedy Airport he walked 20 miles (32 kilometres) from there to Manhattan  In August 2013, Self wrote of his anger following an incident in which he was stopped and questioned by police in Yorkshire while out walking with his 11-year-old son, on suspicion of being a paedophile  The police were alerted by a security guard at Bishop Burton College  He had asked the security guard for permission to cross the school grounds In September 2018 Self was accused of "mental cruelty" by Orr in relation to their divorce, in a series of posts on Twitter Self has discussed his Jewish heritage and its impact on his identity  In 2006, Self  'resigned' as a Jew as a protest against the Israeli invasion of Lebanon  In 2018 he stated in an interview with the BBC that he had rethought his position, due to the resurgence of anti-Semitism in Britain Self is 6 feet 5 inches (196 cm) tall, collects vintage typewriters and smokes a pipe  His brother is the author and journalist Jonathan Self Self became a vegetarian in 2019 

Legacy
In 2016, the British Library acquired Self's archive; the collection is a hybrid archive of paper and born-digital material  The Papers of Will Self are divided into two parts: family papers and personal and literary papers  The papers can be accessed through the British Library catalogue 

Awards
1991: Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize for The Quantity Theory of Insanity
1998: Aga Khan Prize for Fiction from The Paris Review for Tough Tough Toys for Tough Tough Boys
2008: Bollinger Everyman Wodehouse Prize for Comic Fiction for The Butt

Works
Novels
Cock and Bull (1992)
My Idea of Fun (1993)
The Sweet Smell of Psychosis (illustrated novella) (1996)
Great Apes (1997)
How the Dead Live (2000)
Dorian, an Imitation (2002)
The Book of Dave (2006)
The Butt (2008)
Walking to Hollywood (2010)
Umbrella (2012)
Shark (2014)
Phone (2017)

Short story collections
The Quantity Theory of Insanity (1991)
Grey Area (1994)
Tough, Tough Toys for Tough, Tough Boys (1998)
Dr  Mukti and Other Tales of Woe (2004)
Liver: A Fictional Organ with a Surface Anatomy of Four Lobes (2008)
The Undivided Self: Selected Stories (2010)

Non-fiction
Self has also compiled several books of work from his newspaper and magazine columns which mix interviews with counter-culture figures, restaurant reviews and literary criticism 

Junk Mail (1996)
Perfidious Man (2000) photography by David M  Gamble
Sore Sites (2000)
Feeding Frenzy (2001)
Psychogeography (2007)
Psycho Too (2009)
The Unbearable Lightness of Being a Prawn Cracker (2012)
Will (2019)
Why Read: Selected Writings 2001-2021 (2022)

Television
The Minor Character – Self's short story was turned into a short film on Sky Arts which starred David Tennant as "Will" 
Passage 10:
Guilherme Marchi
Guilherme Marchi (pronounced Gih-lare-mee Mar-kee) (born July 22, 1982) is a Brazilian former professional rodeo cowboy who specialized in bull riding, and competed in the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) circuit  He was the 2008 PBR World Champion 

Background
Marchi is 6 feet 0 inches (1 83 m) tall and weighs 198 pounds (90 kg)  He is from Leme, São Paulo, and is of Italian descent on his father's side  He rode his bulls right-handed  His special interests include soccer, team roping, and surfing 

Career
Marchi competed very briefly in the Championship Bull Riding (CBR) tour in 2004 before joining the PBR full-time  He debuted late in the Built Ford Tough Series (BFTS) season that year, qualifying for his first-ever PBR World Finals and finishing 41st in the world  After finishing in the runner-up position for the PBR World Championship in three consecutive years, he won his world title in 2008  Statistically, Marchi was one of the most consistent riders on the tour  He would go on to qualify for the World Finals all 15 years of his PBR career (2004 to 2018) In 2005, Guilherme Marchi was the biggest threat to Justin McBride’s dream of being the PBR World Champion  McBride won, Marchi came in second  However, Marchi was the PBR World Finals event champion that year  
In 2006, during one of the last few regular-season BFTS events before the World Finals, Marchi won $90,000 by successfully riding Scene of the Crash in the Mossy Oak Shootout in Greensboro, North Carolina  At the World Finals, Marchi once again failed to win when fellow Brazilian Adriano Moraes came from behind to claim the PBR world championship, with Marchi placing second  
Yet again, in 2007, Marchi finished the season in the number two position behind Justin McBride at the PBR World Finals in Las Vegas In 2008, Marchi dominated the PBR circuit, riding nearly 75% of his bulls, winning five events, and earning over $1 5 million (nearly three times as much as any other PBR rider) on his way to his PBR world championship title and the $1 million bonus that went with it In March 2014, in the opening round of the BFTS event in Phoenix, Arizona, Marchi became the first bull rider to successfully complete 500 qualified rides in the PBR, riding Pandora’s Pyxis On April 8, 2017, Marchi rode Shocker for 86 25 points in Round 2 of the BFTS event in Billings, Montana  In doing so, he became the first PBR rider to reach 600 qualified rides and received a commemorative belt buckle On August 12, 2018, Marchi announced that 2018 would be his final year of bull riding, with the intention of retiring after the PBR World Finals  He finished his professional career with 635 qualified rides (the most ever in PBR history), 36 PBR event wins, and over $5 3 million in career earnings Marchi officially retired from bull riding following his victory at the 2018 PBR Brazil event in Goiânia, Goiás In 2023, Marchi became the assistant coach to head coach J W  Hart of the Kansas City Outlaws; one of eight bull riding teams of the PBR’s Team Series, which debuted the previous year and holds events in the United States from the summer through autumn  Marchi will also work on the team’s recruiting and development efforts for riders in Brazil 

Honors
On November 5, 2019, Marchi was inducted into the PBR Ring of Honor On May 14, 2022, Marchi was inducted into the Bull Riding Hall of Fame 

Personal
On April 19, 2018, Marchi married long-time girlfriend Maria in Texas  She is his second wife  They have a son  Marchi also has two other children, a daughter and son, from his first wife, Patricia  All of his children were born in the United States  While competing in the U S  PBR circuit, Marchi lived in Ferris, Texas  After retiring from bull riding, he moved back to Brazil with his family 
Context 3: Passage 1:
August Hirt
August Hirt (28 April 1898 – 2 June 1945) was an anatomist with Swiss and German nationality who served as a chairman at the Reich University in Strasbourg during World War II  He performed experiments with mustard gas on inmates at the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp and played a lead role in the murders of 86 people at Natzweiler-Struthof for the Jewish skull collection  The skeletons of his victims were meant to become specimens at the Institute of anatomy in Strasbourg, but completion of the project was stopped by the progress of the war  He was an SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain) and in 1944, an SS-Sturmbannführer (major) 

World War I, post-war education and joining the Nazi party
Hirt was the son of a Swiss business man  In 1914, he volunteered, while still a high school student, to fight in World War I on the German side  In October 1916, he was wounded in the upper jaw by a bullet  He received the Iron Cross and returned to Mannheim in 1917  He studied medicine at Heidelberg University  In 1921, he gained German citizenship  In 1922, Hirt obtained his doctorate in medicine with "Der Grenzstrang des Sympathicus bei einigen Sauriern" (English: The Ganglions in the Sympathetic Nervous System of Some Lizards)  He then worked at the Anatomical Institute in Heidelberg and in 1925 he was authorized to teach thanks to a thesis on nerve cells  In 1930 he became professor at Heidelberg University 
In September 1932, Hirt joined the Militant League for German Culture  On 1 April 1933, he joined the Schutzstaffel (SS-Nr  100 414), and was promoted to Hauptsturmführer (captain) on 1 July 1937, but he was only a member of the Nazi Party from 1 May 1937, when he enrolled in the universities of the Reich (Mitgliedsnr  4012784)  From 1 March 1942, he was a member of the personal staff of the RuSHA, the organisation in charge of "racial and ideological purity" of the members of the SS  He attained the rank of Sturmbannführer (major) in 1944 
Hirt was married and had a son and a daughter 

World War II
From 1 April 1936 Hirt was associate director of the Institute of  anatomy at University of Greifswald  On 1 October 1938, he obtained the same post at Goethe University  At the beginning of the Second World War he was an SS medical chief (from August 1939 to April 1941)  During this time the Battle of France took place, resulting in the fall of France and its occupation by German forces, and Hirt participated in the battle  He then became director of the new Institute of anatomy at the Reichsuniversität Straßburg 

Jewish skeleton collection
The Ahnenerbe under the Third Reich was a society that organised "medical experiments" on prisoners  Hirt conceived and directed one called the Jewish skeleton collection, which was begun but not completed as intended  He also performed experiments on cadavers and collected human skulls  He was appointed director since 1941 of the Institute of Anatomy in Strasbourg  He wanted to create a collection of skulls of "Judeo-Bolsheviks", as part of his research on race  According to him, the Jewish race was on the point of extinction and he wished to gather a collection of them while there was still time  Hirt sent his project to Heinrich Himmler  Hirt wrote of this project: "There are important collections of skulls of nearly all the races and peoples  Except for the Jews, of which science has so few skulls, so it is not possible to draw any meaningful inferences  The war in the East gives us the opportunity to fill the gap  We have the opportunity to acquire a tangible scientific document by procuring the skulls of Jewish-Bolsheviks who embody the disgusting but characteristic subhuman ": 882 Hirt conceived the project to go beyond a collection of skulls, to a collection of Jewish skeletons and so presented his research plan to Himmler  He approved the project so that Hirt could begin his "medical experiments " Working with the Ahnenerbe division, Wolfram Sievers, Bruno Beger, Hans Fleischhacker and Hirt together collected people from among the Auschwitz inmates in order to create an anatomical specimen collection specifically of Jews  Hirt proposed to use the small-scale gas chamber at Natzweiler-Struthof to murder the people selected, keeping their corpses intact, and then have their corpses shipped immediately to the Anatomical Institute in Strasbourg for the casts and skeletons he wanted for this collection : 882 Hirt directed that 115 persons be selected for measurements: 79 Jewish men, 30 Jewish women, 2 Poles, and 4 "Asians" : 882  They were selected among the inmates in August 1943 at Auschwitz by his assistants, the anthropologists Bruno Beger and Hans Fleischhacker  The group was quarantined to protect them from a typhus epidemic in the camp  Measurements were taken of the selected inmates at Auschwitz  Of those initially selected, it is believed that 89 persons (60 men and 29 women) were sent to Natzweiler-Struthof  Three men died en route, leaving 86 people 

Natzweiler-Struthof camp
These 86 people were sent to Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp on 30 July 1943  They were fed reasonably well to improve their appearance for the body casts  They were divided into four groups and successively gassed by Josef Kramer, on 11, 13, 17, and 19 August 1943  Their bodies were returned to Hirt at the anatomical laboratory of the Reich University in Strasbourg for preparation as an anthropological display, taking body casts and preparing the skeletons In September 1944, the rapid approach of the Allies led to the project being abandoned and Himmler ordered the destruction of all traces of this compromising collection : 883  That order was not completed, nor had the casts been taken or the skeletons been prepared  The Allies found corpses and partial remains preserved in formalin for eighty-six bodies upon the liberation of Strasbourg : 884  The corpses were buried 23 October 1945 in the municipal cemetery of Strasbourg-Robertsau before being transferred in 1951 to the Jewish cemetery of Strasbourg-Cronenbourg  The names of the victims were not known, and the purpose for their presence at the Anatomical Institute were not known  Some information was learned in post-war trials as to the project proposed by Hirt 
August Hirt fled Strasbourg in September 1944, hiding in Tübingen in southern Germany across the river from Alsace 

Death
Hirt committed suicide on 2 June 1945, aged 47, at Schluchsee, Baden-Württemberg, in the Black Forest  His suicide was not known when he was tried in absentia at the Military War Crimes Trial at Metz on 23 December 1953 for his war crimes  His death was finally confirmed in the mid-1960s when the Israeli secret service had his body exhumed, and an Israeli pathologist conclusively identified the bones Some records prepared for his trial are in possession of the US National Archives, including the list of identification numbers tattooed on the prisoners at Auschwitz and "Photocopies of certificates of proof of ancestry, in connection with research on prisoners in the Konzentrationslager Natzweiler,    Feb  9-Nov  3, 1942  Partial copies of slips for the admittance of prisoners into the Konzentrationslager Natzweiler, medical examinations on prisoners, and a death certificate, Dec  9, 1942-Aug  9, 1944  Feb  9, 1942-Aug  9, 1944" 

Posthumous
In the book, Die Namen der Nummern (The Names of the Numbers, 2004, ISBN 978-3455094640), Hans-Joachim Lang describes this mass murder  He also recounts how he was able to determine the identities of 86 victims, 60 years after they were murdered  In November 2005, the remains of some of these victims were buried in the Jewish cemetery of Cronenbourg on the outskirts of Strasbourg, in the same area where bodies of other victims were buried in 1951, names unknown  On 11 December 2005, a memorial engraved with the names of the 86 victims was placed there  In addition, a memorial plaque honoring the victims was placed outside the Anatomy Institute at Strasbourg's University Hospital  In 2015, a researcher, Raphael Toledano, identified tissue samples of victims in test tubes and a jar in the Strasbourg Medical Institute's closed collection  This followed his discovery of a 1952 letter from the then-director of the Institute, Camille Simonin, about the experiments directed by Hirt  On 6 September 2015, these remains were buried in the Cronenbourg Cemetery 

See also
Block 10
Anton Dilger
Eduard Pernkopf
Hermann Stieve
Passage 2:
BAFTA Rising Star Award
The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Rising Star Award, currently styled as the EE Rising Star Award for commercial reasons and previously known as the Orange Rising Star Award, is an award that acknowledges new talents in the acting industry  The award was created after Mary Selway's death in 2004  She has been recognised for her successful role as a casting director and has helped many new actors and actresses to their claim to fame  The five nominees are chosen regardless of gender, nationality and whether they have made a breakthrough in television, film or both  Despite the nominees being chosen by the BAFTA juries, the winner is chosen entirely by public votes via text, internet or phone  This award was sponsored by Orange UK until 2012 and has been sponsored by EE since 2013  The first winner was James McAvoy in 2006  Eva Green, Shia LaBeouf and Kristen Stewart have been the only non-British winners  The current holder of the award is Emma Mackey, who won in 2023 

Winners and nominees
2000s
2010s
2020s
Notes
Passage 3:
Jolyon James
Jolyon James is an Australian-born actor, writer and visual artist who creates work predominantly for young people  In 2018 he wrote directed and designed the Helpmann Award winning 'Robot Song' for Arena Theatre Company, the premiere work produced by the company after its relocation to regional Victoria  
Other recent works by Jolyon include Trapper and A Cautionary Tales for Children starring Virginia Gay  As a visual artist Jolyon has exhibited regularly in Victoria and was a finalist in the National Photographic Portrait Prize in 2012  He performed the role of the Moonshadow in Cat Stevens's musical of the same name which is played in Melbourne’s Princess Theatre for 12 weeks from 31 May 2012 

Early life
James was born in Western Australia in a remote country town  He studied at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA), graduating in 1997  He performed the role of Jean Prouvaire, and understudied and performed the role of Enjolras in the 1999 Australian tour of Les Misérables and appeared on numerous Australian TV shows before moving to the UK in 2002 to broaden his horizons 

Acting career
After graduating from WAAPA, James guest starred in Australian television shows Water Rats, Blue Heelers and The Secret Life of Us, as well as a role in the TV movie Never Tell Me Never  James secured the major role of Police Officer Con Stavros in the 2000 TV series Above the Law  In 2001 James starred as Sky in the Melbourne run of Mamma Mia! James directed the play This is Our Youth in Melbourne in 2002 and Perth in January 2003  After moving to London, James played a supporting role in the UK TV series Mad About Alice, and in 2005 appeared briefly in the Hollywood film The Wedding Date, playing Debra Messing's character's ex-boyfriend "Woody" 
Back in Australia, James appeared on TV screens again in shows such as Headland, City Homicide, Rush and Offspring, as well as playing Schuurman in the 2008 TV movie Krakatoa  He is a Director and member of the creative team behind Doorstep Ensemble, a theatre company which seeks to give up and coming community theatre performers a foot in the door to the professional industry, and he has both appeared in and directed a number of their productions  In 2011 James was both a tutor and mentor with Showfit, a 12-month course focused on developing performers’ skills and confidence and eventually showcasing them to industry professionals In 2012 James appeared in the title role of Moonshadow, a musical by Cat Stevens which premiered in Melbourne at the Princess Theatre, and performed the role of Indian John in Eddie Perfect's Shane Warne the Musical the following year James has been in two Stephen Sondheim musicals  He first appeared in the 1998 Melbourne cast of Into the Woods as Rapunzel's Prince, and then in the 2014 Melbourne cast of Passion as Major Rizzolli 

Photography
James is also a photographic artist and is involved in a long term collaboration with Raphael Ruz entitled BILLIEJEANISNOTMYLOVER  They are based in Melbourne 
James also creates animation and video content for theatre productions and music video clips including the single "Magnet" by Kate Ceberano  He is a writer, director and producer and is currently the Artistic Associate for the Arena Theatre Company 
Passage 4:
Cat Stevens
Yusuf Islam (born Steven Demetre Georgiou; 21 July 1948), commonly known by his stage names Cat Stevens, Yusuf, and Yusuf / Cat Stevens,  is a British singer-songwriter and musician  To date, he has sold over 100 million records and has over 2 billion streams  His musical style consists of folk, pop, rock, and, later in his career, Islamic music  Following two decades in which he only performed music which met strict religious standards, he returned to making secular music in 2006  He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014 His 1967 debut album and its title song "Matthew and Son" both reached top ten in the UK charts  Stevens' albums Tea for the Tillerman (1970) and Teaser and the Firecat (1971) were certified triple platinum in the US   His 1972 album Catch Bull at Four went to No 1 on the Billboard 200 and spent weeks at the top of several other major charts  He earned ASCAP songwriting awards in 2005 and 2006 for "The First Cut Is the Deepest", which has been a hit for four artists  His other hit songs include "Father and Son", "Wild World", "Moonshadow", "Peace Train", and "Morning Has Broken" 
Stevens converted to Islam in December 1977, and adopted the name Yusuf Islam the following year  In 1979, he auctioned all of his guitars for charity, and left his musical career to devote himself to educational and philanthropic causes in the Muslim community  He has since bought back at least one of these guitars as a result of the efforts of his son Yoriyos  He was embroiled in a long-running controversy regarding comments he made in 1989, about the death fatwa placed on author Salman Rushdie in response to the publication of Rushdie's novel The Satanic Verses  He has explained the incident stating: "I was cleverly framed by certain questions  I never supported the fatwa " He has received two honorary doctorates and awards for promoting peace as well as other humanitarian awards 
In 2006, he returned to pop music by releasing his first new studio album of new pop songs in 28 years, entitled An Other Cup  With that release and subsequent ones, he dropped the surname "Islam" from the album cover art – using the stage name Yusuf as a mononym  In 2009, he released the album Roadsinger and, in 2014, he released the album Tell 'Em I'm Gone and began his first US tour since 1978   His second North American tour since his resurgence, featuring 12 shows in intimate venues, ran from 12 September to 7 October 2016  In 2017, he released the album The Laughing Apple, now using the stage name Yusuf / Cat Stevens, using the Cat Stevens name for the first time in 39 years  In September 2020, he released Tea for the Tillerman 2, a reimagining of his classic album Tea for the Tillerman to celebrate its 50th anniversary, and in June 2023, King of a Land, a new studio album 

