prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was the gunman of the hostage crisis which Chris Reason was awarded the Graham Perkin Australian Journalist of the Year Award for his coverage of?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Mikkeli hostage crisis
The Mikkeli hostage crisis, or Jakomäki bank robbery took place on 8–9 August 1986, which ended in Mikkeli, South Savo, Finland, outside of the Mikkeli County Government House on Maaherrankatu  The crisis began when the perpetrator, Jorma Kalevi Takala (born July 11, 1950) took three hostages in Helsinki in a bank robbery, with whom he traveled by car to Mikkeli  The event ended when Takala blew up his car, killing himself and hostage Jukka Häkkinen (born May 13, 1961)  In the aftermath of the incident, the Finnish police were subjected to harsh criticism 

Events
The events began on 8 August 1986, when Jorma Takala, armed with a sawed-off shotgun and an explosive charge, entered the Kansallis-Osake-Pankki bank in Jakomäki, Helsinki  Takala took twelve people inside the bank as his hostages  After receiving 2 5  million Finnish marks and a getaway car in exchange for most of the hostages, he left the bank with three remaining hostages, two female and one male  Takala forced the male hostage to drive the car, following Highway 4 and later Highway 5  
The party arrived in Mikkeli on 9 August, where they parked in front of the Mikkeli County Government House  Finnish police surrounded the vehicle and tried to negotiate with Takala  When he threatened to blow up the car if he was not allowed to continue his journey, the police advised the hostages to leave the vehicle  Both female hostages complied, after which the police started to shoot at the car  In response, Takala detonated the charge and destroyed the vehicle, killing both himself and the male hostage  Nine police officers were injured in the explosion 

Aftermath
The police received much criticism for its handling of the crisis  Nobody knew who gave the order to shoot at the car and initially none of the police commanders took the responsibility for the operation  After an investigation by the NBI, Chancellor of Justice Jorma S  Aalto decided not to prosecute the police officers for the events  In 1993, the Supreme Court of Finland convicted the police commissioner who led the operation of involuntary manslaughter and negligence and fined him 6,000 mk 
Passage 2:
Graham Perkin
Edwin Graham Perkin (16 December 1929 – 16 October 1975) was an Australian journalist and newspaper editor 

Early life
Perkin was born at Hopetoun, Victoria, elder son of Herbert Edwin Perkin, baker, and his wife Iris Lily, née Graham, both Victorian born  Graham grew up at Warracknabeal and was educated at the local high school  In 1948 he began to study law at the University of Melbourne, but abandoned his course in the following year when he obtained a cadetship with The Age  At the Methodist Church, St Kilda, on 6 September 1952 he married Peggy Lorraine Corrie 

Career
As a young reporter, Perkin rapidly acquired a reputation for enthusiasm and restless energy  In 1955 he won a Kemsley scholarship in journalism which took him to London  Returning to Australia as a feature writer, he shared the Walkley Award for journalism in 1959 for an article on pioneering heart surgery  His rise in the newspaper hierarchy was rapid: he became deputy news editor in 1959, news editor in 1963, assistant-editor in 1964 and editor (at the age of 36) in 1966  He was appointed to the additional post of editor-in-chief in 1973 
Perkin turned The Age into a more interventionist and campaigning newspaper  It exposed financial scandals in State governments and corruption in the police force, and attacked Federal governments for suppressing information  In the process, it attracted critics who thought it too 'leftist'  In 1972 The Age, which had traditionally supported Coalition governments, advocated the election of Gough Whitlam's Australian Labor Party  When that government was forced to an early election in 1974, Perkin wanted to support Whitlam again  His stand led to a conflict with the board of David Syme & Co  Ltd, owner and publisher of The Age  A compromise, supported by the managing director Ranald Macdonald, narrowly averted Perkin's resignation  It also reinforced his insistence on editorial independence, subject to the management's right to dismiss an editor in whom it had lost confidence 
However, Perkin turned violently on Whitlam a year later when he published details of a murky land deal involving Phillip Cairns, the son of Deputy Prime Minister Jim Cairns, and Rex Connor, the Minister for Minerals and Energy  Perkin had won a bidding war for the information, setting aside his normal opposition to buying stories because he felt the story was one of overwhelming importance  Perkin's editorials grew more and more critical of Whitlam, culminating in the elemental editorial "Go now, go decently" in which he called for the government to step down  It began with the words 'We will say it straight, and clear, and at once  The Whitlam Government has run its course ' Perkin died of a heart attack on 16 October 1975 at his Sandringham home at the age of 45 
The Age became a more substantial, wider ranging, better written and significantly more influential newspaper  Perkin's reforms and his willingness to speak out strongly in defence of the paper's policies boosted circulation from a stagnant 180,000 in 1965 to a solid 222,000 ten years later  The company's revenues rose correspondingly  Perkin was also director (from 1966) of Australian Associated Press, its chairman in 1970-72, and a director of Reuters Ltd, London, in 1971-74 

Personal life
His wife, their son Steve, and their daughter Corrie – both journalists – survived him  Peggy later remarried, and died in 2012, aged 81 

Graham Perkin Journalism Award
The Graham Perkin Australian Journalist of the Year Award, an annual prize, was established in 1976 

Bibliography
Hills, Ben, Breaking News: The Golden Age of Graham Perkin, Scribe, 2010  ISBN 978-1-921640-37-7
Passage 3:
1991 Sacramento hostage crisis
On April 4, 1991, 41 employees and customers were taken hostage and held at a Good Guys! electronics store at the corner of 65th Street and Stockton Boulevard in Florin, California, near the Florin Mall (now Florin Towne Centre) for approximately eight hours by four gunmen  Near the end of the hostage crisis, six were killed: three hostages and three of the four hostage-takers  The fourth hostage-taker was captured by authorities, and an additional 14 hostages were injured during the crisis  To this day, the hostage crisis remains the largest hostage rescue operation in US history, with over 40 hostages having been held at gunpoint 

Event
Background
The four gunmen were all Vietnamese immigrants: brothers Loi Khac Nguyen, 21; Pham Khac Nguyen, 19; and Long Khac Nguyen, 17; and their friend, Cuong Tran, 17  The Nguyens had fled Vietnam as a family of eight in 1979 at the start of the second wave of Vietnamese refugees, first sailing to Malaysia and remaining anchored there for the first seven months, then waiting for four more months in an Indonesian refugee camp before they arrived in California in 1980  The entire family lived in a two-bedroom apartment 1⁄2 mile (0 80 km) from the Good Guys! store  Cuong Tran had moved with his parents into a new home in Elk Grove 15 months before the hostage crisis Tran and Long Nguyen were friends and classmates at Florin High School; both had been expelled in March 1991 after stealing athletic equipment and attempting to set fire to the building  Loi Nguyen had attended Valley High School but dropped out during his senior year  Pham Nguyen was attending William Daylor High School (a continuation school) after having transferred from Valley following attendance issues On the day of the hostage crisis, Pham Nguyen briefly came to school and asked to be excused with a toothache  The Nguyen brothers told their parents they were going fishing at the Sacramento River 

Start of the siege
At approximately 1:00 p m , on April 4, 1991, the four young gunmen drove into the parking lot of the Good Guys! electronics store, in the South Area of Sacramento County  The group left their vehicle, a 1982 Toyota Corolla, and entered the store armed with three pistols and a shotgun  They had purchased the guns legally at a local sporting goods store the prior week, following a background check and waiting period  Although reported, the gunmen were not members of the Oriental Boys gang, and the hostage-taking and subsequent crisis were not considered to be gang-related They herded customers and staff into a group, including a shoplifter attempting to leave the store, and began shooting at the ceiling of the store  One employee escaped after being ordered to lock the doors  Although initial reports indicated they had taken the hostages after a failed robbery attempt, subsequent statements to hostages and negotiators instead proved "they were attempting to gain notoriety," according to Sacramento County Sheriff Glen Craig  They were frustrated with their lives in the United States since it was difficult to find good jobs and expressed a desire to travel to Thailand and fight the Viet Cong, according to two of the hostages 

Law enforcement and media response
When the 9-1-1 call came in at 1:33 p m , the Sacramento County Sheriff's Department Special Enforcement Detail (SED) was already in the process of gearing up in anticipation of executing a previously planned drug raid  They immediately paged off-duty team members and began preparations to rush to the scene along with the Department's Critical Incident Negotiations Team (CINT) and other local and state law enforcement agencies 
As the situation developed, the local media descended on the area in force, broadcasting the unfolding incident  They were able to get footage of the event because of the store's huge glass front doors, which allowed video crews to see into the store where the hostage-takers lined up some of the hostages in front of the entrance as human shields 

Surveillance and negotiation
Following the standard operating procedure, the team obtained a floor plan of the building, which was copied and distributed to team members  The SED team was told that there was only one entrance to the store that was not alarmed: a freight entrance located at the rear of the store  Their only option would be to enter the store's showroom, where the hostages were being held, through a fabrics store on the north side of the building  The entry team gained entrance to the fabric store and slowly moved into position  The criminals apparently heard movement by the police amid shouts of "stay away from the door" coming from inside the store itself 
One of the entry team members removed a ceiling panel in the hallway between the two buildings and inserted a pole-mounted mirror  He was able to observe the subjects directing hostages to place large boxes against the back door to block entry  Once the door was barricaded, the area was abandoned  A fisheye camera was installed by the team but was of limited use because of the design of the store, showing only a portion of the showroom near the door  By this time, the hostages had been tied up with speaker wire and had been arranged inside the store's glass front entrance doors in standing and kneeling positions 
For more than two hours, the department's CINT tried to end the incident peacefully by negotiating with the hostage-takers  Negotiations were initially conducted from police headquarters, and a special negotiation team took over on-site after a few hours from a bank that had been evacuated  The hostage-takers demanded $4 million, forty 1,000-year-old ginseng roots, four bulletproof vests, a 50-troop military helicopter, and transportation for everyone to Thailand after a refueling stop in Alaska  Throughout the incident, the hostage-takers did not present a consistent set of demands to the negotiators One demand that remained constant was for bulletproof vests  During early negotiations, one of the requested vests was exchanged for what was to be the release of nine hostages, although only three were released initially; the police officer who took the first vest to them stripped to his underwear to prove he was unarmed  Loi Nguyen sent a woman to retrieve the vest and threatened to shoot her children if she did not return; after she retrieved the vest, they were the first three hostages to be released  In addition to the hostage exchange, another benefit was that it allowed police to gain information on the current situation in the store  One of the released hostages revealed that the shots heard earlier had been the hostage-takers shooting at the store's security cameras and that none of the hostages had been harmed up to this point  Soon thereafter, more shots were heard, but this was the hostage-takers testing the vest  Approximately an hour later, another woman and her three children were released; an eighth hostage was released at 8:20 p m , bearing a message that they would start to shoot the other hostages shortly At one point during the negotiations, the leader of the hostage-takers, who called himself "Thai" (later shown to be Loi Nguyen), agreed to surrender to the police but only if they were allowed to retain their bulletproof vests and weapons while in prison  The police negotiator informed Loi Nguyen that he would have a short sentence and his vest and guns would be returned upon his release  He set down the phone and began to discuss the situation with his partners  At that point, many of the officers involved felt the exchanges might lead to a negotiated settlement; when he returned to the phone, Loi Nguyen stated that while he accepted those terms, his partners did not  Suddenly, the phone went dead, and the CINT immediately tried to re-establish contact with the store  On the first attempt, the phone was busy, and on the second attempt, a suspect calling himself "Number One" (later shown to be Long Nguyen) answered the phone, informing everyone that he was now in control  From that point on, the situation began to rapidly deteriorate  Shots were once again fired at the store's security cameras 

Entry
At approximately 9 p m , Long Nguyen shot a twenty-year-old male hostage named Sean McIntyre in the leg and then released McIntyre as the ninth and final hostage to be released with the instruction to deliver their message and plight to the local media  They claimed they were trying to draw attention to the troubles of their home country and that they were on a suicide mission  At that point, the police attempted to distract the gunmen by putting the hostage on the news, which would also move them to the television area of the store, but this tactic did not work  The police team was finally given the "green light" to enter the store  Sniper Jeffrey Boyes would issue the signal to execute the assault  Boyes had received permission to fire on any subject on whom he could obtain a clear line of sight 
After McIntyre was shot and released, another hostage was shot just before 10 p m ; the gunmen had told the hostages to select the next victim from among themselves, causing an elderly hostage, Harold Brooks, to faint  According to Sheriff Craig, the gunmen joked "he just decided he was going to be our next person shot " Long Nguyen attempted to shoot Brooks, but his gun misfired, and Loi Nguyen shot Brooks in the leg  The surviving hostages stated the gunmen divided them into two groups and had begun flipping a coin to decide their fates  Guns were placed to the hostages' heads  Several hostages were placed on the phone, and they informed the police the gunmen were going to begin executing hostages 

A second bulletproof vest was delivered to the front door shortly after Brooks was shot, which was to be exchanged for nine more hostages, but no one was released  Another hostage, Priscilla Alvarez, was sent out to recover the second vest with her wrists tied behind her and harnessed with more speaker cord  As the door was opened and Alvarez was halfway down the path to retrieve the vest, Boyes took a shot at one of the gunmen, but the sniper's bullet was deflected by the glass door as it swung shut, and it hit the target's ear Immediately, the hostage-takers ran back and forth, and Long Nguyen started to shoot the seated hostages who were tied down in a row behind the glass door, in full view of the news cameras broadcasting the event live  At the same time, Boyes radioed "Go", and the SED entry team immediately hit the door at 9:51 p m  A stun grenade was tossed into the store from outside, and Curt Warburton, one of the Good Guys employees, managed to scramble to safety through the now shattered glass door  "Number One" (Long Nguyen), now stunned and disoriented, managed to stagger out of Boyes's sights and take cover behind a large pillar  He then immediately began firing his weapon at more bound hostages 
It took the seven-person entry team two to three seconds to get through the back doors from where they had been hiding (a storage space in the rear of the store) because of the "barricades" erected earlier  They then had to contend with the 100-foot (30 m) distance to the front of the store  The team was armed with a variety of weapons for the entry  Sergeants Don Devlin, Charles Price, and Gordon Smith were armed with SiGARMS Sig P220 pistols, Sergeant Bill Kelly carried a laser-sighted HK MP5, investigators Mike Hammel and Greg Peterson carried H&K MP5SD3 submachine guns, and investigator Roger Stanfill was still armed with his AR-15 
Hammel and Price cleared the west side of the store, Peterson and Kelly the east side, and Devlin and Smith went straight up the middle  Stanfill took up a rearguard position  As the team began its movement toward the front of the store, the remaining hostage-takers immediately began to fire on the entry team and hostages  Peterson stepped on the wire that had been used to tether the female hostage sent out to recover the second vest  At that moment, she was snatched to safety by officers outside the store, causing Peterson's feet to fly out from under him, forcing him to fall backward, just as a shotgun blast immediately blew through the area where he was standing  His fellow team members mistakenly believed he had been struck in the face by the blast  As Peterson began to rise to his feet, Devlin and Kelly tried to flank the shotgun-wielding suspect, who fired on them once again, before being taken under fire by the team 

Suspects shot
Simultaneously, on the west side of the store, the team shot one of the suspects (Cuong Tran) before he could react  Then they spotted a second armed suspect (Pham Nguyen) and fired on him, but he disappeared into the chaos of the screaming and panicking crowd of hostages  Then, "Number One" (Long Nguyen) was shot 
At this point, the team could only account for three of the suspects and immediately began a systematic search for the fourth  Price and Hammel discovered an unarmed Asian male (Loi Nguyen) lying on the floor, wearing the sole bulletproof vest that had been provided earlier  Once he was rolled over, they discovered he had a  223 caliber entrance wound, accounting for all four suspects 
It took only 30 seconds from the initial police entry until the gunfire ceased, bringing an end to the hostage crisis 

Aftermath
Casualties
During the assault, the suspects wounded eleven hostages and killed three  Of the eleven wounded, ten were shot, and one suffered a miscarriage  Others shot at were Bret Soren, Chris Lauretzen, Curt Warburton, and many others who suffered both physical and extreme emotional consequences including brutal bodily injuries, trauma, and severe ongoing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)  Of the four suspects, three were killed by the entry team and one, "Thai" (Loi), was wounded  None of the SED entry team was wounded  The hostages killed were store employees Kris Edward Sohne and John Lee Fritz and customer Fernando Gutierrez Gutierrez's two nieces were also hostages  One of the nieces, Lisa Joseph, later wrote the book Heads or Tails: A True Hostage Story of Terror, Torture and Ultimate Survival about her ordeal  Two employees hid in a computer closet during the hostage crisis The Good Guys! announced they would set up trust funds for the two slain employees and would pay for the funerals of all three murder victims 

Trial and prosecution
Loi Nguyen was arraigned from his hospital bed shortly after the crisis ended and charged with 54 felonies, including murder  Nguyen's attorney, Sacramento public defender Linda Parisi, argued that Loi Nguyen was trying to make peace, based on witness testimony and recorded audio, and did not deserve the death penalty; she pointed to Long Nguyen as the leader  However, Rebecca Moore, a sheriff's detective, pointed out that Loi Nguyen had purchased the guns, driven the group to the store, and handled most of the negotiations: "In my opinion he is the most responsible party for this thing going down " Because of pre-trial publicity, the trial was moved to San Francisco  He was convicted on February 8, 1995, on 51 felony counts: three for murder, eight for attempted murder, two for assault with a firearm, and 38 for kidnapping, after two days of jury deliberation  On March 28, the jury recommended a life sentence in prison rather than the death penalty, after four more hours of deliberation At the sentencing hearing in Sacramento, Judge W J  Harpham said, "It's hard to find the adjectives for the terror the defendant put these hostages through " He sentenced Loi Khac Nguyen to 49 life terms in prison, 41 to be served consecutively without the chance of parole  Information that surfaced at Nguyen's trial revealed the men's motivation for committing the crime was that they were frustrated by their inability to learn English and find jobs  Nguyen initially served his sentence at the California State Prison, Lancaster  he was later transferred to California State Prison, Centinela, and has since been transferred to California State Prison, Solano where he is currently serving his term  His CDCR number is J69791 The former Good Guys! building later became a Dollar Tree store, which was modified to move the main entry doors from the front (south facade) to the side of the building (east facade)  This Dollar Tree still stands and remains in business 

In popular culture
In 2000, a play titled The Good Guys: An American Tragedy was created by Michael Edo Keane and Miko Lee and presented by Theater of Yugen, a theatre group that presents work relating to the Pan Asian Diaspora, at the Theater Artaud in San Francisco, California 
The hostage crisis was examined in detail in the first season of the documentary series Shootout!, aired on the History Channel, for the first time in September 2005 
Footage of the event was featured in World's Scariest Police Shootouts in 1997 
In March 2015, the crisis was the focus of an episode of ABC's In an Instant 
In 2019 a movie called A Clear Shot, based on the incident, was released  It starred Hao Do as Loi, Kevin Bach as Pham, Tony Dew as Long, and Dang Tran as Cuong 

See also
List of homicides in California
1996 Honolulu hostage crisis
Passage 4:
Chris Reason
Chris Reason (born 1 October 1965) is a senior reporter and presenter for Seven News in Sydney, Australia  He was awarded the Graham Perkin Australian Journalist of the Year Award for his coverage of the Lindt Cafe siege in December 2014 

Career
Reason's career began in 1990, when during his first year at Seven News he unwittingly covered a segment now infamously known as the Democracy Manifest video, which became an Internet viral video years later  In 2019, The Guardian called it "perhaps the pre-eminent Australian meme of the past 10 years" In 2002, he was announced as co-host of the re-launched national breakfast program Sunrise alongside Melissa Doyle  But in September, Reason was diagnosed with cancer and forced to retire from the program while he underwent six months of chemotherapy, surgery and recovery care  He was replaced by David Koch  The cancer was an abdominal metastasis of the testicular cancer he had fought four years earlier  Reason had missed a critical health check-up in 2001 while covering the September 11 terror attacks in the United States, and he says it almost cost him his life  In multiple interviews since, he has warned young men to never miss a health check-up In 2003, after his recovery, Reason had multiple roles—first as presenter of Seven Morning News, and then presenter of Sunday Sunrise in 2004  In 2005, he was named co-host of Weekend Sunrise alongside Lisa Wilkinson, but he was later replaced by Deal or No Deal host Andrew O'Keefe  Reason returned to full-time reporting as Senior Network Correspondent In 2015, he won the Graham Perkin Award for his coverage of the Lindt Cafe siege  He has won a Walkley Award and two Logie Awards for News Reporting 
Reason is a back-up presenter for most of the Seven News programs, including Seven Morning News, Seven Afternoon News and Seven News Sydney  He also intermittently fills in for either David Koch or Matt Doran on Sunrise and Weekend Sunrise respectively, and appears on the former show during the week as one of the News Feed panelists 

Personal life
His father died from brain cancer in 2006  He attended Villanova College in the Brisbane suburb of Coorparoo and the University of Queensland (BA)  Reason married journalist Kathryn Robinson in 2005  They became parents to twins in 2007 
Passage 5:
Les Carlyon
Leslie Allen Carlyon  (10 June 1942 – 4 March 2019) was an Australian writer and newspaper editor 

Early life
Carlyon began his career in journalism with The Herald and Weekly Times as a cadet on the Sun News-Pictorial (now the Herald Sun) in 1960  In 1963, he moved to The Age working successively as leader writer, finance editor, news editor, assistant editor and, in 1975 aged 33, editor, following the sudden death of the previous editor, Graham Perkin  Carlyon had to resign for health reasons in 1976 after just one year in the position From 1977 to 1982, he was a visiting lecturer in journalism at RMIT University, Melbourne  During this time, he continued writing for newspapers across Australia with a particular focus on horse racing In 1984, Carlyon returned to an executive role in journalism with his first employer, the Herald and Weekly Times, where he was promoted to editor-in-chief   After resigning in 1986, Carlyon again continued as a freelance writer and columnist during the 1990s, contributing to such publications as the Sydney Morning Herald, Western Australia's The Sunday Times and The Bulletin Carlyon twice won the Walkley Award for journalism (1971 and 2004)  In 1993, he won the Graham Perkin Australian Journalist of the Year Award 

Books
In addition to his career as a journalist, Carlyon was also an accomplished author writing mainly on sport and Australian military history  His books include:

Carlyon, Les (1996)  True Grit: Tales from a Decade on the Turf  Mandarin  ISBN 9781863306065 
Carlyon, Les (1998)  Heroes in our eyes  Information Australia  ISBN 9781863502467 
Carlyon, Les (2001)  Gallipoli  Macmillan Australia  ISBN 9781743534229 
Carlyon, Les (2006)  The Great War  Picador Australia  ISBN 9780330424967 
Carlyon, Les (2011)  The Master: A personal portrait of Bart Cummings  Macmillan Australia  ISBN 9781742628837 
Carlyon, Les (2021)  Les Carlyon: A Life in Words  Allen and Unwin Australia  ISBN 9781760879723 Gallipoli, a popular history of the Allied Gallipoli campaign in the Dardanelles during the First World War (which remains a key event in the Australian and New Zealand national consciousnesses), was published in 2001, and met with critical and commercial success in Australia, New Zealand and England  The book was the basis for the Australian 2015 TV miniseries Gallipoli, released in the year of the 100th anniversary of the campaign The Great War is the story of Australian forces on the Western Front in France and Belgium also during World War I Les Carlyon: A Life in Words, published posthumously, is a collection of Carlyon's articles from across his career, selected by his family and with a foreword by his son, Patrick Carlyon 

Awards
In the 2014 Queen's Birthday Honours List, Carlyon was invested as a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), for "eminent service to literature through the promotion of the national identity as an author, editor and journalist, to the understanding and appreciation of Australia's war history, and to the horseracing industry" He was admitted to the Australian Media Hall of Fame He served as a Member of the Council of the Australian War Memorial from May 2006 until his death (he was replaced by Tony Abbott)  In April 2020, the Australian War Memorial announced the inaugural Les Carlyon Literary Prize in his memory 

Awards
Walkley Award for magazine feature writing 1971
Graham Perkin Australian Journalist of the Year Award 1993
Walkley Award for journalism leadership 2004
Melbourne Press Club Quill Award for Lifetime Achievement 2004
Prime Minister's Prize for History 2007 (for The Great War)
Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) 2014

