prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The historical Nimavar school in the Nimavar Bazaar, or bazar, is located in which country?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Dhussa
Dhusha, now Benighat Rorang is a Rural Municipality in Dhading District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal  At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6350  The Dhusha VDC office is located at Charaundi Bazar, which is one of the Commencing place of the White Water Rafting in Trishuli River which started longway back  The bazar is also the main business area for the whole VDC which is located along the Prithvi Highway  Like the general geographical status of the whole country, Dhusha rises from low altitude to medium - high altitude region  Charaundi Khola (Charaundi Stream), flows very close to the bazar 
Dhusha proudly boasts as it is one of the few Rural Municipality (VDCs) in the country which serves the country producing tonnes and tonnes of vegetables all the year round which mainly comprises Cabbage, Brinjal, Bitter Gourd, Tomato etc  The vegetable are sent to Kalimati Vegetable Market in Kathmandu and also various cities and towns in the country including Mugling, Narayanghat, Pokhara, Biratnagar, Dharan  It's one of the gateway to the Chitwan District via walking trail 
Tourism can be the next source of income in the VDC as the area is rich with natural resources  White water rafting is the main attraction in the area  Trishuli River, which is one of the famous river for White Water Rafting in the country, flows in between Dhusha (Dhading District) and Ghaylchowk VDC (Gorkha District)  The main rafting spots which are within the VDC are just 80 km (approx ) with some good resorts (Royal Beach Camp, Himalika Camp/Resort  etc )mainly targeted for tourist are opened in the area  The VDC is just 80 km (approx ) from Kathmandu, the capital city  "Nohak Gupha (Nohak Cave)" also lies within the VDC which can be one of the longest cave in the country though it is yet to be publicized and verified  Canyoning in also a major attraction for local and foreign tourist in the VDC 
Passage 2:
Old Bazaar, Gjakova
The Old Bazaar (Albanian: Pazari i vjetër; Serbian: Стари базар / Stari bazar) in Gjakova is the oldest bazaar in Kosovo (also known as Çarshia e Madhe (Grand Bazaar) or Dakovica  Mëhalla e Hadumit, the historical neighborhood where it is located also houses the city's oldest mosque, the Hadum Mosque (Xhamia e Hadumit), which dates from the 15th century 
The Grand Bazaar (from the Turkish: Çarşı meaning marketplace Albanian: Çarshia e Vjetër) was the heart of the economy in Gjakova, a city of trade and merchandise which served the villages around the municipality of Gjakova, the Junik zone and Gjakova’s highlands (Malësia e Gjakovës) on the border between Kosovo and Albania  The Old Bazaar was burnt and destroyed and then it was reconstructed after suffering damage during the 1999 war (the last war in Kosovo) 
Around the mosque lie the graves with sculpted decorations, with inscriptions engraved in the old Ottoman language  In the past, it was used to bury members of the popular families in Gjakova  Within the mosque’s complex were the hamam (Turkish bath) which was destroyed in 2008, the building of the old library, from 1671 (burnt by Serbian forces during the war of 1999 and totally ruined in 2000) and also meytepi from 1777 
The bazaar is linked to the city centre, just five minutes away via the IslamBegu Bridge  The bazaar covers an area of about  35,000 m2 (380,000 sq ft) and the length of its main road is 1 km, with about 500 shops situated along it  It is, however, still home to an active mosque, several türbes, and a clock tower, which was destroyed during the First Balkan War and was recently rebuilt 

History
Grand Bazaar of Gjakova arose with the appearance of the first craftsmen and the artisan processing produce; it arose then when Gjakova obtained the kasaba (small town) status, when in 1003 H (1594/95), Selman Hadim Aga donated some public facilities, which he had built himself to religious institutions the Hadum Mosque, a meytep (elementary religious school), a library, a muvakit-hane, “a building for measuring the time and determining the calendar by means of astrolabic quadrates", a public bath (hamam), an inn and some shops  For the maintenance of these facilities he asked from sultan to attach to his “vakif” some lands of sultan properties (hases), whose income should be used for the maintenance of the mentioned buildings and for the payment of the staff that would work there 
However, the first direct facts about the Grand Bazaar were provided by the Turk traveloguer Evlia Çelebi, who visited Gjakova in 1662 and, it seems, was amazed by the beauty and treasure of the city and of Gjakovar citizens  Among other things, he wrote: “Jakova has two thousand decorated houses located in a vast field  It has two beautiful mosques, mosques without a minaret (“mesjide”), inns covered in lead  It has a beautiful public bath (hamam) that pleases your heart and about three hundred shops with one thousand kinds of crafts  Referring to the impressions the Gjakovars left on him, he continues "Since it has a lovely climate, the inhabitants are good looking and kind" 
As it can be seen from the beginnings, there was a great number of shops in the Grand Bazaar, in which almost all kinds of trades were developed aiming at fulfilling all the needs of the population of the region of Gjakova and of export such as those of metal processors, leather processors, textile processors, tinsmiths, saddlers, (shag-makers) white woolen cap-makers, rug-makers etc 
The metal processing included some very important trades for that time, such as gunsmiths, silversmith, copper dishes productions, tinsmith etc  In the 18th century the famous gun master Tush the gunsmith was mentioned in Gjakova, who dealt not only with their producing, but also with their decoration  As a master of luxurious guns producing, which at that time were requested without any distinction by all the social classes, he managed to create, in this century, “the people's school" of this trade, known until today by his name 

Hadum Mosque
A shepherd from the Guskë village was looking after his sheep and goats  The Turkish (Ottoman) guards noticed that a bird was flying over him, which according to the saint books, meant that he was a good and wise man, so they went and talked to him  He invited them as guests for a night and hosted them with all he had  The shepherd also was a good talker and the Turkish guards learned that his name was Hadum and understood that he was very smart and wanted to be educated  Hadum was taken to Istanbul, where he finished the preacher school  After that, he wanted his own mosque so the Turkish administration helped him again  The Turkish guards searched for an appropriate place for a mosque, not far from the Guskë village  They noticed a flat field, close to a hill (now known as the Çabrati hill), and found the owners of the land, with whom they talked about buying a piece of land  The owners were Jak and his brother Vulë, and they didn’t want to sell any land  The Turkish guards managed to change their minds and they told them they only needed land as much as the skin of an ox, and the brothers agreed  In fact, they were really crafty  They took the skin of an ox, cut all of its big, long hair and they put it in a sack  The other day they went to the field, took the hair out and started to put them on the ground  The brothers saw that the Turkish guards had lied to them, but since they had nothing to say, they only wanted the place’s name to be Jakovë (the combination of the brothers’ names Jakë and Vulë)  The Turkish administration accepted the name, which later was changed to Gjakovë  
70 years later, Evliya Çelebi said that around the plain of Jak Vula and Hadum Mosque were 2000 houses, some masjid and two monumental mosques, inns covered in lead, a beautiful hamam and 300 shops  The Hadum Mosque as an architectural building belongs to the classic forms of the mosques in the group of the Kosovar style  It is covered with cubes; it has a right-angled rectangular base and a minaret which comes out of the south-west wall, in a right-angled base  The blueprint and the compositional scheme contain these parts: the hall of praying, Hayat and the minaret 

Crafts
The craft of cutlers, that used to be practised also in Gjakova, was older than the one of gunsmiths  The craftsmen dealing with this craft used to produce different knives, such as "dimi", daggers, yatagans, etc , whose handles they decorated with beautiful ornaments 
According to the English author Night, Gjakova was one of the most interesting towns with quite craftily inhabitants in metal processing  He would express himself that “the most beautiful saddles, filigree products, the golden sword handles making and the decorations of yatagans and pistols were produced here from hard-working people  He would, further continue: “Albanians of Shkodra, Gjakova and Prizren are well-known masters in the production of guns and other items of metal  J  Mueller claimed in 1838, about Gjakova, that the guns of this town especially the pistols enjoy a special respect also in Sarajevo 
Luxury personal objects and other artistic items, worked in gold, silver and pearls were constructed here  The silversmiths' works matched not only the taste and requirements of the local population, but also those of foreign countries  Therefore, the silversmiths became well-known with their artistic products everywhere  Th  Ippen wrote that the silver products of Gjakova were traded everywhere and “are famous all over Albania”  The English journalist Mehew wrote, among other things: “Albanians are not only hardworking and capable of different handwork, but the country has some rare products, which do not remain behind some artistic products of our western capitals at all  Can this be said for Montenegrins, Bosnians or Serbs? In the towns of Peja and Gjakova filigree works in gold and silver are made, which are much better than those of Malta, both from the artistic sense expressed in their motives and in the weaving and wonderful finesse of these items  These excellent works of Gjakova, similar to laces, are demanded in every market, as well as very precious “golden cups made in filigree, made to protect the hand from burning”- as Lord Byron mentioned them in his work Don Juan, which usually are put under the little coffee cups, are always of Albanian production 
Among Gjakovar silversmiths' products for personal decoration were the rings, earrings, wrist rings, “feses”, etc  that were used in local rich families and were exported to Istanbul  Also, the silversmiths used to decorate the pipes, mirror frames, etc 

Guns
According to the 19th-century Bulgarian scholar, Ivan Mihov, Gjakova was also among most important centers of luxurious guns production  The Shkodra French consul, Hecardy, would write that “same as all the other Albanians, also the highlanders like luxurious guns", which were decorated with a lot of art (passion), with carving, with mother-of pearls (“sedef”) and pearls, which were produced in Prizren, Gjakova and in Tetova  Gunsmiths of Gjakova, had become well known for the production of "Gjakova pistols”, “whose value consisted especially in the beauty of the round but pommel or rosary" 
As better known Gjakovar gunsmiths are mentioned Tusha from the 18th century, whose name is related to the development of gunsmithery and silversmithery in this town, whereas in the 19th century Emin Kazari, Murat Nuka, Ramadan Nuka, Çaush Basha, Beqir Pula, etc  are mentioned  Referring to the gunsmithery tradition, Theodor Ippen, among other things, wrote, “…Earlier, in Shkodra, Prizren, and in Gjakova, there were large gunsmith, long rifle, and side-handgun and yataghan workshops  These old guns were then in wide use  There are facts, according to which Gjakovar gunsmiths set up workshops also outside their place, competing successfully the products of those places where they established their shops  Thus they caused the discontent of the local gunsmiths  In a letter sent to prince Milos, on 6 October 1837, it is said that in Gurgusovac there is a gunsmith from Gjakova, Bajram Mustafa with his two sons-apprentices, against whom the local craftsmen were complaining 
Tushe was considered as the most talented master for producing and decoration of celinas  The long rifles and those of waist of Gjakova, produced "in the Albanian fashion", decorated with gold and silver had become well-known all over Europe since the 18th century  However, according to Franz Noptsche, Gjakova became well-known later also for the producing of "martin" type guns and was a strong competitor in selling this product in the home market  But this gun model as well as other guns of Albanian fashion were sold also abroad in most distant markets  Gjakovar gunsmiths used to produce also other necessary equipment for the use of guns, such as circles, which were in use until the 1860s and 1870s, until the beginning of use of fire guns with “viaskas”  Although initially the Gjakovar gunsmiths produced rifles, later they shifted exclusively to bullet producing  Among other things, they would go to cattle fairs in Ivanjica, where they would successfully sell their products  The Gjakova craftsmen used to produce cartridges for the rebels of Karageorge  According to Sami Frashëri in Gjakova guns, silver, Albanian national costumes and some kinds of silk fabrics were produced  The trade was very much developed there  Often Albanian guns were called (labelled) by the names of places of production  Thus, among other things, the Gjakovars (the hunt guns) were well known, guns that were decorated according to the “people’s school” style of the 18th century of the famous gunsmith and silversmith Tusha 

Clothing
The working of national costumes, which were decorated with autochthonous ornaments, had the priority for both women and men  It is known that the Albanian national costumes were distinguished for their beauty and for the fine taste of Albanian tailors  Therefore, it is no wonder why Byron had bought Albanian costumes, in which he was painted in front of European artists  The Russian academic Alexander Hilferding, who visited Gjakova in 1857, wrote among other things: "The mydyrr of Gjakova, an Albanian of extraordinary beauty, dressed in a wide faultless white kilt and with a short red jacket stitched (embroidered) in gold, sent me to the clergyman's house     The tailors of Gjakova worked costumes according to the taste and requests of different social categories and according to the needs of different countries, where they sold their products  They embroidered with modest equipment with gold or silver fibers and, from time to time, in lace (galloons) gowns, waistcoats, tight woolen trousers, sleeveless dresses (fermens), vests (doublets-for women), dolmans, shirts (mintans), etc 

Weavers
The weavers of Gjakova produced out of silk and wool fibers of all kinds for the decoration of different parts of national wear galloons, strips, buttons, silk thread (ibrisimi) etc  for the town and their weavers  They would sell these products successfully also in other towns  According to original (local) legends, in 1864, they sent to the international fair of Prilep, 20 bales (bundles) with items of an amount of 120 thousand groshes 
Gjakova was well known for its talented white woollen cap producers, since the establishment of the Grand Bazaar, because the white cap was part of Albanian national costume  It is known that the type of the white round cap (kësulë) similar to present day cap (plis) represents a part of Illyrian wear  The Albanians who took part in the battle of Kosovo, in 1389, according to the legend, came with white woollen caps, as the present day ones  In addition to this, the type of white woollen cap called the Scanderbeg grave speaks of the antiquity of the Albanian woollen white cap  
Thanks to ethnic structure of the population of Gjakova, which the Russian academic Hilferding, called, in 1857, the Albanian city Gjakova was from the beginning the only town of this craft, whereof it spread also into other regions of Kosovo, Northern Albania, Western Macedonia, Sanjak of Jeni Pazar, etc , whilst another town for the South and Middle Albania was Tirana  The mentioned places were supplied in the 18th and 19th centuries with white woollen caps from Gjakova 
White woollen cap makers from Gjakova set up their workshops also in Shkup, in Tetova, in Pazar i Ri, in Sjenica and in Sarajevo  
The oldest way of making the white woollen caps with a log (block) (taslak), that was used until the end of the 19th century, was called the "Gjakovar” way (fashion), which differed way from the most perfect way of "Tirana" with two logs (blocks) (taslaks), which started being practised also in Gjakova around the end of 19th century and beginning of the century  The foreman of white woolen cap makers’ guild in Gjakova, which was not as strong as the others in the time of Turkey, was mentioned to have been Jup Bakalli  The Craftsmen Chamber of Gjakova had registered 16 white woollen cap shops before the World War II 

Tailors
Since the 18th century, especially in the 20th century, along with the metal processing, the processing of wool and silk, etc , went also on  In the Grand Bazaar of Gjakova felt cloth, woollen and silk fabrics (cloths), woollen and silk pipings (galloons) etc  used to be produced and sold in great amounts and were exported in even greater amounts in the markets and fairs of the neighboring provinces of Balkan countries, in Medieval countries and in Central European countries, too  Beautiful and high quality carpets and rugs were produced and sold there  The year book ("Salname") of Prizren Vilayet of 1874 used to mention the great number of tailors (“terzis”), tanners (“tabaks”) and embroiderers  The tailors used to work, according to it, first class cord dolmans and waistcoats for women and men, but these products used to meet only the country's needs  But for their own needs, the inhabitants of kasaba (the town) used to produce a kind of rough woollen cloth-worsted cloth  This shows that the textile artisan production had exceeded the patriarchal borders and had entered widely into the road of production of goods for market  
In Gjakova the tailors were divided into categories according to the town social classes  The first category for example, worked for the rich city classes with selected import cloths which were with high prices  Sami Frasheri claimed that the Gjakova craftsmen “sew nice costumes weave the galloon, produce "sole", shoes and other products”  In Peje and Gjakova, he would continue, “guns, silver dishes, national Albanian costumes and some silk fabrics were produced”  This craft (trade) existed in Gjakova until the 1970s  This craft is nowadays practised only by women “which is a unique and characteristic phenomenon for this craft and typically for Gjakova”  However, until recently it was practised also by men in their houses, like Him Xhama, Reshyt Xharra etc  In fact even today this craft is practiced by Mr  Fehmi Shllaku  The tailors' guild in Gjakova was the most powerful guild 
According to Ivan Stepanovich Jastrebov, the tailors' guild was distinguished for its wealth  It had 200 shops, which were always busy  Let us mention that the Gjakova craftsmen of national costumes for brides and other young women, with luxurious decorations with gold and silver fibers (filaments), practised this craft until recently only in Gjakova, whereof it spread also in other regions of Kosovo, because these wears got again in trend  The waistcoats and shirts (mintans) became an obligatory part of costumes for brides and young women  In the period 1945- 1963 Gjakova had twice more tailors than any other center of Kosova  Pristina had 39 tailor and tailor shops, Mitrovica had 61, Prizren 60, Peja 56, whilst Gjakova 112, of which 69 were registered as old tailors (terzis), whereas 47 as modern tailors 