Life and career
Early life (1948–1965)
Steven Demetre Georgiou, born on 21 July 1948 in the Marylebone area of London, was the youngest child of a Cypriot father, Stavros Georgiou (1900–1978), and a Swedish mother, Ingrid Wickman (1915–1989)   He has an older sister, Anita (b  1937), and a brother, David Gordon  The family lived above the Moulin Rouge, a restaurant his parents operated on the north end of Shaftesbury Avenue, a short walk from Piccadilly Circus in the Soho theatre district of London  All family members worked in the restaurant  His parents divorced when he was about eight years old but continued to maintain the family restaurant and live above it  Stevens has a half-brother, George Georgiou, born in Greece, presumably from his father's first marriage in Greece Although his father was Greek Orthodox and his mother was a Baptist, Georgiou was sent to St Joseph Roman Catholic Primary School, Macklin Street, which was closer to his father's business on Drury Lane  Georgiou developed an interest in piano at a young age, eventually using the family baby grand piano to work out the chords, since no one else there played well enough to teach him  At 15, inspired by the popularity of the Beatles, he became interested in the guitar  He persuaded his father to pay £8 (equivalent to £200 in 2021) for his first guitar, and he began playing it and writing songs  He occasionally escaped his family responsibilities by going to the rooftop above their home and listening to the tunes of the musicals drifting from around the corner on Denmark Street, then the centre of the British music industry  Stevens said that West Side Story particularly affected him and gave him a "different view of life"  With interests in both art and music, he and his mother moved to Gävle, Sweden, where he attended primary school (Solängsskolan) and started developing his drawing skills after being influenced by his uncle Hugo Wickman, a painter  They subsequently returned to England He attended other local West End schools, where he says he was constantly in trouble and did poorly in everything but art  He was called 'the artist boy' and said, "I was beat up, but I was noticed"  He took a one-year course at Hammersmith School of Art, considering a career as a cartoonist  Though he enjoyed art (his later record albums featured his original artwork), he decided to pursue a musical career  He began performing under the name "Steve Adams" in 1965 while at Hammersmith  At that point, his goal was to become a songwriter  As well as the Beatles, other musicians who influenced him were the Kinks, Bob Dylan, Nina Simone, blues artists Lead Belly and Muddy Waters, Biff Rose (particularly Rose's first album), Leo Kottke and Paul Simon  He also sought to emulate composers of musicals, such as Ira Gershwin and Leonard Bernstein  In 1965, he signed a publishing deal with Ardmore & Beechwood and recorded several demos, including "The First Cut Is the Deepest" 

Musical career (1966–1978)
Early musical career
Georgiou began performing his songs in London coffee houses and pubs  At first he tried to form a band, but realised he preferred performing solo  Thinking his birth name might be difficult to remember, he chose the stage name Cat Stevens, partly because a girlfriend said he had eyes like a cat, but mainly because "I couldn't imagine anyone going to the record store and asking for 'that Steven Demetre Georgiou album'  And in England, and I was sure in America, they loved animals "In 1966, at age 18, he was heard by manager/producer Mike Hurst, formerly of British vocal group the Springfields  Hurst arranged for him to record a demo and helped him get a record deal  Stevens's first singles were hits: "I Love My Dog" reached number 28 on the UK Singles Chart; and "Matthew and Son", the title song from his debut album, reached number 2 in the UK  "I'm Gonna Get Me a Gun" was his second UK top 10 single, reaching number 6, and the album Matthew and Son reached number 7 on the UK Albums Chart Over the next two years, Stevens recorded and toured with an eclectic group of artists ranging from Jimi Hendrix to Engelbert Humperdinck  He was considered a fresh-faced teen star, placing several single releases in the British pop music charts  Some of that success was attributed to the pirate radio station Wonderful Radio London, which gained him fans by playing his records  In August 1967, he was one of several recording artists who had benefited from the station to broadcast messages during its final hour to mourn its closure His December 1967 album New Masters failed to chart in the United Kingdom  The album is now most notable for "The First Cut Is the Deepest", a song he sold for £30 (equivalent to £600 in 2021) to P  P  Arnold and which became a massive hit for her and an international hit for Keith Hampshire, Rod Stewart, James Morrison, and Sheryl Crow  Forty years after he recorded the first demo of the song, it earned him back-to-back ASCAP "Songwriter of the Year" awards, in 2005 and 2006 

Tuberculosis
Stevens contracted tuberculosis in 1969 and was close to death at the time of his admission to the King Edward VII Hospital, Midhurst, Sussex  He spent months recuperating in the hospital and a year of convalescence  During this time, Stevens began to question aspects of his life and spirituality  He later said, "To go from the show business environment and find you are in hospital, getting injections day in and day out, and people around you are dying, it certainly changes your perspective  I got down to thinking about myself  It seemed almost as if I had my eyes shut "He took up meditation, yoga, and metaphysics, read about other religions and became a vegetarian  As a result of his serious illness and long convalescence and as a part of his spiritual awakening and questioning, he wrote as many as 40 songs, many of which would appear on his albums in later years 

Changes in musical sound after illness
The lack of success of Stevens' second album mirrored a difference of personal tastes in musical direction  He felt a growing resentment of producer Mike Hurst's attempts to re-create the style of his debut album, with heavy-handed orchestration and over-production, rather than the folk rock sound Stevens was attempting to produce  He admits having purposely sabotaged his own contract with Hurst, by making outlandishly expensive orchestral demands and threatening legal action; this achieved his goal: to be released from his contract with Deram Records, a sub-label of Decca Records On regaining his health at home after his release from the hospital, Stevens recorded some of his newly written songs on his tape recorder and played his changing sound for several new record executives  He hired an agent, Barry Krost, who arranged an audition with Chris Blackwell of Island Records  Blackwell offered him a "chance to record [his songs] whenever and with whomever he liked and, more importantly to Cat, however he liked"  With Krost's recommendation, Stevens signed Paul Samwell-Smith, previously the bassist of the Yardbirds, as his new producer 

Height of popularity
Samwell-Smith paired Stevens with guitarist Alun Davies, who was at that time working as a session musician  Davies was the more experienced veteran of two albums that had already begun to explore the emerging genres of skiffle and folk rock music  Davies was also thought to be a perfect fit with Stevens, particularly for his "fingerwork" on the guitar, harmonising, and backing vocals  They originally met just to record Mona Bone Jakon, but soon developed a friendship  Davies, like Stevens, was a perfectionist, appearing at all sound checks to be sure that all the equipment and sound were prepared for each concert The first single released from Mona Bone Jakon was "Lady D'Arbanville", which Stevens wrote about his young American girlfriend Patti D'Arbanville  The record had a madrigal sound, unlike most music played on pop radio, with djembes and bass in addition to Stevens' and Davies' guitars  It reached number 8 in the UK and was the first of his hits to get real airplay in the US  The single sold over 1 million copies and earned him a gold record in 1971  Other songs written for D'Arbanville included "Maybe You're Right" and "Just Another Night"  "Pop Star", a song about his experience as a teen star, and "Katmandu", with Genesis frontman Peter Gabriel playing flute, were also featured  Mona Bone Jakon was an early example of the solo singer-songwriter album format that was becoming popular for other artists as well  Rolling Stone magazine compared its popularity with that of Elton John's Tumbleweed Connection, saying it was played "across the board, across radio formats" 
Mona Bone Jakon was the precursor of Stevens' international breakthrough album, Tea for the Tillerman, which became a Top 10 Billboard hit  Within six months of its release, it had sold over 500,000 copies, attaining gold record status in the United Kingdom and the United States  The combination of Stevens' new folk rock style and accessible lyrics, which spoke of everyday situations and problems, mixed with the beginning of spiritual questions about life, remained in his music from then on  The album features the Top 20 single "Wild World"; a parting song after D'Arbanville moved on  "Wild World" has been credited as the song that gave Tea for the Tillerman 'enough kick' to get it played on FM radio  The head of Island Records, Chris Blackwell, was quoted as calling it "the best album we've ever released"  Other album tracks include "Hard-Headed Woman", and "Father and Son" – sung by Stevens in baritone and tenor, portraying the struggle between fathers and sons who contrast their personal choices in life  In 2001, this album was certified by the RIAA as a Multi-Platinum record, having sold 3 million copies in the United States at that time  It is ranked at No  206 in the 2003 list of "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" After his relationship with D'Arbanville ended, Stevens noted the effect it had on his writing, saying, "Everything I wrote while I was away was in a transitional period and reflects that  Like Patti  A year ago we split; I had been with her for two years  What I write about Patti and my family    when I sing the songs now, I learn strange things  I learn the meanings of my songs late    "
Having established a signature sound, Stevens enjoyed a string of successes in the following years  1971's Teaser and the Firecat album reached number two and achieved gold record status within three weeks of its release in the United States  It yielded several hits, including "Peace Train", "Morning Has Broken", and "Moonshadow"  The album was also certified by the RIAA as a Multi-Platinum record in 2001, with over 3 million sold in the United States through that time  When interviewed on a Boston radio station, Stevens said about Teaser and the Firecat:

I get the tune and then I just keep on singing the tune until the words come out from the tune  It's kind of a hypnotic state that you reach after a while when you keep on playing it where words just evolve from it  So you take those words and just let them go whichever way they want    'Moonshadow'? Funny, that was in Spain, I went there alone, completely alone, to get away from a few things  And I was dancin' on the rocks there     right on the rocks where the waves were, like, blowin' and splashin'  Really, it was so fantastic  And the moon was bright, ya know, and I started dancin' and singin' and I sang that song and it stayed  It's just the kind of moment that you want to find when you're writin' songs 
For seven months, in 1971 and 1972, Stevens was romantically linked to popular singer Carly Simon, while both were being produced by Samwell-Smith  During that time, they each wrote songs for, and about, one another  Simon wrote and recorded at least two Top 50 songs, "Legend in Your Own Time" and "Anticipation" about Stevens  He reciprocated with a song to her, written after their romance, entitled "Sweet Scarlet" His next album, Catch Bull at Four, released in 1972, was his most rapidly successful album in the United States, reaching gold record status in 15 days and holding the number one position for three weeks on the Billboard 200 and fifteen weeks at number one in the Australian ARIA Charts 

Film and television soundtracks
In July 1970, Stevens recorded one of his songs, "But I Might Die Tonight", for the Jerzy Skolimowski film Deep End  He contributed two songs to the 1971 film Harold and Maude, but was annoyed when director Hal Ashby decided to use the original demos instead of allowing Stevens to finish them  The film used seven other Stevens songs as well but, perhaps because of the dispute, the soundtrack album was not released until 2007 After his religious conversion in the late 1970s, Stevens stopped granting permission for his songs to be used in films  However, almost 20 years later, in 1997, the film Rushmore received his permission to use his songs "Here Comes My Baby" and "The Wind"; this showed a new willingness on his part to release music from his Western "pop star" days  In 2000, "Peace Train" was included in the movie Remember the Titans, and Almost Famous used the song "The Wind"  In 2006 "Peace Train" featured in the soundtrack to We Are Marshall 

Later recordings
Subsequent releases in the 1970s also did well on the charts and in ongoing sales, although they did not touch the success Stevens had from 1970 to 1973  In 1973, Stevens moved to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as a tax exile from the United Kingdom; however, he later donated the money to UNESCO  During that time he created the album Foreigner, which was a departure from the music that had brought him to the height of his fame  It differed in several respects: it was entirely written by Stevens; he dropped his band; and, with the exception of some guitar on the title track and "100 I Dream", he produced the record without the assistance of Samwell-Smith, who had played a large role in catapulting him to fame 

In June 1974, while in Australia, Cat Stevens was presented with a plaque representing the sale of forty gold records, the largest number ever presented to an artist in Australia In April 1977, his Izitso album updated his pop rock and folk rock style with the extensive use of synthesisers, giving it a more synthpop style  "Was Dog a Doughnut", in particular, was an early techno-pop fusion track and a precursor to the 1980s electro music genre, making early use of a music sequencer  Izitso included his last chart hit, "(Remember the Days of the) Old Schoolyard", an early synthpop song that used a polyphonic synthesiser; it was a duet with fellow UK singer Elkie Brooks His final original album under the name Cat Stevens was Back to Earth, released in late 1978  It was also the first album produced by Samwell-Smith since the peak in Stevens' single album sales in the early 1970s  Several compilation albums were released before and after he stopped recording  After Stevens left Decca Records, they bundled his first two albums together as a set, hoping to ride the commercial tide of his early success; later his newer labels did the same, and Stevens also released compilations  The most successful of the compilation albums was the 1975 Greatest Hits which has sold over 4 million copies in the United States  In May 2003, he received his first Platinum Europe Award from the IFPI for Remember Cat Stevens: The Ultimate Collection, indicating over one million European sales 

Religious conversion
While on holiday in Marrakesh, Stevens was intrigued by the sound of the adhān, the Islamic ritual call to prayer, which was explained to him as "music for God"  Stevens said, "I thought, music for God? I'd never heard that before – I'd heard of music for money, music for fame, music for personal power, but music for God!?"In 1976, Stevens nearly drowned off the coast of Malibu, California, and said he shouted, "Oh, God! If you save me I will work for you "  He stated that, immediately afterwards, a wave appeared and carried him back to shore  This brush with death intensified his long-held quest for spiritual truth  He had looked into "Buddhism, Zen, I Ching, numerology, tarot cards, and astrology"  Stevens' brother David Gordon, a convert to Judaism, brought him a copy of the Qur'an as a birthday gift from a trip to Jerusalem Stevens said on BBC's Desert Island Discs: "I would never have picked up the Qur'an myself as a free spirit; I was more aligned to my father's Greek Orthodox beliefs " His brother's timely gift was quickly absorbed and he was taken with its content, soon beginning his transition and conversion to Islam, which would change forever his private and professional life During the time he was studying the Qur'an, Stevens began to identify more and more with the story of Joseph, a man bought and sold in the market place, which is how he said he had increasingly felt within the music business  Regarding his conversion, in his 2006 interview with Alan Yentob, he stated, "To some people, it may have seemed like an enormous jump, but for me, it was a gradual move to this " And, in a Rolling Stone magazine interview, he reaffirmed that, saying, "I had found the spiritual home I'd been seeking for most of my life  And if you listen to my music and lyrics, like "Peace Train" and "On The Road To Find Out", it clearly shows my yearning for direction and the spiritual path I was travelling "Stevens formally converted to the Muslim faith on 23 December 1977, taking the name Yusuf Islam in 1978  Yusuf is the Arabic rendition of the name Joseph; he stated that he "always loved the name Joseph" and was particularly drawn to the story of Joseph in the Qur'an  Although he discontinued his pop career, he was persuaded to perform one last time before what became his 25-year musical hiatus  Appearing with his hair freshly shorn and an untrimmed beard, he headlined a charity concert on 22 November 1979 in Wembley Stadium to benefit UNICEF's International Year of the Child  The concert closed with his performance along with David Essex, Alun Davies, and Islam's brother, David Gordon, who wrote the finale song  "Child for a Day" After a brief engagement to Louise Wightman, Islam married Fauzia Mubarak Ali on 7 September 1979, at Regent's Park Mosque in London   They have one son, four daughters, and nine grandchildren; a second son died in infancy  They have a home in London while currently preferring to spend a major part of each year in Dubai 

Life as Yusuf Islam (1978–present)
Muslim faith and musical career
Following his conversion to Islam, Cat Stevens (now named Yusuf Islam), abandoned his musical career for nearly two decades  When he became a Muslim in 1977, the Imam at his mosque told him that it was fine to continue as a musician, as long as the songs were morally acceptable, but others were saying that "it was all prohibited", and he decided to avoid the question by ceasing to perform  He has said that there was "a combination of reasons, really", and that the continuing demands of the music business had been "becoming a chore, and not an inspiration anymore" In a 2004 interview on Larry King Live, he said "A lot of people would have loved me to keep singing  You come to a point where you have sung, more or less     your whole repertoire and you want to get down to the job of living  You know, up until that point, I hadn't had a life  I'd been searching, been on the road "Estimating in January 2007 that he was continuing to earn approximately US$1 5 million a year from his Cat Stevens music, he said he would use his accumulated wealth and ongoing earnings from his music career for philanthropic and educational causes in the Muslim community of London and elsewhere  In 1983, he founded the Islamia Primary School in Brondesbury Park, later moved to Salusbury Road, in the north London area of Queen's Park and, soon after, founded several Muslim secondary schools; in 1992, he set up The Association of Muslim Schools (AMS-UK), a charity that brought together all the Muslim schools in the UK  He is also the founder and chairman of the Small Kindness charity, which initially assisted famine victims in Africa and now supports thousands of orphans and families in the Balkans, Indonesia, and Iraq  He was chairman of the charity Muslim Aid from 1985 to 1993 

Salman Rushdie controversy
In 1989, following an address by Islam to students at London's Kingston Polytechnic (now Kingston University), where he was asked about the fatwa calling for the killing of Salman Rushdie, author of the novel The Satanic Verses, Islam made a series of comments that appeared to show support for the fatwa  He stated, "He (Rushdie) must be killed  The Qur'an makes it clear – if someone defames the prophet, then he must die " He released a statement the following day denying that he supported vigilantism and claiming that he had merely recounted the Islamic Sharia law punishment for blasphemy  Subsequently, he commented in a 1989 interview on Australian television that Rushdie should be killed and stated he would rather burn Rushdie instead of an effigy  In a statement in the FAQ section of one of his websites, Islam asserted that while he regretted the comments, he was joking and that the show was improperly edited  In the years since these comments he has repeatedly denied ever calling for the death of Rushdie or supporting the fatwa, a position contradicted by his contemporary public statements in 1989  Yusuf appearing on BBC's Desert Island Discs on 27 September 2020 claimed clever "sharp-toothed" journalists had framed his fatwa comment in a misleading way  In a 2007 letter to the editor of The Daily Telegraph, Rushdie complained of what he believed was Islam's attempts to "rewrite his past", and called his claims of innocence "rubbish"  On August 12, 2022, Salman Rushdie suffered a knife attack as he was about to give a public lecture at the Chautauqua Institution in Chautauqua, New York, United States  In response to the awful attack Yusuf tweeted "Saddened and shocked to learn about the horrific act on Salman Rushdie my wish is for us all to live in peace  May God grant him and every one else who has suffered from the manic pandemic of violence in this world, a full recovery  Peace" 

11 September attacks
Immediately following the September 11 attacks on the United States, he said:

I wish to express my heartfelt horror at the indiscriminate terrorist attacks committed against innocent people of the United States yesterday  While it is still not clear who carried out the attack, it must be stated that no right-thinking follower of Islam could possibly condone such an action  The Qur'an equates the murder of one innocent person with the murder of the whole of humanity  We pray for the families of all those who lost their lives in this unthinkable act of violence as well as all those injured; I hope to reflect the feelings of all Muslims and people around the world whose sympathies go out to the victims of this sorrowful moment 
He appeared on videotape on a VH1 pre-show for the October 2001 Concert for New York City, condemning the attacks and singing his song "Peace Train" for the first time in public in more than 20 years, as an a cappella version  He also donated a portion of his box-set royalties to the fund for victims' families and the rest to orphans in underdeveloped countries  During the same year, he dedicated time and effort in joining the Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism, an organisation that worked towards battling misconceptions and acts against others because of their religious beliefs or their racial identity (or both), after many Muslims reported a backlash against them due in part to the grief caused by the events in the United States on 11 September 

