prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What form of play does Yameen and Activision have in common?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Yameen
Yameen is an American hip hop producer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States  His most recent album, "Diamond is Unfadable" was released in 2017 on Rumble Pack Records 

Light of Love / Sound of Fire
In 2010, Yameen released an anime music video for his single, “Light of Love” featuring singer, Lady Alma  The video was a production of Daisuke Nakayama's Realthing studio located in Shibuya, Tokyo and directed by Jamie Vickers (Studio 4°C, Madhouse) “Light of Love” was a vertical slice of an intended full-featured television pilot called “The Sound of Fire,” consisting of characters such as the titular Yameen, Meca, Ichi-go and more featured in the video 
The video ends with the cast of characters sitting atop the iconic Hieroglyphics music group 3-eyed logo, a clear nod to Yameen's history as "StinkE" with the group 

SupremeEx
The recording alias "SupremeEx" is generally reserved for collaborative concept albums between Yameen and Tajai of Souls of Mischief / Hieroglyphics In 1998, SupremeEx released the instrumental-only affair, Destructor on retail cassette which originally caught the ear of Tajai and also lead to collaborations with Bobbito's Footworks, Electronic Arts / EA Sports and Eckō Unltd  clothing, among others  SupremeEx & Tajai began recording what would become their first project together, Projecto: 2501 that same year In 1999, SupremeEx and Tajai released Projecto: 2501 as the first album on Tajai's fledgling Hieroglyphics Imperium sub-imprint, Clear Label Records  The critically acclaimed EP - applauded for its imaginative use of story telling elements such as included trading cards, Enhanced CD and web-delivered content - featured guest artists Shing02, Low Budget (Hollertronix), Jay Biz (Hieroglyphics), DJ Nozawa & Major Terror  Additional content was also included on the Enhanced CD including a bonus MP3, computer wallpaper, videos in the studio recording "Projecto" and more In 2005, Rumble Pack Records released an all-new full-length album from SupremeEx & Tajai entitled, Nuntype  Again, building on the story-telling aspects the duo established on, "Projecto" Nuntype is an album about Chaos, Prophecy and Change with Tajai as a deity who wields the power of Creation  Guest artist included R&B crooner, Goapele on the album's single, "Meaning" Although never established as an official labelmate, nor indicative of the classic "Hiero sound", Yameen's roots as Stinke — the creator and curator of Hieroglyphics com between 1995 and 2001 — offer him a curious niche in helping broaden the Hiero discography 

StinkE (Web Developer)
Yameen, under his nom de web "StinkE," designed and coded many popular hiphop websites and was featured as one of URB magazine's "Next 100" people to watch in April 2001  His work with the music group Hieroglpyhics proved particularly ground-breaking In 1995 when the individual group members of Hieroglyphics were each released from their respective major record labels, Yameen's fansite caught the attention of Souls of Mischief member Tajai who made the website the official online destination of Hieroglyphics  Hieroglyphics com was one of the first websites from any music artist and was featured heavily in popular media of the time  Yameen as the site's webmaster engaged directly with the group's fanbase, fostering a vibrant and active online community at a time when most people did not have access to personal computers or the internet  This community-driven aspect is what allowed the Hieroglyphics to continue to flourish as independent artists without the need of a major label In 2013, Oakland, California mayor Jean Quan recognized the efforts of Yameen and Hieroglyphics com as "a pioneering entity in technology and innovation and shining example of a local, homegrown business with worldwide appeal and recognition" while officially establishing September 3 as "Hiero Day" in the city of Oakland, CA Yameen also coded websites for artists such as Aesop Rock, The Giant Peach, Murs, Mr  Len & more 

Discography
Solo albums
Never Knows Best (2008)
Never Knows More (2009)
Never Knows Encore (2010)
Come On & Go Off (2014)

SupremeEx albums
Destructor (1998)
Projecto: 2501 (2000)
Nuntype (2005)
Nuntype: The Instrumentals (2006)

Other appearances
March Madness 2000 (Videogame) (1999)
Some of the Coolest Rappers   Ecko Clothing Compilation (2000)
Sleeping Giant, mixtape by Tajai (2003)
Pre-emptive Hype 3 5 HipHopSite

External links
Official Artist Website
Yameen Discogs
SupremeEx Artist Website
Nuntype Website
Projecto: 2501 Website
Hieroglyphics Website
SupremeEx Discogs
Interview
Passage 2:
Right Back at It Again
"Right Back at It Again" is the second track and the first single from A Day to Remember's fifth album, Common Courtesy (2013)  In October 20, 2015, the song was featured in Activision rhythm-music game, Guitar Hero Live 

Music and lyrics
Vocalist, Jeremy McKinnon wrote the lyrics, while the music was written by McKinnon, former guitarist Tom Denney, guitarist Neil Westfall and producer Andrew Wade  "Right Back at It Again" almost wasn't included on the album as it was one of the excess songs the band had recorded, "we realised that it sounded great, so on it went "

Release and reception
"Right Back at It Again" was announced on October 7, 2013 to be broadcast as part of BBC Radio 1's Rock Show the following midnight, with the band calling the song their "brand new single"  The song impacted radio on November 11  "Right Back at It Again" charted at number 33 on the Alternative Songs chart, and at number 40 on the Modern Rock chart in the U S  McKinnon, Westfall and guitarist Kevin Skaff performed a surprise acoustic show for Warped Tour 2013 UK on November 17, and another acoustic set, this time at Banquet Records the following day, both in London; band played "Right Back at It Again" on both occasions Tamsyn Wilce for Alter the Press! noted that the way "Right Back at it Again" follows on from opening track "City of Ocala" "continues the catchy hardcore beats" that is present in all of the band's albums  Rock Sound's Andy Ritchie called the song "unmistakably the 'All I Want' of 'Common Courtesy'"  A music video for the song was released on 19 December 2013 
The music video was nominated for Best Video at the Kerrang! Awards 

Track listing
Promotional CD"Right Back at It Again" (alternative edit)
"Right Back at It Again" (active rock edit)

Personnel
Personnel per digital booklet 

Chart positions
Passage 3:
Form 8-K
Form 8-K is a very broad form used to notify investors in United States public companies of specified events that may be important to shareholders or the United States Securities and Exchange Commission  This is one of the most common types of forms filed with the SEC  After a significant event like bankruptcy or departure of a CEO, a public company generally must file a Current Report on Form 8-K within four business days to provide an update to previously filed quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and/or Annual Reports on Form 10-K  Form 8-K is required to be filed by public companies with the SEC pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended 

When Form 8-K is required
Form 8-K is used to notify investors of a current event  These types of events include:

signing, amending or terminating material definitive agreements not made in the ordinary course of business, bankruptcies or receiverships
mine shutdowns or violations of mine health and safety laws
consummation of a material asset acquisition or sale
results of operations and financial condition, creating certain financial obligations, such as incurrence of material debt
triggering events that accelerate material obligations (such as defaults on a loan)
costs associated with exit or disposal plans (layoffs, shutting down a plant, or material change in services or outlets)
material impairments
delisting from a securities exchange or failing to satisfy listing requirements
unregistered equity sales (private placements)
modifications to shareholder rights
change in accountants
determinations that previously issued financial statements cannot be relied upon
change in control
senior officer appointments and departures
director elections and departures
amendments to certificate/articles of incorporation or bylaws
changes in fiscal year
trading suspension under employee benefit plans
amendments or waivers of code of ethics
changes in shell company status
results of shareholder votes
disclosures applicable to issuers of asset-backed securities
disclosures necessary to comply with Regulation FD
other material events
certain financial statements and other exhibits Investors should always read any 8-K filings that are made by companies in which they are invested  These reports are often material to the company, and frequently contain information that will affect the share price 

Reading Form 8K
Typically an 8-K filing will only have two major parts: the name and description of the event and any exhibits that are relevant  The name and description of the event contains all the information that the company considers relevant to shareholders and the SEC  It is important to read this information, as it has been deemed "material" by the company  Any exhibits that are relevant may include financial statements, press releases, data tables, or other information that is referenced in the description of the event 

Form 8K Items
The 8-K items are defined in the following table 

Historical Form 8K Items
Prior to August 23, 2004, 8-K items were filed under different item numbers  Those historical items are displayed in the table below 
Passage 4:
Lotion play
Lotion play is a subset of the better known wet-and-messy fetish (WAM), which typically involves participants using food (such as pudding or whipped cream), mud, or paint as a lubricant to facilitate sexual activity   Lotion play uses lotion specifically for this purpose 
In Japan, lotion play (ローションプレイ, rōshon purei), also known as gookakke or gluekakke (a play on words from goo/glue and bukkake), is a popular fetish, a form of Japanese erotica and prostitution request involving the use of copious amounts of lubricant, which in the Japanese language is referred to by the French loanword "lotion" (ローション in Japanese)   Typically lotion play involves a participant rubbing lotion on another using their body, sexual intercourse in a pool or bath filled with lotion, or lotion being poured over the participants during sex 
Lotion is available in concentrated form, to be added to hot water   A one-gallon concentrate will typically yield 6-10 gallons of lotion (J-Lube Lotion Concentrate)   The main component in most lotion is polyacrylate  A similar effect can be achieved by dissolving powdered methyl cellulose in water 
Passage 5:
The Legend of Spyro: Dawn of the Dragon
The Legend of Spyro: Dawn of the Dragon is a 2008 action-adventure video game in the Spyro series  It is the third and final installment in The Legend of Spyro trilogy and the sequel to The Legend of Spyro: The Eternal Night (2007), marking the tenth anniversary of the game series  The game was released for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and mobile 
Elijah Wood and Gary Oldman reprise their roles as Spyro and Ignitus, respectively, while Wayne Brady replaces Billy West as Sparx and Christina Ricci replaces Mae Whitman as Cynder from the previous game  It also features the voice talents of Blair Underwood as Hunter the Cheetah and Mark Hamill as Malefor, the Dark Master 
It is the end of the second Spyro continuity, with Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure (2011) serving as the second reboot of the franchise after Vivendi Games merged with video game publisher Activision to form the Activision Blizzard holding company on July 10, 2008 

Gameplay
This is the first Spyro game that allows a player to fly at any time they want (free-fly mode)  The game also features a co-op mode with Cynder  The co-op feature allows players to have the option of completing the game as either Spyro or Cynder, along with giving them the power to switch between Spyro and Cynder  In previous titles of the Legend of Spyro series, Spyro must travel through the level and defeat enemies in a linear fashion  However, this time players explore larger areas and collect items in order to progress through the game 
Spyro retains his command of fire, electricity, ice and earth (all of which he now has access to from the start), while Cynder controls poison, fear, wind and shadow  Powers, that were given to her, when she was controlled by the Dark Master  Cynder is faster, yet weaker than Spyro 
Along with the standard power-ups that gems can cause, Spyro and Cynder can both equip pieces of Dragon-armor, that they'd find  They also have another feature called melee combos  The more times, the player hits the enemy, the more blue Gems the players will earn  Blue Gems will power up Spyro and Cynder, allowing them to upgrade moves  Along with Blue Gems, there are also Red gems, which restore lost health  The green gems will give the dragons their magic, allowing to charge their element attacks  The Fury Gems, known from previous titles, have been replaced by dark crystals, that can drain magic, if they're not destroyed  The Fury-Meter now goes up, depending on the number of times, Spyro or Cynder score attacks on enemies  In addition to normal enemies, there are elite enemies, which are enemies, that are stronger than normal ones  Their masks give them invincibility to normal attacks  The player must use an element of a designated color, that matches the of the mask, in order to knock the mask off  Once kicked off, normal attacks and other elemental powers will be allowed 

Plot
The game's story continues three years after the events of The Legend of Spyro: The Eternal Night  Spyro and Cynder, now teenagers, are broken free of their crystalline prison by mysterious enemies known as Grublins  The two are tethered together with green energy chains created by the Dark Master before being carried away, while Sparx is found by Hunter of Avalar, who was watching them from the shadows  Meanwhile, Spyro and Cynder find themselves in a dark, volcano-like area  When they try to leave, they find out they can't as they are chained to the platform they awoke on  After defeating several waves of Grublins and avoiding an earth Golem that attacks them soon after, Spyro and Cynder manage to escape the Catacombs with the help of Hunter, who is with Sparx  After reaching safety in Twilight Falls, Hunter reveals to Spyro, Cynder, and Sparx that the Dark Master, Malefor, had returned to the realm shortly after the events of The Legend of Spyro: The Eternal Night and has covered the land in darkness ever since 

Once they reach the Dragon City of Warfang, Spyro, Cynder and Hunter are separated as the city is under siege by Malefor's forces  After a long and fierce battle that ends in the siege driven back, the Golem returns and uses parts of the city to create an arm to replace the one it lost in the Catacombs  Spyro and Cynder defeat the Golem by destroying the Dark Crystal in its head, allowing Spyro, Cynder, and the Dragon Guardians to finally reunite  The victory is short-lived, as later that night, Malefor sends the citizens of Warfang a message: he has revived the Destroyer, an ancient creature whose purpose is to renew the world by bringing about its destruction  As they will be unable to catch up with the beast if they fly after it, the Fire Dragon Guardian Ignitus (the leader of the Dragon Guardians) hatches a plan to wait for it to circle back and attack before it can complete its circle  Passing underground is the only way to intercept it in time  Cynder and Spyro are able to open the gates to the underground Ruins of Warfang, which leads the attack forces to the canyon where the Destroyer will complete the Ring of Annihilation by destroying a nearby dam  They stall the Destroyer long enough to destroy its Dark Crystal heart  Despite this, the Destroyer manages to complete the Belt of Fire, and Ignitus orders everyone underground as he escorts Spyro and Cynder through the Belt of Fire  To get them to the Burned Lands, which will lead them to Malefor's lair, Ignitus sacrifices himself in the crossing  Overcome with grief, Spyro turns into his dark form and tries to go back and save him (which also threatens to harm Cynder with levitating rocks) but is stopped and comforted by Cynder  Cynder tells Spyro he's not alone and encourages him to continue the journey, as Ignitus wanted them to  
After getting through the Burned Lands and the Floating Islands, Spyro and Cynder arrive at Malefor's lair and confront him  Malefor taunts Spyro by telling him that the destiny of all purple dragons is to bring about the world's destruction, which Spyro denies  During the confrontation, the evil dragon gets rid of the green chain that tethered Spyro and Cynder together throughout their trials, then corrupts Cynder back to his cause; Cynder attacks Spyro, only to break free from Malefor's control when Spyro refuses to fight, stating that Cynder has left him nothing to fight for  Angered by this turn of events, Malefor binds Spyro and Cynder together once again to kill them both before beginning their airborne battle  As Spyro and Cynder fly after Malefor, the Destroyer completes its circle, marking the world's end  The three dragons fall into the volcano The Destroyer had entered, and after fighting with Malefor, Spyro and Cynder plummet into the center of the earth as they continue their battle  Malefor proclaims that he is eternal, unable to be defeated, but is then sealed away in the world's core by the spirits of the ancestors, and the green chain disappears soon after 
Despite Malefor's defeat, the world is still falling apart, as Spyro and Cynder wonder if this is indeed the end  Ignitus' spirit returns and gives Spyro hope  With the chain that bound them together broken with Malefor's defeat, Spyro tells Cynder to flee while he stops the catastrophe, but she refuses to leave him  As Spyro prepares to unleash a powerful Fury wave, Cynder verbally reveals that she loves him  Spyro's magic rebuilds the world, and the remaining Dragon Guardians, Hunter, Sparx, and the survivors emerge from underground into the setting sun as stars in the sky form into the figure of a dragon 
After the credits, the Chronicler speaks to someone that a new age is beginning, and with each new age, a worthy dragon is chosen to record the triumphs and failures of that era  His time is over, but the time of the new chronicler, Ignitus, has just begun  Before passing his mantle, the Chronicler informs Ignitus that though he has tried his best, he cannot find "any trace of Spyro" in the book that details dragons who have died  As Ignitus becomes the new Chronicler, he wonders where Spyro could be  Meanwhile, as the game closes, a glimpse of Spyro and Cynder can be seen flying together over the Valley of Avalar 

Reception
The game received "mixed" reviews on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic 

Notes
Passage 6:
Activision
Activision Publishing, Inc  is an American video game publisher based in Santa Monica, California  It serves as the publishing business for its parent company, Activision Blizzard, and consists of several subsidiary studios  Activision is one of the largest third-party video game publishers in the world and was the top United States publisher in 2016 The company was founded as Activision, Inc  on October 1, 1979 in Sunnyvale, California, by former Atari game developers upset at their treatment by Atari in order to develop their own games for the popular Atari 2600 home video game console  Activision was the first independent, third-party, console video game developer  The video game crash of 1983, in part created by too many new companies trying to follow in Activision's footsteps without the expertise of Activision's founders, hurt Activision's position in console games and forced the company to diversify into games for home computers, including the acquisition of Infocom  After a management shift, with CEO Jim Levy replaced by Bruce Davis, the company renamed itself to Mediagenic and branched out into business software applications  Mediagenic quickly fell into debt, and the company was bought for around US$500,000 by Bobby Kotick and a small group of investors around 1991 
Kotick drastically revamped and restructured the company to get it out of debt: dismissing most of its staff, moving the company to Los Angeles, and reverting to the Activision name  Building on existing assets, the Kotick-led Activision pursued more publishing opportunities and, after recovering from its former financial troubles, started acquiring numerous studios and various types of intellectual property over the 1990s and 2000s, among these being the Call of Duty and Guitar Hero series  A holding company was formed as Activision's parent company to manage both its internal and acquired studios  In 2008, this holding company merged with Vivendi Games (the parent company of Blizzard Entertainment) and formed Activision Blizzard, with Kotick as its CEO  Within this structure, Activision manages numerous third-party studios and publishes all games besides those created by Blizzard 

History
Founding (1979)
In 1976, Warner Communications bought Atari, Inc  from Nolan Bushnell to help accelerate the Atari Video Computer System (Atari VCS or later the Atari 2600) to market by 1977  That same year, Atari began hiring programmers to create games for the system  Prior to Warner's acquisition, the company did not award bonus pay to programmers who worked on profitable games, nor credit the programmers publicly, to prevent them from being recruited by rival game companies  Warner Communication's management style was also different from Bushnell's  According to developer John Dunn, Warner management treated developers as engineers rather than creative staff, creating conflicts with staff  Atari's CEO Ray Kassar, named to that position following Warner's acquisition in 1978, was committed to keeping production costs minimal for Warner, according to David Crane, one of Atari's programmers In early 1979, Atari's marketing department circulated a memo listing the best-selling cartridges from the previous year to help guide game ideas  Crane noted that the games he was fully responsible for had brought in over $20 million for the company but he was still only receiving a $20,000 salary  Out of a development staff of thirty-five, four programmers (Crane, Larry Kaplan, Alan Miller and Bob Whitehead), had produced games that had accounted for 60% of Atari's sales Crane, Kaplan, Miller, and Whitehead became vocal about the lack of recognition within the company and became known as the "Gang of Four"  The group met with Kassar in May 1979 to demand that the company treat developers as record labels treated musicians, with royalties and their names on game boxes  Kaplan, who called the others "the best designers for the [2600] in the world", recalled that Kassar called the four men "towel designers" and claimed that "anybody can do a cartridge" The four made the decision to soon leave Atari and start their own business, but were not sure how to go about it  In 1979, the concept of third-party developers did not exist, as software for video game consoles were published exclusively by makers of the systems for which the games were designed; thus the common thinking was that to make console games, one needed to make a console first  The four decided to create their own independent game development company  They were directed by their attorney to Jim Levy, who was at the time raising venture capital to get into the software business for early home computers  Levy listened to their plans, agreed with its direction, and helped the four to secure about $1 million in capital from Sutter Hill Ventures  They also checked with legal counsel on their plans to develop games for the Atari VCS, and included litigation fees in their capital investment By August, Crane and Miller had left Atari, with Whitehead joining them shortly after  Kaplan had also quit Atari in August, but initially decided not to join as he did not like the starting business plan; he came back later to join Activision that December  Activision was formally founded on October 1, 1979, with Levy serving as CEO  The company was initially named "Computer Arts, Inc " while they considered a better title  The founders had thought of the name VSync, Inc , but feared that the public would not understand or know how to say it  Levy suggested combining "active" and "television" to come up with Activision 