Leather production
The leather production gave impetus also to the development of the craft of furrier (leather worker), craft of leather processing  The furriers produced boxes for tobacco and money, saddlebags, cartridge belts, wallets, sashes (leather waistbands), saddles, reins, bridles, belts and other necessary products for the supply of transport and pack animals  Saddles were the most precious articles produced by the furriers  They were decorated with silver, with colorful and metal decorations etc  In Shkodra, in Gjakova, and in Manastir, according to Mueller, saddles were produced, which differed from the others, because their rear and front parts were more lifted  The furriers (leather workers), same as tanners and slipper makers, used to sell their products inland and abroad  But around the end of the 19th century the fall of these crafts started 
The making of moccasins was a craft related to the leather production and spread in the Grand Bazaar since early times  However, the production of shoes influenced in the fall of this production in the 1890s  According to the yearbook (salname) of Kosovo vilayet of 1887 “low-heel shoes and slipper of Gjakova have fallen and they do not have the previous value” 
An old craft practised until recently was the one of fur processing with domestic and wild animal leather, such as those of suckling lambs, of foxes, of beech marten etc  The furs that were produced in Gjakova, which had a good tradition in this production, were also sold in outer market  Mueller wrote “the processing of wild leather into furs and of sheep leather is done in Peja, Gjakova and Dibra  In Gjakova the craft of goat-wool rug makers was developed, which was related to the way of goods transportation on horses, in caravans   The raw material of these craftsmen was the goat wool for producing rags, rugs, sacks, saddle-bags, different bags, breast collars and horse covers, large sacks, different rugs (halis) for bedding etc  In the early 20th century the rug makers of Gjakova processed 2 thousand kg of goat wool 

Pipe makers
It is worth mentioning that Gjakova was known in the whole region of Dukagjini Plain mostly for the development of pipe-makers craft, whilst the center for Kosovo was Pristina  This craft existed in these two centers until the late 1960s  Other craftsmen like clog (wooden sandal) makers, carpenters, and wood carvers from villages etc  used to deal with production of pipes, long pipes (chibouks, çubuks), and cigarette-boxes  In the past this craft was carried out also by silversmiths, who took care particularly of decoration of long pipes and weavers, who wove with silky galloons parts of the smoking set  The raw material used for the production of chibouks, long pipes, cigarette boxes and pipes was wood and horn, but in the past, ivory and bones were used  The terminology of this craft in Gjakova was in Albanian, whereas in Pristina it was in Turkish language 
The oldest chibouk-makers family was the one of Zejnullah Ramadani, who until around 1958 kept his shop in the Little Bazaar  Until then also the brothers Dan and Shaban Dema and Ahmet Muhaxhiri had their shops in the end of 19th century, due to better profit conditions  Beqir Tirana moved in (settled) in Gjakova, who returned to his hometown in the early 20th century 

Carpentry
The carpenters, who had their shops, many in the Box-makers Street, but also in other parts of the Grand Bazaar and other parts of the city, worked and carved with hand tools objects for daily needs in household, in building and in artisan workings, such as boxes and housewife boxes for brides, cradles and hammocks for children, boards for braziers and brassieres; school desks, folding chairs for reading, bookcases, shelves and ceiling decorations, decorations and carvings for rifle butts, coffins and equipment for Muslim and Christian corpses etc  They decorated luxurious products with paints and carving  They learned the painting craft, the combination of eleven paints, from the master Rexhep Shkodra  Inspired from him, they became later themselves authors of different ornaments of floral world with the wood carving that they had inherited from ancient times  
The most famous carpenters were the families of Qarri, Kusari, Canamusa, Alushi and Cana of Dallt, Rasim and Ymer Tullumi, Tafil Morinaa, Ismet Saliuka etc 

Bookbinding
Another interesting characteristic, it seems, only for Gjakova, was the bookbinders' craft (mucelits), who, dealt with the binding of different books and manuscripts; repairing old books damaged by long usage or of any other physical damage and, above all they dealt with copying the works of different authors, which, they then distributed to libraries, or gave as gifts to their friends or to well-known scholars  They were usually people who cultivated nice handwriting  Their work tools were usual, simple of wood, which were made, in our concrete case, by the bookbinders themselves  This craft was practiced traditionally in Gjakova, from generation to generation by the members of Doli family until recently  In the second half of the 19th century Bajram Jusuf Doli (1833–1917), a non-exhausting handwriting copier was mentioned, who, in addition to the craft of the bookbinder, also practiced the profession of a teacher  Almost all the writing in Albanian with the Arabic alphabet such as those of Mullah Beqir, of Mullah Dervish, etc , were copied with his hand  He constructed the tools for binding the manuscripts and books made of wood  There is not a town in Kosovo in which one cannot find of his manuscripts  We can say one that over one hundred manuscripts that are kept in different collections in Kosovo have been copied and bound by this great sympathizer of the written word  About Mullah Bajram Efendi Doli, as well-known copier of old oriental literature and other manuscripts written in Arabic Ottoman alphabet we have data from different authors and old citizens Mullah Bajram copied rare and unique specimens with an artistic handwriting, bound, sow and made the covers 
One of four works in manuscript, unknown until now, of Tahir Efendi Boshnjaku-Gjakova, found and identified recently, Hyda Rabbem (God is my Lord), written in lyrics, in Ottoman language in 1832, is kept only in three copies, two of which were copied by Bajram Jusuf Doli, whereas one by Muhamed Tahir Jaka, also from Gjakova  The son of Mullah Bajram, Mullah Hamdi Efendi Doli (1897–1994) was the last bookbinder from this family, who practiced this craft at home  He spent all his life on books, cleaned them page per page, folded them up and bound them with a special passion  The tools, he worked with were old and very interesting " He copied the books so nice that it was difficult to distinguish them from those of the printing house  He put them within the cover bound them with a needle and rope or with glue, according to the demands of the requester  He also arranged the archives of administrative documents, which he bound in the form of a book and was well paid for that, but he distributed this profit to the poor  The existence of this craft itself speaks of the high cultural-educational level of this prospering artisan and trade center (town) 

Musical instruments
Another craft, about which there are very few data available, is that of musical instruments production  We know only that in Gjakova used to live in the second half of the 19th century the well-known singer and musician Ramadan Gunga, who supported his family by his craft of a master of musical instruments production, such as sharkhis, two-stringed lutes, etc , that his beautiful sharkhis were decorated with a mother-of-pear eagle and with ivory spots, that he had a shop and that on the market day he played nice melodies to advertise his ware  We also know that his pupil and later his friend, the singer and instrumentalist, Din Bakija, had made himself a sharkhi and a personal box  This craft was practiced, along with their basic vocation, also by the carpenters and wood-carvers, who mostly dealt with mending the broken instruments, such as the well-known master in Gjakova, Rasim Tullumi  He had acquired his basic knowledge on the features of different kinds of wood that he used in different parts of a musical instrument, from his father Malush  In the production and repair of musical instruments Rasim was aided by his brother Ymer, who, as an instrumentalist of bugan (sort of a musical instrument), his father Malush, had brought him from Istanbul, participated in the musical group of Ymer Riza 

Trade
According to some statistics in the early 20th century in Gjakova there were 400 craftsmen  The vigorous development of craftsmanship stimulated also the development of trade  "The people of Gjakova have a tendency agriculture, but they are more betrothed to trade  They go to distant places where they open their shops, inns etc  to provide for their living" was written in the yearbook (salname) of the vilayet of Kosova in 1887  The Gjakovar traders and craftsmen used to sell their product not only in Grand Bazaar, but also in many markets in other towns of Ottoman Empire, of Serbia and Austria  According to the facts, in the 1720s, the traders of Pristina and Gjakova transported their goods firstly to Dubrovnik and then to Italy  In 1803 the trader (merchant) from Gjakova, Jonuz Spahiu, had sold 114 bales of small leathers in Venice  In 1827 Salih Gjakova and Kërsto Gjakova sent gunpowder, rifles and flint stone to Sarajevo, whilst a year later, Hasan Gjakova and his nephew Hamza sent three bales of rifles to Serbia  According to the minutes of customs duty (cymryks) of Pozhega, of Aleksinac, of Kragujevac, of Mokra Gora, of Belgrade, etc , the traders from Gjakova sold their goods such as silk galloons, tobacco, rice, maize, eels, razors, soles, double-barrel sporting rifles, pistols, long rifles, cartridges, gunpowder, flint stones, wax, snuff, different leathers, salt, oil, cotton, cotton breast collars, cotton ribbons, silver galloons, scarfs, figs etc  Ali Sulejmani from Gjakova, in 1837, transported 56 loads of sheep leathers and other goods in an amount of 283 38 groshes, through Belgrade to Austria whereas in 1841, Halil Dobruna transported through Serbia to Austria galloons in an amount of 1800 groshes and 21,5 loads of Morocco leather (saftjan)  
In Serbian folk songs Gjakova is mentioned as "the Albanian market" (Arnaut Pazar in Turkish)  According to Mueller: “Sheep are developed, especially around Gjakova, and their wool makes a considerable item of export  Among better known traders, the rich family of Hajdar’s is mentioned, which dealt with wool foreign trade  They had their branches in Vidin, in Budapest, in Vienna, in Thessaloniki, in Istanbul etc  In addition to this, they had large properties in the district of Nish, Leskocvac and Vranje which they kept until 1878 

Hostels
The dense development of foreign trade suggested the need for hotel-keeping facilities, where the traders and pack animals, as the only means of goods transport, would rest  Almost all the houses of the citizens of Gjakova had alongside the large front door at the end of the large yard, a dwelling/housing facility, which consisted a room for known and unknown guests, with a fireplace, a bathroom and a separate toilet; a livery stable for placing the pack animals and the hayloft above it for keeping the animal food (nutrition), then the wheat wooden case (granary), maize case etc  In this part of the house the guests, who didn't manage to complete all the works during the market day, were placed and fed, which in some cases, when the Grand Bazaar reached its peak of development, lasted until three days sometimes it was organized even twice a week  The houses of beys, agas and of middle classes were in the form of towers with two or three floors, in a more beautiful style than those of the village, like fortresses with large yards, at the end of which was the guests' quarter (selamllek)  Such was the yard of the house of Avdi beg in the center of town next to Hadum Mosque  
On the other hand, there were other public hotel-keeping facilities- the inns and caravanserais  Inns were similar in function to the present-day hotels, whilst caravanserais, as the word itself suggests, served for placing the passengers and their pack animals that participated in the caravan for carrying the goods  In 1835, the Haraqia Inn was known in Gjakova  During the 1870s and 1880s Gjakova had 16 inns  Mueller mentions in 1838 the large caravansary of Gjakova that hosted up to 100 guests traders with their animals and where the Armenian money ex-changers (sarafs) had their large halls as well  A hotel was also mentioned in Gjakova, which was state owned property to hotel-keepers with high fees, who often reached up to 300 thousand piastres a year  According to an old Byzantine tradition, which was developed even more in the period of Ottoman rule, each craft or trade had its street or road (square)  This style of arrangement was organized by guilds, which had imposed a strict discipline and a rigorous control in production, both regarding the quality and quantity of the goods that were allowed to be produced and especially to brindle the competition between the craftsmen and the trader members of the guild 

Shejh Emin Tekke
The Shejh Emin Tekke is situated at the complex of the Gjakova Big Bazaar, at the part called the "main market"  It was built in the XVII ct   The building belongs to Saadi sect, and the constructor was Shejh Emin  His profession was also professional layer (called "kadi") educated at the Ottoman Empire centres  The inheritor of the tekke is now Shejh Ruzhdi  A characteristic of the tekke is that during its building it was applied the traditional building method  The foundation and the ground floor were built by the carved stone, while the first floor was built by bricks, the roof is a wooden construction with extended eaves and there are decorations on the walls and on the ceiling  On its floor it is situated the zone of "samahane" which is the praying quarter while the cupola is wood carved  Architecture concept of the object belongs to the citizen folk architecture and presents a complex of buildings with tekkes, tyrbes (small mausoleums), samahane (ritual prayer hall), fountains, houses and other following buildings  Interior and exterior are rich in carved woodwork  This building is explicit for its guestroom on the second floor shaped in octagon form  It's very interesting monument architecture wise, because it presents a rare sample of sacral architecture that will serve for studying, as tourism attraction, but also as a religious building encumbered with many tangible and spiritual heritage values 

Bektashi Tekke
The Bektashi Tekke in Gjakova (Đakovica) was established in 1790, and it is the only building of its kind in Kosovo  It is the headquarters of the country's Islamic Sufi order  This building was reconstructed after being demolished during the last Kosovo conflict 
The message of Kosovo's Bektashi spiritual leader, father Mumin Lamas, “Without the homeland there is no religion ” This tekke—or temple—used to be an education center for many generations, but during the last conflict, its rich library was completely destroyed  “Bektashi is known as a mystic belief in the Muslim religion  Its aim is the spiritual sophistication of human kind ”  It does not discriminate by race, gender, language or national origin  In the last war of Kosovo, the Tekke was burnt and destroyed, losing so a library with thousands of book and tens of manuscripts  "Everything was burnt, including 58 manuscripts  One of them contained 100 pages but there were also 400 pages manuscripts," said father Mumin Lama 
On the right side of the temple, seven of Bektashi's nine fathers, who have served in this building since 17th century, are buried  It is worth noting that father Qazim Bakalli, a clever calm man who impressed people with his remarkable wisdom, is buried here Home to Gjakova’s mystical Bektashi order, this modern tekke painted in traditional green and white colours was built in 2007 on the foundations of the original  Located in the centre of the Çarshia e Madhe, it's open by appointment, and it's under the leadership of Baba Mumin Lama  Like all other Bektashi tekkes, this one in Gjakova is open for men and women to pray at the same time and is the property of all believers 

Clock tower
Clock tower stands in the historic center of the Grand Bazaar, at a place known as the “Field of the Clock“  According to the Islamic calendar it was built in the year 1002, which is 1597 in the Gregorian calendar  As a town experiencing rapid economic development, Gjakova acquired its clock tower shortly after the construction of the Hadum’s Mosque  The building was destroyed during the Balkan wars (1912)  The belfry was removed and transported to Montenegro  A new tower close to the foundations of the previous clock tower was erected recently, with the intention of recreating the original building on the basis of archived photographic material  The tower is a square building with 4 10 m long sides, reaching a height of about 30 m  The construction is mainly of stone, with the walls up to the observation area in a combination of stone and brick: the part of the tower above the observation area is wooden  The roof is covered with lead  On the western facade of this reconstructed tower are some inscribed stones from the original tower 