Denial of entry into the United States
On 21 September 2004, Islam was on a United Airlines flight from London to Washington, travelling to a meeting with US entertainer Dolly Parton, who had recorded "Peace Train" several years earlier and was planning to include another Cat Stevens song on an upcoming album  While the plane was in flight, his name was flagged as being on the No Fly List  Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers alerted the United States Transportation Security Administration, which then diverted his flight to Bangor, Maine, where he was detained by officers from the Department of Homeland Security The following day, he was denied entry and flown back to the United Kingdom  A spokesman for Homeland Security claimed there were "concerns of ties he may have to potential terrorist-related activities"  The Israeli government had deported Islam in 2000 over allegations that he provided funding to the Palestinian organisation Hamas, but he denied doing so knowingly  Islam stated "I have never knowingly supported or given money to Hamas"  "At the time I was reported to have done it, I didn't know such a group existed  Some people give a political interpretation to charity  We were horrified at how people were suffering in the Holy Land "However, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) added him to a "watch list" which provoked an international controversy and led the British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw to complain personally to the United States Secretary of State Colin Powell at the United Nations  Powell responded by stating that the watchlist was under review, adding, "I think we have that obligation to review these matters to see if we are right" Islam believed his inclusion on a "watch list" may have simply been an error: a mistaken identification of him for a man with the same name, but different spelling  On 1 October 2004 he requested the removal of his name, "I remain bewildered by the decision of the US authorities to refuse me entry to the United States"  According to his statement, the man on the list was named "Youssef Islam", indicating that Islam was not the suspected terrorism supporter  Romanisation of Arabic names can easily result in different spellings: the transliteration of Yusuf gives rise to a dozen spellings 
Two years later, in December 2006, Islam was admitted without incident into the United States for several radio concert performances and interviews to promote his new record  He said of the incident at the time, "No reason was ever given, but being asked to repeat the spelling of my name again and again, made me think it was a fairly simple mistake of identity  Rumours which circulated after made me imagine otherwise "Islam wrote a song about his 2004 exclusion from the US, entitled "Boots and Sand", recorded in 2008 and featuring Paul McCartney, Dolly Parton, and Terry Sylvester 

Libel cases
Lawsuit over News UK newspaper reports that he had supported terrorism
In October 2004, The Sun and The Sunday Times newspapers voiced their support for Yusuf's exclusion from the United States and claimed that he had supported terrorism  He sued for libel and received an out-of-court financial settlement from the newspapers, which both published apology statements saying that he had never supported terrorism and mentioning that he had recently been given a Man of Peace award from the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates  However The Sunday Times managing editor Richard Caseby said that while there was an "agreed settlement", they "always denied liability" and "disagreed with Cat Stevens' lawyers interpretation", but took a "pragmatic view" of the lawsuit Yusuf responded that he was "delighted by the settlement [which] helps vindicate my character and good name      It seems to be the easiest thing in the world these days to make scurrilous accusations against Muslims and, in my case, it directly impacts on my relief work and damages my reputation as an artist  The harm done is often difficult to repair", and added that he intended to donate the financial award given to him by the court to help orphans of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami  He wrote about the experience in a newspaper article entitled "A Cat in a Wild World" 

Lawsuit about allegations that he would not talk to unveiled women
On 18 July 2008, Islam received substantial undisclosed damages from the World Entertainment News Network following their publication of a story which claimed that the singer refused to speak to unveiled women  The allegations first surfaced in the German newspaper BZ after Islam's trip to Berlin in March 2007 to collect the Echo music award for "life achievements as musician and ambassador between cultures"  Once again he was awarded damages after the World Entertainment News Network allowed an article to be published on Contactmusic com alleging that he would not speak to unveiled women with the exception of his wife  His solicitor said "he was made out to be 'so sexist and bigoted that he refused at an awards ceremony to speak to or even acknowledge any women who were not wearing a veil'"  The news agency apologised and issued a statement saying that Islam has never had any problem in working with women and that he has never required a third party to function as an intermediary at work  The money from this lawsuit went to his Small Kindness Charity On his website, he discussed the false allegation, saying,

The accusation that I do not speak or interact with ladies who are not veiled is an absurdity     It's true that I have asked my manager to respectfully request that lady presenters refrain from embracing me when giving awards or during public appearances, but that has nothing to do with my feelings or respect for them  Islam simply requires me to honour the dignity of ladies or young girls who are not closely related to me, and avoid physical intimacy, however innocent it may be 
    My four daughters all follow the basic wearing of clothes which modestly cover their God-given beauty  They're extremely well educated; they do not cover their faces and interact perfectly well with friends and society 

Return to music
1990s–2006: as Yusuf Islam
Islam gradually resumed his musical career in the 1990s  These initial recordings did not include any musical instruments other than percussion, and they featured lyrics about Islamic themes, some in spoken word or hamd form  He invested in building his own recording studio which he named Mountain of Light Studios in the late 1990s, and he was featured as a guest singer on "God Is the Light", a song on an album of nasheeds by the group Raihan  In addition, he invited and collaborated with other Muslim singers, including Canadian artist Dawud Wharnsby  After Islam's friend, Irfan Ljubijankić, the Foreign Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was killed by a Serbian rocket attack, Islam appeared at a 1997 benefit concert in Sarajevo and recorded a benefit album named after a song written by Ljubijankić, I Have No Cannons That Roar Realising there were few educational resources designed to teach children about the Islamic religion, Islam wrote and produced a children's album, A Is for Allah, in 2000 with the assistance of South African singer-songwriter Zain Bhikha  The title song was one Islam had written years before to introduce his first child to both the religion and the Arabic alphabet  He also established his own record label, "Jamal Records", and Mountain of Light Productions, and he donates a percentage of his projects' proceeds to his Small Kindness charity, whose name is taken from the Qur'an On the occasion of the 2000 re-release of his Cat Stevens albums, at the urging of his label rep Sujata, Islam agreed to interviews with the media to tell his story and reconnect with his fans  Islam explained that he had stopped performing in English due to his misunderstanding of the Islamic faith  "This issue of music in Islam is not as cut-and-dried as I was led to believe     I relied on heresy,  that was perhaps my mistake " He also participated in the first documentary on his life for a two-part VH1 Behind the Music Islam has reflected that his decision to leave the Western pop music business was perhaps too quick with too little communication for his fans  For most it was a surprise, and even his long-time guitarist Alun Davies said in later interviews that he hadn't believed that his friend would actually go through with it after his many forays into other religions throughout their relationship  Islam himself has said the "cut" between his former life and his life as a Muslim might have been too quick, and too severe, and that more people might have been better informed about Islam, and given an opportunity to better understand it, and himself, if he had simply removed those items that were considered harām, in his performances, allowing him to express himself musically and educate listeners through his music without violating any religious constraints In 2003, after repeated encouragement from within the Muslim world, Islam once again recorded "Peace Train" for a compilation CD, which also included performances by David Bowie and Paul McCartney  He performed "Wild World" in Nelson Mandela's 46664 concert with his earlier collaborator, Peter Gabriel, the first time he had publicly performed in English in 25 years  In December 2004, he and Ronan Keating released a new version of "Father and Son": the song entered the charts at number two, behind Band Aid 20's  "Do They Know It's Christmas?" They also produced a video of the pair walking between photographs of fathers and sons, while singing the song  The proceeds of "Father and Son" were donated to the Band Aid charity  Keating's former group, Boyzone, had a hit with the song a decade earlier  As he had been persuaded before, Islam contributed to the song, because the proceeds were marked for charity 

On 21 April 2005, Islam gave a short talk before a scheduled musical performance in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, on the anniversary of the prophet Muhammad's birthday  He said: There is a great deal of ignorance in the world about Islam today, and we hope to communicate with the help of something more refined than lectures and talks  Our recordings are particularly appealing to the young, having used songs as well as Qur'an verses with pleasing sound effects    
Islam observed that there are no real guidelines about instruments and no references about the business of music in the Qur'an, and that Muslim travellers first brought the guitar to Moorish Spain  He noted that Muhammad was fond of celebrations, as in the case of the birth of a child, or a traveller arriving after a long journey  Thus, Islam concluded that healthy entertainment was acceptable within limitations, and that he now felt that it was no sin to perform with the guitar   Music, he now felt, is uplifting to the soul; something sorely needed in troubled times  At that point, he was joined by several young male singers who sang backing vocals and played a drum, with Islam as lead singer and guitarist  They performed two songs, both half in Arabic and half in English; "Tala'a Al-Badru Alayna", an old song in Arabic which Islam recorded with a folk sound to it, and another song, "The Wind East and West", which was newly written by Islam and featured a distinct R&B sound 
With this performance, Islam began slowly to integrate instruments into both older material from his Cat Stevens era (some with slight lyrical changes) and new songs, both those known to the Muslim communities around the world and some that have the same Western flair from before with a focus on new topics and another generation of listeners In a 2005 press release, he explained his revived recording career:

After I embraced Islam, many people told me to carry on composing and recording, but at the time I was hesitant, for fear that it might be for the wrong reasons  I felt unsure what the right course of action was  I guess it is only now, after all these years, that I've come to fully understand and appreciate what everyone has been asking of me  It's as if I've come full circle; however, I have gathered a lot of knowledge on the subject in the meantime 

In early 2005, Islam released a new song, entitled "Indian Ocean", about the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami disaster  The song featured Indian composer/producer A  R  Rahman, a-ha keyboard player Magne Furuholmen and Travis drummer Neil Primrose  Proceeds of the single went to help orphans in Banda Aceh, one of the areas worst affected by the tsunami, through Islam's Small Kindness charity  At first, the single was released only through several online music stores but later featured on the compilation album Cat Stevens: Gold  "I had to learn my faith and look after my family, and I had to make priorities  But now I've done it all and there's a little space for me to fill in the universe of music again "On 28 May 2005, Islam delivered a keynote speech and performed at the Adopt-A-Minefield Gala in Düsseldorf  The Adopt-A-Minefield charity, under the patronage of Paul McCartney, works internationally to raise awareness and funds to clear landmines and rehabilitate landmine survivors  Islam attended as part of an honorary committee which also included George Martin, Richard Branson, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Klaus Voormann, Christopher Lee and others In mid-2005, Islam played guitar for the Dolly Parton album Those Were the Days on her version of his "Where Do the Children Play?" (Parton had also covered "Peace Train" a few years earlier )
Islam has credited his then 21-year-old son Muhammad Islam, also a musician and artist, for his return to secular music, when the son brought a guitar back into the house, which Islam began playing  Muhammad's professional name is Yoriyos and his debut album was released in February 2007  Yoriyos created the art on Islam's album An Other Cup, something that Cat Stevens did for his own albums in the 1970s 
In May 2006, in anticipation of his forthcoming new pop album, the BBC1 programme Imagine aired a 49-minute documentary with Alan Yentob called Yusuf: The Artist formerly Known as Cat Stevens  This documentary film features rare audio and video clips from the late 1960s and 1970s, as well as an extensive interview with Islam, his brother David Gordon, several record executives, Bob Geldof, Dolly Parton, and others outlining his career as Cat Stevens, his conversion and emergence as Yusuf Islam, and his return to music in 2006  There are clips of him singing in the studio when he was recording An Other Cup as well as a few 2006 excerpts of him on guitar singing a few verses of Cat Stevens songs including "The Wind" and "On the Road to Find Out" In December 2006, Islam was one of the artists who performed at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo, Norway, in honour of the prize winners, Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank  He performed the songs "Midday (Avoid City After Dark)", "Peace Train", and "Heaven/Where True Love Goes"  He also gave a concert in New York City that month as a Jazz at Lincoln Center event, recorded and broadcast by KCRW-FM radio, along with an interview by Nic Harcourt  Accompanying him, as in the Cat Stevens days, was Alun Davies, on guitar and vocals 

2006–2017: as Yusuf
2006–2008: An Other Cup and appearances
In March 2006, Islam finished recording his first all-new pop album since 1978  The album, An Other Cup, was released internationally in November 2006 on his own label, Ya Records (distributed by Polydor Records in the UK, and internationally by Atlantic Records)—the 40th anniversary of his first album, Matthew and Son  An accompanying single, called "Heaven/Where True Love Goes", was also released  The album was produced with Rick Nowels, who has worked with Dido and Rod Stewart  The performer is noted as "Yusuf", with a cover label identifying him as "the artist formerly known as Cat Stevens"  The art on the album is credited to Yoriyos  Islam wrote all of the songs except "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood", and recorded it in the United States and the United Kingdom Islam actively promoted this album, appearing on radio, television and in print interviews  In November 2006, he told the BBC, "It's me, so it's going to sound like that of course     This is the real thing     When my son brought the guitar back into the house, you know, that was the turning point  It opened a flood of, of new ideas and music which I think a lot of people would connect with " Originally, he began to return only to his acoustic guitar as he had in the past, but his son encouraged him to "experiment", which resulted in the purchase of a Stevie Ray Vaughan Fender Stratocaster in 2007 
Also in November 2006, Billboard magazine was curious as to why the artist is credited as just his first name, "Yusuf" rather than "Yusuf Islam"  His response was "Because 'Islam' doesn't have to be sloganised  The second name is like the official tag, but you call a friend by their first name  It's more intimate, and to me that's the message of this record " As for why the album sleeve says "the artist formerly known as Cat Stevens", he responded, "That's the tag with which most people are familiar; for recognition purposes I'm not averse to that  For a lot of people, it reminds them of something they want to hold on to  That name is part of my history and a lot of the things I dreamt about as Cat Stevens have come true as Yusuf Islam "Islam was asked by the Swiss periodical Das Magazin why the title of the album was An Other Cup, rather than "Another Cup"  The answer was that his breakthrough album, Tea for the Tillerman in 1970, was decorated with Islam's painting of a peasant sitting down to a cup of steaming drink on the land  He commented that the two worlds "then, and now, are very different"  His new album shows a steaming cup alone on this cover  His answer was that this was actually an other cup; something different; a bridge between the East and West, which he explained was his own perceived role  He added that, through him, "Westerners might get a glimpse of the East, and Easterners, some understanding of the West  The cup, too, is important; it's a meeting place, a thing meant to be shared "On CBS Sunday Morning in December 2006, he said, "You know, the cup is there to be filled     with whatever you want to fill it with  For those people looking for Cat Stevens, they'll probably find him in this record  If you want to find [Yusuf] Islam, go a bit deeper, you'll find him " He has since described the album as being "over-produced" and refers to An Other Cup as being a necessary hurdle he had to overcome before he could release his new album, Roadsinger In April 2007, BBC1 broadcast a concert given at the Porchester Hall by Islam as part of BBC Sessions, his first live performance in London in 28 years (the previous one being the UNICEF "Year of the Child" concert in 1979)  He played several new songs along with some old ones like "Father and Son", "The Wind", "Where Do the Children Play?", "Don't Be Shy", "Wild World", and "Peace Train" In July 2007, he performed at a concert in Bochum, Germany, in benefit of Archbishop Desmond Tutu's Peace Centre in South Africa and the Milagro Foundation of Deborah and Carlos Santana  The audience included Nobel Laureates Mikhail Gorbachev, Desmond Tutu and other prominent global figures  He later appeared as the final act in the German leg of Live Earth in Hamburg performing some classic Cat Stevens songs and more recent compositions reflecting his concern for peace and child welfare  His set included Stevie Wonder's "Saturn", "Peace Train", "Where Do the Children Play?", "Ruins", and "Wild World"  He performed at the Peace One Day concert at the Royal Albert Hall on 21 September 2007 
In 2008 Islam contributed the song "Edge of Existence" to the charity album Songs for Survival, in support of the indigenous rights organisation Survival International 

2009–2014: Roadsinger, "My People" and tours
In January 2009, Yusuf released a single in aid of children in Gaza, a rendition of the George Harrison song, "The Day the World Gets Round", along with the German bassist Klaus Voormann, who had formerly collaborated with The Beatles  To promote the new single, Voormann redesigned his famous Beatles Revolver album cover, drawing a picture of a young Cat Stevens along with himself and Harrison  Proceeds from the single were donated to charities and organisations including UNESCO, UNRWA, and the nonprofit group Save the Children, with the funds earmarked for Gaza children  Israeli Consul David Saranga criticised Yusuf for not dedicating the song to all of the children who are victims of the conflict, including Israeli children On 5 May 2009, Yusuf released Roadsinger, a new pop album recorded in 2008  The lead track, "Thinking 'Bout You", received its debut radio play on a BBC programme on 23 March 2009  Unlike An Other Cup, he promoted the new album with appearances on American television as well as in the UK  He appeared on The Chris Isaak Hour on the A&E network in April 2009, performing live versions of his new songs, "World O'Darkness", "Boots and Sand", and "Roadsinger"  On 13 May he appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in Los Angeles, and on 14 May, on The Colbert Report in New York City, performing the title song from the Roadsinger album  On 15 May, he appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, performing "Boots and Sand" and "Father and Son"  On 24 May he appeared on the BBC's The Andrew Marr Show, where he was interviewed and performed the title track of Roadsinger  On 15 August, he was one of many guests at Fairport Convention's annual Fairport's Cropredy Convention where he performed five songs accompanied by Alun Davies, with Fairport Convention as his backing band A world tour was announced on his web site to promote the new album  He was scheduled to perform at an invitation-only concert at New York City's Highline Ballroom on 3 May 2009 and to go on to Los Angeles, Chicago and Toronto, as well as some to-be-announced European venues  However, the New York appearance was postponed due to issues regarding his work visa  He appeared in May 2009 at Island Records' 50th Anniversary concert in London  In November and December 2009, Yusuf undertook his "Guess I'll Take My Time Tour" which also showcased his musical play Moonshadow  The tour took him to Dublin, where he had a mixed reception; subsequently he was well received in Birmingham and Liverpool, culminating in an emotional performance at the Royal Albert Hall in London  In June 2010 he toured Australia for the first time in 36 years, and New Zealand for the first time ever 
On 30 October 2010, Yusuf appeared at Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert's spoof Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear in Washington, DC, singing alongside Ozzy Osbourne  Yusuf performed "Peace Train" and Ozzy performed "Crazy Train" at the same time, followed by The O'Jays performance of "Love Train" On 2 March 2011, Yusuf released his latest song, "My People", as a free download available through his official website, as well as numerous other online outlets  Said to have been recorded at a studio located within a hundred yards of the site of the Berlin Wall, the song is inspired by a series of popular uprisings in the Arab world, known as the Arab Spring On 1 April 2011, he launched a new tour website (yusufinconcert com) to commemorate his first European tour in over 36 years scheduled from 7 May to 2 June 2011  The ten-date tour visited Germany, France, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium and cities such as Stockholm, Hamburg, Oberhausen, Berlin, Munich, Rotterdam, Paris, Mannheim, Vienna and Brussels In May 2012, Moonshadow, a new musical featuring music from throughout his career opened at the Princess Theatre in Melbourne, Australia  The show received mixed reviews and closed four weeks early In October 2013, Yusuf was nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for his work under the Cat Stevens name (this was his second nomination – the first being an unsuccessful nomination in 2005)  He was selected and was inducted by Art Garfunkel in April 2014 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York, where he performed "Father and Son", "Wild World", and "Peace Train"  A record of his travel from Dubai to New York is captured in an episode of the National Geographic Channel television show Ultimate Airport Dubai (season 2, episode 6), first aired in China on 17 January 2015  In this episode he talks about his difficulty in entering the US 