Early years (1980–1982)
Activision began working out of Crane's garage in the latter half of 1979, each programmer developing their own game that was planned for release in mid-1980, Dragster, Fishing Derby, Checkers, and Boxing  The four's knowledge of the Atari 2600, as well as software tricks for the system, helped them make their own games visually distinct from Atari-produced games  To further distinguish themselves, Activision's boxes were brightly colored and featured an in-game screenshot on the back cover  Instruction manuals for games devoted at least one page to credit the developer  Additionally, for nearly all of Activision's games through 1983, the instruction manuals included instructions for sending the company a photograph of a player's high scores to receive a patch in return Ahead of the release of the first four games, Activision obtained space at the mid-year 1980 Consumer Electronics Show to showcase their titles, and quickly obtained favorable press  The attention afforded to Activision worried Atari, as the four's departure had already created a major dent in their development staff  Atari initially tried to tarnish Activision's reputation by using industry press at CES to label those that took trade secrets as "evil, terrible people", according to Crane, and then later threatened to refuse to sell Atari games to retailers that also carried these Activision titles  By the end of 1980, Atari filed a formal lawsuit against Activision to try to stop the company, claiming the four had stolen trade secrets and violated non-disclosure agreements  The lawsuit was settled by 1982, with Activision agreeing to pay royalties to Atari but otherwise legitimizing the third-party development model  In 2003, Activision's founders were given the Game Developers Choice "First Penguin" award, reflecting their being the first successful third-party developer in the video game industry Following the first round of releases, each of the founders developed their own titles, about once a year, over the first few years of the company  While their 1980 games were modest hits, one of the company's first successful games was Kaboom!, released in 1981, which was Activision's first game to sell over a million units  Activision's breakout title was 1982's Pitfall!, created by Crane  More than four million copies of the game were sold  Near the end of 1982, Kaplan left Activision to work on the development of the Amiga personal computer as he wanted to be more involved in hardware development Total sales for Activision were estimated at $157 million and revenues at $60 million ahead of its June 1983 initial public offering; at this point Activision had around 60 employees  Danny Goodman stated in Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games in 1983, "I doubt that there is an active [Atari 2600] owner who doesn't have at least one Activision cartridge in his library"  The company completed its public offering in June 1983 on NASDAQ under the stock ticker AVSN 

The video game market crash (1983–1988)
The success of Activision, alongside the popularity of the Atari 2600, led to many more home consoles third-party developers as well as other home consoles  Activision produced some of its Atari games for the Intellivision and ColecoVision consoles, among other platforms  However, several new third-party developers also arose, attempting to follow the approach Activision had used but without the experience they had; according to Crane, several of these companies were founded with venture capital and hired programmers with little game design experience off the street, mass-publishing whatever product the developers had made  This was a contributing factor to the video game crash of 1983 For Activision, while they survived the crash, they felt its effects in the following years  These third-party developers folded, leaving warehouses full of unsold games, which savvy retailers purchased and sold at a mass discount ($5 compared to Activision's $40 manufacturer's suggested retail price)  While there was still a demand for Activision games, uneducated consumers were more drawn to the heavily discounted titles instead, reducing their income  Their quarterly revenue dropped from $50 million in mid-1983 to about $6–7 million by the end of 1984, according to Levy, and were forced to lay off staff, going from about 400 employees to 95 in that period  Because of this, Activision decided that they needed to diversify their games onto home computers such as the Commodore 64, Apple, and Atari 8-bit family to avoid completely going out of business like other third-party developers  There still was a drain of talent through 1985 from the crash  Miller and Whitehead left in 1984 due to the large devaluation of their stock and went to form Accolade With the video game crash making console game development a risky proposition, the company focused on developing for home computers with games like Little Computer People and Hacker, while Levy tried to keep expenditures in check as they recovered  Looking to expand further, Activision acquired, through a corporate merger, the struggling text adventure pioneer Infocom in June 1986  This acquisition was spearheaded by Levy, who was a big fan of Infocom's titles and felt the company was in a similar position as Activision  About six months after the "Infocom Wedding", Activision's board decided to replace Levy with Bruce Davis  Davis was against the purchase of Infocom from the start and was heavy-handed in its management, and even attempted to seek a lawsuit to recover their purchase from Infocom's shareholders  Crane also found Davis difficult to work with and was concerned with how Davis managed the closure of Imagic, one of the third-party development studios formed in Activision's success in 1981  Crane left Activision in 1986 and helped Garry Kitchen found Absolute Entertainment 

Mediagenic (1988–1991)
In 1988, Activision began involvement in software besides video games, such as business applications  As a result, Activision changed its corporate name to Mediagenic to better represent all of its activities Mediagenic consisted of four groups:

Activision: video game publisher for various platforms, notably the Nintendo Entertainment System, Master System, Atari 7800, Atari ST, Commodore 64, and Amiga
Infocom: developer of interactive fiction games
Gamestar: initially an independent company but purchased by Activision in 1986  Specialized in sports video games
Ten Point O: business application softwareIn 1989, after several years of losses, Activision closed down the Infocom studios, extending to only 11 of the 26 employees an offer to relocate to Activision's Silicon Valley headquarters  Five of them accepted this offer Notably during this time, Mediagenic was known to have worked on the early version of a football game that would be the basis for Joe Montana Football  Sega of America's Michael Katz had been able to get Sega to pay Mediagenic around early 1990 to develop this into the branded version after securing the rights to Joe Montana's name, but was unaware of internal troubles that had been going on within the company, which had left the state of the game mostly unfinished  Katz and Sega were forced to take the incomplete game to Electronic Arts, which had been developing its own John Madden Football series for personal computers, to complete the game During this period Mediagenic, via Activision, secured the rights to distribute games from Cyan Worlds  The first game published by Activision from Cyan was The Manhole, on CD-ROM for personal computers, the first major game distributed in this format 

Purchase by Bobby Kotick (1991–1997)
Davis' management of Mediagenic failed to produce a profitable company; in 1991, Mediagenic reported a loss of $26 8 million on only $28 8 million of revenue and had over $60 million in debt  Cyan severed their contract with Activision, and turned to Broderbund for publishing, including what would become one of the most significant computer games of the 1990s, Myst 

Bobby Kotick had become interested in the value of the video game industry following the crash, and he and three other investors worked to buy Commodore International in an effort to gain access to the Amiga line of personal computers  After failing to complete purchase, the group bought a company that licensed Nintendo characters, and through Nintendo was directed to the failing Mediagenic  Kotick was drawn to buy out Mediagenic not for its current offerings but for the Activision name, given its past successes with Pitfall!, with hopes to restore Activision to its former glory  Crane said that Kotick has recognized the Activision brand name could be valued around $50 million and rather than start a new company and spend that amount to obtain the same reputation, he saw the opportunity to buy the failing Mediagenic at a bargain price and gain Activision's reputation with minimal cost  Kotick and additional investors bought Mediagenic for approximately $500,000 in 1991  This group of investors included real estate businessman Steve Wynn and Philips Electronics Kotick became CEO of Mediagenic on its purchase and made several immediate changes: He let go of all but 8 of the companies' 150 employees, performed a full restructuring of the company, developed a bankruptcy restructuring plan, and reincorporated the company in Los Angeles, California  In the bankruptcy plan, Kotick recognized that Mediagenic still had valuable assets, which included the Infocom library as well as its authoring tools to make games, Activision's distribution network, and licenses to develop on Nintendo and Sega home consoles  Kotick offset some debt by giving stock in the company to its distributors as to keep them vested in the company's success  Kotick also had the company reissue several of its past console and Infocom titles as compilations for personal computers  Kotick had also recognized the value of the Zork property from Infocom, and had the company develop a sequel, Return to Zork  Combined, these steps allowed Mediagenic to fulfill on the bankruptcy plan, and by the end of 1992, Kotick renamed Mediagenic to the original Activision name  The new Activision went public in October 1993, raising about $40 million, and was listed on NASDAQ under its new ticker symbol ATVI By 1995, Kotick's approach had met one promise he made to investors: that he would give them four years of 50% growth in revenues while remaining break-even  Reaching this goal, Kotick then set Activision on his second promise to investors, to develop high-demand games and make the company profitable by 1997 Activision published the first-person perspective MechWarrior in 1989, based on FASA's pen-and-paper game BattleTech  A sequel, MechWarrior 2, was released in 1995 after two years of delays and internal struggles, prompting FASA not to renew their licensing deal with Activision  To counter, Activision released several more games bearing the MechWarrior 2 name, which did not violate their licensing agreement  These included NetMech, MechWarrior 2: Ghost Bear's Legacy, and MechWarrior 2: Mercenaries  The entire MechWarrior 2 game series accounted for more than US$70 million in sales 
Activision procured the license to another pen-and-paper-based war game, Heavy Gear, in 1997  The video game version was well received by critics, with an 81 46% average rating on GameRankings and being considered the best game of the genre at the time by GameSpot  The Mechwarrior 2 engine was also used in other Activision games, including 1997's Interstate '76 and 1998's Battlezone 

Growth and acquisitions (1997–2008)
With several of its own successfully developed games helping to turn a profit, Kotick led Activision to start seeking acquisitions of video game development studios, guided by market surveys to determine what areas of content to focus on  It is estimated that between 1997 and 2008, Activision made 25 acquisitions, several for undisclosed amounts  Several of these came prior to 2001, in the midst of the Dot-com bubble, enabling the company to acquire studios at a lower valuation  On June 16, 2000, Activision reorganized as a holding company, Activision Holdings, to manage Activision and its subsidiaries more effectively  Activision changed its corporate name from "Activision, Inc " to "Activision Publishing, Inc ", while Activision Holdings took Activision's former "Activision, Inc " name  Activision Publishing became a wholly owned subsidiary of Activision, which in turn became the publicly traded company, with all outstanding shares of capital stock converted Some of the key acquisitions and investments made by Activision in this period include:

Raven Software: Raven was founded in 1990; because of their close proximity, Raven frequently collaborated with id Software, and one of the studio's early successes was the Heretic series using id's Doom engine  Around 1997, Raven's founders Brian and Steve Raffel felt the need to seek a parent company  They arranged a publishing deal with Activision in 1997, which not only served to provide Raven additional financial support, but also gave Activision the opportunity to work closely with id Software and gain business relationships with them  By the end of 1997, Activision acquired Raven as one of its first subsidiaries under Kotick  The acquisition price was $12 million 
Neversoft: Prior to its acquisition in 2000, Activision had arranged a development deal with Neversoft to re-develop Apocalypse, a title that failed to be completed within Activision  Subsequently, Activision had Neversoft work on a prototype for a skateboarding game, which would end up becoming the first in the Tony Hawk's series of skateboarding video games  Tony Hawk's Pro Skater was a critical success, leading Activision to acquire Neversoft in April 2000  After eight games, the series has brought in $1 6 billion 
Infinity Ward: After Electronic Arts released Medal of Honor: Allied Assault in 2002, several of the developers from 2015, Inc , disenchanted with their current contracts, left to form a new studio, Infinity Ward  Kotick himself provided the group with startup funding, as they were seeking to develop a similar title to Medal of Honor  Activision acquired the studio for $5 million in January 2003, and later publish their first title, Call of Duty, directly competing with Electronic Arts  The Call of Duty series has since seen nearly yearly releases and as of 2016 had sold more than 250 million units and brought in more than $12 billion in revenue 
Treyarch: The Santa Monica, California studio was founded in 1996  With the success of the first Tony Hawk game from Neversoft, Activision used Treyarch to assist in further Tony Hawk games as well as to develop titles using Activision's license of Marvel's Spider-Man  Activision acquired the studio in 2001 for about $20 million   Following the success of Call of Duty from Infinity Ward, Activision moved Treyarch to assist in the series' development, trading off each year' major release between the two studios 
Gray Matter Studios: While Gray Matter was originally founded in 1993 as Xatrix Entertainment, it was rebranded to Gray Matter in 1999 as they began work on Return to Castle Wolfenstein, in conjunction with Nerve Software and oversight by id Software who owned the Castle Wolfenstein IP  Activision, the game's publisher, acquired a portion of Gray Matter's stock during this time  Return to Castle Wolfenstein was a critical and financial success, and led Activision to acquire the remaining shares of Gray Matter in 2002 for about $3 2 million, with the intent to help Infinity Ward expand out the Call of Duty franchise  In 2005, Activision made the decision to merge the smaller Gray Matter into the larger Treyarch to put their combined talents towards Call of Duty 3 
RedOctane: Around 2005, Red Octane was co-developing Guitar Hero, a console game based on the arcade game GuitarFreaks, with Harmonix; Harmonix was developing the software while RedOctane developed the instrument controllers  Guitar Hero was a major success  Activision purchased RedOctane for nearly $100 million in June 2006  The series has since earned more than $2 billion in revenues 
Toys for Bob: Toys for Bob was founded by Paul Reiche III, Fred Ford, and Terry Falls in 1989 and gained success in developing the first two Star Control games, and later made film-to-video game adaptions  Activision purchased the studio in 2005, and had given them work on some of the Tony Hawk's games as well as other licensed properties  Following Activision's merger with Vivendi, Activision gained the Spyro intellectual property and assigned Toys for Bob to develop the series in a new direction, leading to the toys-to-life Skylanders series 

Merger with Vivendi Games (2008)
While Activision was highly successful with its range of developers and successful series, Kotick was concerned that they did not have a title for the growing massively multiplayer online market, which presented the opportunity for continued revenues from subscription models and microtransactions instead of the revenue from a single sale  Around 2006, Kotick contacted Jean-Bernard Lévy, the new CEO of Vivendi, a French media conglomerate  Vivendi had a games division, Vivendi Games, that was struggling to be viable at the time, but its principal feature was that it owned Blizzard Entertainment and its highly successful World of Warcraft game, which was drawing in $1 1 billion a year in subscription fees  Vivendi Games also owned Sierra Entertainment Lévy recognized Kotick wanted control of World of Warcraft, and offered to allow the companies to merge, but only if Lévy held the majority shares in the merged group, forcing Kotick to cede control  Kotick fretted about this decision for a while, according to friends and investors  During this time in 2006–2007, some of Activision's former successful properties began to wane, such as Tony Hawk's, so Activision bought RedOctane, the publisher of the Guitar Hero franchise  Kotick met with Blizzard's president Mike Morhaime, and learned that Blizzard also had a successful inroad into getting their games into China, a potentially lucrative market  Given this potential opportunity, Kotick agreed to the merger Activision's board signed on to the merger by December 2007  The merger was completed in July 2008  The new company was called Activision Blizzard and was headed by Kotick, while Vivendi maintained a 52% share in the company  The new company was estimated to be worth US$18 9 billion, ahead of Electronic Arts, which was valued at US$14 1 billion 

Post-merger developments (2009–present)
Activision Publishing remains a subsidiary of Activision Blizzard following the merger, and is responsible for developing, producing, and distributing games from its internal and subsidiary studios  Eric Hirshberg was announced as Activision Publishing's CEO in 2010 Activision Publishing established Sledgehammer Games in November 2009  Formed earlier in 2009 by Glen Schofield and Michael Condrey, former Visceral Games leads that had worked on Dead Space, Sledgehammer intended to develop a Call of Duty spin-off title fashioned after the gameplay in Dead Space  However, in early 2010, legal issues between Infinity Ward and Activision Blizzard led to several members of Infinity Ward leaving, and Activision assigned Sledgehammer to assist Infinity Ward in the next major Call of Duty title, Modern Warfare 3  Since then, Sledgehammer, Infinity Ward, and Treyarch share development duties for the flagship series, with support from Raven and other studios as necessary 
In February 2010, Activision Blizzard reported significant losses in revenue stemming from a slow down in Guitar Hero sales and from its more casual games  Subsequently, Activision Publishing shuttered Red Octane, Luxoflux and Underground Development as well as laid off about 25% of the staff at Neversoft  Within the same year, Activision shuttered Budcat Creations in November 2010, and Bizarre Creations in February 2011 Hirshberg left the CEO position in March 2018 Into the 2020s, Activision put more focus on the Call of Duty franchise, including the release of the free-to-play Call of Duty: Warzone in 2020  By April 2021, the company had assigned all of its internal studios to work on some part of the Call of Duty franchise  This includes a new studio, Activision Mobile,  devoted to the Call of Duty Mobile title as reported in August 2021 In 2021, while all their employees were working remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic, Activision and its parent Activision Blizzard vacated their longtime headquarters building in Santa Monica and ended their lease with Boston Properties  In September 2021, they subleased a much smaller office space in Santa Monica at the Pen Factory (a former Paper Mate factory) from Kite Pharma, which had leased the space from Lincoln Property Company 

Studios
Activision Shanghai Studio in Shanghai, China, founded in 2009 
Beenox in Québec City, Québec, Canada, founded in May 2000, acquired on May 25, 2005 
Demonware in both Dublin, Republic of Ireland and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, founded in 2003, acquired in May 2007 
Digital Legends Entertainment in Barcelona, Spain, founded in May 2001, acquired on October 28, 2021 
High Moon Studios in Carlsbad, California, founded as Sammy Corporation in April 2001, acquired by Vivendi Games in January 2006 
Infinity Ward in Woodland Hills, California, founded in 2002, acquired in October 2003 
Radical Entertainment in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, founded in 1991, acquired by Vivendi Games in 2005, laid off most staff in 2012 
Raven Software in Madison, Wisconsin, founded in 1990, acquired in 1997 
Sledgehammer Games in Foster City, California, founded on July 21, 2009 
Solid State Studios in Santa Monica, California, founded in 2021 
Toys for Bob in Novato, California, founded in 1989, acquired on May 3, 2005 
Treyarch in Santa Monica, California, founded in 1996, acquired in 2001 

Former studios
7 Studios in Los Angeles, California, founded in 1999, acquired in April 2009, closed in February 2011 
Beachhead Studio in Santa Monica, California, founded in February 2011 
Bizarre Creations in Liverpool, England, founded as Raising Hell Productions in 1987 and changed name in 1994, acquired on September 26, 2007, closed on February 18, 2011 
Budcat Creations in Iowa City, Iowa, founded in September 2000, acquired on November 10, 2008, closed in November 2010 
FreeStyleGames in Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, United Kingdom, founded in 2002, acquired on September 12, 2008, sold to Ubisoft on January 18, 2017, subsequently renamed Ubisoft Leamington 
Gray Matter Studios in Los Angeles, California, founded in the 1990s as Xatrix Entertainment, acquired in January 2002, merged into Treyarch in 2005 
Infocom in Cambridge, Massachusetts, founded on June 22, 1979, acquired in 1986, closed in 1989 
Luxoflux in Santa Monica, California, founded in January 1997, acquired in October 2002, closed on February 11, 2010 
Massive Entertainment in Malmö, Sweden, founded in 1997, acquired by Vivendi Universal Games in 2002, sold to Ubisoft on November 10, 2008 
Neversoft in Los Angeles, California, founded in July 1994, acquired in October 1999, merged into Infinity Ward on May 3, 2014 and was officially made defunct on July 10, 2014 
RedOctane in Mountain View, California, founded in November 2005, acquired in 2006, closed on February 11, 2010 
Shaba Games in San Francisco, California, founded in September 1997, acquired in 2002, and closed on October 8, 2009 
Swordfish Studios in Birmingham, England, founded in September 2002, acquired by Vivendi Universal Games in June 2005, sold to Codemasters on November 14, 2008 
The Blast Furnace in Leeds, United Kingdom, founded in November 2011 as Activision Leeds, renamed in August 2012, closed in March 2014 
Underground Development in Redwood Shores, California, founded as Z-Axis in 1994, acquired in May 2002, closed on February 11, 2010 
Vicarious Visions in Menands, New York, founded in 1990, acquired in January 2005, moved to Blizzard Entertainment in January 2021  It was renamed to Blizzard Albany on April 12, 2022 
Wanako Games in Santiago, Chile, founded in 2005, acquired by Vivendi Games on February 20, 2007, sold to Artificial Mind and Movement on November 20, 2008 