See also
Bazaar
Gjakova
Kosovo
Passage 3:
Grand Bazaar, Isfahan
The Grand Bazaar (in Persian: Bazar Bozorg, بازار بزرگ)  is a historical market located in Isfahan, Iran, also known as the Qeysarriyeh Bazaar (in Persian: بازار قيصريه), Qeysarie bazaar or Soltani bazaar  The main commercial activities in the Qeysarie bazaar are carpet and kilim selling 
The bazaar was one of the greatest and most luxurious trading centers in the Safavid era  It was built in 1620 on the northern side of Naqsh-e Jahan Square  It connects the Naqsh-e Jahan Square to the Kohneh Square and Seljukid part of Isfahan The Qeysarie bazaar includes the following parts:

Orian bazaar
Harounie
Nimavard-e Golshan
Makhlas
Samavarsazha (Samovarmakers)
MaqsudbeykIn the Qeysarie bazaar, there are many historical buildings such as Nimavar school, Sadr school, Khayyatha mosque, No mosque, Zolfaghar mosque, Shishe mosque and Jarchi mosque  The Qeysarie gate is the main entrance of the bazaar 

History
It was originally constructed during the 11th century on the southwest wing of the Jameh Mosque and Kohneh Square, but various arcades and rooms were later added  The present remnant dates from the Safavid period, during which the Qaysariya Bazaar was built on the north wing of Naqsh-e Jahan Square, a square which was developed as a substitute for Kohneh Square 
The bazaar, one of the oldest and largest in the Middle East, dates to Seljukid and Safavid era and is the longest roofed market in the world   The site has been destroyed several times and the contemporary bazaar dates to the 17th century  The bazaar is a vaulted two-kilometre street linking the old city with the new In the Middle-East, bazaars were typically situated in close proximity to the mosque and the Isfahan Bazaar is no exception  The Bazaar of Isfahan is located in downtown old Isfahan, Iran, in the northern section of the Naqsh-e Jahan Square  The main entrance called Qeisarieh stretches through to Jameh Mosque, the oldest mosque in Isfahan, and one of the oldest in Iran Before entering the Grand Bazaar, visitors can see views of the square, which is one of the largest squares in the world  All around the square are bazaars full of Persian handicrafts 

See also
List of the historical structures in the Isfahan province
Passage 4:
Ramaipur
Ramaipur is a village in Bhadohi district, Uttar Pradesh, state India  The village is located on the link road which connects Chauri Bazar at Varanasi-Bhadohi road to Maharazganj Bazar on Varanasi-Allahabad road  The nearest railway station is Parasipur railway station on the line connecting Lucknow to Varanasi via Bhadohi  The Parasipur railway station is 7 kilometres (4 3 miles) from the village  The village market is spread adjacent to the pitch road  The bazaar has at least 10 grocery shops, three primary schools, four barber shops at least half a dozen sweet shops and dozen chai and pan shops  The weekly sabzi bazar is conducted on Thursday  The market provides daily use items to nearby villages too  there are more than twenty self-appointed medical practitioners, none qualified academically  However, these jhola chap doctors offer primary health services to many people around Ramaipur 

Worker
The major economic activity of the village is agriculture, mainly subsistence based, and carpet weaving  The landless people weave the famous bhadohi woolen carpets but not the people from higher caste of Brahmins  Many people have migrated to Kolkata and Mumbai and post order money is a very prominent source of income  There is one rabi crop of wheat and another kharif crop of rice mainly with help of irrigation by ground water pumped through a government-installed bore well and a couple of private ones  There is hardly any commercial cropping  Much of land is alkaline, posing a great difficulty to agricultural activity 
Passage 5:
Begum Bazaar
Begum Bazaar is the biggest commercial market in Hyderabad, India  It was established during the Qutb Shahi rule  Begum Bazar is located about a half of a kilometer from the Naya Pul bridge in the Old City  It is an old retail and wholesale market for household commodities  Several popular brassware merchants and copper brassware traders are based here   The bazar is also known for its congestion and heavy traffic  Deals worth crores of rupees are struck daily  It is also famous for spices and the markets nearby Charminar, a historic monument 
Begum Bazar also boasts the second biggest fish market in Hyderabad, only behind the one at Musheerabad 
The adjoining Moazzam Jahi Market is the largest fruit and vegetable market in the city  This market is being slowly replaced by the one at Kothapet, beyond Dilsukhnagar 
It is also close to the historic Osmania General Hospital and the Musi River  The Jumerat Bazaar is specially hosted on Thursdays where all kinds of household commodities are sold  Mangal Bazaar is the main place in Begum Bazaar where  household utensils are sold 

History
The land of Begum Bazaar was gifted to the merchants of Hyderabad by Humda Begum, the wife of His Highness Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II, for trade and commerce  After developing into a market, this bazaar came to be known as Begum Bazaar 

Transport
The TSRTC buses connect Begum Bazaar with all parts of the city  Afzal Gunj is the nearest bus stop 
The closest MMTS railway station is at Malakpet while the Nampally station is also nearby 
The nearest metro station is MGBS 

Political
Begum Bazaar falls under the Goshamahal Assembly Constituency which is part of Hyderabad's Lok Sabha Seat  T Raja Singh Lodh is a BJP MLA from Goshamahal (Assembly constituency), Hyderabad 

See also
Passage 6:
Bazaar
A bazaar (Persian: بازار) or souk (Arabic: سوق, romanized: sūq; also transliterated as souq or suq) is a marketplace consisting of multiple small stalls or shops, especially in the Middle East, the Balkans, North Africa and South Asia  However, temporary open markets elsewhere, such as in the West, might also designate themselves as bazaars  The ones in the Middle East were traditionally located in vaulted or covered streets that had doors on each end and served as a city's central marketplace  Street markets are the European and North American equivalents 
The term bazaar originates from Persian, where it referred to a town's public market district  The term bazaar is sometimes also used to refer collectively to the merchants, bankers and craftsmen who work in that area  The term souk comes from Arabic and refers to marketplaces in the Middle East and North Africa Although the lack of archaeological evidence has limited detailed studies of the evolution of bazaars, the earliest evidence for the existence of bazaars or souks dates to around 3000 BCE  Cities in the ancient Middle East appear to have contained commercial districts  Later, in the historic Islamic world, bazaars typically shared in common certain institutions, such as the position of the muḥtasib, and certain architectural forms, such as roofed streets and courtyard buildings known in English as caravanserais  The exact details of their evolution and organization varied from region to region 
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Western interest in oriental culture led to the publication of many books about daily life in Middle Eastern countries  Souks, bazaars and the trappings of trade feature prominently in paintings and engravings, works of fiction and travel writing 
Shopping at a bazaar or market-place remains a central feature of daily life in many Middle-Eastern and South Asian cities and towns and the bazaar remains the beating heart of West Asian and South Asian life; in the Middle East, souks tend to be found in a city's old quarter  Bazaars and souks are often important tourist attractions  A number of bazaar districts have been listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites due to their historical and/or architectural significance 

Terminology by region
Bazaar
In general a souk is synonymous with a bazaar or marketplace, and the term souk is used in Arabic-speaking countries, with the Hebrew cognate shuk used in Israel 
The origin of the word bazaar comes from Persian bāzār, from Middle Persian wāzār, from Old Persian vāčar, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wahā-čarana  The term, bazaar, spread from Persia into Arabia and ultimately throughout the Middle East The term bazaar is a common word in the Indian subcontinent: Hindi: बाज़ार, romanized: bāzār; Bengali: বাজার, romanized: bājār; Nepali: बजार, romanized: bajār 

Differing meanings of "bazaar"
In North America, the United Kingdom and some other European countries, the term charity bazaar can be used as a synonym for a "rummage sale", to describe charity fundraising events held by churches or other community organisations in which either donated used goods (such as books, clothes and household items) or new and handcrafted (or home-baked) goods are sold for low prices, as at a church or other organisation's Christmas bazaar, for example 
Although Turkey offers many famous markets known as "bazaars" in English, the Turkish word "pazar" refers to an outdoor market held at regular intervals, not a permanent structure containing shops  English place names usually translate "çarşı" (shopping district in a downtown or downtown itself) as "bazaar" when they refer to an area with covered streets or passages  For example, the Turkish name for the Grand Bazaar in Istanbul is "Kapalıçarşı" (gated shopping area), while the Spice Bazaar is the "Mısır Çarşısı" (Egyptian shopping area) 
In Czech, the word "bazar" means second-hand shop  "Autobazar" is a shop which purchases and sells pre-owned cars 

Variations
In Indonesian, the word pasar means "market"  The capital of Bali province, in Indonesia, is Denpasar, which means "north market" 

Souk
The Arabic word is a loan from Aramaic "šūqā" ("street, market"), itself a loanword from the Akkadian "sūqu" ("street")  The spelling souk entered European languages likely through French during the French occupation of the Arab countries Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia in the 19th and 20th centuries  Thus, the word "souk" mostly refers to Arabic and North African traditional markets  Other spellings of this word involving the letter "Q" (sooq, souq, and so'oq) were likely developed using English and thus refer to Western Asian or Arab traditional markets, as there were several British colonies there during the 19th and 20th centuries 
In Modern Standard Arabic the term al-sooq refers to markets in both the physical sense and the abstract economic sense (e g , an Arabic-speaker would speak of the sooq in the old city as well as the sooq for oil, and would call the concept of the free market السوق الحرّ as-sūq al-ḥurr) 

Variations on "souk"
In northern Morocco, the Spanish corruption socco is often used as in the Grand Socco and Petit Socco of Tangiers 
In the Indian subcontinent the 'chowk' is often used to name a place with four-way crossroad, and comes from Sanskrit चतवार, meaning four  In Western Asia (the Middle East), this term is  generally used to designate the market, but may also be used in Western cities, particularly those with a Muslim community 

In Israel, the term shuk or shuq (Hebrew: שׁוּק, romanized: šūq) shares a common Aramaic origin of the Arabic souk, and holds a prominent role in everyday life  Markets such as Mahane Yehuda in Jerusalem are often covered rows of stalls much like those seen elsewhere in the region, selling produce, spices, halvah, and even clothing 
In Malta, the terms suq and sometimes monti are used for a marketplace 
In the United States, especially in Southern California and Nevada, an indoor swap meet is a type of bazaar, i e  a permanent, indoor shopping center open during normal retail hours, with fixed "booths" or counters for the vendors 

History
Origins in Antiquity
Scholar Mohammad Gharipour has pointed out that in spite of the centrality of souks and bazaars in Middle Eastern history, relatively little is known due to the lack of archaeological evidence  Historical records document the concept of a bazaar existing in Iran as early as 3000 BCE, where some large cities contained districts dedicated to trade and commerce  Archeological data also suggests the existence of market districts in ancient Mesopotamia  Markets centers must have existed in Egypt to conduct international trade, but no archeological evidence for them has been found  In Achaemenid Persia (550–330 BCE), documents indicate that crafts were sold in markets close to Persepolis  A network of bazaars had sprung up alongside ancient caravan trade routes  Bazaars located along these trade routes, formed networks, linking major cities with each other and in which goods, culture, people and information could be exchanged  Sources from around the same era also indicate that ancient Greeks regulated trade in areas at the center of their cities around stoa buildings  The ideas of Greek city planning were spread to the Middle East during the Seleucid period, following the conquests of Alexander the Great The Greek historian, Herodotus, noted that in Egypt, roles were reversed compared with other cultures and Egyptian women frequented the market and carried on trade, while the men remain at home weaving cloth  He also described The Babylonian Marriage Market Sassanid rule in Iran was an important period for the development of urbanization and commerce  In Sassanid Iran the bazaar was usually the heart of a town or city, where it spread outwards and affected the development of other neighbourhoods  The bazaar usually contained, or was adjoined by, an open-air plaza that served as a forum of socio-economic activity Historically, souks were also held outside cities at locations where incoming caravans stopped and merchants displayed their goods for sale  Souks were established at caravanserai, places where a caravan or caravans arrived and remained for rest and refreshments  Since this might be infrequent, souks often extended beyond buying and selling goods to include major festivals involving various cultural and social activities  Any souk may serve a social function as being a place for people to meet in, in addition to its commercial function In pre-Islamic Arabia, two types of bazaar existed: permanent urban markets and temporary seasonal markets  The temporary seasonal markets were held at specific times of the year and became associated with particular types of produce  Suq Hijr in Bahrain was noted for its dates while Suq 'Adan was known for its spices and perfumes  In spite of the centrality of the Middle East in the history of bazaars, relatively little is known due to the lack of archaeological evidence  However, documentary sources point to permanent marketplaces in cities from as early as 550 BCE 

Islamic period
According to traditional Muslim narratives, Muhammad established a market place (sūq) in Medina shortly after arriving there during the Hijrah in 622 CE  He designated an open, unbuilt space as the market area and forbade both the construction of permanent structures and the levying of taxes in this area  Eight years later, he is said to have appointed a market inspector ('āmil 'alā l-sūq), a position that likely evolved into the later muḥtasib in Islamic cities, an official in charge of overseeing public morality and regulating weights and measures Despite the importance of the bazaar to economic life and the prominence of marketplace terminology in the Quran, not much is known about the early history of bazaars and it remains a topic of ongoing research  Most of the surviving urban commercial structures in Islamic world date from the 16th century or later, though some preserved urban caravanserais (commonly known as a funduq, khān, or wakāla) date from earlier periods  The oldest of these is the Khan al-Mirjan in Baghdad, built in 1359 as part of a larger architectural complex 

Muhammad's prohibition against constructing permanent buildings and levying taxes in the market began to be disregarded as early as the Umayyad period (7th to 8th centuries)  The Umayyad caliphs Mu'awiya I and Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik both built structures in the market of Medina and levied taxes there, while purpose-built markets were built in early Islamic cities further abroad such as Basra in Iraq, Fustat in Egypt, and Kairouan in Tunisia  This process seems to have accelerated during the reign of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r  724–743) in particular  Markets that sold the most important or expensive goods were usually located near the city's central Friday mosque  In some cities, such as Cairo and Aleppo, the main bazaar was initially focused along one important street and then progressively grew and branched off into the surrounding streets 
During the Islamic period in Iran, bazaars developed along the same lines as those of the Sassanid period  Up to the 11th century, the bazaar developed more commonly in the suburbs outside the city walls that enclosed the shahristān, the formal city  This was especially true in Central Asia, though there were exceptions in some regions where the bazaar was grouped with the citadel and the city's Friday mosque inside the city walls  After the 11th century, the growing importance of the suburbs and the commercial districts resulted in most of them being enclosed within newly expanded city walls  From the 10th century onward, the bazaar became the financial center of a city and was heavily patronized and developed by ruling elites  The grouping of a bazaar, citadel, and Friday mosque also became more common 
In the Mamluk Sultanate (13th to 16th centuries) and in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries), the construction of commercial buildings in and around the bazaar was often sponsored by sultans, ruling elites, or by members of the Ottoman royal family  The revenues generated by these buildings were typically earmarked to support the upkeep of religious complexes sponsored by these same patrons, through the legal framework of a waqf (legal endowment) 

21st century
In the Middle East, the bazaar is considered to be "the beating heart of the city and a symbol of Islamic architecture and culture of high significance " Today, bazaars are popular sites for tourists and some of these ancient bazaars have been listed as world heritage sites or national monuments on the basis of their historical, cultural or architectural value 
The Medina of Fez, Morocco, which includes numerous long market streets (e g  Tala'a Kebira) and bazaar areas (e g  Kissariat al-Kifah), was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981  Al-Madina Souk in Aleppo is the largest covered historic market in the world, with an approximate length of 13 kilometers  It is part of the Ancient Aleppo, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1986 in Syria  The Bazaar complex in Tabriz, Iran, was listed by UNESCO in 2010  The Bazaar of Qaisiyariye in Lar, Iran, is on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 2007  Kemeraltı Bazaar in İzmir was placed on tentative list in 2020 