2014–2017: Tell 'Em I'm Gone, "He Was Alone" and tours
On 15 September 2014, Yusuf announced the forthcoming release on 27 October 2014 of his new studio album, Tell 'Em I'm Gone, and two short tours: a November 2014 (9-date) Europe tour and a December 2014 (6-date) North America tour, the latter being his first one since 1976  On 4 December 2014, he played to his first public US audience since the 1970s at the Tower Theater in Philadelphia Yusuf performed two shows in early 2015: on 27 February at the Viña del Mar Festival, Quinta Vergara, Viña del Mar, Chile and on 22 April at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff Bay, area of Cardiff, Wales 
On 1 June 2016, Yusuf shared a new song called "He Was Alone" and its corresponding video  Part of his newly launched fundraising campaign for child refugees, #YouAreNotAlone, the song was inspired by a trip to southern Turkey's camps for Syrian refugees   He performed the song live for the first time in a special charity concert, his first show in more than a year, on 14 June 2016 at the Westminster Central Hall in London On 26 July 2016, Yusuf announced he would be part of the Global Citizen Festival  held on 24 September 2016 in Central Park, New York, New York On 9 August 2016, Yusuf announced "A Cat's Attic Tour", his second North American tour since 1978, beginning on 12 September 2016 at the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts in Toronto and ending on 7 October 2016 at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles  The string of 12 dates roughly coincides with the 50th anniversary of his first single, I Love My Dog, and would "feature a limited run of stripped down, introspective performances " The tour included three shows in New York City (two shows at the Beacon Theatre and one show in Central Park at the Global Citizen Festival), his first shows in New York City since 1976  In keeping with his spirit of humanitarianism, he would be donating a portion of the revenue from each ticket sale towards his charity Small Kindness, as well as UNICEF and the International Rescue Committee in an effort to assist children affected by the current Syrian refugee crisis  The tour continued in the UK with shows in Manchester, Glasgow, Newcastle and London  The London show took place at the Shaftesbury Theatre, only a block away from where he grew up 

2017–present: as Yusuf / Cat Stevens, The Laughing Apple, TT2
On 15 September 2017, he released his fifteenth studio album, The Laughing Apple  The album is credited to "Yusuf / Cat Stevens" and is his first record under the Cat Stevens name since Back to Earth in 1978  The album earned him his first nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Folk Album  In July 2018, Yusuf signed with BMG Rights Management, which will publish his songwriting credits worldwide and distribute nine of his studio albums  On 29 March 2019, Yusuf performed in Christchurch, New Zealand, at the National Remembrance Service for victims of the Christchurch mosque shootings On 3 March 2020, Yusuf played the Music for the Marsden benefit concert at the O2 Arena in London  On 28 May 2020, Yusuf announced his next album, Tea for the Tillerman 2, and it was released on 18 September 2020, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the original LP  Known as TT2, Tea for the Tillerman 2 is a re-imagining and re-recording of the songs from the earlier album, with updated interpretations and arrangements  On 25 September 2020, Yusuf was the guest on the BBC's Desert Island Discs  Yusuf is one of a small number of guests that have chosen their own music as a desert island choice, however he picked the Stevie Wonder Motown hit 'As' for his favoured choice in front of his own recording, if only one could be saved 
Teaming up with Playing for Change, in 2021 Yusuf / Cat Stevens recorded a new version of "Peace Train" with over 25 musicians from 12 countries 

2023: Yusuf / Cat Stevens - European Tour and King of a Land
In June 2023, Yusuf / Cat Stevens performed shows in Berlin, Hamburg, Rome, Marbella and made his first ever appearance at Glastonbury Festival On 16 June 2023, Yusuf/Cat Stevens released King of a Land, a new studio album with children's music and religious music influences, 
On the 25th June 2023, Yusuf played the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury, including covering iconic Beatles hits and his Teacup album memories 

Awards
Humanitarian awards
2003: World Award (also known as the "World Social Award"), an award organised by Mikhail Gorbachev, for "humanitarian relief work helping children and victims of war" 
2004: Man of Peace Award of the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates (an award organisation founded by Mikhail Gorbachev) for his "dedication to promote peace, the reconciliation of people and to condemn terrorism" 
2009: Honorary Award of the German Sustainability Award
2015: Global Islamic Economy Awards for contributions toward peace through the Arts
2015: Steiger Award honoured in the category "International" for his commitment to charitable projects

Honorary degrees
2005: Honorary doctorate by the University of Gloucestershire for services to education and humanitarian relief 
2007: Honorary doctorate (LLD) by the University of Exeter, in recognition of "his humanitarian work and improving understanding between Islamic and Western cultures" 

Music awards and recognitions
2019: Inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame
2017: Grammy Award nomination for Best Folk Album
2015: Lifetime Achievement Award at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards
2014: Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
2008: Nomination (unsuccessful) for Songwriters Hall of Fame
2007: The Mediterranean Art and Creativity Award by the Fondazione Mediterraneo 
2007: Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Song Collection from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) 
2007: ECHO "Special Award for Life Achievements as a Musician and Ambassador Between Cultures"
2006: ASCAP Songwriter of the Year for "The First Cut Is the Deepest" (second time)
2006: Ranked 49th in Paste's "100 Best Living Songwriters"
2005: ASCAP Songwriter of the Year and Song of the Year for "The First Cut Is the Deepest"

Discography
As Cat Stevens1967: Matthew and Son
1967: New Masters
1970: Mona Bone Jakon
1970: Tea for the Tillerman
1971: Teaser and the Firecat
1972: Catch Bull at Four
1973: Foreigner
1974: Buddha and the Chocolate Box
1975: Numbers
1977: Izitso
1978: Back to EarthAs Yusuf Islam1995: The Life of the Last Prophet
1999: Prayers of the Last Prophet
2000: A Is for Allah
2001: Bismillah
2002: In Praise of the Last Prophet
2003: I Look I See
2008: I Look, I See 2
2014: The Story of Adam and CreationAs Yusuf2006: An Other Cup
2009: Roadsinger
2014: Tell 'Em I'm GoneAs Yusuf / Cat Stevens2017: The Laughing Apple
2020: Tea for the Tillerman 2
2023: King of a Land

Books
The Life of The Last Prophet, 1996  London: Mountain of Light  ISBN 1-900675-00-5 
Prayers of The Last Prophet, 1998/2000  London: Mountain of Light  ISBN 1-900675-05-6 
Why I Still Carry A Guitar: My Spiritual Journey from Cat Stevens to Yusuf, 2014  London: HarperCollins  ISBN 978-0-06-240623-1 

See also
List of peace activists
List of best-selling music artists
List of converts to Islam
Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time

Notes and references
Notes
Passage 5:
London 03 06 17
London 03 06 17 (alternatively titled London 03 06 17 [field day]) is an extended play by English electronic musician Richard D  James, released under the pseudonym AFX on 3 June 2017 on Warp  The EP was made available for sale in unknown limited numbers at the Field Day festival on the same day that Richard D  James performed there  The record sold out soon after its announcement  The EP was released with extra tracks on James' Bleep Store on 20 July 2017 

Track listing



ground_truth: 1961

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What past honoree from the New Dramatists Organization is a powerful baritone who won the Tony Award for Best Actor in 2000?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Brian Stokes Mitchell
Brian Stokes Mitchell (born October 31, 1957) is an American actor and singer  A powerful baritone, he has been one of the central leading men of the Broadway theater since the 1990s  He won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical in 2000 for his performance in Kiss Me, Kate 

Early life
Mitchell was born in Seattle, Washington, the youngest of four children of George Mitchell, an electronics engineer, and his wife Lillian (née Stokes), a school administrator  Mitchell grew up at various U S  military bases overseas, where his father was a civilian engineer for the U S  Navy  As a young boy, he lived in San Diego, California, where he began acting in school musicals  He did not attend college, having begun performing professionally while a student at Patrick Henry High School, although he did have private teachers in both acting and voice in his teen years  He has said that he studied film scoring, orchestration, and conducting through UCLA  Prior to Ragtime, he was known professionally as Brian Mitchell 

Career
Stage
Mitchell first performed on Broadway in the musical Mail in 1988, with music by Michael Rupert and lyrics by Jerry Cocker, winning the Theatre World award  His Broadway credits include an all-black revival of George and Ira Gershwin's Oh, Kay! (1990), Jelly's Last Jam (1992) based on the works of jazz artist Jelly Roll Morton, and Kander and Ebb's Kiss of the Spider Woman (1993) He originated the role of Coalhouse Walker Jr, in the musical Ragtime, which opened on Broadway in January 1998  He received a 1998 Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Musical  He appeared in the 1999 revival of Cole Porter's Kiss Me, Kate as Fred Graham / Petruchio, winning the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical  He appeared on Broadway in King Hedley II in 2001 (Tony Award nomination) and Man of La Mancha in 2002 (Tony Award nomination) He appeared in the New York City Center Encores! staged concert productions of Jule Styne's Do Re Mi (1999), Bob Merrill's Carnival! (2002), Kismet (2006), and The Band Wagon in 2014 He played the title role in the 2002 Kennedy Center production of Sweeney Todd, part of the Stephen Sondheim celebration On June 9, 2005, Mitchell appeared in a concert version of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific at Carnegie Hall  He starred as Emile, alongside Reba McEntire as Nellie Forbush and Alec Baldwin as Luther Billis  The production was taped and telecast by PBS in 2006  Of his performance, Ben Brantley wrote in The New York Times, "As for Mr  Mitchell, his place in the pantheon of romantic musical leads is now guaranteed "
Playbill Records released his debut solo CD, Brian Stokes Mitchell on June 6, 2006  Mitchell has also performed in a Christmas concert with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir later released as a CD and DVD entitled Ring Christmas Bells   His second solo CD, Simply Broadway, was released October 30, 2012, by CD Baby Mitchell returned to Broadway to star with Patti LuPone in the musical version of the Pedro Almodóvar film Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown, which opened at the Belasco Theatre in November 2010 A new musical titled Shuffle Along, or, the Making of the Musical Sensation of 1921 and All That Followed, based on the making of Shuffle Along opened on Broadway on March 14, 2016 in previews, officially on April 21 at the Music Box Theatre  Mitchell played "F E  Miller", with Audra McDonald as "Lottie Gee", Billy Porter, Joshua Henry and Brandon Victor Dixon 

Television and film
Mitchell has a number of television and film credits, including the role of John Dolan in Roots: The Next Generations (1979), and a seven-year stint as Dr  Justin 'Jackpot' Jackson on Trapper John, M D  from 1979 to 1986   Mitchell made several appearances as a celebrity panelist on episodes of $25,000 Pyramid and $100,000 Pyramid in the 1980s, and was considered one of the game's better celebrity players, helping a contestant win the $100,000 grand prize on the latter show in February 1986   Mitchell also participated as a celebrity panelist in four weeks' worth of episodes of The Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour, a short-lived NBC game show that ran from 1983-1984  He played recurring roles as Hilary Banks' news anchor fiancé Trevor Newsworthy/Collins on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and on Frasier as Dr  Frasier Crane's upstairs neighbor and nemesis Cam Winston   He supplied the singing voice of Jethro in the animated feature The Prince of Egypt (1998)   He guest starred in March 2010 in Ugly Betty as Wilhelmina Slater's ex-boyfriend, Don He appeared on the 57th episode of Glee, titled "Heart" in 2012, and the 58th, titled "On My Way," as one of Rachel's dads (LeRoy) along with Jeff Goldblum 
He also played a recurring role on the USA Network series Mr  Robot as Scott Knowles, CTO of E Corp  The series began in June 2015 and ended in December 2019 He has also done voice-overs for animation including Animaniacs, Capitol Critters, Tiny Toon Adventures, A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, The Further Adventures of SuperTed, Kid 'n Play, New Kids on the Block, Scooby-Doo! and the Reluctant Werewolf, Gravedale High, Potsworth & Co , Captain Planet and the Planeteers, The Tom and Jerry Kids Show, Yo Yogi!, Fantastic Max, Pound Puppies, The Addams Family, California Raisins, The Angry Beavers, James Bond Jr , Batman: The Animated Series, Paddington Bear, Pinky and the Brain, Defenders of Dynatron City, The Hot Rod Dogs and Cool Car Cats, Droopy, Master Detective, Denver, the Last Dinosaur, Mighty Max, Don Coyote & Sancho Panda, Vampirina, and the two Flintstones animated movies Hollyrock-a-Bye Baby and I Yabba-Dabba Do! 
Mitchell plays Nicholas Prophet in Wolverine: The Long Night, a scripted podcast serial 

Personal life
He has been married to actress Allyson Tucker since 1994 and has a son, Ellington 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Theatre
Discography
Brian Stokes Mitchell (June 6, 2006)Track listing"Something's Coming" (West Side Story)
"The Best Is Yet to Come" (Cy Coleman)
"Pretty Women" (Sweeney Todd)
"Just In Time" (Bells are Ringing)
"Lazy Afternoon" (The Golden Apple)
"Another Hundred People" (Company)/"Take the 'A' Train"
"How Long Has This Been Going On?" (Funny Face)
"Life is Sweet" (Wonderful Town)
"Losing My Mind" (Follies)
"Being Alive" (Company)
"How Glory Goes" (Floyd Collins)
"Grateful"Simply Broadway (2012)
Plays With Music (2019)

Awards and nominations
Sources: Playbill BroadwayWorld

Honors
2004 - Mitchell was elected the Chairman of the Board of the Actors Fund of America
2016 - Mitchell received the Isabelle Stevenson Award "for his commitment to supporting members of the entertainment community in crisis or transition through his work with The Actors Fund "
Passage 2:
Nigel Hawthorne
Sir Nigel Barnard Hawthorne  (5 April 1929 – 26 December 2001) was an English actor  He is known for his stage acting and his portrayal of Sir Humphrey Appleby, the permanent secretary in the 1980s sitcom Yes Minister and the Cabinet Secretary in its sequel, Yes, Prime Minister  For this role, he won four BAFTA TV Awards for Best Light Entertainment Performance 
He won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for portraying King George III in The Madness of King George (1994)  He later won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor, for the 1996 series The Fragile Heart  He was also an Olivier Award and Tony Award winner for his work in theatre 

Early life
Hawthorne was born in Coventry, Warwickshire, England, the second of four children of Agnes Rosemary (née Rice) and Charles Barnard Hawthorne, a physician When Nigel was three years old, the family moved to Cape Town, South Africa, where his father had bought a practice  Initially they lived in the Gardens and then moved to a newly built house near Camps Bay He attended St George's Grammar School, Cape Town, and, although the family was not Catholic, at a now-defunct Christian Brothers College, where he played on the rugby team  He described his time at the latter as not being a particularly happy experience He enrolled at the University of Cape Town, where he met and sometimes acted in plays with Theo Aronson (later a well-known biographer), but withdrew and returned to the United Kingdom in the 1950s to pursue a career in acting 

Career
Hawthorne made his professional stage debut in 1950, playing Archie Fellows in a Cape Town production of The Shop at Sly Corner  Unhappy in South Africa, he decided to move to London, where he performed in various small parts before becoming recognized as a great character actor 
Finding success in London, Hawthorne decided to try his luck in New York City and eventually got a part in a 1974 production of As You Like It on Broadway  Around this time, he was persuaded by Ian McKellen and Judi Dench to join the Royal Shakespeare Company  He also supplemented his income by appearing in television advertisements, including one for Mackeson Stout 
He returned to the New York stage in 1990 in Shadowlands and won the 1991 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play Although Hawthorne had appeared in small roles in various British television series since the late 1950s, his most famous role was as Sir Humphrey Appleby, the Permanent Secretary of the fictional Department of Administrative Affairs in the television series Yes Minister (and Cabinet Secretary in its sequel, Yes, Prime Minister), for which he won four BAFTA awards during the 1980s  He became a household name throughout the United Kingdom, which finally opened the doors to film roles  In 1982, Hawthorne appeared in Richard Attenborough's Gandhi, alongside a distinguished international cast including Martin Sheen, John Mills, Candice Bergen, John Gielgud, Ian Charleson and Ben Kingsley   That same year, he starred opposite Clint Eastwood in the cold war thriller Firefox, where he played a dissident Russian scientist 
Other film roles during this time included Demolition Man, which he detested for being "brainless" and a "cheap picture"  However, it led to his most famous role: that of King George III in Alan Bennett's stage play The Madness of George III (for which he won a Best Actor Olivier Award) and then the film adaptation entitled The Madness of King George, for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor and won the BAFTA Film Award for Best Actor 
After this success, his friend Ian McKellen asked him to play his doomed brother Clarence in Richard III, and Steven Spielberg asked him to play lame duck president Martin Van Buren in Amistad  He won a sixth BAFTA for the 1996 TV mini-series The Fragile Heart  He also drew praise for his role of Georgie Pillson in the London Weekend Television series "Mapp and Lucia "
Hawthorne was also a voice actor, and lent his voice to two Disney films: Fflewddur Fflam in The Black Cauldron (1985) and Professor Porter in Tarzan (1999)  He also voiced Captain Campion in the animated film adaptation of Watership Down (1978) 

Personal life
An intensely private person, he was annoyed at having been outed as gay in 1995 in the publicity surrounding the Academy Awards, but he did attend the ceremony with his long-time partner Trevor Bentham, and afterward, he spoke openly about being gay in interviews and in his autobiography, Straight Face, which was published posthumously They met in 1968 when Bentham was stage-managing the Royal Court Theatre  From 1979 until Hawthorne's death in 2001, they lived together in Radwell and then at Thundridge, both in Hertfordshire  The two of them became fund raisers for the North Hertfordshire hospice and other local charities 

Death
Hawthorne died from a heart attack at his home on 26 December 2001, aged 72  He had recently undergone several operations for pancreatic cancer, which he was diagnosed with in mid-2000, but had been discharged from hospital for the Christmas holidays  He was survived by Bentham, and his funeral service was held at St Mary's, the Parish Church of Thundridge near Ware, Hertfordshire, following which he was cremated at Stevenage Crematorium  His funeral was attended by Derek Fowlds, Maureen Lipman, Charles Dance, Loretta Swit and Frederick Forsyth along with friends and local people  The service was led by the Right Reverend Christopher Herbert, the Bishop of St Albans  The coffin had a wreath of white lilies and orchids and Bentham was one of the pallbearers On hearing of Hawthorne's death, Alan Bennett described him in his diary: "Courteous, grand, a man of the world and superb at what he did, with his technique never so obvious as to become familiar as, say, Olivier's did or Alec Guinness's "

