prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who starred in her final film role in the 1964 film directed by the man who also did Vera Cruz and Kiss Me Deadly?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Robert Aldrich
Robert Burgess Aldrich (August 9, 1918 – December 5, 1983) was an American film director, producer, and screenwriter  An iconoclastic and maverick auteur working in many genres during the Golden Age of Hollywood, he directed mainly films noir, war movies, westerns and dark melodramas with Gothic overtones  His most notable credits include Vera Cruz (1954), Kiss Me Deadly (1955), The Big Knife (1955), Autumn Leaves (1956), Attack (1956), What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964), The Flight of the Phoenix (1965), The Dirty Dozen (1967), and The Longest Yard (1974) 
Aldrich's directorial style combined "macho mise-en-scene and resonant reworkings of classic action genres," and were known for pushing the boundaries of violence in mainstream cinema, and for their psychologically-complex interpretations of genre film tropes  The British Film Institute wrote that Aldrich's films "subversive sensibility in thrall to the complexities of human behaviour " Several of his films later proved influential to members of the French New Wave Aside from his directorial work, Aldrich was also noted for his advocacy as a member of the Directors Guild of America, serving as its President for two terms, and becoming the namesake for its Robert B  Aldrich Achievement Award 

Early life
Family
Robert Burgess Aldrich was born in Cranston, Rhode Island, into a family of wealth and social prominence – "The Aldriches of Rhode Island"  His father, Edward Burgess Aldrich (1871–1957) was the publisher of The Times of Pawtucket and an influential operative in state Republican politics  His mother, Lora Elsie (née Lawson) of New Hampshire (1874–1931), died when Aldrich was 13 and was remembered with fondness by her son  Ruth Aldrich Kaufinger (1912–1987) was his elder sister and only sibling Among his notable ancestors were the American Revolutionary War general Nathanael Greene and the theologian Roger Williams, founder of Rhode Island Colony His grandfather, Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich, was a self-made millionaire and art investor  A Republican member of the U S  Senate for thirty years (1881–1911), he was dubbed "General Manager of the Nation" by the press for his dominant role in framing federal monetary policy A number of Aldrich's paternal uncles had impressive careers, among them a successful investment banker, an architect and Harvard instructor, a member of the U S  House of Representatives, and a chairman of the Chase Manhattan Bank who also served as U S  Ambassador to Great Britain   An aunt, Abigail Greene "Abby" Aldrich married John D  Rockefeller Jr , scion of the Standard Oil fortune, and was a leading figure in the establishment of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City  Nelson Rockefeller, a four-term governor of New York State and U S  vice-president under Gerald Ford, and Rockefeller's four brothers were the director's first cousins 

Education
As the only male heir to the Lawson-Aldrich family line, Aldrich was under considerable pressure to compete successfully with his numerous cousins in a family of high achievers Following family tradition and expectations, Aldrich was educated at Moses Brown School in Providence from 1933 to 1937  There he served as captain of the track and football teams and was elected president of his senior class 
Failing to matriculate to Yale due to mediocre grades, Aldrich attended the University of Virginia from 1937 to 1941, majoring in economics  He continued to excel in sports and played a leading role in campus clubs and fraternities During the Great Depression, the adolescent Aldrich began to question the justice of his family's "politics and power" which clashed with his growing sympathies with left-wing social and political movements of the 1930s  Aldrich's disaffection from the Aldrich-Rockefeller right-wing social and political orientation contributed to a growing tension between father and son Having satisfactorily demonstrated his aptitude for a career in finance, Aldrich defied his father by dropping out of college in his senior year without taking a degree Aldrich approached his uncle Winthrop W  Aldrich, who got his 23-year-old nephew a job at RKO Studios as a production clerk at $25 a week  For this act of defiance, Aldrich was promptly disinherited  Aldrich reciprocated by expunging public records of his connection with the Aldrich-Rockefeller clan, while stoically accepting the breach  He rarely mentioned or invoked his family thereafter  It has been said that "No American film director was born as wealthy as Aldrich — and then so thoroughly cut off from family money "

RKO Pictures: 1941–1943
At the age of 23, Aldrich began work at RKO Pictures as a production clerk, an entry-level position, after declining an offer through his Rockefeller connections to enter the studio as an associate producer He married his first wife, Harriet Foster, a childhood sweetheart, shortly before he departed for Hollywood in May 1941 Though the smallest of Hollywood's top studios, RKO could boast an impressive roster of directors (George Cukor, John Ford and Howard Hawks) as well as movie stars (Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, Cary Grant, Katharine Hepburn and the Marx Brothers)  The 23-year-old Aldrich assumed his duties shortly after Orson Welles, at 26, signed a six-movie contract with RKO after the release of the widely acclaimed Citizen Kane (1941) When the United States entered the Second World War in December 1941, Aldrich was inducted into the Air Force Motion Picture Unit, but was quickly discharged when an old football injury disqualified him for military service  The film studios' manpower shortage allowed Aldrich to win assignments as third- or second-tier director's assistant to learn the basics of filmmaking 

Second assistant director
In just two years he participated on two dozen movies with well-known directors  He was second assistant director on Joan of Paris (1942, directed by Robert Stevenson), The Falcon Takes Over (1942, directed by Irving Reis), The Big Street (1942), directed by Reis, Bombardier (1943, directed by Richard Wallace), Behind the Rising Sun (1943, directed by Edward Dmytryk),  A Lady Takes a Chance (1943, directed by William A  Seiter), The Adventures of a Rookie (1943, directed by Leslie Goodwins), Gangway for Tomorrow (1943, directed by John H  Auer), and Rookies in Burma (1943, directed by Goodwins) 

First assistant director
Towards the end of the war, Aldrich had risen to first assistant director making comedy shorts with director Leslie Goodwins 
In 1944, Aldrich departed RKO to begin free-lancing on feature films at other major studios, including Columbia, United Artists, and Paramount 

Assistant director: 1944–1952
Aldrich was fortunate to serve as an assistant director to many notable and talented Hollywood filmmakers  During these assignments, which spanned nine years, Aldrich gained both practical and aesthetic fundamentals of filmmaking: "set location and atmosphere" (Jean Renoir, The Southerner, 1945), the "techniques of pre-planning a shot" (Lewis Milestone's The Strange Love of Martha Ivers, 1946), "action scenes" (William A  Wellman's The Story of G I  Joe, 1946), the "importance of communication with actors" (Joseph Losey's The Prowler, 1951), and "establishing visual empathy between camera and audience" (Charlie Chaplin's Limelight, 1952) He also worked on Pardon My Past (1945, directed by Leslie Fenton) and The Private Affairs of Bel Ami (1947, directed by Albert Lewin) 
Aldrich approached these projects and directors with a fine discrimination, enabling him to learn from both their strengths and weaknesses During these years Aldrich forged lasting professional relationships with talented artists who would serve him throughout his filmmaking career, namely, cinematographer Joseph Biroc, film editor Michael Luciano, music director Frank De Vol, art director William Glasgow and screenwriter Lukas Heller  A troupe of loyal, mostly male, players were enlisted for his film leads and supporting roles: Burt Lancaster, Jack Palance, Lee Marvin, Eddie Albert, Richard Jaeckel, Wesley Addy, Ernest Borgnine and Charles Bronson 

The Enterprise Studios: 1946–1948
Aldrich's association with The Enterprise Studios marks the most formative period of his apprenticeship  The production company offered a unique venue of independent filmmakers welcoming socially conscious themes critical of authoritarian aspects of American society While at Enterprise, Aldrich established both a professional and a personal affiliation with screenwriter and director Abraham Polonsky, a major figure in the Popular Front movement of the 1930s  Their respective films addressed the issue of an individual's often desperate struggle to resist destruction by an oppressive society Enterprise's Body and Soul (1947), written by Polonsky, directed by Robert Rossen, and starring John Garfield, made a deep and lasting impression on the 29-year-old assistant director from both structural and thematic standpoints  Garfield plays a corrupt prizefighter who seeks to redeem himself by defying mobsters who insist he throw a fight or forfeit his life  While the protagonist's personal failings contribute to his own oppression, the film censures capitalism as an unredeemable system  Aldrich would revisit Body and Soul throughout his career when seeking guidance on how to convey the progressive ideals of the 1930s while working in the reactionary political atmosphere of the Cold War era 

In 1948 Aldrich joined Polonsky and Garfield on the early noir film Force of Evil  The story concerns a Wall Street attorney turned mob lawyer (Garfield) who informs on his employers when they murder his brother  Force of Evil's cinematically excessive visuals and striking sound would later appear in Aldrich's films Kiss Me Deadly and Twilight's Last Gleaming A number of Aldrich's associates at Enterprise came under scrutiny by the HUAC in the late 1940s after Enterprise had closed its doors  Among them were Rossen, Polonsky, Garfield, directors John Berry, and Joseph Losey, producer Carl Foreman, and screenwriter Dalton Trumbo, some of whom suffered blacklisting and imprisonment  Aldrich was never targeted by the authorities, despite his collaborations with these artists  This was largely due to his post-1930s entry into the film industry when recruitment by Communist and leftist organizations was declining  Nonetheless, Aldrich remained a champion for the victims of the Red Scare At Enterprise, Aldrich also worked as an assistant director on Arch of Triumph (1948) and No Minor Vices (1948) for Lewis Milestone, So This Is New York (1948) for director Richard Fleischer and producer Stanley Kramer, and Caught (1949) for Max Ophüls 
During his apprenticeship Aldrich developed a keen appreciation for the nexus between autonomous control over every element of picture production and achievement of his creative vision  He would forever strive for full control over his films 

Freelance assistant director: 1948–1952
After the demise of The Enterprise Studios, Aldrich continued to be in much demand as an assistant director  He worked again for Lewis Milestone on The Red Pony (1949) at Republic and did Red Light (1949) for Roy Del Ruth, A Kiss for Corliss (1949) for Richard Wallace,  The White Tower (1950) for Ted Tetzlaff, M (1951) and The Prowler (1951) for Joseph Losey, and New Mexico (1951) for Reis 
Aldrich was assistant to producer Harold Hecht on Ten Tall Men (1951), a French Foreign Legion action film starring Burt Lancaster  He worked as production manager on When I Grow Up (1951) for Sam Spiegel and as production manager on The Steel Trap (1952) for Andrew L  Stone 
Hecht had enjoyed working with Aldrich on Ten Tall Men and used him on The First Time (1952), the feature directorial debut of Frank Tashlin 
Aldrich's most notable credit to date came on Limelight (1952), for which he was assistant director to Charlie Chaplin  He was assistant on Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd (1952) 

Television: 1952–1954
By 1952, the 34-year old assistant director, fully prepared to make his directorial debut, had no offers materializing in Hollywood  Eager to perform at a journeyman level, he moved to New York City to join its television startups 
The infant industries' golden age of live broadcasts was in a primitive stage of organization, and producers were pleased to enlist talent from the Hollywood film industry  More than merely a career move, television offered Aldrich an opportunity to apply the cinematic skills and concepts he had garnered during his eclectic education in movie-making to an entirely new medium "All they were paying directors was scale", recalled Aldrich of this time  "Who the hell wanted to go live in New York and work for scale? Only guys that had never directed or couldn't get a shot    Walter Blake    convinced these people who were doing the Camay soap shows that I was a genius waiting behind a rock out here  I had been assistant director on a Chaplin picture, so he told them that I had directed Chaplin  Nobody directs Chaplin except Chaplin, but these guys didn't know the difference  So I went back to New York and did, I don't know, thirty or forty shows "Procter & Gamble hired Aldrich in 1952 to direct episodes of the anthology series The Doctor (later retitled The Guest in syndication), an early soap opera starring Warner Anderson  Shooting schedules were notoriously tight  Despite this, Aldrich routinely dedicated half or more of the allotted time to rehearsals, an immensely reassuring practice for the players that contributed to the efficient execution of the final live shoot Following The Doctor, Aldrich resettled in Hollywood to complete twenty episodes of television's China Smith starring Dan Duryea, filmed on an even tighter timetable 
He also filled in as director on TV's Four Star Playhouse and the Schlitz Playhouse of Stars ("The Pussyfootin' Rocks") Aldrich described the early TV industry as a "director's crash course" where, unlike feature film production, the overall quality of the series outweighed the success or failure of an individual episode   In his two-year stint in television, Aldrich was free to experiment with technique and narrative schemes that would appear later in his film treatments  As such, he used cinematic framing and composition to reveal character motivation and close ups serving to highlight dialog, all of which endowed his episodes with a polished Hollywood studio-like appearance  Aldrich avoided disparaging television as an art form, only regretting its "rushed schedules and lack of preparation time "

Feature film director
Early feature films
In December 1951 Irving Allen announced he had formed Warwick Productions with Albert Broccoli  He intended to make The Gamma People with Robert Aldrich  In August 1952 Allen announced that Aldrich would make his feature debut as director with The Gamma People, to be shot in Europe in the winter from Aldrich's own script  Dick Powell was slated to star  However, the film would not be made for several years, with Aldrich's involvement limited to working on the story 
Aldrich broke into feature films as a director when Herbert Baker, who had worked with Aldrich on So This is New York, recommended the director to MGM, which was looking for someone with a background in sports for a low-budget baseball film, Big Leaguer (1953) The film was not particularly successful, so Aldrich returned to television, doing episodes of Four Star Playhouse, several of which were written by Blake Edwards  He directed "The Witness", which starred Dick Powell, Strother Martin, and Charles Bronson, and "The Bad Streak" with Charles Boyer Aldrich remained ambitious to work in features and raised money for a low-budget action film using many of the same sets and cast members of China Smith, including star Dan Duryea, called World for Ransom (1954)  It was made for Plaza Productions and financed by Allied Artists; Aldrich produced and directed  The cinematographer was Joseph F  Biroc, who would shoot many of Aldrich's later features 

Burt Lancaster: Apache and Vera Cruz
World for Ransom was seen by Harold Hecht and Burt Lancaster, who hired Aldrich to direct his first color film, Apache (1954), a western starring Lancaster as an Apache fighter  It was made for Hecht-Lancaster Productions and released through United Artists  This film was a big hit, earning $6 million Hecht and Lancaster used Aldrich again on Vera Cruz (1954), a western starring Gary Cooper and Lancaster   It was even more successful at the box office than Apache, making $9 million, and firmly established Aldrich as a director 

Turning producer: Kiss Me Deadly, The Big Knife and Attack
The success of these movies enabled Aldrich to set up his own company, The Associates and Aldrich, and sign a deal with United Artists  Its first movie was to be The Way We Are by Jack Jevne, about a woman who has an affair with a younger man  It was not immediately made 
Instead Aldrich produced and directed Kiss Me Deadly (1955), a film noir adapted by A  I  Bezzerides from a novel by Mickey Spillane starring Ralph Meeker as Mike Hammer   It was made for Parklane Productions, the independent company of Victor Saville, who owned the rights, and released through United Artists Aldrich and his company then made The Big Knife (1955), based on a play by Clifford Odets  Aldrich directed and produced this film about a movie star played by Jack Palance 
The Associates and Aldrich Company made a second film, also based on a play and released through United Artists, Attack (1956), starring Palance and Lee Marvin None of the three films was particularly successful at the box office, although they received some excellent reviews  In particular, Kiss Me Deadly became a major cult favorite in France  "I worked almost for nothing, economically, on those movies", he said  "They got caught up in the system and were not profitable pictures " Aldrich said his experiences made him "more cynical in terms of what preference to give survival and what preference to give material that might make a fine film which nobody or very few would go to see  That was the break  I realized that if you're careful in choosing projects and setting costs your taste and knowledge will, out of every six or seven pictures, produce one that makes a good deal of profitable return for everybody "The Associates announced numerous projects around this time, including Tryanny, Kinderspiel, Potluck for Pomeroy, Candidate for President (by Don Weis) and Machine for Chuparosa The Associates and Aldrich Company expanded to offer financing and distribution for other films  The only one that resulted was The Ride Back (1957) for UA  They wanted to make The Build Up Boys with Dana Andrews but the film did not eventuate 

Columbia: Autumn Leaves and The Garment Jungle
In between making Big Knife and Attack, Aldrich directed the Joan Crawford melodrama Autumn Leaves (1956) (originally The Way We Are), which was a minor hit Aldrich worked on the original story for the thriller The Gamma People (1956), made for Columbia and Warwick Productions in England 
In July 1956 Robert Aldrich signed a two-picture deal with Columbia to make films through his own company  The first was to be The Garment Jungle (1957)  The second was to be Until Proven Guilty  He also acquired the John O'Hara story Now We Know Aldrich started directing Garment but was fired towards the end of filming and replaced by Vincent Sherman In March 1957 Aldrich sued Columbia for reneging on a promise to make a film of the play Storm in the Sun, which he wanted to do with Crawford  The case was settled the following month Aldrich announced a range of projects – Kinderspiel, Pommeroy, The Snipe Hunt, Until Proven Guilty, Now We Know – but he found it difficult to get financing The Associates and Aldrich had the rights to the script for 3:10 to Yuma but ended up selling the project outright to Columbia 

Europe
Aldrich was unable to get a job until he had an offer from Hammer Films and Seven Arts to write and direct Ten Seconds to Hell (1959), starring Palance and Jeff Chandler, in Germany  While there, he was head of the jury at the 9th Berlin International Film Festival Aldrich stayed in Europe to make The Angry Hills (1959), based on the novel by Leon Uris and starring Robert Mitchum, for MGM in Greece for producer Raymond Stross  Aldrich had the film rewritten by Bezzerides, but then his cut of the film was re-edited by Stross  It was an unhappy experience for Aldrich and the film lost money Adlrich was going to make Taras Bulba in Yugoslavia with Anthony Quinn and a budget of $3 million, but the film did not proceed  Neither did another proposed subject, The Catalyst, based on a play by Ronald Duncan about male bisexuality  Aldrich would attempt to make Taras Bulba several times but ended up having to sell his script to Harold Hecht, who produced a film without Aldrich in 1962  Other projects he developed around this time include Angry Odyssey, The Left Bank, and Too Late the Hero Aldrich returned to Hollywood to direct episodes of Hotel de Paree ("Sundance Returns"), and Adventures in Paradise 
He directed a western, The Last Sunset (1961), starring Kirk Douglas and Rock Hudson, made for Douglas's company at Universal 
Aldrich tried to make Cross of Iron with John Mills but could not get financing Aldrich then went back to Italy, where he directed the Biblical spectacular Sodom and Gomorrah (1962)  for Joseph E  Levine  Aldrich disparaged the final film, which ended up costing $6 million 

Warner Bros: What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? and 4 For Texas
Aldrich rejuvenated his career by optioning the novel What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962) for the Associates and Aldrich Company  He signed Bette Davis and Joan Crawford as stars, got Lukas Heller to write the script, and raised financing through Warner Bros  The film was a massive hit at the box office and earned five Academy Award nominations (including a win for black-and-white costume design), restoring Aldrich's commercial and critical reputation  It also revived the popularity of Davis and Crawford as box office draws and led to a subgenre of horror movies starring elder actresses nicknamed "Psycho-biddy"  It also started a run of films (continued in Hush Hush Sweet Charlotte and others) with a gothic, camp sensibility that became an immediate hit with queer audiences Still at Warners, Aldrich wrote, produced and directed a comic western with Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin, 4 for Texas (1963)  Made for Sam Productions, it had Charles Bronson, Victor Buono, Ursula Andress and Anita Ekberg in supporting roles  The film was reasonably popular at the box office, but Aldrich disliked working with Sinatra and the resulting film 