Organization and institutions
Shopping at a souk or market place is part of daily life throughout much of the Middle East  Prices are commonly set by bargaining, also known as haggling, between buyers and sellers Bazaars or souks are traditionally divided into specialized sections dealing in specific types of product, each usually housed in a few narrow streets and named after the product it specializes in such as the gold souk, the texitle souk, the spice souk, the leather souk, the booksellers' souk, etc  This promotes competition among sellers and helps buyers easily compare prices  Merchants specialized in each trade were also organized into guilds, which provided support to merchants but also to clients  The exact details of the organizations varied from region to region   Each guild had rules that members were expected to follow, but they were loose enough to allow for competition  Guilds also fulfilled some functions similar to trade unions and were able to negotiate with the government on behalf of merchants or represent their interests when needed Though each neighbourhood within the city would have a local souk selling food and other essentials, the main bazaar was one of the central structures of a large city, selling durable goods, luxuries and providing services such as money exchange  Workshops where goods for sale are produced (in the case of a merchant selling locally-made products) are typically located away from the souk itself  
Historically, in Islamic cities, the muḥtasib was the official in charge of regulating and policing the bazaar and other aspects of urban life  They monitored things such as weights and measures, pricing, cleanliness, noise, and traffic circulation, as well as being responsible for other issues of public morality  They also investigated complaints about cheating or the quality of goods  The equivalent official could be known by other titles in different regions, such as the kedkhoda in Istanbul or the amir-i bazariyan in Delhi  In the Maghreb (northwestern Africa), the muḥtasib also shared responsibilities with other officials such as the qadi or the hakim 

Layout and architecture
Permanent bazaars were established in urban zones, usually within the city walls and close to the heart of the city  In much of the Middle East and North Africa, the bazaar is a network of interconnected spaces, including streets and buildings, with diverse architectural forms  Its boundaries are not sharply defined and can vary according to circumstance, as the bazaar is closely integrated with its urban surroundings and with other important institutions of the city 
Although there is great variety among the bazaars of this region, there are three recurring elements, in addition to the general network of market streets  One element is the individual shops or booths that line each side of a market street  The shops are usually small spaces open to the street and occupied by merchants  They are typically equipped with large shutters which can be closed and locked when the shopkeeper is away  Another element is a more secure market area, usually centrally located and consisting of streets that were covered or roofed  This complex is variably known as a qayṣariyya, bedesten, or khān, depending on the city or historical period  It usually hosted the most prestigious and profitable trades such as jewelry, perfumes, and textiles  In order to protect these goods, the entrances to this area could be closed and locked at night or in times of danger  The other recurring element is the presence of courtyard buildings entered via a single large doorway  Often translated into English as a caravanserai, this type of building is known in different regions as a funduq, khān, samsara, or wakāla  They could serve a variety of functions including an inn for travelers and merchants, a manufacturing center, a trade venue, or a warehouse 

In Iran and Central Asia, the permanent bazaar is likewise in the centre of a city and had common architectural elements  These bazaars acted as financial centers of the city and were traditionally overseen by the state  Some Iranian bazaars are organized around one long market street from which other market streets branch off (e g  in Isfahan or Tehran), while others are large rectangular zones with a grid-like network of parallel and intersecting streets (e g  as in Tabriz)  The streets are lined with structures of one or two storeys that contain spaces for shops  The streets are typically roofed with brick vaults, pierced by skylights to allow for light and air circulation  The shops are often adjacent or connected to the workshops where the goods are also produced, so that manufacturing and retail are often concentrated in the same areas, though some production (especially of textiles) was also distributed in other parts of the city  Like the bazaars further west, there were also many khāns (caravanserais) built in the area  They acted as warehouses, production centers, wholesale centers, hostels for merchants, and offices for conducting business 

In the cities that developed under the Ottoman Empire, there was generally one central bazaar area, known in Turkish as the çarşı  The Grand Bazaar in Istanbul, known locally as the Kapalıçarşı ('covered market'), is a famous example  Additionally, several types of market structures were common: the bedesten, the arasta, and the han (Turkish cognate of khān)  The Ottoman bedesten was a solid stone building, typically rectangular and roofed by domes, with shops inside  Like the qayṣariyya or bedesten in other regions, it hosted the most important and luxurious trades  The arasta is usually an elongated market structure or market street with shops lining its façades  Arastas could be independent markets built outside the main bazaar area, such as those built as part of large religious complexes like the Selimiye Mosque complex in Edirne or the Sultanahmet Mosque complex in Istanbul  The Spice Bazaar or Mısır Çarşısı ('Egyptian Market') in Istanbul is also one of the largest and best-known examples  The han is similar in function to other khān or caravanserai buildings elsewhere, with a courtyard enclosed by two storeys  The ground floor was usually used for storage and for stabling horses, while the upper floor housed merchants 

Temporary souks
A temporary, seasonal souk is held at a set time that might be yearly, monthly or weekly  The oldest souks were set up annually, and were typically general festivals held outside cities  For example, Souk Ukadh was held yearly in pre-Islamic times in an area between Mecca and Ta’if during the sacred month of Dhu al-Qi'dah   While a busy market, it was more famous for its poetry competitions, judged by prominent poets such as Al-Khansa and Al-Nabigha  An example of an Islamic annual souk is Al Mirbid just outside Basra, also famed for its poetry competitions in addition to its storytelling activities  Temporary souks tended to become known for specific types of produce  For example, Suq Hijr in Bahrain was noted for its dates while Suq 'Adan was known for its spices and perfumes  Political, economic and social changes have left only the small seasonal souks outside villages and small towns, primarily selling livestock and agricultural products 
Weekly markets have continued to function throughout the Arab world  Most of them are named from the day of the week on which they are held  They usually have open spaces specifically designated for their use inside cities  Examples of surviving markets are the Wednesday Market in Amman that specializes in the sale of used products, the Ghazl market held every Friday in Baghdad specializing in pets; the Fina’ Market in Marrakech offers performance acts such as singing, music, acrobats and circus activities 
In tribal areas, where seasonal souks operated, neutrality from tribal conflicts was usually declared for the period of operation of a souk to permit the unhampered exchange of surplus goods  Some of the seasonal markets were held at specific times of the year and became associated with particular types of produce such as Suq Hijr in Bahrain, noted for its dates while Suq 'Adan was known for its spices and perfumes  In spite of the centrality of the Middle Eastern market place, relatively little is known due to the lack of archaeological evidence 

In art and literature – Orientalism
During the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans conquered and excavated parts of North Africa and the Levant  These regions now make up what is called the Middle East, but in the past were known as the Orient  Europeans sharply divided peoples into two broad groups – the European West and the East or Orient; us and the other  Europeans often saw Orientals as the opposite of Western civilization; the peoples could be threatening- they were "despotic, static and irrational whereas Europe was viewed as democratic, dynamic and rational " At the same time, the Orient was seen as exotic, mysterious, a place of fables and beauty  This fascination with the other gave rise to a genre of painting known as Orientalism  A proliferation of both Oriental fiction and travel writing occurred during the early modern period 

Subject-matter
Many of these works were lavishly illustrated with engravings of every day scenes of Oriental lifestyles, including scenes of market places and market trade  Artists focused on the exotic beauty of the land – the markets, caravans and snake charmers  Islamic architecture also became favorite subject matter  Some of these works were propaganda designed to justify European imperialism in the East, however many artists relied heavily on their everyday experiences for inspiration in their artworks  For example, Charles D'Oyly, who was born in India, published the Antiquities of Dacca featuring a series of 15 engraved plates of Dacca [now Dhaka, Bangladesh] featuring scenes of markets, commerce, buildings and streetscapes  European society generally frowned on nude painting – but harems, concubines and slave markets, presented as quasi-documentary works, satisfied European desires for pornographic art  The Oriental female wearing a veil was a particularly tempting subject because she was hidden from view, adding to her mysterious allure 

Notable Orientalist artists
Notable artists in the Orientalist genre include: Jean-Léon Gérôme Delacroix (1824–1904), Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps (1803–1860), Frederic Leighton (1830-1896), Eugène Alexis Girardet 1853-1907 and William Holman Hunt (1827–1910) who all found inspiration in Oriental street scenes, trading and commerce  French painter Jean-Étienne Liotard visited Istanbul in the 17th century and painted pastels of Turkish domestic scenes  British painter John Frederick Lewis who lived for several years in a traditional mansion in Cairo, painted highly detailed works showing realistic genre scenes of Middle Eastern life  Edwin Lord Weeks was a notable American example of a 19th-century artist and author in the Orientalism genre  His parents were wealthy tea and spice merchants who were able to fund his travels and interest in painting  In 1895 Weeks wrote and illustrated a book of travels titled From the Black Sea through Persia and India  Other notable painters in the Orientalist genre who included scenes of street life and market-based trade in their work are Jean-Léon Gérôme Delacroix (1824–1904), Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps (1803–1860), Frederic Leighton (1830–1896), Eugène Alexis Girardet 1853–1907 and William Holman Hunt (1827–1910), who all found inspiration in Oriental street scenes, trading and commerce 

Orientalist literature
A proliferation of both Oriental fiction and travel writing occurred during the early modern period Many English visitors to the Orient wrote narratives around their travels  British Romantic literature in the Orientalism tradition has its origins in the early eighteenth century, with the first translations of The Arabian Nights (translated into English from the French in 1705–08)  The popularity of this work inspired authors to develop a new genre, the Oriental tale  Samuel Johnson's History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia, (1759) is mid-century example of the genre  Byron's Oriental Tales, is another example of the Romantic Orientalism genre Although these works were purportedly non-fiction, they were notoriously unreliable  Many of these accounts provided detailed descriptions of market places, trading and commerce  Examples of travel writing include: Les Mysteres de L'Egypte Devoiles by Olympe Audouard published in 1865 and Jacques Majorelle's Road Trip Diary of a Painter in the Atlas and the Anti-Atlas published in 1922

Gallery of paintings, drawings, and watercolours
Selected illustrations of bazaar scenes

Gallery of photographs
List of bazaars and souks
See also
List of Orientalist artistsTypes of markets, bazaars and souksBazaari
Bedesten (also known as bezistan, bezisten, bedesten) refers to a covered bazaar and an open bazaar in the Balkans 
Haat bazaar – (also known as a hat) an open air bazaar or market in South Asia 
Landa bazaar – a terminal market or market for second hand goods (South Asia), such as Medina quarter 
Meena Bazaar – a bazaar that raises money for non-profit organisations 
Pasar malam – a night market in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore that opens in the evening, typically held in the street in residential neighbourhoods 
Pasar pagi – a morning market, typically a wet market that trades from dawn until midday, found in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore  A Wet market sells fresh meat, and produce  See also Dry goods Markets and retail in generalArcade – a covered passageway with stores along one or both sides 
History of marketing
Marketplace
Merchant
Peddler
Retail
Shopping mall
Shōtengai - a style of Japanese commercial district, typically in the form of a local market street that is closed to vehicular traffic 
Passage 7:
Nimavar school
Nimavar school (Persian: مسجد نیماور) is a historical school in Isfahan, Iran  It's located in Nimavar Bazaar and belongs to Safavid era  This school was built in 1691 in the era of Suleiman I 
Passage 8:
Dava Bazaar
Dava Bazaar (also spelled Dawa Bazaar and Dava Bazar) is an area in South Mumbai famous for medical and scientific instruments, and lab chemicals  It is located near Lohar Chawl, Crawford Market and opens into Princess Street  Dava in Hindi means medicine 
The word Aushadhi Khana has generic usage as pharmaceutical trade markets in various parts of India 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Honey to the Bee
"Honey to the Bee" is a song by English singer turned actress Billie from her debut studio album, Honey to the B (1998)  It was released on 22 March 1999 and debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart, which became its peak position  It was not a hit in mainland Europe, but it became one of Billie's highest-charting songs in Australia and New Zealand, reaching number six in the former country and number five in the latter  In Australia, it was the 48th-best-selling song of 1999 
In January 2007, the song was championed by Radio 1 DJ Chris Moyles as part of an experiment to test out the new UK Singles Chart rules that came into effect that month, which prompted the song to reach number 17 on the UK Singles Chart on 21 January 2007 

Music video
The video, which uses the shorter radio edit version in lieu of the full album version, was directed by Katie Bell and features Billie in a computer-animated background 

Track listings
Credits and personnel
Credits are lifted from the Honey to the B album booklet Studios

Recorded at Ridge Farm (Surrey, England) and Marcus Studios (London, England)
Mixed at Metropolis Studios (London, England)Personnel

Charts
Certifications
Release history
Play version
In June 2003, Swedish girl group Play covered the song on their third album Replay  Play's version featured a trip hop beat and soprano vocals 
Passage 2:
Clean Bandit discography
English electronic music group Clean Bandit have released two studio albums, two extended plays, 22 singles (including four as a featured artist), 22 music videos and 13 remixes  In December 2012, the group released their debut single "A+E", which peaked at number 100 on the UK Singles Chart  The song is the lead single from their debut album, New Eyes, which was released in May 2014  The album's second single, "Mozart's House", charted at number seventeen on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Clean Bandit's first top twenty single on the chart  "Dust Clears" was released as the third single from the album, reaching number forty-three on the UK chart  The album's fourth single, "Rather Be", features Jess Glynne and topped the UK Singles Chart, the group's first number one on the chart 
Clean Bandit's 2016 single "Rockabye", which features rapper Sean Paul and singer Anne-Marie, became their second number-one hit in the UK, becoming the Christmas number one single for 2016 in its seventh consecutive week at number one  The follow-up to "Rockabye", "Symphony", featured Zara Larsson and became their third UK number-one single  Their second album, What Is Love?, followed on 30 November 2018 

Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Music videos
Remixes
Songwriting and production credits
Notes
Passage 3:
We Found Love
"We Found Love" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna from her sixth studio album, Talk That Talk (2011)  The song features (and was written and produced by) Scottish DJ Calvin Harris, whose 2012 album 18 Months also includes the track  "We Found Love" premiered on September 22, 2011, on the Capital FM radio station in the United Kingdom, and was made available to download on the same day as the lead single from Talk That Talk  "We Found Love" is an uptempo electro house song, with elements of dance-pop, techno and Europop  The song's lyrics speak of a couple who "found love in a hopeless place" The song was a major worldwide success  It topped the US Billboard Hot 100 for ten non-consecutive weeks, becoming the longest running number-one single of 2011  The single also surpassed "Umbrella" and became Rihanna's longest running number one single  It was the singer's eleventh song to top the Hot 100, placing her in third place among female recording artists amassing the most number one singles  Outside of the United States, "We Found Love" topped the charts in 25 other countries, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, France, Germany, the Republic of Ireland, Russia, Scotland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom  According to Billboard it is the 29th most successful single of all time in the US  As of 2015, the single has sold 10 5 million copies worldwide, thus being one of the best selling singles of all time 
The song's accompanying music video, directed by Melina Matsoukas, depicts the singer as a drug-abusing thrill-seeker in a relationship that quickly spirals downward into addiction and domestic violence  The video won a Grammy Award for Best Music Video at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards and MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards  The song has been performed on both the UK and US versions of The X Factor, as well as at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards and the 2012 Brit Awards  Multiple recording artists have covered "We Found Love" including British artists Coldplay and Jessie J 