Honours
He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1987 New Years Honours List, and was knighted in the 1999 New Years Honours List "for services to the Theatre, Film and Television "

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Stage
Theatre
Awards and nominations
Passage 3:
Gordon Dahlquist
Gordon Dahlquist is an American playwright and novelist  A native of the Pacific Northwest, Dahlquist has lived and worked in New York City since 1988  His plays, which include Messalina and Delirium Palace (both Garland Playwriting Award winners), have been performed in New York and Los Angeles  Graduate of Reed College and Columbia University’s School of the Arts  He is an alumnus of New Dramatists Dahlquist's debut novel The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, a hybrid of fantasy and science fiction set in a period similar to the Victorian era, was published on August 1, 2006, to notable critical acclaim  Dahlquist was reportedly paid an advance of $2,000,000 for The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, the first of a two-book deal  Its sales were disappointing and it is estimated to have lost its publisher, Bantam, approximately $851,500   The sequel to The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, The Dark Volume, was published in the UK by Penguin on May 1, 2008, and March 24, 2009 in the United States   A third volume, The Chemickal Marriage was published in July 2012   A young adult novel, The Different Girl was published in 2013  In 2015 he received the James Tait Black Prize for his play Tomorrow Come Today 

Plays
Babylon 55 (with Mark Worthington), premiere Sumus Theatre, Portland, OR, 1984
Reticence, premiere Horace Mann Theatre NYC
Severity's Mistress, premiere Walker Space NYC, 1995
Mission Byzantium, premiere The American Globe Theater NYC, 1995
Island of Dogs, premiere 4th Street Theater NYC, 1998
Vortex du Plaisir, premiere Ohio Theater NYC, 1999
The Secret Machine, premiere Walker Space NYC, 1999
Delirium Palace, premiere Evidence Room LA CA, 2001
Messalina, premiere Evidence Room LA CA, 2003
Babylon is Everywhere: A Court Masque, premiere NYC 2004
Venice Saved: A Seminar (with David Levine), premiere PS122 NYC, 2009
Tea Party, workshop premiere Bay Area Playwrights Foundation, 2012
Tomorrow Comes Today, premiere Undermain Theatre, Dallas, 2014
Red Chariot, premiere Undermain Theatre, Dallas, 2019

Novels
The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters (2006)
The Dark Volume (2008)
The Chemickal Marriage (2012)
The Different Girl  (2013)

Bibliography, Plays
Vortex du Plaisir, Playscripts Inc 
Delirium Palace, Breaking Ground, Stage & Screen, 2002
Babylon is Everywhere, Theater Magazine, Vol 34 #2, 2004

Bibliography, Novels
The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, Bantam 2006
The Dark Volume, Bantam 2009
The Chemickal Marriage, Penguin 2012
The Different Girl, Dutton Juvenile, 2013
Passage 4:
Special Tony Award
The Special Tony Award category includes the Lifetime Achievement Tony Award and the Special Tony Award  These are non-competitive honorary awards, and the titles have changed over the years  The Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre is to "honor an individual for the body of his or her work " (The Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event was a competitive award, given from 2001 to 2009 ) Another non-competitive Tony award is the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, to "recognize the achievements of individuals and organizations that do not fit into any of the competitive categories "

Award winners
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
See also
Regional Theatre Tony Award
Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre
Passage 5:
Eddie Vedder
Eddie Jerome Vedder (born Edward Louis Severson III; December 23, 1964) is an American singer, musician, songwriter, and the lead vocalist and one of three guitarists for the rock band Pearl Jam  He previously was a guest vocalist for supergroup Temple of the Dog, a tribute band dedicated to the late singer Andrew Wood 
Vedder, who is known for his powerful baritone vocals, was ranked seventh on a list of "Best Lead Singers of All Time," based on a readers' poll compiled by Rolling Stone In 2007, Vedder released his first solo album as a soundtrack for the film Into the Wild (2007)  His second album, Ukulele Songs, and a live DVD titled Water on the Road were released in 2011  His third solo album Earthling was released in 2022 
In 2017, Vedder was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Pearl Jam 

Early life and education
Vedder was born Edward Louis Severson III on December 23, 1964 in Evanston, Illinois, to Karen Lee Vedder and Edward Louis Severson Jr  His parents divorced in 1965 when Vedder was an infant  His mother soon remarried to a man named Peter Mueller  Vedder was raised believing that Mueller was his biological father, and he went by the name Edward Mueller for a time  Vedder's ancestry includes Dutch, German, and Danish on his mother' side (Vedder) and Norwegian on his father's side (Severson) While living in Evanston, Vedder's family fostered seven younger children in a group home  In the mid-1970s, the family, including Vedder's three younger half-brothers, moved to San Diego County, California  Vedder received a guitar from his mother on his 12th birthday, and began turning to music and surfing as a source of comfort  He especially found solace in The Who's 1973 album, Quadrophenia  He said, "When I was around 15 or 16   I was all alone—except for music " His mother and Mueller divorced when Vedder was in his late teens  His mother and brothers moved back to the Chicago area, but Vedder remained with his stepfather in California so he did not have to change schools 
After the divorce, Vedder learned the truth about his parentage and that Mueller was really his stepfather, not his father  Vedder met his biological father briefly as a child, but was led to believe that Severson was merely an old friend of his parents  By the time Vedder learned the truth, Severson had died of multiple sclerosis  During his senior year at San Dieguito High School, Vedder moved out to live in an apartment, supported himself with a nightly job at a drug store in Encinitas  Because of the pressure of work and school, Vedder dropped out of high school  He joined the rest of his family in the Chicago area, and changed his last name to Vedder, his mother's maiden name 
In the early 1980s, while working as a waiter, Vedder earned his high school GED from Oakton Community College 

Career
In 1984, Vedder returned to San Diego with his girlfriend Beth Liebling and his friend Frank  While living in the San Diego area, Vedder recorded demo tapes at his home and worked various jobs, including as a contracted security guard at the La Valencia Hotel in La Jolla  Vedder had several stints in San Diego area bands, including Surf and Destroy and the Butts  One of those bands, called Indian Style, included future Rage Against the Machine and Audioslave drummer Brad Wilk In 1988, Vedder became the vocalist for Bad Radio, a San Diego-based progressive funk rock band  The band's original incarnation was influenced by Duran Duran; however, after Vedder joined, the band moved to a more alternative rock sound influenced in part by the Red Hot Chili Peppers 

Temple of the Dog
In the 1980s, Vedder worked part time as a night attendant at a local gas station  Through the Southern California music scene, Vedder met former Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer Jack Irons, who became a friend and would play basketball with him  Later in 1990, Irons gave him the demo tape of a Seattle band looking for a singer  Vedder listened to the tape shortly before going surfing, where lyrics came to him  He wrote lyrics for three of the songs in what he later described as a "mini-opera" entitled Momma-Son  The songs tell the story of a young man who, like Vedder, learns that he had been lied to about his paternity and that his real father is dead, grows up to become a serial killer, and is eventually imprisoned and sentenced to death  Vedder recorded vocals for the three songs, and mailed the demo tape back to Seattle  The three songs would later become Pearl Jam's "Alive", "Once", and "Footsteps" 
After hearing Vedder's tape, former Mother Love Bone members Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament invited Vedder to come to Seattle to audition for their new band  They were instantly impressed with his unique sound  At the time, Gossard and Ament were working on the Temple of the Dog project founded by Soundgarden's Chris Cornell as a musical tribute to Mother Love Bone's frontman Andrew Wood, who died of a heroin overdose at age 24  Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron and newcomer Mike McCready were also a part of the project  The song "Hunger Strike" became a duet between Cornell and Vedder  Cornell later said that Vedder "sang half of that song not even knowing that I'd wanted the part to be there and he sang it exactly the way I was thinking about doing it, just instinctively "Vedder also provided background vocals on several other Temple of the Dog songs  In April 1991, Temple of the Dog was released by A&M Records  "Hunger Strike" became Temple of the Dog's breakout single; it was also Vedder's first featured vocal on a record  "I really like hearing that song  I feel like I could be real proud of it –  because one, I didn't write it, and two, it was such a nice way to be ushered onto vinyl for the first time  I'm indebted to Chris (Cornell) time eternal for being invited onto that track", Vedder said in 2009  In the 2011 documentary Pearl Jam Twenty, Vedder said, "That was the first time I heard myself on a real record  It could be one of my favorite songs that I've ever been on – or the most meaningful " Vedder and Cornell performed the song together for the last time on October 26, 2014, at a benefit for Bridge School 

Pearl Jam
Pearl Jam, initially called Mookie Blaylock after the former National Basketball Association player of the same name, was formed in 1990 by Jeff Ament, Stone Gossard, and Mike McCready, who then recruited Vedder as lead singer but hired and fired three different drummers  The band was forced to change its name when they signed to Epic Records in 1991, becoming Pearl Jam, and instead naming their debut album Ten after Blaylock's jersey number 
Ten became one of the best-selling alternative albums of the 1990s, being certified 13× Platinum  The single "Jeremy" received Grammy Award nominations for Best Rock Song and Best Hard Rock Performance in 1993  Pearl Jam received four awards at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards for its music video for "Jeremy", including Video of the Year and Best Group Video  Ten ranks number 209 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and "Jeremy" was ranked number 11 on VH1's list of the 100 greatest songs of the '90s Following an intense touring schedule, the band recorded its second studio album, Vs , which was released in 1993  Upon its release, Vs  set the record at the time for most copies of an album sold in a week, and spent five weeks at number one on the Billboard 200  Vs  was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Album in 1995  From Vs , the song "Daughter" received a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and the song "Go" received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance Feeling the pressures of success, with much of the burden of Pearl Jam's popularity falling on Vedder, the band decided to decrease the level of promotion for its albums, including refusing to release music videos  Vedder's issue with fame came from what he stated as "what happens when a lot of these people start thinking you can change their lives or save their lives or whatever and create these impossible fuckin' expectations that in the end just start tearing you apart " In 1994, the band began a much-publicized boycott of Ticketmaster, which lasted for three years and limited the band's ability to tour in the United States  Vedder faced what he called a "pretty intense stalker problem" during the mid-1990s  Vedder would refer to the issue in the song "Lukin" from No Code Later that same year the band released its third studio album, Vitalogy, which became the band's third straight album to reach multi-platinum status  On the album, Vedder was featured more extensively on rhythm guitar, and also provided back up vocals and some drumming  The pressure of fame is a common theme of Vedder's songs on the album  The album received Grammy nominations for Album of the Year and Best Rock Album in 1996  Vitalogy was ranked 485th on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time  The lead single "Spin the Black Circle" won a Grammy Award in 1996 for Best Hard Rock Performance  Although Dave Abbruzzese performed on the album Vitalogy, he was fired in August 1994, four months before the album was released  The band cited political differences between Abbruzzese and the other members; for example, he disagreed with the Ticketmaster boycott  He was replaced by Jack Irons, a close friend of Vedder and the former and original drummer of the Red Hot Chili Peppers The band subsequently released No Code in 1996 and Yield in 1998  In 1998, prior to Pearl Jam's U S  Yield Tour, Irons left the band due to dissatisfaction with touring  Pearl Jam enlisted former Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron as Irons' replacement on an initially temporary basis, but he soon became the permanent replacement for Irons  "Do the Evolution" (from Yield) received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance  Vedder described Pearl Jam's approach in 1998, saying "We've had the luxury of writing our own job description   and that description has basically been cut down to just one line: make music "In 1998, Pearl Jam recorded "Last Kiss", a cover of a 1960s ballad made famous by J  Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers  It was released on the band's 1998 fan club Christmas single; however, by popular demand, the cover was released to the public as a single in 1999  "Last Kiss" peaked at number two on the Billboard charts and became the band's highest-charting single 
In 2000, the band released its sixth studio album, Binaural, and initiated a successful and ongoing series of official bootlegs  The band released seventy-two such live albums in 2000 and 2001, and set a record for most albums to debut in the Billboard 200 at the same time  "Grievance" (from Binaural) received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance  The band released its seventh studio album, Riot Act, in 2002  Pearl Jam's contribution to the 2003 film Big Fish, titled "Man of the Hour," was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 2004  The band's eighth studio album, the eponymous Pearl Jam, was released in 2006  The band released its ninth studio album, Backspacer, in 2009, its tenth studio album, Lightning Bolt, in 2013, and its eleventh studio album, Gigaton, in 2020 
Vedder uses the pseudonym "Jerome Turner" on Pearl Jam records for his non-musical contributions such as design and artwork  He has also used the pseudonym "Wes C  Addle" ("West Seattle") 

Other musical projects
Soundtrack contributions
Vedder has contributed solo material to several soundtracks and compilations, including the soundtracks for the films Dead Man Walking (1995), I Am Sam (2001), A Brokedown Melody (2004), Body of War (2007), and Reign Over Me (2007)  Vedder collaborated with Pakistani musician Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan for his contributions to the Dead Man Walking soundtrack  He covered the Beatles' "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" for the I Am Sam soundtrack  Vedder wrote "Man of the Hour" that Pearl Jam recorded for Tim Burton's Big Fish Soundtrack (2003)  Vedder wrote two songs for the 2007 feature documentary, Body of War, produced by Ellen Spiro and Phil Donahue: "No More" (a song referring to the Iraq War) and "Long Nights"  Vedder and the supergroup the Million Dollar Bashers, which includes members from Sonic Youth, Wilco, and Bob Dylan's band, covered Dylan's "All Along the Watchtower" for the biopic film, I'm Not There (2007)  Pearl Jam recorded a cover version of The Who's song "Love, Reign o'er Me" for the film Reign Over Me, which takes its title from the song  In 2010, Vedder recorded a new song, "Better Days", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2010 film Eat Pray Love  Vedder contributed original music for the soundtrack to the 2021 film Flag Day, which also featured the musical debut of Vedder's daughter Olivia on lead vocals in the first single, "My Father’s Daughter", written by Vedder and Glen Hansard 

Into the Wild
Vedder contributed an album's worth of songs to the soundtrack for the 2007 film, Into the Wild  The soundtrack was released on September 18, 2007, through J Records  It includes covers of the Indio song "Hard Sun" and the Jerry Hannan song "Society"  Vedder said that having to write songs based on a narrative "simplified things"  He said, "There were fewer choices  The story was there and the scenes were there " Vedder's songs written for the film feature a folk sound  Thom Jurek of AllMusic called the soundtrack a "collection of folksy, rootsy tunes where rock & roll makes fleeting appearances " Vedder won a 2008 Golden Globe Award for the song "Guaranteed" from Into the Wild  He was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his contributions to the film's original score  At the 2008 Grammy Awards, "Guaranteed" received a nomination for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media  "Guaranteed" was also nominated a 2008 World Soundtrack Award in the category of Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film  At the 2009 Grammy Awards, "Rise" received a nomination for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Solo Vedder promoted the Into the Wild soundtrack with his first solo tour, which began in April 2008  The April leg of the tour, dubbed the "April Fools Tour", began in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada at The Centre on April 2, 2008, and was composed of ten dates focusing on the West Coast of the United States  Vedder continued the tour with a second leg in August 2008 composed of fourteen dates focusing on the East Coast and Canada  The second leg of the tour began in Boston, Massachusetts at the Boston Opera House and ended in Chicago, Illinois at the Auditorium Theatre  In June 2009, Vedder followed his 2008 solo tour with another solo tour composed of fourteen dates focusing on the Eastern United States and Hawaii, which began in Albany, New York at the Palace Theatre and continued through to Honolulu at the Hawaii Theatre 

Ukulele Songs
Vedder released his second solo album titled Ukulele Songs, a collection of original songs and covers performed on the ukulele, on May 31, 2011  The first single from the album, "Longing to Belong", was released through digital retailers on March 21  A live DVD titled Water on the Road, featuring live performances from two shows in Washington, D C  during Vedder's 2008 solo tour, was released the same day as Ukulele Songs 

Earthling
In September 2021, Vedder released the single "Long Way", taken from his third studio album Earthling  This was followed by "The Haves" on November 18, 2021, and "Brother the Cloud" on January 14, 2022  "Long Way" and "The Haves" have been released as a limited edition 7" vinyl  To tour the album, Vedder assembled a backing band dubbed "The Earthlings", which includes Glen Hansard on rhythm guitar and backing vocals, Josh Klinghoffer on guitar, keyboard and vocals, Chad Smith on drums, Chris Chaney on bass, and guitarist Andrew Watt  Watt also produced the album 

Collaborations
In addition to playing with Pearl Jam and Temple of the Dog, Vedder has performed or recorded with numerous well-known artists  He has appeared on albums by the Who, Ramones, Neil Young, R E M , Neil Finn, Bad Religion, Mark Seymour, Cat Power, Mike Watt, Fastbacks, Wellwater Conspiracy, Jack Irons, and John Doe, and has also recorded with the Strokes, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Supersuckers, Susan Sarandon, and Zeke  In the months of June and July 2006, Vedder made live performances jamming with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, singing on many tracks, including lead vocals on "The Waiting" and backing vocals on "American Girl"  Vedder performed the songs "Break on Through (To the Other Side)", "Light My Fire" and "Roadhouse Blues" with the remaining members of the Doors at the 1993 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony  He also performed with R E M  at the 2007 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony and with the Stooges at the 2010 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony   Vedder made a guest appearance at the Ramones' last show on August 6, 1996, at the Palace in Hollywood 

Film
Vedder had a brief acting cameo in the 1992 movie, Singles, along with Jeff Ament and Stone Gossard of Pearl Jam  He appeared as himself, playing drums in lead actor Matt Dillon's backing band, Citizen Dick  He was also interviewed for the 1996 grunge documentary, Hype! He appears in the 2003 Ramones documentary, End of the Century: The Story of the Ramones  In 2007, he made a cameo as himself in the comedy film, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story  He appears in the 2007 Tom Petty documentary, Runnin' Down a Dream, the 2008 political documentary, Slacker Uprising, and the 2009 Howard Zinn documentary, The People Speak, based upon A People's History of the United States  He was featured in the 2008 Greg Kohs documentary, Song Sung Blue, performing with Lightning and Thunder  He had a one-scene cameo in the second episode of the second season of the IFC television show Portlandia  He also appears in the 2012 documentary West of Memphis,  protesting against the case  Vedder made an appearance in the season 3 episode 16 of David Lynch's Twin Peaks Aug 2017   He was referred to by his birth name, Edward Louis Severson 
The character of Jackson Maine in the movie 'A Star is Born was partly influenced by Vedder  Bradley Cooper, who wrote the screenplay, produced, directed, and starred in the film as Jackson Maine, hung out with Vedder for four or five days to get some tips from him about the character 