20th Century Fox: Hush Hush Sweet Charlotte and Flight of the Phoenix
Emboldened by his recent commercial successes, Aldrich announced a $14 million production program of eight films, including Cross of Iron, Whatever Happened to Cousin Charlotte, The Tsar's Bride, Brouhaha, The Legend of Lylah Clare, Paper Eagle, Genghis Khan's Bicycle, and There Really Was a Gold Mine a sequel to Vera Cruz  He had prepared scripts on  Now We Know, Vengeance Is Mine, Potluck for Pomeroy and Too Late the Hero  Other projects were The Strong Are Lonely, Pursuit of Happiness and the TV series The Man He started with a follow up to Baby Jane, Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964), made for the Associates and Aldrich at 20th Century Fox  Bette Davis starred as a Southern woman who lives in a mansion and thinks she is going insane  Davis was to be reunited with Joan Crawford, but Crawford left the film and was replaced by Olivia de Havilland  The movie was popular, though not as successful as Baby Jane 
Aldrich stayed at Fox for his next film, the all-male action story The Flight of the Phoenix (1965), with James Stewart, Richard Attenborough and Peter Finch  The film was a commercial disappointment but eventually proved profitable 

MGM: The Dirty Dozen and The Legend of Lylah Clare
Aldrich had his biggest hit to date with The Dirty Dozen (1967), produced by Kenneth Hyman's Seven Arts Productions and released through MGM  Starring Lee Marvin, Charles Bronson, Ernest Borgnine and John Cassavetes, the film was a massive success at the box office Aldrich stayed at MGM for The Legend of Lylah Clare (1968) starring Finch and Kim Novak, made for Aldrich's own company  It was a critical and commercial disappointment 

Aldrich Studios
Aldrich sold his profit participation in Dirty Dozen to MGM for $1,350,000 and used the money to achieve a long-time dream – to buy his own studios, which he called the Aldrich Studios  He picked a facility at 201 North Occidental Boulevard, which had been in existence as a film studio since 1913, making Mary Pickford movies, and had recently been the basis of Sutherland Productions  Aldrich had made The Big Knife there "My dream has always been to own my own studio", he said  "With the possible exception of the old Enterprise Studio back in '45 I've never seen a studio run the way it should  That's because everybody at Enterprise felt they could make a contribution
and that's the feeling I hope we can have here "The studios were opened in August 1968  Along with Goldwyn, The Associates and Aldrich was the only major independent company with a studio in Hollywood  For the next few years he would make his movies there 

ABC Pictures
Aldrich's success with The Dirty Dozen led to the newly formed ABC Pictures offer the Associates and Aldrich Company a four-film contract  Aldrich announced they would be The Killing of Sister George, The Greatest Mother of Them All, Whatever Happened to Aunt Alice and Too Late the Hero Aldrich's first film for ABC was The Killing of Sister George (1968), adapted from by Lukas Heller from the play by Frank Marcus  It starred Beryl Reid and Susannah York and was notable for its frank depiction of a lesbian relationship  The movie was popular but because of its high cost lost money Aldrich produced but did not direct What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (1969), a psycho-biddy thriller in the vein of Baby Jane directed by Lee H  Katzin and starring Geraldine Page and Ruth Gordon  It also lost money  (Aldrich  announced he would make a third "Whatever Happened to" film, Whatever Happened to Dear Elva? based on the novel Goodbye, Dear Elva by Elizabeth Fenwick  However no film was made )
Aldrich made a 20-minute demo film, "The Greatest Mother of Them All" (1969), in an attempt to raise money for a feature-length version, but was unable to attract interest from ABC  Peter Finch starred ABC wanted Aldrich to make a war film in the vein of The Dirty Dozen so he produced and directed Too Late the Hero (1970), a "patrol" film, which he had been developing since 1959  Despite starring Michael Caine and Cliff Robertson and location work in the Philippines, the film made an overall loss of $6,765,000, making it one of the biggest money losers in the history of ABC Films Aldrich's next film for ABC was The Grissom Gang (1971), an adaptation of No Orchids for Miss Blandish set in the 1930s, with Scott Wilson and Kim Darby  It was another flop, losing ABC $3,670,000 Films Aldrich announced but did not make around this time included Rebellion, a western about Victoriano Huerta with Ernest Borgnine and George Kennedy;, The Movement, about student protest;  He also developed scripts for books which were turned into films by others: Coffee, Tea or Me? and Monte Walsh By now Aldrich's relationship with ABC had become fraught and devolved into lawsuits, in part caused by ABC refusing to finance other Aldrich projects  Aldrich parted company with ABC and in January 1972 put his studios up for sale In a 1972 interview Aldrich said that:

Lasting power is the most important power  Especially in this business, staying at the plate or staying at the table, staying in the game, is the essential  You can't allow yourself to get passed over or pushed aside  Very, very talented people got pushed aside and remained unused    If you must make a choice between luck and talent, you have to opt for luck  It's nice to have some of both, or a lot of both; but if you can't, luck is the answer  Nowhere else more so than in this business  The right place, the right time, the right script, all the right auspices—they made the difference to directors, writers, actors 

Ulzana's Raid and Emperor of the North Pole
Aldrich returned to westerns with Ulzana's Raid (1972), made at Universal for the Associates and Aldrich with producer Carter De Haven  It reteamed Aldrich with Lancaster for the first time since Vera Cruz  The film was a commercial disappointment but has subsequently come to be regarded as one of his finest films Aldrich followed it with Emperor of the North Pole (1973), a story of railway hobos in the 1930s starring Lee Marvin and Ernest Borgnine  Produced by Hyman at 20th Century Fox, it was another box office failure, though it too has seen its reputation soar in recent years (Leonard Maltin gave it 3 1/2 stars, calling it "unusual, exciting" and a "unique entertainment") 

Two with Burt Reynolds: The Longest Yard and Hustle
Aldrich's commercial fortunes were revived with a prison comedy starring Burt Reynolds,The Longest Yard (1974)  Made for producer Albert S  Ruddy at Paramount, it was Aldrich's biggest hit since The Dirty Dozen Aldrich and Reynolds promptly reteamed on Hustle (1975), made for their own production company RoBurt and released through Paramount  A tough police drama co-starring Catherine Deneuve, it was another box office success  However, tension between Aldrich and Reynolds during filming meant they made no more movies together  In 1975 Aldrich was elected president of the Directors Guild of America and served two two-year terms 

Lorimar: Twilight's Last Gleaming and The Choirboys
Aldrich signed a two-picture deal with Lorimar Productions, a TV company which wanted to move into features 
The first was Twilight's Last Gleaming (1977), an action thriller starring Lancaster  The second was a comedy, The Choirboys (1977), based on the best selling novel by Joseph Wambaugh, which Wambaugh disliked so much he sued to get his name taken off the film 

Final films: The Frisco Kid and All the Marbles
Aldrich's last movies were comedies: The Frisco Kid (1979), set in the West with Gene Wilder and Harrison Ford, and    All the Marbles (1981), set in the world of female wrestling with Peter Falk  Neither was particularly popular 
When the latter film came out, Aldrich said, "I'm 63 and I've had hits every ten years and I just hope I can function long enough to have one in the 90s "

Personal life
From his marriage to Harriet Foster (1941–1965), Aldrich had four children, all of whom work in the film business—Adell, William, Alida and Kelly  In 1966, after divorcing Foster, he married fashion model Sibylle Siegfried 

Death and legacy
Aldrich died of kidney failure on December 5, 1983, in a Los Angeles hospital  He is buried in Lot 5153 of the Whispering Trees Section of Forest Lawn Cemetery in Hollywood Hills Film critic John Patterson summarized his career in 2012: "He was a punchy, caustic, macho and pessimistic director, who depicted corruption and evil unflinchingly, and pushed limits on violence throughout his career  His aggressive and pugnacious film-making style, often crass and crude, but never less than utterly vital and alive, warrants — and will richly reward — your immediate attention "In 2012, John Patterson of The Guardian commented that Aldrich is "a wonderful director nearly 30 years dead now, whose body of work is in danger of slipping over the horizon " Japanese film director Kiyoshi Kurosawa noted Aldrich's influence on him In the FX miniseries Feud: Bette and Joan, Aldrich is portrayed by English actor Alfred Molina  The series follows the productions of Baby Jane and Sweet Charlotte 

Filmography
Films
Other film work
The Southerner (1945) (assistant director)
The Story of G I  Joe (1945) (assistant director)
Force of Evil (1948) (assistant director)
Caught (1949) (uncredited director of reshoots)
When I Grow Up (1950) (assistant director)
Limelight (1952) (assistant director)
The Gamma People (1956) (story)
The Garment Jungle (1957) (uncredited original director)
What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (1969) (producer)

Television
Unmade projects
Rebellion (late 1960s) — a western
The Crowded Bed (early 1970s)
The Greatest Mother of 'em All (1969) — the full-length feature was never shot
Rage of Honor (1970s) — western set in 1929 about an aging cowboy
Coffee, Tea or Me?  (early 1970s) — comedy about virginal air stewardess

Footnotes
Sources
Arnold, Edward T  and Miller, Eugene, L  1986  The Films and Career of Robert Aldrich  University of Tennessee Press  Knoxville, Tennessee  ISBN 0-87049-504-6
Sarris, Andrew 1981  What Ever Happened to Bobby Aldrich? CineFiles  University of California, Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive  Retrieved 18 October, 2018 
Sauvage, Pierre  1976  Aldrich Interview in Edward Arnold's and Eugene Miller's Robert Aldrich: Interviews, 2004  University of Mississippi Press  ISBN 1-57806-602-6
Silver, Alain and Ursini, James  1995  What Ever Happened to Robert Aldrich?: His Life and His Films Limelight Editions  ISBN 0-87910-185-7
Walsh, David  2018  100 years since the birth of American filmmaker Robert Aldrich: Including an interview with film historian Tony Williams Retrieved 10 October 2018 
Williams, Tony  2003  Body and Soul: the cinematic vision of Robert Aldrich  The Scarecrow Press, Inc  Lanham, Maryland  ISBN 978-0-8108-4993-8

Further reading
Robert Aldrich biography and credits at the BFI's Screenonline Entry written by Robert Shail 
"Aldrich & Associates special section"  Screening the Past (10)  2000  A special issue of a film journal that emerged from a symposium devoted to Aldrich & Associates on August 2, 1998, in Melbourne 
Silver, Alain (May 2002)  "Robert Aldrich"  Senses of Cinema (20)  Silver's contribution to the journal's "Great Directors" series 

External links

Robert Aldrich at IMDb
Robert Aldrich at the TCM Movie Database 
Robert Aldrich at AllMovie
Robert Aldrich at Find a Grave
Literature on Robert Aldrich
Passage 2:
Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte
Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte is a 1964 American psychological thriller film directed and produced by Robert Aldrich, and starring Bette Davis, Olivia de Havilland, Joseph Cotten, Agnes Moorehead and Mary Astor in her final film role  It follows a middle-aged Southern woman, suspected in the unsolved murder of her lover from decades before, who is plagued by bizarre occurrences after summoning her cousin to help challenge the local government's impending demolition of her home  The screenplay was adapted by Henry Farrell and Lukas Heller, from Farrell's unpublished short story "What Ever Happened to Cousin Charlotte?"
Following his previous success adapting Farrell's novel What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?, Aldrich originally cast the film to reunite Davis with Joan Crawford, despite their notorious turbulence on set  Principal photography began with Davis in the title role and Crawford as Miriam, but shooting was postponed while Crawford dropped out and the role was recast with de Havilland  The film was a critical success, earning seven Academy Award nominations 

Plot
In 1927, young Southern belle Charlotte Hollis and her married lover John Mayhew plan to elope during a party at the Hollis family's antebellum mansion in Ascension Parish, Louisiana  Charlotte's father, Sam, confronts John over the affair and intimidates him with the news that John's wife Jewel visited the day before and revealed the affair  John pretends to Charlotte he can no longer love her and that they must part  Shortly after, John is ambushed and decapitated in the summerhouse by an assailant with a cleaver  Charlotte returns to the house in a bloodstained dress, which all of the guests witness 
Thirty-seven years later, Charlotte, a spinster, having inherited the estate after her father died, is tended to by her loyal housekeeper, Velma  In the intervening years, John's death has remained an unsolved murder, though it is commonly held that Charlotte was responsible  Despite notice from the Louisiana Highway Commission that she has been evicted from the property to make way for the impending construction of a new interstate, Charlotte is defiant, and threatens the demolition crew with a rifle  Seeking help in her fight against the Highway Commission, Charlotte summons Miriam, a poor cousin who lived with the family as a girl, but has since moved to New York City  Miriam returns and soon renews her relationship with Drew Bayliss, a local doctor who jilted her  Charlotte's sanity soon deteriorates following Miriam's arrival, her nights haunted by a mysterious harpsichord playing the song John wrote for her and by the appearance of his disembodied hand and head  Suspecting that Miriam and Drew are after Charlotte's money, Velma seeks help from Mr  Willis, an insurance investigator from England who is still fascinated by the case and who has visited Mayhew's ailing widow, Jewel; she gave him an envelope only to be opened after her death 
Miriam fires Velma, who later returns to discover Charlotte has been drugged  Velma plans to expose Miriam's exploitation of Charlotte, but Miriam hits Velma with a chair and she falls down the stairs to her death  Drew covers up the murder by declaring it an accident  One night, a drugged Charlotte runs downstairs in the grip of a hallucination, believing that John has returned to her  After Miriam tricks the intoxicated Charlotte into shooting Drew with a gun loaded with blanks, the two dispose of his body in a swamp  Charlotte returns to the house and witnesses the revived Drew walking downstairs after he returned, reducing her to insanity  Believing she has shattered Charlotte's mental state, Miriam celebrates with Drew in the garden, where they discuss the plan to have Charlotte committed to a psychiatric hospital and usurp her fortune  Charlotte overhears the entire conversation from the balcony, except for Miriam's admission that she had witnessed Jewel kill John, and has been using the knowledge to blackmail Jewel throughout the years  Charlotte kills Miriam and Drew, by pushing a large stone urn off the  balcony 
The next day, the authorities escort Charlotte from home, as a crowd gathers around to observe the spectacle  Charlotte receives an envelope from Mr Willis, which he received from Jewel (who died of a stroke after hearing of the incident which occurred on the previous night), ostensibly confessing to the murder of her husband John   As the authorities leave with Charlotte, she looks back at the house 

Cast
Production
Development and casting
Following the unexpected box office success of What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), Aldrich wanted to make a film with similar themes for Joan Crawford and Bette Davis  Their feud was infamous and legendary, and they were not initially eager to repeat themselves  
Writer Henry Farrell, on whose novel the film had been based, had written an unpublished short story called "What Ever Happened to Cousin Charlotte?" that Aldrich envisioned as a suitable follow-up  It told a similar story of a woman who manipulates a relative for personal gain, but for this film, Aldrich's idea was that the two actresses would switch the roles from the previous one, with Crawford playing the devious cousin trying to manipulate the innocent Davis into giving up her estate  Aldrich's frequent collaborator, Lukas Heller, wrote a draft of the screenplay, but was replaced by Farrell in late 1963 Three other cast members from What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? were cast in Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte: Wesley Addy, Dave Willock and Victor Buono 

The cast included Mary Astor, a friend of Davis' since their days at Warner Bros  Astor retired from acting and died in 1987  She said: My agent called: 'There's this cameo in a movie with Bette Davis  It's a hell of a part; it could put you right up there again ' I read the script  The opening shot described a severed head rolling down the stairs, and each page contained more blood and gore and hysterics and cracked mirrors and everybody being awful to everybody else  I skipped to my few pages–a little old lady sitting on her veranda waiting to die  There was a small kicker to it inasmuch as it was she who was the murderess in her youth and had started all the trouble  And then in the story, she died  Good! Now, I'd really be dead! And it was with Bette–which seemed sentimentally fitting 

Filming
Principal photography of the film began in mid-1964, with the on-location shooting commencing in Baton Rouge, Louisiana  However, the shoot was temporarily suspended on several occasions early on  Initially, it was halted after a third-party lawsuit was brought against Davis by Paramount Pictures over a commitment to complete additional filming on Where Love Has Gone (1964)  When this was resolved, filming recommenced 
The production was postponed again to allow Crawford to recover after she was admitted into the hospital due to an upper respiratory ailment, though Aldrich hired a private investigator to track her and determine whether or not she was actually ill  By August 4, 1964, the production had been suspended indefinitely, and the studio's insurance company insisted that Crawford be replaced, or else the film would have to be cancelled entirely Aldrich sought several actresses to replace Crawford, including Loretta Young, and Vivien Leigh, but they were each either unable or unwilling to take the role  Aldrich ultimately sought Olivia de Havilland for the part, and flew to her home in Switzerland to attempt to convince her to take the role  de Havilland agreed and she subsequently flew to Los Angeles to begin filming  In later interviews, de Havilland expressed displeasure with the film: "I wasn't thrilled with the script, and I definitely didn't like my part  I was reverse-typecast, being asked to be an unsympathetic villain  It wasn't what people expected of me  It wasn't really what I wanted to do  Bette wanted it so much, so I did it  I can't say I regretted it, because working with her was special, but I can't say it was a picture I am proud to put on my resume  Given the choice, I wouldn't have deprived Joan Crawford of the honor " According to Crawford, she only learned of her firing from a news radio broadcast  However, despite  being replaced (and because a planned reshoot with de Havilland in Louisiana was cancelled), brief footage of Crawford made it into the film, when she is seen sitting in the taxi in the wide shot for Miriam's arrival at the house (Crawford can be seen peering out of the window wearing dark sunglasses/clothing) 
Scenes outside the Hollis mansion were shot on location at Houmas House plantation in Louisiana  Scenes of the interior were shot on a soundstage in Hollywood 

Musical score
The title song by Frank de Vol became a hit for Patti Page, who recorded a version which reached no  8 on the Billboard Hot 100 

Release
Box office
According to Fox records, the film needed to earn $3,900,000 in rentals to break even and made $4,950,000, meaning it made a profit of $1,050,000  In France, the film sold 79,168 tickets 

Critical reception
Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte was another hit for Aldrich, opening to positive reviews  A pan, however, came from The New York Times  Bosley Crowther observed, "So calculated and coldly carpentered is the tale of murder, mayhem and deceit that Mr  Aldrich stages in this mansion that it soon appears grossly contrived, purposely sadistic and brutally sickening  So, instead of coming out funny, as did Whatever Happened to Baby Jane?, it comes out grisly, pretentious, disgusting and profoundly annoying "Variety's reviewer wrote: "Davis' portrayal is reminiscent of Jane in its emotional overtones, in her style of characterization of the near-crazed former Southern belle, aided by haggard makeup and outlandish attire  It is an outgoing performance, and she plays it to the limit  De Havilland, on the other hand, is far more restrained but nonetheless effective dramatically in her offbeat role " Judith Crist wrote about the film, "The guignol is about as grand as it gets " Kenneth Tynan asserted that "(Davis) has done nothing better since The Little Foxes " A later review for Time Out (London) observed: "Over the top, of course, and not a lot to it, but it's efficiently directed, beautifully shot, and contains enough scary sequences amid the brooding, tense atmosphere  Splendid performances from Davis and Moorehead, too "On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 82% of 28 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7 3/10 