Background
Following the release and success of her album Loud (2010), Rihanna originally revealed via Twitter that the album would be re-issued with new songs and released in Fall 2011, writing that "[t]he [Loud era] continues with more new music to add to [your] collection"  In September 2011, Rihanna again took to the social networking site to confirm that the plans had been scrapped, with the singer tweeting "I [thought about] a [re-release], but LOUD is its own body of work! Plus [you] guys work so hard that [you] deserve to act brand new"  On September 19, 2011, Rihanna further provoked excitement amongst her followers when she posted that she was listening to the song, only to be re-tweeted by Calvin Harris, who replied "Sometimes it feels like we find love in the most hopeless place", suggesting that his response contained possible lyrics from the song  In an interview with Capital FM, Harris – who produced the track – explained that followers of Rihanna had sent messages to him regarding their expectations of the song, saying "The song better not be rubbish", which he interpreted as slightly threatening, but went on to say that "it's all part of the fun"  In an interview for Q magazine, Harris said of the lyric, "we found love in a hopeless place," "It could have been Jumpin Jaks in Dumfries (Harris' home town), I don't know exactly what I was thinking about ""We Found Love" premiered in the United Kingdom on September 22, 2011, on Capital FM, and was sent for mainstream adds in the United States on October 11, 2011  The song was released via iTunes on September 22, 2011  During an interview with MTV News, Calvin Harris revealed, "'We Found Love,' is the most successful thing I've done ever    It's not strictly a song by me, obviously, it's by Rihanna  She sings it   It was great to work with her    No one could have taken it as far as she did  You can't escape it here [in America]  I've heard it a lot  I've heard it probably more times today than I did when I was mixing it  Which is a good thing    Ever since the Rihanna song did well, a lot of people want to do some stuff, which is great    That's what I enjoy doing  In terms of actual names, I've not done anything yet " In October 2012, British singer Leona Lewis claimed that she was originally chosen to sing the song but ended up losing it to Rihanna when Harris went touring with the latter, commenting  "I didn’t commit to it because I wanted "Trouble" to be my first single so I think that was another reason they went with Rihanna  It was the same version and production but mine’s better " In 2013, Nicole Scherzinger claimed that she was the first artist given the song but ended up rejecting it, commenting  "I've got the demo of that song and I was busy at the time  They'd sent me a few dance tracks and I wasn't able to get to them and I was like, 'Oh there's so much dance and I want to take a break from it "

Artwork
The artwork for "We Found Love" was released by Rihanna's official Facebook page on September 22, 2011  Grady Smith of Entertainment Weekly's The Music Mix criticized the song's artwork, writing "'We found love in a hopeless place,' Rihanna repeats over a David Guetta-ish synth beat  But judging by the single cover, her place doesn't look too hopeless, does it? Maybe there's a building on fire outside the frame, and that fire hydrant doesn't work  I guess that would be hopeless " A reviewer for Sugar Magazine wrote that "On anyone else this would be a pretty odd look but Rihanna somehow makes a denim overload look good " A reviewer for Neon Limelight commented that Rihanna appeared to be adopting a tomboy image for the new project, writing, "She really is going for that sexy tomboy look this album era it seems; remember the laid back look she rocked on the single's cover art?" 

Composition
"We Found Love" is an electro house song with elements of Europop, pop, techno, dance-pop, trance, and Euro disco  According to the digital music sheet published at musicnotes com, the song is written in the key of F ♯ major and it is set at a tempo of 128 beats per minute  The instrumentation of "We Found Love" consists of alarm bells, a keyboard, repetitive pumped-up synthesizers and 4/4 beats Rihanna's vocal range in the song spans one octave, from the lower note of C♯4 to the higher note of C♯5  Priya Elan of NME commented that Rihanna sounds "extremely relaxed" and Bill Lamb of About com wrote that her vocals are simple and unaffected  Leah Collins of The Vancouver Sun wrote that Rihanna's vocals on "We Found Love" were similar to her vocals on "Fly"  According to Elan, the keyboard work in the song bears resemblance to that in from "Only Girl (In the World)" and the melody is similar to that of "Complicated", a track included in Rihanna's 2010 studio album Loud  Similarly, Michael Cragg of The Guardian noted that "We Found Love" is in the same vein as "Only Girl (In the World)", with regard to its dance beat The lyrical content of the song is sparse and largely revolves around Rihanna chanting the song's hook line, "We found love in a hopeless place"  Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone described it as "half-baked romantic"   Rihanna starts the song in a falsetto airy voice as she sings, "Yellow diamonds in the light / And we’re standing side by side / As your shadow crosses mine / What it takes to come alive " Michael Cragg commented that the first chorus is almost being sidelined in favor of a large chunk of Harris's riff, before they join on the second chorus  The hook repeatedly rings throughout the song 

Critical reception
The song received polarized reviews from music critics  Amanda Dobbins of New York magazine praised the composition of the song, writing "Harris's electro fingerprints are all over this one — it plays like a straight house track, with some dreamy Rihanna vocals added in over the beat " Robbie Daw of Idolator commented on the song's lyrics, with particular emphasis on the line "We found love in a hopeless place", writing that it is possibly the best lyric in pop music so far in 2011  A reviewer for Instinct magazine praised the song, writing that "We Found Love" does not mark a departure from the dance-floor oriented material Rihanna debuted on Loud, but it certainly boasts "a higher-energy, peak-hour vibe"  Similarly, Michael Cragg of The Guardian commented that the song takes the dance direction Rihanna hinted at on "Only Girl (In the World)" and continues releasing similar songs, making reference to "We Found Love"  Cragg also likened the song to Leona Lewis's recent single, "Collide", but criticized the song's structure, writing "[it] is slightly odd"  He ended his review writing, "Either way, she could have recited Nick Clegg's conference speech from Wednesday over the sound of Harris cracking his knuckles and it would be a hit "Priya Elan of NME commented, "By now it's pretty customary to have a jaw-on-the-floor reaction to the first single from a Rihanna album  'Pon De Replay', 'SOS', 'Umbrella', 'Russian Roulette', 'Only Girl In The World' " Despite complimenting Rihanna for sounding extremely relaxed and calling her vocal as "luxurious calling to mind the atmosphere", Elan concluded that the over-all effect is underwhelming  She continued by writing that instead of re-inventing the pop wheel, "We Found Love" has "a whiff of treading-water about it" and that "if there is a 'goosebump' moment to be had it comes after many multiple plays and, dare we say it, a glass of something strong " Awarding "We Found Love" two stars out of five, Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone was critical, writing that it "is much ado about very little indeed" and that is "an insipid tune"  He concluded that Rihanna repeats 'We found love in a hopeless place' "approximately 350 times, hoping it will start to mean something  It's the worst single of Rihanna’s career  It will probably top the Hot 100 anyway " Leah Collins of The Vancouver Sun initially praised Rihanna's vocal performance in the song, writing that she "smoothes out her vocals", before adding, "Angelic as she sounds, though, [her] performance – which is mostly just her repeating the line 'We found love in a hopeless place' – seems to take second place to Harris' repetitive synth-based blare " Similarly, Amos Barshad of Grantland criticized the singer's vocal performance, calling it "a complete afterthought" before concluding, "People who regularly attend the Electric Zoo festival: Rihanna wants your money!"A reviewer for GlobalGrind commented on the song's lyrics, suggesting that there is perhaps an underlying message in the song for ex-boyfriend Chris Brown, in the line "We found love in a hopeless place"  This further raised suspicion when Brown re-tweeted one of Rihanna's posts on Twitter, which read "Sometimes it feels like we find love in the most hopeless place"  Jessica Herndon of People magazine praised the song, saying that "'We Found Love' had an amazing influence on people all across the world in 2012, becoming one of the most popular and most successful songs" Pitchfork Media commented, "Over a frantic, Calvin Harris-produced, Guetta-meets-'Sandstorm' beat on her sixth record's lead-off single, Rihanna repeats these words almost 20 times  'We Found Love' ranks among Ri's best singles because it recognizes that there's not much more that needs to be said: in three and a half minutes, the line moves from being a great pop lyric to a triumphant mantra to something suggestive of a whole spectrum of unspoken emotion  The best pop music transports you to somewhere beyond words, and Rihanna's strongest singles all seem to be in on this secret " Allmusic chose the song as a highlight on Talk That Talk, and wrote about the "singer's ecstatic vocal than Calvin Harris' shrill, plinky production"  Los Angeles Times commented that the song was an "ode for bad love" and added it "wouldn't be out of place at Electric Daisy Carnival"  The New York Times' writer commented "'We Found Love' almost criminally recalls the swinging Crystal Waters singles, with triumphant percussion somewhere between church and seventh-inning stretch " Billboard magazine also praised the song, saying that: "Through a haze of glitter and bliss, Rihanna emerges to let us find a gorgeous hook in a hopeless place, and Calvin Harris becomes a household name " As of January 2015, Billboard named "We Found Love" as the best song of the 2010s (so far)  USA Today considered the song to be a highlight on the set, commenting that Rihanna sings "bistfully"   Entertainment Weekly noted, "U K  club king Calvin Harris trades Rihanna's usual somber synths for disco ecstasy on 'We Found Love,' a song that builds and builds to a climax that's so arena-ready it practically begs for someone to blow a vuvuzela" 

Recognition and awards
MTV chose "We Found Love" as the third best song of 2011, and "Video of the Year" at the MTV Video Music Awards 2012  The writers of the website further commented, "The leadoff single from Talk That Talk is where Rihanna fully embraced EDM  Produced by Calvin Harris, 'We Found Love' is a swirling party track about love and loss, the rare song that manages to be sad and joyous all at once  And it is a pinnacle of the pop/dance crossover, a throwback to '90s raves that could make even the most stoic lover of pop want to break out a glow stick and just dance  Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone put "We Found Love" at number eleven on his list of Top 25 Songs of 2011 commenting, "While her other hits tried to camouflage her spindly voice, here it just strains for that spindly melody " It was named the third biggest love song of all time by Billboard 

Critic lists
According to Acclaimed Music, "We Found Love" is statistically the 5th most acclaimed song from 2011 and the 45th most acclaimed in the 2010s 

Chart performance
Oceania
"We Found Love" made its chart debut on the New Zealand Singles Chart on September 26, 2011, at number 14, and in its fifth week, rose to number one  It remained at the top for nine straight weeks, becoming Rihanna's longest-running single in the country, overtaking 'Umbrella' which reigned for six weeks in 2007  The song has since been certified three-times platinum by the RIANZ, denoting shipments of 45,000 copies  In Australia, "We Found Love" debuted on the Australian Singles Chart on October 9, 2011, at number three, before rising to number two for multiple weeks  As of February 2013, the song has been certified six-times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association, denoting shipments of 420,000 copies, marking Rihanna's best-selling single in the country as a lead artist 

North America
In the United States, the song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on September 28, 2011, at number 16  "We Found Love" became the singer's fourth highest debut on the chart out of her 31 Hot 100 chart entries, with the highest being her collaboration with Eminem, "Love the Way You Lie", which debuted at number two in July 2010  The following week, "We Found Love" rose to number nine, giving Rihanna the record for a solo artist to have amassed twenty top-ten singles in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the shortest amount of time  Rihanna achieved the feat in a time span of six years and four months, surpassing the record previously held by Madonna who managed the achievement in a time span of six years and nine months  In its sixth week on the chart, the song reached number one, giving Rihanna her eleventh number-one single and Calvin Harris his first number-one single in the United States and making him the first British dance DJ to top the Billboard Hot 100 and the first Scottish solo act to top the chart since Lulu's "To Sir with Love" in 1967  thus tying her with Whitney Houston in fifth place for the highest number of number-one singles in the 53-year history of the chart, behind The Beatles (20), Mariah Carey (19), Michael Jackson (13), and a fourth place tie between Madonna and The Supremes (both with 12)  Rihanna also tied with Houston as the female artists with the third most number-one singles on the chart, behind Carey and Madonna  "We Found Love" spent 10 non-consecutive weeks at the top of the Billboard Hot 100, surpassing "Umbrella" as Rihanna's longest number-one single in the country, and was the longest-running number one of 2011  It was certified nine times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping more than 9 million copies  As of June 2015, the song has sold 5 4 million digital copies in the US  On August 1, 2013, Billboard announced that "We Found Love" is the 24th biggest Hot 100 hit of all time in the chart's 55-year history "We Found Love" debuted at number seven on the US Hot Digital Songs chart, with digital download sales of 117,000 after only four days according to Nielsen SoundScan  In its fifth week, the song rose to number one, with sales of 231,000 copies, giving Rihanna her eleventh number-one song on the chart, further extending her record as the artist with the most number ones  The song spent a second week at number one on the chart, with sales of 243,000 copies, bringing total sales to 1,057,000 copies sold, marking Rihanna's twentieth download to reach the million-selling milestone, extending her record for the most such downloads among women  On October 12, 2011, the song debuted at number 39 on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart and number 21 on the Pop Songs chart  It eventually reached number one on both charts  It was, until 2013, the most recent song to spend at least two consecutive weeks atop the US Hot Dance Club chart, until Daft Punk's "Get Lucky"  "We Found Love" also peaked at numbers three and two on the US Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs charts, becoming Rihanna's highest-charting single on both charts  Furthermore, the song reached the top spot on the Canadian Hot 100 chart 

Europe
In Harris's native United Kingdom, "We Found Love" debuted at the top of the UK Singles Chart, UK Dance Chart and UK Singles Download Chart on October 9, 2011 – for the week ending date October 15, 2011 – with 87,000 copies sold, despite only having been on sale for four days  With "We Found Love" debuting at the top of the UK Singles Chart, Rihanna set a record by becoming the first female solo artist to top the chart six times in five consecutive years, having previously held pole position with "Umbrella", "Take a Bow", "Run This Town", "Only Girl (In the World)" and "What's My Name" between 2007 and 2011  It was also Rihanna's sixth and Harris' third number one in the UK  The song retained its number-one position on all three charts for three consecutive weeks, selling 92,000 copies in its third week  Total sales for "We Found Love" in the United Kingdom stood at 372,268 after just 24 days  In its fifth week, the song fell a place to number two but then in its sixth week, the song returned to number-one for a fourth non-consecutive week and eventually topped the chart for six weeks, resulting in Rihanna overtaking Adele as the artist with the most cumulative weeks at number one in 2011 for a solo female artist, with a total of seven weeks between "We Found Love" and her January release "What's My Name?"  In addition, in its sixth week at number one, Rihanna scored her second "chart double" of the year when Talk That Talk and "We Found Love" placed at number one on the albums and singles charts, respectively  This achievement had not been achieved since 1979 and made Rihanna the first female artist in chart history to score two "chart doubles" in the same year, with the singer's previous album Loud and its second single, 'What's My Name?' topping both charts earlier in 2011  By February 2012, the single had racked up 1,006,460 copies in 19 weeks, making it Rihanna's second solo track (third overall) to reach the million sales plateau since October 2011, following "Love the Way You Lie" and "Only Girl (In the World)"  In November 2012, it was included on 'The Million Sellers' list by the Official Charts Company, consisting of the best-selling singles in the UK that have sold at least one million copies since 1952  It charted at number 76 out of a total 123, having sold 1 13 million copies  As of February 2016, the song has sold 1 39 million copies in the UK, making it Rihanna's biggest-selling single there  "We Found Love" is the 9th best-selling song of all time by a female artist in Britain Elsewhere in Europe, the song topped the charts in Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden and Switzerland and attained top-five positions in the Flanders and Wallonia regions of Belgium at numbers three and two, and reached number two in the Czech Republic and Spain and three in the Netherlands  In Germany "We Found Love" entered the single chart at number one on October 28, 2011, becoming Rihanna's fourth number one in the country  After being deposed for a week, the track rebounded to take the lead spending three further weeks at the top, becoming Rihanna's second longest-running number one hit in the country after "Umbrella" in 2007  The song topped certain European charts for lengthy periods, including in Norway for nine non-consecutive weeks, Ireland for seven consecutive weeks and Denmark for six weeks 