Activism
Vedder has used his role as a musician to speak on several politically-oriented themes  In 2009, he said, "People on death row, the treatment of animals, women's right to choose  So much in America is based on religious fundamentalist Christianity  Grow up! This is the modern world!" In 1992, Spin printed an article by Vedder, titled "Reclamation", which detailed his views on abortion  Vedder and Pearl Jam performed at Rock for Choice in 1994  During the band's appearance on MTV Unplugged in 1992, Vedder stood up on his stool during the instrumental break of the song "Porch" and wrote "PRO-CHOICE" on his left arm with a magic marker Vedder was supportive of Green Party presidential candidate Ralph Nader in 2000 and played at Green Party super rallies in Chicago and New York City  Pearl Jam played a series of concerts on the 2004 Vote for Change tour, supporting the candidacy of John Kerry for U S  president  "I supported Ralph Nader in 2000, but it's a time of crisis  We have to get a new administration in", Vedder told Rolling Stone magazine in 2004  In 2005, during Pearl Jam's first South American tour, Vedder said, "next time we come to Brazil, the world will be a better place to live, as George Bush will no longer be the President of the United States " Vedder supported Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election, and 2012, Bernie Sanders in the 2016 and 2020 primaries, Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election, and Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election against Donald Trump In his spare time, Vedder is a surfer and active in surf-related conservation efforts, including supporting The Surfrider Foundation  In 1993, Vedder supported fellow Surfrider Foundation member/environmentalist, Aaron Ahearn who had gone AWOL from the United States Navy in protest of the Navy's at sea dumping policies  Vedder and Pearl Jam performed a concert in San Francisco, donating over $3,000 to Ahearn's legal fees 
Vedder supports Earth First! with a tattoo on his right calf  The logo is of a pipe wrench crossed with a stone hammer Vedder was a longtime and outspoken supporter for the Free the West Memphis Three movement, a cause that advocated the release of three young men who were convicted in 1994 of the gruesome murders of three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas  In an interview with Larry King on December 19, 2007, Damien Echols, who was then on death row for the murders, said that Vedder had been the "greatest friend a person could have" and that he had collaborated with him while in prison  The song "Army Reserve" on Pearl Jam's 2006 self-titled album features a lyrical collaboration between Vedder and Echols  On August 19, 2011, Vedder and Natalie Maines attended the release hearing of the West Memphis Three Vedder is a gun control activist and has performed at benefit anti-gun violence concerts and participated on the 2019 Gun Sense Forum 

Musical style and influences
Music critic Jim DeRogatis has described Vedder's vocals as a "Jim Morrison-like vocal growl"  Greg Prato of AllMusic said, "With his hard-hitting and often confessional lyrical style and Jim Morrison-esque baritone, Vedder also became one of the most copied lead singers in all of rock " Vedder has inducted the Doors, Neil Young, the Ramones, and R E M  into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and in his induction speeches he has cited them all as influences  Other influences that Vedder has cited include Pete Townshend and The Who, which the singer considers to be his favorite band of all time, The Beatles, Bruce Springsteen, Pink Floyd, Talking Heads, Fugazi, and The Clash Vedder's lyrical topics range from personal ("Alive", from Ten; "Better Man", from Vitalogy) to social and political concerns ("Even Flow", from Ten; "World Wide Suicide", from Pearl Jam)  His lyrics have often invoked the use of storytelling and have included themes of freedom, individualism, and sympathy for troubled individuals  Other recurring themes include the use of water metaphors, and the concept of leaving everything behind to start again, which is featured in "Rearviewmirror", from Vs ; "MFC", from Yield; "Evacuation", from Binaural; and "Gone", from Pearl Jam) 
Although primarily a vocalist, Vedder began playing guitar on some Pearl Jam songs with the Vs  songs "Rearviewmirror" and "Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town"  When the band started, Gossard and McCready were clearly designated as rhythm and lead guitarists, respectively  The dynamic began to change when Vedder started to play more rhythm guitar during the Vitalogy era  McCready said in 2006, "Even though there are three guitars, I think there's maybe more room now  Stone will pull back and play a two-note line and Ed will do a power chord thing, and I fit into all that " Vedder's guitar playing helped the band's sound progress toward a more stripped-down style; the songs "Rearviewmirror" and "Corduroy" (from Vitalogy) feature Vedder's raw, punk-influenced guitar playing  As he had more influence on the band's sound, Vedder sought to make the band's musical output less catchy  He said, "I felt that with more popularity, we were going to be crushed, our heads were going to pop like grapes " He has also contributed performances on the ukulele, harmonica, accordion, and electric sitar to various Pearl Jam recordings 

Live performances
Throughout Pearl Jam's career, Vedder has interacted with the crowd during the band's concerts  Early in Pearl Jam's existence, Vedder and the band became known for their intense live performances  Vedder participated in stage diving as well as crowd surfing  During the early part of Pearl Jam's career, Vedder was known to climb the stage lighting rig and hang from the stage roof  Looking back at this time, Vedder said, "It's hard for us to watch early performances, even though that's when people think we were on fire and young  Playing music for as long as I had been playing music and then getting a shot at making a record and at having an audience and stuff, it's just like an untamed force   a different kind of energy  And I find it kind of hard to watch those early performances because it's so just fucking, semi-testosterone-fueled or whatever  But it didn't come from jock mentality  It came from just being let out of the gates "Vedder began incorporating social commentary and political criticism into his lyrics and performances early in his career with Pearl Jam  He usually comments on politics between songs, often to criticize U S  foreign policy  During Pearl Jam's 2007 Lollapalooza headlining show, Vedder and the band played a song telling the crowd in Chicago to boycott the oil company BP because they had been polluting Lake Michigan Vedder is known to use a Mike Lull-modified, vintage Fender Telecaster that features a single coil pickup in the bridge position and a P-90 pickup in the neck position, and includes various stickers that The Who  He uses three vintage Fender Tweed amplifiers, including a 1959 Deluxe and a 1957 Custom Twin  His two main acoustic guitars are a 1930s-era Martin 00-17 and a vintage Gibson Pete Townshend Signature SJ-200 

Legacy
Lamenting the constant waning of rock 'n roll from the music scene, Bono, in 2017, expounded that "Rage" is the fundamental component of rock 'n roll and said, "Some great rock’n’roll tends to have that, which is why the Who were such a great band  Or Pearl Jam  Eddie has that rage "Vedder was ranked seventh on a list of "Best Lead Singers of All Time" compiled by Rolling Stone  Loudwire put him at number 35 on their Top 66 Hard Rock + Heavy Metal Frontmen of all time  He has been ranked at number 5 on a list of "Singer with the Most Unique Voice", compiled by Rolling Stone  Other singers like Roger Daltrey of the Who, Bruce Dickinson of Iron Maiden and John Densmore of the Doors have praised him for his singing ability  Hit Parader magazine placed him at number 23 on their list of the "Top 100 Metal Vocalists of All Time"  His solo album Into the Wild was ranked at no  20 on the list of Top 20 Rock 'n' Roll Solo Albums by Consequence of Sound  In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Vender at number 105 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time 

Personal life
Vedder attended San Dieguito High School, now called San Dieguito Academy, and donated proceeds from a 2006 Pearl Jam concert in San Diego toward the construction of a theater for the school in the name of his former drama teacher, Clayton E  Liggett  Liggett was Vedder's mentor in high school  Vedder wrote the song "Long Road" (from Merkin Ball) upon hearing of Liggett's death in 1995 While living in the basement of Pearl Jam manager Kelly Curtis' house in Seattle in the early 1990s, Vedder was roommates with Alice in Chains guitarist and vocalist Jerry Cantrell  Vedder was also friends with Alice in Chains' lead singer Layne Staley, and wrote the song "4/20/02" (from Lost Dogs) on the night that he found out about Staley's death, on April 20, 2002 (though Staley had actually died over two weeks earlier on April 5, his body was found on April 19)  Vedder also paid tribute to Staley during a Pearl Jam show in Chicago on August 22, 2016, which would have been Staley's 49th birthday; "It's the birthday of a guy called Layne Staley tonight, and we're thinking of him tonight too  49 years old", Vedder told the crowd before dedicating the song "Man of the Hour" to his late friend In 1994, Vedder married Hovercraft bass player Beth Liebling, whom he was dating since he was a teenager, circa 1984  Vedder was Hovercraft's drummer during their opening slot for Mike Watt's U S  tour in 1995  The couple divorced in September 2000  In an interview published in the June 29, 2006 edition of Rolling Stone magazine, Vedder said that his divorce from Liebling had devastated him  The divorce happened around the same time as the biggest tragedy of Pearl Jam's career, when nine fans were crushed to death during the band's set at the Roskilde Festival in Denmark on June 30, 2000  In an interview with Chris Cornell's daughter Lily in 2020, Vedder explained that their show started on a high because they had just been told about her birth, until about 40 minutes into their performance when the tragedy happened  Vedder revealed that Pete Townshend helped him through the early stages of dealing with the tragedy On September 18, 2010, Vedder married his longtime girlfriend, model Jill McCormick, whom he had been dating since 2000  They have two daughters, Olivia, born in 2004, and Harper, born in 2008  In 2011, McCormick appeared in the music video for Vedder's solo single, "Longing to Belong"  In 2014, Vedder and McCormick co-founded the EB Research Partnership, a non-profit organization dedicated to finding a cure for the genetic skin disorder epidermolysis bullosa  They have raised over $25 million to fund research to find a cure Vedder was a close friend of the late Chris Cornell, the Soundgarden and Audioslave frontman  Aside from Vedder's Pearl Jam bandmates, Cornell was one of the first people Vedder met after moving to Seattle in 1990  The two were neighbors for a while and shared vocal duties in Temple of the Dog  In the 2009 book Grunge Is Dead: The Oral History of Seattle Rock Music, Soundgarden manager Susan Silver recalled that Cornell carried Vedder onstage on his shoulders at Pearl Jam's second show in Seattle (the band was known as Mookie Blaylock at the time): "Everyone was still reeling from [Andrew Wood]'s death    The band came on and Chris carried Eddie onto the stage – he was on his shoulders  It was one of those super powerful moments, where it was all a big healing for everybody  He came out as this guy who had all the credibility in the world – in terms of people in Seattle – and Malfunkshun and Mother Love Bone were loved bands  Andy was such an endearing personality  It was a hard thing to do – to show up after people die  And Chris bringing Eddie out, and pointing at him, as much Pearl Jam lead guitarist Mike McCready recalled that Cornell had helped welcome the "'super, super shy'" Vedder to Seattle: "He was like, 'Hey, welcome to Seattle  I love Jeff [Ament] and Stone [Gossard]  I give you my blessing"  From then on [Vedder] was more relaxed  It was one of the coolest things I saw Chris do'"  In a 2009 interview with Uncut magazine, Vedder stated that Cornell is "the best singer that we've got on the planet"  About the impact that Cornell had in his life, Vedder told a crowd in Alpine Valley before performing "Hunger Strike" with him in September 2011; "I had no idea how he would affect my life and my views on music and my views on friendship and what a big impact he would have  These guys [the other members of Pearl Jam] know him much longer than me and his impact is profound"  The friendship between Vedder and Cornell is featured in the 2011 documentary Pearl Jam Twenty  During his solo concert in London on June 6, 2017, Vedder talked for the first time about Cornell since his death on May 18, 2017, saying that "he wasn't just a friend, he was someone I looked up to like my older brother" and "I will live with those memories in my heart and I will love him forever" Vedder is a friend of The Who guitarist Pete Townshend, who discouraged Vedder from retiring in 1993  In late 2007, Vedder wrote the foreword to a new Pete Townshend biography, Who Are You: The Life of Pete Townshend  The book was published in the UK in March 2008 and in the U S  in October 2008  Vedder was a close friend of the late Ramones guitarist Johnny Ramone, with Vedder being at his side when he died  Since Ramone's death, Vedder and Pearl Jam have played the Ramones' "I Believe in Miracles" regularly at live shows  While driving home from Ramone's funeral, Vedder wrote the lyrics for the Pearl Jam song "Life Wasted" (from Pearl Jam) While surfing with Tim Finn in New Zealand on March 25, 1995, Vedder was carried 250 feet (76 m) off the coast and had to be rescued by lifeguards  He also has paddled outrigger canoes on occasion and in 2005 was nearly lost at sea trying to paddle from Moloka'i to Oahu Vedder has written songs and lyrics that question religious authority  Vedder is a Chicago Bulls and Chicago Bears fan and a long-time, die-hard fan of the Chicago Cubs  In November 1993, Vedder and White Sox pitcher Jack McDowell were involved in a barroom brawl in New Orleans, Louisiana that resulted in Vedder being arrested for public drunkenness and disturbing the peace  Vedder sang the national anthem before the third game of the 1998 NBA Finals in Chicago, and has sung "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" at six Cubs games, including Game 5 of the 2016 World Series  In 2007, a few days before performing with Pearl Jam in Chicago for Lollapalooza, he threw out the first pitch at Wrigley Field, the home of the Cubs  Vedder wrote a song at the request of former Cubs shortstop and first baseman Ernie Banks paying tribute to the Cubs called "All the Way"  The day after the Cubs won the 2016 World Series, the Cubs' official Twitter account posted a montage video backed by Vedder's song in a tribute to Cubs fans The annual series between the Seattle Mariners and San Diego Padres is often nicknamed the Vedder Cup due to both cities being hometowns of the singer The singer is also a great admirer of the late American science fiction author Kurt Vonnegut  During an interview with Uncut Magazine, he stated that the novel Cat's Cradle is his favorite book of all time 

Discography
Solo discography
Extended plays
Singles
Music videos
"Hard Sun" (2007)
"Guaranteed" (2008)
"No More" (2008)
"Better Days" (2010)
"You're True" (2011)
"Longing to Belong" (2011)
"Can't Keep" (2011)
"Sleeping by Myself" (2012)
"Matter of Time" (2020)
"Say Hi" (2020)
"Long Way" (2021)
"The Haves" (2021)
"Brother the Cloud" (2022)

Studio contributions and collaborations
Live contributions and collaborations
Guest appearances
Temple of the Dog discography
Pearl Jam discography
Filmography
Television
Performer and actor

Film
Performer and actor*denotes performance with Pearl Jam
**note: "Animal" performed with Pearl Jam and "Rockin' in the Free World" performed with Neil Young & Pearl Jam
^note: In the acceptance speech, Eddie notoriously states, "I don't know what this means, I don't think it means anything "
^^note: Vedder also performed the songs: "Mary Anne with the Shaky Hand" and "Getting in Tune" with the Who, but they were not released on the DVD 2017 Documentary, "Let's Play Two" featuring Eddie Vedder and Pearl Jam  Can be found on Amazon Prime and was directed by Danny Clinch  Concert documentary centering around Pearl Jams August 2016 shows at Wrigley Field 

Awards and nominations
Passage 6:
Paulo Szot
Paulo Szot is a Brazilian operatic baritone singer and actor  He made his opera debut in 1997 and his international career has included performances with the Metropolitan Opera, La Scala di Milano, Opera de Paris, Bayerische Staatsoper, Opera Australia, Liceo de Barcelona, among many others  In 2008, he made his Broadway debut as Emile De Becque in a revival of South Pacific, for which he won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical, the Drama Desk Award, the Outer Critics Circle Award and the Theatre World Award  In 2012 he was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for best actor in a musical, and in 2014 was nominated for the MAC Award for best Celebrity Artist becoming the first Brazilian to receive such honors  In 2022, he originated the role of "Lance" in the hit Broadway musical & Juliet 

Biography
Szot was born in São Paulo to Polish parents who emigrated to Brazil after World War II  He began his musical training in piano at the age of five and later added violin and classical ballet  However, at age 21, a knee injury cut short any aspirations for a career in dance, causing him, with encouragement from his instructor, to pursue singing instead Szot studied at Jagiellonian University in Poland  He began singing professionally in 1990 with the National Song & Dance Ensemble "Śląsk"  Later, he made his professional opera debut in a production of Il barbiere di Siviglia at the Municipal Theatre of São Paulo in 1997  Since then, he has performed with the New York City Opera, the Palm Beach Opera, the Canadian Opera Company, Opéra de Marseille, and Vlaamse Opera, among others, in such operas as L'elisir d'amore, La bohème, Don Giovanni, Cavalleria rusticana, Pagliacci, Carmen, Così fan tutte, Le nozze di Figaro and Maria Golovin  In March 2010 he made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera as Kovalyov in Dmitri Shostakovich's The Nose  Szot returned to the Metropolitan Opera as Escamillo sharing the stage with the French tenor Roberto Alagna and as Lescaut in Manon along with Anna Netrebko  Szot returned to the Met in 2014 as the Captain of the Achille Lauro in The Death of Klinghoffer  He sang the role of Guglielmo in Mozart's Così fan tutte at the Palais Garnier, and at the Aix-en-Provence Festival in Le nozze di Figaro  In 2013 he sang in The Nose at Teatro dell'Opera di Roma and at La Scala in the role of Filip Filippovich, the protagonist of Alexander Raskatov's 2009 opera A Dog's Heart  In 2018 and 2019, Szot sang the role of the Celebrant in the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's performance of Leonard Bernstein's Mass under the direction of Marin Alsop with the Chicago Children's Choir and the Highland Park High School Marching Band 
Of his performance in South Pacific, Ben Brantley of The New York Times wrote: "When he delivers 'Some Enchanted Evening' or 'This Nearly Was Mine,' it's not as a swoon-making blockbuster (though of course it is), but as a measured and honest consideration of love "