Death
Carlyon's death, aged 76, on 4 March 2019 was widely reported 
Passage 6:
2014 Sydney hostage crisis
The Lindt Café siege was a terrorist attack that occurred on 15–16 December 2014 when a lone gunman, Man Haron Monis, held hostage ten customers and eight employees of a Lindt Chocolate Café in the APA Building in Martin Place, Sydney, Australia 
The Sydney siege led to a 16-hour standoff, after which a gunshot was heard from inside and police officers from the Tactical Operations Unit (TOU) stormed the café  Hostage Tori Johnson was killed by Monis and hostage Katrina Dawson was killed by a police bullet ricochet in the subsequent raid  Monis was also killed  Three other hostages and a police officer were injured by police gunfire during the raid Police have been criticised over their handling of the siege for not taking proactive action earlier, for the deaths of hostages at the end of the siege, and for the lack of negotiation during the siege  Hostage Marcia Mikhael called radio station 2GB during the siege and said, "They have not negotiated, they've done nothing  They have left us here to die "Early on, hostages were seen holding a Jihadist flag against the window of the café, featuring the shahādah creed  Initially, many media organisations mistook it for the flag used by the Islamic State (IS); Monis later demanded that an IS flag be brought to him  Monis also unsuccessfully demanded to speak to the Prime Minister of Australia, Tony Abbott, live on radio  Monis was described by Abbott as having indicated a "political motivation," but the eventual assessment was that the gunman was "a very unusual case—a rare mix of extremism, mental health problems and plain criminality "In the aftermath of the siege, Muslim groups issued a joint statement in which they condemned the incident, and memorial services were held in the city at the nearby St Mary's Cathedral and St James' Church  Condolence books were set up in other Lindt cafés and the community turned Martin Place into a "field of flowers " The Martin Place Lindt café was severely damaged during the police raid, closed afterwards, then renovated for reopening in March 2015 In October 2022, the TOU officer who shot and killed Monis during the police storming of the Lindt Café published a memoir entitled 'Tiger! Tiger! Tiger! Tiger! The Lindt Café Siege: The incredible inside story of two days that traumatised a nation: And one man's journey of resilience and hope '

Events
Prior to event
An anonymous call was made to Australia's anti-terrorism hotline 48 hours before the siege, raising concerns about the content of Monis's website  On his website, Monis had pledged allegiance to "the caliph of the Muslims", believed to be referring to Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, and denounced moderate Islam  It has been reported that the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation followed up on the call by reviewing the website and Monis's posts on social media but found nothing to indicate that he was likely to commit an act of violence 

Hostage-taking and negotiations
Monis entered the Lindt Chocolate Café at 53 Martin Place, Sydney, at 8:33 am Sydney local time (AEDT) on 15 December 2014 (UTC+11)  The café is located directly across from the Seven News television studios, and near the Reserve Bank of Australia, the headquarters of the Commonwealth Bank, Westpac bank, and Martin Place underground train station 
The situation began at 9:44 am, when Monis forced Tori Johnson, the manager of the café, to phone 000 Monis was bearded, wearing a black cap and wearing a black headband with the inscription, in Arabic: "We are ready to sacrifice for you, O Mohammad " He was carrying a blue sports bag, and armed with a sawed-off pump-action shotgun 
The shotgun was old but could fire four shots in five seconds Monis used hostages as human shields  He had disabled the automatic sliding glass doors of the café Monis claimed there were four "devices" located around Sydney  However, New South Wales Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione said that none of the alleged devices were found during investigations  Monis also demanded that a hostage ask all media to broadcast that "this is an attack on Australia by the Islamic State"  In addition, he demanded that an Islamic State flag be delivered to him, although the request was never fulfilled Hostages were ordered to hold up a Black Standard flag, with the shahādah in white Arabic letters (an Islamic creed declaring: "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of God"), against the window of the café  Some news reports initially mistook it for the flag used by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) Monis demanded to speak to the Australian Prime Minister live on radio, but this demand was rejected  This was relayed by hostage Marcia Mikhael, who said that she "lost it" when told that the Prime Minister was too busy, saying, "I don't care what [Abbott] is doing right now   I'm sure there's nothing more important happening in Australia   than the lives of the people in this café   "Mamdouh Habib said he knew Monis well and offered to help police negotiate with him  He believed that Monis was "sick and disturbed" over his failure to gain access to his children, and said Monis could trust him to get his message out  Lawyer Manny Conditsis had represented Monis and had also offered help because he said that Monis respected what he had to say to him  Barrister Michael Klooster who had met Monis in the cafe before the siege called the police at 2:17 pm  Other Muslim leaders also offered to help, including the Grand Mufti of Australia, Ibrahim Abu Mohamed 
All such offers were rejected by police because they had no control over what the untrained negotiators might say or do  However, Mikhael said that after the request to speak to the Prime Minister was refused: "It was then that I knew that there was not going to be any negotiation and we were just left there     They were waiting for him to kill someone or shoot something so they [could] come in     There was nothing proactive about that operation, nothing "Belinda Neil, who was a negotiator for the NSW police, said that in negotiations, "[W]e want to try and talk to the hostage-taker     [W]e want to find out why he's there, why is he doing this, and we don't just go into this situation hoping to resolve it in half an hour " This approach would be consistent with the Behavioral Change Stairway Model  However, Mikhael stated that no such negotiation took place  Habib said that he called both the police and the Attorney General twice during the raid, but they did not return his calls  Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione confirmed during the siege that "we're not dealing directly with him     we do not have direct contact with the offender "Several hostages made contact with media outlets and relayed Monis's demands to them  At the request of the New South Wales Police Force, they were not published during the siege  The social media profiles of the hostages were also used to relay demands At 1:43 am Tori Johnson texted his family "He's [Monis] increasingly agitated, walks around when he hears a noise outside with a hostage in front of him  Wants to release one person in good faith, tell police " This was conveyed to the police 10 minutes later During the early stages of the siege, the Australian government and NSW authorities did not label the event as a terrorist attack; however, as the siege continued, NSW police authorised the engagement of the state's counter-terrorism task force, treating the incident as an act of terrorism 

Escape of first five hostages
At around 3:37 pm, two hostages, John O'Brien and barrister Stefan Balafoutis, escaped from the front entrance of the building, followed by a third hostage, café employee Paolo Vassallo, who ran out from a fire exit at the side of the building  At around 4:58 pm, two female hostages, both employees, Jieun Bae and Elly Chen, escaped by running from another entrance of the building and were met by Tactical Operations Unit officers Monis was unaware that Jieun Bae and Elly Chen had escaped  Jarrod Morton-Hoffman made noise to cover their exit and persuaded Monis that media reports of five hostages escaping were wrong  After the escape, Monis threatened to kill hostages Police planted a covert listening device in the café during the night  At one point, the device picked up Monis saying that he wanted to kill any escaping hostages 

Raid and end of the siege
At 2:03 am on 16 December, a "very loud bang" was heard as Monis shot towards six hostages fleeing from the building  At 2:11 am Monis fired a shot towards the kitchen, and was heard on the police listening device reloading his shotgun  The hostage Fiona Ma then escaped through the front door, and two police Tactical Operations Unit teams were ordered to move very slowly towards the two entrances At 2:14 am, four minutes after the Tactical operations teams were ordered in, Monis shot Tori Johnson in the back of the head, killing him  The shooting was witnessed by a police sniper, who reported a hostage down  Police armed with M4A1 carbines threw eleven stun grenades as they stormed the café 
Monis was shot in the head  An officer reported that "I watched the (gun's) laser     from the centre of his chest go to his head and his head exploded and he fell"  One officer then fired a total of 17 rounds, and another officer fired 5 additional rounds  Some fragments of those rounds killed hostage Katrina Dawson Police declared the siege over soon after, later confirming that Monis was killed in the raid  Two hostages had died, and another three were injured by police bullets  One police officer, whose face was grazed by a police bullet, was discharged from hospital later in the day At the inquest, Counsel assisting the coroner, Jeremy Gormley SC, said, "No shot fired by Mr Monis, other than the one that struck and killed Mr Johnson, struck anyone " Mitchell McAlister, who was a tactical assaulter with 2nd Commando Tactical Assault Group questioned the police use of M4A1 carbines with 5 56mm NATO rounds that could have "dangerous effects in a dense and enclosed environment " It was also unclear why 22 shots were fired by police, of which 13 hit Monis 

Flag raids
At around 2:00 pm on 15 December, police contacted Rebecca Kay, a member of the Muslim community, and asked her to help source an ISIS flag for Monis  Kay contacted many people in the Muslim community but ultimately the police sourced their own flag  However, the flag was never given to Monis The following day, NSW and federal police raided three homes of people who had been contacted in the attempt to source the flag  Kay assumes that her conversations had been monitored  Kay said she would help police in another crisis, but "with this incident they have not built trust at all  You don't understand   the fear that [the AFP and ASIO] create, and how they stalk   members of our community   " Lawyer Zali Burrows questioned the purpose of the police contacting Kay in the first place, stating, "Why didn't they just print [a flag]?"

Police strategy
The police followed a "contain and negotiate" strategy which was to avoid any direct action unless a hostage was killed or injured  They decided that this strategy could deliver a "peaceful negotiated outcome" because Monis had not harmed any hostages, despite having threatened to do so  Monis had also not reacted violently to the escape of five hostages on two separate occasions, or due to none of his demands being met  Further, Monis claimed to have a bomb, and "if the bomb was triggered, all of those inside the cafe and those attempting a rescue were not likely to survive"  At 8:20 pm and again at 11:35 pm, the head of the tactical operations unit attempted to persuade the other commanders to take a "deliberate action" plan and storm the cafe but this was overruled by other commanders and Assistant Commissioner Mark Jenkins due to the danger to the hostages and police 
Police snipers could not be used due to "the narrow windows, the moving around of Monis, the risk to hostages if there was a missed shot, (and) the position of the snipers behind glass" At 11 am, Operational Commander Mick Fuller approved negotiations for the release of half of the 18 hostages in return for Monis being allowed to talk on ABC radio  However, the negotiation commander decided not to do so because it conflicted with a standing policy to not negotiate with terrorists The first negotiator was not told that the Grand Mufti of Australia and a barrister who represented Monis had offered to help negotiate with Monis  He only found out about Monis's demand for the ABC to broadcast that Australia was under attack after a Facebook post from one of the hostages was read out on radio 2GB  Monis had also demanded that the Christmas lights be turned off  The first negotiator thought that doing this would have provided an opportunity to bargain with Monis, but did not hear back from commanders as to whether it was possible so "discarded" the option He was then relieved by a second negotiator, but did not tell him about the demand that the Christmas lights be turned off  Hostage Selina Win Pe told the second negotiator Monis wanted to know why it hadn't happened  It was later revealed an Ausgrid team had assembled to switch off the lights, but was sent home A third negotiator later said that he did not have the Christmas lights turned off because he had some reason to know that Monis would not carry through his threat to kill Win Pe  He said there was some "step-by-step" process to have the hostages released (after nineteen hours)  Jenkins says he would have liked the Christmas lights turned off quickly, and was unaware that this had been found to be possible  Jenkins was also not told about the Johnson text near the end of the siege that Monis wanted to release a hostage The negotiation team leader did not think Monis would hurt anyone because Monis had told people inside the cafe that everyone would go home once Prime Minister Tony Abbott called  The team leader later conceded that Abbott was never going to call  Forensic advice given to the police by an unnamed consultant psychiatrist was that Monis was probably undertaking a grandiose act to be recognised as a figure of great infamy rather than wishing to hurt anyone  He doubted that Monis actually represented ISIS because he did not have the correct flag, nor that his actions were politically motivated  The psychiatrist warned that "a wounded narcissist is a dangerous specimen" as none of Monis's demands were met 

Timeline of events
Hostages
Authorities did not release an estimate of the number of hostages inside the café during the siege  After the siege, a total of 18 hostages was confirmed—eight staff and ten customers of the café including lawyers and Westpac employees with offices close by  Initial estimates varied, with some significantly overestimating the number Tori Johnson, the 34-year-old manager of the café, died after being shot in the head by Monis 
Katrina Dawson, a 38-year-old barrister, was killed when she was hit by seven police bullet fragments while lying behind a chair, which was hit by 10 bullets Three hostages and a police officer were wounded by police gunfire during the raid  The three hostages were Marcia Mikhael, who was shot in the leg; Robyn Hope, a 75-year-old woman who was shot in the shoulder; and Louisa Hope, her 52-year-old daughter, who was shot in the foot 
All three were in a stable condition after treatment  Paolo Vassallo, one of the five hostages who initially escaped the scene, was hospitalised for a pre-existing condition 
The other hostages were identified as John O'Brien, Stefan Balafoutis, Elly Chen, Jieun Bae, Harriette Denny, Viswakanth Ankireddy, Joel Herat, Fiona Ma, Jarrod Hoffman, Puspendu Ghosh, Selina Win Pe, and Julie Taylor Memorial services for Johnson and Dawson were held on 23 December: Johnson's in the morning at St Stephen's Uniting Church, Sydney, and Dawson's in the afternoon in the Great Hall of the University of Sydney  Interviews with some of the hostages were later recorded for television and broadcast, amid some controversy 

Evacuations and closures
After the siege began, a staged exclusion zone was established with thousands of people evacuated from nearby buildings, including from the floors above the café  The Sydney Opera House was evacuated after a suspicious package was found; however, reports were unconfirmed by police  The US Consulate General in Sydney, located in Martin Place, was also evacuated  Some Sydney schools were put in "white level lockout" due to the hostage situation, which meant that no school group was permitted to leave the school grounds Police advised people in the area bounded by Hunter, George, Elizabeth, and Macquarie streets, bordering Martin Place, to remain indoors and away from windows  Commonwealth Bank, Westpac, and ANZ closed their CBD branches for the day  The State Library was also closed  Numerous other buildings, including David Jones stores, executive offices for the New South Wales Parliament, criminal courts for the Supreme Court, the Downing Centre, and "several city legal chambers" were evacuated, as were the facilities of the Seven Network, situated directly across from the café, forcing The Morning Show to suspend transmission  Police established an emergency centre in nearby Hyde Park in response to the unfolding situation with emergency services sent to the area to respond to any immediate threats and evacuees were relocated to the park as a safety precaution Trains did not stop at Martin Place railway station during the incident  Transport for NSW advised people to stay away from the CBD  Road closures prevented southbound access to the Cahill Expressway, York Street, and Harbour Street, and northbound access to the Cahill Expressway, and all traffic was diverted to the Sydney Harbour Tunnel  On the morning of 16 December, road diversions remained in place and Martin Place train station remained closed  In the evening of 16 December, Elizabeth Street, Macquarie Street and Hunter Street were opened to traffic Uber fares for travel in Sydney surged during the event under the company's dynamic pricing system, which led to criticism  Uber subsequently refunded excessive fares and provided free rides out of the CBD 

Gunman
Iranian-born Monis was identified as the hostage-taker and named early on the morning of 16 December In September 2009, Monis was convicted for criminal use of the postal service to "menace, harass or cause offence", for a campaign protesting the presence of Australian troops in Afghanistan, by writing letters to the families of soldiers killed there, in which he called the soldiers murderers  On 12 December, three days before the siege, Monis lost his appeal against his conviction and was sentenced to 300 hours of community service  Monis had been charged with accessory to murder relating to the death of his former wife who was found stabbed eighteen times, and set alight, on 21 April 2013 at a unit block in Werrington  However, on 12 December 2013, Magistrate William Pierce said "It is a weak case" and granted Monis bail  In November 2016, Amirah Droudis was found guilty, in a judge-only trial, of the murder of Monis's ex-wife and sentenced to 44 years' jail Monis also had numerous charges of sexual assault, aggravated indecent assault, and common assault  On 14 April 2014, Monis was charged with three sexual assault offences against a woman and remanded in custody  He was granted bail on 26 May, six days after the Bail Act in New South Wales was rewritten based on recommendations by the New South Wales Law Reform Commission  On 10 October, he was charged with another 40 sexual assault offences against six more women, and his bail was continued Jeremy Gormly SC, counsel assisting the inquest, summarised Monis as "a complex, disturbed individual desperate for recognition and status but completely lacking the skills or achievements to bring that dream to life"  Gormly summarised that "Monis could be plausible, courteous and controlled, but he was also almost entirely consumed in his own self-importance      By 2014, he owned no property, was in debt, and had developed no employment skills  His attempts to develop a personal, religious following     had failed      He was facing future serious criminal charges    he had made no public impact of note on the Australian political scene"  Monis may have felt that he had "little left to live for" No weapons were found when police raided his home in 2013  From 1997 to 2000, Monis held a security guard licence, which would have let him carry a pistol between March and June 1997  The weapon that Monis used, a sawn-off French-made Manufrance La Salle pump-action shotgun, was more than 50 years old  Police believe the weapon was imported in the 1950s, when no registration was required  Monis had 23 shotgun cartridges of different brands on him, between 15 and 20 years old 

Reactions
Leaders
The Prime Minister convened the National Security Committee of Cabinet to give briefings on the situation and said "Australians should be reassured that our law enforcement and security agencies are well trained and equipped and are responding in a thorough and professional manner " He later said, "The whole point of politically motivated violence is to scare people out of being themselves  Australia is a peaceful, open, and generous society  Nothing should ever change that and that's why I would urge all Australians today to go about their business as usual", and "Australians should be reassured by the way our law enforcement and security agencies responded to this brush with terrorism "The Premier of New South Wales, Mike Baird, addressed the media during the stand-off, and stated "we are being tested today    in Sydney  The police are being tested, the public is being tested, but whatever the test we will face it head on and we will remain a strong democratic, civil society  I have full confidence in the Police Commissioner and the incredible work of the NSW police force The Lord Mayor of Sydney, Clover Moore, on the morning of 16 December, urged Australians to see this as a "one-off event", stating, "We're an inclusive multicultural community and we need to deal with this together"  Governor-General of Australia, Sir Peter Cosgrove, released a statement sympathising with the families, commending the work of the police involved, and urging Australians to "unite in our resolve to protect what we value most—our way of life, our care and respect for each other" 

Community
Thousands of people visited the site in the first few days after the incident to pay tribute to the victims  Among them were members of the families of Dawson and Johnson  Johnson's father was accompanied by rabbis Levi Wolff and Zalmen Kastel, Hindu priest Pandit Ramachandra, the Reverend Bill Crews and Sheikh Wesam Charkawi  Dawson's young daughter left her own note 
Flags on all NSW government buildings, including the Sydney Harbour Bridge, flew at half-mast to honour the hostages who lost their lives at the café A magistrate who had granted Monis bail and the lawyers who had represented him in his court appearances received death threats in the days after the attack  This reaction was described by the Bar Association as "understandable but wrong-headed", as magistrates have to deal with cases as they come before them on the basis of the law at the time 

#illridewithyou campaign
During and immediately following the incident, some in the community expressed concern about an increased potential for violence or intimidation directed at Muslims in Australia  For example, the head of the Australian Muslim Women's Association told the media there was an increase in anti-Muslim messages being posted on social media  Due to this concern among some local social media users, many started using the hashtag #illridewithyou [I'll ride with you]  This sought to offer solidarity and emotional support to Muslims travelling alone on public transport by people tweeting their bus/train route and suggesting that they would be willing to "ride with" anyone who might feel threatened  More than 150,000 people indicated their support of the concept by using the hashtag  The campaign was initially inspired by a Facebook status update about offering to walk with a woman who had removed her head covering  The campaign received international attention, including from United States President Barack Obama, although federal National Party member of Parliament George Christensen criticised the campaign for creating "false victims" out of Muslims and thereby taking attention away from the hostages 

"Field of flowers"
On the morning of 16 December, after police declared the crisis to be over, a makeshift memorial began to take shape in Martin Place  From the first bunch of lilies, tributes developed into a field of flowers that "you can smell before you can see" and which was extensively reported and photographed  The Prime Minister and NSW Premier were among many in the community to lay flowers at the memorial in a demarcated space  Flowers were also taken to suburban Lindt shops 
Volunteers from the Rural Fire Service, the State Emergency Service and the Red Cross began clearing the flowers on 22 December after consultation with the families, because rain was expected  It was announced that the condolence books would be bound in several volumes and one complete copy provided to each family  The messages on the many cards were to be digitised  During the week after the siege, it was estimated that 110,000 bouquets were laid at Martin Place 

Religious organisations
During the siege, Sanier Dandan, president of the Lebanese Muslim Association, informed ABC News that Australian Muslim leaders were meeting online for discussions as to how the Muslim community could help with the situation  He added, "Regardless, we have a hostage situation  Whether he is someone who belongs to the Australian Muslim community or not, we are still waiting for information to be provided by police and based on that if there's something the Muslim community can do or assist, we are there "
Ibrahim Abu Mohamed, the Grand Mufti of Australia, condemned the incident in a statement released on 15 December  The same afternoon, around fifty Muslim groups issued a joint statement in which they condemned the incident  The Australian Ahmadiyya Muslim Association condemned the incident, the national president saying that "such actions are criminal and totally contrary to the teachings of Islam " Egypt's Grand Mufti Shawqi Allam also condemned the attack 
In Martin Place, the 2014 traditional Hanukkah menorah presented a message of support: "May the lights of the festival of Hanukkah bring comfort and warmth to our nation" The Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, Anthony Fisher, invoked the special prayers in the Roman Missal from the "Mass in times of civil disturbance" and a memorial service was held at St Mary's Cathedral, on the morning of 19 December St James' Church, which had been within the exclusion zone, held a "Service of Remembrance and Reflection" on the afternoon of 19 December  The service was attended by about 400 people, most of them members of the legal profession 

International
During the siege, a spokesman for the Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs, John Baird, said, "We urge all Canadians in Sydney to use extra precaution and limit their movements as authorities handle this situation "Iran Foreign Ministry spokeswoman, Marzieh Afkham, strongly condemned the taking of hostages as "inhuman" and also stated that the Australian authorities had been repeatedly warned about Monis United States President Barack Obama called the Prime Minister to express his condolences on behalf of the United States  According to the White House, Obama praised the "Australian public's embrace of #illridewithyou and the Muslim leaders who have disavowed the actions of the hostage taker", and "Australia's rejection of any violence taken in the name of religion and the fear this violence seeks to stoke " The President also conveyed the United States' willingness to provide assistance in the aftermath of the situation  United States Secretary of State, John Kerry, said the United States stood ready to provide Australia with any assistance required in "determining the facts of the case, assisting the victims and holding accountable anyone and everyone responsible for this act of terror"  Citing this event, the United States issued a global travel alert to its citizens, to be alert for possible terrorist attacks within public venues New Zealand Prime Minister John Key, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, UK Prime Minister David Cameron, and Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak also expressed their concern about the incident  In addition, the Israeli embassy in Australia stated that it stood with Australia in the face of terror 

Charitable foundations
Following the two deaths during the hostage situation, the Katrina Dawson Foundation was established, with the aim of supporting educational opportunities for women  The then Governor-General Quentin Bryce was a founding member  At his parents' request, a memorial fund for Johnson was used to raise money for mental health organisation Beyond Blue  The first donation, of $51,000, came from Lindt Australia 

Terrorist organizations
Two weeks after the siege, Dabiq, a magazine published by the ISIL editorialised on Monis's actions and attempted to claim him as one of their own, in a response that an expert described as "absolutely predictable"  The magazine lauded Monis's actions and their effect on the city  The al Qaeda-produced magazine Inspire also praised Monis's actions 

Investigations
A number of organisations announced formal investigations 
Police investigations include a "critical incident" investigation undertaken by NSW police; headed by Detective Inspector Angelo Memmolo and an enquiry conducted by the Australian Federal Police Federal and state governments announced a joint review to be led by Michael Thawley from the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet and Blair Comley of the New South Wales Department of Premier and Cabinet Following the siege, officers from the New South Wales Police Force and the Australian Federal Police went to the Belmore home of Monis's partner Amirah Droudis, and removed property  Her bail was revoked after a hearing on 22 December 2014  Investigations by Australian security agencies and monitoring of suspects following the siege revealed increased "terror chatter" 

Federal–State joint review
The findings of the Federal–State joint review were released on 22 February 2015  The report covered Monis's earlier interactions with the government, his access to firearms, and the government response to Monis including problems correlating his various aliases  The report's terms of reference did not cover the controversial police actions during the siege itself, such as the nature of the negotiations or the final assault The review found that the judgements made by government agencies were reasonable  It suggested only modest changes to laws and procedures, taking the view that "introducing substantial further controls involves a larger choice about the sort of society we wish to live in and is properly the province of the public and our elected representatives"  The review found that the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) had conducted a thorough review of Monis in 2008/9 and found that he was not involved in politically motivated violence, nor had significant contact with groups of security concern  After receiving 18 calls from the public, ASIO reviewed Monis's Facebook page, which was considered not to indicate a threat  None of the calls related to any pending attack  The review found that there was no credible information that would indicate an attack  Monis had been granted bail while charged with several violent offences  However, bail laws had since been tightened in this regard  Monis obtained his firearm illegally and was never granted a license The review suggested, in addition to the reforms to the bail laws and "new programmes to counter violent extremism", that a review of immigration policies and visa applications should be undertaken  The review suggested that the gun that Monis used had lawfully entered the country, possibly as early as the 1950s, and had fallen into the "grey market" after not being included in the gun buyback schemes of 1996 and 2002 