Music video
The music video for "We Found Love" was shot in Northern Ireland in late September 2011, in County Down, Northern Ireland and the New Lodge area of North Belfast   The video was directed by Melina Matsoukas, who had previously directed the videos for "Hard" (2009), "Rude Boy" (2010), "Rockstar 101" (2010) and the controversial "S&M" (2011)  Anticipation for the video grew in the United Kingdom when the national news picked up on the story of sixty-one-year-old Northern Ireland farmer Alan Graham withdrawing his permission to film in his barley field in Bangor, County Down after taking issue with Rihanna's clothing, focusing on her appearing topless and also wearing a red bikini top which he thought was an "inappropriate state of undress"  Rihanna and her film crew departed amiably after Graham advised them to "be acquainted with God and to consider His Son, the Lord Jesus Christ, and His death and Resurrection "The video begins with a monologue about love and heartbreak by an unseen narrator, fashion model Agyness Deyn  Multiple scenes of Rihanna and boxer Dudley O'Shaughnessy are intercut throughout the narration, depicting them in different love and hate situations with each other  The two are shown as completely enamored with each other while engaging in fun activities together, including enjoying their time at an indoor skating centre and eating in fast food restaurants  During the chorus, the video shows the romance to be somewhat warped, as images of drugs, various pills and dilated pupils are shown, while brief scenes of Rihanna and her boyfriend preparing to engage in sexual intercourse and their various stages of undress are shown  The chorus continues and the video abruptly cuts to Rihanna and other people at an outdoor rave, dancing to music  Calvin Harris features as the DJ during this scene 
From the second verse, Rihanna and her boyfriend are seen happily running amok in a supermarket, pushing each other in a shopping cart and spraying canned drinks at each other  This scene is interrupted with Rihanna in a Pontiac Trans Am outside with her boyfriend who begins to recklessly drive in circles, resulting in Rihanna asking him to stop the car which ensues into an argument between the pair  The video then progressively shows the couple experiencing mounting difficulties in their relationship  Rihanna removes herself from the car and returns moments later where we see her boyfriend grab her chin to look at him, suggesting that he is domestically violent towards her  During the final chorus Rihanna can be seen vomiting what appears to be pink and white streamers; she is also seen passed out on the street while her boyfriend tries to revive her  In another scene, Rihanna is seen lying on a couch while her boyfriend tattoos the word 'MINE' on her backside  Eventually, Rihanna decides to leave her boyfriend after finding him passed out on the floor of his apartment – and most likely due to the previous events shown throughout the video  The clip ends with Rihanna curled up in the corner of a room, crying The video generated controversy for its depiction of violence and drug use, as well as for Rihanna's removal of her clothes during filming  One journalist wrote, "The song is probably one of the most talked about in the country following the Barbadian being told to 'find God' after running naked through a Northern Irish farmer's field " It was described as a "disgrace" by an anti-rape campaigner, and Christian commenters worried about the effects of the video and that "Rihanna is damaging the moral and self-worth of young impressionable teens " However, The Guardian praised the video for being different in its time period and called it "a very British music video", comparing it to UK TV series, Skins  The video won a Grammy Award for 'Best Short-Form Music Video  As of January 2015, Billboard named the video as the second best music video of the 2010s (so far) 

Live performances
Rihanna performed "We Found Love" for the first time on November 14, 2011, during a concert of her Loud Tour in London  The song was then added to the setlist as the closing song for the rest of the tour until it ended on December 22  On November 17, 2011, Rihanna performed the song on first season of The X Factor USA  The performance featured Rihanna wearing torn jeans and a bomber jacket with neon signs also present on the stage  On November 20, 2011, Rihanna performed the song on the eighth season of The X Factor UK, featuring Rihanna wearing a small tartan dress On February 12, 2012, Rihanna performed "We Found Love" at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, followed by her duet single "Princess of China" with Coldplay for first time  John Mitchell from MTV News said he thought Rihanna looked "gorgeous" and that she gave "off a Tina Turner vibe — Rihanna rocked the blond locks she introduced recently, wearing a tight, belly-baring ensemble " USA Today's writer Ed Masley, praised the performance, describing it as "shout in shout-out"  The Huffington Post also noted that the performance had "a twinge of Tina Turner"  Time magazine graded the performance with an A, saying that "Rihanna never disappoints  Her pop songs are always danceable, often catchy and consistently awesome — sometimes they even have some substance to them  Similarly, her Grammy performance wasn't the flashiest or craziest, and she didn’t bust out dance moves the way other entertainers did, but it was one of the most enjoyable "Later that month, the singer performed the song at the Brit Awards held on February 21, 2012, at the O2 Arena in London  The performance began with Rihanna, in only an old grandad-style jumper covering her body, in a clear cage as colourful paint began to be thrown inside with her, although none was thrown onto the singer herself  Dancers were also present as Rihanna emerged from the cage and began dancing along the broad stretch of stage  The performance concluded with big multi-coloured balloons pouring down red confetti from the ceiling as they burst, finalizing with Rihanna returning to the paint-covered cage and smearing it over herself ending with her silhouette being broadcast through the cage  At the ceremony, Rihanna also won the award for Best International Female Solo Artist  Whilst promoting her first feature film appearance in Battleship, Rihanna made a visit to Japan, performing "We Found Love" on the Japanese music television program Music Station  She donned a traditional kimono and concluded the performance by crowd surfing into the audience  On April 24, 2012, Rihanna performed a special acoustic version of the song at the Time 100 gala for Time's selection of that year's 100 most influential people of which Rihanna was listed  Rihanna later performed "We Found Love" at Radio 1's Hackney Weekend on May 24, 2012, as the seventeenth and final song on the set list  The performance featured a giant sphinx on the stage  On September 9, 2012, Rihanna performed the single (along with "Princess of China" and "Run This Town") with Coldplay and Jay-Z at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, entering on a steampunk pirate ship and also suspended in the air on a metal bench  On December 9, 2012, Rihanna performed "We Found Love" in a medley with a solo version of "Stay" on the final of ninth season of The X Factor UK  She also performed the song at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards  She performed the song as part of her set during the halftime show of Super Bowl LVII 

Cover versions
American singer Tinashe uploaded a music video for her cover on her YouTube account on October 21, 2011  British alternative rock band Coldplay, with whom Rihanna would later collaborate on their song "Princess of China", covered "We Found Love" on October 27, 2011, during a performance at BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge  Jocelyn Vena of MTV News called the performance "flawless", writing "Lead singer Chris Martin's haunting vocals and the band's acoustic rendition, using drums, piano and guitar, play up the sadness of the track " Jason Lipshutz of Billboard magazine also noted that the band used "piano flourishes, a kick drum and a simple guitar lick to convey the song's romantic declaration", while making a ballad which was "reminiscent of Bruno Mars' emotional reworking of Katy Perry's 'California Gurls'"  Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone wrote: "It may surprise that their rendition is actually pretty good  Whereas Rihanna's version is a thumping rave anthem, Chris Martin and company transform it into a lovely piano ballad nearly indistinguishable from many of their own songs " A writer for The Hollywood Reporter said: "Martin's vocals blend with the piano for a slightly softer take on the tragic love story " On February 17, 2012, British singer Jessie J made a cover of the song on BBC Radio1's Live Lounge Lea Michele and Naya Rivera covered the song in the climax of the third season's tenth episode of Glee, "Yes/No"  Romanian X Factor contestant Diana Hetea performed "We Found Love" in the "Public's Choice Gala" on December 10, 2011  Even though ill of laryngitis, Hetea's performance was praised all three judges that called it "[The] Perfect match for her!" both visually and vocally  Kris Allen also covered the song mashing it with other songs by Katy Perry and other female artists  Carmen Smith also performed "We Found Love" for her battle round in the Australian Version of the Voice which saw her through to next round In September 2012, Kelly Clarkson performed the song during a concert in Virginia Beach   In October 2012, British singer Ed Sheeran did an acoustic cover of the song for Sirius XM Radio  Lindsey Stirling covered it in a music video filmed in a Kenyan village  British pop rock band McFly covered "We Found Love" on their "Keep Calm And Play Lounder" tour 2012  Kele Okereke sang a verse of the song as the intro to his band Bloc Party's song "Flux" on their June 2012 U K  tour  In July 2014, Tori Amos covered the song on her Unrepentant Geraldines Tour  In 2011, Boyce Avenue, a pop rock band, also made an acoustic cover of the song and released it iTunes and their YouTube channel  In November 2012, Forever The Sickest Kids covered the song as part of Punk Goes Pop 5  
YouTubers Tom Scott and Matt Gray spoofed the song in their video 'Ten Illegal Things To Do In London ' The parody, where the song's chorus lyrics are replaced with 'We Flew A Kite In A Public Place,' plays over footage of Gray flying a kite in a public place, which is illegal in the U K  under the Metropolitan Police Act 1839 

Remixes
In November 2011, R3hab released a remix of "We Found Love" with a "Halloween" sound  He explained "I made two versions     one version is more melodic and euphoric  This [first] one is more dark because the lyrics [to] 'We Found Love' can also be seen as something dark  'We are at the end of the world/ And I still found love ' So from there came the more darker chord progression and the more darker atmosphere, like Dracula is coming to get you  It's just got a lot of emotion and that worked out great for me "On January 13, 2012, Rap-Up released a remix of "We Found Love" featuring American rapper Flo Rida  Flo Rida's parts overlap Calvin Harris' produced dance beats  In the opening lines, Flo Rida introduces himself and raps tongue twisters about Rihanna and The Bahamas, "You know I got love for you/ See what happened was we in Bahams/ I remember it was the ox summer, oh so pretty I/   Girl nice to meet you what's the honour/ Yeah she tap me told me she Rihanna "  He also references singer Mick Jagger singing that he is "rocking a party 'like I'm Mick Jagger " Flo Rida, himself in an interview with NME revealed that it was an honor for him to work with Rihanna  He also revealed that "We Found Love" was one of his favorite songs and that's why he decided to make a remix with Rihanna  He added that Calvin Harris' production impressed him and heavily influenced him on his future work  Rihanna also noted that she decided to work with Flo Rida because of his "wild" productions on his songs Andrew Unterberger of the website PopDust wrote that Flo Rida was "exactly" what the original version of "We Found Love" was missing  He added, "No Rihanna, you got it backwards—it's Flo Rida who needs to have other, more talented people on his songs in order to turn them into hits, not the other way around    At least this remix does feature a sizeable contribution from Flo, as he shows up on both the intro and over the song's primary instrumental hook with his trademark unintelligible yammering, though he gets in at least one reference to rocking a party 'like I'm Mick Jagger '" Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone praised the remix of the song, saying that "once again, Flo Rida shows his true rapping skills over the beat of Rihanna's 'We Found Love'"  Both Billboard's Erika Ramirez and Spin's Marc Hogan praised the remixed version calling it "refreshing" and "interesting"  However, Becky Bain of the website Idolator was more negative towards the remix  She noted, "Being that Rihanna's 'We Found Love' has enough beats and synths to be its own remix, not to mention it couldn't possibly be even more popular on the Hot 100    we find it pointless to release a new version of the single with Flo Rida "

Formats and track listings
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from CD single liner notes Recording

Recorded at Fly Eye Studios, London, United Kingdom and Westlake Recording Studios, Los Angeles, California Personnel

Rihanna - vocals
Calvin Harris – songwriter, producer, recording, mixing and instrumentation
Marcos Tovar – vocal recording
Alejandro Barajas – assistant recording engineer
Phil Tan – mixing
Damien Lewis – assistant mixing

Charts
Certifications
Release history
See also
Passage 4:
Lightning (song)
"Lightning" is a song by British-Irish boy band the Wanted, taken as the third single from their second studio album, Battleground  It was released on 16 October 2011  The song was written by Steve Mac, Wayne Hector and Ed Drewett, the same team responsible for the band's number-one single, "Glad You Came"  The song debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart, behind Rihanna's "We Found Love"  The single was originally intended for release in the United States, following the success of "Glad You Came", and a promotional remix single was issued, however, its release was cancelled 

Background
The song was written by Steve Mac, Wayne Hector and Ed Drewett  It was first premiered during the band's Spring 2011 tour, where many fans assumed it to be the first single from Battleground  The song kicks off with a thumping electronic beat, as Tom's raspy vocals come in: "You're in control, pressing pause on my heartbeat   "  During the chorus, the band sing: "I know it's a little bit frightening, we might as well be playing with lightning now-ow-ow " Band member Tom Parker said of the song, "We all felt it was a sound like we've never done before  It's the perfect prelude to the album, and a great song to get you in the mood for a party " The song premiered on mainstream radio on 17 September 2011  Band member Max George said of the song, "It was only really meant as a filler track  Something to keep the fans interested on the weeks leading up to the album release  We never knew it would be so successful "

Critical reception
A positive reception came from "CBBC Newsround" who rated it four out of five stars  They went on to say that "The verses aren't that catchy, but the chorus will get you humming in a lightning flash! " They also said that "the rousing singalong chorus is well worth waiting for " Another positive reception came from Digital Spy's Lewis Corner, who rated it four stars out of five and wrote that "[   ] The five-piece croon over a cool 'n' catchy melody more addictive than snacking on a tube of Pringles in front of the telly " [   ] "The results are strikingly similar; once you pop, you shamelessly can't stop no matter how much you try "

Promotion
The band performed the song live for the first time during the results show of the 16 October edition of The X Factor  They also made a special appearance on the Strictly Come Dancing Halloween Special to perform the song, on 30 October 2011 

Music video
The music video for "Lightning" was director by Matt Stawski  The video was filmed in LA, and premiered on 22 September 2011, via the Wanted's YouTube channel  The video features the members of the band performing during a rave, in a similar fashion to their "Glad You Came" video  The video is set at night, and also features many explosions and kissing scenes 

Track listing
Digital download"Lightning" – 3:23
"Lightning" (Chuckie Extended Mix) – 5:43
"Lightning" (The Alias Remix – Radio Edit) – 3:29
"Glad You Came" (Live Tour Performance) – 3:20UK CD single"Lightning" – 3:23
"Lightning" (Chuckie Extended Mix) – 5:43
"Lightning" (The Alias Remix – Radio Edit) – 3:29U S  promotional CD single"Lightning" (Radio Edit) – 3:24
"Lightning" (Digital Dog Radio Edit) – 3:21
"Lightning" (Digital Dog Club Mix) – 6:28
"Lightning" (Digital Dog Dub) – 6:10
"Lightning" (Almighty Radio Edit) – 3:23
"Lightning" (Almighty Club Mix) – 6:24
"Lightning" (The Alias Remix – Radio Edit) – 3:29
"Lightning" (The Alias Club Mix) – 7:11
"Lightning" (Chuckie Extended Mix) – 5:43
"Lightning" (Chuckie Club Mix) – 6:13
"Lightning" (Chuckie Dub) – 5:14

Charts and certifications
Release history
Passage 5:
The Wanted discography
British-Irish vocal pop group The Wanted have released three studio albums, one compilation album, two extended plays and fifteen singles  The band's debut album, The Wanted, was released by Geffen Records in the United Kingdom in October 2010  It reached number four on the UK Album Chart and number eleven on the Irish Albums Chart  The album's first single, "All Time Low", was released in July 2010 and peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart and number thirteen on the Irish Singles Chart  This was followed by "Heart Vacancy", which reached two in the UK and eighteen in Ireland  "Lose My Mind", was the third and last single from the album and was less successful than its predecessors, reaching number 19 in the UK and number 30 in Ireland 
In March 2011, The Wanted released the official 2011 Comic Relief charity single, "Gold Forever", which peaked at number three in the UK and number 13 in Ireland  "Glad You Came", the Wanted's fifth single, was released in July 2011 and became their second number-one single in the UK and their first in Ireland; it also charted in the US, Australia, and Europe  In October, their sixth single, "Lightning", debuted and peaked at number 2 on 23 October 2011  This was followed by second album Battleground, which got to number 5 
In 2012, the band released "Chasing the Sun", the lead single from their then-untitled third studio album and the theme song of the animated film Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012)  Four further singles were released, including top 5 hits "I Found You" and "Walks Like Rihanna", before long-awaited third album Word of Mouth finally dropped in November 2013  After the album only reached number 9 in the UK and number 17 in the US, the band announced an indefinite hiatus 
The band reunited in September 2021 and released their first greatest hits album in November 2021, which included two new songs 