Stage productions
Il Barbiere di Siviglia – 1996 – Teatro Paulo Eiró, São Paulo
Gianni Scchicchi – 1997 – Sesc Ipiranga, São Paulo
La Bohème – 1998 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo
Le Barbier de Séville – 1997 – Teatro Municipal de Santo André
Carmen – 1998 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
La Bohème – 1998 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
L'elisir d'amore – 1998 – Festival Ópera de Manaus
Don Giovanni – 1999 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo
Le Barbier de Séville – 1999 – Teatro São Pedro, São Paulo
Don Giovanni – 1999 – Municipal de São Paulo
Le Barbier de Séville – 1999 – Teatro São Pedro de Porto Alegre
O Guarani – 1999 – Teatro Amazonas
Carmen – 2000 – Teatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro
Cavaleria Rusticana – 2000 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo
I Pagliacci – 2000 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo
Die Fledermaus – 2000 – Teatro Rio de Janeiro
Cavaleria Rusticana – 2000 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Pagliacci – 2000 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Tanhäuser – 2001 – Teatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro
Carmen – 2001 – Teatro Alfa, São Paulo
Carmen – 2001 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Don Giovanni – 2001 – Teatro Amazonas
La Bohème – 2001 – Teatro Amazonas
Hansel et Gretel – 2001 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Manon – 2002 – Teatro Amazonas
Manon – 2002 – Teatro Alfa – São Paulo
Pagliacci – 2002 – Teatro Amazonas
Il Barbiere di Siviglia - 2003 - Palacio das Artes
Hansel et Gretel – 2003 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Cavaleria Rusticana – 2003 – Teatro Amazonas
Don Pasquale – 2003 – Teatro São Pedro, São Paulo
Don Pasquale – 2003 – Teatro Municipal de Santo André
Lustige Witwe – 2003 – Porto Alegre
Carmen – 2003 – New York City Opera
Don Giovanni – 2003 – Michigan Opera
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2004 – New York City Opera
Carmen – 2004 – Palm Beach Opera
Eugène Onegin – 2004 – Ópera de Marseille
Orfeo – 2004 – Teatro Sérgio Cardoso
L'elisir d'amore – 2005 – New York City Opera
Rita – 2005 – Festival de Campos do Jordão
Dido et Aeneas – 2005 – Opera de Marseille
Don Giovanni – 2005 – Opera de Toulon
Don Giovanni – 2005 – Opera de Bordeaux
Così fan tutte – 2006 – Opera de Marseille
Maria Golovin – 2006 – Opera de Marseille
Don Giovanni – 2006 – Opera de Bogota - Colombia
Così fan tutte – 2007 – Opera de Nice
Le nozze di Figaro – 2007 – Boston
Maria Golovin – Spoleto Opera Festival, 2007 - Italy
Le Portrait de Manon – 2007 – Liceo de Barcelona
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2007 – Vlaamse Opera, Anvers
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2008 – Vlaamse Opera, Gand
South Pacific – 2008 – Lincoln Center Theater, New York
La Veuve Joyeuse – 2008 – Opera de Marseille
South Pacific – 2009 – Lincoln Center Theater, New York
The Nose – 2010 – Metropolitan Opera New York
South Pacific – 2010 – Lincoln Center Theater, New York
Carmen – 2011 – Metropolitan Opera New York
Così fan tutte – 2011 – Opera Garnier, Paris
South Pacific – 2011 – Barbican, London
Carmen – 2011 – San Francisco Opera
South Pacific – 2011 – Oxford
Manon – 2012 – Metropolitan Opera House New York
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2012 – Festival d'Aix-en-Provence
Don Giovanni – 2012 – Washington Opera
The Nose - Il Naso – 2013 – Opera di Roma
A Dog's Heart - Cuore di Cane  – 2013 – La Scala
The Nose – 2013 – Metropolitan Opera
Die Fledermaus - 2013/2014 – Metropolitan Opera
Eugène Onegin - 2014 - Melbourne Opera House
Candide — 2014 — Sala São Paulo - OSESP
The Death of Klinghoffer – 2014 – Metropolitan Opera
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2014 - Théâtre National de Bahreïn / Aix-en-Provence
Manon Lescaut - Teatro Municipal de Sao Paulo - Lescaut - 2015
Die Fledermaus - The Metropolitan Opera - 2015/2016 - Falke
Madama Butterfly - Opera de Marseille - 2016 - Sharpless
Romeo et Juliette - Palacio das Artes - 2016 - Mercutio
My Fair Lady - Teatro Santander - 2016 - Henry Higgins
Così fan tutte - "Don Alfonso" -  2017 - Palais Garnier Opéra National de Paris
The New Prince - 2017 - Dutch Opera - Hamilton/Clinton/Nixon - Amsterdam - Nederlands
Carmen - Bayerische Staatsoper - Munich - Escamillo - 2017 - Germany
Evita - Shakespeare Festival - Pennsylvania - Juan Peron - 2017 -  USA
Street Scene - Teatro Real - Madri - 2018 - Frank Maurant
La Traviata - Palacio das Artes - BH - 2018 - Giorgio Germont
La Traviata - Teatro Municipal de Sao Paulo - 2018 - G  Germont
Mass - Leonard Bernstein - South Bank Centre - 2018 - Celebrant - London
Mass - Leonard Bernstein - Ravinia Festival - 2018 - Celebrant - USA
Evita - A  L  Webber - Opera Australia - Sydney and Melbourne - 2018/2019 - Juan Peron
Merry Widow - Franz Lehar  - Opera di Roma - 2019 - Danilo
Mass - Leonard Bernstein - Ravinia Festival - 2019 - Celebrant - USA
Madama Butterfly - Puccini - Metropolitan Opera - New York - 2019 - Sharpless
Chicago on Broadway - Ambassador Theater - New York - 2020 and 2021 - Billy Flynn
Street Scene - Opera de Monte Carlo - 2020 - Frank
Chicago - Teatro Santander - São Paulo - 2022 - Billy Flynn
La boheme - Puerto Rico - 2022 - Marcello
& Juliet - Princess of Wales Theatre - Toronto - 2022 - Lance
& Juliet - Sondheim Theater - Broadway - 2023 - Lance
Cosi fan tutte - Opera de Paris - 2024 - Don Alfonso

Awards
Passage 7:
New Dramatists
New Dramatists is an organization of playwrights founded in 1949 and located at 424 West 44th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues in the Hell's Kitchen (Clinton) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City 
The members of New Dramatists participate in seven-year residencies to build up their playwriting skills and develop their careers   In addition to housing resident playwrights, New Dramatists also holds workshops for young authors  The organization hosts an annual luncheon at which actors and producers who have made contributions to American theatre are honored  Brian Stokes Mitchell, Glenn Close, and Meryl Streep are among past honorees The New Dramatists have a library that is open to the public on weekdays 

Building
New Dramatists is located in a former church built in the 1880s in the Gothic Revival style  It was the location in turn of St  Matthew's German Lutheran Church, the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, the Lutheran Metropolitan Inner Mission Society, and, by the mid-1960s, the All People's Church 

Alumni
New Dramatists' alumni include:

Glen Berger
Kia Corthron
Jorge Ignacio Cortiñas
Erin Courtney
Carson Kreitzer
Peter Maloney (actor)
Tarell Alvin McCraney
Suzan-Lori Parks
Harrison David Rivers
Charles Smith, playwright
Charise Castro Smith, television writer and actor
Octavio Solis
Mark St  Germain, playwright, author, and film and television writer 
Gaye Taylor Upchurch, who has directed plays at the Studio Theatre (Washington, D C ), the Summer Play Festival, and the Pacific Playwrights Festival

Awards
Nathan Lane was awarded the New Dramatists' 2019 Distinguished Achievement Award  Audra McDonald, Brian Stokes Mitchell, Daryl Roth, Paula Vogel, and Denzel Washington have received this award in prior years 

History
New Dramatists was established in 1949 as the New Dramatists Committee  Its formation was instigated by Michaela O'Harra, who became the first executive secretary of the Committee  Howard Lindsay was the first chair; other founders included Benjamin Schankman, Russel Crouse, Richard Rodgers, and Oscar Hammerstein II  The Committee was initially funded by contributions from the Playwrights Company, the Cornell-McClintic Foundation and a donation from John Golden 
Passage 8:
Steve Cosson
Steven Cosson (born August 1968) is a writer and director specializing in the creation of new theater work inspired by real life  He is the founding Artistic Director of the New York-based investigative theater company The Civilians 

Early life and education
Cosson was born in the Washington, D C  area  He received his BA from Dartmouth College and holds an MFA in directing from the University of California San Diego, where he studied under director and Joint Stock member Les Waters 

Career
Cosson led The Civilians as the first theater company in residence at the Metropolitan Museum of Art  He wrote the first major American play about climate change, The Great Immensity, which generated significant controversy from Republicans in Congress and right-wing media, and was featured as a TED Talk at the main TED conference in 2012 Cosson collaborated repeatedly with composer Michael Friedman on works with The Civilians and other companies, until Friedman's death in 2017  Other notable accomplishments include developing and directing Anne Washburn's Mr  Burns, a Post-Electric Play, named the 4th Best American Play of the past 25 Years by The New York Times Credits include:

book-writer and director of The Abominables at Children's Theatre Company (2018)
writer and director of The Undertaking at BAM Next Wave Festival (2016), US tour, Theatre de la Ville, Paris
director of José Rivera's Another Word for Beauty, world premiere at the Goodman Theatre (2016)
writer/director, Rimbaud in New York at the Brooklyn Academy of Music (2016)
director of Michael Friedman and Bess Wohl's musical Pretty Filthy (2015)
the Off-Broadway revival of The Belle of Amherst, starring Joely Richardson (2014)With The Civilians: 

writer/director of The Great Immensity (2014), music by Michael Friedman, created in residence with the Princeton Environmental Institute and the Princeton Atelier
co-writer and director of This Beautiful City, which premiered in 2009 to excellent reviews at the Humana Festival of New American Plays and then completed a critically acclaimed run at the Vineyard Theatre (Drama Desk, Drama League, Lortel nominations)
co-writer and director of Brooklyn at Eye Level, produced at Brooklyn's Lyceum Theatre in 2008
co-writer/director of Paris Commune produced in 2004 in The Public Theater's PublicLAB series
writer/director of the long-running hit Gone Missing which toured for several years throughout the U S  and the U K , culminating in 2007 in a seven-month Off-Broadway run at Barrow Street Theater (New York Times’ Top 10 of 2007 list)
writer/director (I Am) Nobody's Lunch (2006) (Fringe First award)
director of the company's first show Canard, Canard, Goose? (2002)Cosson has also directed The Civilians’ work at A R T , Actors Theatre of Louisville, La Jolla Playhouse, HBO's Aspen Comedy Festival, The Museum of Modern Art; London's Gate Theatre, and the Soho Theatre, among many others 
As a freelance director of new plays, musicals, and classics, Cosson's other directing credits include Ethel's Documerica (BAM Next Wave Festival); Dael Orlandersmith's Stoop Stories; Spring Awakening (Olney Theatre Center); Bus Stop (Kansas City Repertory Theatre); Anne Washburn’s A Devil at Noon (Humana Festival of New American Plays); Michael Friedman's Adventures in Reality (Lincoln Center Theater), and the U S  premiere of Attempts on Her Life; and new plays at theaters including Hartford Stage, Soho Rep, O’Neill Conference, New Harmony Project, and others His plays have been published by Oberon Books in the UK, Dramatists Play Service, and an anthology of his plays with The Civilians was published by Playscripts, Inc 

Plays
2018 The Abombinables, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2016 The Undertaking
2016 Rimbaud in New York, various composers
2015 The End and the Beginning
2014 The Great Immensity, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2012 Paris Commune with Michael Friedman
2010 In The Footprint, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2009 This Beautiful City, with Jim Lewis, interviews by the company, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2006 (I Am) Nobody's Lunch, interviews by company, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2003 Gone Missing, interviews by the company, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2001 Canard, Canard, Goose?  head writer, company-devised, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
1998 Fingered



ground_truth: Brian Stokes Mitchell

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Jolyon James performed the role of Moonshadow in a musical by a composer of what nationality?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  moved to be closer to her husband  He then was sent to a camp near Manchester  They found the duality of their lives harsh, and the gruelling, regimented nature of the training felt hard for the sensitive professional poet  He felt fundamentally different from the other men, more given to intellectual pursuits than unending physical labour that left him little time to write  Their sporadic meetings were emotionally wrenching and the couple could make no plans for their future together  He encouraged H D  to return to America where she could make a safer and more stable home  They both watched news come in of heavy troop losses in France at the Somme and on other battlefields  She could not have information given on her husband's future postings overseas, all held to be secret  Rationing and the forced draft began as the war turned against the British When Aldington was sent to the front in December 1916, the couple's relationship became epistolary  He wrote that he'd managed to complete 12 poems and three essays since joining up and wanted to work on producing a new book, in order to keep his mind on literature, despite his work of digging graves  He found the soldier's life degrading, living with lice, cold, mud and little sanitation  His encounters with gas on the front would affect him for the rest of his life  He was given leave in July 1917 and the couple enjoyed a reunion during this brief reprieve  He felt distant from old Imagist friends like Pound who had not undergone the tortuous life of the soldiers on the front and could not imagine the living conditions Aldington joined up in the 11th Leicestershires and was later commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Sussex Regiment (November 1917)  He finished the war as a signals officer and temporary captain, being demobilised in February 1919  He may never have completely recovered from the war, writing of his own field experiences in the collections Images of War and Images of Desire (1919), which were suffused with a new melancholy  He ended the war feeling disconsolate about his own talent as a poet  Exile and Other Poems (1923) also dealt with the process of trauma  A collection of war stories Roads to Glory, appeared in 1930  After this point he became known as a critic and biographer Towards the end of the war H D  lived with composer Cecil Gray, a friend of D  H  Lawrence's  They had a daughter together in March 1919, the pregnancy much complicated by H D 's catching pneumonia towards the end  Neither Gray nor Aldington wanted to accept paternity  By the time of Aldington's return H D  was involved with the female writer Bryher  H D  and Aldington formally separated and had relationships with other people, but they didn't divorce until 1938  They remained friends for the rest of their lives  He destroyed all the couple's pre-1918 correspondence Aldington helped T  S  Eliot by persuading Harriet Shaw Weaver to appoint Eliot as Aldington's successor at The Egoist magazine  In 1919 he introduced Eliot to the editor Bruce Richmond of The Times Literary Supplement  Aldington was on the editorial board of Chaman Lall's London literary quarterly Coterie (published 1919–1921), accompanied by Conrad Aiken, Eliot, Lewis and Aldous Huxley  Eliot had a job in the international department of Lloyds Bank and well-meaning friends wanted him full-time writing poetry  Ezra Pound, plotting a scheme to "get Eliot out of the bank", was supported by Lady Ottoline Morrell, Leonard Woolf and Harry Norton Aldington began publishing in journals such as the Imagist The Chapbook  In reply to Eliot's The Waste Land, Aldington wrote A Fool i' the Forest (1924) 

Aldington suffered a breakdown in 1925  His interest in poetry waned, and he developed an animosity towards Eliot's celebrity  Aldington grew closer to Eliot but gradually became a supporter of Vivienne Eliot in the troubled marriage  Aldington satirised her husband as "Jeremy Cibber" in Stepping Heavenward (1931)  He had a relationship with writer Valentine Dobrée and a lengthy and passionate affair with Arabella Yorke, a lover since Mecklenburgh Square days, coming to an end when he went abroad Aldington helped Irene Rathbone publish her semi-autobiographical novel We That Were Young in 1932  They had an affair that ended in 1937  Rathbone dedicated her 1936 novel They Call it Peace to him, and she wrote a long poem, Was There a Summer?: A Narrative Poem, in 1943 about their relationship 

Exile
Aldington went into self-imposed exile in 1928  He lived in Paris for years, living with Brigit Patmore and fascinated by Nancy Cunard, whom he met in 1928  Following his divorce in 1938 he married Netta, née McCullough, previously Brigit's daughter-in-law 
Death of a Hero (1929), which Aldington called a "jazz novel," was his semi-autobiographical response to the war  He started writing it almost immediately after the armistice was declared  The novel condemned Victorian materialism as a cause of the tragedy and waste of the war  Rejectionist, an "Expressionist scream", it was commended by Lawrence Durrell as "the best war novel of the epoch"  It was developed mostly while Aldington was living on the island of Port-Cros in Provence, building on the manuscript from a decade before  Opening with a letter to the playwright Halcott Glover, the book takes a satirical, cynical, and critical stance on Victorian and Edwardian cant  Published in September 1929, by Christmas it had sold more than 10,000 copies in England alone, part of a wave of war remembrances from writers such as Remarque, Sassoon, and Hemingway  The book was quickly translated into German and other European languages  In Russia the book was taken to be a wholesale attack on bourgeois politics, "the inevitable result of the life which had preceded it", as Aldington wrote  "The next one will be much worse"  It was praised by Gorky as revolutionary, and the book, along with Aldington's later fiction, received huge Russian distribution  Aldington was, however, fiercely non-partisan in his politics, despite his passion for iconoclasm and feminism The character of George Winterbourne is loosely based on Aldington as an artist (Winterbourne a painter rather than writer), having a mistress before and through the war, and the novel portrays locations strongly resembling those he had travelled to  One of these locations, fictionally named "The Chateau de Fressin," strongly resembled a castle he wrote about in a letter to H  D Death of a Hero, like many other novels published around this time about the war, suffered greatly from censorship  Instead of changing or cutting parts of his novel, he replaced objectionable words with asterisks  Although they looked awkward on the page, Aldington, among others, wanted to call attention to censoring by publishers In 1930 Aldington published a translation of The Decameron and then the romance All Men are Enemies (1933)  In 1942, having relocated to the United States with his new wife Netta, he began to write biographies, starting with Wellington: The Duke: Being an Account of the Life & Achievements of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1943)  It was followed by works on D  H  Lawrence: Portrait of a Genius, But     (1950), Robert Louis Stevenson: Portrait of a Rebel (1957), and T  E  Lawrence: Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Inquiry (1955)  Under financial pressure, he also worked as a Hollywood screenwriter 
Aldington's excoriating biography of T  E  Lawrence caused a scandal on its publication in 1955  In the spirit of iconoclasm, he was the first to bring public notice to Lawrence's illegitimacy and asserted that he was a homosexual, a liar, a charlatan, an "impudent mythomaniac", a "self-important egotist", a poor writer and even a bad motorcyclist  The biography dramatically coloured popular opinion of Lawrence  Foreign and War Office files concerning Lawrence's career were released during the 1960s and further biographies continued to analyse the 'British hero'  There was speculation that Aldington's spite was driven by jealousy and a sense of exclusion by the British establishment  Lawrence had attended Oxford, and his father was a baronet; Aldington suffered in the bloodbath of Europe during the First World War while Lawrence gained a heroic reputation in the Middle Eastern theatre and became an international celebrity, a homosexual icon, as Aldington saw it  Robert Graves noted in a review of the book, "instead of a carefully considered portrait of Lawrence, I find the self-portrait of a bitter, bedridden, leering, asthmatic, elderly hangman-of-letters "

Last years
Aldington lived in Sury-en-Vaux, Cher, France, from 1958  His last significant book was a biography of the Provençal poet and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, Frédéric Mistral (1956) Aldington died in Sury on 27 July 1962, shortly after being honoured in Moscow on the occasion of his seventieth birthday and the publication of some of his novels in Russian translation  He was fêted in the USSR, "even if some of the fêting was probably because he had, in his writings, sometimes suggested that the England he loved could, in certain of its aspects, be less than an earthly paradise " He is buried in the local cemetery in Sury  He left one daughter, Catherine, the child of his second marriage; she died in 2010 

Legacy
On 11 November 1985 Aldington was among 16 Great War poets commemorated in stone at Westminster Abbey's Poet's Corner  The inscription on the stone is a quotation from the work of a fellow Great War poet, Wilfred Owen  It reads: "My subject is War, and the pity of War  The Poetry is in the pity "

Style and bitterness
Alec Waugh described Aldington as having been embittered by the war, but took it that he worked off his spleen in novels like The Colonel's Daughter (1931) rather than letting it poison his life  Douglas Bush describes his work as "a career of disillusioned bitterness " His novels contained thinly veiled portraits of some of his friends, including Eliot, Lawrence and Pound; the friendship not always surviving  Lyndall Gordon characterises the sketch of Eliot in Aldington's memoirs Life for Life's Sake (1941) as "snide " As a young man, he was cutting about Yeats, but they remained on good terms 
Aldington's obituary in The Times of London in 1962 described him as "[a]n angry young man of the generation before they became fashionable     who remained something of an angry old man to the end" 