Accolades
Moorehead won the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress  The film also received seven nominations (two more than Baby Jane: one less in the acting category, namely for Davis) for the 37th Academy Awards, breaking the record as the most for a horror film up to that time 

Home media
The film was first released on DVD on August 9, 2005  It was re-released on April 8, 2008, as part of The Bette Davis Centenary Celebration Collection 5-DVD box-set  On October 17, 2016, It was released onto high-definition Blu-ray in the US by Twilight Time as a 3,000-print limited edition  Another Blu-ray edition was released in the UK by Eureka Entertainment as a part of their "Masters of Cinema" collection on January 21, 2019 

See also
List of American films of 1964
Psycho-biddy
Passage 3:
A Kiss for Corliss
A Kiss for Corliss (retitled Almost a Bride before its release) is a 1949 American comedy film directed by Richard Wallace, written by Howard Dimsdale, and starring David Niven and Shirley Temple  The film, which was the last for both Wallace and Temple, was released on November 25, 1949, by United Artists  It is a sequel to the 1945 film Kiss and Tell, also directed by Wallace and starring Temple 

Plot
Playboy Kenneth Marquis is divorcing his third wife, who is represented by her attorney, Harry Archer  Corliss, Archer's teenaged daughter, is smitten with the charismatic Marquis and his free-wheeling lifestyle  Marquis sends a box of candy to Corliss, infuriating Archer, who interprets the gift as a jab at his settlement demand  Archer also prohibits Corliss' boyfriend Dexter from dating her after he sees Dexter at the Penguin Club, a restaurant that doubles as a gambling joint  Corliss manipulates Dexter into taking her to the club, but just after they arrive, the club is raided by police  Corliss and Dexter hide in the basement, but are temporarily trapped, causing Corliss to arrive home late, so she feigns amnesia to her parents to cover the truth  To refresh Corliss' memory, Archer reads her diary, which contains her imaginary romantic trysts with Marquis  The contents of the diary, along with Marquis' gift of candy, cause Corliss' parents to assume the worst 
Corliss' friend Raymond Pringle, who publishes a neighborhood paper, shows Marquis some of the diary entries, threatening to publish them unless Marquis buys advertising  Marquis visits the Archers and says that every word in the diary is true, that he is in love with Corliss, and that he wants to make her his fourth wife  When Archer explodes in anger, Corliss admits that the diary is not true and was written to make Dexter jealous  Marquis insists that the diary is true, though Corliss reveals why she was out late  Dexter arrives and eventually agrees with Corliss' version of events, but the Archers remain unconvinced  Marquis announces his engagement to Corliss in the newspaper to sue the Archers for breach of promise when the engagement is cancelled  The Archers delay rescinding the engagement to avoid the appearance of an immediate breach 
Marquis has gifts for Corliss delivered, and Archer is hounded by the media  Corliss continues to insist that the diary is false to her parents' continuing disbelief  Glimpse, a national magazine, runs photos of Marquis and Corliss  Archer's brother Uncle George, a Navy chaplain, visits and offers to perform the wedding  At the wedding rehearsal, held in the Archers' home, Dexter tells Mr  Archer that he has a witness who can attest to Corliss and his version of the events from the night when she was out late  Marquis' lie is revealed and the men escort him outside, where an offscreen fight ensues, and Archer and Dexter both return bloodied  Archer had overcome Marquis in the fight, but Dexter had accidentally hit  Archer  Marquis passes by an open window, his eye blackened, and mocks Archer and Dexter as he departs 

Cast
Shirley Temple as Corliss Archer
David Niven as Kenneth Marquis
Tom Tully as Harry P  Archer
Virginia Welles as Mildred Pringle
Darryl Hickman as Dexter Franklin
Gloria Holden as Mrs  Janet Archer
Robert Ellis as Raymond Pringle
Kathryn Card as Louise
Richard Gaines as Taylor
Roy Roberts as Uncle George
Passage 4:
The Ambulance
The Ambulance is a 1990 American comedy thriller film written and directed by Larry Cohen  It stars Eric Roberts, Megan Gallagher, James Earl Jones, Janine Turner, Red Buttons, and Eric Braeden as the Doctor  Kevin Hagen plays a cop   In his first film role, Stan Lee of Marvel Comics has a small role as himself 

Plot
Aspiring comic book artist Josh Baker meets a young woman named Cheryl on the streets of New York City, who proceeds to collapse and is rushed to a hospital by an ambulance   When Josh arrives at the hospital, he is shocked to find that there is no record of Cheryl ever being admitted and he soon learns another startling discovery, Cheryl's roommate also vanished after being picked up by the same ambulance 
Convinced that there is some sort of conspiracy going on, Josh proceeds to investigate the disappearances, despite the overt disdain and discouragement from Lt  Spencer 

Cast
Eric Roberts as Josh Baker
James Earl Jones as Lieutenant Frank Spencer
Megan Gallagher as Officer Sandra Malloy
Red Buttons as Elias Zacharai
Janine Turner as Cheryl Turner
Eric Braeden as The Doctor
Richard Bright as Detective Jerry McClosky
James Dixon as Detective John "Jughead" Ryan
Jill Gatsby as Jerilyn O'Brien
Martin Barter as Street Gang Leader
Laurene Landon as Patty
Nick Chinlund as Hugo (as Nicholas Chinlund)
Beatrice Winde as Head Nurse
Kevin Hagen as Cop At Stables
Matt Norklun as Ambulance Driver
Rudy Jones as Ambulance Driver
Stan Lee as Marvel Comics Editor
Deborah Hedwall as Nurse Barbera Feinstein
Susan Blommaert as Hospital Receptionist
Jordan Derwin as Hospital Official
Alexandra Jones as The Waitress
Michael O'Hare as Hal

Production
Cohen later said he was inspired by "the concept of taking something that is thought of as being benign or benevolent    or anything else that has a safe and wholesome image, and turning it into an object of terror " He had done this for It's Alive (babies) and The Stuff (junk food) and wanted to do it with ambulances  "When you hear or see an ambulance on the street, it’s usually considered to be something that is going to rescue you and take care of you, a vehicle of mercy," said Cohen  "In this story, it’s actually a vehicle of murder  The whole idea of an ambulance that suddenly arrives from nowhere, picks people up, and takes them away to some dark place where they are never seen or heard of again was completely original and creepy "Cohen says at one stage the financiers wanted a "classier" title than The Ambulance so he retitled it In Thin Air  They changed their mind and the film went back to being called The Ambulance  In the May, 1990 edition of his column Stan's Soapbox, Stan Lee mentions playing himself in a scene in "an adventure mystery called Into Thin Air and refers to the name change in a later column Cohen wanted to cast John Travolta or Jim Carrey in the lead but his producers refused Donald Trump made a small cameo in a deleted scene 
Jamie Lee Curtis was originally considered to play Officer Sandra Malloy
The role of the villain was originally played by Wesley Addy  However Cohen was unhappy with his performance and recast the role with Eric Braeden  Braeden's casting came at the suggestion of Cohen's mother who was a fan of The Young and the Restless 

Home media
The film was released on Blu-ray on March 13, 2018 by Scream Factory 

See also
List of films featuring diabetes
Passage 5:
Vera Cruz (film)
Vera Cruz is a 1954 American Western film directed by Robert Aldrich and starring Gary Cooper and Burt Lancaster, featuring Denise Darcel, Sara Montiel, Cesar Romero, Ernest Borgnine, Charles Bronson and Jack Elam  Set during the Franco-Mexican War, the film centers on a group of American mercenaries tasked with transporting a large shipment of Imperial gold to the port of Veracruz, but begin to have second thoughts about their allegiances  It was produced by Hecht-Lancaster Productions and released by United Artists on 25 December 1954 
The picture's amoral characters and cynical attitude towards violence (including a scene where Lancaster's character threatens to murder child hostages) were considered shocking at the time and influenced future Westerns such as The Magnificent Seven (1960), The Professionals (1966), Sam Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch (1969), and the Spaghetti Western films of Sergio Leone, which often featured supporting cast members from Vera Cruz in similar roles  Its influence on the latter led some critics to label it "the first Spaghetti Western "

Plot
During the Franco-Mexican War, ex-Confederate soldier Ben Trane travels to Mexico seeking a job as a mercenary  He falls in with Joe Erin, a younger gunslinger who heads a gang of cutthroats  They are recruited by Marquis Henri de Labordere for service with Emperor Maximilian  Maximilian offers them $25,000 to escort the Countess Duvarre to the city of Veracruz  Trane gets the emperor to double the offer 
During a river crossing, Trane notices that the stagecoach in which the countess is traveling is extremely heavy  Erin and Trane later discover that hidden inside are six cases of gold coins  The countess informs them that it is worth $3 million which is intended to pay for reinforcements from Europe  They form an uneasy alliance to steal and split the gold  Unbeknownst to them, the marquis is listening from the shadows 
The Juaristas, led by General Ramírez, attack the column several times  Pickpocket and Juarista undercover agent Nina joins the convoy  When Trane, Erin and their men are surrounded by the Juaristas, Trane persuades Ramirez to join forces and agree to pay them $100,000  The marquis succeeds in getting the gold to Veracruz  In the Juarista attack, the French are defeated, but most of Erin's men are killed  Erin attempts to steal the gold for himself by getting the countess to reveal the location of the ship she had hired to transport it  He even kills one of his own men  However, Trane arrives in time to confront him  They face off in a showdown that ends in Erin's death  Trane and Nina leave, while women search the dead for their loved ones 

Cast
Production
Burt Lancaster and Harold Hecht had just signed a contract with United Artists to make two films, starting with Apache, also directed by Robert Aldrich  Just before filming on that movie began in October 1953, Lancaster announced their second film would be Vera Cruz with himself and Gary Cooper, based on a story by Borden Chase In December 1953, after Apache finished filming, Lancaster announced Aldrich would direct Vera Cruz United Artists were so happy with Apache they changed the two-picture deal with Hecht and Lancaster into a two-year deal covering seven films 

Casting
Before taking the role of Ben Trane, Gary Cooper was advised by Clark Gable not to work with Burt Lancaster, fearing the younger actor would upstage him Mari Blanchard was meant to play the female lead and Hecht signed to borrow her from Universal  However, there was a clause forbidding her to appear on television which Hecht disagreed with  Instead they cast Denise Darcel  Mamie Van Doren claimed in her autobiography Playing the Field that Lancaster interviewed her for the role of the Countess, but she lost the part after refusing to sleep with him Charles Bronson was billed under his real name, 'Charles Buchinsky', in the film  This would mark the last time he would be credited that way, before he adopted his more well-known stage name 

Shooting
Filming started in February 1954  Vera Cruz was the first American film production to be shot entirely in Mexico  Though set in the city of Veracruz, the majority of the film was actually shot in and around Cuernavaca  Exterior shots were filmed at Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City, the ruins of Teotihuacan, and the climax was shot at Molino de Flores Nezahualcóyotl National Park in Texcoco de Mora  The interiors were filmed at Estudios Churubusco Vera Cruz was also the first production to use the SuperScope widescreen process, which was designed to achieve anamorphic prints from standard flat 35mm negatives  Shot at a conventional 1 37:1 aspect ratio, the film was cropped to 2:1 in post-production, given a CinemaScope-compatible (2x) squeeze, and blown up to normal frame height  
Aldrich and Lancaster got along well on Apache but as to Vera Cruz, the director said "we probably had a less amicable relationship than we anticipated  This was because Burt, until he directed The Kentuckian, thought he was going to be a director and when you're directing your first great big picture you don't welcome somebody else on hand with directorial notions  There were a few differences of opinion about concepts and about action " Lancaster recalled that Cooper demanded rewrites to his character to make him less morally-gray and more conventionally heroic 
According to Eli Wallach, the Mexican authorities were appalled at the unflattering depiction of their country, so any subsequent Hollywood productions (including The Magnificent Seven) were thoroughly overseen by state censors 

Reception
The film earned an estimated $5 million at the North American box office during its first run and $9 million overall In 1963, Aldrich announced he was working on a sequel There Really Was a Gold Mine but it was never made 

Legacy
Critic and historian Dave Kehr would later cite Vera Cruz as one of the most influential films of the 1950s, inspiring later Westerns by such directors as Sam Peckinpah and especially Sergio Leone  Kehr also praised Cooper and Lancaster's performances in the film, writing that "the generational transition from an aging star to his up-and-coming replacement has seldom been handled with better humor or more biting wit "

Home media
Vera Cruz was released to DVD by MGM Home Video on March 20, 2001, and to Blu-Ray on June 7, 2011  Kino Lorber re-released the film on Blu-ray on October 12, 2021 

See also
You Can't Win 'Em All, a 1970 film with a similar plot set in the Greco-Turkish War 
Passage 6:
Ten Tall Men
Ten Tall Men is a 1951 American adventure film starring Burt Lancaster about the French Foreign Legion during the Rif War in Morocco  Though co-written and directed by Willis Goldbeck, Goldbeck walked off the film due to disputes with Lancaster (whose own company, Norma Productions, produced the film) with the movie being completed by Robert Parrish   Credited as an associate producer, Robert Aldrich was a production manager on the film where he met Lancaster, which led him to direct Vera Cruz for him  Robert Clary made his debut in the film as an Arab batman  Portions of the film were filmed in Palm Springs, California  The story was released as a Fawcett Movie Comic #16 in April 1951 

Plot
After capturing an important Rif prisoner in an undercover operation, Sergeant Mike Kincaid (Lancaster) is imprisoned himself for striking a lieutenant (Stephen Bekassy) who beats a French woman (Mari Blanchard) with his riding crop for preferring Kincaid to him  Kincaid has a longstanding rivalry with the lieutenant, but the lieutenant is now in command of the company holding the city of Tarfa while the regiment is away  As the ranking officer, the lieutenant uses Kincaid's striking of him to get his revenge 
Kincaid is imprisoned alongside seven military prisoners and the captured Rif who has refused to talk, with the lieutenant refusing food and water to both Kincaid and the Rif   When his two comrades-in-arms who accompanied him on the mission, Corporals Luis Delgado (Gilbert Roland) and Pierre Molier (Kieron Moore), sneak food and water to Kincaid, he shares them with the Rif   To repay Kincaid's kindness and assuage his own guilt for telling the lieutenant about Kincaid's assignation with the Frenchwoman, the tells of an impending attack on Tarfa while the garrison is weak  The Rif believes Kincaid will escape to save himself, but he instead warns the lieutenant 
The experienced Kincaid tells the lieutenant that their only chance is to release him to lead a series of guerrilla hit-and-run attacks to delay the enemy for five days until the regiment returns   The lieutenant agrees, but only if Kincaid will testify that the idea was his  Kincaid agrees to his terms  The only men available for the mission are the seven prisoners, who receive full pardons for their crimes   His two corporals join them, raising their number to ten 
When scouting an enemy camp, the Legionnaires discover two rival tribes have joined forces, making them strong enough to take the city  Using his expertise in disguise and language, Kincaid finds out that the Rif leader, Khalid Hussein (Gerald Mohr), is marrying Mahla (Jody Lawrance) in order to cement an alliance with the other tribe  Kincaid kidnaps her to force the enemy to chase him for the five days 
Mahla begins to fall in love with her handsome captor, as Hussein pursues the Legionnaires across the desert  In the midst of the dangers, the patrol finds a destroyed Legion truck containing a safe that one of the men opens, revealing a large Legion payroll  When Jardine (John Dehner) tries to get away with the payroll, he is shot, but that tells the Rifs where they are 
Kincaid is eventually captured and Mahla freed  She demands that Kincaid be released unharmed, or she will not marry Hussein  Hussein reluctantly does so  Kincaid and his men infiltrate the wedding ceremony, and fighting breaks out  Mahla's tribe switches sides, and Hussein is killed 

Cast
Production
The film was the first of a two-picture deal Columbia Pictures signed with Norma Productions, the company of Burt Lancaster and Harold Hecht  (The second was to be Small Wonder, a film in which Lancaster would not appear )It was originally a Western story by James Warner Bellah and Willis Goldbeck which concerned conflict between the US cavalry and Apaches  Producer Harold Hecht and star Burt Lancaster then decided that "John Ford and other Hollywood operators have so effectively decimated the Apache population" that they hired writer A I  Bezzerides to reimagine the story with a Foreign Legion setting which wound up involving the Rif War (1911-1927)  Roland Kibbee and Frank Davis were hired to rewrite the script to make it more comedic The film was shot in February 1950 at the Columbia Ranch in the San Fernando Valley and on location in Yuma, Arizona 

Notes
External links
Ten Tall Men at the American Film Institute Catalog
Ten Tall Men at IMDb
Ten Tall Men at the TCM Movie Database
Passage 7:
Enteng the Dragon
Enteng the Dragon is a 1988 Philippine comedy film directed by Romy Villaflor and written by Tony S  Mortel  It is a parody of the film Enter the Dragon 

Plot
The story revolves around \ Enteng (Dolphy) a vendor of a mobile food house in China Town  Enteng is known for his humor, and a journalist and star reporter named Rowena (Dang Cecilio) was interested to cover his story after her Editor-in-Chief saw him as worthy of human interest  Kuto (Vandolph), a young boy that he found sleeping in his food wagon, led him to the shrine of the monks, that sealed his destiny as a vigilante and hero 

Cast
Dolphy as Enteng
Vandolph as Kuto
Dang Cecilio as Rowena
Eddie Garcia as the Evil Leader
Monica Herrera as Christina
Monsour del Rosario
Rommel Valdez
Tsing Tong Tsai
Panchito
Babalu
Don Pepot
Che-Che Sta  Ana
Roy Aoyama
Ros Olgado
Ernie Ortega
Estrella Querubin

Production
The film was produced by the RVQ Productions, a production owned by Dolphy himself 

Release
The film was released on July 14, 1988 

Accolades
Passage 8:
O Cangaceiro
O Cangaceiro (lit  "The Cangaceiro"; also known as The Bandit and The Bandits) is a 1953 Brazilian adventure western film directed by Lima Barreto  After some reluctance by its studio Vera Cruz, Barreto shot it in 1952  After its release it was national and international success, and won several awards, including the Adventure Film Award at the 1953 Cannes Film Festival  It was poorly received in retrospect despite being praised by the time of its release and started a subgenre in Brazilian cinema 

Cast
Alberto Ruschel as Teodoro
Marisa Prado as Olívia
Milton Ribeiro as Galdino
Vanja Orico as Maria Clódia
Adoniran Barbosa as Mané Mole

Production
In 1950, Lima Barreto joined the film studio Companhia Cinematográfica Vera Cruz invited by its then president Alberto Cavalcanti  After releasing two documentaries successfully for the studio, Painel and Santuário, Barreto get the chance to direct a feature film  With the idea to shoot a film about Lampião since the early 1940s, he only commenced to shoot it in 1952 after some reluctance by Franco Zampari, Vera Cruz's founder  Although he went to Bahia and did some research there, it was shot in Vargem Grande do Sul, São Paulo, with a production that lasted nine months due to internal conflicts 