Notable games published
See also
List of video game companies
Passage 7:
Intellivision Rocks
Intellivision Lives!  is a compilation of over 60 Intellivision video games, originally produced by Mattel Electronics and INTV Corporation between 1978 and 1990   Using original game code and software emulation, Intellivision Productions released the compilation on a Windows and Macintosh hybrid CD-ROM in December 1998  Additional versions were then released for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and GameCube by Crave Entertainment  In 2010, Virtual Play Games released a Nintendo DS version  
Intellivision Productions later published Intellivision Rocks, which includes third-party games originally published by Activision and Imagic, as well as Intellivoice and ECS games 

Overview
Some games could not be included due to licensing (e g  Tron, BurgerTime, Masters of the Universe, Pac-Man,)   Others such as Advanced Dungeons & Dragons: Cloudy Mountain and Treasure of Tarmin use different titles to avoid the trademark   Licenses such as MLB, NFL, NBA, and The Electric Company were simply dropped from the titles   Also included were games never before released, such as King of the Mountain, Brickout, and Takeover In addition to the games, the Crave Entertainment releases have several unlockables, such as classic Intellivision commercials  The original Windows/Mac version is a resource for development history, unfinished prototypes, box art, overlays, instructions, hidden features, programmer biographies, and video interviews 

History and development
In June 1995, former Mattel Electronics programmers led by Keith Robinson started the Blue Sky Rangers Intellivision website   Blue Sky Rangers being a nickname given to the Mattel Electronics programmers in a TV Guide magazine article from the 1982 June 19 issue   The website provides the history of the Intellivsion games and credits the programmers and artists  It was well received with fans asking how the games can be played on their computers  In 1997 Intellivision Productions, Inc  was formed by former Mattel Electronics programmers Keith Robinson and Stephen Roney with the purchase of the rights to the Intellivision and its games At the same time, a student in Michigan named Carl Mueller Jr  was independently working on reverse engineering the Intellivision   With the help of Intellivision ROM dumps from Sean Kelly and then William Moeller and Scott Nudds, Carl was able to create the first Intellivision emulator that plays the games on a modern computer   Sean was fortunate to have two Intellivision prototype cartridges with standard 8-bit EPROMS as opposed to the more complex memory mapped ROMS used by standard cartridges   William and Scott were able to dump the Intellivision embedded executive control software and graphics ROMS, as well as build a cartridge reader to dump any Intellivision cartridge Carl's MS-DOS emulator and a Macintosh emulator created by Intellivisions Productions' Steve Roney would be used in the free Intellipack downloads so anyone could play select Intellivision games on their computers for the first time in 1997   The Intellivision for PC/Mac Volume 2 download, also of 1997, was the first release of Deep Pockets Super Pro Billiards, the last game programmed for the Intellivision in 1990 but unreleased by INTV Corporation   They would also be used to play the original Intellivision games in the Intellivision Lives! PC/Mac CD-ROM edition released in 1998 by Intellivision Productions 

PC and Macintosh system requirements
The PC/Mac edition was produced with Macromedia Director and may not be compatible with modern operating systems   The QuickTime videos, emulators, and Intellivision ROM image files are directly accessible on the CD-ROM 
The Intellivision Lives! PC/Mac v1 0 system requirements:
PC:  Pentium 90 MHz, Windows 95, 8MB RAM, 8x CD-ROM, QuickTime v3 0 or better
Mac:  Power Macintosh, OS7 5, 100 MHz, 16MB RAM, 8x CD-ROM, QuickTimeThe Intellivision Lives! PC/Mac v1 1 system requirements:
PC: Pentium 266 MHz, Windows 95/98/Me/2000/XP, 32M RAM, 8X CD-ROM, 16-bit DirectX compatible sound & video cards, DirectX 7 or better, QuickTime v3 0 or better
Mac: Power Macintosh, OS 8/9/X, 120 MHz, 32M RAM, 8X CD-ROM, QuickTimeController functions are mapped to the computer keyboard; an extended keyboard is required to access both left and right Intellivision controllers   With Macintosh, USB game controllers could be used indirectly with a joystick to keyboard mapper utility   For PC, Intellivision Productions promoted the Gravis GamePad Pro game controller (game port version)   The MS-DOS emulator, directly accessible on the CD-ROM, also supported original Intellivision controllers through the INTV2PC Hand Controller Interface   INTV2PC is a parallel port adapter that accepts original Intellivision hand controllers   This feature although not promoted is documented in the INTVPC files on the CD-ROM   Modern intellivision emulators and USB controller adapters have since become available, compatible with the Intellivision Lives rom image files 
To play the games using real Intellivision controllers Intellivision Productions supported the use of a device called the Intellicart   The Intellicart is a RAM cartridge with an RS-232 interface that can accept a copy of an Intellivision ROM image file from a computer   Rather than play the Intellivision Lives! games through an emulator, they can be played on a real Intellivision through an Intellicart   Since that time modern Intellivision flash memory cartridges have been made that achieve the same result 
In 2002 an updated Intellivision Lives! PC/Mac v1 1 was made available by Intellivision Productions   Those that purchased the original could upgrade for a nominal fee   It added Windows 98/ME/2000/XP support with a native Windows emulator supporting DirectX sound, video, and game controllers 

Modern video game consoles
Realtime Associates developed the video game console editions published by Crave Entertainment for PlayStation 2 (2003), Xbox (2004), and GameCube (2004)   In these versions the games are accessed from a 3D "overworld" set in a circa 1980s pizza parlor; an inaccurate representation as the Intellivision games were originally designed for a home console  Games were also re-organised by genres rather than the original Mattel Electronics Networks used in the PC/Mac edition   Some games require two controllers, even to play single player In 2010 Virtual Play Games published Intellivision Lives! for the Nintendo DS handheld system, also developed by Realtime Associates  It features wireless, multiplayer support using a single game card  The Nintendo DS's touch screen emulates the Intellivision's 12-button keypad including an overlay image for each game   The Nintendo DS lacks a 16 direction pad used by some Intellivision games   This limitation was overcome, in Vectron for example, by mapping directional inputs to the touch screen   Only 10,000 copies of the Nintendo DS edition were ever released The Xbox version of Intellivision Lives! is fully forward compatible with the Xbox 360 console, and in 2008 Intellivision Lives! became available for purchase as a download through Xbox Live Game Marketplace's Xbox Originals 

Intellivision Rocks
Intellivision Rocks is the PC-only sequel to the original PC version of Intellivision Lives!  As with Intellivision Lives!, Intellivision Rocks is a collection of games which were originally found on the Intellivision, presented in emulated form  It mainly features 3rd-party games from Activision and Imagic  In addition, several unreleased games are included 

Reception
IGN said that Intellivision Lives! is "still blocky after all these years, sure   but these games really need the controller " GameSpot editors said that although the controller emulation is a little hard to handle, the collection does a fine job in delivering classic Intellivision games 
Passage 8:
Raven Software
Raven Software Corporation is an American video game developer based in Wisconsin and founded in 1990  In 1997, Raven made an exclusive publishing deal with Activision and was subsequently acquired by them  After the acquisition, many of the studio's original developers, largely responsible for creating the Heretic and Hexen: Beyond Heretic games, left to form Human Head Studios 

History
id Software
Raven Software was founded in 1990 by brothers Brian and Steve Raffel  Originally a three-person company, they were discovered by John Romero, co-founder of id Software, who collaborated with Raven to make games using their game engine beginning with ShadowCaster  Raven then started making games with id Software; the company even briefly moved to the same street as id Software  They used id's engines for many of their games, such as Heretic, Hexen: Beyond Heretic and Hexen II 
In 2005 and 2009, Raven developed two games from id's catalog: Quake 4 and Wolfenstein respectively 

Activision
The company was independent until 1997, when it was acquired by Activision for $12 million  They were still collaborating with id Software but at the same time developed other titles as well such as Soldier of Fortune in 2000, Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy in 2003, X-Men Legends in 2004 and many more 
In August 2009, following poor performance and possible over-budget of Wolfenstein, the company made a major layoff of 30-35 staff, leaving two development teams  This was reduced to one after more layoffs in October 2010, after delays with Singularity; as many as 40 staff were released  Following the layoffs and after id Software was bought over by ZeniMax Media, Raven has since become a primary developer for the Call of Duty series In December 2021, Activision did not renew the contract of several members of the quality assurance (QA) department that were contract employees   One of the associate managers said that "valuable members" were fired although they "were promised, for months, that Activision was working towards a pay restructure to increase their wages"  Following these firings as well as other controversies revolving Activision Blizzard, a strike has been initiated  On January 21, 2022, Raven's QA team formed a union named the Game Workers Alliance with Communications Workers of America In May 2022, a group of quality assurance testers from Raven Software successfully organized a union known as the Game Workers Alliance, with the vote being 19 for and 3 against  In June 2022 Activision Blizzard CEO Bobby Kotick stated that the company would recognize the union and begin negotiations with it 

Games
In 2012, Raven began hiring employees for a game, and were announced as collaborating with Infinity Ward on Call of Duty: Ghosts in May 2013 On April 3, 2013 following the closure of LucasArts, Raven Software released the source code for Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast and Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy on SourceForge under the GPL-2 0-only license In April 2014, the company became lead developer of the now shutdown free-to-play Chinese Call of Duty title, Call of Duty: Online  The company also remade Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, titled Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered In 2020, Raven Software collaborated with Infinity Ward on the game Call of Duty: Warzone  The company is considered the face of maintaining, updating and debugging the game as they regularly provide status updates and patch notes on Twitter and their official website (though it is unclear if they are the sole studio responsible behind-the-scenes) Raven developed Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War with Treyarch, which released on November 13, 2020 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Robinsons Place Butuan
Robinsons Butuan (formerly Robinsons Place Butuan) is a shopping mall located in Jose C  Aquino Avenue (Butuan–Cagayan de Oro–Iligan Road), Brgy  Bayanihan, Butuan  It is Robinsons Land's 33rd commercial center in the Philippines and the 4th Robinsons Mall in Mindanao after Robinsons Cagayan de Oro, Robinsons Cybergate Davao and Robinsons Place Gensan  It covers an area of over 58,300 square metres (628,000 sq ft) making it the largest Robinsons Mall in Mindanao  It was opened to the public on November 25, 2013  The mall also features 102-room hotel component that occupies 4th and 5th levels in the east wing of the building  One of the mall's main tenants is the DFA CO Butuan, the first passport office of the Department of Foreign Affairs in the Caraga region which opened in June 2015 at the mall's third level  An expansion wing, located beside the mall, was opened on August 2, 2017, and will feature more shops and restaurants plus the new integrated land transport terminal (bound for travel to and from Cagayan de Oro, Malaybalay and Davao City except for Surigao City, which is based in the old Langihan Bus Terminal) 

See also
Robinsons Malls
SM City Butuan
List of shopping malls in the Philippines
Passage 2:
Robinsons Novaliches
Robinsons Novaliches (formerly known as Robinsons Place Novaliches and Robinsons Nova Market) is a shopping mall in Fairview owned and operated by Robinsons Malls, the second largest mall operator in the Philippines  This mall was opened on November 9, 2001  It is the second mall by Robinsons Malls in Quezon City after Robinsons Galleria  It has a total floor area of 62,893 m2 (676,970 sq ft) 

Redevelopment and expansion
In 2008, Robinsons Place Novaliches was renamed to Robinsons Nova Market  Robinsons Department Store was closed then Bargain Exchange was replaced and several stores pulled out and it opened an opportunity for micro-retails  In 2010, Robinsons Movieworld Novaliches closed Cinemas 5 to 8 being rented by some Christian Churches inside the mall  Examples of some Christian churches that rented Cinemas 5-8 are Word of Hope Christian Church which occupies Cinemas 5 and 6 and Victory Christian Church which occupies Cinema 7  In 2012, Cinemas 1 to 4 has permanently closed and it is open for rentals for some Christian Churches and for others 
The mall had undergone major renovation and expansion against Ayala Malls' Fairview Terraces and SM Prime Holdings' SM City Fairview  The said expansion houses over 200 micro-retail shops and bargain stores selling apparel, shoes and bags, novelty and gift items and gadgets; food court, Trade Hall, and al fresco dining restaurants  It was opened on May 29, 2015  It added another 10,000 m2 (110,000 sq ft) to the 45,893 m2 (493,990 sq ft) square meters so it will have a total floor area of 55,893 m2 (601,630 sq ft) square meters  And eventually after the expansion, it was renamed as Robinsons Novaliches  
Moreover, Robinsons Digiworld was opened at the Level 2 of the Main Mall which occupies the old location of some bargain things and a passport office of the Department of Foreign Affairs called DFA CO NCR-North was also opened at the Level 3 near the former Robinsons Movieworld Novaliches in November 2016 

See also
Fairview Terraces
SM City Fairview
Robinsons Magnolia
List of shopping malls in Metro Manila
Passage 3:
Robinsons Place Las Piñas
Robinsons Las Piñas (formerly Robinsons Place Las Piñas) is a shopping mall and mixed-use development in Las Piñas, Philippines  It is located on the north side of Alabang–Zapote Road between CAA Road and Admiral Road in Talon Tres  The mall is owned and managed by Robinsons Land Corporation, the second largest mall operator in the Philippines  The mall opened on October 25, 2014  It is the 39th mall opened by Robinsons in the Philippines and the first and only Robinsons mall in Las Piñas and the whole South Manila area 

Description
Robinsons Las Piñas sits on a 6 8-hectare (17-acre) lot on the busy Alabang-Zapote Road in close proximity to several heavily populated and middle-class subdivisions in the south Manila area of Las Piñas and Parañaque such as BF Homes, CAA-BF International, Casimiro Village and BF Resort Village  It has a gross floor area of 59,877 square metres (644,510 sq ft) with a gross leasable area of 25,734 square metres (277,000 sq ft)  The two-storey shopping center is anchored by Robinsons staples like Robinsons Department Store, Robinsons Supermarket, Robinsons Appliances and Robinsons MovieWorld  The mall is also part of a mixed-use development that will also consist of a mid-rise residential complex of Robinsons Communities 
Passage 4:
Robinsons Galleria Cebu
Robinsons Galleria Cebu, also known and branded as Galleria Cebu, is a shopping mall and mixed-use development located in North Reclamation Area, Cebu City  It is the 2nd Robinsons Mall to bear the Galleria branding after Robinsons Galleria  The mall opened on December 10, 2015  The mall is just a few meters from the Port of Cebu and approximately 1 kilometre (0 62 mi) away from SM City Cebu  The mall is owned and operated by Robinsons Malls  It is the firm's third largest mall (after Robinsons Place Manila and its namesake, Robinsons Galleria, in Ortigas, Metro Manila) 

History
In 2008, Robinsons Land, Inc  announced that they have bought a 4-hectare (9 9-acre) prime property near the Port of Cebu  The company bared that they planned to build a mall, a three-storey BPO tower, a 153-room Go Hotel (which would have been the first in Cebu), 9,000 m2 (97,000 sq ft) of office space and a couple of high-rise condominiums  The development was initially called Robinsons Maxilom, named after General Maxilom Avenue, the road it directly borders to  The project was then renamed to its current name a couple of years later  The project broke ground in July 2012 and construction followed soon  The mall opened on December 10, 2015, exactly two weeks after another mall, SM Seaside City Cebu by rival group SM Supermalls opened 

Mall features
The main mall is four storeys tall, while a BPO building with a total floor space of 9,000 m2 (97,000 sq ft) is three storeys tall  There will be six cinemas in the mall  The mall also has an al fresco dining area and the mall's interiors feature lush gardens  When the whole development is finished, it will have a 153-room hotel named Summit Galleria Hotel, BPO towers, and three high-rise condominiums (which will be located at the back of the mall) 

Incidents
December 10, 2022 4:20 PM 
The nearby abandoned White Gold Shopping Mall, collapsed due to weathering, and traffic congestion  Some of the nearby roads had to be temporarily closed  Including B  Benedicto St, in which neighbors the mall on the northwest, near the Summit Hotel  However, the mall has not been damage, nor injured anyone on B  Benedicto St, near the mall, or in the abandoned building 
Passage 5:
Robinsons Place Manila
Robinsons Manila (formerly Robinsons Place Manila), also known as Robinsons Ermita and Robinsons Place Ermita, is a large shopping mall located in Ermita, Manila, Philippines  It is the largest Robinsons Mall ever built  Robinsons Manila is located beside the University of the Philippines Manila and the Philippine General Hospital, and is built at the site of the former Ateneo de Manila Campus before it moved to Loyola Heights, Quezon City  The first major expansion of the mall happened when it opened its Padre Faura Wing in June 2000  The mall was further expanded in 2006 when the nearby Midtown Hotel was demolished to make way for the construction of its Midtown Wing and the Adriatico Place Residences
Robinsons Manila is connected to two high-rise residential condominiums: the 37-storey twin tower Robinsons Place Residences, and the triple tower Adriatico Place Residences 

History
Robinsons Manila was built in the 1980, on the site of the former Ateneo de Manila University Campus and Assumption Convent located beside the University of the Philippines Manila and the Philippine General Hospital  Ateneo transferred to Loyola Heights, Quezon City while the Convent relocated to San Lorenzo Village, Makati 
In June 2000, the mall was expanded with the opening of the Padre Faura Wing which contains additional shopping and dining facilities  It is also anchored by the construction of the 37-storey, twin tower residential condominium Robinsons Place Residences  Further demand in the market expanded the mall with the acquisition of the Manila Midtown Hotel Until 2003 and demolishing it to make way for its Midtown Wing, which is also anchored by another residential condominium project the Adriatico Place Residences  Midtown wing opened in 2008  This expansion made the mall larger than Robinsons Galleria and therefore the largest Robinsons Mall 
It was reported by BusinessWorld in November 2018 that Robinsons Land Corporation plans to renovate Robinsons Manila in 2019  The mall is undergoing major redevelopment since February 2023 

Layout
Padre Faura Wing
The 2-level Padre Faura Wing faces Padre Faura Street and is connected to Robinsons Place Residences  The arrangement of its entry point as well as the tower makes the mall the focal point when traversing Ma  Y  Orosa Avenue southwards  It is near the Philippine General Hospital, the Office of the University Registrar of UP Manila, as well as the Department of Justice, Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court of the Philippines  The Jesuit Bell which was once located on the site of the former Manila Observatory was on display at the entrance 
The wing is also home to Lingkod Pinoy Center, which hosts branches of government offices such as Professional Regulation Commission, Land Transportation Office, and clearance office of the National Bureau of Investigation  The mall's multilevel carpark entry ramp connects to the 3rd Level Carpark of the mall 