Inquest
An inquest, mandatory whenever people die in a police operation, began as scheduled on 29 January 2015, presided over by the State Coroner, Michael Barnes  The stated aim was "to determine how the [three] deaths occurred, the factors that contributed to them and whether they could have been prevented" The hearings were divided into blocks of a couple of weeks  The first, which started on 25 May 2015, queried people who knew Monis to get background information  The second started on 17 August 2015 to consider Monis's bail application  Further blocks that investigate how the police dealt with the siege itself will be withheld from the public "in the interests of the families" The findings of the inquest were released on 24 May 2017 

Aftermath
Designation of the event as terrorism
Insurance declaration
Treasurer Joe Hockey declared the siege to be a "terrorist incident" under the Terrorism Insurance Act 2003  The Act means that insurance exclusions for terrorist incidents do not apply if such a declaration is made 

Debate on status as a terrorist event
Scholars and social commentators have debated whether Monis was a terrorist and whether his actions could be classified as an act of terrorism  There is doubt as to whether or not Monis fit the definition of a lone wolf terrorist 
Queensland University of Technology criminologist Mark Lauchs said it was important to not describe the siege as a "terrorist attack"  Lauchs said Monis was simply a deranged person running a hostage situation  "This incident was not about religion and neither was it a terrorist attack, but given that perception by the paraphernalia Monis used " The Australian prime minister said, "[Man Haron Monis] had a long history of violent crime, infatuation with extremism and mental instability   As the siege unfolded yesterday, he sought to cloak his actions with the symbolism of the ISIL death cult "Prof Greg Barton (from Deakin University) and Dr Clarke Jones (ANU) told the inquest that Monis was a loner and had mental health problems, and was desperate to attach himself to something  Clarke suggested that if the Rebels had accepted his membership then the siege might not have happened  Roger Shanahan from the Lowy Institute said that if Monis had followed ISIS direction he would have just killed everyone The chief of ASIO Duncan Lewis confirmed that he believed Monis to be a terrorist  However, former counter-terrorism adviser to the White House, Richard A  Clarke, said, "I don't think this was a lone wolf terrorist, I don't think this was a terrorist at all, I think this was someone who was committing suicide by police as a lot of people with mental problems do, and now, if they say they're a terrorist, if they say they're somehow associated with ISIS or Al Qaeda, it becomes a major event that shuts down the city and gets international attention  This was a person with a mental problem who tried to gain attention and succeeded, tried to shut down the city and succeeded, merely by putting up a flag that was something like the flag of ISIS "The difference between terrorism and terrorising acts was noted in one analysis as "enormously important"—it added that in Monis's case, terrorism "was clearly an element, but he was coming to the end of his rope with a variety of legal processes; there was clearly some mental instability " One view was that his lack of ties to any movement did not preclude his being a terrorist as it is "an inclusive club"  Another commentator said, "There can be also no doubt that his attack was a terrorist act, as defined under Australia's Criminal Code Act 1995" and that, "he was a terrorist, clearly influenced by IS" One terrorism expert, Professor Greg Barton, described Monis's actions as those of a "lone wolf terrorist     driven by a desire for attention and to be in the spotlight", and his use of the flag was described as "the only way" to instil fear on a global scale  Professor Michael Wesley, Director of the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the Australian National University said the attack "was very different from first-generation or second-generation terrorist attacks—but it was terrorism, and terrorism of a brutal and more unpredictable sort " Another view was that describing the gunman as a terrorist was misplaced and would only serve the interests of ISIL  The supervisor of terrorism and security analysis for Stratfor said that this hostage-incident exhibits many of the elements associated with grassroots terrorism  A criminologist said that the event "was not about religion and neither was it a terrorist attack but given that perception by the paraphernalia Monis used "Conversely, Yassir Morsi, a researcher at the Centre for Muslim and non-Muslim Understanding in Australia, suggested that "before he flew the black flag, Monis was just a desperate man with a violent past" and that "he was just another gunman      the symbol (flag) rewrote Monis's violent past and gave grammar to his attack "Monis had entered the cafe without an ISIS flag  ASIO's previous investigations had found no links between Monis and any terrorist group  When a News reporter met him before the crisis she thought Monis was "lost and confused" and "harmless"  Habib said Monis was "sick and disturbed" and desperately seeking attention over his grievances with government officials that had nothing to do with terrorism In 2016, Monis was cited as one of a number of recent violent attackers who were mentally disturbed and operated under the justification of Islamist ideas or slogans  Other examples include the as-of-yet unidentified perpetrator of the Munich knife attack and Michael Zehaf-Bibeau, the perpetrator of the 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa  According to psychologists and psychiatrists who study radicalisation, jihad propaganda and calls to kill infidels can push mentally-ill individuals to act, even in the absence of direct or personal contact with radical Islamists In February 2017, United States President Donald Trump cited the Sydney siege as an example of what he claimed was deliberate underreporting of terrorist attacks by the media, notwithstanding that the event received "blanket coverage" in local and international news 

The coroner's finding
Following the Sydney siege inquest, in May 2017, the NSW Coroner Michael Barnes determined that "The siege was a terrorist incident "

Police weapons and tactics
During the siege, an Australian Army Tactical Assault Group East team at Holsworthy Barracks evaluated the floorplan of the cafe and gave advice to police  Mitchell McAlister, a former member of TAG East, questioned the police use of M4A1 carbines with 5 56 mm rounds over Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns Katrina Dawson died from a fragment of a police bullet, and other hostages appear to have been hit by bullets that ricocheted off the concrete building  It was unclear why 22 shots were fired by police, of which 13 hit Monis  Police have been criticised for both the high powered weapons used and the number of shots fired 

Negotiation
During the siege, no significant effort was made to negotiate with Monis, as would normally be expected in a hostage situation in order to build a relationship with a gunman and persuade them to surrender  Instead, Monis received no encouragement or assistance from trained police negotiators Help was offered by the Muslim community including the Grand Mufti and Mamdouh Habib who had known Monis personally  Habib offered to help negotiate or provide background information to the police  These offers were not taken up It has been suggested that the police treatment of the siege as a terrorist attack may have led to errors such as making no attempt to negotiate with the gunman as would have been normal practice in other hostage situations  One commentator, Guy Rundle, questioned whether the police may have used a "crude rule" that "we don't negotiate with terrorists" that affected their procedures  It might also explain the choice of weapon in a small enclosure against a lone gunman  These factors may have directly led to the deaths of Johnson and Dawson 

ISIL flag
During the siege, police asked Muslims in Sydney to source an ISIL flag for Monis, before obtaining their own  The police later raided several houses of people contacted by Ms Kay who was attempting to find an ISIL flag  Ms Kay assumed that the phone calls had been monitored, and that the request had been solely to find out who she would contact, lowering trust among Muslims in the NSW police force 

Lack of detection
The security forces have been criticised for not recognising that Monis was a threat, and for taking him off their watch list in 2008  This may have been because they overlooked key evidence, or it may have been because there was simply no evidence to collect  The federal/state joint review found that the relevant agencies' analysis had been reasonable 

Law and politics
After the siege, the revelation that the new Bail Act had allowed Monis to be granted bail sparked calls to further tighten the law; however, a review had already been conducted in the wake of earlier controversial bail releases, with the new law set "to take effect next year" (that is, on 28 January 2015)  Former director of public prosecutions in New South Wales, Nicholas Cowdery, said he was not sure that the amended law would have changed anything in Monis's case, saying that "There will always be, unfortunately, some exceptional events which laws and controls put in place before the event could not have prevented"  Homicide detectives sent a letter to the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) urging them to challenge the bail decision for Monis, but a commissioned officer did not pass it on to the DPP  Michael Esposito, writing for the Law Society of South Australia, noted that the shocking nature of the Sydney siege had the power to prompt reviews of bail laws across Australia Some commentators expressed concerns about immigration and citizenship processes  Monis's "confused agenda" meant that Amnesty International did not realise that he and Boroujerdim, who had sought help in 1997, were the same man until they went back through their records  In the absence of hard evidence, suggestions that Monis represented a growing trend of systemic failure, rather than being an aberration, were noted as dangerous to public confidence; to the separation of powers; to the idea of innocence till proven guilty and also to social cohesion by inviting suspicion of people from the Middle East In the week after the siege, it was revealed that John Robertson, NSW Opposition leader, had sent a letter which passed on a request made by Monis, a constituent in his Blacktown electorate, to the Department of Family and Community Services in 2011  The letter was, according to Robertson, routine procedure on behalf of a constituent and written in support of Monis's request for a supervised visit with his children on Father's Day despite an apprehended violence order against him  The Department declined Monis's request  As pressure mounted on Robertson to resign as Leader of the Labor Party, and three months away from the 2015 state election, he stood aside on 23 December 2014 

Violence
Commentators considered Monis's history of domestic violence, with a family violence expert arguing that it should have been considered when bail was given  A columnist noted that while his behaviour highlighted an "epidemic" of violence towards women, the media focus remained on terrorism Historians of religion and politics also critically reviewed the role of violence committed in the name of religion 

Media
Debate followed about the difficulty of managing a police operation in the presence of continuous global media coverage as well as the likely damage caused by the spread of rumour  Particular criticism was levelled at Rupert Murdoch and News Corp for spreading false information as well as for insensitivity and "gross ethical violations"  Commissioner Scipione and chair of the Australian Press Council, Professor Julian Disney released statements about the media coverage after the event  Beyond misinformation, concerns were raised regarding the presentation of crises as entertainment Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Four Corners aired a two-part broadcast, interviewing former hostages, and the families of deceased Katrina Dawson and Tori Johnson 

Memorials and legacy
A month after the siege, police, ambulance workers, firefighters and others were officially thanked at NSW Government House  Memorial plaques were placed inside the reopened Lindt café  A permanent memorial to the victims of the siege will incorporate the flowers from Martin Place, which are to be mulched and incorporated into its garden element  The memorial was opened in December, 2017 The premiere of Jonathon Welch's choral piece Street Requiem in February 2015 was dedicated to the siege victims and to those who died in the Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris Composer Lyle Chan, who resides less than a kilometre from the Lindt cafe, wrote two works influenced by the events  Sea of Flowers was premiered by conductor Alondra de la Parra and the Queensland Symphony Orchestra in May 2015  Chan's Love Is Always Born (December), with original words by Michael Leunig and 'Silent Night' in Arabic, was commissioned and premiered by the Song Company at concerts around the first anniversary of the events Dawson's family created the Katrina Dawson Foundation and scholarships to The Women's College, University of Sydney to provide financial assistance to young women for their university education  The first recipients started university in 2016 Senator Dean Smith, a homosexual Liberal Party member, changed his views on same-sex marriage in Australia due to Tori Johnson and his partner of 14 years  Smith later introduced a bill aimed at legalising same-sex marriage to the Senate, which became law A ceremony unveiling the memorial was held on 16 December 2017 The Lindt Cafe closed in October 2021 due to lack of patronage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing construction work for the Sydney Metro 

See also
List of mass shootings in Australia
Sydney siege inquest
2015 Parramatta shooting
Crime in Australia
Islam in Australia
Context 2: Passage 1:
2005 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2005 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2005 NCAA Division I-A football season  In their sixth season under head coach Mike Leach, the Red Raiders compiled an overall record of 9–3 record with a mark of 6–2 in conference play, finished in a tie for second place in Southern Division of the Big 12, lost to Alabama in the 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 473 to 226  The team played its home games at Jones SBC Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 

Previous season
The 2004 team finished the season with an overall record of 8–4, 5–3 in Big 12 play, finishing tied in third place in the Southern Division  The Red Raiders finished the regular season with a 31–15 upset victory over the no  23 ranked Oklahoma State Cowboys  The team was invited to the Holiday Bowl, defeating no  4 California 45–31  The 2004 team was ranked no  18 and no  17 in the final AP and Coaches' polls, respectively  Quarterback Sonny Cumbie finished the season leading the nation in passing yards, throwing for 4,742 yards 

NFL draftees
Schedule
Personnel
Game summaries
FIU
Sam Houston State
Indiana State
Kansas
At Nebraska
Kansas State
Quarterback Cody Hodges finished the game 44-of-65 for 643 yards with five touchdowns and two interceptions  Hodges's 643 passing yards are the fourth most by a quarterback in Division I-A (now Division I FBS) and the second time a Texas Tech quarterback threw for over 600 yards in a single game, with B  J  Symons throwing for 661 yards against Ole Miss in 2003 

At No  2 Texas
At Baylor
Texas A&M
At Oklahoma State
Oklahoma
Vs  No  13 Alabama (Cotton Bowl Classic)
Rankings
Players drafted into the NFL
Notes
Passage 2:
2009 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2009 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season  The team was led by tenth-year head coach Mike Leach during the regular season and, following Leach’s dismissal, interim head coach Ruffin McNeill for the bowl game  The Red Raiders compiled an overall record of 9–4 with a mrk of 5–3 in conference play, tying for third place in the Big 12's South Division  Texas Tech was invited to the Alamo Bowl, where they defeated Michigan State, 41–31  The Red Raiders played home games at Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 
On December 28, Leach was suspended by Texas Tech pending investigation of alleged inappropriate treatment of Adam James, a redshirt sophomore wide receiver, and the son of former SMU Mustangs and New England Patriots running back Craig James  The suspension came after allegations that Leach treated James unfairly following a mild concussion  Leach was terminated by the university on December 30  Ruffin McNeill, the team's defensive coordinator, was named interim head coach and led the team during their appearance in the Alamo Bowl 

Previous season
With an 11–1 record in the regular season during 2008, the Red Raiders finished in a three-way tie with the Oklahoma Sooners and Texas Longhorns atop the Big 12 South  In order to break the tie, BCS standings were used to determine who would face Missouri in the conference championship game  The Sooners, ranked #2 in the BCS polls at the time, were chosen to represent the South Division in the game  The Red Raiders were selected to the Cotton Bowl Classic, losing 34–47 to Ole Miss  The 2008 team finished with an overall record of 11–2 and were ranked no  12 in the final AP Poll 

Personnel
Coaching staff
Mike Leach – Head coach/offensive coordinator
Ruffin McNeill – Assistant head coach/defensive coordinator
Carlos Mainord – Safeties
Clay McGuire – Running backs
Brian Mitchell – Cornerbacks
Matt Moore – Offensive line
Lincoln Riley – Inside receivers
Eric Russell – Special teams Coordinator
Charlie Sadler – Defensive ends
Dennis Simmons – Wide receivers
Sonny Cumbie – Offensive graduate assistantSource:

Roster
Schedule
Game summaries
North Dakota
This game marked the first time the North Dakota Fight Sioux faced the Red Raiders on the football field making North Dakota the 127th different opponent the Red Raiders have faced  The Red Raiders won the coin toss and elected to receive the opening kick off The opening drive ultimately ended in a touchdown and covered 64 yards in 7 plays, lasting 3:18  Barron Batch rushed three yards for the first touchdown and was followed by a successful extra point attempt by Matt Williams  The Red Raiders would go on to score one more touchdown with successful PAT in the first quarter  The Fighting Sioux scored a field goal with six seconds left in the first quarter bringing the final score for the first quarter to 14–3 The second quarter saw the longest touchdown reception of the game with a 49-yard pass by Taylor Potts to Detron Lewis, followed by a successful PAT by Matt Williams  The Fighting Sioux went on to kick a 52-yard field goal with 1:28 left in the half  The final score at the half was 21–6 The third quarter saw only one score with the Red Raider's quarterback Taylor Potts rushing 1 yard for a touchdown followed by a successful PAT  At the end of the third quarter the score was 28–6 The Fighting Sioux scored their only touchdown and successful PAT 3:09 into the final quarter  The Red Raiders scored twice in the fourth quarter with a 32-yard field goal by Matt Williams and later an 18-yard touchdown pass by Taylor Potts to Adam Jones  Matt Williams successfully kicked the last PAT of the game bringing the score to 38–13 During the game, the Red Raiders rushed for 40 yards  Taylor Potts attempted 48 passes, completing 34 for a total of 405 passing yards  Potts was also intercepted 3 times and scored 2 touchdowns  The team accrued 11 penalties for 93 yards 

Rice
This game was the first time the Rice Owls played Texas Tech Red Raiders at home since 1995  The Owls won the coin toss and elected to defer until the second half The Red Raiders shut the Owls out in the first quarter and scored two touchdowns  The first score came 6:13 into the game by way of a 5-yard touchdown pass from Taylor Potts to Edward Britton  Matt Williams successfully kicked the PAT  The next touchdown for the Red Raiders would come with only 1:18 left in the first quarter, when Taylor Potts threw a 7-yard pass to Lyle Leong  The extra point attempt was good  At the end of the quarter the score was 14–0 The second quarter saw no scores by the Red Raiders  The Owls scored a field goal 3:33 into the quarter  The score at the half was 14–3 The third quarter proved to be more fruitful for the Red Raiders, were they once again shut out the Owls  The Red Raiders scored three touchdowns with successful PATs all within the last nine minutes of the quarter  The first came with 8:51 left in quarter when Taylor Potts threw an 8-yard pass to Lyle Leong  The next touchdown came a little over two minutes later with an 11-yard touchdown reception by Austin Zouzalik from Taylor Potts  The last touchdown was scored with 2:34 left in the quarter by Taylor Potts and Lyle Leon when Potts threw a 27-yard pass to Leon  At the end of the quarter the score was 35–3 Steven Sheffield, the Red Raiders backup quarterback, made his season debut when he came in for Taylor Potts during the final quarter after two touchdowns by the Red Raiders and a field goal by the Owls  The first Red Raider touchdown came only nine seconds into the quarter with a 34-yard touchdown reception by Eric Stephens from Taylor Potts  Matt Williams failed to convert the extra point kick  The Owls scored their only touchdown with 11:02 left on the clock  Taylor Potts last touchdown of the game came by way of a 30-yard pass to Tramain Swindall with 9:10 left in the game  The extra point attempt was good  The Red Raiders final score, and Steven Sheffield's first for the season came with 4:33 left in the game when Sheffield threw a 26-yard pass to Tramain Swindall  The PAT was converted by Matt Williams  The final score for the game was 55–10 The Texas Tech Red Raiders rushed for 52 yards and passed for 508 yards  Taylor Potts attempted 57 passes, completing 36 for 456 yards  Steven Sheffield completed 4 out of 6 passes for 52 yards  Potts threw seven touchdown passes to Sheffield's one  Neither Potts nor Sheffield threw an interception The Owls rushed for 60 yards, passed for 197 yards, and scored 1 touchdown 

At Texas
The Texas Tech Red Raiders competed against the Texas Longhorns at Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium on September 9, 2009  For the second year in a row the matchup was highlighted on ESPN's GameDay The series between Texas Tech and Texas originated in Austin in 1928 and the two teams have met annually since 1960  Before the game, Texas led the series 43–15–0  The Red Raider's victory in the 2008 season was only the second time in the last 10 meetings The Texas Tech Red Raiders received the opening kick off and returned it 28 yards  The Red Raiders opening driving ended with a 41-yard field goal by Matt Williams  On their second drive the Longhorns scored by returning a Red Raider punt 46 yards for a touchdown  The score at the end of the first quarter was 3–7 The Red Raiders did not score in the second quarter, and would hold the Longhorns to only a field goal  At the half the score was 3–10 The third quarter saw two touchdowns by both the Red Raiders and the Longhorns  The Longhorns scored a touchdown and successful PAT, on their opening drive of the second half  On the next possession the Red Raiders answered the Longhorns score with a touchdown and successful PAT of their own  The Red Raiders first touchdown of the game came by way of a 14-yard pass to Lyle Leong by Taylor Potts and the PAT was kicked by Matt Williams  After an unsuccessful on-side kick by the Red Raiders, Texas's next drive would end with a touchdown and PAT  The Red Raiders next drive proved as fruitful as their previous ending with a 10-yard touchdown pass by Potts to Leong  The final score at the end of the quarter was 17–24 The Red Raider's first two possessions of the fourth quarters ended in a turnovers  The second of which resulted in a Longhorn touchdown, their last of the game  The Red Raiders last score came on their next possession by way of a 22-yard touchdown reception by Tramain Swindall from Taylor Potts  The Longhorns would score the final points of the game with a field goal  The final score of the game was 24–34 The Longhorns rushed for 135 yards and the Longhorns' Colt McCoy attempted 34 passes completing 24 for 205 yards and was intercepted twice  The Red Raiders rushed for -6 yards and fumbled the ball once  Taylor Potts completed 46 passes out of an attempted 62 for a total of 420 yards  Potts was intercepted once 

At Houston
The Texas Tech Red Raiders faced the Houston Cougars at Robertson Stadium in Houston Texas on September 26  This non-conference game was the 28th time the two teams meet, however this was the first time the Red Raiders have played at Robertson Stadium  The Red Raiders ultimately lost the game with a final score of 28–29, dropping their record to 2–2 

New Mexico
The Red Raiders competed against the New Mexico Lobos at Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock, Texas, on October 3, 2009  Going into the game, the Red Raiders led the series with a record of 32–6–2  This was the first meeting of the two teams since 2004  The Red Raiders beat the Lobos with a final score of 48–28  Taylor Potts led the Raiders to a score on their first possession of the game, but he left the game with an injury in the second quarter, and Steven Sheffield came in late in the second quarter  Sheffield's 25-yard touchdown pass to Alexander Torres gave the Raiders a 14-7 halftime lead 
Sheffield threw two third-quarter touchdown passes, including a 62-yard catch and run by Harrison Jeffers, as the Raiders extended their lead to 35-7  Jeffers added two more touchdown runs in the fourth quarter to finish the scoring in Tech's 48-28 win 

Kansas State
The Red Raiders took on the Kansas State Wildcats at Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock, Texas, on October 10, 2009  This homecoming game was the 11th meeting of the two teams  The Red Raiders had won the previous four games against the Wildcats and had a record of 5–1 at home against the team prior to this game  The game was regionally televised on FSN  The Red Raiders beat the Wildcats with a final score of 66–14  Tech's 66 points were the most ever scored on a team coached by Bill Snyder 

At Nebraska
The Red Raiders took on the No  15 Nebraska Cornhuskers at the Memorial Stadium in Lincoln, Nebraska on October 17, 2009  Before a crowd of more than 86,000, the Raiders jumped out in front early on a touchdown pass from Sheffield to Baron Batch 
Tech's defense then made the biggest play of the game, with defensive end Daniel Howard picking up a fumbled lateral pass and returning it 82 yards for a touchdown and a 14-0 Red Raider lead  The Raiders were up 24-3 as the defense kept Nebraska's offense in check 
The Red Raider offense was stalled in the second half, but Tech's defense continued to make big plays to keep the Huskers from making a comeback  Defensive end Brandon Sharpe had four of Tech's five sacks, and Sheffield scored on a quarterback sneak to put Tech up by three touchdowns late in the game 
With the win, the Raiders improved to 5-2 and appeared in the AP top 25 for the first and only time during the 2009 regular season at No  21 in the nation 

Texas A&M
The Red Raiders competed against the Texas A&M Aggies at the Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock, Texas on October 24, 2009  Tech scored first on a 56-yard touchdown pass from Taylor Potts to Alexander Torres, and Potts hooked up with Edward Britton for another touchdown to give Tech a 14-7 lead late in the first quarter   The Aggies then went on to score 31 straight points in the second and third quarters to pull away 
Attendance for the game was 57,733  It was the largest crowd at football game at Jones AT&T Stadium, beating the previous record of 56,333, set on November 1, 2008 in the game against Texas 

Kansas
The Red Raiders faced the Kansas Jayhawks at the Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock, Texas on October 31, 2009  Redshirt freshman quarterback Seth Doege got his first NCAA start because of injuries to Taylor Potts and Steven Sheffield  The Raiders didn't get on the scoreboard until the second quarter, when Doege hit Detron Lewis on a 61-yard touchdown bomb to tie the game at 7-7  Later in the second quarter, Colby Whitlock sacked Todd Reesing and forced a fumble deep in Kansas territory, which the Raiders recovered  Baron Batch scored on a 2-yard run, and the two teams went into halftime tied 14-14 
The Jayhawks took a 21-14 lead into the fourth quarter, but the Raiders put up four touchdowns to pull away  Batch scored three touchdowns on the ground, and Laron Moore added a score on a fumble recovery 

At Oklahoma State
Oklahoma
Tech came into the home game against Oklahoma seeking revenge for the 65-21 rout that the Raiders suffered in the 2008 match-up against the Sooners  The game saw a low-scoring first quarter, with Tech going up 3-0 on their first possession  Taylor Potts put Tech in position to score with passes to Lyle Leong, Edward Britton and Baron Batch to set up Matt Williams' 33-yard field goal 
The game was tied 3-3 after the first quarter, but the Raiders' offense got on track with two second-quarter touchdowns  Batch scored on a 1-yard touchdown run, set up by a 65-yard pass from Potts to Torres  Tech's defense forced a quick OU punt, and Potts then hooked up with Zouzalik on a 21-yard touchdown pass to give the Raiders a 17-6 halftime lead 
Tech's defense shut down the Sooners on Oklahoma's opening possession of the second half, and the Raiders quickly marched 91 yards for another touchdown, with Potts hitting Torres on a 24-yard scoring pass for a 24-6 lead 
Tech cornerback Laron Moore intercepted an Oklahoma pass on the Sooners' next possession, but the Raiders could not push the ball in for a touchdown, settling for a 37-yard field goal from Williams 
On Tech's next possession, the Raiders mounted an 18-play drive that chewed up more than seven minutes before scoring on a 21-yard run by Batch  Oklahoma finally scored their only touchdown on a pass from Landry Jones to Ryan Broyles, but the Raiders added a final touchdown on a 4-yard run by Eric Stephens 