Reception
O Cangaceiro was released on January 20, 1953, and was  a public success; it grossed ₢$30 million (about US$1 5 million) in the 24 Brazilian theaters in which it spent six weeks  After its national success, it was distributed to over 80 countries, becoming one of the most internationally successful Brazilian films—a feat uncommon in that time  It led it to be considered Vera Cruz's "high point" and its "most important production" by Georges Sadoul, author of Dictionary of Films, and by O Estado de S  Paulo's Luiz Zanin, respectively After winning several Brazilian awards, the film was entered into the 1953 Cannes Film Festival, where it was "much liked for its original and truly national flavour " O Cangaceiro won the Best Adventure Film Award, making it the first Brazilian film to win a prize at Cannes, and received a special mention to Gabriel Migliori's musical composition  At the Edinburgh International Film Festival it was awarded the Best Film It received mixed commentaries since its release  It was once voted the best Brazilian film in 1968 by National Film Institute's magazine Revista Film Cultura  Sadoul declared, "Lima Barreto well conveys a sense of poetry of the open desert space of the Sertão and makes this story lively and suspenseful"  After praising its cast performances and its "thrilling" musical score, Bosley Crowther of The New York Times said, "This [O] Cangaceiro is a picture that will cause the Western fans to rub their eyes " However, Cinema Novo representants—mainly Glauber Rocha—would criticize it for borrowing too much the style of American films  Critics also went on to comment on its "sociological inaccuracies "

Legacy
It is the first film to mix cangaço with Western, starting a genre called "Nordestern" —an amalgam of the words "Nordeste" (Northeast) and "Western"  It would be followed by successful films such as Carlos Coimbra's A Morte Comanda o Cangaço (1960), Lampião, o Rei do Cangaço (1964) and Corisco, o Diabo Louro (1969), and Aurélio Teixeira's Os Três Cabras de Lampião  It also established cangaço as a subgenre in Brazilian cinema; subsequently, cangaço would be featured as a theme from comedy—such as Os Três Cangaceiro and O Lamparina—to pornochanchada films—As Cangaceiras Eróticas and A Ilha das Cangaceiras Virgens  Also, Ruschel and Ribeiro would reprise the role of "good cangaceiro" and "bad cangaceiro" in other films 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Jim Miller (punter)
James Gordon Miller (born July 5, 1957) is a former American college and professional football player who was a punter in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons during the 1980s   Miller played college football for the University of Mississippi, and received All-American honors   He played professionally for the San Francisco 49ers, Dallas Cowboys, and New York Giants of the NFL 

Early years
Miller was born in Ripley, Mississippi and attended Ripley High School, where he played running back, wide receiver, cornerback and punter 

College career
Miller attended the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss), where he played for the Ole Miss Rebels football team from 1976 to 1979   He started punting barefoot as a freshman (in high school he had to wear a shoe by rule), ranking third in the Southeastern Conference with a 40 5-yard punt average  For a while he doubled as a flanker and punter 
The next year, he led the NCAA with a 45 9-yard punting average, which was also a school and SEC record  As a junior, he finished with a 43 2-yard per punt average  In his last year he averaged 44 6-yards per punt  
At the time he set school records with an 82-yard punt against South Carolina in 1976, punt average in a season (45 9), most punts in a game (12), career punt average (43 4-yard), punts in a career (266), punting yards in
a season (3,283 yards) and total punt yards in a career (11,549)  He was inducted into the Ole Miss Athletics Hall of Fame in 1995  He was named to the Ole Miss Team of the Century (1893-1992) 

Professional career
San Francisco 49ers
Miller was selected in the third round of the 1980 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers, who had gone through three punters in three years  As a rookie, he was named to the All-rookie team after averaging 40 9 yards per punt  He was a part of the Super Bowl XVI championship team  He was waived before the start of the 1983 season, when he was passed on the depth chart by Tom Orosz 

Dallas Cowboys
On November 16, 1983, he was signed as a free agent by the Dallas Cowboys to replace the injured rookie John Warren  He only played in three games  He was released after losing the preseason competition with Warren on September 6, 1984 

New York Giants
In 1987, he punted in one game for the New York Giants, replacing an injured Sean Landeta  He was cut during the season the team won Super Bowl XXI 
He lives in Ripley, MS with his wife  He has a grandson that enjoys playing football with  
Passage 2:
Filip Filipović (American football)
Filip Filipovic (Serbian Cyrillic: Филип Филиповић) (born November 5, 1977) is a Serbian former professional American football punter in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys  He played college football at the University of South Dakota 

Early years
Filipovic moved from Yugoslavia to the United States as a foreign exchange student in 1992  He attended Howland High School  As a junior, he broke his foot in the season opener  As a senior, he served as the team's placekicker and punter, making 13 field goals and averaging 35 yards per punt 
He enrolled at Urbana College where although he was named the starter at placekicker, he instead decided to give up football and transfer to Eastern Michigan University  In 1999, he walked on at Division II University of South Dakota As a sophomore, he became the starter at punter, posting 57 punts for a 38 1-yard average and a long of 56 yards  As a junior, he registered 73 punts for a 40 7-yard average (seventh in Division II) and a long of 62 yards As a senior, he served as the team's placekicker and punter, making 7-of-10 field goals for a 62 5 percent (third in the conference), 18-of-19 extra points for a 92 3 percent (fifth in the conference) and 53 punts for a 40 1-yard average (fourth in the conference)  He finished his career with 183 punts for a 39 7-yard average and a long of 66 yards 

Professional career
Filipović was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Dallas Cowboys after the 2002 NFL Draft  He was waived on September 1  On October 23, he was re-signed to replace a struggling Micah Knorr  Against the Detroit Lions, he had 10 punts (tied for second in franchise history) for a 41 4-yard average and downed two kicks inside the 10-yard line  He finished the season with a 40 6-yard average, 14 punts downed inside the 20-yard line, a long of 60 yards and 2 special teams tackles  On August 17, 2003, he was released after being passed on the depth chart by Toby Gowin 
On January 7, 2004, he signed a futures contract with the San Francisco 49ers  He was cut on April 27 On July 23, 2004, he was signed as a free agent by the Minnesota Vikings  He was released on August 3 On February 10, 2005, he was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles with the intention of allocating him to NFL Europe  He was cut on March 7 
On March 28, 2006, he signed with the Houston Texans  He was released on July 29 
On April 9, 2007, he was signed by the Chicago Bears  He was released on August 1 

Personal life
After football he trained several kickers and punters, developing skills to break into professional football leagues  Filipovic also works with agents that sign and negotiate NFL contracts 
Passage 3:
Jerry Tubbs
Gerald J  Tubbs (January 23, 1935 – June 13, 2012) was an American football linebacker who played for ten seasons in the National Football League (NFL) from 1957 to 1966, mainly for the Dallas Cowboys   He was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the 1960 NFL Expansion Draft   After his retirement he stayed with the Cowboys as an assistant coach for 22 years  He played college football at the University of Oklahoma  In 1996, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame 

High school career
Tubbs was an honor graduate student and played center at Breckenridge High School  The teams were coached by Cooper Robbins (1951) and Joe Kerbel (1952), who would go on to the college ranks  Tubbs lost only three games during his high school career  In 1971, he was inducted into the Texas High School Football Hall of Fame  Since 2008, the Breckenridge Buckaroos open the football season playing the "Jerry Tubbs Kickoff Classic" 

College career
Tubbs played three varsity years at the University of Oklahoma, and the Sooners won all 31 games in that period  In 1954, when fullback Billy Pricer was injured, Tubbs had to replace him playing against University of Texas, the first time he had ever played in the backfield  In the remaining games of that season, he averaged 6 1 yards per carry  Head coach Bud Wilkinson moved him to center in 1955, and this became his signature position  He also played linebacker and in a victory over Texas in 1955, he intercepted three passes  In 1956, he was a unanimous All-American center and was named Lineman of the Year by three agencies 
During his three varsity years, Oklahoma's record was 10-0, 11-0, 10-0  His 31 wins were part of that legendary 47-game winning streak and two national titles from 1954-56  The 1954 team was ranked third nationally in the Associated Press and United Press polls  The 1955 and 1956 teams were national champions  In those years Oklahoma played in only one bowl game, where the 1955 team beat Maryland University 20-6 in the Orange Bowl 
Tubbs finished fourth in the 1956 Heisman Trophy voting (very high for a lineman), behind his third place teammate, Tommy McDonald, and winner Paul Hornung of Notre Dame University  He graduated from Oklahoma with a degree in economics and was also a 1956 Academic All-America 
In 1996, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and in 1999 he was inducted into the Oklahoma Sports Hall of Fame 

Professional career
Chicago Cardinals
He was drafted by the Chicago Cardinals in the first round of the 1957 NFL Draft — 10th overall  Suddenly, he found himself on a perennial loser, playing out of position as an outside linebacker  He was eventually benched, and then traded to the San Francisco 49ers after the seventh game of the 1958 season 

San Francisco 49ers
The following year (1959), the San Francisco 49ers moved him into the middle linebacker position, where he became a starter  After the 1959 season, Tubbs planned to retire, so the 49ers left him off their list of players who were exempt from the 1960 NFL Expansion Draft 

Dallas Cowboys
Tubbs was acquired by the Dallas Cowboys in 1960 NFL Expansion Draft  As it turned out, he would spend the next 29 years in Dallas — as a player, player-coach and full-time assistant coach   In the 4th game of the 1960 season, Tubbs became the first player in franchise history to start at the middle linebacker position on a regular basis, finishing with 149 tackles (48 solo) 
Tubbs was an impact player on those early Cowboys teams and also rated among the top middle linebackers in the NFL  He had quickness, toughness and an unbeatable motor  In 1962, he was one of the first Cowboys players voted to the Pro Bowl, along with: QB Eddie LeBaron; DT Bob Lilly; RB Don Perkins; and CB Don Bishop 
He became a player-coach in 1965  In 1966 he retired and was working for the Dallas Federal Savings and Loan Association, but was lured back by Tom Landry to play behind Lee Roy Jordan for one more year  He played just the first three games of the season, until he suffered a back injury 
The following year (1967), Landry sensing that the Cowboys had a real chance at a championship, wanted to have Tubbs as insurance in the event Lee Roy Jordan should be injured  He came back again, but didn't play a single down while serving as a player-coach, hence he was on the roster and in uniform for the 1967 Ice Bowl championship game against the Packers 

Personal life
When he finally retired as a player at the end of the 1967 season, he became Cowboys linebackers coach for 21 years  He coached in five Super Bowls, winning two of them  He died on June 13, 2012, at the age of 77 
Passage 4:
Jason Garrett
Jason Calvin Garrett (born March 28, 1966) is a former American football player and coach and current broadcaster  He previously served as the head coach of the Dallas Cowboys for 9 5 seasons, from 2010-2019  Garrett has also been offensive coordinator and assistant head coach for the Cowboys and quarterbacks coach for the Miami Dolphins  
Before becoming a coach, Garrett was a college football quarterback at Princeton University and also played as quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cowboys (winning three Super Bowls as the backup quarterback for Troy Aikman), New York Giants, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Miami Dolphins  
In 2022, Garrett became a sports broadcaster and currently works as a football analyst for NBC Sports - as a commentator for their coverage of the USFL and Notre Dame football and as an analyst for their NFL pregame show Football Night in America 

Early life
Garrett attended kindergarten through second grade at Holy Cross school in Rumson, New Jersey  He went to prep school at University School in Hunting Valley, Ohio, and was a letterman in football, basketball, and baseball  As a senior, Garrett won All-League honors as a quarterback and safety  He graduated from University School in 1984 

College career
Garrett was accepted to Princeton University, where he began as the starting quarterback of the freshman team, registering 64 completions on 116 attempts for 996 yards  Garrett transferred to Columbia University when his father Jim Garrett became the head coach in 1985  Following his father's resignation after Columbia's 0–10 1985 season, Garrett and his brothers (Judd and John) transferred to Princeton, although none played varsity in 1986 for different reasons (Jason was an ineligible transfer) Garrett sat out the 1986 season because of the transfer rules while focusing on running the scout team, which included his brothers  The next year, as a junior, Garrett was named the starting quarterback  Although he piloted Princeton to a win against his former team, Columbia (a loss that gave Columbia the Division I record for straight losses, at 35), Garrett was also involved in a losing effort against them as a senior, snapping Columbia's by then 44-game losing streak  He received the Asa S  Bushnell Cup as the Ivy League Player of the Year  Garrett earned a degree in history in 1989, with a senior thesis on "The Revolt of the Black Athlete as Initiated by Harry Edwards" Garrett finished his college career completing 366 of 550 passes (66 5%) for 4,274 yards and 20 touchdowns  At the time, he was ranked in the categories: lowest pass interception percentage (1 8% – school record), total yards of offense (4,555 – second in school history), total yards of offense in a season (2,485 – third in school history), most passing yards (4,274 – second in school history), most passing yards in a season (2,217 – fourth in school history), most completions (366 – second in school history), most completions in a season (204 – third in school history), most touchdown passes (20 – tied for fourth)  Garrett continues to hold the Ivy League career record for completion percentage with 66 5% (366/550) and his 1988 percentage of 68 2% (204/299) stood as the league record until 2000, when Gavin Hoffman posted a 70 5% mark 

Professional playing career
New Orleans Saints
Garrett was signed as an undrafted free agent by the New Orleans Saints after the 1989 NFL Draft and was eventually signed to the practice squad  On September 3, 1990, he was waived by the Saints and spent most of the year working as a coaching assistant for Princeton 

San Antonio Riders
In 1991, Garrett started at quarterback for the San Antonio Riders of the World League of American Football, but he suffered a separated right wwe 
shoulder in the season opener  Garrett returned to start the sixth and seventh game but was passed on the depth chart by Mike Johnson 

Ottawa Rough Riders
On June 4, 1991, Garrett was signed by the Ottawa Rough Riders of the Canadian Football League, but was released in August 

Dallas Cowboys
In 1992, with the support of his father, at the time a part of the Dallas Cowboys scouting department, Garrett was signed as a free agent  He was released on August 31 and later signed to the team's practice squad  In 1993, his preseason performances allowed him to make the team as the third-string quarterback behind Troy Aikman and Hugh Millen  Garrett eventually passed Millen on the depth chart  In the eighth game of the season, after Aikman injured his left hamstring against the New York Giants in the third quarter  Garrett finished the game, completing five of six passes for 34 yards and leading two touchdown drives  He was named the starter for the next game against the Phoenix Cardinals, where he completed two of six passes for 25 yards and helped the team score on a field goal, before being replaced on the third series in favor of Bernie Kosar, who had been signed four days earlier  Kosar became the backup quarterback for the rest of the season after the game 
The highlight of Garrett's playing career occurred in the 1994 Thanksgiving Day game when he started in place of backup quarterback Rodney Peete, who was out with a sprained thumb he suffered in a win against the Washington Redskins  Garrett led the Cowboys over the Green Bay Packers by completing 15 of 26 passes for 311 yards and two touchdowns in the second half for a comeback win of 42–31, earning him NFC Offensive Player of the Week honors  That game was named the fourth-best moment in the history of Texas Stadium by ESPN in 2008 In 1998, Garrett was promoted to the backup position and in the second game against the Denver Broncos, after Aikman suffered a broken clavicle, Garrett came in to finish the 23–42 loss  He would start the next five games and contribute to a 3–2 mark for a team that would go on to win the NFC East division by one game over the Arizona Cardinals  In 1999, Garrett started two games for a 1–1 record 
Garrett was a part of the 1993 and 1995 Super Bowl winning teams  In eight seasons with the Cowboys, he played in 39 games and completed 165 of 294 passes (56 1%) for 2,042 yards, 11 touchdowns, and five interceptions 

New York Giants
In 2000, Garrett was signed as a free agent by the New York Giants to back up Kerry Collins  On February 27, 2002, Garrett was released for salary cap reasons and re-signed on July 24, although he would be declared inactive in 16 games, after being passed on the depth chart by Jesse Palmer who was named the backup quarterback  In 2003, Garrett was declared inactive in 11 games as the third-string quarterback 

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
On March 15, 2004, Garrett signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and was cut on August 31  On October 13, he was re-signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers  After being declared inactive in week 6 and week 7, he was released on November 6  On November 24, Garrett was signed as a free agent by the Miami Dolphins and was declared inactive for the last six games of the season 

Coaching career
Miami Dolphins
After retiring as a player, Garrett became the quarterbacks coach for the Miami Dolphins for the 2005 season under head coach Nick Saban 

Dallas Cowboys
Offensive coordinator
In January 2007, Garrett was hired by the Dallas Cowboys as offensive coordinator  He guided the Cowboys to the second-best offense in the NFL, which made him an attractive head coaching prospect  In January 2008, Garrett interviewed for the head coaching job of the Baltimore Ravens and the Atlanta Falcons, receiving offers from both, but ultimately opted to remain with the Cowboys  His salary for the 2008 season was nearly $3 million; the highest salary for an assistant coach in the NFL at the time  On December 29, 2008, the Detroit Lions received permission to speak to Garrett regarding the team's head coaching vacancy according to ESPN sources  In January 2009, the Denver Broncos also interviewed him as a possible replacement for fired coach Mike Shanahan  Garrett was also a finalist for the St  Louis Rams head coaching position to replace Jim Haslett, the interim head coach, but the job ultimately went to Steve Spagnuolo 

Head coach
On November 8, 2010, Garrett was named as interim head coach of the Cowboys after fourth-year head coach Wade Phillips was fired after the Cowboys began the 2010 season with a 1-7 record  On November 14, Garrett won his first game as a head coach, beating the favored New York Giants by a score of 33–20 at New Meadowlands Stadium  The next week, he led the Cowboys to a 35–19 victory over the Detroit Lions, their first home win all season  Garrett finished with a 5–3 record down the stretch  On January 6, 2011, Garrett was officially named the eighth head coach in Cowboys history  He was the first head coach born after the team was founded in 1960, and the first former Cowboys player to hold the post 
From 2011 to 2013, Garrett had three straight 8–8 seasons, losing in the last game each season to NFC East division rivals New York Giants, Washington Redskins, and Philadelphia Eagles to miss the division championship and the playoffs each time  In 2014, Garrett achieved head-coaching success for the first time  The Cowboys, featuring several key draft picks maturing on the offensive line and the emergence of DeMarco Murray as a dominant running back, won the NFC East with a 12–4 record and were tied for the best record in the conference with the Green Bay Packers and the Seattle Seahawks  The Cowboys were undefeated on the road, including impressive wins over Seattle and the NFC East frontrunners (at the time), the Philadelphia Eagles  Garrett's team lost the three-way tiebreaker to Green Bay and Seattle and therefore hosted the Detroit Lions in a wildcard-round game  This game, won 24–20 by the Cowboys, featured a controversial "flag pick up" after a penalty during a late Detroit drive, thereby allowing Dallas an improved chance to make a comeback and defeat the Lions  In the ensuing divisional-round playoff game against the Green Bay Packers, hyped as a rematch of the famous Ice Bowl NFL championship game from 1967, Dallas held a lead in the second half, but after losing the lead due to a late Aaron Rodgers touchdown pass, had a potentially game-winning catch by Dez Bryant overturned in official replay, therefore sealing a 26–21 defeat to Green Bay On January 13, 2015, Cowboys owner Jerry Jones and Garrett agreed on a contract that kept Garrett in Dallas for five more years and paid him $30 million  The Cowboys entered the 2015 season with great expectations, but starting quarterback Tony Romo played in only four games after suffering two fractures in his left collarbone, and the team finished with a 4–12 mark 
The Cowboys bounced back in 2016 with their best record under Garrett (13–3) with the emergence of rookie quarterback Dak Prescott and running back Ezekiel Elliott, earning the #1 NFC spot in the playoffs and a first-round bye  However, they were upset in their first playoff game by Aaron Rodgers and the Green Bay Packers with a last-second field goal by Mason Crosby, losing the game 34–31  Garrett was named the NFL Coach of the Year for the 2016 season In 2017, the Cowboys finished with a 9–7 record and missed the playoffs  This was partially because star running back Ezekiel Elliott was suspended for 6 games due to violating the personal conduct policy  In 2018, the Cowboys bounced back from a disappointing 3–5 record at the bye week to win seven of their last eight games and clinch the NFC East for the 3rd time since Garrett became head coach  They won their first playoff game against the Seattle Seahawks, but lost in the divisional round to the Los Angeles Rams 
In 2019, the Cowboys finished with an 8–8 record and missed the playoffs  Toward the end of the season, they had led the NFC East until losing to their division rival, the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 16 
On January 5, 2020, Cowboys owner Jerry Jones announced that the Cowboys would not renew Garrett's contract, which expired at the conclusion of the 2019 season  Garrett finished his Cowboys tenure with an 85–67 record  He was 2–3 in the playoffs, never advancing past the divisional round 
Garrett had the second longest tenure of being the Cowboys head coach after Tom Landry 