Midtown Wing
The Midtown Wing is the expansion of the original mall facing Adriatico Street  It was constructed on the adjacent lot located at the former Manila Midtown Hotel which was demolished to make way for this expansion  A lot of high-end shops and boutiques serves as its tenants  The Robinsons Department Store and its Business Center are located here  It is connected to Adriatico Place Residences, a triple tower residential condominium managed by RLC Residences 
Alongside shops and restaurants, it also features three additional cinemas, an expanded atrium, arcades such as Tom's World and Timezone, and an al fresco veranda  It has a basement parking shared with the Pedro Gil Wing, however it is not connected to the P  Faura Wing Basement Carpark 

Pedro Gil Wing
The original structure of the mall, the Pedro Gil Wing faces Pedro Gil Street and features most of the mall's fashion brands including H&M, tech shops, sit-down restaurants, and the main wing of Robinsons Movieworld  The wing has a bowling center named Paeng's Midtown Bowl at the second level which closed in 2019 for renovations and reopened on January 2023  Timezone occupies a part of the bowling alley's space 
A family entertainment center named GBox used to occupy a large space at the mall's foodcourt area alongside Fitness First, which the former has been closed since 2012 and only a small area is currently operational, occupied by electronics repair shops 

Gallery
Passage 6:
Robinsons Metro East
Robinsons Metro East (formerly known as Robinsons Place Metro East) is a shopping mall owned by Robinsons Malls  Robinsons Metro East is situated along Marcos Highway, located at Barangay Dela Paz in Pasig, Philippines  The mall opened on August 31, 2001, is currently the 3rd largest mall in the Philippines owned by Robinsons Malls 

History
The location was first occupied by a Uniwide Warehouse owned by Jimmy Gow's Uniwide Sales, Inc  and was subsequently sold to Gokongwei, who demolished the warehouse  Construction of the mall began in mid-1998, and Robinsons Metro East opened its doors to the public in 2001  
The name "Metro East" refers to the fact that the mall is located in the eastern district of the Greater Manila Area, which is in the boundaries of the cities of Pasig and Marikina in Metro Manila and the municipality of Cainta in Rizal 
On September 26, 2009, the basement level of the mall was flooded as a result of Typhoon Ketsana  This, in turn, led to the closure of the entire mall  Renovation of the mall began in August 2011 and was completed in 2012 The mall is connected to the Marikina-Pasig station of the LRT Line 2  An extension of the mall that links to the station's concourse opened in 2022 

Mall features
The main building of Metro East is one of the largest structures along Marcos Highway  The mall is a 5-level building with 4 upper levels and a basement level, features a 2-level department store, a supermarket, appliance center, Toys R Us, Timezone, and movie theaters  The mall also provides a 5-level elevated indoor carpark located on the left side of the mall 

See also
Robinsons Galleria
Sta  Lucia Mall
SM City Marikina
Passage 7:
SM City Cebu
SM City Cebu, also known as SM Cebu, and sometimes both known locally as SM Mabolo and SM City, is a large shopping mall located in Mabolo, Cebu City, Philippines  It is the 4th shopping mall owned and developed by SM Prime Holdings, the country's largest shopping mall owner and developer  It is the company's first shopping mall in the Philippines outside of Metro Manila and the fifth largest shopping mall in the Philippines  It has a land area of 11 8 hectares (29 acres) and a gross floor area of 268,611 m2 (2,891,300 sq ft)On an average day, more than 100,000 people visit SM City Cebu, with the figure increasing to 140,000 to 150,000 on weekends  Due to Cebu City's position as a transshipment point for the Visayas and Mindanao, and SM City Cebu's location close to the city's port area, the mall attracts a significant number of transient shoppers 

History
Development
The mall, the first SM Supermall outside of Metro Manila, opened on November 27, 1993, with a gross floor area of 161,562 square metres (1,739,040 sq ft)  It was seen as catering to the broad low- and middle-class shoppers, in contrast to its upscale competitor, the Ayala Corporation-owned Ayala Center Cebu which opened a few months later 
Located in Cebu City's North Reclamation Area, then a quiet and relatively remote part of the city, the mall had Manila-based movie and television stars and entertainers perform free concerts at the mall to attract shoppers  Free jeepney rides to the mall were also offered to fulfill the lack of available public transportation within the area 

Northwing
Construction on SM City Cebu's expansion building, dubbed the Northwing, began in March 2006  The expansion, which was developed at a cost of ₱1 3 billion (US$30 5 million), was built on the parking lot to the north of the existing building, temporarily decreasing the number of parking spaces by more than 30%   Construction of the Northwing started in April 2006, and opened on November 30, 2007  It increased the total gross floor area of SM City Cebu by 107,049 m2 (1,152,270 sq ft), for a total of 268,611 m2 (2,891,300 sq ft)  The first 2 floors are for the mall's expansion, while the 3rd, 4th and 5th floors are for the indoor carpark including the roof deck 

Northwing Expansion
An expansion is planned for the Northwing, which will also include two 20-storey office buildings intended to cater to business process outsourcing companies, as well as a 9-storey building which will house a campus of National University



ground_truth: video game

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What city in the Philippines is home to the Robinsons Galleria and the 4th largest shopping mall in the world?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  It is set to be completed by 2025  At the same time, a major renovation of its interior is ongoing, starting with the area near Ace Hardware and SM Appliance Center 

Design
SM City Cebu is a seven-level complex namely lower ground floor, upper ground floor, second floor, third floor, fourth floor, fifth floor, and roof deck featuring a total of eight cinemas with seven regular cinemas and one IMAX theater with a total seating capacity of 5,812, a food court, a fully computerized bowling center, 8,000-square meter amusement center, and a 2,000-square meter trade hall  Prior to the addition of the Northwing, it had a car park capacity of 1,629 The Northwing expansion, opened in 2007, features two floors of retail stores, restaurants, and cafes  It houses more than 200 tenants and caters to a more upscale clientele  The expansion also added three levels of covered parking, and a one level of roof deck parking 

Transport
The Cebu North Bus Terminal is situated inside the mall compound opposite the mall's parking area with the lot granted by SM Prime for free for a period of two years, after its lease in its former location in Subangdaku, Mandaue expired in early 2020  It was officially opened on October 12, 2020, with full operations starting on October 15, 2020 

See also
SM City Consolacion
SM Seaside City
Passage 8:
Robinsons Galleria
Robinsons Galleria, also known as Robinsons Galleria Ortigas, is a mixed-use complex and shopping mall located at EDSA corner Ortigas Avenue, Quezon City, just near SM Megamall  The mall is owned by Robinsons Malls, and it is their flagship mall  It is the 1st Robinsons Mall to bear the Galleria branding   It was built on January 12, 1990, with a total gross floor area of approximately 216,000 m2 (2,330,000 sq ft) 

The mall
Robinsons Galleria is a 5-level shopping mall and a landmark along EDSA and Ortigas Avenue with more than 400 shops, dining outlets, entertainment facilities, and service centers  It is located within a mixed-use complex composed of two high-rise office towers, the Galleria Corporate Center and Robinsons Equitable Tower  Three hotels are also located among the said towers, the Holiday Inn Manila Galleria and Crowne Plaza Manila Galleria, and the Galleria Regency 
A major tenant of the mall is the central passport office of the Department of Foreign Affairs in Metro Manila called DFA Consular Office NCR-Central, which is located on the first floor of the Lingkod Pinoy Center, and which was inaugurated in September 2012 

History
The mall's location was once an open land owned by the SSS in the Ortigas Central Business District  In February 1986, the portion of the land facing EDSA was where participants in the People Power Revolution also protested; tanks going north to Camp Aguinaldo and Camp Crame were stopped at this spot  In 1987, John Gokongwei bought the large portion of the land from the SSS, while the Archdiocese of Manila had partly purchased the portion of the land near the intersection  This plot today is the site of EDSA Shrine, which belongs to the Archdiocese up to date 
Construction began in mid-1988 and finished in late 1989  The mall opened in 1990, being the first mall of Robinsons Malls  Since its opening, several renovations had made within the mall, expanding its area to 216,000 square meters 

Incidents
March 2012 robbery
On March 29, 2012, one guard was killed and six others wounded after two armed robbers lobbed a couple of grenades while fleeing with their loot  The Philippine National Police spokesman Chief Superintendent Agrimero Cruz Jr  said that by 10:15 AM, two unidentified suspects in disguise as guards attacked two bank guards who were escorting bank tellers and were supposed to deliver an undetermined amount of money in a money changer shop at the mall's ground floor 

October 2013 fire
On October 29, 2013, a fire broke out inside the department store's toy section  The fire started at around 11:00 PM when the employees who were decorating Christmas lights inside the mall rushed out the mall to flee the premises  Guests from the Holiday Inn evacuated and moved to the adjacent Crowne Plaza Hotel  The fire raged for about six hours  The fire was under control the next morning, and the mall was closed for two days  The mall soon reopened by noon on November 1, 2013 

Redevelopment
The mall had gone for several renovations since it opened in 1990  In 2012, the mall took its major facelift with additional GLA of around 100,000 square meters that can cater at least 50 tenants  The said developments expanded the mall's GLA to what is now 216,000 square meters The latest redevelopment had started in 2016  It will be done in 2 phases with its first phase of renovation from May to October 2016 while the second phase was to start in May 2017  Aside from the major renovations within the mall, the mall veranda will host more service stores related to health and beauty  There will be an upper veranda at the 3rd floor, formerly occupying the sports loop, which will accommodate more dining choices  The mall's renovation is almost complete 
The mall's renovation will add wooden elements into the mall, a design similar to Robinsons Galleria Cebu 

In popular culture
An urban legend relating to the mall flourished in the 1990s, which claimed of a half-snake, half-human creature that resided in the basement of the mall and purported to be a lucky charm installed by the Gokongwei family, feeding it with unsuspecting victims from a supposed shaft from a dressing room  Among its supposed victims were actresses Alice Dixson and Rita Avila  Although the rumor is now considered absurd and dead, it was revived in 2010 after a supposed YouTube video depicting it surfaced  Businesswoman Robina Gokongwei-Pe asserted in 2008 that the tale emerged from the "market competition"  Dixson herself dismissed the entire narrative as fake, and in 2020 she finally put the entire tale to rest through a YouTube video   She had appeared in a videographic advertisement by Robinsons Galleria two years earlier, poking fun of and lampooning the extinct urban legend 
Passage 9:
Robinsons Town Mall Malabon
Robinsons Malabon (formerly Robinsons Town Mall Malabon) is a shopping mall located in Malabon, Metro Manila, Philippines  It is the first full service mall in Malabon owned and managed by Robinsons Land Corporation, the second largest mall operator in the Philippines  The mall was opened on December 4, 2013  It is the 37th mall opened by Robinsons in the Philippines and the first and only Robinsons mall in Malabon and the whole Camanava (North Metro Manila) area 

Description
Robinsons Town Mall sits on a 23,000-square-metre (250,000 sq ft) lot on the intersection of Governor Pascual Avenue and Crispin Street in Tinajeros village  It has a gross leasable area of 17,104 83 square metres (184,114 9 sq ft) and can house over 250 tenants  The two-level shopping center is anchored  It also features a Lingkod Pinoy government services center  It is one of the two main shopping centers in Malabon along with Malabon Citisquare 

See also
SM Center Sangandaan
Passage 10:
SM Megamall
SM Megamall, simply known as Megamall, is the third largest shopping mall in the Philippines and the thirteenth largest in the world that is developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings  It is located in EDSA corner Doña Julia Vargas Avenue, Ortigas Center, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines  The mall occupies a land area of approximately 10 hectares (25 acres) and has a total floor area of 474,000 square meters (5,100,000 sq ft)  The mall has a maximum capacity of 4 million people 

History
Henry Sy Sr  through First Asia Realty loaned ₱1 billion from the Philippine National Bank and Citibank, an unprecedented amount at the time, in April 1989 to fund the development of SM Megamall  The mall began construction in 1989 and opened its doors on June 28, 1991  It is the third SM Supermall ever built by Sy after the SM City Sta  Mesa and SM North EDSA  The SM Megamall was the largest mall in the country for a 17-year period, but when the SM Mall of Asia was built in 2006, it was ranked third largest in the country by floor area at that time, measuring 331,679 m2 (3,570,160 sq ft) of total retail floor area and after SM City North EDSA (which ranks first in the country and second in the world)  It also boasted the first ice skating rink, which was temporarily removed in 2009 but was replaced by the new skating rink at a new location in 2014, as well as one of the first trade halls, the Mega Trade Hall, in the country  The new skating rink was the venue for the speed skating and figure skating at the 2019 Southeast Asian Games Since its inception in 1991, SM Megamall expanded with the addition of the Mega Atrium in 2008, Building C in 2011 and the Mega Fashion Hall in 2014, bringing the total retail floor area to 474,000 m2 (5,100,000 sq ft)  In 2018, SM partnered with Cal-Comp Technology (Philippines) Inc  for the provision of its New Era AI (Artificial Intelligence) Robotic service robots stationed at SM Megamall by the first quarter of 2019 

Location
The mall is located in the Ortigas Center, one of Metro Manila's premier central business districts and shopping hubs, at the portion encompassed by Mandaluyong City  It stands along the main EDSA thoroughfare and Doña Julia Vargas Avenue  The mall is almost adjacent to the Ortigas MRT Station and EDSA Carousel's Ortigas station, as well as the Shaw Boulevard MRT station  The mall is also located to nearby malls such as the Robinsons Galleria, St  Francis Square, The Podium, the Shangri-La Plaza, and Starmall EDSA Shaw and landmarks such as the Asian Development Bank Headquarters, Saint Pedro Poveda College, University of Asia and the Pacific, BDO Corporate Center, The Podium West Tower and the San Miguel Corporation Headquarters 

Buildings
The mall currently has 968 shops and is separated into five buildings, namely Building A, Building B, Building C; Building D, which is also known as the Mega Fashion Hall; and the Mega Atrium 

Main Mall
The mall has two main buildings  Building A features the 12 digital cinemas on the third floor; a food court, events hall and the Toy Kingdom on the lower ground floor, art stores on the fifth floor, and other anchor tenants  It also features Forever 21 located on the second level of Building A  Building B features SM Store, the Ace Hardware store on the lower ground floor, the Cyberzone on the fourth floor, the Mega Trade Hall on the fifth floor, and other anchor tenants  It has been expanded and has direct connections with the Mega Fashion Hall which opened in January 2014  The SM Supermarket is featured on both buildings  The bridgeway connecting the two main buildings of the mall contains several eateries 

Mega Atrium
The 16,000 m2 (170,000 sq ft) Mega Atrium is an addition to the existing two buildings  The Atrium, completed in 2008, bridges the gap between Buildings A and B  It features Chapel of the Eucharistic Lord, a 1,585 m2 (17,060 sq ft) Roman Catholic chapel located on the fifth floor, as well as various shops and restaurants  The atrium also features the Garden at Mega Atrium, an indoor garden located within the second floor, and also includes the Respira Café, a coffee and pastry shop offering European confectionaries 

Building C
Building C is a recent addition to SM Megamall that houses office space on the upper levels of the carpark and a transport terminal, which includes an integrated bus terminal serving the north of Metro Manila including CAMANAVA, Quezon City and further to Bulacan and Calabarzon  Formerly Building A's open-parking facility, it is located near EDSA to the west of Building A and was opened on October 11, 2011  The building also contains the 1,300-square-meter (14,000 sq ft) DFA CO NCR-East, the first passport office of the Department of Foreign Affairs in Metro Manila which opened in August 2012 

Mega Fashion Hall (Building D)
The Mega Fashion Hall is the latest expansion of SM Megamall  Featuring a two-level basement parking and a five-level mall with 86,000 m2 (930,000 sq ft) of retail, it houses several global clothing retailers, an events hall, and additional restaurants and shops, including the three-level H&M store and the three-level Uniqlo which extends to the two uppermost levels of Building B  Aside from clothing stores, the expansion includes dining establishments, houseware stores, service shops, and a Bingo area on the fifth level  The Mega Fashion Hall also houses an IMAX Digital theater (which is also the eighth IMAX cinema in the country), a 56-seat Director's Club Cinema with butler service, an Olympic-sized ice skating rink (replacing the one removed in 2009 from the lower-ground level of Building A), an upscale food court (Mega Food Hall), and a 14-lane bowling center, the SM Bowling Center (also replacing the one removed in 2009 from the lower-ground level of Building A, now Toy Kingdom)   The fashion hall also features the BTS Pop-Up Store, located at the mall's third floor, and showcases over 400 BTS-branded products 

Time Sculpture
The Time Sculpture is a sculpture located fronting the Mega Fashion Hall  The sculpture was unveiled on August 2, 2021, and is designed by Filipino-American public artist Jefre Manuel Figueras, also known as JEFRË, and was made of stainless steel  The sculpture is part of the Baks "Box" Series, where he gives representation to people living in cities around the world, and resembles a man looking at his watch, which serves as reminder how time is important in our lives and to make use of time in traffic productively  JEFRË also converted the statue's head to a block, which connects the figures to surrounding urban architecture, and strengthens the image that people are a city's major component as the building blocks and the bloodline of the city 

Expansion
After the soft opening of the newly constructed Building C Carpark, the mall surpassed SM Mall of Asia by 2,000 m2 (22,000 sq ft) and became the second largest shopping mall in the country 
With the opening of the Mega Fashion Hall (Building D), the current gross leasable area is 500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft), allowing the mall to reclaim the title of the largest mall in the Philippines The addition of the Mega Fashion Hall building added 125 new retail stores, 90% of which are global brands and 10% of which are local retailers 

Mega Tower
A 50-storey 249 7 m (819 ft) office tower, named The Mega Tower, is built next to the Mega Fashion Hall formerly occupied by an open carpark  The S-shaped tower is directly connected to the Mega Fashion Hall and will feature three levels of basement parking and multilevel parking  It will have a leasable area of 124,200 m2 (1,337,000 sq ft)  Groundbreaking began in March 2016, while the tower's construction phase began six months later on the same year, in September 2016  The tower was topped off in March 2020, and was opened in 2021 Arquitectonica is the firm responsible for the architectural design, while Aurecon serves as the tower's structural engineer consultant and New Golden City Builders serve as the general contractor for the project 

Gallery
In popular culture
In the idol anime, titled Love Live! Nijigasaki High School Idol Club, in its second season in Episode 13, the characters were seen in a giant LED screen in a mall which looked like SM Megamall's Fashion Hall, under the name "Largemall "

Incidents and accidents
2000 bombing
On May 21, 2000, a bomb exploded inside a restroom at Cinema 6 of the mall's movie theater located on the third floor  One person was killed and dozens were injured  Two of the victims sustained very serious injuries  The bombing occurred four days after the Glorietta 2 bombing which wounded 13 people  Seven years later, the 2007 blast in Glorietta injured 129 people, while leaving 12 people dead 

2013 incidents
January 26, 2013: A holdup and shootout occurred when the Martilyo Gang, a local criminal group specializing in robbing stores by smashing and stealing valuables using hammers, robbed a jewelry store in the department store on the first floor 
May 5, 2013: An explosion briefly caused panic at the foodcourt at Building A, with at least one reported hurt in a stampede before shoppers were able to calm down after learning the sounds were not gunshots  A siomai steamer was short-circuited and caused people to file out at around 7:25 PM

Fire incidents
June 29, 2018: A fire hit the under-construction SM Mega Tower near SM Mega Fashion Hall at around 7:30 PM  It was declared "fire out" at around 6 hours later, at 1:30 AM on the next day  The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) had announced in a tweet at 8:16 PM on Thursday that the blaze had already reached the third alarm  This meant that up to nine fire trucks should be deployed 
May 16, 2021: A fire broke out in Building C of the mall at 3:36 AM  The fire was put out 19 minutes later 
September 2, 2021: A fire hit the 27th floor of the under-construction SM Mega Tower around 10:26 AM, causing people in the building to be reportedly trapped 