Vs  Baylor
Vs  Michigan State (Valero Alamo Bowl)
Rankings
Passage 3:
Ruffin McNeill
Ruffin Horne McNeill Jr  (born October 8, 1958) is an American football coach and former player who currently serves as the special assistant to the head coach at NC State University  He previously served as the assistant head coach and outside linebackers coach at the University of Oklahoma and the assistant head coach and defensive line coach at the University of Virginia  McNeill also served as the head coach of the East Carolina Pirates from 2010 to 2015  Before being named head coach of the Pirates, McNeill served the Texas Tech Red Raiders as an interim head coach, assistant head coach, special teams coordinator, and linebackers coach   On December 28, 2009, he was named interim head coach of the Red Raiders following the suspension and later firing of head coach Mike Leach  He served in the position until the hiring of Tommy Tuberville, who subsequently released him as defensive coordinator 

Playing career
McNeill was a defensive back for the East Carolina Pirates for four years under then head coach Pat Dye  For three of his years at ECU he was a starter, and for two he served as team captain  In his first year with the Pirates, McNeill helped East Carolina to the 1976 Southern Conference Championship and a berth to the Independence Bowl two years later 
McNeill graduated from East Carolina University in 1980  He later went on to Clemson where he earned a master's degree in counseling 

Coaching career
In addition to coaching at the high school level and spending a summer as an intern with the Miami Dolphins under Jimmy Johnson, McNeill has coached 23 seasons at the college level, including seven seasons at Appalachian State, his first job as defensive coordinator  In total, he has been on the coaching staffs at Clemson, Austin Peay State, North Alabama, Appalachian State, UNLV, Fresno State, and Texas Tech 

Texas Tech
McNeill began his tenure at Texas Tech in 2000 as a linebackers coach  In 2003, he accepted the role of assistant head coach as well as taking duties of linebackers coach  In 2007, then-defensive coordinator Lyle Setencich stepped down due to "personal reasons" after a 49–45 loss to Oklahoma State in which the Texas Tech defense allowed over 600 yards of total offense and three 100 yard rushers  Head coach Mike Leach named McNeill interim defensive coordinator shortly after with eight games remaining in the season 
On December 28, 2009, Leach was suspended, and fired two days later, by Texas Tech University over the alleged inappropriate treatment of an injured player  McNeill was named interim head coach and led the team to a 41–31 victory over the Michigan State Spartans in the 2010 Alamo Bowl before being replaced as head coach by Tommy Tuberville  On January 13, 2010, McNeill was removed from the Texas Tech coaching staff by Tuberville and replaced with James Willis 

Defensive improvements
With McNeill at the defensive helm, the Red Raiders' defense improved in every defensive category  Under Setencich, Tech ranked seventh in pass defense, ninth in total defense, and tenth in scoring defense in Big 12 Conference play  In nine games with McNeill, Tech improved to first in pass and total defense and fourth in scoring defense  The Red Raiders forced more punts and allowed fewer rushing and passing yards than they did to begin the season  These vast improvements in the defense led Leach to drop the interim tag and make McNeill the full-time defensive coordinator 

East Carolina
On January 21, 2010 it was announced that Ruffin McNeill would be named head football coach at his alma mater, East Carolina, replacing Skip Holtz, who had recently left for the head coaching job at the University of South Florida After seasons of 6-7 and 5-7, in 2012 East Carolina posted an 8-5 record which included an appearance in the New Orleans Bowl  In 2013, McNeill's Pirates posted the second-most wins in school history, going 10-3 including a win over Ohio University in the 2013 Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl  The season also included wins over in-state rivals North Carolina and North Carolina State  In 2014, however, most felt the Pirates underachieved, marking an 8-5 record and losing 4 out of their last 6 games 
On December 4, 2015, McNeill was relieved of his duties as head coach after finishing the season with a record of 5-7 

Oklahoma
McNeill was named the assistant head coach and defensive tackles coach at the University of Oklahoma on June 14, 2017  He was named interim defensive coordinator on October 8, 2018 replacing the fired Mike Stoops   With the hiring of Alex Grinch as the defensive coordinator in January 2019, McNeill was retained on the OU staff as assistant head coach and outside linebackers coach 
McNeill resigned from Oklahoma at the conclusion of the 2019 season 

NC State
McNeill was announced as the special assistant to head coach Dave Doeren at NC State on July 7, 2020 

Personal
McNeill and his wife, Erlene, have two daughters, Olivia and Renata, one grandchild Isabella and a brother Reggie 
McNeill is a member of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity 

Head coaching record
Passage 4:
2002 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2002 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2002 NCAA Division I-A football season  In their third season under head coach Mike Leach, the Red Raiders compiled a 9–5 record (5–3 against Big 12 opponents), finished in a tie for third place in Southern Division of the Big 12, defeated Clemson in the 2002 Tangerine Bowl, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 537 to 439  The team played its home games at Jones SBC Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 
Quarterback Kliff Kingsbury totaled 5,017 passing yards and received the Sammy Baugh Trophy  Lawrence Flugence set the NCAA single-season record for most tackles 

Schedule
Roster
Game summaries
At Ohio State
At SMU
Ole Miss
NC State
At New Mexico
At Texas A&M
At Iowa State
Missouri
At Colorado
Baylor
Oklahoma State
Texas
At Oklahoma
Vs  Clemson (Tangerine Bowl)
Team players in the NFL
Passage 5:
2004 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2004 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2004 NCAA Division I-A football season  In their fifth season under head coach Mike Leach, the Red Raiders compiled an overall record of 8–4 record with a mark of 5–3 in conference play, finished in a tie for third place in Southern Division of the Big 12, defeated California in the 2004 Holiday Bowl, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 434 to 314  The team played its home games at Jones SBC Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 
The team was led by senior quarterback Sonny Cumbie, who finished the season with 4,742 passing yards, 32 touchdowns, and 18 interceptions, leading the NCAA in passing yards  Cumbie would later serve as an assistant coach for the program starting in 2009, eventually being promoted to co-offensive coordinator in 2013  He would then serve as TCU's offensive coordinator from 2014 to 2020  Cumbie would return to Texas Tech following the 2020 season, being hired as offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach under head coach Matt Wells  In 2021, Cumbie would be promoted to interim head coach after Wells was fired on October 25 

Previous season
The 2003 team finished the season 8–5, 4–4 in Big 12 play, finishing in 4th place in the Southern Division  The team was invited to the Houston Bowl, defeating Navy 38–14  Quarterback B  J  Symons won the Sammy Baugh Trophy, while wide receiver Wes Welker won the Mosi Tatupu Award 

NFL draftees
Schedule
Personnel
Game summaries
At SMU
At New Mexico
TCU
The Horned Frogs jumped out to a 21–0 lead midway through the second quarter before the Red Raiders scored 56 unanswered points 

At Kansas
Texas Tech got on the board first, with Kansas running back John Randle being tackled in his own end zone for a safety  The Jayhawks then scored 14 unanswered points, with a 36-yard pass from Adam Barmann to Randle and a 1-yard Randle run  Texas Tech would then respond with a 34-yard field goal from Alex Trlica with under a minute left in the first quarter  Kansas went on another scoring run in the second, scoring 16 unanswered points, including a pass from wide receiver Charles Gordon to Brandon Rideau  Gordon would then score on a receiving touchdown from Barmann, but the ensuing two-point pass would fail  The Red Raiders would score their first touchdown in the closing seconds of the first half, with a 32-yard pass from Sonny Cumbie to Trey Haverty  Texas Tech would attempt a two-point conversion, but the pass fell incomplete  The Red Raiders went into halftime trailing 11–30  The Jayhawks were shutout in the second half as the Red Raiders scored 20 unanswered points, with running back Taurean Henderson scoring the game-winning touchdown with 2:37 left 
Quarterback Sonny Cumbie had an uneven game, completing 28-of-52 passes (53 8%) for 356 yards with two touchdowns and four interceptions  Wide receiver Danny Amendola lost a fumble, bringing the Red Raiders' turnover total to five  The Jayhawks would capitalize on the turnovers, scoring 16 points off of turnovers  Kansas would commit three turnovers, all interceptions by quarterback Adam Barmann 

At Oklahoma
Nebraska
Texas Tech forced eight turnovers while only committing one and had 523 yards of total offense while Nebraska only had 292  The 70 points given up and the 60 point margin of defeat are both the largest in Nebraska school history  In 2020, the Omaha World-Herald ranked this game as the seventh most painful loss in the Cornhuskers' history since a 36–62 loss to Colorado in 2001 

Texas
At Kansas State
Baylor
At Texas A&M
Oklahoma State
Vs  California (Holiday Bowl)
Rankings
Players drafted into the NFL
Passage 6:
2012 Washington State Cougars football team
The 2012 Washington State Cougars football team represented Washington State University during the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season  The team was coached by first-year head coach Mike Leach and played their home games at Martin Stadium in Pullman, Washington  They were members of the North Division of the Pac-12 Conference  They finished the season 3–9, 1–8 in Pac-12 play to finish in last place in the North Division 

Schedule
Game summaries
BYU
On a nationally televised broadcast, Mike Leach's first game as head coach of the Washington State Cougars was a 30-6 blowout loss to BYU, the former Texas Tech coach's alma mater  Despite Leach's offenses being typically known for their high scoring shootouts, the Wazzu Cougars were unable to score a single touchdown  This marked the first time that a Leach-led offense failed to score a touchdown since 2006, when Texas Tech lost to TCU 12-3  Wazzu quarterback Jeff Tuel threw for 228 yards and two interceptions, while the offense ran for -4 yards on the ground  The only points for the Washington State Cougars came from two field goals in the second quarter  BYU now leads the series 3–1 

Eastern Washington
Of Note: Andrew Furney made a 60 yard field goal at the end of the first half, which would ultimately prove the difference 

UNLV
Colorado
Oregon
Oregon State
1st quarter scoring: ORST - Trevor Romaine 30-yard field goal 
2nd quarter scoring:	WSU - Andrew Furney 24-yard field goal; ORST - Trevor Romaine 24-yard field goal GOOD 
3rd quarter scoring:
4th quarter scoring:

California
Stanford
Utah
UCLA
The Bruins lead the series 18-39-1, which was started in 1928 
Hours before the game, the Cougars' star receiver Marquess Wilson said in a press release that he has left the program because of the actions of first-year coach Mike Leach and his staff  Wilson was suspended earlier in the week for an unspecified violation of team rules  Wilson said the new staff has "preferred to belittle, intimidate and humiliate us " That included physical abuse, Wilson said 
1st quarter scoring: UCLA – Sheldon Price 68-yard blocked field goal return (Ka'imi Fairbairn kick); Dominique Williams 6-yard pass from Connor Halliday (Andrew Furney kick)
2nd quarter scoring: UCLA - Johnathan Franklin 16-yard pass from Brett Hundley (Fairbairn kick); UCLA – Joseph Fauria 9-yard pass from Hundley (Fairbairn kick); UCLA – Anthony Barr safety; UCLA – Devin Fuller 10-yard pass from Hundley (Fairbairn kick); UCLA – Eric Kendricks 40-yard fumble recovery (Fairbairn kick)
3rd quarter scoring: WSU - Brett Bartolone 7-yard pass from Halliday (Furney kick); UCLA – Jordon James 2-yard run (Fairbairn kick); WSU - Marcus Mason 4-yard pass from Halliday (Furney kick)
4th quarter scoring: WSU - Dominique Williams 11-yard pass from Halliday (Furney kick); WSU - Kristoff Williams 3-yard pass from Halliday (Dominique Williams pass from Halliday 2-point conversion)

Arizona State
Washington
Washington State's first win in the rivalry since 2008 

Roster and coaching staff
Passage 7:
2000 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2000 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season  In their first season under head coach Mike Leach, the Red Raiders compiled a 7–6 record (3–5 against Big 12 opponents), finished in fourth place in Southern Division of the Big 12, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 330 to 278  The team played its home games at Jones SBC Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 
Of the team's staff and players, 23 went on to coach either in the NFL or in college football, including eight head coaches of FBS football teams and eight more who were FBS coordinators   Defensive coordinator Greg McMackin, running backs coach Art Briles, wide receivers coach Sonny Dykes, inside receivers coach Dana Holgorsen, linebackers coach Ruffin McNeill, special teams coordinator Manny Matsakis, and starting quarterback Kliff Kingsbury all went on to become FBS head coaches, with Kingsbury eventually becoming an NFL head coach 

Schedule
Personnel
Game summaries
New Mexico
At Texas A&M
Nebraska
At Oklahoma
Vs  East Carolina (Galleryfurniture com Bowl)
Team players drafted into the NFL
Passage 8:
2001 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2001 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2001 NCAA Division I-A football season  In their second season under head coach Mike Leach, the Red Raiders compiled a 7–5 record (4–4 against Big 12 opponents), finished in a tie for third place in Southern Division of the Big 12, lost to Iowa in the 2001 Alamo Bowl, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 402 to 281  The team played its home games at Jones SBC Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 

Previous season
The Red Raiders finished the 2000 season with an overall record of 7–6, 3–5 in Big 12 play, to finish fourth in the Big 12 South  The team was invited to the Galleryfurniture com Bowl, where they lost 27–40 to East Carolina 

NFL Draft
Tackle Kris Kocurek was drafted in the 6th round (181st overall) by the Seattle Seahawks 

Schedule
Personnel
Game summaries
New Mexico
At UTEP
The game was initially scheduled to take place on September 13, but was then postponed following the September 11 attacks  The game was eventually canceled on September 21 when the two teams could not agree on a date to reschedule that would work for both  Texas Tech would eventually play Stephen F  Austin to make up for the lost game 

Vs  North Texas
At Texas
Kansas
The Red Raiders would not lose to the Jayhawks again until October 26, 2019, with Kansas defeating Texas Tech 37–34 in Lawrence 

Kansas State
At Nebraska
At Baylor
Texas A&M
At Oklahoma State
Oklahoma
Stephen F  Austin
Vs  Iowa (Alamo Bowl)
Passage 9:
Mike Leach (American football coach)
Michael Charles Leach (March 9, 1961 – December 12, 2022) was an American college football coach who primarily coached at the NCAA Division I FBS level  He was a two-time national coach of the year, three-time conference coach of the year and the mastermind behind the NCAA record-setting air raid offense  He was the head coach at Texas Tech University from 2000 to 2009, where he became the winningest coach in school history  After Texas Tech, he coached at Washington State University from 2012 to 2019, where he recorded the third-most wins of any coach in school history  He then coached at Mississippi State from 2020 until his death in 2022 Leach was known for directing offenses using lots of passing to several receivers, in a spread system known as the air raid, which Leach developed with Hal Mumme when Mumme was head coach and Leach was offensive coordinator at Iowa Wesleyan, Valdosta State, and Kentucky in the 1990s  Leach's offenses with Mumme, and later as a head coach himself, have broken numerous school and NCAA records  On eighteen occasions, Leach led his unranked team to victory over a team ranked in the AP poll, which is the most in the AP era 

Early life and education
Mike Leach was born to Frank and Sandra Leach in Susanville, California  His father Frank was a forester and the family moved around several times while Leach was growing up, before finally settling in Cody, Wyoming  Leach was raised a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints   While growing up in Cody, he joined Boy Scout Troop 58 and earned the rank of Eagle in 1975  Leach graduated from Cody High School in 1979; he played football there from 1975–1978 and was recruited to play at Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah  An ankle injury he sustained in high school ruled out playing college football, so he played rugby instead Leach stayed close to the football program, occasionally sitting in on film room sessions  Led by head coach LaVell Edwards, offensive coordinator Norm Chow, and quarterbacks Marc Wilson, Jim McMahon, and Steve Young, BYU played with a pass-heavy offense, which was uncommon in college football at that time  Leach graduated in 1983 with a bachelor's degree in American studies In 1986, Leach earned a Juris Doctor from Pepperdine University School of Law in Malibu, California  He is also one of the most prominent graduates of the United States Sports Academy in Daphne, Alabama, from which he earned a Master of Sports Science in sports coaching in 1988 

Coaching career
Early coaching career
In 1987, Leach began his coaching career as an assistant at Cal Poly and College of the Desert (in 1988) In 1989, he served as head coach of the Pori Bears in the American Football Association of Finland Also in 1989, he joined Hal Mumme's staff at Iowa Wesleyan University as offensive coordinator  The pair spent three seasons there before moving to Valdosta State (1992–1996) and then Kentucky (1997–1998)  The partnership was known for the development of the air raid offense, which allowed their teams to rank highly in offensive statistics and set numerous records  Kentucky quarterback Tim Couch became a No  1 overall NFL draft pick For the 1999 season, Leach joined the Oklahoma staff under head coach Bob Stoops  Oklahoma's offense, which had ranked 11th in the Big 12 Conference in 1998, improved under Leach to first in the conference in 1999 

Texas Tech
After one year at Oklahoma, Leach was hired as head coach of the Texas Tech Red Raiders, another Big 12 member Under Leach, the Red Raiders' best finishes came with three nine-win seasons in 2002, 2005, and 2007 and an 11-win season in 2008  In 2002, Tech swept its in-state conference rivals Baylor, Texas, and Texas A&M for the first time since 1997 and then defeated Clemson, 55–15, in the Tangerine Bowl  It was the Red Raiders' first postseason win since 1995 when they beat the Air Force Falcons in the Copper Bowl  In 2005, the Red Raiders opened their season with a 6–0 record, their best start since 1998  Leach built a strong passing offense at Tech, where the Red Raiders led the NCAA in passing yardage for four years in a row He inserted Kliff Kingsbury at quarterback for three years  Kingsbury broke the NCAA records for completions in a career  Kingsbury was succeeded at the position by B  J  Symons, who produced the most passing yards in a season in NCAA history  Sonny Cumbie followed, leading the Red Raiders to an upset of the then-4th ranked California in the Holiday Bowl  Cody Hodges succeeded Cumbie, and subsequently led the NCAA in passing  Graham Harrell, the first non-senior starting QB since Kingsbury, struggled early in the 2006 season  However, he showed steady improvement beginning with the game against Iowa State and ended the season with a record-setting comeback victory over the Minnesota Golden Gophers  Harrell also set NCAA records for passes completed in a season and career amongst others 

Texas Tech was known for its high-scoring offense and come-from-behind victories during Leach's tenure  A 70–35 win over TCU in 2004 began with TCU leading 21–0 with eight minutes remaining in the second quarter  Before Tech's scoring drives started, a TCU defensive back was caught mouthing into a TV camera, "They aren't going to score " Later in the season, Texas Tech beat Nebraska, 70–10, forcing the Cornhuskers to give up more points in a single game than they had before in their 114-year history  In 2005, the Red Raiders were losing to Kansas State, 13–10, late in the second quarter but won the game 59–20  Also in 2005, Tech had a halftime lead of 14–10 over Texas A&M  By the end of the game, they increased the margin to 56–17  It was the Aggies' worst loss to the Red Raiders in the 64-year-old series Leach was chosen to coach the South team during the 2007 inaugural Inta Juice North-South All-Star Classic game At the end of the 2008 season, Leach was 76–39 with the Red Raiders, including 7–2 against the Texas A&M Aggies and 2–7 against the Texas Longhorns  With a 5–4 record, he is the all-time winningest coach in postseason play in Tech football history  Leach was one of only sixteen active college football coaches who had never had a losing season after he left Texas Tech  This was followed by a 3–9 season in his seminal year with Washington State  Of those, he is among nine who have been a head coach for at least five seasons In February 2009, Leach signed a three-year contract extension with Texas Tech that would have paid him at least $2 5 million per year if he had stayed through 2013  Leach's guaranteed compensation would have been $1 6 million in 2006, $1 65 million in 2007, $1 75 million in 2008, $1 85 million in 2009 and $2 15 million in 2010 

2007 Texas game controversy
During his post-game press conference after the 2007 loss against Texas, Leach used most of his time to rail against the officiating crew for what he felt were bad calls  He speculated that the officials may have favored Texas because the head official lived in Austin, because they were incompetent, or possibly because the conference wanted Texas to appear in a BCS bowl because of the increased appearance fees that such a bowl generates for the conference  Jim Vertuno of the Associated Press wrote, "Leach was upset officials disallowed two Tech touchdowns in the third quarter  The first was overruled when video replay clearly showed the receiver let the ball hit the ground  On the next play, a touchdown pass was negated by a holding penalty  Leach also wanted, but didn't get, a flag for roughing the quarterback " The Lubbock Avalanche-Journal reported, "Big 12 policy prohibits coaches from commenting publicly about game officials, so Leach's actions leave him open to reprimand, fine or worse " ESPN reported, "Big 12 official spokesman Bob Burda did not immediately respond to telephone messages seeking comment  Leach's rant will likely draw a fine from the league and possibly a suspension "On November 13, 2007, the Big 12 fined Leach $10,000, the largest fine in Big 12 history  Leach also received a reprimand and was warned that further violations could result in suspension  In a Big 12 coaches' conference call that day, Leach added that he did not regret making any of the comments  Leach announced that he would appeal the fine  Tech alumni and fans began raising money to aid Leach in paying the penalty in the event that it was upheld  Optionally, the proceeds raised could be used charitably  So, just before Christmas 2007, Leach requested that the nearly $5,000 raised be used to purchase 400 hams to give to families in Lubbock, Texas  Future donations were to go to the university or athletic department  Following the 2008 Gator Bowl, in which Virginia scored twice on penalties against Tech for intentional grounding in the end zone, Leach joked, "I felt like we had a back there on the one safety, but I don't comment on officiating  I just give out hams is what I do "

2008 season
Leach, along with players Graham Harrell and Michael Crabtree were featured on the cover of the 2008 edition of Dave Campbell's Texas Football  The magazine predicted that the 2008 Red Raider football team would be the best in Texas and would challenge for the Big 12 South title  Following a 9–0 beginning to the season, including a win over the undefeated #1 Texas Longhorns, Texas Tech Athletic Director Gerald Myers announced that the university would renegotiate Leach's contract following the conclusion of the football regular season and give him an extension The Red Raiders ended the 2008 regular season with 11 wins and 1 loss, the best in school history  The season also marked the first win over a #1 ranked team  Tech, along with Oklahoma and Texas, shared the Big 12 Conference South division title  On December 2, 2008, the Associated Press named Leach the Big 12 Coach of the Year  He received 16 votes for the honor by the agency's panel, while Texas' Mack Brown got 4  He won co-Coach of the Year honors from the Big 12 coaches; Oklahoma's Bob Stoops received the same recognition for the same season  The Dallas Morning News named him Coach of the Year as well  He garnered the 2008 George Munger Award, which is given annually to the top college coach of the year by the Maxwell Football Club After much controversy about how the tie-breaker should be handled between Texas, Oklahoma, and Texas Tech fans, the Red Raiders ended up being left out of the BCS because of a rule that states only two teams from each conference could enter BCS play per season  Oklahoma won the tie-breaker on account of their higher BCS ranking, ultimately losing to Florida in the national championship  Texas Tech also ended up losing that year in the Cotton Bowl to Ole Miss 47–34 Leach interviewed for the University of Washington head coaching job, which was vacated by Tyrone Willingham  ESPN reported that Leach withdrew his name from the coaching search following his interview  Auburn, where Tommy Tuberville resigned, had also been rumored to have contacted Leach  In an interview with the Associated Press, Tech quarterback Graham Harrell stated that there was a "great chance" Leach could leave  Harrell noted that Leach might leave for a newer challenge  After Leach withdrew his name from consideration for the Washington job, Harrell retracted his statements and believed Leach would remain the Red Raiders' coach Tech athletic director Gerald Myers had indicated that he would give a raise to Leach before Tech's bowl game, which he later negotiated  Leach and the university settled on a five-year extension worth $12 7 million after months of negotiations over the clauses of the contract 

2009 season
On October 31, 2009, after the Red Raiders' win over Kansas, Leach tied his predecessor Spike Dykes as the all-time winningest coach in Texas Tech's 85-year football history  On November 21, 2009, Leach passed Dykes for first all-time on the school's wins list with a win over Oklahoma 