New York Giants
On January 17, 2020, Garrett was hired by the New York Giants as their offensive coordinator under new head coach Joe Judge  Garrett tested positive for COVID-19 in December 2020 and missed the team's week 15 game in 2020 against the Cleveland Browns  Garrett was fired from the Giants on November 23, 2021 After getting fired by the Giants, Garrett was rumored to be the frontrunner for the Duke University football head coaching job to replace long time head coach David Cutcliffe  However, just a few days later, Duke hired Mike Elko as their head coach 

Head coaching record
* – Interim head coach

Broadcasting career
On April 12, 2022, it was announced that Garrett would be an analyst for NBC Sports broadcasts of the United States Football League   On August 14, it was announced that Garrett has joined Jac Collinsworth as part of Notre Dame Football on NBC   He also joined Tony Dungy on NBC Sunday Night Football beginning in September 

Personal life
Garrett’s brothers John and Judd also played in the World League of American Football, and Judd made second-team All-World League in 1991 after leading the league in catches  John was the head coach of the Lafayette College football team until 2021 when he was fired, and his younger brother Judd works in the Dallas Cowboys front office after being let go as tight ends coach for the St  Louis Rams  Since he played for the London Monarchs, Judd is the only one of the Garretts who played in the WLAF to have a World Bowl ring  Another brother, Jim Garrett III, is a teacher and former football coach In December 2022, Garrett interviewed for the head coaching job at Stanford and was named a finalist  However, he ultimately decided to stay with NBC as a studio analyst 
Garrett's father, Jim Garrett, was an assistant coach for the New York Giants, New Orleans Saints, and Cleveland Browns and head coach of the Houston Texans of the World Football League and at Columbia University  From 1987 to 2004, Jim served as a scout for the Dallas Cowboys Garrett resides in Dallas with his wife, Brill 
Passage 5:
Fake field goal
A fake field goal is a trick play in American football  Simply, it involves a running or passing play done out of a kick formation  Usually the holder (often the punter or backup quarterback) will throw or run  Less frequently, the placekicker, who virtually never handles the ball in an American football game, will serve as the passer or rusher on a fake field goal  
During a fake field goal, most teams will choose one of two different alignment options  The first one is out of the normal field goal formation  The holder receives the snap and can either pitch it to the kicker, throw it during a designed pass play, or run the ball themselves  The second option is to shift into a special formation  Out of these special formations, multiple plays can be brought to the field  
There are a few of advantages to running a fake field goal or extra point  First, if it is a field goal, you have the chance to either score a touchdown or extend a drive for your team  If it is an extra point conversion, you have the chance of scoring two points instead of one  
Danny White was both quarterback and punter for the Dallas Cowboys in the 1980s and often executed this play   Examples include then-New England kicker Adam Vinatieri receiving a direct snap and throwing a touchdown pass during an NFL game in 2004, and LSU kicker Colt David rushing for a 15-yard touchdown in 2007 after receiving the ball on a blind lateral from holder (and starting quarterback) Matt Flynn Not every fake field goal play call results in an attempted trick play  In the Week 8 2014 game between the Indianapolis Colts and Pittsburgh Steelers, the Colts staff had scouted through film study, that the Steelers’ usual kick block formation when the ball was close to the end zone and on the left hash mark, would not be able to prevent the holder from running the ball in for a touchdown  Such a situation developed with one second left on the clock in the second quarter
Context 3: Passage 1:
Jonathan Miles (filmmaker)
Jonathan Miles is a British independent filmmaker   He studied at Surrey Institute of Art & Design   Early in his career he directed music videos, for instance The Ride with Alec Empire  His short film The Queue from 2007 has been shown at a number of film festivals, in particular The End Of The Pier International Film Festival, where it won the award for Best Comedy Short 2008   In addition to directing he has worked as a documentary editor on BBC films   He now lives in Berlin 
Passage 2:
The Meerkats
The Meerkats, also known as Meerkats: The Movie, is a feature-length 2008 British wildlife fiction film which anthropomorphises the daily struggles of a clan of meerkats in the Kalahari Desert  It was produced by BBC Films, and filmed by the award-winning BBC Natural History Unit  It is the debut directorial feature of James Honeyborne, previously a producer of natural history programmes for television  The worldwide premiere was held at the Dinard Film Festival, France in October 2008, expanding to a wide release the following week  The film was released in 2009, on 7 August in the UK  This was dedicated to actor Paul Newman, the narrator of the film, who died in 2008, shortly before this movie was released making it his final film role 

Plot
The documentary follows the coming-of-age of a meerkat named Kolo who is forced to leave his home by a group of meerkats who want more territory  Lost in the African savannah, he tries to reunite with his family, but encounters large, fierce, and deadly creatures 

Production
The Meerkats was announced in November 2006 as BBC Films and The Weinstein Company agreed a co-financing deal for the film, with The Weinstein Company also handling international distribution  The year-long principal photography began on location in the Kalahari Desert, South Africa in the same month  It became the Natural History Unit's first feature-length wildlife fiction based on original material, and followed the successes of Earth (2007) and Deep Blue (2003) which were both companion pieces to BBC television series  The script was written by Alexander McCall Smith, author of many books set in Botswana  Paul Newman provides the narration, which was recorded at a studio near his home shortly before his death  The Meerkats was the final film credit of Newman's long career Meerkat Manor: The Story Begins, a second feature-length wildlife film on meerkats, was also released in 2008  It was produced by Animal Planet, Discovery Films and Oxford Scientific Films, the makers of Meerkat Manor, but was not screened in theatres  BBC Films' Joe Oppenheimer, a producer of The Meerkats, has stated that the two films are very different in character (the BBC and Discovery originally planned to collaborate, but couldn't agree on a common ground)  James Honeyborne has described The Meerkats as "a stand-alone, blue-chip wildlife film from the ground up  It will be immersive  There will be a huge sense of place on a massive scale  You will really see real wild animals "

Awards
Winner, Grand Prix Earth, Special Award, Tokyo International Film Festival
Best of Festival, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Winner, Best Editing, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Winner, Best Sound Design, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Nomination, Best Music, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Nomination, Best Script, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Winner, Best Editing, Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival
Nomination, Best Writing, Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival
Winner, Silver Teton, Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival

Reception
Writing in The Guardian, reviewer Philip French noted that the "nature movie made in the Kalahari desert has some good footage but is more Disney-anthropomorphic than Attenborough" 
Passage 3:
The Gardener (2012 film)
The Gardener (Persian: باغبان,  Bāghbān) is a documentary film by Mohsen Makhmalbaf  It had its Asian premiere at Busan International Film Festival, its European premiere at Rotterdam International Film Festival, and North American premiere at the Vancouver International Film Festival  It is the first film in decades to be made by an Iranian filmmaker in Israel  The film has been shown in more than 20 film festivals and won the Best Documentary award from Beirut International Film Festival and the special Maverick Award at the Motovun Film Festival in Croatia  The film was selected as "Critic's Pick of the Week" by New York Film Critics Circle, "Best of the Fest" at Busan Film Festival by The Hollywood Reporter, and "Top Ten Films" at Mumbai Film Festival by Times of India, and its script was added to the Library of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 

Synopsis
The film is about an Iranian filmmaker and his son who travel to Israel to learn about the role of religion in the world  While the son goes out to the Wailing Wall, the Dome of the Rock and Christian sites, the father stays at the Baháʼí gardens to learn about a faith that came out of his own country—Iran  The film is similar to Gabbeh and The Silence in style 
The Gardener is set in the newly recognized UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Bahá'í World Centre buildings in Haifa and Western Galilee; and in various religious sites in Jerusalem 

Cast and crew
Producers:

Screenplay and director: Mohsen Makhmalbaf
Cinematography and editing: Maysam Makhmalbaf
Music: Paul Collier, Salar Samadi
Sound: Asad RezaiCast:
Ririva Eona Mabi from Papua New Guinea
Paula Asadi from Canada
Guillaume Nyagatare from Rwanda
Tjireya Tjitendero Juzgado from Angola
Ian Huang from Taiwan and USA
Bal Kumari Gurung from Nepal

Filming locations
Baha'i Gardens in Haifa
Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
Wailing Wall in Jerusalem
Chapel of the Ascension in Jerusalem
Baháʼí holy places in Akko
Various cities in Papua New Guinea

Reviews
The Gardener has received mostly positive reviews by all critics and holds an 83% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes and 64 MetaScore on MetaCritics New York Times: "An intimate, discursive inquiry into religious belief that opens to include questions about cinema…Mr  Makhmalbaf doesn’t make that etymological connection explicit in the movie, although as he rambles throughout the Baha’i gardens, his camera inching antlike close to the ground and then soaring birdlike over the grounds, he lyrically joins the spiritual with the terrestrial "The Hollywood Reporter: "The Gardener marks the first time in decades—perhaps since the Iranian Revolution in 1979—that an Iranian filmmaker has shot a movie in Israel, and what it has to say about religion and world peace is as radical a statement as unconventional filmmaker Mohsen Makhmalbaf (The Bicyclist, Kandahar) has ever made   The deep spirituality it discusses so intelligently will appeal to open-minded viewers and should reach beyond festivals via culture channels   " - Deborah Young, The Hollywood ReporterVariety: "With their civilized discussion and amusing asides about the making and marketing of docus, the Makhmalbafs succeed in entertaining and engaging auds who are interested in the question of why people seek religion, and are willing to listen to all sides of a story " - Richard Kuipers, Variety (magazine)Rotterdam Festival Review: "An Iranian master filmmaker and his son roamed around the gardens in Haifa and made their most striking film   Mohsen Makhmalbaf makes unusual films, and this may be his most unusual of all: an Iranian who makes a film in Israel - even those who don't follow the news will realise how usual that is   This is indirectly a story about the history of Iran, where an innocent ‘gardener's faith’ could not remain, and where Makhmalbaf, once a proponent of the Islamic Revolution, is also no longer able to make his films "Times of India: "Exiled from his homeland, Iranian New Wave director Mohsen Makhmalbaf's film The Gardener explores how different generations view religion and peace  The film adopts an experimental approach of both father and son conversing while filming each other " -The Times of IndiaIranian Icons: "This film shows two completely different views on the religion  The director camera tries to portrait the example of two different generation of Iran through this story " - Iranian IconVoice of Russia "This film speculates the meaning of life and faith " - Swetlana Hochrjakowa, film critic (translated from Russian)The International Federation of Film Critics "   the most radiant imagery in a Makhmalbaf film since the bright carpets of the nomadic Ghashghai people in the 1996 Gabbeh  It's God in Heaven meets 1950s MGM Technicolor: beauty, beauty, beauty  What Adam and Eve saw before Eve bit into the apple " - Gerald PearyThe Hindu: "The grammar and discourse of this unusual film — driven by a search for peace and understanding — is simultaneously rational, intelligent, poetic, and above all intensely civilised "

Impact
There are several controversies surrounding the film  BBC notes that this is Makhmalbaf's most controversial film to date 

Iranian media response
Both official and non-official Iranian media has been following and reporting on the story since Makhmalbaf first announced the film  Local newspapers accused him of selling out to the Baha'is and/or the western powers, and claimed that Baha'is had bought him a house in France 

Travel to Israel
Iranians are not allowed to travel to Israel and thus Makhmalbaf and his team will be automatically sentenced to five years in prison should they ever return to Iran  The filmmaker also talks about a religion that is a taboo subject in Iran and has its own consequences, such as that received by Shirin Ebadi for taking up the case of this group In addition, Mohsen's decision to present the film at the Jerusalem Film Festival in contravention of the BDS campaign caused some controversy  An open letter published on Jadaliyya urging him not to attend was signed by many prominent Iranians, including Arash Bineshpajouh, Tina Gharavi, Ziba Mir-Hosseini, Laleh Khalili, Hamid Dabashi, Fatemeh Keshavarz, Ervand Abrahamian, and Asef Bayat  The letter was also critical of Iran's state-sponsored oppression of the Baha’i community A group of 250 social and cultural activists signed a letter to support him  Many Israelis appreciated that he came and presented his film  Adrina Hoffman of The Nation wrote that what shocked everyone was that he kept saying "I love you " The film sold out for its initial screenings and other screenings were scheduled after the festival  Makhmalbaf responded on BBC, saying that boycotts do not change people's hearts, and dialog is a better way of understanding each other 

Removal from Iranian Cinema Museum
The president of the Iranian film department sent a letter to the head of the Iranian film museum to remove all of Makhmalbaf's films from the museum's archives because he has travelled to Israel and made a film about a taboo religion Due to the treatment Makhmalbaf has received because of traveling to Israel to make the film, Oscar-winner Asghar Farhadi and many other filmmakers are wary of giving their awards to the Iranian Cinema Museum in fear of meeting the same fate 

Screenings and awards
Awards
Asia Pacific Awards, Competition Finalist
Academy Awards, Considered 
Top Ten Films of 2012 Mumbai International Film Festival - by Times of India
"Pick of the Week" by New York Film Critics Circle
Beirut International Film Festival, Lebanon, October 2012 - Won Gold Aleph for Best Documentary
Motovan International Film Festival, Croatia, 2013 - Won Maverick Award

Premieres & special presentations
Busan International Film Festival, Korea, October 2012 - World premiere
Rotterdam International Film Festival, Netherlands, 2013 - European premiere
Kosmorama International Film Festival, Norway, April 2013 - Lifetime Honoree Award
Moscow International Film Festival, Russia, 2013 - Makhmalbaf as President of the Jury, Special PresentationOfficial Selections

Vancouver International Film Festival, October 2013
Noor Iranian Film Festival, Best Documentary nominee, Los Angeles 2013
Art Center Festival, Colombia, 2013
Jerusalem International Film Festival, Israel, 2013 
Motovun International Film Festival, Croatia, 2013
Festival Cinema Africano, Italy, May 2013
Vilnius International Film Festival, Lithuania, April 2013
Hong Kong International Film Festival, March, 2013
Tbilisi International Film Festival, Georgia, December 2012
Trivandrum International Film Festival, India, December 2012
Chennai International Film Festival, India, December 2012
Kochi International Film Festival, India, December 2012
Tokyo filmex International Film Festival, Japan, November 2012
Mumbai International Film Festival, India, October 2012
Passage 4:
BBC Films
BBC Film (formerly BBC Films) is the feature film-making arm of the BBC  It was founded on 18 June 1990, and has produced or co-produced some of the most successful British films of recent years, including Truly, Madly, Deeply, Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa, Quartet, Salmon Fishing in the Yemen, Saving Mr  Banks, My Week with Marilyn, Eastern Promises, Match Point, Jane Eyre, In the Loop, An Education, StreetDance 3D, Fish Tank, The History Boys, Nativity!, Iris, Notes on a Scandal,  Philomena, Stan & Ollie, Man Up, Billy Elliot and Brooklyn 
BBC Film co-produces around eight films a year, working in partnership with major international and UK distributors  Rose Garnett is Head of BBC Film, responsible for the development and production slate, strategy and business operations The company was founded in 1990 by David M  Thompson as a wholly owned but independent film-making company, based in offices in Mortimer Street, London  A restructuring in 2007 integrated it into the main BBC Fiction department of BBC Vision  As a result, it moved out of its independent offices into BBC Television Centre, and Thompson left to start his own film production company  BBC Film has been based at Broadcasting House in London since 2013  The company changed its name to BBC Film in 2020, and it has been announced that the Storyville documentary strand has come under its remit 

Productions
1990s
1990 – Truly, Madly, Deeply
1990 – Antonia and Jane (with Miramax Films)
1991 – Enchanted April
1991 – Edward II
1991 – The Reflecting Skin
1992 – Sarafina!
1993 – The Hawk
1993 – The Snapper
1994 – Captives (with Miramax Films & Distant Horizon)
1994 – The Hour of the Pig
1995 – I D 
1995 – Angus
1996 – Jude
1996 – Small Faces
1996 – Twelfth Night: Or What You Will
1996 – Shine
1997 – Twenty Four Seven
1997 – I Went Down
1997 – My Son the Fanatic
1997 – Love and Death on Long Island
1997 – Mrs Dalloway
1997 – Mrs Brown
1997 – The Relic
1998 – Gods and Monsters
1998 – Hard Rain
1998 – A Simple Plan
1998 – Black Dog
1998 – The Governess
1998 – Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon
1999 – RKO 281
1999 – A Room for Romeo Brass
1999 – Mansfield Park
1999 – Man on the Moon

2000
Wonder Boys
Wild About Harry
Saltwater
Maybe Baby
Billy Elliot (with Working Title Films)
Shadow of the Vampire (with Saturn Films)
Isn't She Great
Last Resort

2001
Iris (with Miramax Films and Intermedia Films)
Born Romantic
About Adam
The Claim
Lara Croft: Tomb Raider

2002
The Gathering Storm
Anita and Me
Dirty Pretty Things
In This World
The Heart of Me
Morvern Callar

2003
The Statement
Kiss of Life
The Mother
Skagerrak
Masked and Anonymous
Code 46
I Capture The Castle
Deep Blue
Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life

2004
Undone (short)
The Accidental Perfectionist
Bullet Boy
Millions
Red Dust
My Summer of Love
The Life and Death of Peter Sellers (with Company Pictures)
Stage Beauty (with Qwerty Films and Tribeca Film)
Trauma

2005
The Undertaker (short)
Opal Dream
Imagine Me & You
Mrs Henderson Presents
A Cock and Bull Story
Match Point
Shooting Dogs  (co-production with UK Film Council)
Love + Hate
The Mighty Celt