See also
List of shopping malls in Metro Manila
Context 3: Passage 1:
In My Sleep
In My Sleep is a 2010 suspense thriller film written, directed and produced by film director Allen Wolf   It stars Philip Winchester, Lacey Chabert, Tim Draxl, Abigail Spencer and Kelly Overton   It also features Kirsten Vangsness from Criminal Minds in a cameo role and Tony Hale from Veep in a cameo as well   The story is about a massage therapist with chronic insomnia who fears he may have murdered a good friend while sleepwalking 

Plot
Marcus (Philip Winchester) wakes up in a cemetery with no memory of how he got there  He suffers from parasomnia, a sleep disorder which causes him to do things while asleep which he cannot remember, and so is plagued with questions: "Where was I last night? Who was I with?"  Hoping to deal with his use of one-night stands to escape his problems, Marcus joins a Sexaholics Anonymous support group, where SA sponsor Derek (Michael Badalucco) helps him work through his problems   His disorder takes a turn for the worse when he wakes up and finds himself covered in blood with a knife at his side and the police banging at his door  In a panic he hides the evidence and then learns from the police that Ann (Kelly Overton), wife of his best friend Justin (Tim Draxl), was found stabbed to death  Marcus is terrified to put together the pieces of how she might have been murdered  A series of mysterious phone calls make him believe that someone is watching him  Desperate to figure out what happens after he goes to sleep at night, he investigates his own nocturnal activities  His quest for the truth ends in a shocking revelation 

Cast
Philip Winchester as Marcus
Tim Draxl as Justin
Lacey Chabert as Becky
Kelly Overton as Ann
Abigail Spencer as Gwen
Beth Grant as Evelyn
Michael Badalucco as Derek
Tony Hale as Ben
Kevin Kilner as Greg
Amy Aquino as Detective Curwen
Aidan Mitchell as Young Marcus
Marcelle Larice as Carissa
Allan Wasserman as Dr  Schwarz
Alexandra Paul as Roxana
Patrick Labyorteaux as Rob
Bellamy Young as Olivia
Kirsten Vangsness as Madge
Shanna Collins as Jennifer
Kevin Michael Curran as David
Christopher Darga as Officer Etling
Robert Joseph as Officer
Larry Clarke as Officer Knachez
Joe Nunez as Mr  Mather
Vanessa Lee Evigan as Kelly
Bunny Levine as RachelForo De Cine
MovieWeb

Production notes
Allen Wolf wrote, directed and produced In My Sleep   The film entered post production in August 2009, after having resolved several technical glitches before moving into sound design, music scoring and visual effects   Sound design was handled by Hollywood's Jonathan Miller, whose works include Independence Day, Saw, Narc, Trainspotting, The Hills Have Eyes Part II, and many others, while music scoring was completed by Conrad Pope, who also orchestrated Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Horton Hears a Who! and Julie & Julia and The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, and who recorded the score in Bulgaria and Los Angeles   Ralph Winter was the executive producer   Alyssa Weisberg, who won an Emmy for casting Lost and also cast Star Trek, was the casting director 

Release
Premiere
On November 6, 2009, In My Sleep screened at the Fort Lauderdale Film Festival, where it won the Audience Choice Award   The film has sold to over seventy countries around the world and has been translated into German, French and Spanish 

Box office
In My Sleep has gotten a limited release, screening in more than fifteen cities and still in theatrical release in 2011, earning as  much as $9,285 in one screening, becoming the #1 new indie movie of opening weekend in Los Angeles  As of July 2011 the film's total gross has come to $90,093 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 13% based on reviews from 16 critics   While critics conceded that the premise was interesting, they denounced the film as talky, dull, and technically shoddy  In a positive review, Duane Burges of The Hollywood Reporter wrote "A well-stirred titillation that will appeal to twentysomething audiences and movie-buff viewers who appreciate the pursued-pursuer, Hitchcockian style of suspenser  "In My Sleep" works because the protagonist, while flawed, is completely likable and honorable  Philip Winchester exudes an integrity, as well as a gritty determination, which makes us root for him  John Anderson wrote in Variety that it "boasts all the cerebral and aesthetic restraint of a West Hollywood dance club," and "Production values are dire, with too much lighting and not enough design "  In the Los Angeles Times, Gary Goldstein wrote "Writer-director Allen Wolf loads In My Sleep with so much psychosexual baggage you wish he just focused on one emotional affliction to propel this mediocre whodunit," and concludes "It's ultimately all too contrived and superficial to feel convincing, despite the story's often lurid appeal "

Awards
The film has won several festival awards:  "Audience Award" at Fort Lauderdale Film Festival, "Best Feature Film" at Omaha Film Festival, "Best Narrative Film" at the Las Vegas Film Festival, "Audience Award" at the Kansas City Film Festival, "Gold Kahuna Award" at Honolulu Festival and was a finalist for "Best Feature" at Kansas City Film Festival and the Orlando Film Festival 
Passage 2:
Cameo appearance
A cameo role, also called a cameo appearance and often shortened to just cameo (), is a brief appearance of a well-known person in a work of the performing arts  These roles are generally small, many of them non-speaking ones, and are commonly either appearances in a work in which they hold some special significance (such as actors from an original movie appearing in its remake) or renowned people making uncredited appearances  Short appearances by celebrities, film directors, politicians, athletes or musicians are common  A crew member of the movie or show playing a minor role can be referred to as a cameo role as well, such as Alfred Hitchcock's frequent cameos 

Concept
Originally, in the 1920s, a "cameo role" meant "a small character part that stands out from the other minor parts"  The Oxford English Dictionary connects this with the meaning "a short literary sketch or portrait", which is based on the literal meaning of "cameo", a miniature carving on a gemstone  More recently, in the late 20th century, a "cameo" has come to refer to any short appearance as a character, such as the examples below Cameos are generally not credited because of their brevity, or a perceived mismatch between the celebrity's stature and the film or television series in which they are appearing  Many are publicity stunts  Others are acknowledgements of an actor's contribution to an earlier work, as in the case of many film adaptations of television series, or of remakes of earlier films  Others honour artists or celebrities known for work in a particular field One of the best-known series of cameos was by Stan Lee, who made very brief appearances in most of the Marvel movies Cameos also occur in novels and other literary works  "Literary cameos" usually involve an established character from another work who makes a brief appearance to establish a shared universe setting, to make a point, or to offer homage  Balzac often employed this practice, as in his Comédie humaine  Sometimes a cameo features a historical person who "drops in" on fictional characters in a historical novel, as when Benjamin Franklin shares a beer with Phillipe Charboneau in The Bastard by John Jakes A cameo appearance can be made by the author of a work to put a sort of personal "signature" on a story  Vladimir Nabokov often put himself in his novels, for instance as the very minor character Vivian Darkbloom (an anagram of his name) in Lolita Cameos are also a tradition of The Muppets many projects over the years 

Film directors
Alfred Hitchcock is known for his frequent cameos in his movies, as early as in his third film The Lodger (1927)  In Lifeboat, as the action was restricted to the titular lifeboat, Hitchcock appeared in a newspaper ad 
Quentin Tarantino provides brief cameos or small roles in all his movies Likewise, Peter Jackson has made brief cameos in all of his movies, except for his first feature-length film Bad Taste in which he plays a main character, as well as The Battle of the Five Armies, though a portrait of him appears in the film  For example, he plays a peasant eating a carrot in The Fellowship of the Ring and The Desolation of Smaug; a Rohan warrior in The Two Towers and a Corsair of Umbar boatswain in The Return of the King  All four were non-speaking "blink and you miss him" appearances, although in the Extended Release of The Return of the King, his character was given more screen time and his reprise of the carrot eating peasant in The Desolation of Smaug was featured in the foreground in reference to The Fellowship of the Ring - last seen twelve years earlier  In addition, when he was directing Heavenly Creatures (1994), he appeared as a drunk person bumping into the main characters, and in the Frighteners, Jackson appeared as a man with piercings with his real-life son in a bouncer 
Director Tim Burton briefly appears in his films  He makes a slight appearance as a street thug who confronts Pee-wee in the back alley in Pee-wee's Big Adventure, and a visitor at the fair in Blackpool who gets a skeleton thrown at him in Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children Director Martin Scorsese appears in the background of his films as a bystander or an unseen character  In Who's That Knocking at My Door (1967), he appears as one of the gangsters; he is a lighting crewman in After Hours and a passenger in Taxi Driver  He opens up his film The Color of Money with a monologue on the art of playing pool  In addition, he appears with his wife and daughter as wealthy New Yorkers in Gangs of New York, and he appears as a theatre-goer and is heard as a movie projectionist in The Aviator 
In a same way, Roman Polanski appears as a hired hoodlum in his film Chinatown, slitting Jack Nicholson's nose with the blade of his clasp knife F  Gary Gray has made many appearances in the films he's directed including Friday, Set It Off, Law Abiding Citizen, and Straight Outta Compton 

Actors and writers
Directors sometimes cast well-known lead actors with whom they have worked in the past in other films  In Jane Eyre, Elizabeth Taylor makes a cameo appearance as Helen Burns, Jane's friend from school who dies from a cold  Mike Todd's film Around the World in 80 Days (1956) was filled with cameo roles: John Gielgud as an English butler, Frank Sinatra playing piano in a saloon, and others  The stars in cameo roles were pictured in oval insets in posters for the film, and gave the term wide circulation outside the theatrical profession It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), an "epic comedy", also features cameos from nearly every popular American comedian alive at the time, including The Three Stooges, Jerry Lewis, Buster Keaton and a voice-only cameo by Selma Diamond Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (1976) features cameos from dozens of actors from Hollywood's golden age 
The Player (1992) features cameos from 65 Hollywood actors 
Run for Your Wife (2012) is filled with cameos from 80 of Britain's film and TV stars from the 1960s, 70s and 80s 
Aaron Sorkin also had cameos in some works he wrote: as a bar customer speaking about the law in his debut film screenplay A Few Good Men (1992), as an advertising executive in The Social Network and as a guest at the inauguration of President Matt Santos in the final episode of The West Wing 
Franco Nero, the actor who portrayed the Django character in the original 1966 film, appears in a bar scene of the Tarantino film Django Unchained  There, he asks Django (Jamie Foxx) to spell his name, which led to the famous promotional tagline for the film - "The 'D' is silent"  Franco's character responds simply, "I know "
Many cameos featured in Maverick (1994), directed by Richard Donner  Among them, Danny Glover – Mel Gibson's co-star in the Lethal Weapon franchise also directed by Donner – appears as the lead bank robber  He and Maverick (Gibson) share a scene where they look as if they knew each other, but then shake it off  As Glover makes his escape with the money, he mutters "I'm too old for this shit", his character's catchphrase in the Lethal Weapon films  In addition, a strain of the main theme from Lethal Weapon plays in the score when Glover is revealed  Actress Margot Kidder made a cameo appearance in the same film as a robbed villager: she had previously starred as Lois Lane in Donner's Superman (1978) Ben Stiller, Vince Vaughn, Owen Wilson, Luke Wilson and Will Ferrell have made appearances in so many of the same films (whether as lead characters or cameos) that USA Today coined the term "Frat Pack" to name the group  Actor Adam Sandler is also known for frequently casting fellow Saturday Night Live performers (including Rob Schneider and David Spade) in various roles in his films (as well as making cameo appearances of his own in theirs, most of which he co-produces)  Sam Raimi frequently uses his brother Ted and Bruce Campbell in his films The American singer/actress Cher has had a couple of cameos over the years  She had two cameos in Will & Grace and she even had a few in the 1990s Actor Edward Norton appears as himself in the satirical film The Dictator (2012) starring Sacha Baron Cohen 
Al Pacino has an extended cameo in the film Jack and Jill (2011) starring Adam Sandler, where Pacino plays a fictional version of himself 
The mangaka Shotaro Ishinomori made many cameos in his Kamen Rider series 
The animated series Adventures of Tintin featured its author Hergé in all the episodes 

Stephen King is famous for making short cameo appearances in almost every movie that is made based on his novels An Adventure in Space and Time, a drama about how Doctor Who began, features many actors from the show's past, including two past companions in a party scene, another as a mother calling her children in for dinner and a fourth in a car park at the BBC as a guard In the movie adaptation of Les Miserables, Colm Wilkinson, who originated the role of Jean Valjean in the West End and on Broadway, made a cameo as the Bishop of Digne In the Soviet film Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears, famous actor Innokenty Smoktunovsky appears for a minute as himself 

Other
Films based on actual events occasionally include cameo guest appearances by the people portrayed in them  In The Pursuit of Happyness, Chris Gardner makes a cameo at the end  24 Hour Party People, a film about Tony Wilson, has a cameo by the real Tony Wilson and many other notable people  In the film Apollo 13, James Lovell (the real commander of that flight) and his wife Marilyn appear next to the actors playing them (Tom Hanks and Kathleen Quinlan respectively)  Domino Harvey makes a short appearance in the credits of Domino, while the real Erin Brockovich has a cameo appearance as a waitress named Julia in the eponymous movie (where her role is played by the actress Julia Roberts)  Sophie Wilson has a cameo as a barmaid in Micro Men, which shows her work for Acorn Computers  In a flashback sequence in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, Raoul Duke (played by Johnny Depp) runs into the real-life Hunter S  Thompson, upon whom the character of Duke is based, leading him to remark "There I was   mother of God, there I am! Holy fuck "
Maria Von Trapp made an uncredited brief cameo appearance in the film version of her life, The Sound of Music  She appears in the background during the song "I Have Confidence" with her daughter Rosmarie and stepson Werner Von Trapp  
Tom Morello, American guitarist and musician, makes an appearance in the Marvel film Iron Man (2008), in which he also participated in the soundtrack 
Elon Musk and Larry Ellison, both founders of large technology companies, are featured in cameos in Iron Man 2 (2010) The king of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf, was in the children's program Mika (Mika och renen Ossian på äventyr) when Mika was in Stockholm with his reindeer In The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), the real Jordan Belfort appears as an emcee to introduce Leonardo DiCaprio (who plays Belfort in the film) at the final scene 
Boxer Roberto Duran and his wife Felicidad made a cameo appearance towards the end of the film Hands of Stone , about Duran's life where Duran was portrayed by Edgar Ramirez and his wife was played by Ana de Armas Wikipedia itself made a cameo in Breaking Bad 3x12 "Half Measures" by Skyler White; after telling Saul Goodman she was a book keeper and knew what money laundering was, was seen reading the 'money launderying' wikipedia page 
An unusual example of a famous non-actor being given a small but speaking fictional role occurred in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Second Chances " Dr  Mae Jemison, an astronaut, the first Black woman in space, and a long-time fan of Star Trek, was offered the opportunity to appear on the show  She was given the role of a Starfleet crewmember and a few lines, becoming the first real-life astronaut to appear on Star Trek 

See also
Cameo (website)
Allusion
Bit part
Extra
Crossover fiction
Self-insertion
Stan Lee
List of cameo appearances by Stan Lee
Passage 3:
The Cool Ones
The Cool Ones (aka Cool, Baby Cool) is a 1967 film starring Roddy McDowall and directed by Gene Nelson  The 1960s novelty singer known as Mrs  Miller performs in a cameo role, and the film features performances by the bands the Leaves and the Bantams as well as a brief appearance by Glen Campbell, playing a fictional singer 

Plot
Hallie Rodgers is a backup singer on the TV show Whizbang  One evening, she boldly steps out of the chorus and begins singing “Just One of Those Things ” The young people in the audience love her singing, but the producer Fred MacElewine fires her  
A little later she goes into a bar, and Cliff Donner, a former singing star, tells Hallie he saw her on television and liked her singing  Tony Krum, a music promoter, suggests Hallie and Cliff sing together, and the duo become popular recording artists  They also fall in love 

Cast
In an uncredited appearance: one of the dancers is Teri Garr, specifically as one of the Whiz-Bam girls 

Reception
The film received mostly negative reviews, and it now is viewed as something of a 1960s cult musical  From the blog Comet Over Hollywood:The Cool Ones has earned a place on my list of the worst movies that I have ever seen  But then at the same time, it’s so bad you can’t look away and have to watch the whole movie 
And from the New York Times:The Cool Ones [is] a rock 'n' roll comedy, so-called, about a pop singer (Debbie Watson) who is on the rise and a big-name crooner (Gil Peterson) who is on the skids  Roddy McDowall is their manager who engineers them into a publicity romance which has—shall we say?—repercussions  I venture to guess this will disgust even the kids 

See also
List of American films of 1967
Passage 4:
Leonard Logsdail
Leonard Logsdail (born September 11, 1950, in London, England) is a bespoke tailor, based in Manhattan, New York, specializing in men's suits  He is described as one of the finest bespoke tailors in the men's suit business  All of Logsdail's suits are crafted and perfected on-site in his New York City location  He is credited for making Savile Row tailoring a local option in New York  Logsdail is known for creating high-end suits, including lining jackets with Hermes silk scarves  CNBC talk show host, economist and fashion icon Larry Kudlow has his suits made by Leonard Logsdail  Logsdail has created suits for award-winning films, and is recognized as one of cinema's most sought-after tailors  Logsdail has collaborated with esteemed film directors Steven Spielberg, Robert De Niro, Oliver Stone, Ridley Scott, and Martin Scorsese  He has had a cameo acting role as a tailor in The Wolf of Wall Street, Wall Street 2: Money Never Sleeps and The Good Shepherd 

Career
Logsdail left traditional school at the age of 15, and spent 3 years in tailoring school before entering the industry with high aspirations and a passion for men's suits  By the age of 21, Logsdail started his own business  He opened his doors in 1971 on Carnaby Street in London  A few years later, he moved his business to Savile Row  In 1991, Logsdail moved his business from Savile Row to midtown Manhattan New York  His atelier has remained in the same location since 1991, at 9 East 53rd Street, New York, NY 

Personal life
While his tailoring business was in London, Logsdail made business trips to the United States, where he met his future wife and they married in 1988  They reside in Stamford, Connecticut and have eight children  His son, Leonard, began working with him in 2012 

Costume and Wardrobe in Film and Television
Passage 5:
The Life of Emile Zola
The Life of Emile Zola is a 1937 American biographical film about the 19th-century French author Émile Zola starring Paul Muni and directed by William Dieterle 
It premiered at the Los Angeles Carthay Circle Theatre to great critical and financial success  Contemporary reviews ranked it as the greatest biographical film made up to that time 
In 2000, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant "Produced during the Great Depression and after the Nazi Party had taken power in Germany, the film failed to explore the key issue of antisemitic injustice in France in the late 19th century, when Zola became involved in the Dreyfus affair and worked to gain the officer's release  Some recent studies have noted the film as an example of Hollywood's timidity at the time: antisemitism was not mentioned in the film, nor was "Jew" said in dialogue  Some explicitly anti-Nazi films were canceled in this period, and other content was modified  This was also the period when Hollywood had established the Production Code, establishing an internal censor, in response to perceived threats of external censorship 
The Life of Emile Zola became the second biographical film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture 