Firing
On December 28, 2009, Leach was suspended indefinitely by Texas Tech pending investigation of alleged inappropriate treatment of Adam James, son of former SMU and New England Patriots running back (and former ESPN college football analyst) Craig James  On December 16, James suffered a concussion  He was examined the next day, and told not to practice that afternoon due to the concussion  According to a James family source, Leach ordered him to stand in the equipment room near the Raiders' practice facility 
According to the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, school officials claim they gave Leach an ultimatum to apologize to James in writing by December 28 or Leach be suspended  His attorney, Ted Liggett, disputed the characterization of events as reported by the university and other news sources, and said that James had been treated reasonably in light of his condition Leach sought an injunction that would have allowed him to coach in the 2010 Alamo Bowl  However, on December 30, Texas Tech fired Leach, calling his refusal to apologize to James "a defiant act of insubordination " This was the day before Leach was reportedly owed an $800,000 tenure bonus and over $1,700,000 for contractual guaranteed income for 2009  Texas Tech lawyers handed a termination letter to Liggett just minutes before the two sides were to appear in a Lubbock courtroom for a hearing  Liggett was also told that Leach would not be allowed to coach in the Alamo Bowl regardless of how the hearing turned out  School officials later said that other incidents had come to light during its investigation of Leach, but declined to elaborate  Defensive coordinator Ruffin McNeill was named interim head coach and led the team during their appearance in the Alamo Bowl In a statement, Leach said that he believed the firing was motivated in part by simmering acrimony over the contract negotiations  He also said he planned to sue Texas Tech for wrongful termination On December 31, Leach spoke with The New York Times in his first interview since being fired from Texas Tech  He said that he did not know where James had been taken, having only ordered him taken "out of the light " He claimed the controversy stemmed from Craig James' constant lobbying for more playing time for his son, whom he characterized as lazy and feeling entitled On January 8, 2010, Leach formally filed suit against Texas Tech for wrongful termination and other claims  He claimed that school officials not only fired him without cause, but issued defamatory statements in a willful attempt to keep him from being hired elsewhere  During a deposition for the case obtained by the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, Adam James admitted under oath that he found the closet incident "funny " In May 2010, District Judge Bill Sowder dismissed all but one of Leach's claims on the grounds of sovereign immunity, but he allowed Leach's claim for breach of contract to proceed, finding that Texas Tech had waived its immunity on this claim by its conduct  The judge also dismissed Leach's claims against three university administrators  Both parties took steps to appeal the decision, although Leach's attorneys said they would drop their appeal if Texas Tech would do likewise and allow the breach of contract claim to proceed to a jury trial  Early in 2011, Texas 7th Court of Appeals ruled that Texas Tech was immune from Leach's claim of breach of contract but that Leach can claim non-monetary reparations  Leach's attorney Paul Dobrowski announced his intention to appeal to the Supreme Court of Texas In February 2012, the Texas Supreme Court denied Leach's petition for review  After that denial, Texas Tech attorney Dicky Gregg stated "As we've said from the beginning, we were right on the law and the facts, and the (Texas) Supreme Court has just held that we were correct on the law "Friday Night Lights series creator Peter Berg has hinted that he has written a movie script for the characters from the TV series that is based on Leach's firing from Texas Tech On August 6, Judge Sowder issued a summary judgement dismissing Leach's lawsuits against ESPN, Spaeth Communications, and Craig James  Leach's attorneys indicated they would appeal 

Post-Texas Tech
In August 2010, Leach joined CBS College Sports Network, where he worked as a color analyst with play-by-play announcer Roger Twibell In 2010, Leach joined host Jack Arute to co-host "College Football Playbook" on SiriusXM College Sports Nation Channel 91, which airs weekdays 12 pm – 3 pm ET In 2011, Leach released an autobiographical book, Swing Your Sword: Leading the Charge in Football and in Life, through Diversion Books  The book debuted at number six on The New York Times Best Seller list Leach was considered by many in the national media to be a candidate for the head coaching vacancies at University of Miami, University of Maryland, and University of Minnesota following the 2010 regular season  After at least two interviews at Maryland, he was considered the frontrunner for that job until the administration decided instead to hire Randy Edsall away from UConn  Leach was mentioned in connection with a number of other vacancies in head-coaching positions during 2011, including Washington State, Arizona, Ole Miss, Kansas, Penn State, and Tulane 

Washington State
Leach agreed to terms with Washington State on November 30, 2011, and began coaching for the 2012 season  His five-year rollover contract made Leach the fourth-highest paid coach in the Pac-12  On December 5, 2019, Leach received a contract extension through 2024 

2012 season
Leach's first season in Pullman was a controversial one  Washington State was 3–9 overall and 1–8 in Pac-12 play; the lone wins were against FCS Eastern Washington, UNLV, and an upset of rival Washington in the Apple Cup in Pullman  On November 10, more allegations of player abuse erupted when star wide receiver Marquess Wilson quit the team citing "physical, emotional and verbal abuse" by the coaching staff  Immediately after the allegations were made, university president Elson Floyd issued a statement indicating that he had requested investigations into the alleged incident(s) from both the WSU Athletic Department and the Pac-12 Conference  The investigations determined that the claims made against Leach were without merit, and Wilson later recanted the allegations  Leach received a 2-year contract extension on November 18, 2013, after leading the Washington State Cougars to their best record since 2006 

2013 season
Leach led WSU to a 6–6 regular season in 2013 that had them bowl eligible for the first time in a decade  They were led on offense by Connor Halliday, who set school and conference records for passing  The Cougars defeated USC, California, Arizona, and Utah for a 4–5 conference record  Invited to the New Mexico Bowl in Albuquerque, WSU led most of the game, but lost 48–45 to the Colorado State Rams  Down by sixteen points with under three minutes to play, the Rams mounted an all-time great comeback, winning with a field goal as time expired in regulation  The Cougars led the nation in passing offense and total offense and Leach was awarded a pay raise for the Cougars' 2013 performance 

2014 season
The 2014 season saw the Cougars regress to a 3–9 record  The Cougars defeated Portland State 59–21, Utah 28–27, and Oregon State 39–32 

2015 season
In 2015, despite a season-opening loss to FCS school Portland State, the Cougars had their breakthrough season of the Leach era with a 9–4 record, 6–3 in the Pac-12  The Cougars were invited to the Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas, where they beat the Miami Hurricanes 20–14  This was the best Cougar record since the 2003 team went 10–3 

2016 season
WSU began the 2016 season with two losses, but rallied off eight consecutive wins before dropping their final two games  The success of their season, led by Luke Falk at quarterback, landed them in the Holiday Bowl in San Diego where they lost 17–12 to Minnesota of the Big Ten  WSU finished 7–2 in the Pac-12, with notable wins over Oregon and #15 Stanford  It was the Cougars' best conference finish in thirteen seasons, but the bowl loss gave WSU an overall record of 8–5 

2017 season
Washington State was 6–3 in the Pac-12 in 2017  They were again invited to the Holiday Bowl where they lost 42–17 to Michigan State and finished 9–4 overall 

2018 season
Leach recruited graduate transfer Gardner Minshew at quarterback in time for the 2018 season and it paid big dividends  The Cougars won a school record-tying ten games, the first time they had won that many in the regular season since the Rose Bowl year of 2002  They also surged as high as seventh in major polling and went into the Apple Cup with a chance to clinch the Pac-12 North title and a shot at the Rose Bowl, but lost 28–15 to rival Washington in the snow in Pullman, a sixth consecutive loss to the Huskies  The 10–2 Cougars were invited to the Alamo Bowl in San Antonio to play the Iowa State Cyclones of the Big 12  They won 28–26 for a school record 11th win 

2019 season
After Minshew went to the NFL, Leach led Washington State to a 6–7 record in 2019  Notably, Leach and the Cougars lost to unranked UCLA while ranked #19 going into the game  WSU ended the regular season with Leach's seventh consecutive Apple Cup loss 

Mississippi State
2020 season
On January 9, 2020, Leach agreed to be the head coach of the Mississippi State Bulldogs  His contract was reported to pay him $5 million annually  The season started with a 44–34 upset victory over no  6 LSU, who had won the CFP National Championship the previous season  The team struggled the rest of the season, winning only two more games, 24–17 over Vanderbilt and 51–32 over Missouri, finishing the regular season at 3–7  Despite the losing record, the Bulldogs were invited to the Armed Forces Bowl, as the NCAA waived bowl eligibility requirements due to the COVID-19 pandemic  Mississippi State faced off against no  24 Tulsa, defeating the Golden Hurricane 28–26 to finish with an overall record of 4–7 

2021 season
2022 season
Head coaching record
Achievements
Overall
Won 18 games over AP-ranked teams while his own team was unranked, the most since the AP Poll was introduced in 1936 

Kentucky
Four NCAA, 42 SEC, and 116 school records broken as Kentucky's offensive coordinator

Texas Tech
10 consecutive winning seasons
8 consecutive seasons with at least 8 wins
4 seasons with at least 9 wins
1 season with 11 wins
9 consecutive bowl appearances
5 bowl wins (most by any individual coach in the history of the program)
4 seasons completed with team ranked in the Top 25
19–11 record against in-state conference rivals Baylor, Texas, and Texas A&M
53–11 record at Jones AT&T Stadium, home of the Texas Tech Red Raider football team
2008 AP Big 12 Coach of the Year
2008 Big 12 Coach of the Year
Coached 1 Fred Biletnikoff Award (Best Wide Receiver) winner: Michael Crabtree (two-time winner)
Coached 1 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award (Best Senior Quarterback) winner: Graham Harrell
Coached 1 Mosi Tatupu Award (Best Kick Returner) winner: Wes Welker
Coached 3 Sammy Baugh Trophy (Outstanding Quarterback) winners: Kliff Kingsbury, B  J  Symons, and Graham Harrell
More than 150 NCAA, Big 12 and school records broken as Texas Tech's head coach
All-time winningest football coach in Texas Tech history

Washington State
2015 Pac-12 Coach of the Year
2018 Pac-12 Coach of the Year
4 consecutive winning seasons
First coach to win 11 games in a season
Coached 1 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award (Best Senior Quarterback) winner: Gardner Minshew
1 top 10 finish
2 bowl wins

Mississippi State
First head coach to win against a top 10 ranked team in coaching debut
Broke SEC and school record in passing yards in a single game

Coaching tree
Although he did not play college football, Leach played wide receiver under John McDougall, the longtime coach at Cody High School in Cody, Wyoming  Under Coach MacDougall, Cody played in two top division state championships while Leach was a student, winning one in 1976 in triple overtime against coach John Deti's Laramie Plainsmen 
Head coaches under whom Leach served:

Lyle Setencich: Cal Poly (1987)
Hal Mumme: Iowa Wesleyan (1989–1991), Valdosta State (1992–1996), Kentucky (1997–1998)
Bob Stoops: Oklahoma (1999)Assistant coaches under Leach who became college head coaches:

Dave Aranda: Baylor (2020–present)
Zach Arnett: Mississippi State (2022–present)
Art Briles: Houston (2003–2007), Baylor (2008–2015)
Jeff Choate: Montana State (2016–2020)
Sonny Dykes: Louisiana Tech (2010–2012), California (2013–2016), SMU (2018–2021), TCU (2022–present)
Dana Holgorsen: West Virginia (2011–2018), Houston (2019–present)
Seth Littrell: North Texas (2016–2022)
Greg McMackin: Hawaii (2008–2011)
Ruffin McNeill: East Carolina (2010–2015)
Lincoln Riley: Oklahoma (2017–2021), USC (2022–present)
Ken Wilson: Nevada (2022–present)Players under Leach who became college or NFL head coaches:

Neal Brown: Troy (2015–2018), West Virginia (2019–present)
Sonny Cumbie: Louisiana Tech (2022–present)
Josh Heupel: UCF (2018–2020), Tennessee (2021–present)
Kliff Kingsbury: Texas Tech (2013–2018), Arizona Cardinals (2019–2023)
Eric Morris: Incarnate Word (2018–2021), North Texas (2023-present)

Personal life
Leach was the oldest of six siblings  He and his wife, Sharon, were the parents of four children, along with three grandchildren Leach was atypical among NCAA Division I head coaches in that he did not play college football Famous among fans for his fascination with 18th-century pirates such as Blackbeard and Calico Jack, Leach lectured his players on the history of pirates, and told them before games to "swing their swords " His office had been described as a museum of pirate paraphernalia  Notably, his office at Washington State included a life-size statue of a singing pirate, a gift from basketball coaching legend Bob Knight, who had coached at Texas Tech for most of Leach's tenure at that school  In particular, Leach admired the teamwork exhibited by pirates:
Pirates function as a team  There were a lot of castes and classes in England at the time  But with pirates, it didn't matter if you were black, white, rich or poor  The object was to get a treasure  If the captain did a bad job, you could just overthrow him 
Leach spent time during each off-season pursuing non-sport interests  Besides pirates, he had studied topics such as Native American leader Geronimo, American pioneer Daniel Boone, grizzly bears, chimpanzees, whales, and American artist Jackson Pollock Leach made a cameo appearance on the TV series Friday Night Lights  In the show's fourth season, he portrayed a "random loon" at a gas station who implores a despondent coach Eric Taylor to "swing your sword" and "find your inner pirate "During the spring of 2019, Leach co-taught a five-week seminar at Washington State, "Insurgent Warfare and Football Strategies," alongside Washington politician Michael Baumgartner 

Death
On December 11, 2022, Leach experienced an undisclosed health issue and was hospitalized in Jackson, Mississippi  That evening, Sports Illustrated reporter Ross Dellenger reported that Leach was in critical condition  The Clarion-Ledger reported that Leach had suffered a massive heart attack and had not received medical attention for 10 to 15 minutes, and had also suffered seizures that may have contributed to brain damage as a result  He died the following day at the age of 61  In a statement, Mississippi State gave the cause of death as "complications due to a heart condition" 
Passage 10:
2003 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2003 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2003 NCAA Division I-A football season  In their fourth season under head coach Mike Leach, the Red Raiders compiled an 8–5 record (4–4 against Big 12 opponents), finished in fourth place in Southern Division of the Big 12, defeated Navy in the 2003 Houston Bowl, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 552 to 442  The team played its home games at Jones SBC Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 
Quarterback B  J  Symons totaled 5,833 passing yards and received the Sammy Baugh Trophy, and Wes Welker totaled 1,099 receiving yards and received the Mosi Tatupu Award 

Schedule
Personnel
Game summaries
Texas A&M
B J  Symons 34/46, 505 Yards, 8 TDs (Big 12 record)

Colorado



ground_truth: Man Haron

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: After coaching the red raiders to several winning seasons, where does Mike Leach currently coach at?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
The Real Glory
The Real Glory is a 1939 Samuel Goldwyn Productions adventure film starring Gary Cooper, David Niven, Andrea Leeds and Broderick Crawford released by United Artists in the weeks immediately following Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland  Based on a 1937 novel of the same name by Charles L  Clifford and directed by Henry Hathaway, the film is set against the backdrop of the Moro Rebellion during the American occupation of the Philippines at the beginning of the 20th century  According to The World news broadcast on Aug 18, 2017, the US War Department withdrew the film in 1942  The Moros were US allies in World War II, and the film had inflammatory scenes including threatening a Muslim prisoner with burial wrapped in a pig skin 

Plot
In 1906, Alipang (Tetsu Komai) and his Muslim Moro guerrillas are terrorizing the people of the Philippine island of Mindanao, raiding villages, killing the men, and carrying off the women and children for slaves  Instead of maintaining garrisons indefinitely to protect the Filipinos, the U S  army tests out a new tactic at Fort Mysang  The army detachment is replaced by a handful of officers – Colonel Hatch (Roy Gordon), Captains Manning (Russell Hicks) and Hartley (Reginald Owen), and Lieutenants McCool (David Niven) and Larsen (Broderick Crawford) – who are to train the native Philippine Constabulary to take over the burden  Army doctor Lieutenant Canavan (Gary Cooper) is sent along to keep them healthy  They are welcomed by a skeptical Padre Rafael (Charles Waldron) 
Alipang starts sending fanatical juramentados to assassinate the officers and goad them into attacking before the natives are fully trained  Hatch is the first victim, leaving Manning to take command  Manning's wife (Kay Johnson) and Hartley's daughter Linda (Andrea Leeds) arrive for a visit at the worst possible time; a horrified Mrs  Manning witnesses her husband's murder  Hartley takes charge, but Canavan disagrees with his by-the-book, overcautious approach  Disobeying orders, Canavan sets out for Alipang's camp guided by Miguel (Benny Inocencio), a young Moro boy he has befriended  "Mike" (as Canavan calls him) infiltrates the camp and learns that Alipang has sent another assassin, this time for Hartley  Canavan and Mike intercept the man and take him back a prisoner 
Linda and Canavan fall in love, much to the disappointment of McCool and Larsen  When Hartley insists she leave Mysang with Mrs  Manning, she refuses and helps out at the hospital 
Alipang then dams the river on which the villagers depend  Hartley refuses to send a detachment into the jungle to blow it up (he is concealing the fact that he is slowly going blind from an old head wound)  The people have to rely on an old well, but the contaminated water causes a cholera epidemic  Finally, Hartley has no choice but to send Larsen and some men to destroy the dam  They do not return 
The Datu (Vladimir Sokoloff), a supposedly friendly Moro leader, offers to guide Hartley and his men to the dam, but he is actually leading them into an ambush  Canavan learns of the Datu's treachery from Mike, the sole survivor of Larsen's detachment, and races to warn Hartley  Canavan forces the Datu to take him to the dam  The Datu is killed in a booby trap, but Canavan manages to dynamite the dam anyway  Then, he and the men raft back to the village, which is under attack by Alipang's men 
McCool is killed leading the defense, but Canavan and the rest return in time to turn the tide  Alipang is killed by Filipino Lieutenant Yabo (Rudy Robles)  Their mission accomplished, the Hartleys and Canavan depart, leaving the village in Yabo's care 

Cast
Gary Cooper as Dr  Bill Canavan
David Niven as Lieutenant Terence McCool
Andrea Leeds as Linda Hartley
Reginald Owen as Captain Steve Hartley
Broderick Crawford as Lieutenant Larsen  Crawford was cast against type as a good-natured orchid fancier 
Kay Johnson as Mrs  Mabel Manning
Russell Hicks as Captain George Manning
Vladimir Sokoloff as the Datu
Benny Inocencio as Miguel (Mike)
Charles Waldron as Padre Rafael
Rudy Robles as Lieutenant Yabo
Tetsu Komai as Alipang
Roy Gordon as Colonel Hatch
Henry Kolker as the General
Elvira Ríos as Mrs  Yabo (uncredited)

Production
Sam Goldwyn bought the screen rights to Charles Clifford's story on 28 October 1936  It was unsure who the star would be – possibilities included Joel McCrea and Gary Cooper, who both had deals with Goldwyn – but Walter Brennan was announced as the second lead  Goldwyn sought a meeting with Philippines President Quezon to get his government's co operation to make the film  Goldwyn wanted to make the film in color In June 1938 Goldwyn signed a contract with Paramount to borrow director Henry Hathaway for three films, the first of which was to be The Real Glory  Goldwyn assigned Gary Cooper to star as he and Hathaway had successfully made Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) together  The film was also known as The Last Frontier  Cooper was placed under exclusive contract to Goldwyn Filming took place in April 1939  There were considerable troubles finding and managing the Filipino extras  Reginald Owen replaced Donald Crisp 
The Philippine government reportedly requested changes to the film, due to the depiction of Philippine soldiers as cowards, which were denied  However the government later said they made no such suggestions 

Burial in a pig skin
In one scene Padre Rafael tells Dr  Canavan that the Moros are afraid of burial in a pig skin  In a later scene Dr  Canavan threatens Moro prisoner with this, and a pig skin is laid on the ground in front of the prisoner  This episode echoes a report in General Pershing's memoir My Life Before the World War that a Muslim fighter had been "publicly buried in the same grave with a dead pig"  There is a related, but widely discredited, claim that Pershing had threatened to execute Muslim Moro prisoners with bullets dipped in pigs' blood  The historian Brian M  Linn wrote that it was unlikely that Pershing was involved in or had ordered others to commit religiously insulting acts, and that the episode in The Real Glory had probably fuelled the myth  This claim concerning bullets dipped in pigs' blood was referred to by Donald Trump in a presidential campaign speech in February 2016 and in a tweet following the terrorist attacks in Barcelona on August 17, 2017  On the other hand, evidence from Rear Admiral Danial P  Maddox, 3rd supports the claim of the Americans burying Moros in pigskins 

Notes and references
Notes
Passage 2:
Jay Sheffield
Jay Howard Sheffield (September 25, 1934 – June 25, 1998) was an American actor, who appeared on the stage, in films, and on television  He married Barbara Babcock on June 9, 1962, in San Mateo, California  They later divorced 
Sheffield played Pvt  Langellia in the 1960 Off-Broadway production of Paths of Glory  In 1963 Sheffield played Phileas Fogg III in The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze He played Ezel in the May 31, 1964 Oh, My Aching Antenna episode of My Favorite Martian  From September 1965 to July 1966 he played Steven Brent on the ABC television series Tammy   He was also in Tammy and the Millionaire (1967), a film made from four episodes of the show Sheffield was in numerous episodes of Hogan's Heroes, including How to Escape From a Prison Camp Without Really trying (March 2, 1968, played Corporal), How to Catch a Papa Bear (October 12, 1968, played Gestapo Officer), and Never Play Cards With Strangers (November 9, 1968, played Captain Moss) 
Passage 3:
David Niven
James David Graham Niven (; 1 March 1910 – 29 July 1983) was a British actor, soldier, memoirist, and novelist  Niven was known as a handsome and debonair leading man in Classic Hollywood films  He received an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award 
Born in London, Niven attended Heatherdown Preparatory School and Stowe School before gaining a place at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst  After Sandhurst, he joined the British Army and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Highland Light Infantry  Upon developing an interest in acting, he found a role as an extra in the British film There Goes the Bride (1932)  Bored with the peacetime army, he resigned his commission in 1933, relocated to New York, then travelled to Hollywood  There, he hired an agent and had several small parts in films through 1935, including a non-speaking role in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)  This helped him gain a contract with Samuel Goldwyn 
Parts, initially small, in major motion pictures followed, including Dodsworth (1936), The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936), and The Prisoner of Zenda (1937)  By 1938, he was starring as a leading man in films such as Wuthering Heights (1939)  Upon the outbreak of the Second World War, Niven returned to Britain and rejoined the army, being recommissioned as a lieutenant  In 1942, he co-starred in the morale-building film about the development of the Supermarine Spitfire fighter, The First of the Few (1942) 
He went on to receive the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Separate Tables (1958)  Other notable films during this time period include A Matter of Life and Death (1946), The Bishop's Wife (1947), Enchantment (1948), The Elusive Pimpernel (1950), The Moon Is Blue (1953), Around the World in 80 Days (1956), My Man Godfrey (1957), The Guns of Navarone (1961), Murder by Death (1976), and Death on the Nile (1978)  He also earned acclaim and notoriety playing Sir Charles Lytton in The Pink Panther (1963) and James Bond in Casino Royale (1967) 

Early life and family
James David Graham Niven was born on 1 March 1910 at Belgrave Mansions, Grosvenor Gardens, London, to William Edward Graham Niven (1878–1915) and his wife, Henrietta Julia (née Degacher) Niven (1878–1932)  He was named David after his birth on St David's Day  Niven later claimed he was born in Kirriemuir, in the Scottish county of Angus in 1909, but his birth certificate disproves this  He had two older sisters and a brother: Margaret Joyce Niven (1900–1981), Henry Degacher Niven (1902–1953), and the sculptor Grizel Rosemary Graham (1906–2007), who created the bronze sculpture Bessie that is presented to the annual winners of the Women's Prize for Fiction 
Niven's father, William Niven, was of Scottish descent; he was killed in the First World War serving with the Berkshire Yeomanry during the Gallipoli campaign on 21 August 1915   He is buried in Green Hill Cemetery, Turkey, in the Special Memorial Section in Plot F  10   Niven's paternal great grandfather and namesake, David Graham Niven, (1811–1884) was from St Martin's, a village in Perthshire  A physician, he married in Worcestershire, and lived in Pershore 
Niven's mother, Henriette, was born in Brecon, Wales  Her father was Captain (brevet Major) William Degacher (1841–1879) of the 1st Battalion, 24th Regiment of Foot, who was killed at the Battle of Isandlwana during the Anglo-Zulu War in 1879  Although born William Hitchcock, in 1874, he and his older brother Lieutenant Colonel Henry Degacher (1835–1902), both followed their father, Walter Henry Hitchcock, in taking their mother's maiden name of Degacher  Henriette's mother was Julia Caroline Smith, the daughter of Lieutenant General James Webber Smith CB 
After her husband's death in Turkey in 1915, Henrietta Niven remarried in London in 1917 to Conservative politician Sir Thomas Comyn-Platt (1869–1961)  The family moved to Rose Cottage in Bembridge on the Isle of Wight after selling their London home  In his 1971 biography, The Moon's a Balloon, Niven wrote fondly of his childhood home:

It became necessary for the house in London to be sold and our permanent address was now as advertised — a cottage which had a reputation for unreliability  When the East wind blew, the front door got stuck and when the West wind blew, the back door could not be opened – only the combined weight of the family seemed to keep it anchored to the ground  I adored it and was happier there than I had ever been, especially because, with a rare flash of genius, my mother decided that during the holidays she would be alone with her children  Uncle Tommy was barred – I don't know where he went – to the Carlton Club I suppose 
Literary editor and biographer, Graham Lord, wrote in Niv: The Authorised Biography of David Niven, that Comyn-Platt and Niven's mother may have been in an affair well before her husband's death in 1915 and that Comyn-Platt was actually Niven's biological father, a supposition that had some support among Niven's siblings  In a review of Lord's book, Hugh Massingberd from The Spectator stated photographic evidence did show a strong physical resemblance between Niven and Comyn-Platt that "would appear to confirm these theories, though photographs can often be misleading " Niven is said to have revealed that he knew Comyn-Platt was his real father a year before his own death in 1983 After his mother remarried, Niven's stepfather had him sent away to boarding school  In The Moon's a Balloon, Niven described the bullying, isolation, and abuse he endured as a six-year-old  He said that older pupils would regularly assault younger boys, while the schoolmasters were not much better  Niven wrote of one sadistic teacher:

Mr Croome, when he tired of pulling ears halfway out of our heads (I still have one that sticks out almost at right-angles thanks to this son of a bitch) and delivering, for the smallest mistake in Latin declension, backhanded slaps that knocked one off one's bench, delighted in saying, 'Show me the hand that wrote this' — then bringing down the sharp edge of a heavy ruler across the offending wrist 
Years later, after joining the British Army, a vengeful Niven decided to return to the boarding school to pay a call on Mr Croome but he found the place abandoned and empty While attending school – as was customary for the time – Niven received many instances of corporal punishment owing to his inclination for pranks  It was this behaviour that finally led to his expulsion from his next school, Heatherdown Preparatory School, at the age of 10½  This ended his chances for Eton College, a significant blow to his family  After failing to pass the naval entrance exam because of his difficulty with maths, Niven attended Stowe School, a newly created public school led by headmaster J  F  Roxburgh, who was unlike any of Niven's previous headmasters  Thoughtful and kind, he addressed the boys by their first names, allowed them bicycles, and encouraged and nurtured their personal interests  Niven later wrote, "How he did this, I shall never know, but he made every single boy at that school feel that what he said and what he did were of real importance to the headmaster "In 1928, an 18-year-old Niven had sex with 15-year-old Margaret Whigham (the future socialite and Duchess of Argyll) while she was on holiday in Bembridge  To the fury of her father, Niven got Whigham pregnant  She was rushed into a London nursing home for a secret termination  "All hell broke loose," remembered  Elizabeth Duckworth, the family cook  Whigham adored Niven until the day he died  She was among the VIP guests at his London memorial service 

Military service
In 1928, Niven attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst  He graduated in 1930 with a commission as a second lieutenant in the British Army He did well at Sandhurst, which gave him the "officer and gentleman" bearing that was his trademark  He requested assignment to the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders or the Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment), then jokingly wrote on the form, as his third choice, "anything but the Highland Light Infantry" (because that regiment wore tartan trews rather than the kilt)  He was assigned to the HLI, with which he served for two years in Malta and then for a few months in Dover  In Malta, he became friends with the maverick Mike Trubshawe, and served under Roy Urquhart, future commander of the British 1st Airborne Division  On 21 October 1956, in an episode of the game show What's My Line?, Niven, as a member of the celebrity panel, was reacquainted with one of his former enlisted men  Alexander McGeachin was a guest and when his turn in the questioning came up, Niven asked, "Were you in a famous British regiment on Malta?" After McGeachin affirmed that he was, Niven quipped, "Did you have the misfortune to have me as your officer?" At that point, Niven had a brief but pleasant reunion Niven grew tired of the peacetime army  Though promoted to lieutenant on 1 January 1933, he saw no opportunity for further advancement  His ultimate decision to resign came after a lengthy lecture on machine guns, which was interfering with his plans for dinner with a particularly attractive young lady  At the end of the lecture, the speaker (a major general) asked if there were any questions  Showing the typical rebelliousness of his early years, Niven asked, "Could you tell me the time, sir? I have to catch a train "After being placed under close-arrest for this act of insubordination, Niven finished a bottle of whisky with the officer who was guarding him: Rhoddy Rose (later Colonel R  L  C  Rose, DSO, MC)  With Rose's assistance, Niven was allowed to escape from a first-floor window  He then headed for America  While crossing the Atlantic, Niven resigned his commission by telegram on 6 September 1933  In New York City, Niven began a brief and unsuccessful career in whisky sales, followed by a stint in horse rodeo promotion in Atlantic City, New Jersey  After detours to Bermuda and Cuba, he arrived in Hollywood in 1934 

Film career
1935–1938: Early roles
When Niven presented himself at Central Casting, he learned that he needed a work permit to reside and work in the United States  As this required leaving the US, he went to Mexico, where he worked as a "gun-man", cleaning and polishing the rifles of visiting American hunters  He received his resident alien visa from the American consulate when his birth certificate arrived from Britain  He returned to the US and was accepted by Central Casting as "Anglo-Saxon Type No  2,008 " Among the initial films in which he can be seen are Barbary Coast (1935) and Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)  He secured a small role in A Feather in Her Hat (1935) at Columbia before returning to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for a bit role, billed as David Nivens, in Rose Marie (1936) 
Niven's role in Mutiny on the Bounty brought him to the attention of independent film producer Samuel Goldwyn, who signed him to a contract and established his career  For Goldwyn, Niven again had a small role in Splendor (1935)  He was lent to MGM for a minor part in Rose Marie (1936), then a larger one in Palm Springs (1936) at Paramount  His first sizeable role for Goldwyn came in Dodsworth (1936), playing a man who flirts with Ruth Chatterton  In that same year he was again loaned out, to 20th Century Fox to play Bertie Wooster in Thank You, Jeeves! (1936), before finally landing a sizeable role as a soldier in The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936) at Warners, an Imperial adventure film starring his housemate at the time, Errol Flynn  Niven was fourth billed in Beloved Enemy (1936) for Goldwyn, supporting Merle Oberon with whom he became romantically involved  Universal used him in We Have Our Moments (1937) and he had another good supporting role in David O  Selznick's The Prisoner of Zenda (1937) 

1938–1939: Leading man
Fox Studios gave him the lead in a B picture, Dinner at the Ritz (1938) and he again had a supporting role in Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) directed by Ernst Lubitsch at Paramount  Niven was one of the four heroes in John Ford's Four Men and a Prayer (1938), also with Fox  He remained with Fox to play the part of a fake love interest in Three Blind Mice (1938)  Niven joined what became known as the Hollywood Raj, a group of British actors in Hollywood which included Rex Harrison, Boris Karloff, Stan Laurel, Basil Rathbone, Ronald Colman, Leslie Howard, and C  Aubrey Smith  According to his autobiography, Errol Flynn and he were firm friends and rented Rosalind Russell's house at 601 North Linden Drive as a bachelor pad 
Niven graduated to star parts in "A" films with The Dawn Patrol (1938) remake at Warners; although he was billed below Errol Flynn and Basil Rathbone, it was a leading role and the film did excellent business  Niven was reluctant to take a supporting part in Wuthering Heights (1939) for Goldwyn, but eventually relented and the film was a big success  RKO borrowed him to play Ginger Rogers' leading man in the romantic comedy Bachelor Mother (1939), which was another big hit  Goldwyn used him to support Gary Cooper in the adventure tale The Real Glory (1939), and Walter Wanger cast him opposite Loretta Young in Eternally Yours (1939)  Finally, Goldwyn granted Niven a lead part, the title role as the eponymous gentleman safe-cracker in Raffles (1939) 

1939–1945: Second World War
The day after Britain declared war on Germany in 1939, Niven returned home and rejoined the British Army  He was alone among British stars in Hollywood in doing so; the British Embassy advised most actors to stay Niven was recommissioned as a lieutenant in the Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) on 25 February 1940, and was assigned to a motor training battalion  He wanted something more exciting, however, and transferred to the Commandos  He was assigned to a training base at Inverailort House in the Western Highlands  Niven later claimed credit for bringing future Major General Sir Robert Laycock to the Commandos  Niven commanded "A" Squadron GHQ Liaison Regiment, better known as "Phantom"  He was promoted to war-substantive captain on 18 August 1941 

Niven also worked with the Army Film and Photographic Unit  His work included a small part in the deception operation that used minor actor M  E  Clifton James to impersonate General Sir Bernard Montgomery  During his work with the AFPU, Peter Ustinov, one of the script-writers, had to pose as Niven's batman  Niven explained in his autobiography that there was no military way that he, a lieutenant-colonel, and Ustinov, who was only a private, could associate, other than as an officer and his subordinate, hence their strange "act"  In 1978, Niven and Ustinov would star together in a film adaption of Agatha Christie's Death on the Nile 
He acted in two wartime films not formally associated with the AFPU, but both made with a firm view to winning support for the British war effort, especially in the United States  These were The First of the Few (1942), directed by Leslie Howard, and The Way Ahead (1944), directed by Carol Reed  Ustinov also played a large supporting role as a Frenchman in The Way Ahead 
Niven was also given a significant if largely unheralded role in the creation of SHAEF's military radio efforts conceived to provide entertainment to American, British and Canadian forces in England and Europe  In 1944 he worked extensively with the BBC and SHAEF to expand these broadcast efforts  He also worked extensively with Major Glenn Miller, whose Army Air Force big band, formed in the US, was performing and broadcasting for troops in England  Niven played a role in the operation to move the Miller band to France prior to Miller's December 1944 disappearance while flying over the English Channel 
On 14 March 1944, Niven was promoted war-substantive major (temporary lieutenant-colonel)  He took part in the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944, although he was sent to France several days after D-Day  He served in "Phantom", a secret reconnaissance and signals unit which located and reported enemy positions, and kept rear commanders informed on changing battle lines  Niven was posted at one time to Chilham in Kent  He spoke little about his experience in the war, despite public interest in celebrities in combat and a reputation for storytelling  He once said:

I will, however, tell you just one thing about the war, my first story and my last  I was asked by some American friends to search out the grave of their son near Bastogne  I found it where they told me I would, but it was among 27,000 others, and I told myself that here, Niven, were 27,000 reasons why you should keep your mouth shut after the war 

Niven had particular scorn for those newspaper columnists covering the war who typed out self-glorifying and excessively florid prose about their meagre wartime experiences  Niven stated, "Anyone who says a bullet sings past, hums past, flies, pings, or whines past, has never heard one – they go crack!" He gave a few details of his war experience in his autobiography, The Moon's a Balloon: his private conversations with Winston Churchill, the bombing of London, and what it was like entering Germany with the occupation forces  Niven first met Churchill at a dinner party in February 1940  Churchill singled him out from the crowd and stated, "Young man, you did a fine thing to give up your film career to fight for your country  Mark you, had you not done so – it would have been despicable "A few stories have surfaced  About to lead his men into action, Niven eased their nervousness by telling them, "Look, you chaps only have to do this once  But I'll have to do it all over again in Hollywood with Errol Flynn!" Asked by suspicious American sentries during the Battle of the Bulge who had won the World Series in 1943, he answered, "Haven't the foggiest idea, but I did co-star with Ginger Rogers in Bachelor Mother!"Niven ended the war as a lieutenant-colonel  On his return to Hollywood after the war, he received the Legion of Merit, an American military decoration  It honoured Niven's work in setting up the BBC Allied Expeditionary Forces Programme, a radio news and entertainment station for the Allied forces 

1946–1950: Postwar career
Niven resumed his career while still in England, playing the lead in A Matter of Life and Death (1946), from the team of Powell and Pressburger  The movie was critically acclaimed, popular in England and was selected as the first Royal Film Performance  Niven returned to Hollywood and encountered tragedy when his first wife died after falling down a flight of stairs at a party  Goldwyn lent him to play Aaron Burr in Magnificent Doll (1946) opposite Ginger Rogers, then to Paramount for The Perfect Marriage (1947) with Loretta Young and Enterprise Productions for The Other Love (1947)  For Goldwyn he supported Cary Grant and Young in The Bishop's Wife (1947)  He returned to England when Goldwyn lent him to Alexander Korda to play the title role in Bonnie Prince Charlie (1948), a notorious box office flop  Back in Hollywood Niven was in Goldwyn's Enchantment (1948) with Teresa Wright  At Warner Bros he was in a comedy A Kiss in the Dark (1948) with Jane Wyman, then he appeared opposite Shirley Temple in the comedy A Kiss for Corliss (1949)  None of these films was successful at the box office and Niven's career was struggling 
He returned to Britain to play the title role in The Elusive Pimpernel (1950) from Powell and Pressberger, which was to have been financed by Korda and Goldwyn  Goldwyn pulled out and the film did not appear in the US for three years  Niven had a long, complex relationship with Goldwyn, who gave him his first start, but the dispute over The Elusive Pimpernel and Niven's demands for more money led to a long estrangement between the two in the 1950s 

1951–1964: Renewed acclaim
Niven struggled for a while to recapture his former position  He supported Mario Lanza in a musical at MGM, The Toast of New Orleans (1950)  He then went to England and appeared in a musical with Vera-Ellen, Happy Go Lovely (1951); it was little seen in the US but was a big hit in Britain  He had a support role in MGM's Soldiers Three (1951) similar to those early in his career  Niven had a far better part in the British war film Appointment with Venus (1952), which was popular in England  The Lady Says No (1952) was a poorly received American comedy at the time  Niven decided to try Broadway, appearing opposite Gloria Swanson in Nina (1951–52)  The play ran for only 45 performances but it was seen by Otto Preminger, who decided to cast Niven in the film version of the play The Moon Is Blue (1953)  As preparation Preminger, who had directed the play in New York, insisted that Niven appear on stage in the West Coast run  The Moon Is Blue, a sex comedy, became notorious when it was released without a Production Code Seal of Approval; it was a big hit and Niven won a Golden Globe Award for his role  Niven's next few films were made in England: The Love Lottery (1954), a comedy; Carrington V C  (1954), a drama that earned Niven a BAFTA nomination for Best Actor; Happy Ever After (1954), a comedy with Yvonne de Carlo, which was hugely popular in Britain  In Hollywood, he had a thankless role as the villain in an MGM swashbuckler The King's Thief (1955)  He had a better part in The Birds and the Bees (1956), portraying a conman in a remake of The Lady Eve (1941), in which Niven played a third-billed supporting role under American television comedian George Gobel and leading lady Mitzi Gaynor  Niven also appeared in the British romantic comedy The Silken Affair (1956) with Geneviève Page the same year 
Niven's professional fortunes were completely restored when cast as Phileas Fogg in Around the World in 80 Days (1956), a huge hit at the box office  It also won the Academy Award for Best Picture  He followed it with Oh, Men! Oh, Women! (1957); The Little Hut (1957), from the writer of The Moon is Blue and a success at the box office; My Man Godfrey (1957), a screwball comedy; and Bonjour Tristesse (1958), for Preminger  Niven worked in television  He appeared several times on various short-drama shows and was one of the "four stars" of the dramatic anthology series Four Star Playhouse, appearing in 33 episodes  The show was produced by Four Star Television, which was co-owned and founded by Niven, Ida Lupino, Dick Powell and Charles Boyer  The show ended in 1955, but Four Star TV became a highly successful TV production company 

Niven is the only person to win an Academy Award at the ceremony he was hosting  He won the 1958 Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Major Pollock in Separate Tables, his only nomination for an Oscar  Appearing on-screen for only 23 minutes in the film, this is the briefest performance ever to win a Best Actor Oscar  He was also a co-host of the 30th, 31st, and 46th Academy Awards ceremonies  After Niven had won the Academy Award, Goldwyn called with an invitation to his home  In Goldwyn's drawing-room, Niven noticed a picture of himself in uniform which he had sent to Goldwyn from Britain during the Second World War  In happier times with Goldwyn, he had observed this same picture sitting on Goldwyn's piano  Now years later, the picture was still in exactly the same spot  As he was looking at the picture, Goldwyn's wife Frances said, "Sam never took it down " With an Academy Award to his credit, Niven's career continued to thrive  In 1959, he became the host of his own TV drama series, The David Niven Show, which ran for 13 episodes that summer  He played the lead in some comedies: Ask Any Girl (1959), with Shirley MacLaine; Happy Anniversary (1959) with Mitzi Gaynor; and Please Don't Eat the Daisies (1960) with Doris Day, a big hit 

Even more popular was the action film The Guns of Navarone (1961) with Gregory Peck and Anthony Quinn  This role led to him being cast in further war and/or action movies: The Captive City (1962); The Best of Enemies (1962); Guns of Darkness (1962); 55 Days at Peking (1963) with Charlton Heston and Ava Gardner  Niven returned to comedy with The Pink Panther (1963) also starring Peter Sellers, another huge success at the box office  Less so was the comedy Bedtime Story (1964) with Marlon Brando  In 1964, Charles Boyer, Gig Young and top-billed Niven appeared in the Four Star series The Rogues  Niven played Alexander 'Alec' Fleming, one of a family of retired con-artists who now fleece villains in the interests of justice  This was his only recurring role on television, and the series was originally set up to more or less revolve between the three leads in various combinations (one-lead, two-lead and three-lead episodes), although the least otherwise busy Gig Young wound up carrying most of the series  The Rogues ran for only one season, but won a Golden Globe award and currently remains a cult favourite 

1965–1982: Later films
In 1965, he made two films for MGM: the Peter Ustinov-directed Lady L, supporting Paul Newman and Sophia Loren, and Where the Spies Are, as a doctor-turned-secret agent – MGM hoped it would lead to a series, but this did not happen  After the horror film Eye of the Devil (1966), Niven appeared as James Bond in Casino Royale (1967), and is, with the exception of Sean Connery in Never Say Never Again, the only other man to ever portray Bond in a non-Eon Productions film  Niven had been Bond creator Ian Fleming's first choice to play Bond in Dr  No  Casino Royale co-producer Charles K  Feldman said later that Fleming had written the book with Niven in mind, and therefore had sent a copy to Niven  Niven was the only actor who played James Bond mentioned by name in the text of a Fleming novel  In chapter 14 of You Only Live Twice, the pearl diver Kissy Suzuki refers to Niven as "the only man she liked in Hollywood", and the only person who "treated her honourably" there 
Niven made some popular comedies, Prudence and the Pill (1968) and The Impossible Years (1968)  Less widely seen was The Extraordinary Seaman (1969)



ground_truth: Washington State

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did the place in Canada where François Beaucourt (1740-1794) was mainly active acquired its present name?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease  The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified  A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins  The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future 
Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight a disease that has already occurred, such as cancer)  Some vaccines offer full sterilizing immunity, in which infection is prevented completely The administration of vaccines is called vaccination  Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such as polio, measles, and tetanus from much of the world  The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that licensed vaccines are currently available for twenty-five different preventable infections The first recorded use of Inoculation to prevent smallpox occurred in the 16th century in China, with the earliest hints of the practice in China coming during the 10th century   It was also the first disease for which a vaccine was produced The folk practice of inoculation against smallpox was brought from Turkey to Britain in 1721 by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 
The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Edward Jenner (who both developed the concept of vaccines and created the first vaccine) to denote cowpox  He used the phrase in 1798 for the long title of his Inquiry into the Variolae vaccinae Known as the Cow Pox, in which he described the protective effect of cowpox against smallpox  In 1881, to honor Jenner, Louis Pasteur proposed that the terms should be extended to cover the new protective inoculations then being developed  The science of vaccine development and production is termed vaccinology 

Effects
There is overwhelming scientific consensus that vaccines are a very safe and effective way to fight and eradicate infectious diseases  The immune system recognizes vaccine agents as foreign, destroys them, and "remembers" them  When the virulent version of an agent is encountered, the body recognizes the protein coat on the agent, and thus is prepared to respond, by first neutralizing the target agent before it can enter cells, and secondly by recognizing and destroying infected cells before that agent can multiply to vast numbers Limitations to their effectiveness, nevertheless, exist  Sometimes, protection fails for vaccine-related reasons such as failures in vaccine attenuation, vaccination regimens or administration Failure may also occur for host-related reasons if the host's immune system does not respond adequately or at all  Host-related lack of response occurs in an estimated 2-10% of individuals, due to factors including genetics, immune status, age, health and nutritional status  One type of primary immunodeficiency disorder resulting in genetic failure is X-linked agammaglobulinemia, in which the absence of an enzyme essential for B cell development prevents the host's immune system from generating antibodies to a pathogen Host–pathogen interactions and responses to infection are dynamic processes involving multiple pathways in the immune system  A host does not develop antibodies instantaneously: while the body's innate immunity may be activated in as little as twelve hours, adaptive immunity can take 1–2 weeks to fully develop  During that time, the host can still become infected Once antibodies are produced, they may promote immunity in any of several ways, depending on the class of antibodies involved  Their success in clearing or inactivating a pathogen will depend on the amount of antibodies produced and on the extent to which those antibodies are effective at countering the strain of the pathogen involved, since different strains may be differently susceptible to a given immune reaction  
In some cases vaccines may result in partial immune protection (in which immunity is less than 100% effective but still reduces risk of infection) or in temporary immune protection (in which immunity wanes over time) rather than full or permanent immunity  They can still raise the reinfection threshold for the population as a whole and make a substantial impact  They can also mitigate the severity of infection, resulting in a lower mortality rate, lower morbidity, faster recovery from illness, and a wide range of other effects Those who are older often display less of a response than those who are younger, a pattern known as Immunosenescence Adjuvants commonly are used to boost immune response, particularly for older people whose immune response to a simple vaccine may have weakened The efficacy or performance of the vaccine is dependent on several factors:

the disease itself (for some diseases vaccination performs better than for others)
the strain of vaccine (some vaccines are specific to, or at least most effective against, particular strains of the disease)
whether the vaccination schedule has been properly observed 
idiosyncratic response to vaccination; some individuals are "non-responders" to certain vaccines, meaning that they do not generate antibodies even after being vaccinated correctly 
assorted factors such as ethnicity, age, or genetic predisposition If a vaccinated individual does develop the disease vaccinated against (breakthrough infection), the disease is likely to be less virulent than in unvaccinated cases Important considerations in an effective vaccination program:
careful modeling to anticipate the effect that an immunization campaign will have on the epidemiology of the disease in the medium to long term
ongoing surveillance for the relevant disease following introduction of a new vaccine
maintenance of high immunization rates, even when a disease has become rareIn 1958, there were 763,094 cases of measles in the United States; 552 deaths resulted  After the introduction of new vaccines, the number of cases dropped to fewer than 150 per year (median of 56)  In early 2008, there were 64 suspected cases of measles  Fifty-four of those infections were associated with importation from another country, although only thirteen percent were actually acquired outside the United States; 63 of the 64 individuals either had never been vaccinated against measles or were uncertain whether they had been vaccinated Vaccines led to the eradication of smallpox, one of the most contagious and deadly diseases in humans  Other diseases such as rubella, polio, measles, mumps, chickenpox, and typhoid are nowhere near as common as they were a hundred years ago thanks to widespread vaccination programs  As long as the vast majority of people are vaccinated, it is much more difficult for an outbreak of disease to occur, let alone spread  This effect is called herd immunity  Polio, which is transmitted only among humans, is targeted by an extensive eradication campaign that has seen endemic polio restricted to only parts of three countries (Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan)  However, the difficulty of reaching all children, cultural misunderstandings, and disinformation have caused the anticipated eradication date to be missed several times Vaccines also help prevent the development of antibiotic resistance  For example, by greatly reducing the incidence of pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, vaccine programs have greatly reduced the prevalence of infections resistant to penicillin or other first-line antibiotics The measles vaccine is estimated to prevent a million deaths every year 

Adverse effects
Vaccinations given to children, adolescents, or adults are generally safe  Adverse effects, if any, are generally mild  The rate of side effects depends on the vaccine in question  Some common side effects include fever, pain around the injection site, and muscle aches  Additionally, some individuals may be allergic to ingredients in the vaccine  MMR vaccine is rarely associated with febrile seizures Host-("vaccinee")-related determinants that render a person susceptible to infection, such as genetics, health status (underlying disease, nutrition, pregnancy, sensitivities or allergies), immune competence, age, and economic impact or cultural environment can be primary or secondary factors affecting the severity of infection and response to a vaccine  Elderly (above age 60), allergen-hypersensitive, and obese people have susceptibility to compromised immunogenicity, which prevents or inhibits vaccine effectiveness, possibly requiring separate vaccine technologies for these specific populations or repetitive booster vaccinations to limit virus transmission Severe side effects are extremely rare  Varicella vaccine is rarely associated with complications in immunodeficient individuals, and rotavirus vaccines are moderately associated with intussusception At least 19 countries have no-fault compensation programs to provide compensation for those with severe adverse effects of vaccination  The United States' program is known as the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, and the United Kingdom employs the Vaccine Damage Payment 

Types
Vaccines typically contain attenuated, inactivated or dead organisms or purified products derived from them  There are several types of vaccines in use  These represent different strategies used to try to reduce the risk of illness while retaining the ability to induce a beneficial immune response 