2006
Notes on a Scandal
Starter for Ten
Scoop
Shiny Shiny Bright New Hole in My Heart
Fast Food Nation
The History Boys
Confetti
Shoot the Messenger
Miss Potter
As You Like It (in association with HBO Films)
Glastonbury
Snow Cake
Life and Lyrics

2007
Joe's Palace
The Restraint of Beasts
Four Last Songs
Capturing Mary
Eastern Promises (distributed and co-presented by Focus Features)
Becoming Jane
Earth (co-production with Disneynature)
Grow Your Own

2008
Churchill at War
Revolutionary Road (co-production with DreamWorks Pictures)
Death Defying Acts
The Duchess
Brideshead Revisited
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas
The Other Boleyn Girl
The Edge of Love
The Meerkats
Is Anybody There?
Man On Wire (as BBC Storyville)
Shifty
Easy Virtue

2009
Nativity!
The Men Who Stare at Goats
Tormented
Frequently Asked Questions About Time Travel
The Damned United (co-production with Columbia Pictures)
In the Loop
Bright Star (co-production with Warner Bros  Pictures, Pathé, Film Finance Corporation Australia, Pathé, UK Film Council, and Screen Australia)
The Boys Are Back (co-production with Miramax Films, Film Finance Corporation Australia, Tiger Aspect Pictures, and Screen Australia)
An Education
Fish Tank
Creation
Glorious 39

2010
The First Grader (co-production with National Geographic Entertainment, Videovision Entertainment, & UK Film Council)
Made in Dagenham
Tamara Drewe
Edge of Darkness (co-production with Warner Bros  Pictures and Icon Productions)
StreetDance 3D (co-production with Phase 4 Films, Vertigo Films, & British Film Institute)
Freestyle (co-production with Phase 4 Films, Revolver Entertainment, Film London Microwave, B19 Media, and UK Film Council)
Africa United

2011
The Awakening
Brighton Rock
West Is West
Jane Eyre
Coriolanus
My Week with Marilyn
Project Nim
The Iron Lady
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen
We Need to Talk about Kevin
One Life (as BBC Earth Films)
The British Guide to Showing Off
Ill Manors

2012
Quartet
Shadow Dancer
Spike Island
Blood
Good Vibrations
Great Expectations
In the Dark Half
A Running Jump
StreetDance 2
Strawberry Fields (co-production with Soda Pictures, Film London Microwave, Kent County Council Film Office, Screen South, Met Film Post, and UK Film Council)
Perfect Sense

2013
Philomena
Saving Mr  Banks (co-production with Walt Disney Pictures)
Dom Hemingway
Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa
Walking with Dinosaurs: The Movie (as BBC Earth Films)
Broken
Exhibition
Flying Blind (co-production with Soda Pictures, iFeatures, Matador Pictures, Southwest Screen, Cinema Six, Regent Capital, The City of Bristol and Ignition Films)
Borrowed Time (co-production with Film London Microwave, UK Film Council and Parkville Pictures)
The Challenger Disaster
Big Men
Ginger & Rosa
Now Is Good
London: The Modern Babylon (co-production with Cinedigm, British Film Institute and Nitrate Film)
The Summit
The Sea
Kiss the Water (co-production with Virgil Films, Easy There Tiger, Slate Films, and Creative Scotland)

2014
Mrs  Brown's Boys D'Movie
A Little Chaos
A Long Way Down
The Invisible Woman
What We Did on Our Holiday
Enchanted Kingdom (as BBC Earth Films, co-production with Reliance Entertainment, IM Global, & Evergreen Studios)
Pride
My Old Lady
Lilting

2015
Far from the Madding Crowd
The Falling
Woman in Gold
Suite Française
Testament of Youth
Mr  Holmes
X+Y
Bill
Brooklyn
The Lady in the Van
Man Up
London Road
Being AP (co-production with Entertainment One, Irish Film Board, Northern Ireland Screen, and Moneyglass Films)
The Face of an Angel

2016
David Brent: Life on the Road
Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie
Florence Foster Jenkins
Swallows and Amazons
Denial
My Scientology Movie
A United Kingdom
The Lovers and the Despot (as BBC Storyville)
The Levelling
Notes on Blindness
I, Daniel Blake
The Library Suicides (co-production with Soda Pictures, Edicis Films, S4C, Ffilm Cymru Wales and British Film Institute)
The Lighthouse
The Goob (co-production with Soda Pictures, iFeatures, Creative England, British Film Institute, and EMU Films)

2017
Viceroy's House
City of Tiny Lights
The Sense of an Ending
Their Finest
Lady Macbeth
Victoria & Abdul
Mindhorn
Breathe
Earth: One Amazing Day (as BBC Earth Films, co-production with Goldcrest Films International & SMG Pictures)
Apostasy
Spaceship (co-production with Breaking Glass Pictures, iFeatures, Creative England, British Film Institute, Belly Productions, Parkville Pictures, and Trinity)

2018
On Chesil Beach
Yardie
The Children Act
The Happy Prince
Out of Blue
In Fabric
Happy New Year, Colin Burstead
Grace Jones: Bloodlight and Bami

2019
Blue Story
Dirty God
Little Joe
Stan & Ollie
Sorry We Missed You
Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans
The Aftermath
The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind
The Souvenir
The White Crow
Monsoon
Judy
Be Still My Beating Heart (co-production with Creative Scotland, Scottish Film Talent Network, & barry crerar)

2020
Never Rarely Sometimes Always
The Nest
Surge
His House
Mogul Mowgli
Misbehaviour
The Roads Not Taken
Ammonite
Supernova
Lynn + Lucy
Aisha and Abhaya (co-production with Royal Opera House, Rambert Dance Company, Arts Council England, & Robin Saunders)

2021
After Love
The Mauritanian
Can't Get You Out of My Head (TV series)
People Just Do Nothing: Big in Japan
Ear for Eye
The Power of the Dog
Pirates
The Souvenir Part II
The Phantom of the Open
Cow
Body of Water (co-production with Verve Pictures, Film London Microwave, British Film Institute, Lions Den Films, Bright Shadow Films, and Boudica Films)
Here Before

2022
Aisha
Ali & Ava
Benediction
God's Creatures
Aftersun
Triangle of Sadness
The Lost King
Allelujah
The Eternal Daughter
Russia 1985–1999: TraumaZone (TV series)

2023
Girl
Blue Jean
Luther: The Fallen Sun
Medusa Deluxe
Rye Lane
Scrapper
Club Zero
Femme
The Old Oak

Forthcoming
Hoard
The End We Start From
The Iron Claw
The Salt Path
Tuesday

See also
BBC
Passage 5:
Rupert's Land (film)
Rupert's Land is a Canadian comedy film, directed by Jonathan Tammuz and released in 1998  The film stars Samuel West and Ian Tracey as Rupert and Dale McKay, estranged half-brothers on a road trip from Vancouver to Prince Rupert for their father's funeral  Rupert, who was raised primarily in England after his mother left their father to return home, has become a wealthy lawyer, while Dale, who remained in Canada, is a hard-nosed fisherman and small-time drug dealer, forcing the duo to overcome significant differences as they reconcile The cast also includes Susan Hogan as Dale's mother Trudy, Gabrielle Miller as his girlfriend Shelley, and George Wendt as Bloat, a former friend of Dale and Rupert's father who owns and operates a rural marijuana farm commune The film premiered at the 1998 Toronto International Film Festival 

Critical response
The film received mixed reviews from critics  It was reviewed favourably by Glen Schaefer of The Province, who wrote that it was "a funny ride that will ring familiar with anyone who's ever had to be in Pouce Coupe or New Denver by dawn, with not quite enough time or money to get there " Marc Horton of the Edmonton Journal was more critical, writing that "Somehow, though, I never much believed in either their fights or their ultimate acceptance of one another  Perhaps it is because they are not all that easy to care about: Rupert loses a bit of twittiness and Dale softens, but it's too little too late  Still, there are the occasional moments of charm, and an ending that's marginally surprising, although painfully neat and tidy  In the end it's a sitcom, without the com Geoff Pevere of the Toronto Star was more mixed, calling it bumpy but fitfully engaging  He praised West, Tracey and Wendt for their performances, but concluded that "the shame is, the good parts tend to pass by like the moments of interest in an otherwise dull road trip: arresting at the time, but too few and fleeting to make the whole thing worthwhile "

Awards and nominations
The film received five Genie Award nominations at the 19th Genie Awards in 1999, for Best Motion Picture, Best Director (Tammuz), Best Actor (West), Best Supporting Actor (Wendt) and Best Sound Editing (Jacqueline Cristianini, James Fonnyadt, Adam Gejdos, James Genn, Kirby Jinnah and Cam Wagner) The film won six Leo Awards in 1999, for Best Feature Length Drama, Best Direction in a Feature Length Drama (Tammuz), Best Performance by a Male in a Feature Length Drama (Tracey), Best Cinematography in a Feature Length Drama (Gregory Middleton), Best Editing in a Feature Length Drama (Roger Matiussi) and Best Production Design in a Feature Length Drama (Brian Davie)  It was also nominated, but did not win, for Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Feature Length Drama (2; Miller, Hogan), Best Screenwriting in a Feature Length Drama (Graeme Manson), and Best Overall Sound in a Feature Length Drama 
Passage 6:
A Little Chaos
A Little Chaos is a 2014 British period drama film directed by Alan Rickman, based on a story conceived by Alison Deegan, who co-wrote the screenplay alongside Rickman and Jeremy Brock  The film stars Kate Winslet, Matthias Schoenaerts, Rickman, Stanley Tucci, Helen McCrory, Steven Waddington, Jennifer Ehle and Rupert Penry-Jones  The film was financed by Lionsgate UK and produced by BBC Films  The second film directed by Rickman, after his 1997 debut The Winter Guest, as well as the last before his death in 2016, it was additionally the second collaboration of Rickman and Winslet after their 1995 film Sense and Sensibility  Production took place in London in mid-2013  The film had its world premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival as the closing night film on 13 September 2014 

Plot
King Louis XIV of France assigns the design and construction of the Gardens of Versailles to his head landscape architect André Le Nôtre  Already overwhelmed, managing numerous large-scale projects, Le Nôtre interviews several other landscape designers to whom he might be able to delegate some of the work  One of the candidates is Sabine de Barra, who is that rare thing in the 17th century: an independent professional woman  
When Sabine arrives on the palace grounds for her interview, she pauses to move a potted plant in the courtyard  André observes this from a window, and asks her, during the interview, if she prizes order in design  Sabine affirms her respect for landscape order, but when pressed suggests that she would rather create something uniquely French than follow classical and Renaissance styles  André reminds her that everything he has built and designed follows order  Sabine apologizes and sincerely expresses admiration for him and his work  André abruptly shows her the door; she leaves disheartened 

 André mulls over the candidates, under pressure to please the King



ground_truth: Mary Astor

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where did the punter for the Dallas Cowboys in the 1980s play college football?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:   However, instead of lining up a normally, Troy Polamalu, an eight-time Pro-Bowl and 6 time All-Pro safety, shifted from his usual position to the other side, filling the gap where holder Pat McAfee intended to run the ball  McAfee noticed this, and aborted the trick play, calling for Adam Vinatieri to kick a normal kick, which he made to score three points 
Passage 6:
Cornell Green (defensive back)
Cornell M  Green (born February 10, 1940), is an American former professional football player who was  a defensive back for 13 seasons with the Dallas Cowboys on the National Football League (NFL)  He did not play college football at Utah State University, but was a two-time All-American as a basketball player for the Aggies, selected in the 1962 NBA draft, but not in the NFL draft 

Early years
Born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Green was raised in northern California in Richmond and attended El Cerrito High School He played college basketball at Utah State University in Logan, where he earned All-American honors (1961, 1962) as well as All-Skyline conference honors in each of his three years (1960–62)  As a 6 ft 3 in (1 91 m) forward, Green set the Aggie career rebounding record with 1,067 which still stands today  He is also the fifth leading scorer in Utah State history with 1,890 points Green produced some of the best individual seasons in school history as his 745 points in 1962 are still in second place, while his 403 rebounds in 1960 remain a school record for a season  He was the Skyline conference MVP as a sophomore 
In his three seasons with the Aggies, Utah State went to the National Invitation Tournament in 1960 and to the NCAA Tournament in 1962  The 1960 team finished eighth in the Associated Press Poll and seventh in the Coaches' Poll, which remains the highest year-end basketball ranking in school history 
In 1993, Green was inducted into the inaugural class of the Utah State University Intercollegiate Athletics Hall Of Fame  In 2001, he was inducted into the State of Utah Basketball Hall of Fame 

Professional career
Green was a college basketball player who never played a down of college football, that the Dallas Cowboys converted into a defensive back 
On a tip from Utah State basketball coach LaDell Anderson, the Cowboys discovered and signed the multi-talented younger brother of then Red Sox infielder Pumpsie Green for $1,000 dollars  This was one of the innovative personnel decisions the Cowboys were renowned for 
At that time, he was leaning towards playing in the NBA, after being selected by the Chicago Zephyrs in the fifth round of the 1962 NBA draft  Even when he reported to the Cowboys' training camp in Marquette, Michigan, in 1962, he just thought of it as a $1,000 bonus  "I figured I’d go there for a week     and they’d cut me," Green has said His teammates nicknamed him "Sweet Lips" and eventually made the 1962 team as an undrafted free agent, learning fast enough to start 3 games and be selected to the NFL All-Rookie team  The next season, he became a full-time starter at left cornerback setting a career best with 7 interceptions 
Green became a big-time contributor to Tom Landry’s intricate defensive schemes and a feared defender during his career  All he was missing were the interception stats  Said Gil Brandt: "I mean, if Cornell had any kind of hands, he would’ve had three times as many interceptions as he got     and the guy played basketball in college "
He played cornerback during his first eight seasons, while leading the team in interceptions 4 times, being named to 5 Pro Bowls and 4 All-Pro teams  Cowboys coach Tom Landry said of Green, "He had the athletic skills from basketball to become a fine defensive back   His only transition was playing a sport where you could tackle someone with the ball, and Cornell never had a problem dealing with that" 
Safety Mike Gaechter suffered a career-ending Achilles tendon injury in the last Playoff Bowl in January 1970, and with the cornerback position needing an upgrade, Tom Landry moved Mel Renfro to play cornerback  Given that Renfro was an All-Pro in 1969 at safety, the move may have seemed to be an odd one, but Renfro was matched with Herb Adderley, and the duo was better than Green and Phil Clark  Green in turn, moved from cornerback to the strong safety position, while the free safety position was handled between third-round pick Charlie Waters and undrafted free agent Cliff Harris 
After the switch, the Cowboys went to two consecutive Super Bowls  In 1971 and 1972 he went back to the Pro Bowl at safety 
Green never missed a game in 13 seasons, he played 168 games, including 145 consecutive starts for the Cowboys (1962–1974)  He made five Pro Bowls at two different positions — cornerback and strong safety  He is sixth in career interceptions (34) in Cowboys history  He retired as a player in September 1975, and went from part-time to full-time scout for the Cowboys In 1985, he was named to the Dallas Cowboys 25th Anniversary Team In 2017, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Green to the PFRA Hall of Very Good Class of 2017

After football
Green began scouting for the Dallas Cowboys in 1970 while still an active player and continued scouting through 1979, at which time he entered private business until joining the Denver Broncos in 1987  He spent 35 years scouting in the NFL, and 28 seasons doing it with the Broncos  In 2010, he received the AFC Scout of the Year Award from the Fritz Pollard Alliance 

Personal
He is the brother of Pumpsie Green, the first African American player to play for the Boston Red Sox, the last Major League Baseball team to integrate 
Passage 7:
Rico Gathers
Ricardo Darnell Gathers (born January 7, 1994) is an American rapper and former American football tight end  He was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the sixth round (217th overall) in the 2016 NFL Draft  He played college basketball at Baylor University and did not play college football 

Early years
Gathers attended Riverside Academy  He was named Louisiana Mr  Basketball while at Riverside Academy in Reserve, Louisiana  As a sophomore, he contributed to his team winning the state title, while averaging 19 8 points, 11 5 rebounds, 4 5 blocks and earning Most Outstanding Player honors at the state tournament 
As a junior, he averaged 20 7 points, 16 2 rebounds and 3 9 blocks per game  As a senior, he helped his team reach the Class 2A state championship game, while averaging 22 points, 17 rebounds, 4 1 blocks, 2 1 assists and 1 1 steals per game 

College career
Gathers accepted a basketball scholarship from Baylor University  He became a starter at power forward as a junior, averaging 11 6 points (second on the team), 11 6 rebounds (led the team), 1 2 steals and one block and in 29 9 minutes per game  At the end of the season, he received All-Big 12, honorable-mention All-American and Big 12 All-Defensive Team honors  He led the conference in double-doubles with 17 and recorded a school record 28 rebounds in a win over Huston-Tillotson As a senior, he averaged 11 4 points and 9 1 rebounds per game  He finished as Baylor's All-Time leading rebounder  He also was the first player ever to reach over 1,000+ points and 1,000+ rebounds in school history 

Professional career
Although he had not played a down of football since middle school as a 13-year-old, Gathers informed Baylor head coach Art Briles that he would be joining the Bears football team for the 2016 season  However, he later decided to forgo playing for Baylor and entered the 2016 NFL draft after the Baylor men's basketball team lost in the first round of the 2016 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament to Yale 

Dallas Cowboys
Gathers was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the sixth round (217th overall) of the 2016 NFL Draft, based on the potential he showed during his pre-draft workout  In rookie minicamp the team considered playing him at defensive end, but decided to keep him at tight end instead  On September 3, he was released and was signed to the practice squad the next day  He signed a reserve/future contract on January 17, 2017 After a strong training camp and preseason, Gathers made the Cowboys' initial 53-man roster in 2017  However, he suffered a concussion in the preseason, and was placed on the  injured reserve on September 4, which made him eligible to return in week 8 at the earliest  Despite practicing with the squad since week 9, after week 13, he was shut down for the season  It was later revealed that he also suffered jaw and neck injuries as well In 2018, the Cowboys made the unconventional move of keeping him as the fourth tight end to avoid losing him to waivers, even though he was arrested on the eve of cuts for marijuana possession  He was the fourth-string tight end behind Geoff Swaim, Blake Jarwin and rookie Dalton Schultz  In Week 5, he recorded his first professional catch against the Houston Texans  He finished with 3 receptions for 45 yards 
On June 14, 2019, it was announced that Gathers was suspended for the first game of the season, after violating the NFL's policy and program on substances of abuse  On August 5, Gathers was waived by the Cowboys 

Cleveland Browns
On August 11, 2019, he was signed as a free agent by the Cleveland Browns  He was placed on the reserve/suspended list on August 31, 2019  He was waived by the Browns on September 10, after being reinstated from the suspension 

Personal life
Gathers' father is the cousin of the late Hank Gathers, an All-American and former Loyola Marymount star  Gathers is married and has a child  During his time away from football, he self-taught himself to create, arrange and produce hip-hop music under the pseudonym Rickadon On August 31, 2018, he was arrested for possession of marijuana in Frisco, Texas 
Passage 8:
John Jett
John Jett (born November 11, 1968) is a former American football punter in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and the Detroit Lions  He played college football for East Carolina University  Jett won two Super Bowl rings with the Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII and Super Bowl XXX 