Plot
Set in the mid through late 19th century, the film depicts Émile Zola's early friendship with Post-Impressionist painter Paul Cézanne and his rise to fame through his prolific writing  It also explores his involvement late in the Dreyfus affair 
In 1862 Paris, struggling writer Zola shares a drafty Paris attic with Cézanne  His fiancée Alexandrine procures him a desk clerk job at a bookshop, but he is soon fired after he arouses the ire of his employer and an agent of police with his provocative novel The Confessions of Claude  He then witnesses many injustices in French society, such as a crowded river slum, unlawful mining conditions and corruption in the army and government  Finally, a chance encounter with a street prostitute hiding from a police raid inspires his first bestseller, Nana, an exposé of the steamy underside of Parisian life 
Despite the chief censor's pleading, Zola writes other successful books such as The Downfall, a scathing denunciation of the French commanders' blunders and disunity that led to a disastrous defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870  He becomes rich and famous, marries Alexandrine and settles down to a comfortable life in his mansion  One day, his old friend Cézanne, still poor and unknown, visits him before leaving the city  He accuses Zola of having become complacent because of his success and terminates their friendship 
An intercepted letter for the German embassy confirms that there is a spy within the French government  With little thought, the army commanders decide that Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jew, is the traitor  He is court-martialed, publicly degraded and imprisoned on Devil's Island in French Guiana 
Later, Colonel Picquart, the new chief of intelligence, discovers evidence implicating Major Walsin-Esterhazy, an infantry officer of Hungarian descent, as the spy  But Picquart is ordered by his superiors to remain silent to avert official embarrassment, and he is quickly reassigned to a remote post 
Four years have passed since Dreyfus's degradation  His loyal wife Lucie pleads with Zola to take up her husband's cause  Zola is reluctant to surrender his comfortable life, but Lucie brings forth new evidence to pique his curiosity  He publishes an open letter known as "J'accuse" in the newspaper L'aurore accusing the high command of covering up the monstrous injustice, and it causes a firestorm throughout Paris  Zola barely escapes from an angry mob incited by military agents provocateurs as riots erupt in the city streets 
As expected, Zola is charged with libel  His attorney Maitre Labori does his best against the presiding judge's refusal to allow him to introduce evidence about the Dreyfus affair and the perjury and biased testimony committed by all the military witnesses, except for Picquart  Zola is found guilty and sentenced to a year in prison and a 3,000-franc fine  He reluctantly accepts his friends' advice flee to London in order to continue the campaign on behalf of Dreyfus 
With the demand for justice reaching a worldwide level, a new French administration finally proclaims that Dreyfus is innocent, and those responsible for the coverup are dismissed or commit suicide  Walsin-Esterhazy flees the country in disgrace  After his return to Paris, Zola dies of accidental carbon monoxide poisoning caused by a faulty stove the night before the public ceremony in which Dreyfus is exonerated and inducted into the Legion of Honor  His body is buried in the Panthéon in Paris and he is given the farewell of a hero and warrior 

Cast
Production
In 1936, literary agent Heinz Herald first proposed the story to producer Henry Blanke, and Hal B  Wallis, Warner Bros ' executive producer for biographical pictures, assigned Herald and Geza Herczeg to develop the script  Their first treatment, titled Emile Zola: The Conscience of Humanity, centered around the Dreyfus affair, with Zola's literary career merely a background plot  Herald and Herczeg saw Zola's struggles to be similar to those faced by Louis Pasteur in The Story of Louis Pasteur, and their script ended with Zola triumphantly speaking out as a voice of truth as a parallel for the incipient turmoil taking place in Europe  Their 200-page script draft was submitted in November 1936, which staff writer Norman Reilly Raine was assigned to revise  Blanke supervised the creation of the final script, which included further contributions by Herald, Herczeg and Raine but also those from star Paul Muni, director William Dieterle and Wallis  The final script was ready by February 1937, and an initial budget of $699,000 was allocated to the production of the film Wallis and Blanke's relationship during production of the film was contentious; while Wallis wished to follow the successful formula established by The Story of Louis Pasteur, Blanke fought for the integrity of the project  The two men clashed over nearly every aspect of production, including the casting of the female lead; Wallis wished to cast Josephine Hutchinson, who had played Pasteur's wife, but Blanke disagreed and a compromise was reached in the casting of Gloria Holden  Blanke was determined to imbue the picture with authenticity and argued that Muni's appearance should differ starkly from that of the Pasteur picture, but Wallis, concerned with Muni's box-office appeal, overruled Blanke and instructed the makeup artist to maintain Muni's recognizable features above all else  Blanke threatened to leave the project following a bitter dispute over the hiring of a costumer, but Wallis relented Filming began in March 1937 and was scheduled for 42 days  Muni's climactic courtroom speech was filmed in one six-minute take, but Wallis requested that Blanke and Dieterle intersperse the scene with crowd shots  Wallis and Blanke also argued over the quality of actor Ben Welden's performance as Paul Cézanne, and actor Vladimir Sokoloff was brought in to reshoot Welden's scenes  The reshoots caused the production of the film to extend ten days over schedule, and filming was completed on May 10 Wallis and Blanke also fought over the film's title  While Wallis favored The Story of Emile Zola, Blanke suggested alternatives such as The Truth Is on the March, I Accuse and Destiny before The Life of Emile Zola was chosen, though the film does not actually depict much of Zola's life Muni was paid $50,000 for his performance 

Reception and interpretation
Following a successful preview screening that did not yet include Max Steiner's musical score, The Life of Emile Zola premiered on August 11, 1937 and became an immediate sensation  Soon after, Warner Bros  placed full-page advertisements in several Los Angeles newspapers congratulating the cast and crew Contemporary reviews were nearly unanimous in their praise  Frank S  Nugent of The New York Times wrote: 

"Rich, dignified, honest, and strong, it is at once the finest historical film ever made and the greatest screen biography, greater even than The Story of Louis Pasteur with which the Warners squared their conscience last year     Paul Muni's portrayal of Zola is, without doubt, the best thing he has done "
Variety wrote that the film was "a vibrant, tense and emotional story     It is finely made and merits high rating as cinema art and significant recognition as major showmanship " Harrison's Reports described it as "A dignified, powerful, and at times stirring historical drama, brilliantly directed, and superbly acted by Paul Muni, as Zola, the great French writer "John Mosher of The New Yorker praised the film as "a picture of considerable distinction" with "no nonsense "Writing for Night and Day, Graham Greene offered a neutral review, noting that despite its inaccuracies, "truth to the film mind is the word you see on news-posters " Greene commented that appearances from seemingly significant characters such as Cézanne were largely irrelevant to the plot and that all of the events in the film happen suddenly The Life of Emile Zola topped Film Daily's year-end poll of 531 critics as the best film of 1937 Certain scenes were interpreted at the time as "indirect attacks on Nazi Germany " As David Denby writes about the movie in 2013, "At the end, in an outpouring of the progressive rhetoric that was typical of the thirties, Zola makes a grandiloquent speech on behalf of justice and truth and against nationalist war frenzy " However, the film is silent about the fact that Dreyfus was Jewish and the victim of French antisemitism The French government allegedly banned the movie in 1939, possibly because of the sensitivity of the Dreyfus affair On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 91% from 68 reviews with the consensus: "Urgently relevant in an era of escalating bigotry and fascism, The Life of Emile Zola is a respectful and staid tribute to the French novelist, enlivened by Paul Muni's chameleonic prowess "

Academy Award wins and nominations
At the 10th Academy Awards, the film received ten nominations (and thereby became the first film in Academy Award history to reach double digits for nominations) and won three awards 

Controversy
In his 2013 book titled The Collaboration: Hollywood's Pact with Hitler, Ben Urwand wrote that Hollywood producers made a pact to avoid antagonizing Adolf Hitler and aided the Nazis by suppressing films that portrayed the Nazis' brutality: "The studios cancelled several explicitly anti-Nazi films planned for production, and deleted from several other movies anything that could be construed as critical of the Nazis, along with anything that might be seen as favorable to the Jews—or even a simple acknowledgment that they existed "Urwand wrote that Jewish studio head Jack L  Warner ordered the word "Jew" to be excised from the script and that Georg Gyssling, the Nazi consul to the United States in Los Angeles, was occasionally allowed to review and provide recommendations on films before they were released, with changes sometimes made based on his comments  However, Urwand's thesis that Warner was collaborating with the Nazis has been strongly disputed by Warner's family members, especially Alicia Meyer In his study Hollywood and Hitler, 1933–1939, Thomas Doherty also analyzed the topic  David Denby, who wrote a long overview article about the issue in The New Yorker, points out that while Doherty supports some of Urwand's thesis, Doherty provides more context for the studios' behavior, setting it against the political culture of the period  The studios were under social pressure during the Great Depression to produce films that helped the United States weather the crisis  There were fears of political radicalism in the U S  while European movements, from the Nazis to communism in the Soviet Union, were considered threats  Denby believes that the predominantly Jewish studio heads were timid and overly cautious, appearing to be fearful of their place in American society 
Passage 6:
Ajab Gazabb Love
Ajab Gazabb Love (transl  Strange and amazing love) is a 2012 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film directed by Sanjay Gadhvi and produced by Vashu Bhagnani  The film stars Arjun Rampal in a double role, along with Jackky Bhagnani opposite Nidhi Subbaiah in lead roles and Darshan Jariwala and Kirron Kher in supporting roles, whilst Arshad Warsi appears in a cameo role  The screenplay and dialogues were written by Mayur Puri  The theatrical trailer of the film revealed on 13 August 2012, whilst the film released worldwide on 26 October 2012, and received mostly negative response  The storyline is remade from the Telugu film Seema Tapakai 

Plot
The story revolves around Rajveer, a hard-working, rich youngster who is the heir of his father, Yashvardhan Grewal, and his company, Grewal Motors Co  When Rajveer falls in love with Madhuri, he realises that she hates all rich people, and has much sympathy for poor families  Therefore, Rajveer starts a drama, in which he pretends to be poor along with his family to gain Madhuri's love  However, when Madhuri's elder brother Karan Singh Chauhan, arrives to meet Rajveer's family, he begins to suspect him, and as the truth slowly foils out, mayhem strikes!

Cast
Arjun Rampal as Karan Singh Chauhan / Arjun Singh Chauhan (dual role)
Jackky Bhagnani as Rajveer Grewal
Nidhi Subbaiah as Madhuri “Maddy” Singh Chauhan
Darshan Jariwala as Yashvardhan Grewal
Kirron Kher as Rashmi Grewal
Arshad Warsi as Subramanium Seth (Subhu)
Anuja Sachdeva as Switty Grewal
Prageet Pandit as Adarsh Grewal
Mayur Puri as T2
Mokshad Dodwani

Production
The film is a remake of Seema Tapakai, a Telugu film starring Allari Naresh and Shamna Kasim 

Soundtrack
The songs were composed by Sajid–Wajid, with lyrics penned by Priya Panchal and Kausar Munir  The songs were sung by Mika Singh, Mohit Chauhan and Antara Mitra amongst others  Punjabi track "Nachde Punjabi" by Dalvinder Singh and Tarli Digital, which was released in the early 20s, was remade for the film by Sachin–Jigar 
The film score is composed by Sandeep Shirodkar 

Critical reception
Ajab Gazabb Love received average to negative reviews from film critics upon its release  Madhureeta Mukherjee of Times of India gave it 2 5/5 stars  "This film is all about a bunch of people going bananas, yet, it doesn't leave you in splits  But if you care for a few giggles, go watch it !!!" said ToI  Rediff Movies said "Ajab Gazabb Love is reminiscent of the bad films of the bad 1990s" and gave it 2 stars  Nayandeep of Koimoi gave it 2 stars "There is nothing 'ajab' or 'gazabb' about this extremely ordinary rom-com " wrote Nayandeep  Social Movie Rating site MOZVO gave it a rating of 2 3 putting it in 'Below Average' category  Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave it 3 stars  Kanika Sikka of DNA gave it 1 5 stars 

Box office
Ajab Gazabb Love had collected ₹67 6 million (US$850,000) in its first week 
Passage 7:
Shiva Mecchida Kannappa
Shiva Mecchida Kannappa (transl  Kannappa who was blessed by Shiva) is a 1988 Indian Kannada-language film directed by Vijay  The film is a rehashed version of the 1954 film Bedara Kannappa, the debut film of actor Rajkumar  Produced by Raghavendra Rajkumar, the film is about the life of Kannappa, a hunter who becomes a Lord Shiva devotee; Kanappa is played by Puneeth Rajkumar in younger days and Shivarajkumar in adult life  The rest of the cast includes Geetha, Sarala Devi, C  R  Simha and Rajkumar himself playing a brief cameo role in the role of Shiva  The film has musical score by T  G  Lingappa and the dialogues and lyrics written by Chi  Udaya Shankar 

Cast
Soundtrack
The musical score by T  G  Lingappa was positively reviewed 

Release
The film was released on 24 March 1988 
Passage 8:
Adhu
Adhu (transl  That) is a 2004 Tamil-language horror film directed by Ramesh Balakrishnan, starring Sneha as a spirit possessed girl  The film, that has Aravind, a newcomer, Suha, Kazan Khan and Vijayan in supporting and Abbas in a cameo role, is a remake of the 2002 Hong Kong-Thai-Singaporean film The Eye  The film, with music scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja and cinematography by P  Selvakumar, released on 15 October 2004 and received generally negative reviews and is considered a box-office disaster 

Plot
Meera (Sneha) is transplanted with the eyes of Kayalvizhi (Suha) which enables her to see able to see "things" not visible to other's eyes  Haunted and harassed by Kayalvizhi's Spirit, Meera goes all the way to Vijayanagaram to get to the bottom of the intrigue, because the spirit orders her to do so getting to know of Kayalvizhi's story and the injustice done to her by the village head (Vijayan)  The spirit of Kayalvizhi seeks revenge and retribution  How it achieves this forms the story

Cast
Sneha as Meera
Aravind as Arvind
Suha as Kayalvizhi
Kazan Khan
Vijayan
Saranya as Meera's mother
Shanmugarajan as Muthu
Aryan as sorcerer
Abbas as Doctor Raj (cameo)

Music
The film score was composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, which was said to be one of the few highlights of the film  The film has only one song, a soundtrack was not released 
Passage 9:
The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)
The Wolf of Wall Street is a 2013 American epic biographical black comedy crime film directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Terence Winter, based on Jordan Belfort's 2007 memoir of the same name  It recounts Belfort's career as a stockbroker in New York City and how his firm, Stratton Oakmont, engaged in rampant corruption and fraud on Wall Street, leading to his downfall  Leonardo DiCaprio, who was also a producer of the film, stars as Belfort in his fifth collaboration with Scorsese following Gangs of New York (2002), The Aviator (2004), The Departed (2006) and Shutter Island (2010)  The film also stars Jonah Hill as his business partner and friend Donnie Azoff, Margot Robbie as his second wife, Naomi Lapaglia, and Kyle Chandler as FBI agent Patrick Denham 
DiCaprio and Warner Bros  secured the rights to Belfort's memoir in 2007, with Scorsese set to direct, but content restrictions stalled production  The project was later greenlit by the independent production house Red Granite Pictures  Filming took place in late 2012 in New York City and was shot mostly on film stock 
The film premiered in New York City on December 17, 2013, and was released in the United States on December 25, 2013, by Paramount Pictures  It was the first major American film to be released exclusively through digital distribution  It was a major commercial success, grossing $406 9 million worldwide during its theatrical run, becoming Scorsese's highest-grossing film  The film was controversial for its moral ambiguity and lack of sympathy for victims, as well as explicit sexual content, extreme profanity, depiction of hard drug use, and use of animals during production  It set a Guinness World Record for the most instances of swearing in a film  The film's financing became implicated in the 1Malaysia Development Berhad corruption scandal; the U S  Department of Justice and the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission investigated Red Granite Pictures, and producer Riza Aziz was arrested in 2019 
The film received positive reviews (and some moral censure) from critics and appeared on several "best of the year" lists  It was nominated for several awards, including five at the 86th Academy Awards ceremony: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Actor (for DiCaprio) and Best Supporting Actor (for Hill)  DiCaprio won Best Actor – Musical or Comedy at the 71st Golden Globe Awards, where the film was also nominated for Best Picture – Musical or Comedy 

Plot
In 1987, Jordan Belfort lands a job as a Wall Street stockbroker for L F  Rothschild, employed under Mark Hanna  He is quickly enticed by the drug-fueled stockbroker culture and Hanna's belief that a broker's only goal is to make money for himself  Jordan loses his job following Black Monday, the largest one-day stock market drop in history, and takes a job at a boiler room brokerage firm on Long Island that specializes in penny stocks  He makes a small fortune thanks to his aggressive pitching style and the high commissions 
Jordan befriends his neighbor Donnie Azoff, and the two found their own company  They recruit several of Jordan's friends, whom Jordan trains in the art of the "hard sell"  Jordan's tactics and salesmanship largely contribute to the success of his pump and dump scheme, in which misleading, positive statements inflate a stock's price so it can be sold at an artificially high price  When the scheme's perpetrators sell their overvalued securities, the price plummets, and those who were conned into buying at the inflated price are left with stock that is suddenly worth much less than they paid for it  To cloak this, Jordan gives the firm the respectable-sounding name Stratton Oakmont in 1989 
After an exposé in Forbes, hundreds of ambitious young financiers flock to his company  Jordan becomes immensely successful and slides into a decadent lifestyle of prostitutes and drugs  He has an affair with a woman named Naomi Lapaglia; when his wife finds out, Jordan divorces her and marries Naomi in 1991  Meanwhile, the SEC and the FBI begin investigating Stratton Oakmont 
In 1993, Jordan illegally makes $22 million in three hours after securing the IPO of Steve Madden  This brings him and his firm further FBI attention  To hide his money, Jordan opens a Swiss bank account with corrupt banker Jean-Jacques Saurel in the name of Naomi's aunt Emma, who is a British subject and thus outside the immediate reach of American authorities  He uses the wife and in-laws of his friend Brad Bodnick, who have European passports, to smuggle the cash into Switzerland 
Donnie and Brad get into a heated argument in public during a money exchange, resulting in Brad's arrest, but Donnie escapes  Jordan learns from his private investigator that the FBI is wiretapping his phones  Fearing for his son, Jordan's father advises him to leave Stratton Oakmont and lie low while Jordan's lawyer negotiates a deal to keep him out of prison, but Jordan cannot bear to quit and talks himself into staying in the middle of his farewell speech 
In 1996, Jordan, Donnie, and their wives are on a yacht trip to Italy when they learn that Emma has died  Jordan proceeds to Switzerland to forge her name and save the account  To bypass border controls, he orders his yacht captain to sail to Monaco, but the ship capsizes in a storm  After their rescue, the plane sent to take them to Geneva is destroyed when a seagull flies into the engine; Jordan takes this as a sign from God to address his worsening drug addiction and attempts to sober up 
In 1998 Saurel gets arrested for a separate crime and informs the FBI about Jordan  Since the evidence against him is overwhelming, Jordan agrees to gather evidence on his colleagues in exchange for leniency  Naomi tells Jordan she is divorcing him and wants full custody of their daughter and infant son  In a cocaine-fueled rage, Jordan hits Naomi and tries to drive away with his daughter but crashes his car in the driveway 
Later, Jordan wears a wire to work but slips a note to Donnie, warning him  The FBI discovers this, arrests Jordan, and raids and shuts down Stratton Oakmont  Despite breaching his deal, Jordan receives a reduced sentence of 36 months in a minimum security prison for his testimony and is released in 2000 after serving 22 months  After his release, Jordan makes a living hosting seminars on sales techniques 