Works
Images (1910–1915) (The Poetry Bookshop, London, 1915) & (historical reproduction by Bibliobazaar ISBN 978-1-113-27518-9) 2009
Images Old and New (Four Seas Co , Boston, 1916) & (historical reproduction by Bibliobazaar ISBN 978-1-113-39283-1) 2009
The Poems of Anyte of Tegea (1916) translator
The Little Demon, by Feodor Sologub, authorised translation by John Cournos and Richard Aldington (London: Martin Secker, 1916) 
Images of Desire (Elkin Mathews, 1919) & (historical reproduction by Bibliobazaar) ISBN 978-1-115-45071-3) 2009
Images of War, A Book of Poems (Beaumont Press, London, 1919) & (historical reproduction by Bibliobazaar) ISBN 978-1-171-58428-5) 2009
War and Love: Poems 1915–1918 (1919)
Greek Songs in the Manner of Anacreon (1919) translator
Hymen (Egoist Press, 1921) with H D 
Medallions in Clay (1921)
The Good-Humoured Ladies: A Comedy by Carlo Goldoni (1922) translator, with Arthur Symons
Exile and Other Poems (1923)
Literary Studies and Reviews (1924) essays
Sturly, by Pierre Custot (1924) translator
The Mystery of the Nativity: Translated from the Liegeois of the XVth Century (Medici Society, 1924) translator
A Fool i' the Forest: A Phantasmagoria (1924) poem
A Book of 'Characters' from Theophrastus, Joseph Hall, Sir Thomas Overbury, Nicolas Breton, John Earle, Thomas Fuller, and Other English Authors; Jean de La Bruyère, Vauvenargues, and Other French Authors, compiled and translated by Richard Aldington, with an introduction and notes (1924)
Voltaire (1925)
French Studies and Reviews (1926)
The Love of Myrrhine and Konallis: and other prose poems (1926)
Cyrano De Bergerac, Voyages to the Moon and the Sun (1927) translator
D H  Lawrence: An Indiscretion (1927) (34-page pamphlet)
Letters of Madame de Sévigné to Her Daughter and Her Friends, selected, with an introductory essay, by Richard Aldington (1927) translator
Letters of Voltaire and Frederick the Great (1927) translator
Candide and Other Romances by Voltaire (1928) translator with Norman Tealby
Collected Poems (1928)
Fifty Romance Lyric Poems (1928) translator
Hark the Herald (Hours Press, 1928)
Remy de Gourmont: Selections From All His Works Chosen and Translated by Richard Aldington (1928)
Remy de Gourmont: A Modern Man of Letters (1928)
The Treason of the Intellectuals (La Trahison des Clercs), by Julien Benda (1928) translator
Death of a Hero: A Novel (1929)
The Eaten Heart (Hours Press, 1929) poems
A Dream in the Luxembourg: A Poem (1930)
Euripides' Alcestis (1930) translator
At All Costs (William Heinemann, Ltd , 1930) 45-page story
D H  Lawrence (1930) (43-page pamphlet; its contents are identical to D H  Lawrence: An Indiscretion (1927), except for the dropping of the subtitle and the addition of a one-paragraph note following the title page )
Last Straws (Hours Press, 1930)
Medallions from Anyte of Tegea, Meleager of Gadara, the Anacreontea, Latin Poets of the Renaissance (1930) translator
The Memoirs of Marmontel (1930) editor, with Brigit Patmore
Roads to Glory (1930) stories
Tales from the Decameron (1930) translator
Two Stories (Elkin Mathews, 1930): "Deserter" and "The Lads of the Village"
Letters to the Amazon, by Remy de Gourmont (1931) translator
Balls and Another Book for Suppression (1931) (13 pages)
The Colonel's Daughter: A Novel (1931)
Stepping Heavenward: A Record (1931) satire aimed at T  S  Eliot
Aurelia by Gérard de Nerval (1932) translator
Soft Answers (1932) five short novels
All Men Are Enemies: A Romance (1933)
Last Poems of D H  Lawrence (1933) edited with Giuseppe Orioli
Poems of Richard Aldington (1934)
Women Must Work: A Novel (1934)
Artifex: Sketches and Ideas (1935) essays
D H  Lawrence: A complete list of his works, together with a critical appreciation by Richard Aldington (1935) (22-page pamphlet)
The Spirit of Place (1935), editor, D H  Lawrence prose anthology
Life Quest (1935) poem
Life of a Lady: A Play in Three Acts (1936) with Derek Patmore
The Crystal World (1937)
Very Heaven (1937)
Seven Against Reeves: A Comedy-Farce (1938) novel
Rejected Guest (1939) novel
W  Somerset Maugham: An Appreciation (1939)
Life for Life's Sake: A Book of Reminiscences (1941)
Poetry of the English-Speaking World (1941) anthology, editor
The Duke: Being an account of the life & achievements of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1943)  Later edition: Wellington: Being an account of the life & achievements of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1946) 
A Wreath for San Gemignano (1945) with illustrations by Netta Aldington and sonnets of Folgóre da San Gimignano titled The Garland of Months and translated by Richard Aldington
Great French Romances (1946) novels by Madame de La Fayette, Choderlos De Laclos, Abbé Prévost, Honoré de Balzac
Oscar Wilde: Selected Works (1946) editor
The Romance of Casanova: A Novel (1946)
Complete Poems (1948)
Four English Portraits, 1801–1851 (1948) (The four are the Prince Regent, the young Disraeli, Charles "Squire" Waterton, and the young Dickens )
Selected Works of Walter Pater (1948)
Jane Austen (1948)
Decameron of Giovanni Boccaccio (two volumes) (1949) translator
The Strange Life of Charles Waterton, 1782–1865 (1949)
A Bibliography of the Works of Richard Aldington from 1915 to 1948 (1950) with Alister Kershaw
Selected Letters of D H  Lawrence (1950) editor
The Indispensable Oscar Wilde (1950) editor
Portrait of a Genius, But       (The Life of D H  Lawrence, 1885–1930) (1950)
D H  Lawrence: An Appreciation (1950) (32-page pamphlet, which borrows from the 1927, 1930, and 1935 pamphlets on Lawrence listed above)
The Religion of Beauty: Selections from the Aesthetes (1950) anthology, editor
Ezra Pound and T  S  Eliot: A Lecture (Peacocks Press, 1954) (22 pages)
Lawrence L'imposteur: T  E  Lawrence, the Legend and the Man (1954) Paris edition; also published as Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Enquiry (1955)
Pinorman: Personal Recollections of Norman Douglas, Pino Orioli and Charles Prentice (1954)
A  E  Housman and W  B  Yeats: Two Lectures (Hurst Press, 1955)
Introduction to Mistral (1956) (biography of French poet Frédéric Mistral)
Frauds (1957)
Portrait of a Rebel: The Life and Work of Robert Louis Stevenson (1957)
The Viking Book of Poetry of the English-Speaking World, Volume II (1958) editor
"The Composite Biography as Biography," in Moore, Harry T , ed , A D H  Lawrence Miscellany, Southern Illinois University Press (1959) and William Heinemann Ltd (1961), pp  143-152  "[This] essay serves as the Introduction of Vol  3 of Edward Nehls's D H  Lawrence: A Composite Biography, copyright, 1959, by the University of Wisconsin Press   ," p  143 n 
Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (1960) translator with Delano Ames
Switzerland (1960)
Famous Cities of the World: Rome (1960)
A Tourist's Rome (1961)
Richard Aldington: Selected Critical Writing, 1928–1960 (1970) edited by Alister Kershaw  Contains chapters on ten writers: Remy de Gourmont, Aldous Huxley, Wyndham Lewis, Somerset Maugham, Oscar Wilde, Walter Pater, Jane Austen, Roy Campbell, Lawrence Durrell, and D  H  Lawrence 
A Passionate Prodigality: Letters to Alan Bird from Richard Aldington, 1949–1962 (1975) edited by Miriam J  Benkovitz
Literary Lifelines: The Richard Aldington and Lawrence Durrell Correspondence (1981)
In Winter: A Poem (Typographeum Press, 1987)
Austria/L'Autriche/Österreich: A Book of Photographs, with an introduction by Richard Aldington  London: Anglo-Italian Publication, [1950-1960?]
France/La France/Frankreich: A Book of Photographs, with an introduction by Richard Aldington  London: Anglo-Italian Publications, [1950-1965?]
Italy/L'Italie/Italien: A Book of Photographs, with an introduction by Richard Aldington  London: Anglo-Italian Publications, [1958?]
Passage 7:
Ivan Coyote
Ivan E  Coyote (born August 11, 1969) is a Canadian spoken word performer, writer, and LGBT advocate  Coyote has won many accolades for their collections of short stories, novels, and films  They also visit schools to tell stories and give writing workshops  The CBC has called Coyote a "gender-bending author who loves telling stories and performing in front of a live audience " Coyote is non-binary and uses singular they pronouns  Many of Coyote's stories are about gender, identity, and social justice  Coyote currently resides in Vancouver, British Columbia 

Career
Coyote started performing spoken word in 1992, and their work deals with contemporary issues of family, class gender, identity and social justice  In 1996, Coyote co-founded the queer performance group Taste This with Anna Camilleri, Zoe Eakle, and Lyndell Montgomery  Taste This was a multi-genre performance that incorporated live music, poetry and story-telling  The group disbanded in 2000  In 2001, Coyote briefly taught short fiction at Capilano University in North Vancouver  In 2010, Coyote, Camilleri and Montgomery regrouped as Swell, and premiered at the 2010 Vancouver Pride in Art Festival They joined Arsenal Pulp Press in 2000 and have published 10 books with them  Coyote regularly combines storytelling and music and has worked with a number of musicians including Veda Hille, Dan Mangan and Rae Spoon  Coyote has been a columnist for the LGBTQ+ magazines Xtra! and Xtra! West  and regularly contributes to The Georgia Straight and CBC Radio Coyote has been writer-in-residence for Carleton University in 2007, Vancouver Public Library in 2009, the University of Winnipeg in 2011, and the University of Western Ontario in 2012  They also served on the jury of the 2012 Dayne Ogilvie Prize, a literary award for emerging LGBT writers in Canada, selecting Amber Dawn as that year's winner In 2009, their performanceYou Are Here was scheduled for a cabaret run at Hysteria: A Festival of Women at Buddies in Bad Times Theatre, but was cancelled in January of that year In 2008 they performed spoken word at Montreal's Edgy Women festival and taught a writing workshop In 2012, Coyote and Spoon collaborated on Gender Failure, a touring multimedia show in which they performed music and spoken word pieces about their failed attempts at fitting into the gender binary  A performance of Gender Failure, as performed at the 27th London Lesbian & Gay Film Festival, is also available on YouTube  A book based on the show was published by Arsenal Pulp Press in 2014 On November 14, 2015 Coyote did a TED talk in Vancouver entitled "We all need a safe place to pee," where they discuss the need to have gender neutral bathrooms in all public places In 2016, they delivered the Florence Bird Lecture at Carleton University  Their lecture was titled "Neither, Nor: How to Circumnavigate the Gender Binary in Seven Thousand Easy Steps" In 2020, Coyote performed as part of CBC Gem's Queer Pride Inside special 

Writing
Coyote has written eleven books: one with Press Gang Publishers and ten with Arsenal Pulp Press  Common themes in their work involve identity, gender, community, and class 
Coyote's first book, Boys Like Her (Press Gang Publishers, 1998), was adapted from a live show that was performed by their theater troop, Taste This Close to Spiderman (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2000) and One Man's Trash (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2002) are both collections of stories told by Coyote's grandmother and written by Coyote Missed Her (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2010) is another book of compiled short stories  The works were first published in columns with Xtra Vancouver One in Every Crowd (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2012) is an anthology of Coyote's work that was put together by the request of high school teachers and librarians who wanted to share Coyote's writing with students  Without more mature parts of their writing, their works could be accepted by school administration and parents  It was specifically composed for queer youth Tomboy Survival Guide (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2016), has won the Stonewall Book Award Honor—an award given to outstanding LGBT literature—and has been long-listed for the BC National Award for Canadian Non-Fiction in 2017 Rebent Sinner (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2019) is a collection of stories and personal essays that has been favourably received  Coyote toured in 2019 with musician Sarah MacDougall, performing selections from the book along with music Care Of (Penguin Random House, 2021) is a collection of communications Coyote has received from audience members and the responses they have written in return 

Reception
Coyote has made significant contributions to the representation of queerness in Canadian literature  Their first collection of short stories, Close to Spider Man, was a finalist for the Danuta Gleed Literary Award for short fiction, and it received widespread acclaim across the Canadian critical community for its semi-autobiographical depiction of young, queer women growing up in the Yukon  Although their short stories received no awards recognition until their collection The Slow Fix was shortlisted for the Lambda Literary Award in 2008, and their collections One Man's Trash and Loose End received similar recognition as their debut, with outlets such as Herizons and the Lambda Book Report which praised the brevity and directness of Coyote's writing as it relates to depictions of the complexities of gender, sexuality, and identity Bow Grip, Coyote's only full-length novel, was the winner of the 2007 ReLit Award for Best Fiction and the Stonewall Honor Book Award, as well as being shortlisted for the Ferro Grumley Award  Their 2016 autobiography Tomboy Survival Guide also garnered numerous accolades, having been long-listed for the British Columbia's National Award for Canadian Non-Fiction and winning the 2017 Stonewall Book Award 

Bibliography
Passage 8:
Going Down Fast
Going Down Fast (ISBN 0-449-24480-6) is a 1969 novel by Marge Piercy  It tells the story of Anna, a woman living with multiple losses; Rowley, a blue-eyed soul singer; Leon, an underground film-maker; and Caroline, a woman with a dark secret  They all live in an area of an unnamed city where a swathe of blocks are being demolished to make way for a university 

Reception
A New York Times book review said that "Piercy burns anger and conviction" 

External links
"Marge Piercy Papers (1958-2004, bulk 1966-2003) " University of Michigan 
"Piercy, Marge 1936- " Encyclopedia com 
Passage 9:
Barbie Doll (poem)
"Barbie Doll" is a narrative poem written by American writer, novelist, and social activist Marge Piercy  It was published in 1971, during the time of second-wave feminism  It is often noted for its message of how a patriarchal society puts expectations and pressures on women, partly through gender role stereotyping  It tells a story about a girl who dies trying to meet the unrealistic expectations that society holds for her  It starts off talking about a little girl, and then continues chronologically through the girl’s life  Using strong diction, purposeful syntax, and various rhetorical devices, the poem hits on prominent feminist issues such as gender stereotypes, sexism, and the effect of a patriarchal society 

Background
Marge Piercy wrote this poem during an era of second wave feminism, a time in which women were concerned about sexuality, family, and the workplace  The poem expresses the stereotypes, sexism, and patriarchal influences that women were submitted to during the 1960s  Not only were women subjected to poor treatment because of their gender, women also experienced discrimination and unequal treatment because of their race  While this poem discusses the topic of gender and gender stereotypes, it is important to recognize that the development of the doll that inspired the poem has brought up the racial discrepancies woman faced during this time  According to Elizabeth Chin, “These toys were designed and marketed specifically to reshape a territory dominated by an assumption of whiteness, but paradoxically, they have integrated the toy world while at the same time fixing racial boundaries more firmly   Although not addressed in this poem, the racial discrepancies that arose after the creation of the Barbie Doll, such as "hair type, facial features, and skin color” have been addressed throughout the years  Therefore, the purpose of the poem was to display the struggle women faced because of these societal issues in hopes of changing them  The poem shows the idealist view that is created by the appearance of the doll that causes people to question social norms and expectations that seem to exist in society 

Analysis
First stanza
The first stanza begins with a girl being born, fitting perfectly into a mold provided by the society she was born into  The stanza lists toys that any little girl might play with, such as dolls and miniature GE stoves and irons  She was also given lipstick, compared to cherry candy using a metaphor  
 In a patriarchal society, women hold the positions of cooking and cleaning in the household  This, along with the makeup she was given, shows that from a very young age this girl was taught to conform to a specific gender stereotype, without even realizing it  The doll is also an important part of this stanza, as well as the entire poem  The Barbie Doll has been a cultural icon since it was created in 1959, a little over 10 years before this poem was published  It is somewhat controversial whether it is viewed as a “role model for young girls, an icon of American culture, and a model of aesthetic perfection” or on the other hand “a tool of racism, classism, and sexism, and disparaged as a contemporary epitomization of the cult of thinness ”   In the context of this poem, the Barbie Doll ends up being a negative aspect of the girl’s life, creating a poor self-body image among other problems  
  At the end of this stanza, the girl goes through puberty  Someone in the girl’s class commented negative things about her body, saying she had a large nose and fat thighs  This is the point in the poem at which her insecurities have been grounded  Throughout the rest of the poem, she grows up striving to meet unattainable societal standards that her Barbie doll  represents 

Second stanza
The next stanza talks about the girl in terms of what attributes she held, but also how she and society did not see them  She was described as healthy, smart, strong, sexually able, and fast, yet she did not see any of these things  According to Robert Perrin, Barbie is described using "robust terms" throughout this stanza; however, she immediately apologizes for her positive attributes as if she was not good enough in the eyes of society   She had learned from the time when she was a just a child that she had imperfections and was not good enough  She compared herself to her doll, and therefore apologized to society for her imperfections  She did not see the good in herself, only the comparison between what she was and what society says she should be  In this stanza, her qualities are listed one after another, which is then followed by her disapproval  This syntax helps the reader see all of the good aspects of the girl all at once, which then makes the reader question why the girl does not see them  The stanza finishes with saying everyone, meaning society, only sees her for her fat nose and thick legs, the same thing she was told by her classmate when she was a child 

Third stanza
The third stanza talks about the sexist expectations that patriarchal society has placed upon her  As a girl, “she was advised to play coy, exhorted to come on hearty, exercise, diet, smile and wheedle ” 
  This list shows the expectations that are placed upon women in society  The patriarchal power within the society is what is responsible for the belief of certain “standards” of women  Women are expected to play nice, come across as good girls, be skinny, eat little, and be happy all of the time  Because of external pressures, they try to do all of it  There is sexism represented in these lines because only women have lengthy expectations to meet  Piercy’s diction in this stanza “create[s] a powerful vision of the way people exert their influence on impressionable young women, as well as undermine young women who, at heart, want to resist the influences of the dominant culture ”  The girl in the poem is easily influenced because she has conformed to society since she was a little girl  Because of this, she aims to meet all of these expectations, but cannot sustain them  She is worn down further and further “like a fan belt "
 and eventually kills herself trying to become as perfect as society wants her to be  She finally gave society her nose and legs because she could not live in this way anymore 

Fourth stanza
The fourth and final stanza talks about the girl’s death  She ultimately died trying to be as perfect as her Barbie Doll, a cookie cutter woman molded by society  She died trying to reach something that was unattainable, yet encouraged, which is where the real problem in lies  She was displayed in her casket, all dolled up  Society had finally made her who it wanted her to be but at the cost of her life  Now that she was covered in makeup, reconstructed, and nicely dressed, she was considered pretty  The stanza finishes with the line “to every woman a happy ending " 
 This shows that in the end, this was all the girl wanted  She strove and strove to meet society’s unrealistic expectations and when she died trying, she finally did  Being viewed as pretty by society was her goal, and she accomplished it 

Conclusion
The girl in the poem was born in innocence and labeled "girlchild" but because of the society she was born and raised in to, she became corrupted  This poem shows a sad case of girl who lived trying to be perfect and died trying  From the very beginning she was taught to cook, clean, and be who she was “supposed” to be, or in other words, who society told her she was  Because of these sexist and patriarchal influences, she was never completely satisfied with herself  The tortures of society cost the girl her life 

Other analyses of the poem
Barbie Doll’ and ‘G  I  Joe’: Exploring Issues of Gender
Robert Perrin uses his students to examine Marge Piercy's poem  " Perrin provides insight into how younger generations are affected by the stereotyping that is shown by the Barbie Doll itself  This journal gives an analysis on Marge Piercy's poem that can help the reader better understand her criticism 



ground_truth: British