Early years
Jett attended Northumberland High School where he played football and baseball, receiving All-State honors as a pitcher and outfielder 
Although Jett came to East Carolina University as an unrecruited walk-on athlete, he became a 4-year starter at Punter  He graduated after recording two of the three best single season averages in school history, setting the records for career punting average (40 0) and yards-per-punt average in a season (42 2) In 2007, he was inducted into the East Carolina Athletics Hall of Fame 

Professional career
Minnesota Vikings
Jett was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Minnesota Vikings in 1992 and was released before the start of the season 

Dallas Cowboys
On March 10, 1993, he was signed by the Dallas Cowboys and replaced Mike Saxon on the defending Super Bowl champion  He  finished the year with a 41 8 yards gross average, third in the NFC in net punting average (37 7) and led the league in percentage of punts downed inside the 20-yard line (39 3%) 
In 1994, he had a gross average of 41 9 yards (sixth in the NFC), led the league in percentage of punts downed inside the 20-yard line (37 1%) and his 26 punts that landed inside the 20-yard line were the third highest ever in franchise history  In the divisional playoff win against the Green Bay Packers, he registered the third best punting performance in Cowboys playoff history, with a 45 8 yard gross average 
In 1995, he had a gross average of 40 9 yards and a net average of 34 5  After a block, in the NFC Championship Game win against the Green Bay Packers, he went on to average 45 8 yards and tie the mark for the third highest punting average in the franchise postseason history, receiving NFC Special Teams Player of the Week honors  The next year, he was fourth in the NFC in net average (36 8 yards) 
During his time with the team, he led the NFL in punts inside the 20 yard-line for four straight seasons 

Detroit Lions
Jett was signed as a free agent by the Detroit Lions in 1997, after the salary cap-strapped Cowboys could not afford to re-sign him 
In 2000, he was named as an alternate to the Pro Bowl 
He missed three games with a calf injury in 2001  The next year, he was second in the NFC in net average (38 yards), sixth in gross average (42 2 yards) and third in punts inside the 20-yard line (29) 
On October 30, 2003, he was placed on the injured reserve list, with what turned out to be a career-ending calf injury 
Passage 9:
Danny White
Wilford Daniel White (born February 9, 1952) is an American former professional football player and coach  He played as a quarterback and punter for the Dallas Cowboys in the National Football League (NFL)  He later coached in the Arena Football League (AFL)  He has been the color commentator for Cowboys games on Compass Media Networks' America's Team Radio Network since the 2011 season  He played college football at Arizona State University 

Early years
A graduate of Westwood High School in Mesa, Arizona, White did not receive a lot of notice while being the starter at quarterback, due to his perception as a better baseball prospect 
Frank Kush, then the football head coach at Arizona State University, helped convince Bobby Winkles, the school's baseball coach, to sign White to a scholarship with the provision that he would also play punter for the football team  During those early years Kush gave him a chance to improve his skills as a quarterback, which eventually would lead him to become the starter midway through his sophomore season, ending up throwing for six touchdowns in a game against the University of New Mexico 
White went on to have a stellar career as a quarterback and punter, compiling a 32–4 record, winning three Fiesta Bowls, setting seven NCAA passing records and being named an All-American in 1973, when he led the nation's second rated total offense  He finished with 6,717 passing yards, 64 touchdowns, 42 interceptions and averaged 41 7 yards per punt Besides having his jersey retired, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, the State of Arizona Sports Hall of Fame, and the Arizona State University Athletics Hall of Fame  In 2000, he was named Arizona Athlete of the Century by the Arizona Republic  He also was an inaugural member of Dunham and Miller Hall of Fame 
On October 29, 2010, White was honored, along with other Sun Devil Quarterbacks, at a Legends Luncheon hosted by the Arizona State University Alumni Association and Sun Devil Club   Other honorees included John F  Goodman, Andrew Walter, and Jake Plummer 

Professional career
Memphis Southmen (WFL)
The Dallas Cowboys selected him in the third round (53rd overall) of the 1974 NFL Draft, but were mainly interested in him as a punter, so he chose to sign with the World Football League's Memphis Southmen for a better offer 
White shared the quarterback position with John Huarte, helping his team reach the semifinals as a rookie and a second-place finish in 1975  During these two years, he passed for 2,635 yards and 21 touchdowns in 30 games, and also led the league in punting his last year 

Dallas Cowboys
In 1976, he signed with the Dallas Cowboys after the World Football League folded  Through 1979, White was the Cowboys' punter and the backup to the team's star quarterback Roger Staubach  After Staubach's retirement following the end of that season, White became the Cowboys' starting quarterback  Until 1984, he continued to serve as the team's punter, making him one of the last starting quarterbacks in NFL history to also start at a different position   He punted for the last time in his career once in 1985 
In a memorable 1980 playoff game against the Atlanta Falcons, led the Cowboys to a come-from-behind 30–27 victory  He also played in one of the Cowboys' most painful playoff losses against the San Francisco 49ers in the 1981 NFC Championship Game, famous for the Joe Montana-to-Dwight Clark game-winning play, which would simply come to be known as "The Catch"  He received Pro Bowl and second-team All-Pro honors in 1982 
White led the Cowboys to three consecutive NFC Championship Games (1980–1982), but was criticized after the Cowboys lost each of the three games despite having been favored in all of them  He also received criticism for publicly siding with the owners during the 1982 NFL Players Strike  Fans and teammates alike began to show support for him to be replaced as the Cowboys quarterback by Gary Hogeboom, who was coming off an impressive performance in the 1982 NFC Championship Game (which they lost to the archrival Washington Redskins) after White was knocked out of the game with a concussion  Even his statistically career-best 1983 season failed to silence the critics, after ending it with consecutive blowout losses to the Redskins (at home) and the 49ers after a 12–2 start  To add insult to injury, the Cowboys lost the NFC Wildcard Playoff game to the Los Angeles Rams  That apparently was enough for him to lose his starting job to Hogeboom at the start of the 1984 season  Under Hogeboom, the Cowboys looked impressive with a 4–1 start, but then a loss to division rival St  Louis and ineffective plays by Hogeboom convinced coach Tom Landry to reinstate White as his starter  The Cowboys finished 9–7, but missed the playoffs in 1984 for the first time in a decade; but with White as quarterback, the Cowboys made it back in 1985 with a 10–6 record  However, they lost again to the Los Angeles Rams in the playoffs 
In 1986, the Cowboys started 6–2, had the #1 offense in the NFL, were tied for the lead in the NFC Eastern Division and White was also the number one rated passer in the NFC at that point in the season  During an away game against Bill Parcells's New York Giants, however, a blind-side sack by Giants linebacker Carl Banks broke White's throwing wrist and tore ligaments, knocking him out of the game and ending his season  Dallas lost the game, 17–14, and without him the team faded badly, finishing the year 7–9 and the Cowboys first losing season since 1965 
White returned as the starter at the beginning of 1987, but after inconsistent play, he was benched in favor of Steve Pelluer for 4 of the final 6 games  In 1988, Pelluer won the starting job in training camp, relegating White as a backup  White appeared briefly in only two games, and in his second game he suffered a season-ending knee injury  An option on his contract was not picked up in April 1989 and he retired, paving the way for Troy Aikman to take the reins of the struggling franchise 
White had 1,761 completions on 2,950 attempts for 21,959 yards, 155 touchdowns, and 132 interceptions in his career   He also gained  482 yards and scored 8 touchdowns rushing  Unusual for a quarterback, he had two pass receptions for touchdowns, both from a halfback option pass  On special teams he punted 610 times for 24,509 yards, an average of 40 4 yards per punt, with 144 punts inside the 20 and 77 touchbacks  His record as the Cowboys' starting quarterback was 62–32 ( 659 winning percentage) during the regular season, and 5–5 in the playoffs 
Being Roger Staubach's successor and never reaching a Super Bowl as a starting quarterback contributed to White's being an unappreciated player, even considering all of the successes he achieved for the Cowboys and the NFL during the decade of the eighties  "I don't think anybody could have followed Roger and done as well as Danny", Coach Tom Landry remarked, "Danny was a solid winner "

NFL career statistics
Regular season
Coaching career
White's career as a coach began shortly after his playing days ended  This is appropriate considering that, while an active player, he was widely regarded—like Staubach before him—as knowledgeable of the game and as something of a coach on the field  He also began working as a broadcast commentator during his coaching career, which was possible because he coached Arena football, which is played during the outdoor game's off-season 
White served as the head coach of the Arizona Rattlers from 1992 to 2004, winning the ArenaBowl championship in 1994 and 1997  White's contract was not renewed by the new Rattlers ownership after the 2004 season following three consecutive ArenaBowl losses  He was named the head coach of the Arena Football League expansion Utah Blaze, which began play in 2006  He led his teams to the playoffs in 10 of 11 seasons, including two championships (1994 and 1997), finishing with a 162–95 record as a head coach 
In 2002, he was inducted into the Arena Football League Hall of Fame in recognition for his coaching success 

Head coaching record
Personal life
White's father, Wilford "Whizzer" White (no relation to college football legend and U S  Supreme Court justice Byron White, who also was nicknamed "Whizzer" and played American football), was the first Arizona State University All-American football player and still ranks third in school history with 1502 rushing yards in a season (1950), he also played halfback for the Chicago Bears from 1951–52 In 1983, White briefly recorded as a country music artist for the Grand Prix label  His only single, "You're a Part of Me", a duet with Linda Nail, reached #85 on the Hot Country Songs charts White and his wife, JoLynn, have four children, Ryan (d  2015), Geoff, Heather and Reed, and sixteen grandchildren  He now makes corporate appearances and motivational speeches  JoLynn died on August 15, 2016  White is currently married to Linda L  Bang  In recent years he has been seen on TV doing ADT security infomercials White is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 

See also
List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders
Passage 10:
Todd Lowber
Todd Lowber (born January 26, 1982) is a former gridiron football wide receiver  He most recently played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL)  He was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent in 2007  He has also been a member of the New York Giants, Dallas Cowboys, and Miami Dolphins  He earned a Super Bowl ring as a member of the Giants' practice squad in Super Bowl XLII  He did not play college football but is a former college basketball player and high jump champion 
Lowber grew up in Delran Township, New Jersey and attended Delran High School 

College career
Lowber played basketball for two seasons at Ramapo College in Mahwah, New Jersey as a guard and won the 2006 NCAA Division III men's high jump  Prior to transferring to Ramapo, Lowber played two seasons for Richard Stockton College of New Jersey 

Professional football career
Minnesota Vikings
On April 18, 2007, Lowber signed a three-year contract with the Minnesota Vikings  They signed Lowber after their scout attended a combine that was set up by New Jersey sports attorney Jim Ulrich  Prior to signing with the Vikings, Lowber had no previous football experience  Lowber was waived on August 27, 2007 

New York Giants
He was signed to the New York Giants practice squad in September 2007  He was released by the team on June 23, 2008 

First stint with the Toronto Argonauts
Lowber was signed to the practice roster of the CFL's Toronto Argonauts on July 22, 2008 

Dallas Cowboys
Shortly after signing with the Argonauts, Lowber was signed by the Dallas Cowboys on July 28, 2008  His attempt to make the Cowboys was chronicled on the HBO series Hard Knocks: Training Camp with the Dallas Cowboys  On August 30, Lowber was waived from the Cowboys during final cuts 

Miami Dolphins
Lowber was signed to the practice squad of the Miami Dolphins on November 10, 2008  After finishing the season on the practice squad, he was re-signed by the Dolphins on January 5, 2009  He was waived on June 1, 2009 

Second stint with the Toronto Argonauts
Lowber re-signed with the Toronto Argonauts on June 7, 2009  On June 14, 2009, Lowber suffered a concussion after being hit by Chris Jennings and Doug Goldsby of the Montreal Alouettes while returning a kick in the team's first pre-season game  Lowber lay on the field for 15 minutes before getting carted away  He was released on June 23, 2009 

Third stint with the Toronto Argonauts
On April 21, 2011, Lowber re-signed with the Toronto Argonauts  He was later released on June 20, 2011 
Context 3:  His assistant judiciously re-presents Madame de Barra's designs to him, prompting André to reconsider them  
André surprises Sabine at her home that evening, and after admiring her seemingly untamed but magical garden, assigns to her the outdoor bosquet ballroom project at Versailles, which combines fountains and landscaping  His original plans require a costly fresh water supply; Sabine suggests continuously recycling water through the fountains using a reservoir  As work begins on her design, the original workmen make little progress; however, Sabine is offered another, better crew by one of her former competitors, and construction begins in earnest 
A striking commoner, artlessly beautiful and fearlessly honest, Sabine attracts attention at court  She is befriended by the King's brother Duc Philippe d'Orléans and his wife Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine  
Sabine and André start a quiet, loving friendship, mutually attracted but not acting on their feelings due to André's marriage and Sabine and André's professional relationship  André is deeply moved by Sabine's passion and honesty; Sabine describes André to someone else as "the most complete person I know " André has been enduring his wife Françoise's infidelities; Françoise insists that the key to his success is her relationships and influence at court  When she senses his interest in Sabine and warns him against an affair, he quotes to her her own words about their right to seek comfort elsewhere, becoming determined to pursue a relationship with Sabine 
Queen Maria Theresa dies suddenly  Stunned at the loss of his wife, the King takes refuge in the gardens at the Château de Marly, among the pear trees  Sabine finds him there, initially mistaking him for the gardener with whom she had hoped to trade some plants  The King enjoys her warmth and forthrightness, and once she recognizes him, they continue their conversation as equals  He invites her to travel with him to the Palace of Fontainebleau 
Back at the Versailles garden site, Françoise confronts Sabine, and states that André's interest in her is transient and won't last  Later that night, Françoise's lover, at her request, opens the reservoir's sluice gates during a powerful storm, flooding the worksite and destroying much of the earthworks  Sabine nearly drowns trying to close it, but André arrives in time to rescue her  The next morning, she works vigorously to mend the damage  That same day, the King visits the worksite, assesses the damaged project skeptically, but allows it to proceed  Afterwards, André finds Françoise's glove there  Realizing she is behind the sabotage, he confronts her with the glove and effectively ends their relationship 
Sabine is introduced around court by the Duc de Lauzun and the King's mistress, the Marquise de Montespan  Once the Marquise and her female courtiers discover that Sabine is widowed and has also lost her 6-year-old daughter, they share their own losses and welcome her into their company  
The Marquise formally presents Sabine to the King when he arrives  Sabine offers him a Four Seasons rose — the same found in the garden where they had met  Conversing about the nature of roses and their life cycle, beauty, hardships, and death, Sabine metaphorically defends Madame de Montespan, who has begun to lose the King's favor  Louis is again moved by Sabine's observations  "A wise rose," he calls her, and takes her arm so that they may walk and talk further 
André waits for Sabine outside her home that night, and they finally make love  In the morning, André finds himself alone in bed; Sabine is upstairs, traumatized by a recurring flashback of the day her daughter and husband died: prior to taking their daughter with him on a day trip, her husband revealed to Sabine that he had a mistress  Sabine saw that the carriage had a faulty wheel, learned from the footman that they were actually going to his mistress's, not on a business trip, and racing after them, tried to stop the carriage  It veered off track, toppling down a steep hill and killing both father and daughter  
André finds Sabine mid-flashback, and convinces her to stop blaming herself for their deaths, calming her down  She asks him what will happen with his wife, and he says their marriage is over   "And what of us?" Sabine asks  "We will shape each other," replies André 
At the inauguration of Sabine's completed bosquet garden, the King and his court arrive and dance to the music of a hidden orchestra, as the fountains send water coursing down the tiers around the outdoor ballroom floor  It is clear that the garden design is a success, and the king is well pleased  After Sabine dances with the King, she and André join hands and leave to walk into the forest together  The camera pulls slowly back and above the entire grounds of Versailles, revealing the enormous sweep of its grandeur 

Cast
Kate Winslet as Sabine de Barra
Matthias Schoenaerts as André Le Nôtre
Alan Rickman as King Louis XIV
Stanley Tucci as Philippe, Duc d'Orléans
Helen McCrory as Madame Le Nôtre
Steven Waddington as Thierry Duras
Jennifer Ehle as Madame de Montespan
Rupert Penry-Jones as Antoine Lauzun
Paula Paul as Princess Palatine
Danny Webb as Claude Moulin
Phyllida Law as Suzanne

Production
The story was conceived by Allison Deegan, who co-wrote the screenplay alongside Alan Rickman and Jeremy Brock  The film was financed by Lionsgate UK and produced by BBC Films Production began in March 2013  Producer Zygi Kamasa of Lionsgate said that "we are delighted to be working with the best of British actors and directors like Kate Winslet and Alan Rickman as we move forward in doubling our investment in British films in 2014 " Rickman said: "The film is not just frills at the wrists and collars  It's about people getting their hands dirty and building something in order to entertain the other world they serve  It's about how one world maintains the other, often at the cost of women "

Casting
On 17 January 2013, it was announced that Winslet and Matthias Schoenaerts had been cast in the lead roles  Rickman had Winslet in mind for the lead role of Sabine de Barra and continued with her when two weeks into shooting, Winslet announced that she was pregnant  In addition to director, Rickman took the role of King Louis XIV  He explained that "the only way I could do it was because in a way, he's like a director, Louis, so you kind of keep the same expression on your face  As a director, you see everything somehow  It's like a huge all-encompassing eye that sees everything, and it's able to cherry pick; ‘Move that,’ ‘Don't do that,’ ‘Do it this way,’ ‘Change this colour ’ And I don't know where that comes from, but it does, once you're given the job, and I have a feeling Louis probably would've been a great film director "

Filming
Despite being set in France, the entirety of filming took place in England  Principal photography commenced on 27 March 2013 and continued over eight weeks in Black Park, Cliveden House, Pinewood Studios, Blenheim Palace, Waddesdon Manor, Hampton Court Palace, Ham House, Ashridge, and Chenies Manor  Filming ended on 8 June 2013 in Richmond, London According to Rickman, filming "wasn't easy, though; throwing Kate into freezing water at 1 a m , the carriage crash, scenes with 80 extras, tight schedules in venues like Blenheim Palace  It's a constant tap dance between control and freedom and of course the budget guides everything "

Historical accuracy
Some of the characters are fictional, including Kate Winslet's Sabine  The film is set in 1682, but André Le Nôtre began work at Versailles in 1661  Le Nôtre was nearly seventy in 1682, twice the age he appears to be as portrayed by Schoenaerts  A garden much like that in the film exists at Versailles, the Salle de Bal or Bosquet de la Salle-de-Bal (the Forest Ballroom) 

Music
The soundtrack was composed by Peter Gregson  It was the first feature film for Gregson, who previously composed music for a 2014 short film Every Quiet Moment  Veigar Margeirsson's 2008 composition "Rise above" was used in the trailer of the film but was not part of soundtrack album, which was released by Milan Records on 16 April 2015 

Distribution
Promotion
BBC Films revealed footage as part of their Sizzle Showreel 2013 on 25 November 2013  First stills of Kate Winslet were released on 22 July 2014 with the announcement of film's premiere at 2014 Toronto International Film Festival  Three images from the film featuring Winslet, Alan Rickman, and Jennifer Ehle were released on 27 August 2014  A scene from the film featuring Winslet and Rickman was revealed on 9 September 2014  The full-length official trailer was revealed on 19 December 2014  The first poster and another trailer were released on 20 January 2015  On 11 June 2015, another scene from the film featuring Stanley Tucci was released 