Cast
Production
Development
In 2007, DiCaprio and Warner Bros  won a bidding war for the rights to Belfort's memoir The Wolf of Wall Street, with Belfort making $1 million off the deal  Having worked on the film's script, Scorsese was considered to direct the film but abandoned the project to work on Shutter Island (2010)  He has said he "wasted five months of [his] life" without getting a green light on production dates from Warner Bros  In 2010, Warner Bros  offered the directorial role to Ridley Scott, with DiCaprio playing Belfort, but the studio eventually abandoned the project In 2012, the independent company Red Granite Pictures greenlit the project without content restrictions  Scorsese came back on board  Red Granite Pictures also asked Paramount Pictures to distribute the film; Paramount agreed to do so in North America and Japan, but passed on the rest of the international market  Universal Pictures acquired the international distribution rights According to Belfort, Random House asked him to tone down or excise the depictions of debauchery in his memoir before publication, especially those relating to his bachelor party, which featured zoophilia, and rampant use of drugs like nitrous oxide; neither the published memoir nor the film contains references to this In the film, most of the real-life characters' names have been changed from Belfort's original memoir  Donnie Azoff is based on Danny Porush  The name was changed after Porush threatened to sue the filmmakers  Porush maintains that much of the film is fictional and that Azoff is not an accurate depiction of him  Former Donna Karan Jeanswear CEO Elliot Lavigne does not appear in the film, but an incident recounted in the book, in which Belfort gives Lavigne mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to save him from choking to death, is similar to a scene in the film involving Donnie  The FBI agent Patrick Denham is the stand-in for real-life Gregory Coleman, and lawyer Manny Riskin is based on Ira Sorkin  Belfort's first wife, Denise Lombardo, is renamed Teresa Petrillo, and his second wife, Nadine Caridi, is Naomi Lapaglia on-screen  In contrast, Mark Hanna's name remains the same as the LF Rothschild stockbroker who, like Belfort, was convicted of fraud and served time in prison  Belfort's parents Max and Leah Belfort's names remained the same for the film  The role of Aunt Emma was initially offered to Julie Andrews, who refused it as she was recovering from an ankle injury, and was replaced by Joanna Lumley  Olivia Wilde auditioned for the role of Naomi, but she was rejected as she was deemed "too old" for the role, the role eventually went to Margot Robbie  In January 2014, Jonah Hill revealed in an interview with Howard Stern that he had made only $60,000 on the film (the lowest possible SAG-AFTRA rate for his amount of work), while DiCaprio (who also produced) received $10 million 

Filming
Filming began on August 8, 2012, in New York City  Hill announced on Twitter that his first day of shooting was September 4, 2012  Filming also took place in Closter, New Jersey, and Harrison, New York  Vitamin D powder was used as the fake substance for cocaine in the film; Hill was hospitalized with bronchitis due to snorting large quantities during filming Scorsese's longtime editor Thelma Schoonmaker, who has received seven Academy Award nominations for Best Film Editing, said the film would be shot digitally instead of on film  Scorsese had been a proponent of shooting on film, but decided to shoot Hugo digitally because it was being photographed in 3D  Despite being filmed in 2D, The Wolf of Wall Street was originally planned to be shot digitally  Schoonmaker expressed her disappointment with the decision: "It would appear that we've lost the battle  I think Marty just feels it's unfortunately over, and there's been no bigger champion of film than him " After extensive comparison tests during pre-production, eventually the majority of the film was shot on film stock, while scenes that used green screen effects or low light were shot with the digital Arri Alexa camera system  The film contains 400–450 VFX shots 

Profanity
The film set a Guinness World Record for the most instances of swearing in a motion picture  It uses the word "fuck" 506 times, "cunt" thrice, "twat" twice, "fuckface" once, and "prick" four times, averaging 2 81 profanities per minute  The previous record holders were Scorsese's 1995 gangster film Casino, which had 422 uses of the word, and the 1997 British film Nil by Mouth, which had 428  The record has since been broken by Swearnet: The Movie, which uses the word 935 times, but it still holds the record for a major theatrical release The film's distributor in the United Arab Emirates cut 45 minutes of scenes of swearing, religious profanity, drug use, and sex, and "muted" dialogue containing expletives  The National reported that filmgoers in the UAE believed the film should not have been shown rather than being edited so heavily 

Release
Theatrical
The Wolf of Wall Street premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 17, 2013, followed by a wide release on December 25  Its original release date of November 15 was pushed back after cuts were made to reduce the runtime  On October 22, it was reported that the film was set for release that Christmas  On October 29, Paramount officially confirmed that the film would release on Christmas Day, with a runtime of 165 minutes  This was changed to 180 minutes on November 25  It was officially rated R by the Motion Picture Association for "sequences of strong sexual content, graphic nudity, drug use and language throughout, and for some violence"  In the UK, the film received an 18 certificate from the British Board of Film Classification for "very strong language, strong sex [and] hard drug use" The film is banned in Kenya, Malaysia, Nepal, and Zimbabwe because of its scenes depicting sex and drugs and excessive profanity, and additional scenes have been cut in the versions playing in India  In Singapore, after cuts were made to an orgy scene as well as some religiously profane or denigrating language, the film was passed R21 The release of The Wolf of Wall Street marked a shift in cinema history when Paramount became the first major studio to distribute movies to theaters exclusively in a digital format, eliminating 35mm film entirely  Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues was the last Paramount production to include a 35mm film version 

Home media
The Wolf of Wall Street was released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 25, 2014  On January 27, 2014, it was announced that a four-hour director's cut would be attached to the home release  Paramount Pictures and Red Granite Pictures later announced that the home release would feature only the theatrical release  A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray was released on December 14, 2021 

Reception
Box office
The Wolf of Wall Street grossed $116 9 million in North America and $289 million internationally, for a total of $406 9 million, making it Scorsese's highest-grossing film worldwide  In North America, the film opened at number five in its first weekend, with $19 4 million in 3,387 theaters, behind The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, Frozen, Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues, and American Hustle  In Australia, it is the highest grossing R-rated film, earning $12 96 million 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, The Wolf of Wall Street holds an approval rating of 80% based on 289 reviews and an average rating of 7 80/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Funny, self-referential, and irreverent to a fault, The Wolf of Wall Street finds Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio at their most infectiously dynamic " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 75 out of 100 based on 47 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews" 

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine named The Wolf of Wall Street the third-best film of 2013, behind 12 Years a Slave and Gravity  Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote, "it is the best and most enjoyable American film to be released this year " Richard Brody of The New Yorker called the film "Olympian", saying that if it was Scorsese's last film it "would rank among the most harshly awe-inspiring farewells of the cinema " The Chicago Sun-Times's Richard Roeper gave the film a B+, calling it "good, not great Scorsese" Dana Stevens of Slate was more critical, calling the film "epic in size, claustrophobically narrow in scope " Marshall Fine of The Huffington Post argued that the story "wants us to be interested in characters who are dull people to start with, made duller by their delusions of being interesting because they are high"  Some critics viewed the film as an irresponsible glorification of Belfort and his associates rather than a satirical takedown  DiCaprio defended the film, arguing that it does not glorify the excessive lifestyle it depicts In 2016, the film was ranked #78 on the BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century list  In 2017, Richard Brody named The Wolf of Wall Street the second-best film of the 21st century so far, behind Jean-Luc Godard's In Praise of Love  In 2019, Brody named The Wolf of Wall Street the best film of the 2010s 

Audience response
The film received an average grade of C on an A+ to F scale from audiences surveyed by CinemaScore, the lowest rating of any film opening that week  The Los Angeles Times suggested that the film's marketing may have attracted conservative viewers who expected a more moralistic tone than the film presents Christina McDowell, daughter of Tom Prousalis, who worked closely with Belfort at Stratton Oakmont, wrote an open letter to Scorsese, DiCaprio, and Belfort, criticizing the film for insufficiently portraying the victims of Stratton Oakmont's financial crimes, disregarding the damage done to her family as a result, and giving celebrity status to people (Belfort and his partners, including her father) who do not deserve it Steven Perlberg of Business Insider saw an advance screening of the film at a Regal Cinemas near the Goldman Sachs building with an audience of finance workers  Perlberg reported cheers from the audience at what he considered all the wrong moments, writing, "When Belfort—a drug addict attempting to remain sober—rips up a couch cushion to get to his secret coke stash, there were cheers "Former Assistant United States Attorney Joel M  Cohen, who prosecuted Belfort, criticized both the film and the book on which it is based  He said that he believes some of Belfort's claims were "invented": for instance, Belfort "aggrandized his importance and reverence for him by others at his firm " He strongly criticized the film for not depicting the "thousands of victims who lost hundreds of millions of dollars", not accepting the filmmakers' argument that it would have diverted attention from the wrongdoers  He deplored the ending—"beyond an insult" to Belfort's victims—in which the real Belfort appears, while showing "a large sign advertising the name of Mr  Belfort's real motivational speaking company", and a positive depiction of Belfort uttering "variants of the same falsehoods he trained others to use against his victims" 

Top ten lists
The Wolf of Wall Street was listed on many critics' top ten lists for films released in 2013, and was chosen as one of the top ten films of the year by the American Film Institute  Metacritic analysis found the film was the ninth-most mentioned film on "best of the year" film rankings and the 22nd-most mentioned on "best of the decade" film rankings 

Controversies
Use of animals
The Wolf of Wall Street uses animals, including a chimpanzee, a lion, a snake, a fish, and dogs  The chimpanzee and the lion were provided by the Big Cat Habitat wildlife sanctuary in Sarasota County, Florida  The four-year-old chimpanzee Chance spent time with DiCaprio and learned to roller skate in three weeks  The sanctuary also provided a lion named Handsome because the trading company depicted in the film used a lion as its symbol  Danny Porush denied that there were any animals in the office, although he admitted to eating an employee's goldfish In December 2013, before the film premiered, the organization Friends of Animals criticized the use of the chimpanzee and organized a boycott of the film  Variety reported, "Friends of Animals thinks the chimp     suffered irreversible psychological damage after being forced to act " The Guardian commented on the increasing criticism of Hollywood's use of animals, writing, "The Wolf of Wall Street's use of a chimpanzee arrives as Hollywood comes under ever-increasing scrutiny for its employment of animals on screen"  PETA also launched a campaign to highlight mistreatment of ape "actors" and to petition for DiCaprio not to work with great apes 

1MDB scandal
In 2015, Red Granite Pictures and the film's financing became implicated in the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, a major international corruption scandal that began in Malaysia  The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) alleged the film was financed by money producer Riza Aziz stole from the Malaysian 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) sovereign wealth fund  Aziz is the stepson of then-Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak  Aziz was arrested in connection with the scandal and pleaded not guilty to money laundering charges in July 2019  According to court filings, a company owned by fugitive businessman Jho Low gave the film's producers a $9 million advance  Low was given a "special thanks" in the film's credits The film is part of a broader investigation into these illicit monetary movements, and in 2016 was named in a series of civil complaints the United States Department of Justice filed "for having provided a trust account through which hundreds of millions of dollars belonging to the 1MDB fund were illicitly siphoned"  To settle the civil lawsuit, Red Granite Pictures agreed to pay the U S  government $60 million with no "admission of wrongdoing or liability on the part of Red Granite"  This settlement was part of a more expansive U S  effort to seize approximately $1 7 billion in assets allegedly purchased with funds embezzled from 1MDB  In January 2020, Belfort sued Red Granite for $300 million, also wishing to void his rights deal; he said that he would never have sold the rights to Red Granite if he had known how the film was being financed 

Thematic controversy and debate
Various people have criticized the film as materialistic, encouraging greedy behavior, extreme wealth, and advocating for the infamous individuals portrayed in the film  Christina McDowell, whose father, Tom Prousalis, worked in association with Belfort, accused the filmmakers of "exacerbating our national obsession with wealth and status and glorifying greed and psychopathic behavior"  She emphasized the gravity and significance of Belfort's crimes, saying that Wolf of Wall Street is a "reckless attempt at continuing to pretend that these sorts of schemes are entertaining, even as the country is reeling from yet another round of Wall Street scandals" After DiCaprio defended himself from criticism, Variety journalist Whitney Friedlander called the film "three hours of cash, drugs, hookers, repeat" and argued that the film is a "celebration of this lifestyle" and implies that short-lived extreme wealth and extraordinary experiences are superior to normal behavior Nikole TenBrink, vice president of marketing and membership at Risk and Insurance Management Society, has said the film is a "cautionary tale of what can happen when fraud is left unchecked"  She describes Belfort's business acumen, his talent in communicating and selling his ideas, and his ability to motivate others as offering "valuable lessons for risk professionals as they seek to avoid similar pitfalls" 

Belfort's reaction
Belfort said of the film's depiction of himself and Stratton Oakmont that it did an excellent job at describing the "overall feeling" of those years, adding, "the camaraderie, the insanity, that was accurate"  Of his drug use, Belfort said that his actual habits were "much worse" than is depicted in the film and that he was "on 22 different drugs at the end" Belfort also analyzed the inaccuracies in the film's oversimplification of Stratton Oakmont's gradual transition from advocating for "speculative stocks" in order to "help build America" to committing crimes  He said he "didn't like hearing" overly simplified and blunt depictions of his crimes because "it made me look like I was just trying to rip people off"  But Belfort did acknowledge the cinematic benefits of these oversimplifications as "a very easy way in three hours" to "move the audience emotionally" 

Nadine Maculoso's reaction
On September 28, 2022, Nadine Maculoso, Belfort's ex-wife on whom the character Naomi was based, said that the depiction of Belfort and their relationship was accurate and that she hopes to educate people on signs of domestic abuse and toxic relationships 

Accolades
The film was nominated for five Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director for Scorsese, Best Adapted Screenplay for Winter, Best Actor for DiCaprio, and Best Supporting Actor for Hill  It was also nominated for four BAFTAs, including Best Director, Best Actor and Best Adapted Screenplay, and two Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy  DiCaprio won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy 

Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack features both original and preexisting music tracks  It was released on December 17, 2013, for digital download  More than 60 songs are used in the film, but only 16 are on the official soundtrack  Among the notable exceptions are original compositions by Theodore Shapiro 

See also
The Wolf of Wall Street (1929 film)
Scam 1992
The Big Bull
Boiler Room (film)
Gordon Gekko
Microcap stock fraud
List of films that most frequently use the word "fuck"



ground_truth: Metro Manila

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Leonard Logsdail had a cameo role in the biographical film directed by whom?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 5 stars out of 5 in its first week, stating "perhaps the hosts and the judges could keep their clothes on and refrain from excessive flirting since Nach Baliye does happen to be a 'family show' "

Contestants
Rithvik Dhanjani and Asha Negi, winners on 1 February 2014
Gurmeet Chaudhary and Debina Bonnerjee, first runners-up on 1 February 2014
Ripudaman Handa and Shivangi Verma, second runners-up on 1 February 2014
Vinod Thakur and Raksha Thakur, third runners-up on 1 February 2014
Kiku Sharda and Priyanka Sharda (5th position), eliminated on 25 January 2014
Raqesh Bapat  and Ridhi Dogra (6th position), eliminated
Kanika Maheshwari and Ankur Ghai (7th position), quit on 11 January 2014
Bruna Abdullah and Omar Herror (8th position), eliminated on 8 December 2013; re-entered as wild card entrants, eliminated on 4 January 2014
Raju Srivastav and Shikha Raju (9th position), eliminated on 15 December 2013
Amrapali Gupta and Yash Sinha (10th position), eliminated on 1 December 2013
Sanjeev Seth and Lata Sabharwal (11th position), eliminated on 24 November 2013

Guests
Hina Khan
Barun Sobti
Deepika Singh
Rucha Hasabnis
Vishal Singh
Ishita Dutta
Mouni Roy
Mahek Chahal
Dharmesh Yelande
Sayantani Ghosh
Rashami Desai

Scoring chart
In this season, the scores per judge are out of 10 with the highest possible score of 30 
Red number indicates the lowest score 
Green number indicates the highest score 
  indicates the couple eliminated that week 
  indicates the returning couple that finished in the bottom three 
  indicates the returning couple that finished in the bottom two 
  indicates the winning couple 
  indicates the runner-up couple 
  indicates the third-place couple 

Season 7
Nach Baliye 7 is the seventh season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It premiered on 26 April 2015 on Star Plus  The series was produced by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor under their banner Balaji Telefilms  The series aired from Monday to Saturday nights and on Sunday evenings  The season ended on 19 July 2015 
It was hosted by Rithvik Dhanjani and Karan Patel  Marzi Pestonji, Preity Zinta  and Chetan Bhagat were the judges Kunwar Amar, Karanvir Bohra, Mukti Mohan, Sargun Mehta and Salman Yusuf Khan also appeared in a special episode 

Contestants
Scoring chart
In this season, the scores per judge are out of 10 with the highest possible score of 30 
Red number indicates the lowest score 
Green number indicates the highest score 
  Eliminated
  Bottom three
  Bottom two
  Winning couple
  Runner-up couple
  Second runner-up couple

Season 8
Nach Baliye 8 is the eighth season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It premiered on 2 April 2017 on Star Plus  The show was produced by BBC Worldwide  Sonakshi Sinha, Terence Lewis and Mohit Suri were the judges  Karan Tacker and Upasana Singh were the hosts for the show  Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya and Vivek Dahiya were declared as the winners 

Contestants
Guests
Salman Khan and Sohail Khan
Ranbir Kapoor
Arjun Kapoor and Shraddha Kapoor
Arjun Kapoor and Anil Kapoor
Sridevi
Hrithik Roshan
Diljit Dosanjh
Parineeti Chopra
Remo D'souza
Karan Patel

Scoring chart
Red number Lowest score
Green number Highest score
  Eliminated
  Bottom two
  Winning couple
  Runner-up couple
  Second runner-upThe scores per judge were out of 10 with the highest possible score of 30 
The elimination was based on public votes plus the score given by judges in the previous week 

Notes
Season 9
Nach Baliye 9 is the ninth season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It premiered on 19 July 2019  Produced by Salman Khan, it was judged by Raveena Tandon & Ahmed Khan and hosted by Manish Paul & Waluscha De Sousa 
Vighnesh Pande and his puppet character 'Anna' appeared as a comic relief for episodes featuring South Indian Megastar Prabhas and another with the Bollywood celebrity Sanjay Dutt 
The season was won by Prince Narula and Yuvika Chaudhary on 3 November 2019 

Contestants
Scoring chart
Current Couple
  Former CoupleRed number Lowest score
Green number Highest score
  Eliminated
  Bottom Two
  Winners
  Runner-ups
  Second runner-ups
  Hi5
  UnwellThe scores per judge were out of 100  Then the average score is calculated from the scores of both judges 
The elimination was based on public votes and the score given by judges 
In Week 2, Rohit and Anita did not perform as Rohit was down with Jaundice so the doctor had advised rest to him  Ahmed and Raveena saved them and they advanced to the next week without nomination 
In Week 7, Faisal & Muskaan had to quit the show as Faisal got injured 
In Week 9, Pooja & Sandeep had to quit the show as Pooja got injured 
In Week 11, The couples had to perform solo  Ridhima, Prince, Anuj, Shraddha and Vishal got a High 5, however both the partners had to score 50/50 to receive a High 5 
In week 12, every couple has to perform twice  In the first round they are getting marks out of 90  And the second round is battle between two couple  Whoever wins will get 10 marks & other get zero 
In Quarter Finale (Week 13) also, the couples had to perform twice  In first round, they performed with different  dance groups and got marks out of 100  The couples who received a High 5 were RoNita, NiShaan and ShAlam  In second round, they performed their usual performances (Theme-Retro )and got marks out of 100 The average of both the rounds was taken as their final score 
In Semi Finale (Week 14) also, the couples had to perform twice 
Passage 9:
Christian Clarke
Christian Clarke is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, portrayed by John Partridge  He first appeared in the show's 3,509th episode, originally broadcast in the United Kingdom on 17 January 2008, and was introduced as the brother of established character Jane Beale (Laurie Brett)  He was introduced as a new homosexual character for the show, following the popularity of Coronation Street's Sean Tully (Antony Cotton)  Christian and Partridge's casting were announced on 20 November 2007 Christian's storylines have mostly revolved around his relationship with Syed Masood (Marc Elliott), but his other storylines have included a friendship with Roxy Mitchell (Rita Simons) and being involved in the coming out storylines of  Ben Mitchell (Joshua Pascoe)  On 17 September 2012, it was announced that Partridge would be leaving his role, following Elliott's decision to leave the show  They left together in the 4,532nd episode, originally broadcast on 15 November 2012 Partridge returned to the show for two episodes in May 2014 which saw Christian attend the funeral of Lucy Beale (Hetti Bywater)  Christian appeared in two episodes on 19 and 20 May 2014   In January 2015, it was confirmed that Partridge would be returning for the show's 30th anniversary celebrations in February 2015  Partridge appeared in four episodes between 17 and 20 February 2015, including a fully live episode, which saw Christian attend Jane's wedding to Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt)  On 8 April 2016, it was reported that Partridge would reprise the role again in "early summer" 2016  Christian returned on 26 May 2016 and departed again on 30 May 