Attenuated
Some vaccines contain live, attenuated microorganisms  Many of these are active viruses that have been cultivated under conditions that disable their virulent properties, or that use closely related but less dangerous organisms to produce a broad immune response  Although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature  Examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, measles, mumps, and rubella, and the bacterial disease typhoid  The live Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine developed by Calmette and Guérin is not made of a contagious strain but contains a virulently modified strain called "BCG" used to elicit an immune response to the vaccine  The live attenuated vaccine containing strain Yersinia pestis EV is used for plague immunization  Attenuated vaccines have some advantages and disadvantages  Attenuated, or live, weakened, vaccines typically provoke more durable immunological responses  But they may not be safe for use in immunocompromised individuals, and on rare occasions mutate to a virulent form and cause disease 

Inactivated
Some vaccines contain inactivated, but previously virulent, micro-organisms that have been destroyed with chemicals, heat, or radiation – "ghosts", with intact but empty bacterial cell envelopes  They are considered an intermediate phase between the inactivated and attenuated vaccines  Examples include IPV (polio vaccine), hepatitis A vaccine, rabies vaccine and most influenza vaccines 

Toxoid
Toxoid vaccines are made from inactivated toxic compounds that cause illness rather than the micro-organism  Examples of toxoid-based vaccines include tetanus and diphtheria  Not all toxoids are for micro-organisms; for example, Crotalus atrox toxoid is used to vaccinate dogs against rattlesnake bites 

Subunit
Rather than introducing an inactivated or attenuated micro-organism to an immune system (which would constitute a "whole-agent" vaccine), a subunit vaccine uses a fragment of it to create an immune response  One example is the subunit vaccine against hepatitis B, which is composed of only the surface proteins of the virus (previously extracted from the blood serum of chronically infected patients but now produced by recombination of the viral genes into yeast)  Another example is edible algae vaccines, such as the virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV), which is composed of the viral major capsid protein  Another example is the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of the influenza virus  A subunit vaccine is being used for plague immunization 

Conjugate
Certain bacteria have a polysaccharide outer coat that is poorly immunogenic  By linking these outer coats to proteins (e g , toxins), the immune system can be led to recognize the polysaccharide as if it were a protein antigen  This approach is used in the Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine 

Outer membrane vesicle
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are naturally immunogenic and can be manipulated to produce potent vaccines  The best known OMV vaccines are those developed for serotype B meningococcal disease 

Heterotypic
Heterologous vaccines also known as "Jennerian vaccines", are vaccines that are pathogens of other animals that either do not cause disease or cause mild disease in the organism being treated  The classic example is Jenner's use of cowpox to protect against smallpox  A current example is the use of BCG vaccine made from Mycobacterium bovis to protect against tuberculosis 

Genetic vaccine
The subgroup of genetic vaccines encompass viral vector vaccines, RNA vaccines and DNA vaccines 

Viral vector
Viral vector vaccines use a safe virus to insert pathogen genes in the body to produce specific antigens, such as surface proteins, to stimulate an immune response 

RNA
An mRNA vaccine (or RNA vaccine) is a novel type of vaccine which is composed of the nucleic acid RNA, packaged within a vector such as lipid nanoparticles  Among the COVID-19 vaccines are a number of RNA vaccines to combat the COVID-19 pandemic and some have been approved or have received emergency use authorization in some countries  For example, the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine and Moderna mRNA vaccine are approved for use in adults and children in the US 

DNA
DNA vaccination – The proposed mechanism is the insertion and expression of viral or bacterial DNA in human or animal cells (enhanced by the use of electroporation), triggering immune system recognition  Some cells of the immune system that recognize the proteins expressed will mount an attack against these proteins and cells expressing them  Because these cells live for a very long time, if the pathogen that normally expresses these proteins is encountered at a later time, they will be attacked instantly by the immune system  One potential advantage of DNA vaccines is that they are very easy to produce and store 
In August 2021, Indian authorities gave emergency approval to ZyCoV-D  Developed by Cadila Healthcare, it is the first DNA vaccine approved for humans 

Experimental
Many innovative vaccines are also in development and use 

Dendritic cell vaccines combine dendritic cells with antigens to present the antigens to the body's white blood cells, thus stimulating an immune reaction  These vaccines have shown some positive preliminary results for treating brain tumors and are also tested in malignant melanoma 
Recombinant vector – by combining the physiology of one micro-organism and the DNA of another, immunity can be created against diseases that have complex infection processes  An example is the RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine licensed to Merck that is being used in 2018 to combat ebola in Congo 
T-cell receptor peptide vaccines are under development for several diseases using models of Valley Fever, stomatitis, and atopic dermatitis  These peptides have been shown to modulate cytokine production and improve cell-mediated immunity 
Targeting of identified bacterial proteins that are involved in complement inhibition would neutralize the key bacterial virulence mechanism 
The use of plasmids has been validated in preclinical studies as a protective vaccine strategy for cancer and infectious diseases  However, in human studies, this approach has failed to provide clinically relevant benefit  The overall efficacy of plasmid DNA immunization depends on increasing the plasmid's immunogenicity while also correcting for factors involved in the specific activation of immune effector cells 
Bacterial vector – Similar in principle to viral vector vaccines, but using bacteria instead 
Antigen-presenting cellWhile most vaccines are created using inactivated or attenuated compounds from micro-organisms, synthetic vaccines are composed mainly or wholly of synthetic peptides, carbohydrates, or antigens 

Valence
Vaccines may be monovalent (also called univalent) or multivalent (also called polyvalent)  A monovalent vaccine is designed to immunize against a single antigen or single microorganism  A multivalent or polyvalent vaccine is designed to immunize against two or more strains of the same microorganism, or against two or more microorganisms  The valency of a multivalent vaccine may be denoted with a Greek or Latin prefix (e g , bivalent, trivalent, or tetravalent/quadrivalent)  In certain cases, a monovalent vaccine may be preferable for rapidly developing a strong immune response 

Interactions
When two or more vaccines are mixed in the same formulation, the two vaccines can interfere  This most frequently occurs with live attenuated vaccines, where one of the vaccine components is more robust than the others and suppresses the growth and immune response to the other components 
This phenomenon was first noted in the trivalent Sabin polio vaccine, where the amount of serotype 2 virus in the vaccine had to be reduced to stop it from interfering with the "take" of the serotype 1 and 3 viruses in the vaccine  It was also noted in a 2001 study to be a problem with dengue vaccines, where the DEN-3 serotype was found to predominate and suppress the response to DEN-1, -2 and -4 serotypes 

Other contents
Adjuvants
Vaccines typically contain one or more adjuvants, used to boost the immune response  Tetanus toxoid, for instance, is usually adsorbed onto alum  This presents the antigen in such a way as to produce a greater action than the simple aqueous tetanus toxoid  People who have an adverse reaction to adsorbed tetanus toxoid may be given the simple vaccine when the time comes for a booster In the preparation for the 1990 Persian Gulf campaign, the whole cell pertussis vaccine was used as an adjuvant for anthrax vaccine  This produces a more rapid immune response than giving only the anthrax vaccine, which is of some benefit if exposure might be imminent 

Preservatives
Vaccines may also contain preservatives to prevent contamination with bacteria or fungi  Until recent years, the preservative thiomersal (a k a  Thimerosal in the US and Japan) was used in many vaccines that did not contain live viruses  As of 2005, the only childhood vaccine in the U S  that contains thiomersal in greater than trace amounts is the influenza vaccine, which is currently recommended only for children with certain risk factors  Single-dose influenza vaccines supplied in the UK do not list thiomersal in the ingredients  Preservatives may be used at various stages of the production of vaccines, and the most sophisticated methods of measurement might detect traces of them in the finished product, as they may in the environment and population as a whole Many vaccines need preservatives to prevent serious adverse effects such as Staphylococcus infection, which in one 1928 incident killed 12 of 21 children inoculated with a diphtheria vaccine that lacked a preservative  Several preservatives are available, including thiomersal, phenoxyethanol, and formaldehyde  Thiomersal is more effective against bacteria, has a better shelf-life, and improves vaccine stability, potency, and safety; but, in the U S , the European Union, and a few other affluent countries, it is no longer used as a preservative in childhood vaccines, as a precautionary measure due to its mercury content  Although controversial claims have been made that thiomersal contributes to autism, no convincing scientific evidence supports these claims  Furthermore, a 10–11-year study of 657,461 children found that the MMR vaccine does not cause autism and actually reduced the risk of autism by seven percent 

Excipients
Beside the active vaccine itself, the following excipients and residual manufacturing compounds are present or may be present in vaccine preparations:
Aluminum salts or gels are added as adjuvants  Adjuvants are added to promote an earlier, more potent response, and more persistent immune response to the vaccine; they allow for a lower vaccine dosage 
Antibiotics are added to some vaccines to prevent the growth of bacteria during production and storage of the vaccine 
Egg protein is present in the influenza vaccine and yellow fever vaccine as they are prepared using chicken eggs  Other proteins may be present 
Formaldehyde is used to inactivate bacterial products for toxoid vaccines  Formaldehyde is also used to inactivate unwanted viruses and kill bacteria that might contaminate the vaccine during production 
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) and 2-phenoxyethanol are used as stabilizers in a few vaccines to help the vaccine remain unchanged when the vaccine is exposed to heat, light, acidity, or humidity 
Thiomersal is a mercury-containing antimicrobial that is added to vials of vaccines that contain more than one dose to prevent contamination and growth of potentially harmful bacteria  Due to the controversy surrounding thiomersal, it has been removed from most vaccines except multi-use influenza, where it was reduced to levels so that a single dose contained less than a microgram of mercury, a level similar to eating ten grams of canned tuna 

Nomenclature
Various fairly standardized abbreviations for vaccine names have developed, although the standardization is by no means centralized or global  For example, the vaccine names used in the United States have well-established abbreviations that are also widely known and used elsewhere  An extensive list of them provided in a sortable table and freely accessible is available at a US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention web page  The page explains that "The abbreviations [in] this table (Column 3) were standardized jointly by staff of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ACIP Work Groups, the editor of the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), the editor of Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (the Pink Book), ACIP members, and liaison organizations to the ACIP "Some examples are "DTaP" for diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine, "DT" for diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and "Td" for tetanus and diphtheria toxoids  At its page on tetanus vaccination, the CDC further explains that "Upper-case letters in these abbreviations denote full-strength doses of diphtheria (D) and tetanus (T) toxoids and pertussis (P) vaccine  Lower-case "d" and "p" denote reduced doses of diphtheria and pertussis used in the adolescent/adult-formulations  The 'a' in DTaP and Tdap stands for 'acellular', meaning that the pertussis component contains only a part of the pertussis organism "Another list of established vaccine abbreviations is at the CDC's page called "Vaccine Acronyms and Abbreviations", with abbreviations used on U S  immunization records  The United States Adopted Name system has some conventions for the word order of vaccine names, placing head nouns first and adjectives postpositively  This is why the USAN for "OPV" is "poliovirus vaccine live oral" rather than "oral poliovirus vaccine" 

Licensing
A vaccine licensure occurs after the successful conclusion of the development cycle and further the clinical trials and other programs involved through Phases I–III demonstrating safety, immunoactivity, immunogenetic safety at a given specific dose, proven effectiveness in preventing infection for target populations, and enduring preventive effect (time endurance or need for revaccination must be estimated)  Because preventive vaccines are predominantly evaluated in healthy population cohorts and distributed among the general population, a high standard of safety is required  As part of a multinational licensing of a vaccine, the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Biological Standardization developed guidelines of international standards for manufacturing and quality control of vaccines, a process intended as a platform for national regulatory agencies to apply for their own licensing process  Vaccine manufacturers do not receive licensing until a complete clinical cycle of development and trials proves the vaccine is safe and has long-term effectiveness, following scientific review by a multinational or national regulatory organization, such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA) or the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Upon developing countries adopting WHO guidelines for vaccine development and licensure, each country has its own responsibility to issue a national licensure, and to manage, deploy, and monitor the vaccine throughout its use in each nation  Building trust and acceptance of a licensed vaccine among the public is a task of communication by governments and healthcare personnel to ensure a vaccination campaign proceeds smoothly, saves lives, and enables economic recovery  When a vaccine is licensed, it will initially be in limited supply due to variable manufacturing, distribution, and logistical factors, requiring an allocation plan for the limited supply and which population segments should be prioritized to first receive the vaccine 

World Health Organization
Vaccines developed for multinational distribution via the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) require pre-qualification by the WHO to ensure international standards of quality, safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy for adoption by numerous countries The process requires manufacturing consistency at WHO-contracted laboratories following Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)  When UN agencies are involved in vaccine licensure, individual nations collaborate by 1) issuing marketing authorization and a national license for the vaccine, its manufacturers, and distribution partners; and 2) conducting postmarketing surveillance, including records for adverse events after the vaccination program  The WHO works with national agencies to monitor inspections of manufacturing facilities and distributors for compliance with GMP and regulatory oversight Some countries choose to buy vaccines licensed by reputable national organizations, such as EMA, FDA, or national agencies in other affluent countries, but such purchases typically are more expensive and may not have distribution resources suitable to local conditions in developing countries 

European Union
In the European Union (EU), vaccines for pandemic pathogens, such as seasonal influenza, are licensed EU-wide where all the member states comply ("centralized"), are licensed for only some member states ("decentralized"), or are licensed on an individual national level  Generally, all EU states follow regulatory guidance and clinical programs defined by the European Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), a scientific panel of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) responsible for vaccine licensure  The CHMP is supported by several expert groups who assess and monitor the progress of a vaccine before and after licensure and distribution 

United States
Under the FDA, the process of establishing evidence for vaccine clinical safety and efficacy is the same as for the approval process for prescription drugs  If successful through the stages of clinical development, the vaccine licensing process is followed by a Biologics License Application which must provide a scientific review team (from diverse disciplines, such as physicians, statisticians, microbiologists, chemists) and comprehensive documentation for the vaccine candidate having efficacy and safety throughout its development  Also during this stage, the proposed manufacturing facility is examined by expert reviewers for GMP compliance, and the label must have a compliant description to enable health care providers' definition of vaccine-specific use, including its possible risks, to communicate and deliver the vaccine to the public  After licensure, monitoring of the vaccine and its production, including periodic inspections for GMP compliance, continue as long as the manufacturer retains its license, which may include additional submissions to the FDA of tests for potency, safety, and purity for each vaccine manufacturing step 

India
Drugs Controller General of India is the head of department of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization of the Government of India responsible for approval of licences of specified categories of drugs such as vaccines AND others like blood and blood products, IV fluids, and sera in India 

Postmarketing surveillance
Until a vaccine is in use for the general population, all potential adverse events from the vaccine may not be known, requiring manufacturers to conduct Phase IV studies for postmarketing surveillance of the vaccine while it is used widely in the public  The WHO works with UN member states to implement post-licensing surveillance  The FDA relies on a Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System to monitor safety concerns about a vaccine throughout its use in the American public 

Scheduling
In order to provide the best protection, children are recommended to receive vaccinations as soon as their immune systems are sufficiently developed to respond to particular vaccines, with additional "booster" shots often required to achieve "full immunity"  This has led to the development of complex vaccination schedules  Global recommendations of vaccination schedule are issued by Strategic Advisory Group of Experts and will be further translated by advisory committee at the country level with considering of local factors such as disease epidemiology, acceptability of vaccination, equity in local populations, and programmatic and financial constraint  In the United States, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, which recommends schedule additions for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, recommends routine vaccination of children against hepatitis A, hepatitis B, polio, mumps, measles, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, HiB, chickenpox, rotavirus, influenza, meningococcal disease and pneumonia The large number of vaccines and boosters recommended (up to 24 injections by age two) has led to problems with achieving full compliance  To combat declining compliance rates, various notification systems have been instituted and many combination injections are now marketed (e g , Pentavalent vaccine and MMRV vaccine), which protect against multiple diseases 
Besides recommendations for infant vaccinations and boosters, many specific vaccines are recommended for other ages or for repeated injections throughout life – most commonly for measles, tetanus, influenza, and pneumonia  Pregnant women are often screened for continued resistance to rubella  The human papillomavirus vaccine is recommended in the U S  (as of 2011) and UK (as of 2009)  Vaccine recommendations for the elderly concentrate on pneumonia and influenza, which are more deadly to that group  In 2006, a vaccine was introduced against shingles, a disease caused by the chickenpox virus, which usually affects the elderly Scheduling and dosing of a vaccination may be tailored to the level of immunocompetence of an individual and to optimize population-wide deployment of a vaccine when it supply is limited, e g  in the setting of a pandemic 

Economics of development
One challenge in vaccine development is economic: Many of the diseases most demanding a vaccine, including HIV, malaria and tuberculosis, exist principally in poor countries  Pharmaceutical firms and biotechnology companies have little incentive to develop vaccines for these diseases because there is little revenue potential  Even in more affluent countries, financial returns are usually minimal and the financial and other risks are great Most vaccine development to date has relied on "push" funding by government, universities and non-profit organizations  Many vaccines have been highly cost effective and beneficial for public health  The number of vaccines actually administered has risen dramatically in recent decades  This increase, particularly in the number of different vaccines administered to children before entry into schools may be due to government mandates and support, rather than economic incentive 

Patents
According to the World Health Organization, the biggest barrier to vaccine production in less developed countries has not been patents, but the substantial financial, infrastructure, and workforce requirements needed for market entry  Vaccines are complex mixtures of biological compounds, and unlike the case for prescription drugs, there are no true generic vaccines  The vaccine produced by a new facility must undergo complete clinical testing for safety and efficacy by the manufacturer  For most vaccines, specific processes in technology are patented  These can be circumvented by alternative manufacturing methods, but this required R&D infrastructure and a suitably skilled workforce  In the case of a few relatively new vaccines, such as the human papillomavirus vaccine, the patents may impose an additional barrier When increased production of vaccines was urgently needed during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, the World Trade Organization and governments around the world evaluated whether to waive intellectual property rights and patents on COVID-19 vaccines, which would "eliminate all potential barriers to the timely access of affordable COVID-19 medical products, including vaccines and medicines, and scale up the manufacturing and supply of essential medical products" 

Production
Vaccine production is fundamentally different from other kinds of manufacturing – including regular pharmaceutical manufacturing – in that vaccines are intended to be administered to millions of people of whom the vast majority are perfectly healthy  This fact drives an extraordinarily rigorous production process with strict compliance requirements that go far beyond what is required of other products Depending upon the antigen, it can cost anywhere from US$50 to $500 million to build a vaccine production facility, which requires highly specialized equipment, clean rooms, and containment rooms  There is a global scarcity of personnel with the right combination of skills, expertise, knowledge, competence and personality to staff vaccine production lines  With the notable exceptions of Brazil, China, and India, many developing countries' educational systems are unable to provide enough qualified candidates, and vaccine makers based in such countries must hire expatriate personnel to keep production going Vaccine production has several stages  First, the antigen itself is generated  Viruses are grown either on primary cells such as chicken eggs (e g , for influenza) or on continuous cell lines such as cultured human cells (e g , for hepatitis A)  Bacteria are grown in bioreactors (e g , Haemophilus influenzae type b)  Likewise, a recombinant protein derived from the viruses or bacteria can be generated in yeast, bacteria, or cell cultures After the antigen is generated, it is isolated from the cells used to generate it  A virus may need to be inactivated, possibly with no further purification required  Recombinant proteins need many operations involving ultrafiltration and column chromatography  Finally, the vaccine is formulated by adding adjuvant, stabilizers, and preservatives as needed  The adjuvant enhances the immune response to the antigen, stabilizers increase the storage life, and preservatives allow the use of multidose vials  Combination vaccines are harder to develop and produce, because of potential incompatibilities and interactions among the antigens and other ingredients involved The final stage in vaccine manufacture before distribution is fill and finish, which is the process of filling vials with vaccines and packaging them for distribution  Although this is a conceptually simple part of the vaccine manufacture process, it is often a bottleneck in the process of distributing and administering vaccines Vaccine production techniques are evolving  Cultured mammalian cells are expected to become increasingly important, compared to conventional options such as chicken eggs, due to greater productivity and low incidence of problems with contamination  Recombination technology that produces genetically detoxified vaccines is expected to grow in popularity for the production of bacterial vaccines that use toxoids  Combination vaccines are expected to reduce the quantities of antigens they contain, and thereby decrease undesirable interactions, by using pathogen-associated molecular patterns 

Vaccine manufacturers
The companies with the highest market share in vaccine production are Merck, Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer and Novartis, with 70% of vaccine sales concentrated in the EU or US (2013) : 42  Vaccine manufacturing plants require large capital investments ($50 million up to $300 million) and may take between 4 and 6 years to construct, with the full process of vaccine development taking between 10 and 15 years : 43  Manufacturing in developing countries is playing an increasing role in supplying these countries, specifically with regards to older vaccines and in Brazil, India and China : 47  The manufacturers in India are the most advanced in the developing world and include the Serum Institute of India, one of the largest producers of vaccines by number of doses and an innovator in processes, recently improving efficiency of producing the measles vaccine by 10 to 20-fold, due to switching to a MRC-5 cell culture instead of chicken eggs : 48  China's manufacturing capabilities are focused on supplying their own domestic need, with Sinopharm (CNPGC) alone providing over 85% of the doses for 14 different vaccines in China : 48  Brazil is approaching the point of supplying its own domestic needs using technology transferred from the developed world : 49

Delivery systems
One of the most common methods of delivering vaccines into the human body is injection 
The development of new delivery systems raises the hope of vaccines that are safer and more efficient to deliver and administer  Lines of research include liposomes and ISCOM (immune stimulating complex) Notable developments in vaccine delivery technologies have included oral vaccines  Early attempts to apply oral vaccines showed varying degrees of promise, beginning early in the 20th century, at a time when the very possibility of an effective oral antibacterial vaccine was controversial  By the 1930s there was increasing interest in the prophylactic value of an oral typhoid fever vaccine for example An oral polio vaccine turned out to be effective when vaccinations were administered by volunteer staff without formal training; the results also demonstrated increased ease and efficiency of administering the vaccines  Effective oral vaccines have many advantages; for example, there is no risk of blood contamination  Vaccines intended for oral administration need not be liquid, and as solids, they commonly are more stable and less prone to damage or spoilage by freezing in transport and storage  Such stability reduces the need for a "cold chain": the resources required to keep vaccines within a restricted temperature range from the manufacturing stage to the point of administration, which, in turn, may decrease costs of vaccines 
A microneedle approach, which is still in stages of development, uses "pointed projections fabricated into arrays that can create vaccine delivery pathways through the skin" An experimental needle-free vaccine delivery system is undergoing animal testing  A stamp-size patch similar to an adhesive bandage contains about 20,000 microscopic projections per square cm  This dermal administration potentially increases the effectiveness of vaccination, while requiring less vaccine than injection 

In veterinary medicine
Vaccinations of animals are used both to prevent their contracting diseases and to prevent transmission of disease to humans  Both animals kept as pets and animals raised as livestock are routinely vaccinated  In some instances, wild populations may be vaccinated  This is sometimes accomplished with vaccine-laced food spread in a disease-prone area and has been used to attempt to control rabies in raccoons 
Where rabies occurs, rabies vaccination of dogs may be required by law  Other canine vaccines include canine distemper, canine parvovirus, infectious canine hepatitis, adenovirus-2, leptospirosis, Bordetella, canine parainfluenza virus, and Lyme disease, among others 
Cases of veterinary vaccines used in humans have been documented, whether intentional or accidental, with some cases of resultant illness, most notably with brucellosis  However, the reporting of such cases is rare and very little has been studied about the safety and results of such practices  With the advent of aerosol vaccination in veterinary clinics, human exposure to pathogens not naturally carried in humans, such as Bordetella bronchiseptica, has likely increased in recent years  In some cases, most notably rabies, the parallel veterinary vaccine against a pathogen may be as much as orders of magnitude more economical than the human one 

DIVA vaccines
DIVA (Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals), also known as SIVA (Segregation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals) vaccines, make it possible to differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals  DIVA vaccines carry at least one epitope less than the equivalent wild microorganism  An accompanying diagnostic test that detects the antibody against that epitope assists in identifying whether the animal has been vaccinated or not The first DIVA vaccines (formerly termed marker vaccines and since 1999 coined as DIVA vaccines) and companion diagnostic tests were developed by J  T  van Oirschot and colleagues at the Central Veterinary Institute in Lelystad, The Netherlands  They found that some existing vaccines against pseudorabies (also termed Aujeszky's disease) had deletions in their viral genome (among which was the gE gene)  Monoclonal antibodies were produced against that deletion and selected to develop an ELISA that demonstrated antibodies against gE  In addition, novel genetically engineered gE-negative vaccines were constructed  Along the same lines, DIVA vaccines and companion diagnostic tests against bovine herpesvirus 1 infections have been developed The DIVA strategy has been applied in various countries to successfully eradicate pseudorabies virus from those countries  Swine populations were intensively vaccinated and monitored by the companion diagnostic test and, subsequently, the infected pigs were removed from the population  Bovine herpesvirus 1 DIVA vaccines are also widely used in practice  Considerable efforts are ongoing to apply the DIVA principle to a wide range of infectious diseases, such as classical swine fever, avian influenza, Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia and Salmonella infections in pigs 