Release
The film had its world premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival as the closing night film on 13 September 2014  It was then shown in gala screenings as Love Gala at the 2014 BFI London Film Festival on 17 October 2014  Rickman presented the film at Camerimage film festival in November 2014  The United States premiere was held at the Sonoma International Film Festival on 25 March 2015  It had a theatrical release in Australia on 26 March 2015 and in UK on 17 April 2015 It was initially set for a theatrical release on 27 March 2015 in the United States but was later pulled out  Focus Features finally gave the film a simultaneous theatrical and VOD release in United States on 26 June 2015 

Reception
Box office
As of July 2015, the film has been opened in fourteen territories including Australia and UK and had grossed $10,084,623 worldwide 

Critical response
The film generated mixed reviews from critics, with the cast being highly praised  As of June 2020, the film holds a 48% approval rating on review aggregator, Rotten Tomatoes, based on 92 reviews with an average score of 5 41/10  The site's consensus states that "Stylish and well-acted without ever living up to its dramatic potential, A Little Chaos is shouldered by the impressive efforts of a talented cast " At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film holds an average score of 51, based on 21 reviews, which indicates "mixed or average reviews" Catherine Shoard of The Guardian gave the film two out of five stars and wrote that "Winslet manages emotional honesty within anachronistic confines, and Schoenaerts escapes with dignity " Mark Adams in his review for Screen International said, "the film is a gracefully made delight, replete with lush costumes, fruity performances, love amongst the flowerbeds and even a little mild peril  Yes it lacks real dramatic edge and may be seen as a typical British period costume film, but it is also a classily made pleasure that will delight its target audience " David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter felt that "This decently acted film is agreeable entertainment, even if it works better on a scene by scene basis than in terms of overall flow "  Tim Robey in writing for  The Telegraph said in his review: "If you see only one film about 17th-century French landscape gardening this year, it probably ought to be A Little Chaos, a heaving bouquet of a picture "David Sexton of the London Evening Standard gave the film a negative review, saying that "Kate Winslet charms as a gardener at the Court of Louis XIV, but it's not enough to keep this inauthentic piece from wilting " Dennis Harvey of Variety criticised the film, calling it "all too tidy as it imposes a predictable, pat modern sensibility on a most unconvincing depiction of late 17th-century French aristocratic life " Kaleem Aftab of The Independent gave the film two out of five stars, noting that while the performances were exceptional, the talents of the players were wasted  He wrote that "it all starts off so promisingly" and praised the camera work and language, but found it quickly fails as "a melancholic look at grief" where "at least four different genres [clash] against each other, occasionally in the same scene" and "the romance seems to take place off-screen " She concluded: "There was a 17-year gap between Rickman's first and second film and on this evidence it's easy to see why  While he can get performances out of the actors, he lacks command of pacing and plot "
Passage 7:
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is a 2011 British romantic comedy-drama film directed by Lasse Hallström and starring Ewan McGregor, Emily Blunt, Kristin Scott Thomas and Amr Waked  Based on the 2007 novel of the same name by Paul Torday, and a screenplay by Simon Beaufoy, the film is about a fisheries expert who is recruited by a consultant to help realise a sheikh's vision of bringing the sport of fly fishing to the Yemen desert, initiating an upstream journey of faith to make the impossible possible  The film was shot on location in the United Kingdom in London and Newtonmore in Inverness-shire and in Morocco from August to October 2010  The film premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival  The film received generally positive reviews upon its release, and earned over $34 million in revenue worldwide 

Plot
Fisheries expert Alfred Jones (Ewan McGregor) receives an email from financial adviser Harriet Chetwode-Talbot (Emily Blunt), seeking advice on a project to bring salmon fishing to the Yemen—a project being bankrolled by a wealthy Yemeni sheikh and supported by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (the FCO)  Alfred dismisses the project as "fundamentally unfeasible" because the Yemen cannot provide the necessary environment for salmon  Meanwhile, the British Prime Minister's press secretary, Patricia Maxwell (Kristin Scott Thomas), suggests the salmon fishing story to the Prime Minister's office as a positive story to help improve relations between Britain and the Islamic world 
Alfred meets Harriet to discuss the project, but despite Harriet correcting his misconceptions of the Yemen environment, Alfred is convinced that the project is foolhardy  Alfred's boss, under pressure from Patricia, forces Alfred to accept a position on the project  Alfred considers resigning rather than ruin his reputation in the scientific community, but is convinced by his wife that they need his income and pension 
Harriet arranges for Alfred to meet the Sheikh (Amr Waked) at his estate in the Scottish Highlands  The Sheikh is excited to meet Alfred as he is the inventor of the "Woolly Jones" fishing fly  While the Sheikh acknowledges that the project might sound crazy, he still believes that fishing is a noble pursuit that promotes harmony and requires immense faith 
After his wife accepts a position in Geneva, Alfred devotes himself to the salmon project  Although painfully shy, he enjoys working with Harriet and they begin to make progress  Their enthusiasm is interrupted, however, when Harriet learns that her new boyfriend, British special forces Captain Robert Meyers (Tom Mison), is missing in action  Devastated, Harriet withdraws to her apartment  When Alfred visits her, she gets upset, thinking he just wants her to return to work, but then she realises he has come to comfort her, and the two embrace 
Meanwhile, the Sheikh continues his work, despite radicals who accuse him of introducing Western ways to their region  Patricia informs the Sheikh that because of opposition to removing salmon from British rivers they will need to use farmed salmon  The Sheikh does not believe that salmon bred in captivity will survive and rejects Patricia's offer, ending the British Government's involvement in the project  Alfred resigns his government job to continue with the project 
After a confrontation with his wife in which he realises that their marriage is over and that he is in love with Harriet, Alfred convinces the Sheikh to give the farmed salmon a try  As the two are fishing, a Yemeni radical attempts to assassinate the Sheikh, who is saved by Alfred casting his fishing line towards the assassin  Soon after, they return to the Yemen, where Harriet and Alfred continue to grow closer  After a moonlight swim, he asks her if there was a "theoretical possibility" of the two of them ending up together  She accepts with a kiss on his cheek, but says she will need some time 
At a press conference in the Yemen, with the Foreign Secretary, Patricia reunites Harriet with her boyfriend Robert who has survived the counter-terrorism operation  The PR stunt leaves Alfred heartbroken  That night, Harriet realises her feelings for Robert have changed, and when Alfred gets a text message from his wife asking him to return, he declines 
The following day the fish are released from their holding tanks



ground_truth: Arizona State University

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In what year did the Tornoto International Film Fesitval premiere a movie produced by BBC Films?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  The fish swim upstream, and everyone celebrates the success of the project  While Robert and the Foreign Secretary fly-fish for the photographers, terrorists break into the dam upstream and open the flood gates  Although most people survive the resulting flash flood, the valley is left in ruins  The Sheikh blames himself for the tragedy, and vows to rebuild—this time with the support of the local community 
The next day, as Harriet prepares to leave with Robert, the latter says while she was the one thing on his mind that kept him alive during his mission, she doesn't owe him anything  She approaches Alfred to say goodbye, where he tearfully wishes her luck as he ponders what to do next  Just then, they see a salmon jumping from the water, indicating that some fish survived  Alfred tells Harriet he will indeed stay and help them rebuild  Harriet asks if he will need a partner—and Alfred realises that she is talking about herself  They embrace, and then hold hands whilst looking out over the river 

Cast
Production
Screenplay
The screenplay for Salmon Fishing in the Yemen was written by Simon Beaufoy, based on the novel by Paul Torday  The epistolary novel won the 2007 Bollinger Everyman Wodehouse Prize, and the 2008 Waverton Good Read Award  Through a series of letters and documents, Torday creates a political satire that focused more on the "art of political spin" than on the force of the human spirit  Beaufoy enjoyed the challenge of transforming a fairly complex novel written in an unusual format—a series of emails, text messages, interviews, and testimony extracts—into a film  Beaufoy acknowledged, "I just love adapting material that allows room for creativity and allows room for me to be very present in the process, I suppose  Sometimes when you’re adapting something classic and famous you have to adopt a different attitude, to something like Salmon Fishing where it had such an unusual narrative and such an unusual structure, that you got quite a free reign [sic] to do interesting things with it " Beaufoy integrated the emails, text messages, and chat texts into the film's narrative 
Beaufoy's screenplay is decidedly different from the novel in several respects  The most obvious difference is that his press secretary is a woman, played by Kristin Scott Thomas, whereas in the novel, the character is a man, Peter Maxwell  Where the novel focuses on political satire, the film is more about a man who decides to change direction in his life  In the novel, Jones is noticeably older than the film character, and the romantic subplot with Harriet is kept in the background because of the political satire  By making Jones younger, Beaufoy added a "quirky flair" to the character that gives the audience a "completely different experience in watching a man overcome himself to achieve happiness " Beaufoy noted, "That's the difference when reading the book  You can perceive specific conflicts, but when it's onscreen you have to create something different, something the audience can see and feel and root for "

Casting
For director Lasse Hallström, Ewan McGregor and Emily Blunt were his "first choices" to play the leading roles  "They brought the lightness and the humour to the material," Hallström later observed  He also felt fortunate to get Kristin Scott Thomas to play the role of the bossy press secretary, Patricia Maxwell, recalling, "I knew she could be funny, as most actors can, but she brought that seriousness combined with a bit of heart " For Hallström, it was that combination of humour and seriousness that allowed the actress to capture the balance between the film's sentiment and political satire  Egyptian actor Amr Waked was cast in the role of the sheikh  Waked has enjoyed major success and fame in his own country and throughout the Arabic-speaking world  English-speaking audiences may recognise him as the fundamentalist Muslim cleric in the 2005 film Syriana and the HBO series House Of Saddam 

Filming locations
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen was shot on location in London, Scotland, and Morocco  Scenes set in Yemen were filmed in Ouarzazate in the Moroccan Atlas Mountains  The restaurant scene in London was filmed at the Oxo Tower  The Sheikh's house in Scotland was filmed at Ardverikie House  Reshooting and water tank work was filmed at Black Hangar Studios in the UK  Principal photography started on 6 August 2010 

Music
Music for the film was composed and orchestrated by Dario Marianelli  The score features Leo Abrahams (guitar), Dirk Campbell (woodwind), Giles Lewin (oud), and the BBC Concert Orchestra, conducted by Benjamin Wallfisch  The original soundtrack album was released on 20 March 2012 by Lakeshore Records  The Scottish folksong "Mairi's Wedding" by The Clancy Brothers, which is played over one scene, and "Where You Go" by The Young Romans, the song played over the end credits, are not included on the album 

Reception
Critical response
The film received generally favourable reviews from critics  In his review in the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan called the film a "pleasant fantasy" and a "charming film whose few attempts at seriousness are best forgotten or ignored " Turan praised the performances of Emily Blunt and Ewan McGregor, concluding

Blunt and McGregor are two of the most gifted and attractive actors working today, able to play off each other with great style, and when they invest themselves in these amusing characters they bring to life the film's very contrived plot 
In her review for The Washington Post, Ann Hornaday gave the film two and a half out of four stars, calling the film an "absurdist but gently winning romantic comedy" that "works a strange kind of wonder"  Hornaday praised the director's "assured hand and feather-light touch", as well as the acting performances by Ewan McGregor and Emily Blunt, who finds "an easygoing rhythm with her leading man"  Hornaday continued:

It's the serendipity of creative juxtaposition that Hallström is clearly after in Salmon Fishing in the Yemen, from Scott Thomas spiking the honey with dollops of venom to the fabulous kilts and kaffiyehs worn by the sheik's bodyguards at his rustic Scottish redoubt  Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is less a classic fish-out-of-water tale than a fish-in-strange-waters tale, a study in diametric opposites that finds unexpected synchronies and moments of almost mystical harmony  Viewers who take the sheikh's advice and suspend their disbelief, even for a moment, may well find themselves hooked 
Hornaday found Salmon Fishing in the Yemen a "surprisingly lush, endearing little film, in which a swelling sense of romanticism thoroughly banishes even the most far-fetched improbabilities "
In his review for The Telegraph, Robbie Collins gave the film three out of five stars, calling it "cinema at its most easily digestible" with a cast that is as "unthreateningly attractive as its sense of humour is cosily inclusive " Collins concluded that Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is a "disarmingly nice hour and three-quarters of gentle romance and even gentler comedy "The film received some negative reviews  Peter Bradshaw from The Guardian, who gave the film two out of five stars, wrote that it "feels as if you've seen it many times before"  According to Bradshaw, the weakest scenes of the film involve the ferocious government PR chief (Kristin Scott Thomas), with "much lip-pursing and eye-rolling, but nothing funny or believable in the script for her to say "On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 67% positive rating among critics, based on 153 reviews  The critic consensus states: "Quirky and a little reserved, Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is nonetheless a charming little romantic drama sold by some strong central performances " The film holds a score of 58 on Metacritic, based on 35 reviews 

Box office
As of June 2012, the film has grossed $34 6 million The film opened in 18 cinemas so in the United States on 9 March 2012, taking in $225,000 for the three-day weekend  The film expanded to 483 cinemas by the end of March, when it had grossed over $3 million 

Awards and nominations
In 2012, the film was nominated for the European Film Awards People's Choice Award 
The film was also nominated for three Golden Globe Awards: Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for McGregor, and Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Blunt 

See also
Water supply and sanitation in Yemen
Passage 8:
Company Pictures
Company Pictures is an independent British television production company which has produced drama programming for many broadcasters  It was set up in 1998 by Charles Pattinson and George Faber, colleagues at BBC Films  Their first film was Morvern Callar, which was credited as a co-production with BBC Films as they had begun developing it while still employed there  In 2003 Company Pictures became part of All3Media  The founders, Pattinson and Faber, left in 2012 to set up another independent production company, and  John Yorke became managing director until 2015  He was succeeded by Michele Buck, former joint managing director of Mammoth Screen For both artistic and fiscal reasons, when producing the TV series The White Queen, Company Pictures entered into collaboration with a Flemish production house  This enabled them to film in the medieval cities of Ghent and Bruges, while receiving tax-breaks as a European co-production and for investment in Flanders 
Passage 9:
L (film)
L (Learning) is a 2011 Greek comedy-drama film directed by Babis Makridis in his debut, and written by Makridis and Efthymis Filippou, based on an original idea by Yorgos Giokas  It stars Aris Servetalis as a 40 year old man whose life rapidly changes over the course of a single day 
Makridis had previously produced a short film, The Last Fakir (2005), which received the Newcomer's Prize at the 2005 International Short Film Festival in Drama  L, his first feature film, was the first Greek selection to compete at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival (19–29 January 2012) where its international premiere took place  It was also nominated to compete in the official Tiger Awards competition in the International Film Festival Rotterdam (25 January – 5 February 2012)  The film was nominated for Best Script award at the Hellenic Film Academy Awards  A six-minute extract was first released at the Work Progress Section of the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, at the Czech Republic in July 2011 

Plot
A Man lives in his car  He is 40 years old and although he does not have a lot of free time, when he does, he chooses to spend it with his family  He meets his wife and two children at a specified day and time in car parking lots  His job is to locate and bring the finest honey to a 50-year-old man  A New Driver shows up and the Man gets fired  The Man's life changes and he finds it absurd that no one trusts him anymore 

Cast
Aris Servetalis as the Man
Makis Papadimitriou as the Black Rider
Yannis Bostantzoglou as the Boss
Eleftherios Matthaios as The Bear
Nota Tserniafski as the Wife
Stavros Raptis as the Friend
Thanassis Dimou as the New Driver
Christoforos Skamnakis as the Yachtsman
Pavlos Makridis as the Son
Natalia Tserniafski as the Daughter
Alexis Kanakis as Motorbiker
Antonis Iliakis as Meteor

Production
Filming
Filming took place during March and April 2011 in outdoor locations in Attica, Greece and additional filming took place at the end of July 2011  Filming was concluded within 27 days 

Technical information
The movie was filmed in 35mm with an Arriflex BL camera, is 87 minutes long, in colour, sound Dolby SRD, language Greek with English subtitles, 1:85:1 format, edited in Avid 

Production credentials
Directed, by Babis Makridis
Script, Efthymis Filippou Babis Makridis, based on an original idea by Yorgos Giokas about a man who lives in his car
Location Manager, Dimitris Chalkiadakis
Line Producer, Yorgos Papadimitriou
Sets, Dafni Kalogianni
Costumes, Dimitris Papathomas
Sound, Stefanos Efthimiou
Mixing/Sound Design, Costas Fylaktidis
Music, Coti K
Editor, Yannis Chalkiadakis
Director of Photography, Thimios Bakatakis
Executive Producer, Peter Carlton, Christos V  Konstantakopoulos
Production, Beben Films (Amanda Livanou, Babis Makridis)
Co Production, NOVA, Feelgood Entertainment, Faliro House Productions, Top Cut, Modiano S A , Dennis Iliadis, Efthymis Filippou, Yannis Chalkiadakis, Thimios Bakatakis, Yorgos Papadimitriou, Dimitris Papathomas, in association with Warp Films and the support of the Greek Film Center 

Release and distribution
The movie was released in Greek movie theaters in February 2012 by Feelgood Entertainment movie distribution company 

Festivals
Sundance Film Festival 2012   Official selection world drama competition 
Rotterdam Film Festival 2012   IFFR's Tiger Awards Competition 
Copenhagen Film Festival 2012  Official competition for New talent grand pix
Indielisboa 2012  Official Competition 
Seattle International Film Festival 2012  New Directors Competition 
Melbourne International Film Festival 2012  Competition Telescope Section 
Mumbai Film Festival 2012  International Competition 
42 Molodist  Kyiv Film Festival 2012  International Competition  WINNER THE GRAND PRIX OF MOLODIST
Arizona Underground Film Festival 2012  International Competition 
Festival International du Film Indépendant de Bordeaux 2012  International Competition 
36o São Paulo International Film Festival  New Directors Competition 
Shadowline Salerno 2012  Official Competition 
Sydney Film Festival 2012  Section Push Me to the Edge
D' A Festival Internacional de cinema d'author de Barcelona 2012 
Istanbul Film festival 2012  At a special section called " What's happening in Greece?"
Karlovy Vary 2012  Section Another View 
Stockholm Film Festival 2012  Section Twilight Zone  
19th Greek Film Festival 2012 (Melbourne) 
Eurasia Film Festival 2012  Section Cinema bridge: East
23 Ljubljana Film Festival 2012  Section Panorama
Sevilla Festival de Cine Europeo  2012  Section: Focus Europa : Greece 
27º Festival international de cine de mar del plata FESTIVAL INTERNACIONAL DE CINE DE MAR DEL PLATA
18ο Vilnius International Film Festival Lithuania Programm Discoveries

Words about L
FILM DE CULTE
FLIX
FLIX GR
CUEDOTCOMFESSIONS
THE LIMERICK REVIEW
QUIET EARTH
ALTERNATIVE CHRONICLE
SUNDANCE FILM FESTIVAL
SBS COM AUSTRALIA
HOLLYWOOD REPORTER

External links
The official movie blog
L at IMDb
L official facebook page
L official site



ground_truth: 2011