Storylines
2008–2012
Christian is first mentioned when his older sister Jane Beale (Laurie Brett) receives an invitation to his civil ceremony with partner Ashley Jennings (Tony Boncza)  Jane throws the invitation away but it is later found by Jane's husband Ian (Adam Woodyatt)  Jane refuses to tell Ian why she does not want to go to the ceremony but Ian wants to meet Christian, and invites him and Ashley to dinner at Fargo's Restaurant  Christian reveals that he was once in love with Jane's first husband David Collins (Dan Milne)  Ashley storms out of the restaurant and the couple end their relationship  Christian is tricked by Ian's daughter Lucy (Melissa Suffield) into letting her use his flat so she can spend some "quality time" with her boyfriend, Olly Greenwood (Bart Edwards)  Christian walks in on them about to have sex and stops them  Ian punches Christian over what happened with Lucy and Olly, but when he catches Lucy attempting to leave with Olly, he insists she move in with Christian again 
Christian is surprised to see his mother Linda (Lynda Baron) after having lost contact with her for nearly 20 years  At first, Christian dislikes her because she still disapproves of his sexuality, but when Ian's son Peter (Thomas Law) tells him how he lost his mother Cindy (Michelle Collins), Christian makes amends with her  Roxy unexpectedly goes into premature labour, and Christian offers to help raise the baby, Amy, as her marriage to Sean Slater (Robert Kazinsky) has ended  However, Roxy leaves Christian heartbroken when she gets back with Sean  She later tells Christian that he is to be Amy's godfather  Roxy gives her daughter the middle name Christina, after Christian  Christian's colleague at Masala Queen, Syed Masood (Marc Elliott), argues with him over his sexuality, saying that homosexuality goes against his God's will, but then unexpectedly kisses and has sex with Christian  Syed tries to avoid Christian, although Christian wants to begin a relationship with him  Syed refuses him although they continue with their affair, Syed eventually denies that he is gay and proposes to his girlfriend Amira Shah (Preeya Kalidas)  On the day of Syed and Amira's engagement party, Christian takes a man called Luke back to his flat, but Luke beats Christian up after revealing he is not gay and hates gay men cottaging in public places  Following this, Christian becomes agoraphobic, but Syed helps Christian return to a normal life  Christian's friend James Mackie (Paul Keating) turns up, and Syed sees them together and is jealous  After James admits that he has feelings for Christian, Syed tries to put him off  Christian finds out and tells Syed that he will be with him but he must break up with Amira, but Syed cannot go through with it, so Christian starts a relationship with James  However, one day Christian takes Syed down an alleyway and kisses him, not realising they have been seen  Christian then breaks off his romance with James and restarts his secret affair with Syed  Christian and Syed are photographed looking cosy in an alleyway  Syed is blackmailed and Christian discovers it is Lucy  Syed soon breaks off the affair, and Christian tells Syed he cannot help arrange his wedding any more 
On the wedding day, Syed admits to Christian that he is gay but cannot come out because he is not just gay, but a son, a brother and a Muslim  When he runs away, distressed, Syed's mother Zainab (Nina Wadia) sees and confronts Christian who tells her everything, but she does not believe him and attacks him verbally and physically  She then goes to the wedding and confronts Syed who eventually confesses, and she tells him to marry Amira  When Syed and Amira return from their honeymoon, Christian introduces a man called Leyton (Daniel Crowder) as his boyfriend to make Syed jealous, which works as Syed is clearly upset  However, after Syed and Amira consummate their marriage, Syed tells Christian that they are planning a baby, and says he and Christian can both move on as Christian has Leyton and Syed has Amira  However, Christian tells Syed he has broken up with Leyton and was only with him to make Syed jealous  At Syed's and Amira's flat, Christian and Syed argue, but are then seen kissing on floor of the flat by Syed's father, Masood (Nitin Ganatra)  This leads to the exposure of their affair, and Syed comes out to his family and friends, and Amira leaves Walford  However Syed rejects Christian again  Amira's father Qadim (Ramon Tikaram) and his associates track down Christian, wanting to know where Syed is  Christian says he does not know, so they beat him and leave him outside on the pavement  When Syed returns, he apologises to Christian but Christian calls him a coward, saying he never wants to see him again  Syed has therapy to attempt to cure his same-sex attraction, and he tells Christian he no longer feels anything for him  However, Syed soon admits to Christian that his therapy has not worked and he wants to admit his true feelings  Christian pushes him away, but the next day he accepts Syed when he says he chooses Christian and turns his back on his family  The pair then move in with each other  On New Year's Eve, Christian attends a party at The Queen Victoria pub, and shares a kiss with a man  Christian tells Syed, and Syed is angry, but later forgives him  They decide they would like a child and a drunken Roxy offers to be the surrogate mother  However, despite their attempt, she does not become pregnant  Syed and Christian decide to adopt, and Christian later proposes to Syed, and Syed agrees  They continue with their plans to adopt and Christian finds a new flat for them  However, Syed almost changes his mind and the couple split up until Syed realises that he does want children 
Christian starts working at the local boxing club, and whilst there, 15-year-old Ben Mitchell (Joshua Pascoe) confides to him that he is gay  Christian gives advice to the teenager, but Ben develops a crush on Christian, which he discourages  Amira returns to Walford with hers and Syed's baby, Yasmin  She promptly tells Syed that she wants him to be a part of their baby's life but bans Christian from seeing her  Syed starts to secretly see Amira and Yasmin, and Ben reports this to Christian  Christian confronts Syed and declares that Syed has to choose between him and the baby  However, he relents and gives Syed his blessing to see his child  However, Yusef Khan (Ace Bhatti) suggests to Christian that Yasmin may not be Syed's child, casting doubt in Christian's mind  Christian then asks Yusef to perform a secret paternity test on Yasmin  The results of the test state that Syed is not the father of Yasmin, and Christian reveals this to Syed and Amira  Syed is devastated, but Amira continues to claim that he is the father  Syed doubts Christian, believing that he may have falsified the test  However, it emerges that it was Yusef who falsified the paternity test  Christian feels hurt that Syed suspected him of lying, but he reluctantly agrees to let Amira and Yasmin stay with him and Syed as they have nowhere else to go  Christian is annoyed to discover that Syed is helping Amira get a home in Walford  When Christian and Ben watch a film together, they talk about Christian and Syed's relationship and Ben misreads the signals, and tries to kiss Christian  Christian is horrified and Ben runs out of the flat, seen by Zainab and Yusef  Ben later lies to Yusef that Christian touched him inappropriately, and Yusef takes Ben to tell his father, Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden)  Phil confronts Christian in the pub, and Christian punches Phil when he calls him a "nonce"  Phil leaves but later turns up at Christian's flat, smashing it up and hitting Christian with a baseball bat  Ben is forced to tell the truth so Phil leaves  However, Christian is upset with Syed for not trusting him, and when Amira tells Christian that he will be judged by the community, Christian decides to break up with Syed and leave Walford  Christian returns to Albert Square to spend Christmas with Jane  When he sees Syed and Amira, he mocks them for behaving like a couple  Syed is determined to win Christian back and asks Amira for a divorce  Christian and Syed reunite, but Amira vows to stay around  Amira later teases Christian that he will never be invited to Masood family occasions, and he tells her that her business with Syed is a smokescreen and she really wants him back   However, Amira soon tires of Walford without a husband, and leaves her daughter Yasmin in the care of Syed and Christian 
During a Masood family crisis, Christian is asked to look after Zainab on her own, and they talk  She tells him about how she lied to Yusef so that he would be killed (Zainab told him that his daughter Afia (Meryl Fernandes) was trapped in a burning building)  She wonders who will forgive her, and Christian tells her that he does  He explains that they never chose to be the people they are, and she asks if he loves Syed  He says that he does and she realises that when he said it before, she never really listened  They make amends and Zainab invites Christian to a family dinner and to the mosque  When Christian decides to enter Yasmin into a "beautiful baby" competition, Syed is angry, and refers to Yasmin as his daughter, not his and Christian's, leading to an argument between them  Before their wedding, Syed reveals to Christian that he kissed Danny Pennant (Gary Lucy), but Christian says it was just a kiss and they marry  However, Syed is in debt to Danny, who texts him  Christian sees the texts and meets Danny, who reveals that he had sex with Syed  Christian punches Danny and Syed then finds Christian badly beaten  Christian lies that he was the victim of a homophobic attack, and refuses to give Syed any details  Syed calls the police to report the assault  However, Christian is arrested for the assault on Danny  Danny tells Syed he will only retract his police statement if Syed returns £500 he owes  However, Masood threatens to tell the police about Danny's dodgy investments, so Danny withdraws the allegations  Christian asks Syed for his reassurance of their love and marriage or he will end their relationship  Syed cannot give it, so Christian moves out  Amira returns, wanting to take Yasmin to live with her and her new fiancé in Birmingham  Syed allows Amira to take her, not telling Christian, who is angry when he finds out  He plans to move to America to live with Jane  Syed discovers this through Masood, and brands Christian a hypocrite  Zainab and Lucy lock the pair in the Masoods' restaurant where they reunite  Refusing to leave without Syed, Christian has Jane book them both tickets and they leave together to go to America, planning to live closer to Amira and Yasmin once they return to the UK 

2014–2016
In May 2014, Ian visits Christian at his home in Birmingham following Lucy's death, where Jane is also staying  Christian comforts Ian and expresses his condolences  Ian asks after his son Bobby (Rory Stroud/Eliot Carrington), who is also staying with them and meets Yasmin, who Christian is babysitting whilst Syed is at work  Christian promises to attend the funeral and after Ian has left, Jane returns home and tells Christian that she won't be attending the funeral  Christian is disappointed by her behaviour  The following day, Christian returns to Walford with Bobby to attend the funeral, travelling in the family car to the church with Ian, Peter and Bobby  Following the service, Christian catches up with Roxy and asks after Amy  He then returns to Birmingham with Jane and Bobby  In February 2015, Christian returns for Jane's wedding  He calls Jane pretending that he has to work, but he arrives in the salon where Jane is getting ready moments later to surprise her 
In May 2016, Christian returns after Jane is attacked by Bobby with a hockey stick  While Jane is comatose, Ian tells Christian that Bobby killed Lucy and Jane covered it up   The next day, Linda reveals that Christian has gone back to Birmingham 

Creation
In November 2007, it was announced that a new gay character was to join the cast of EastEnders, as the show's bosses had seen how popular Antony Cotton was in the role of Sean Tully in Coronation Street  However, Partridge's character is not as camp as Cotton's, and is described as "very suave and a real charmer" and a "savvy, bright character [who is] very fun " Partridge commented that it would be "stupid" to copy Cotton's character, adding that "it's about time EastEnders had a gay character in the show " He later told Attitude that Cotton's character in Coronation Street is the reason Christian is in EastEnders due to his popularity, and that Christian was created to be the opposite of Sean  Partridge said of his character, "I think he's going to upset the apple cart at the Beales'" and "Christian, like me, is an openly proud gay man and he is certainly going to ruffle a few feathers when he arrives "
Christian 'kiss-my-guns' Clarke has the biceps of a god, and an innate inability to live a quiet life  It’s no surprise that he's Roxy Mitchell’s best mate, then  His put-downs are legendary, but Christian's brash exterior is very much that  The Christian that his friends and family know is sensitive, generous and fiercely loyal  If you're feeling down, he'll take you out for the best night of your life and provide a shoulder to cry on in the taxi home 
Talking about his casting in the role of Christian, Partridge has disclosed: "I'm slightly terrified when I come into work every day  It's an enormous machine  Plus, the actors I work with the most, Adam Woodyatt (Ian) and Laurie Brett (Jane), are such consummate professionals that I don't want to weaken the Beale family or bring anyone down   I want to stand up there with them and be seen as a good team player "

Development
Partridge has commented that one aspect of his character he most enjoys is "that he weaves in and out of lots of characters' stories, so I have interaction with loads of different people   Take his friendship with Roxy, for example — I absolutely love it, and working with Rita Simons, who plays her, is such a pleasure   We're very natural in that set-up " In turn, Simons has commented that her own character, Roxy, would be "really lost without (Christian)  He's her rock"  Partridge has also denied that Christian is a stereotypical gay man, saying "Christian wears slightly brighter colours than I would normally wear but you know it is a BBC show and we have to show that I am gay you know? I don't think it's stereotypical at all because there are what I call seven shades of gay and that goes from real straight acting to camp and I like to think that Christian has all of those elements as I do as a gay man "In June 2009, Christian begins an affair with Muslim character Syed Masood, played by Marc Elliott  The storyline is said to be controversial, as homosexuality is strictly forbidden according to mainstream interpretations of Islam  However, the show's executive producer Diederick Santer explained that the storyline will not be a moral tale, but one of human interest, adding: "[Syed] struggles with his sexuality when he finds himself drawn to Christian and he believes this goes against his faith  This is not a story about Syed and Christian's physical relationship — we don't see anything beyond one kiss " Santer also said that EastEnders always tries to "reflect modern life in multicultural Britain and [tell] social issue stories relevant to [its] diverse audience " Partridge commented on the storyline, saying: "I'm thrilled this storyline is being done  People fall in love in impossible circumstances all the time  Why are Christian and Syed any different?"Partridge told entertainment website Digital Spy that lessons were learnt after a kiss between Christian and his then-boyfriend Lee Thompson in 2008 prompted 145 complaints from viewers, saying: "Even after [the gay kiss] story, Diederick [Santer, executive producer], Dominic Treadwell-Collins, series story producer] and the BBC were brave enough to push forward with this current storyline  Everybody learned lessons from that [gay kiss] as to how to tell this story    so as not to offend people, not to be gratuitous and not to let something like a kiss be something that overshadows the story we're trying to tell  I'm immensely proud of that and immensely proud of this storyline  I'm honoured that they've allowed me to be a face for it "In December 2009, Santer was asked what his favourite storyline of the year had been  He replied "I'm really pleased with the Christian/Syed storyline  It's bold and we thought long and hard before we did it to make sure we got it right and I'm really proud with what we've done  Marc [Elliott] and John [Partridge] have absolutely stepped up to the plate and like all good EastEnders stories, we're not even half done with it yet  There's miles to go "In 2010, Christian will get a beating once his and Syed's secret is revealed  A source explained: "It seems that Christian is going to take the brunt of Syed's problems  Syed and Amira's wedding achieved one of the highest ratings of the year, so we're expecting viewers to again be gripped when this storyline reaches its dramatic climax  "There will be lots of twists and turns along the way  And sadly for poor Christian, he'll be the one who ends up taking a battering  There will also be lots of complaints " Tahir Shah from the Muslim Public Affairs Committee criticised the storyline as soon as it was reported for portraying Muslims in a negative light "EastEnders is known for its gritty and realistic storylines but we cannot condone such violence from a Muslim character," he explained  However, gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell described the plot as "groundbreaking", adding: "No storyline in any drama will ever reflect the totality of the many diverse gay lifestyles and experiences  Full credit to the BBC for having a gay Muslim character  The lives of gay Muslims are very rarely in the media "

Departure (2012)
On 7 September 2012, it was announced that Syed and Christian would be departing in November 2012 in an explosive storyline that bosses did not reveal at the time  Executive producer, Lorraine Newman said: "Marc and John have been a fantastic part of the show and their characters have been a huge success  Their storylines have broken boundaries that have not been seen in a soap before and the love for them by the viewers can be seen in their 'Chryed' fans  When Marc announced he had decided to move on, we had a tough decision to make  After numerous conversations, which included John, it was decided that there is only one outcome for Syed and Christian  We wish them both all the best for the future " Syed and Christian left together on 15 November 2012 

Returns (2014–2016)
On 7 April 2014, it was announced that Christian would be returning in May 2014 for the funeral of Lucy Beale (Hetti Bywater), who was to be killed as part of a new storyline (see Who Killed Lucy Beale?)   It was revealed on 11 May 2014 that Christian would return when Jane's ex-husband, Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) visited him "in search of Jane"  Christian returned for two episodes on 19 and 20 May 2014  On 17 January 2015, it was announced that Partridge would be returning again, this time for the show's thirtieth anniversary which would see Christian return for Ian and Jane's wedding  Of his return, Partridge said, "I am honoured to be returning to EastEnders at this most exciting time to celebrate 30 years of the show, and more importantly to find out who killed Lucy!" The show's executive producer, Dominic Treadwell-Collins, joked that Jane could not get married without having her brother at the occasion and said that the EastEnders team were "thrilled to have him [Partridge] back" for the anniversary  Treadwell-Collins then promised that Partridge's "extensive theatre experience" would be utilised as he "is plunged into EastEnders' live week " Spoiler images released on 10 February 2015 teased Partridge's return to the show, revealing that Christian would surprise Jane by initially telling her that he is unable to attend the wedding, before revealing himself to her  Partridge later teased another return to the show, saying, "I can always be lured back!"On 8 April 2016, it was announced that Partridge would be "briefly" returning for a third guest stint in "early summer" 2016, alongside Lynda Baron who plays his on-screen mother, Linda Clarke  Their return storyline was billed as "explosive" for the Beale family, "unmissable", and something that would see "change in the Beale family forever"  Partridge was confirmed to be filming EastEnders as well as touring with the production of Chicago The Musical  Of his return, Partridge said, "I am thrilled to be able to return to EastEnders whilst touring the UK with Chicago  Christian is never far from my mind – I turn my back for five minutes and look what happens " Partridge returned to filming on 14 April 2016, filming scenes which he believed would air "around June"  He described returning to filming as "wonderful" and compared to "putting on a nice, comfortable pair of shoes " He also praised the EastEnders team for being "very welcoming", adding that it "seemed so natural to be back" and felt like he had "never been away"  Partridge confirmed that he would feature in a lot of scenes with Brett as Christian will return to "look after Jane Beale"  He teased that his return may involve the 'Who Killed Lucy Beale?' storyline and would be part of a "big year" for the Beale family 

Reception
The character's introduction to EastEnders was welcomed by critics, with the Pink News deeming him to be "a realistic portrayal of a London-based, slightly older gay man " Gareth McLean of The Guardian praised the character, saying "he brings EastEnders a step closer to more accurately resembling London "In October 2008, a kiss between Christian and new love interest Lee prompted 145 complaints from viewers who were displeased that homosexual kissing had been broadcast before the 9pm watershed  The BBC released a statement defending the incident, stating: "EastEnders aims to reflect real life, and this means including and telling stories about characters from many different backgrounds, faiths, religions and sexualities  We approach our portrayal of homosexual relationships in the same way as we do heterosexual relationships  In this instance, Christian is enjoying the first flush of romance and we've shown him being affectionate with his new boyfriend in the same way any couple would  We also aim to ensure that depictions of affection or sexuality between couples are suitable for pre-watershed viewing  We believe that the general tone and content of EastEnders is now widely recognised, meaning that parents can make an informed decision as to whether they want their children to watch "

See also
List of EastEnders characters (2008)
List of LGBT characters in television and radio
List of soap operas with LGBT characters



ground_truth: Martin Scorsese