Albums
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artists
Promotional singles
Other charted songs
Other appearances
Music videos
Passage 6:
Gabrielle Aplin discography
The discography of British singer-songwriter Gabrielle Aplin, consists of four studio albums, 17 extended plays, three live albums and 18 singles  Her first release was the 5-track Acoustic EP which was released on the iTunes Store on 13 September 2010  Her second EP Never Fade was released on 9 May 2011 and saw Aplin expand her sound, showcasing a more folk rock sound and playing all instruments herself  In April 2011, Aplin was invited to perform for BBC Introducing at Maida Vale Studios, where she played 3 tracks from Never Fade and a cover of the Coldplay song "Fix You"  Aplin released her third EP, Home, on 9 January 2012  On 29 February 2012, Aplin announced that she had signed to Parlophone  Aplin was confirmed as the soundtrack to the John Lewis 2012 Christmas television advertisement, covering Frankie Goes to Hollywood's "The Power of Love", the song reached number one on the UK Singles Chart On 12 December 2012, Aplin announced that the title of her debut album would be English Rain  In addition, she also unveiled its artwork and release date of 29 April 2013  However, the album's release date was later confirmed as 13 May 2013  Aplin announced live on 17 February Radio 1 Chart Show that her third single would be "Panic Cord"  The song originally featured on her Never Fade EP and it was released on 5 May 2013, charting at number 19 on the UK Singles Chart  English Rain charted at number 2 on both the UK Albums Chart and Scottish Albums Chart, while reaching number on the Irish Albums Chart  In 2014, Aplin released her English Rain EP in the United States  The EP was released on 6 May and features 5 songs from her debut album, as well as a cover of Canadian singer Joni Mitchell's "A Case of You"  In 2015, Aplin released her second studio album entitled Light Up the Dark  Light Up the Dark debuted at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart 

Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Other appearances
Music videos
Passage 7:
Gold Dust (DJ Fresh song)
"Gold Dust" is a song by British-based DJ and record producer DJ Fresh  It is the third single released from his second album Kryptonite 
Originally put out as a 12" in 2008, it was re-released in 2010 featuring vocals from Ce'cile although there is a version of the song on his album Nextlevelism which features Ms  Dynamite  The 2010 version of the song peaked at number 24 on the UK Singles Chart  The music video was directed by Ben Newman and edited by Jacek Zajkowski  In 2012, Shy FX made a 're-edit' of the song that was re-released to radio  This version reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart and number 39 on the Irish Singles Chart 
The sales of all versions are combined enabling it to have sold in excess of 600,000 copies, receiving a Platinum certification, despite never reaching the top twenty of the UK Singles Chart 

Music video
The official music video was filmed at the Brownsville Project in Brooklyn and captures some performances by American Double Dutch champions, Jumpers in Command  The youths are seen doing various activities including skateboarding, skipping, and free running 

Critical reception
Fraser McAlpine of BBC Chart Blog gave the song a positive review stating:

Sometimes the brightest gems are right in front of your eyes, hiding in plain sight  Or just obscured by people who know they are there, but have forgotten to tell you 
With this song, and its fantastic video, I will admit that my attention was miles away, probably raking through some slower, drabber, less fun things (ie: ANYTHING ELSE)  I had no idea something this ker-ay-zee, this life-affirming, this astonishingly chipper was released across on my beloved internet just seven days ago, until a friend dragged me over to look at what he called "the skipping video" on his phone 
Yeah, that's right, a skipping video  I mean how impressive can a video which features people either successfully or unsuccessfully jumping over a moving rope actually b   oh my LORD have you SEEN THE SKIPPING VIDEO? YOU'VE GOT TO SEE THE SKIPPING VIDEO! THE SKIPPING VIDEO IS AMAZING!  

Track listings
Chart performance
Certifications
Release history
Passage 8:
Grace Kelly (song)
"Grace Kelly" is the second single by British singer Mika  It is the opening track on Mika's debut studio album Life in Cartoon Motion (2007)  Produced and mixed by Greg Wells, the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number three and the UK Official Download Chart at number one  One week later, it jumped to the top of the UK Singles Chart on download sales alone, the second song to do so after Gnarls Barkley's "Crazy" the previous year  The track was number one on the UK Singles Chart for five weeks, and ended 2007 as the year's third biggest-selling single in that country  In the US, "Grace Kelly" was made available for digital download on 16 January 2007  This song was also No  89 on MTV Asia's list of Top 100 Hits of 2007  It was designed to be a mocking satire of musicians who try to reinvent themselves to be popular 
The song is titled after Academy Award-winning American film and stage actress, and Princess of Monaco, Grace Kelly  The bit of dialogue used in the song is from the film The Country Girl, which stars Kelly  Mika claims the song was inspired after a bad experience with a record company executive, in which he was told to be more like Craig David  The lyric "So I tried a little Freddie" is a reference to Queen's Freddie Mercury, to whose singing voice Mika's has been compared  On at least one occasion, Mika confirmed that he used the main melody from Figaro's famous aria "Largo al factotum", from the opera The Barber of Seville by Gioachino Rossini  Mika performed the song at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2007 in Munich and at the 2008 BRIT Awards at the Earls Court Exhibition Centre, London, where it was nominated for Best British Single, but lost to "Shine" by Take That  The song has sold over 630,000 copies in the UK, as stated by the Official Charts Company 

Background and composition
Mika wrote the song after he felt frustrated with record label executives that wanted him to change his sound to fit the common pop mold  In the song, Mika points out how he can pretend to be anyone he likes to win approval – in this case the glamorous actress Grace Kelly  He wrote the song after the record company told him that they wanted to model his look and sound on Craig David, who was popular at the time in the UK  Mika rejected this idea and wrote "Grace Kelly" as a way of expressing his individuality  The song's melody is based on the aria "Largo al factotum", from the opera The Barber of Seville by Gioachino Rossini 

Critical reception
The song received positive reviews from music critics  Heather Phares from AllMusic wrote a positive review for the song, stating that "Mika's singles are his most charming moments, including the instant sunshine of "Grace Kelly," which crams tap-dancing rhythms, filmic dialogue, Elton's pianos, Freddie's vocal harmonies, and Brian May's guitars into just over three minutes " Christian John Wikane from PopMatters wrote an extensive article about the comparisons between Mika and Freddie Mercury, writing that "he sounds a lot like Mercury and wears the influence like a badge of honor, even name-checking the late front man of Queen in the first verse  Mika vacillates between the affected theatricality of Mercury's full-throttled voice and his own strong falsetto, where he earnestly implores "Why don't you like me?" no less than 12 times Beth Johnson from Entertainment Weekly wrote that "Nothing quite matches the crystal-shattering exuberance of hit Grace Kelly " John Murphy from musicOMH wrote that "It's big, joyous, dumb pop, and the only danger with it is that you'll be utterly sick of it fast " Lizzie Enever from BBC Music was direct, writing that "Grace Kelly is a great pop song – it's catchy, you can't help singing along and it grates on you after a few days when you can't get it out of your head but you still go back for more – flawless credentials " Graham Griffith, also from About com, wrote that the song "is an outrageously irresistible and infectious pop gem " Dom Passantino from Stylus Magazine criticized the track, writing that "it seems to suggest the boy has some level for musicals, being as it is all Broadway flittering and hackneyed attempts at conveying a story with its lyrics  But here's the problem: he's got no tales to tell, just a tab at his local make-up supplier  "Am I too dirty, am I too flirty?" he sings at one point "

Accolades
At the 2007 World Music Awards, Mika won for Best Selling British Artist, Best Selling New Artist, Best Selling Male Entertainer, and World's Best Selling Pop Rock Male Artist 

Live performances and covers
Top 50 contestant of American Idol Josiah Leming performed a rendition of the song in Hollywood for the judges, which received great praise 
A version by Mika appears on the 2007 compilation album The Saturday Sessions: The Dermot O'Leary Show 
Mika performed this song on series 4 episode 3 of The Friday Night Project on 19 January 2007  James Nesbitt was the host that night 
The Whiffenpoofs performed the song on The Sing-Off on 6 December 2010 
Bindi Irwin and Derek Hough performed the song on Dancing with the Stars (U S  season 21)
Josef Fečo performed the song on The Voice Česko Slovensko on 1 March 2019
In September 2021, TikTok users, including Ryan Reynolds and Will Ferrell, took part in a challenge where the user records the different vocal parts of the chorus on top of each other making a full harmony 
In May 2022, Mika performed this song as part of the interval medley at the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, which he co-hosted 

Parodies
Rory Bremner recorded a parody version to illustrate the problems of UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown 
Amateur Transplants's song "Libel Case" from their 2008 album Unfit to Practise 
Subwoolfer released a parody song of Mika's "Grace Kelly" titled "Space Kelly"; a parody Eurovision round-up song of their competitors and making light of their true identities 

Appearances
The Hills
Ugly Betty
A Turkish Coca-Cola advertisement
An Israeli advertisement of "Misdar Zihoi"
A trailer for Disney Cinemagic
A trailer for I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry
A trailer for The Ugly Truth
The 2008 episode of Silent Witness "Lost Child", as a 27-year-old transforms himself into a schoolboy
An advertisement for Neighbours
What Happens in Vegas   
Dead Set
The Doctor Who novel "The Pirate Loop"
The Sarah Jane Adventures episode "The Mark of the Berserker"
An episode of Celebrity Big Brother
An advertisement of Confessions of a Shopaholic
Autumn 2007 episodes of Corazón de Otoño
The European Nintendo DS version of Band Hero
A German first season trailer for Weeds
The adult-oriented Wii game We Dare, as a cover version
FC Barcelona's official video for Thierry Henry in Barca Legends series

Music video
The music video for the song "Grace Kelly" was directed by Sophie Muller and starred Mika and future singer-songwriter Mae Muller  The video was filmed in early November 2006 and has been nominated for numerous worldwide awards  The instrumental introduction in the video is an extract of the acoustic version of the song found on certain releases of the album 

Track listing
Australian CD single

"Grace Kelly" – 3:08
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Radio Edit) – 3:20
"Over My Shoulder" – 4:44
"Grace Kelly" (Video)UK CD single

"Grace Kelly" – 3:08
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Radio Edit) – 3:20
"Over My Shoulder" – 4:44Limited edition 7" vinyl

"Grace Kelly" – 3:07
"Satellite" – 4:15UK 12" vinyl

"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Full Vocal Remix) – 6:46
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Dub Remix) – 6:40
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Full Vocal Remix) – 6:48
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Dub Remix) – 7:08

Official versions
"Grace Kelly" – 3:07
"Grace Kelly" (Acoustic Version) – 3:07
"Grace Kelly" (Bimbo Jones Remix Edit) – 3:00
"Grace Kelly" (Bimbo Jones Remix) – 6:26
"Grace Kelly" (Les Grandes Gueules Version) – 3:07
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Radio Edit) – 3:20
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Full Vocal Remix) – 6:46
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Dub Remix) – 6:40
"Grace Kelly" (Pull Tiger Tail Remix) – 4:26
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Full Vocal Remix) – 6:48
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Dub Remix) – 7:08

Chart performance
It reached number one in the United Kingdom and in Ireland  The song was only the second single ever to top the UK chart without selling a physical copy ("Crazy" by Gnarls Barkley was the first)  In the US market, it peaked at number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100  The December 2007 Observer Music Monthly asked Mika how it felt getting to No  1 in the UK with this song  He replied: "Very unreal  It still feels unreal  It's just a song I wrote in my room  By the time I'd written 'Grace Kelly' everything in my life had been called into question  Trying to find out what I was going to do with my life, trying to be a musician, to be independent, to give myself the remote chance of any kind of a relationship  I was just sorting every thing out in my head  That song sums it all up " It went to #1 on the United Kingdom, Czech Republic, Ireland, Italy, Norway and Turkey singles charts  The song was 82 in the French physical charts but number 2 in digital ones, and has more than 50,000 sales in the country  The song has more than 5 million sales 

Charts
Certifications
See also
List of number-one hits in Denmark
List of number-one singles of 2007 (Ireland)
List of number-one hits of 2007 (Italy)
List of number-one hits in Norway
List of number-one singles from the 2000s (UK)
Passage 9:
Royal Blood discography
English rock duo Royal Blood have released three studio albums, two extended plays (EPs), fourteen singles and nineteen music videos  Formed in Brighton in March 2011, Royal Blood consists of bassist and vocalist Mike Kerr and drummer Ben Thatcher  After signing with Warner Bros  Records, the duo released their debut single "Out of the Black" in October 2013, which debuted at number 29 on the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart  In February 2014, "Little Monster" was issued as the band's second single, registering on the UK Singles Chart at number 95 and the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart at number one  Both singles were later issued alongside their B-sides on the EP Out of the Black in March  "Come On Over" – initially featured as the B-side to "Out of the Black" – was released as a single in April, reaching number 68 on the UK Singles Chart  At the same time, "Little Monster" also returned to the charts, peaking at number 74 on the UK Singles Chart Royal Blood's self-titled debut album was released in August 2014, topping the UK Albums Chart, Irish Albums Chart and Scottish Albums Chart  The week before the album's release, "Out of the Black" registered on the UK Singles Chart at number 78, while the band's fourth single "Figure It Out" debuted at number 50 (it would later peak at number 43)  Royal Blood was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) by September, and eventually received a platinum certification for sales in excess of 300,000 units  "Ten Tonne Skeleton" was released as the fifth and final single from Royal Blood in late 2014; it charted in Canada only, reaching number 45 on the Canadian Rock Songs chart  "Where Are You Now?", featured on the TV series Vinyl, also registered on the chart, peaking at number 43 In April 2017, it was announced that Royal Blood's second album How Did We Get So Dark? would be released in June  "Lights Out" was issued as the first single from the album the same month, debuting at number 96 on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart  How Did We Get So Dark? debuted atop the UK Albums Chart upon its release, while a total of ten tracks from the album reached the top 20 of the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart The band officially announced their third studio album Typhoons on 21 January 2021, with a planned release date for 30 April 2021  The band released three singles from Typhoons preceding the album's release: "Trouble's Coming", "Typhoons", and "Limbo" 
On May 26, 2023, Royal Blood released "Mountains at Midnight", the first single preceding the release of their forthcoming fourth studio album, Back to the Water Below, due for release on the 8th of September, 2023 

Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
Featured singles
Other charted songs
Music videos
Footnotes
Context 3: Passage 1:
Mimosa
Mimosa is a genus of about 590 species of herbs and shrubs, in the mimosoid clade of the legume family Fabaceae  The generic name is derived from the Greek word μῖμος (mimos), an "actor" or "mime", and the feminine suffix -osa, "resembling", suggesting its 'sensitive leaves' which seem to 'mimic conscious life' Two species in the genus are especially notable  One is Mimosa pudica, commonly known as touch-me-not, which folds its leaves when touched or exposed to heat  It is native to southern Central and South America but is widely cultivated elsewhere for its curiosity value, both as a houseplant in temperate areas, and outdoors in the tropics  Outdoor cultivation has led to weedy invasion in some areas, notably Hawaii  The other is Mimosa tenuiflora, which is best known for its use in shamanic ayahuasca brews due to the psychedelic drug dimethyltryptamine found in its root bark 

Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the genus Mimosa has gone through several periods of splitting and lumping, ultimately accumulating over 3,000 names, many of which have either been synonymized under other species or transferred to other genera  In part due to these changing circumscriptions, the name "Mimosa" has also been applied to several other related species with similar pinnate or bipinnate leaves, but are now classified in other genera  The most common examples of this are Albizia julibrissin (Persian silk tree) and Acacia dealbata (wattle) 