History
Prior to the introduction of vaccination with material from cases of cowpox (heterotypic immunisation), smallpox could be prevented by deliberate variolation with smallpox virus  The earliest hints of the practice of variolation for smallpox in China come during the tenth century  The Chinese also practiced the oldest documented use of variolation, dating back to the fifteenth century  They implemented a method of "nasal insufflation" administered by blowing powdered smallpox material, usually scabs, up the nostrils  Various insufflation techniques have been recorded throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries within China : 60  Two reports on the Chinese practice of inoculation were received by the Royal Society in London in 1700; one by Martin Lister who received a report by an employee of the East India Company stationed in China and another by Clopton Havers 
Mary Wortley Montagu, who had witnessed variolation in Turkey, had her four-year-old daughter variolated in the presence of physicians of the Royal Court in 1721 upon her return to England  Later on that year, Charles Maitland conducted an experimental variolation of six prisoners in Newgate Prison in London  The experiment was a success, and soon variolation was drawing attention from the royal family, who helped promote the procedure  However, in 1783, several days after Prince Octavius of Great Britain was inoculated, he died  In 1796, the physician Edward Jenner took pus from the hand of a milkmaid with cowpox, scratched it into the arm of an 8-year-old boy, James Phipps, and six weeks later variolated the boy with smallpox, afterwards observing that he did not catch smallpox  Jenner extended his studies and, in 1798, reported that his vaccine was safe in children and adults, and could be transferred from arm-to-arm, which reduced reliance on uncertain supplies from infected cows  In 1804, the Spanish Balmis smallpox vaccination expedition to Spain's colonies Mexico and Philippines used the arm-to-arm transport method to get around the fact the vaccine survived for only 12 days in vitro  They used cowpox  Since vaccination with cowpox was much safer than smallpox inoculation, the latter, though still widely practiced in England, was banned in 1840 
Following on from Jenner's work, the second generation of vaccines was introduced in the 1880s by Louis Pasteur who developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax, and from the late nineteenth century vaccines were considered a matter of national prestige  National vaccination policies were adopted and compulsory vaccination laws were passed  In 1931 Alice Miles Woodruff and Ernest Goodpasture documented that the fowlpox virus could be grown in embryonated chicken egg  Soon scientists began cultivating other viruses in eggs  Eggs were used for virus propagation in the development of a yellow fever vaccine in 1935 and an influenza vaccine in 1945  In 1959 growth media and cell culture replaced eggs as the standard method of virus propagation for vaccines Vaccinology flourished in the twentieth century, which saw the introduction of several successful vaccines, including those against diphtheria, measles, mumps, and rubella  Major achievements included the development of the polio vaccine in the 1950s and the eradication of smallpox during the 1960s and 1970s  Maurice Hilleman was the most prolific of the developers of the vaccines in the twentieth century  As vaccines became more common, many people began taking them for granted  However, vaccines remain elusive for many important diseases, including herpes simplex, malaria, gonorrhea, and HIV 

Generations of vaccines
First generation vaccines are whole-organism vaccines – either live and weakened, or killed forms  Live, attenuated vaccines, such as smallpox and polio vaccines, are able to induce killer T-cell (TC or CTL) responses, helper T-cell (TH) responses and antibody immunity  However, attenuated forms of a pathogen can convert to a dangerous form and may cause disease in immunocompromised vaccine recipients (such as those with AIDS)  While killed vaccines do not have this risk, they cannot generate specific killer T cell responses and may not work at all for some diseases Second generation vaccines were developed to reduce the risks from live vaccines  These are subunit vaccines, consisting of specific protein antigens (such as tetanus or diphtheria toxoid) or recombinant protein components (such as the hepatitis B surface antigen)  They can generate TH and antibody responses, but not killer T cell responses RNA vaccines and DNA vaccines are examples of third generation vaccines  In 2016 a DNA vaccine for the Zika virus began testing at the National Institutes of Health  Separately, Inovio Pharmaceuticals and GeneOne Life Science began tests of a different DNA vaccine against Zika in Miami  Manufacturing the vaccines in volume was unsolved as of 2016  Clinical trials for DNA vaccines to prevent HIV are underway  mRNA vaccines such as BNT162b2 were developed in the year 2020 with the help of Operation Warp Speed and massively deployed to combat the COVID-19 pandemic  In 2021, Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman received Columbia University's Horwitz Prize for their pioneering research in mRNA vaccine technology 

Trends
Since at least 2013, scientists have been trying to develop synthetic third-generation vaccines by reconstructing the outside structure of a virus; it was hoped that this will help prevent vaccine resistance Principles that govern the immune response can now be used in tailor-made vaccines against many noninfectious human diseases, such as cancers and autoimmune disorders  For example, the experimental vaccine CYT006-AngQb has been investigated as a possible treatment for high blood pressure  Factors that affect the trends of vaccine development include progress in translatory medicine, demographics, regulatory science, political, cultural, and social responses 

Plants as bioreactors for vaccine production
The idea of vaccine production via transgenic plants was identified as early as 2003  Plants such as tobacco, potato, tomato, and banana can have genes inserted that cause them to produce vaccines usable for humans  In 2005, bananas were developed that produce a human vaccine against hepatitis B 

Vaccine hesitancy
Vaccine hesitancy is a delay in acceptance, or refusal of vaccines despite the availability of vaccine services  The term covers outright refusals to vaccinate, delaying vaccines, accepting vaccines but remaining uncertain about their use, or using certain vaccines but not others  There is an overwhelming scientific consensus that vaccines are generally safe and effective  Vaccine hesitancy often results in disease outbreaks and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases  The World Health Organization therefore characterized vaccine hesitancy as one of the top ten global health threats in 2019 

See also
Passage 2:
Marco Marcola
Marco Marcola (1740–1793) was an Italian painter, born and mainly active in Verona  He was initially apprenticed to his father Giovanni Battista Marcola  Among his pupils were Antonio Pachera, Bellino Bellini, and Domenico Zanconti  He is also known as Marco Marcuola  His sister Angela Marcola was also a painter 

Sources
Zannandreis, Diego (1891)   Giuseppe Biadego (ed )  Le vite dei pittori, scultori e architetti veronesi  Verona: Stabilimento Tipo-Litografico G  Franchini  p  478 
Passage 3:
Rue Lhomond
Rue Lhomond is a street in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, France  It is located in the quartier du Val-de-Grâce and has existed since the 15th century  It was once known as rue des Poteries after its Gallo-Roman pottery workshops (re-discovered in the 18th century), then from around 1600 as rue des Pots and finally rue des Postes  It was given its present name in 1867 after the priest, grammarian and scholar Charles François Lhomond (1727-1794) 

History
The street has housed several Catholic seminaries and convents, along with a British seminary established at number 22 by permission of Louis XIV of France in 1684 and active until 1790 Rue Lhomond features in the Georges Simenon novel ′Maigret Takes a Room′  In the novel Maigret takes a room in a boarding house to discover who shot his subordinate Janvier 

Buildings
Passage 4:
Vatos Locos
Vatos Locos is a Chicano slang term that means "crazy Dudes"  It is also used as the name of multiple small gangs around the USA, Canada and Mexico  Many "Vatos Locos" use the colors red, black, green or brown The film Blood In Blood Out (1993) which was written by poet Jimmy Santiago Baca, is based on the experiences of gang members of a fictional gang called Vatos Locos The video game Call of Juarez: The Cartel features a fictional Vatos Locos gang 

See also
List of gangs in Mexico
Passage 5:
Giuseppe Appiani
Giuseppe Appiani (1740 or 1754–1812) was an Italian painter of the Neoclassic periods  He was born in Vaprio d'Adda, near Milan, where he was mainly active  His parents moved to Monza, where his first mentor was the painter Giovanni Maria Gariboldi  At age 21, he moved to Milan, where he worked in the studios of Giorgi, and later Giuliano Traballesi  He was active in restoration of paintings  Another painter, Giuseppe Appiani (Porto, c  1700-Triefenstein, c  1785), was active in Germany 
Passage 6:
Massimiliano Soldani Benzi
Massimiliano Soldani or Massimiliano Soldani Benzi (15 July 1656 – 23 February 1740) was an Italian baroque sculptor and medallist, mainly active in Florence  Born at Montevarchi, the son of a Tuscan cavalry captain, Soldani was employed by the Medici for his entire career 

Name
He first went under the name Soldani but, claiming descent from the family of bishop Soldani of Fiesole and from the aristocratic Benzi family of Figline, he applied for and received, in 1693, an official letter acknowledging his nobility based on this ancestry  From this date forward, he called himself, and is referred to in many documents as, Soldani Benzi 

Life
Soldani began training in the Medici drawing school in Florence  He attracted the attention of Grand Duke Cosimo III de' Medici who sent Soldani to his grand-ducal academy in Rome to study under Ciro Ferri and Ercole Ferrata, and to train in coining  During his years in Rome (1678–81), he showed much promise and was asked by Queen Christina of Sweden to create several medals  He started this enterprise but left it unfinished as Cosimo transferred the artist to Paris to work with the famous medallist Joseph Roettiers While there in 1682, Soldani came into contact with Charles Le Brun and minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert  Learning that the artist was working on a medal portrait of Louis XIV, a courtier Soldani refers to the courtier as "Mons r Duca d'Homone"  (possibly Louis, duc d'Aumont who was very interested in the art of medals) introduced the young man to the king  The model for this medal of Louis XIV is now in the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto Grand Duke Cosimo in the meantime decided that it was time for Soldani to return to Florence and take charge of the Grand-ducal Mint, the job he was meant to occupy from the very start  Upon the death of the current director, Soldani was officially made Maestro dei Coni e Custode della Zecca in 1688  As such he had his workshop and living quarters in the Uffizi When he finally gave up work at the age of about 80, Soldani Benzi retired to his Villa Petrolo near Bucine where he died in 1740 

Work
Soldani developed into one of the finest bronze casters of his time in Europe  Though first specialising as a medallist, Soldani also produced bronze reliefs, bronze vases and free-standing figures and busts 
For Joseph Johann Adam, Prince of Liechtenstein, he produced a series of bronze copies of works of the Medici collection, mainly antique busts and figures but also after works by Michelangelo and Gianlorenzo Bernini Klaus Lankheit recognized in a small bronze Pietà attributed to Soldani at the Walters Art Museum a "balanced triangular composition" that is "almost a relief in form" and suggested that it had been composed first as a relief; A more elaborate version, with additional figures, in the Kress collection at the Seattle Art Museum, was identified as by Soldani by Ulrich Middeldorf  A second table bronze, Venus and the Wounded Adonis, on a richly-mounted ebony base raised on bronze paw feet, is also at the Walters Art Museum At rare intervals he exhibited terra cotta bozzetti at the irregularly staged exhibitions of the Accademia del Disegno, Florence: in 1715 a Pietà in terracotta by "Sig  M S " A highly finished terracotta relief, Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane, doubtless intended as a modello to be cast in bronze as a private devotional work, is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art A major document of his career is his autobiography, dated 1718, correspondence, and the inventory taken after his death A collection of his drawings is in the Uffizi in Florence 

Doccia
After his death, his heirs sold some of his wax models to marchese Carlo Ginori, who had them adapted by his chief modeller, Gaspero Bruschi, and reproduced in porcelain at his Doccia porcelain manufactory near Florence  Thus Soldani's Apollo in His Chariot, Venus Plucking the Wings of Cupid and Virtue Overpowering Vice all exist as Doccia porcelain groups 

Notes
Further reading
Klaus Lankheit, Soldani (Benzi), Massimiliano, Oxford Art Online

External links
(Fitzwilliam Museum) Leda and the Swan, bronze
Biografia em portugues
European sculpture and metalwork, a collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Benzi (see index)
Passage 7:
Francesco Corneliani
Francesco Corneliani (1740-1815) was an Italian painter, mainly active in a Neoclassic style in his native Milan 

He was born to Carlo Corneliani (or Corneliano), and was intended to become a jeweller  He  trained under Sangiorgi at the Accademia Ambrosiana  In 1760, influenced by the paintings of Anton Rafael Mengs, he left for Parma and worked under Carlo Calani  He returned to Milan where he painted lunette frescoes in the Casa Candiani 
He also painted the lunettes over the altars to the side of the chorus in the church of San Sebastiano  He made portraits of the family in the walls of the house of Castiglioni  He painted the four evangelists for the church of San Gervasio in Bergamo He was a close friend of Andrea Appiani and is described as a man alien to intrigue and vanity, pious without ostentation, he lived retired but always ready to work on works of art and piety He died in Milan 


== Sources ==
Passage 8:
François Beaucourt
François Beaucourt (1740–1794) is said to be the first native-born Canadian painter who studied in France with a professional reputation  He was active mainly in the Province of Quebec 

Career
François Malepart Beaucourt was born in Laprairie, Quebec  Paul Beaucourt, his father, was an amateur painter and military engineer  After he died, the family seems to have returned to France  In 1773, Beaucourt married the daughter of his painting master, Joseph Camagne, in Bordeaux, afterwards painting in France and Russia  He was accepted into the local academy in Bordeaux in 1784  In Canada, after 1786, he painted a wide variety of subjects, mostly portraits, including a self-portrait in the National Gallery of Canada  In 1792, he worked in Philadelphia but returned to Montreal that year  In 1794, he died in Montreal  One critic speaks of his "decorative and light provincial rococo" manner 
Passage 9:
Norman Newell
Norman Newell  (25 January 1919 – 1 December 2004) was an English record producer, who was mainly active in the 1950s and 1960s  He was also the co-writer of many notable songs  As an A&R manager for EMI, he worked with musicians such as Shirley Bassey, Dalida, Claude François, Vera Lynn, Russ Conway, Bette Midler, Judy Garland, Petula Clark, Jake Thackray, Malcolm Roberts, Bobby Crush and Peter and Gordon 
Newell was particularly known for his recorded productions of West End musicals  His songs have been covered by Judy Garland, Frank Sinatra, Celine Dion and Aretha Franklin  In 1999, Newell's song, "Portrait of My Love", originally recorded by Matt Monro in 1960, was honoured at the BMI Awards in London for having two million radio plays 

Early life
Newell was born in Plaistow, Essex (now part of Greater London) to a poor family  He aspired to be an actor, but expected to work for London Transport  During the Second World War, Newell befriended the variety performer Bill Waddington, and wrote lyrics to his music  Following the end of the war, Waddington found Newell a job selling sheet music at the Cinephonic Music Company on Charing Cross Road  He began his career as a songwriter for the London-based publisher 

Music producer
Newell joined EMI's Columbia label as a staff producer in 1949, and was head of the label for its most successful years  During this period, he produced records by Petula Clark, the French male voice choir Les Compagnons de la Chanson, Josef Locke, Ronnie Ronalde, The Beverley Sisters, Dorothy Squires and the bandleader Victor Silvester  He also discovered the singer Steve Conway, who recorded Newell's "My Thanks To You" (with music by Noel Gay) In 1953, Newell moved to the new Philips record label, and produced their first release by a British artist, Johnny Brandon  Newell asked Geoff Love to arrange the song, and this marked the start of their professional relationship, in which Love's albums as Manuel and his Music of the Mountains would be produced by Newell  Following six months working at MGM in America, Newell came back to EMI in 1954, whereupon he recorded the comedians Norman Wisdom and Joyce Grenfell  Although Newell "did not understand" rock 'n' roll, he produced albums of the television shows Drumbeat and 6 5 Special  He used Trevor Stanford as a rehearsal pianist, and began recording with him in 1957, under the name Russ Conway, the surname being a tribute to Steve Conway, who had died in 1952 Newell went freelance in 1965, and was then put under contract with EMI, where he produced the top selling single of 1965, "Tears", by comedian Ken Dodd 

Lyricist
Newell was also a much sought-after lyricist, sometimes writing under the pen-name David West, and responsible for co-writing songs that included "Portrait of My Love" (music by Cyril Ornadel), a UK Singles Chart hit for Matt Monro  In addition, he provided the English lyrics for "More" (the theme from the film Mondo Cane)  Newell also wrote the English lyrics of Shirley Bassey's 1961 No  1 hit "Reach for the Stars", (composed by Nini Oliviero and Riz Ortolani) and Bassey's "This Is My Life" ("La vita", written by Antonio Amurri and Bruno Canfora)  Commenting on the latter, Bassey said that "Norman knows more about me than I do "Further compositions by Newell were "The Importance of Your Love" ("Important C'est La Rose", by Gilbert Bécaud); "Born to Sing" ("Mourir Sur scène", by Dalida); "Monday Morning Again" ("Le Lundi au Soleil", by Claude François) and "Never, Never, Never" ("Grande grande grande"), which was a hit for Bassey in 1973  With the composer Philip Green, he co-wrote the United Kingdom's 1963 Eurovision Song Contest entry, "Say Wonderful Things", recorded by Ronnie Carroll  The song was later recorded in the United States by Patti Page He wrote the English lyrics to the German song "Sailor", a number one UK hit for Petula Clark and a top ten hit for Anne Shelton in 1961  In 1964, Newell produced Peter and Gordon's number one UK hit "A World Without Love", which also topped the charts in the United States and several other countries  The song "Forget Domani", from the film The Yellow Rolls-Royce (1964), with lyrics by Newell to music by Riz Ortolani, won a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 
Newell wrote English-language lyrics to "The White Rose of Athens" for Nana Mouskouri, and Vicky Leandros's 1972 Eurovision Song Contest winning entry, "Après toi" ("Come What May")  "Come What May" reached No 2 on the UK and Republic of Ireland singles charts in 1972 
In his later years, Newell penned lyrics to Pietro Mascagni's "Intermezzo" from Cavalleria rusticana  The song, entitled "Pray For Love", was recorded by Vince Hill 
His numerous contacts in the music publishing industry in the United Kingdom assisted EMI in securing the rights for British recordings of cast albums for many American shows opening in London  Newell also wrote the lyrics for the West End musical Mister Venus (with music by Russ Conway), but the show was not a success  Despite starring Frankie Howerd, the show ran for just 16 performances at the Prince of Wales Theatre in 1958 

Later career
Newell continued working as a producer into the 1980s, including on Shirley Bassey's Gold selling album I Am What I Am, recorded with the London Symphony Orchestra  
He also wrote the English lyrics for the 1983 Julio Iglesias recording of "Hey", which featured in the Platinum selling album Julio He also produced several cast recordings of West End musicals for First Night Records: Seven Brides For Seven Brothers – Original London Cast (1986), Annie Get Your Gun – 1986 London Cast (starring Suzi Quatro and Eric Flynn), Kiss Me, Kate – 1987 Royal Shakespeare Company Cast (starring Paul Jones, Nichola McAuliffe and Fiona Hendley), and South Pacific – 1988 London Cast (starring Gemma Craven and Emile Belcourt)  George Martin said of Newell that he "always wanted to be a Stephen Sondheim," but noted that "his main strength came from his ability to handle big showbiz entertainers "Newell retired in 1990  However, he continued to write lyrics, and his final works were with Les Reed 

Honours
During his career, Norman Newell won a Grammy, an Emmy and three Ivor Novello Awards for his contribution to the entertainment industry, as well as six British Music Industry Awards  He was awarded an OBE in 2003 

Personal life and death
Newell, who was gay, lived in Rustington, West Sussex  After a series of debilitating strokes, he was moved to a local nursing home  He died on 1 December 2004, aged 85 
Passage 10:
Province of Quebec (1763–1791)
The Province of Quebec (French: Province de Québec) was a colony in British North America which comprised the former French colony of Canada  It was established by the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763, following the conquest of New France by British forces during the Seven Years' War  As part of the Treaty of Paris, France gave up its claim to the colony; it instead negotiated to keep the small profitable island of Guadeloupe Following the Royal Proclamation of 1763, Canada was renamed the Province of Quebec, and from 1774 extended from the coast of Labrador on the Atlantic Ocean, southwest through the Saint Lawrence River Valley to the Great Lakes and beyond to the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers  Portions of its southwest, those areas south of the Great Lakes, were later ceded to the newly established United States in the Treaty of Paris (1783) at the conclusion of the American Revolution; although the British maintained a military presence there until 1796  In 1791, the territory north of the Great Lakes was reorganised and divided into Lower Canada and Upper Canada 

History
Under the Proclamation, Quebec included the cities of Quebec and Montreal, as well as a zone surrounding them, but did not extend as far west as the Great Lakes or as far north as Rupert's Land In 1774, the Parliament of Great Britain, Frederick North, Lord North, Prime Minister, passed the Quebec Act that allowed Quebec to restore the use of French customary law (Coutume de Paris) in private matters alongside the English common law system, and allowing the Catholic Church to collect tithes  The act also enlarged the boundaries of Quebec to include the Ohio Country and part of the Illinois Country, from the Appalachian Mountains on the east, south to the Ohio River, west to the Mississippi River and north to the southern boundary of lands owned by the Hudson's Bay Company, or Rupert's Land 
Prince Edward  Duke of Kent lived in Quebec City 
(Known as the Prince of Quebec)from 1791-1793 this was when Michigan territory was a part of Quebec and a member of Parliament  
Detroit was transferred to Quebec under the Quebec Act of 1774   
It was then the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec, after Montreal and Quebec  1792 Detroit, including settlements on both sides of the river, holds its first election, sending
three representatives to the Parliament of Upper Canada 
The Act Against Slavery, 1793, an anti-slavery act passed in Upper Canada  The Act was created partially in response to Loyalist refugees who brought slaves with them 
Michigan Territory was a part of Upper Canada from 1790-1796  British control of Detroit and Michigan after the American Revolution  When Quebec split into Lower and Upper Canada in 1791, Michigan was part of Kent County, Upper Canada  It held its first democratic elections in August 1792 to send delegates to the new provincial parliament at Newark (now  Niagara-on-the-Lake)  
Western District was one of four districts of the Province of Quebec created in 1788 in the western reaches of the Montreal District which were later detached in 1791 to create the new colony of Upper Canada  Known as Hesse District (named after Hesse in Germany) until 1792 
Through Quebec, the British Crown retained access to the Ohio and Illinois Countries after the Treaty of Paris (1783) ceded control of this land to the United States  By well-established trade and military routes across the Great Lakes, the British continued to supply not only their own troops but a wide alliance of Native American nations through Detroit, Fort Niagara, Fort Michilimackinac, and so on, until these posts were turned over to the United States following the Jay Treaty (1794) 
Quebec retained its seigneurial system after the conquest  Owing to an influx of Loyalist refugees from the American Revolutionary War, the demographics of Quebec came to shift and now included a substantial English-speaking Protestant element from the former Thirteen Colonies  These United Empire Loyalists settled mainly in the Eastern Townships, Montreal, and what was known then as the pays d'en haut west of the Ottawa River  The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the colony in two at the Ottawa River, so that the western part (Upper Canada) could be under the English legal system, with English speakers in the majority  The eastern part was named Lower Canada 

Governors
In 1760, following the capitulation of Montreal, the colony was placed under military government, with civil government only instituted beginning in 1764  The following were the governors:

James Murray 1760–1766
Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester 1766–1778
Sir Frederick Haldimand 1778–1786
Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester 1786–1796There were also "lieutenant governors", but these were merely the deputies of the governors, and should not be confused with the subsequent to 1791 Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec 

Guy Carleton (lieutenant governor to James Murray)	1766–1768
Hector Theophilus de Cramahé (lieutenant governor to Guy Carleton)	1771–1782
Henry Hamilton (lieutenant governor to Frederick Haldimand)	1782–1785
Henry Hope (lieutenant governor to the Lord Dorchester)	1785–1788
Alured Clarke (lieutenant governor to the Lord Dorchester)	1790

Counsellors to the governor
The Province of Quebec did not have an elected legislature and was ruled directly by the governor with advice from counsellors  A council responsible to advise the governor (then James Murray) on all affairs of state was created in 1764  In 1774, the Quebec Act created a Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec to advise the governor on legislative affairs  The Legislative Council served as an advisory council to the governor until a legislative assembly was established after 1791 
The individuals James Murray called into the council from 1764 to 1766:

List of councillors under Carleton from 1766 to 1774:

Geography
Around 1763 to 1764, the province was divided into two judicial districts:

Montreal District – covering the western parts of Quebec along the St  Lawrence River including Montreal and much of Ontario (Eastern and Southern Ontario)
Quebec District – covering the eastern parts of Quebec along the St  Lawrence and LabradorIn 1790, the Trois-Rivières District was formed out of part of Quebec District 
The Trois-Rivières and Quebec districts continued after 1791 when Lower Canada came into existence, while Montreal District west of the Ottawa River became Upper Canada and east of the Ottawa River was partitioned into many electoral districts 

See also
Former colonies and territories in Canada
Territorial evolution of Canada after 1867



ground_truth: 1763