Description
Members of this genus are among the few plants capable of rapid movement; examples outside of Mimosa include the telegraph plant, Aldrovanda, some species of Drosera and the Venus flytrap  The leaves of the Mimosa pudica close quickly when touched  Some mimosas raise their leaves in the day and lower them at night, and experiments done by Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan on mimosas in 1729 provided the first evidence of biological clocks Mimosa can be distinguished from the large related genera, Acacia and Albizia, since its flowers have ten or fewer stamens  Botanically, what appears to be a single globular flower is actually a cluster of many individual ones  Mimosas contain some level of heptanoic acid 

Species
There are about 590 species including:
Mimosa aculeaticarpa Ortega
Mimosa andina Benth 
Mimosa arenosa (Willd ) Poir 
Mimosa asperata L 
Mimosa borealis Gray
Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth 
Mimosa casta L 
Mimosa cupica Gray
Mimosa ceratonia L 
Mimosa diplotricha C Wright ex Sauvalle
Mimosa disperma Barneby
Mimosa distachya Cav 
Mimosa dysocarpa Benth 
Mimosa emoryana Benth 
Mimosa grahamii Gray
Mimosa hamata Willd 
Mimosa hystricina (Small ex Britt  et Rose) B L Turner
Mimosa invisa Martius ex Colla
Mimosa latidens (Small) B L  Turner
Mimosa laxiflora Benth 
Mimosa loxensis Barneby
Mimosa malacophylla Gray
Mimosa microphylla Dry 
Mimosa nothacacia Barneby
Mimosa nuttallii (DC ) B L  Turner
Mimosa ophthalmocentra Mart  ex Benth  1865
Mimosa pellita Kunth ex Willd 
Mimosa pigra L 
Mimosa polycarpa Kunth
Mimosa pudica L 
Mimosa quadrivalvis L 
Mimosa quadrivalvis var  hystricina (Small) Barneby
Mimosa quadrivalvis var  quadrivalvis L 
Mimosa roemeriana Scheele
Mimosa rubicaulis Lam 
Mimosa rupertiana B L  Turner
Mimosa scabrella Benth 
Mimosa schomburgkii Benth 
Mimosa somnians Humb  & Bonpl  ex Willd 
Mimosa strigillosa Torr  et Gray
Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd ) Poir  (= Mimosa hostilis)
Mimosa texana (Gray) Small
Mimosa townsendii Barneby
Mimosa turneri Barneby
Mimosa verrucosa Benth 
Passage 2:
Mimosa somnians
Mimosa somnians, commonly known as dormideira, is a species of woody shrub in the genus Mimosa and the family Fabaceae  It is native to the Caribbean, Central America and South America  It is a short, low-lying shrub with minuscule thorns lining its stem-like hairs Mimosa somnians is notable for exhibiting rapid plant movement  Its leaves are sensitive to tactile stimulus, folding quickly when touched, similar to Mimosa pudica  It can be differentiated from Mimosa pudica in that its leaves are bipinnate, there are more than four subbranchlets and these originate from more than one point on the branch Mimosa somnians's leaflets are 4–5 mm long  The flowers form pink balls  It propagates by seeds 

Forms, subspecies and varieties
Mimosa somnians f  viscida
Mimosa somnians subsp  longipes 
Mimosa somnians subsp  viscida
Mimosa somnians var  aquatica
Mimosa somnians var  deminuta
Mimosa somnians var  diminuta
Mimosa somnians var  glandulosa
Mimosa somnians var  lasiocarpa
Mimosa somnians var  leptocaulis
Mimosa somnians var  longipes
Mimosa somnians var  lupulina
Mimosa somnians var  possensis
Mimosa somnians var  somnians
Mimosa somnians var  velascoensis
Mimosa somnians var  viscida

Uses
In Guyana, it is used to calm down irritable children via washing 

Chemical constituents
Mimosa somnians contains (whole plant) about 0 029% tryptamine and about 0 029% methyltryptamine 
Passage 3:
Mimosa turneri
Mimosa turneri, the desert mimosa, is a perennial small- to medium-sized shrub native to the Southern United States and particularly abundant in Texas  It grows between 3 5 and 10 feet (1 1 and 3 0 m) tall and produces pink flowers  In many places it is considered a weed because it can grow invasively in moist soils 

Habitat and ecology
This species grows as a small to medium-sized shrub that is localized on limestone soil that can range from 2200 feet to 4000 feet above sea level in the desert  This plant is deciduous and has a very high heat tolerance, allowing it to grow in very hot deserts  This plant species was a contained species that escaped and became invasive in the Florida, Texas and Mexico regions  These plants live in soil with high alkalinity 

Morphology
The leaves of the desert mimosa resemble the fronds of a fern and consists of many leaflets that grow opposite of each other along the stem  The leaves are known as bipinnate  Leaflets can range from 9 mm to 12 mm and be 1 5 mm wide at its widest point  Each leaf has about 12- 25 leaflets  Flowers are globe like clusters of thin petals  They contain stamens that are double the number of petals or equal which are often twice the lengths of the corolla  Anthers are small and the ovary is sessile 

Usage
The desert mimosa is often used as food for cattle and livestock, as fuel, construction material as well as living fences that grow into barriers in the wild and can be used as decorative fences 
Passage 4:
Mimosa aculeaticarpa
Mimosa aculeaticarpa is a species of woody shrub in the family Fabaceae  It is commonly known as the catclaw mimosa or the wait-a-minute bush, and is endemic to upland regions of Mexico and the Southwestern United States, particularly Arizona, New Mexico and Texas 

Description
The catclaw mimosa is a straggling thicket forming shrub, usually growing to about one metre tall but occasionally double that height  The twigs are hairy and armed with backward pointing spines that easily catch in clothing  The alternate leaves are bi-pinnate with a varying number of small oblong leaflets  The flowers are white or pale pink, bunched together in globular heads  The fruits are flat pods up to four centimetres long, flattened between the seeds and splitting open when ripe  There are recurved prickles on the edges of the pods 

Distribution
This species grows in upland areas of central and southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, western and central Texas and northern Mexico 

Ecology
This species occurs as scattered individual plants in oak, oak-pine, and evergreen woodlands, pinyon-juniper woodland and mixed with other shrubs in grassland and shrub-steppe communities  It grows on mesas, rocky slopes and gravel deposits  It is commonly found growing in chaparral and is spreading into desert and semi arid areas  This may be because the seed pods are eaten by cattle and the seeds are deposited in the dung, giving them a rich environment for germination  The plant is fire tolerant and sprouts readily after bushfires  In upland areas of west Texas, the redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchotii) acts as a nurse plant for the seedlings   They benefit from the shade and leaf litter associated with the juniper which seems to provide a favourable microclimate for the establishment of the seedlings 
Passage 5:
Mimosa invisa
Mimosa invisa is a species of leguminous woody shrub or vine native to South America  Mimosa invisa includes two subspecies, each with two varieties:  The species is considered to be noxious and invasive in much of the United States 
Mimosa invisa Martius ex CollaMimosa invisa invisa BarnebyMimosa invisa invisa var  invisa Barneby - native to Brazil and Paraguay
Mimosa invisa invisa var  macrostachya (Bentham) Barneby - native to Brazil and ParaguayMimosa invisa spiciflora (Karsten) BarnebyMimosa invisa spiciflora var  spiciflora Barneby - native to northern South America
Mimosa invisa spiciflora var  tovarensis (Bentham) Barneby - native to Venezuela
Passage 6:
Mimosa rubicaulis
Mimosa rubicaulis is a shrub belonging to the family Fabaceae and subfamily Mimosoideae  It is bipinnately compound, each leaf having 8–12 pairs of pinnae, each with 16–20 pairs of pinnules, unlike Mimosa pudica which has at most two prickly pairs of leaflets  It is found across India 

Description
Mimosa rubicaulis is a large, straggling, very prickly shrub  It flowers from June to September, sporting long clusters of many pink spherical flower heads 1–1 5 cm across  The flowers fade to white, so the clusters sport both pink and white flower-heads most of the time  Leaves are double-compound, 8–15 cm long, with thorny rachis  Leaves have 3–2 pairs of side-stalks, each with 6–15 pairs of tiny oblong leaflets 4–8 mm  Pods are thin, flat, curved, 8–13 cm long, 1 cm wide, breaking into 4–10 rectangular single-seeded units, leaving the remains of the pod attached to the shoot It is considered useful for hedges  The wood is suitable for tent pegs and for making gunpowder charcoal  Roots and leaves are used medicinally  Himalayan Mimosa is found in the Himalayas, from Afghanistan to Bhutan, at altitudes of 300–1900 m  It prefers forest edges and boundaries of fields and gardens 
Passage 7:
Mimosa hamata
Mimosa hamata (Hindi:Alāy shrub (अलाय) is a species of flowering shrub in the family Fabaceae, that is native to the countries of India and Pakistan 

Uses
This plant has been used for animal feed 
Passage 8:
Cryptocoryne
Cryptocoryne is a genus of aquatic plants from the family Araceae  The genus is naturally distributed in tropical regions of India, Southeast Asia and New Guinea The typical habitats of Cryptocoryne are mostly streams and rivers with not too rapidly flowing water, in the lowland forest  They also live in seasonally inundated forest pools or on river banks submerged only at high water  Although the proper scientific name of the genus is Cryptocoryne, they are commonly referred to as crypts  The English name "water trumpet" refers to their inflorescence, a spadix enclosed by a spathe (typical for the whole family), which resembles a trumpet 
The first Cryptocoryne species was described in 1779 as Arum spirale by Retzius  The genus was described by Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von Fischer in 1828  However, the scientific classification of Cryptocoryne species is very complicated and there are different opinions about it  Lagenandra is another genus closely related to the genus Cryptocoryne  The two can be easily told apart since the leaves of Cryptocoryne species exhibit convolute vernation whereas Lagenandra species exhibit involute vernation 

The name Cryptocoryne is derived from the Greek crypto, hidden, and koryne, meaning club  The common name (water trumpet) refers to the shape of its inflorescence, which is typical of the Araceae family 

Cultivation and uses
Some Cryptocoryne are popular commercially cultivated aquarium plants  Submerged plants reproduce vegetatively, emerse plants may flower and reproduce sexually  Many species are cultivated only by dedicated experts and are very hard to grow, or are not present in a culture at all  Some species are endangered because their natural habitats are disappearing  On the other hand, some water trumpets (e g  Cryptocoryne beckettii) are very hardy aquarium plants, easy to grow to the point that they have become an invasive species after being introduced in Florida in North America Cryptocoryne is either found in peat bogs or on limestone; the latter do well in most aquaria, the former must have soft water to survive and need decomposing beech leaf litter to do well  C  striolata, while found primarily in peat bogs, has also been found growing on limestone  Borneo is home to many endemic crypts previously thought to grow only in tea-colored soft acid water emulating peat bogs but exploration of habitats from 2005 to 2010 showed about half grew on limestone as well  These hardwater Cryptocorynes are generally the easier ones to keep (in fact, some species, such as Cryptocoryne wendtii are said to be among the most versatile of aquarium plants); they tolerate low or bright light but grow faster in more intense light  This water plant's range is around 12 to 33 °C, and slightly alkaline to neutral pH 
Plants of the genus Cryptocoryne, which range from India to New Guinea are found in very diverse conditions  Some are true acid loving plants such as C  pallidnerva, found in peat bogs in Borneo, while others such as C  crispatula var  balansae and C  pontiderifolia are found in streams with limestone beds—hard alkaline water  One species, C  ciliata is even found in semi-brackish water in some areas  It is one of the few aquarium plants that tolerates salt concentrations 
Cryptocoryne plants have been in cultivation in the aquarium hobby since the late 18th century, although it was not until the 1960s that more than a handful of species was known and became more common in the hobby  New species still regularly crop up as interest in these plants widens and more collecting expeditions by private parties are carried out 

Crypt melt
A phenomenon often encountered when planting new crypts in an aquarium is commonly called Crypt melt, whereby the plant loses all its leaves  There seem to be two possible causes for this 
Rapid environmental change is thought to trigger this, as these plants do not seem to adapt well to transplantion, and may need 30 days or so to become established and for the leaves to regrow  Experienced growers report that it is better to plant crypts in aquariums that have been established for at least three months In the wild, crypts can grow fully submerged underwater, but in some plant nurseries they are often grown emersed and crypt melt could then be triggered by the change from emerse to submerse conditions 
There is lately a trend for such nurseries to send crypts as just a rootstock (i e  without the leaves) to reduce shipping costs and because the leaves will be lost anyway once planted in an aquarium 
Other reports emphasise the need to change the aquarium water regularly to prevent the buildup of nitrates which are thought to trigger this condition (often referred to as a disease) 

Species
Cryptocoryne affinis N E Br  in J D Hooker - Thailand, Malaysia
Cryptocoryne alba de Wit - Sri Lanka
Cryptocoryne albida R Parker - southern China, eastern India, Bangladesh, Indochina
Cryptocoryne annamica Serebryanyi - Vietnam
Cryptocoryne aponogetifolia Merr  - Philippines
Cryptocoryne aura  - West kalimantan
Cryptocoryne auriculata Engl  - Sarawak, Philippines
Cryptocoryne bangkaensis Bastm  - Sumatra
Cryptocoryne beckettii Thuill  ex Trim  - Sri Lanka; naturalized in Texas
Cryptocoryne bogneri Rataj - Sri Lanka
Cryptocoryne bullosa Becc  - Sarawak
Cryptocoryne ciliata (Roxb ) Schott - India, Bangladesh, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Philippines
Cryptocoryne cognata Schott - India
Cryptocoryne consobrina Schott - India
Cryptocoryne cordata var  cordata Griff  - Malaysia
Cryptocoryne cordata var  siamensis Griff  - Thai
Cryptocoryne cordata var  diderici Griff  - Sumatra
Cryptocoryne cordata var  grandis Ridl  - Northeast Borneo
Cryptocoryne cordata var  grabowskii Engl  - South Kalimantan
Cryptocoryne cordata var  zonata de Wit  - Sri Aman
Cryptocoryne coronata Bastm  & Wijng  - Philippines
Cryptocoryne crispatula var  crispatula Engl  - Southeast Asia
Cryptocoryne cruddasiana Prain - Myanmar
Cryptocoryne decus-silvae de Wit - Johor
Cryptocoryne dewitii N Jacobsen - Papua New Guinea
Cryptocoryne purpurea nothovar  edithiae de Wit  - South Kalimantan
Cryptocoryne elliptica N E Br  - Malaysia
Cryptocoryne ferruginea Engl  - Sarawak
Cryptocoryne fusca de Wit - Borneo
Cryptocoryne griffithii Schott - Kalimantan, Peninsular Malaysia
Cryptocoryne hudoroi Bogner & N Jacobsen - Kalimantan
Cryptocoryne ideii Budianto - Kalimantan
Cryptocoryne jacobsenii de Wit - Sumatra
Cryptocoryne joshanii Naive & Villanueva - Philippines
Cryptocoryne keei N Jacobsen - Sarawak
Cryptocoryne lingua Becc  ex Engl - Sarawak
Cryptocoryne loeiensis  Bastm , T Idei & N Jacobsen - Laos, Thailand
Cryptocoryne longicaudaBecc  ex Engl  - Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra
Cryptocoryne mekongensis T Idei, Bastm  & N Jacobsen - Cambodia, Laos, Thailand
Cryptocoryne minima Ridl  - Malaysia, Sumatra
Cryptocoryne moehlmannii de Wit - Sumatra
Cryptocoryne nevillii Trimen - Sri Lanka
Cryptocoryne noritoi Wongso - Kalimantan
Cryptocoryne nurii var  nurii Furtado - Peninsular Malaysia
Cryptocoryne nurii var  raubensis N Jacobsen - Peninsular Malaysia
Cryptocoryne pallidinervia Engl  - Borneo
Cryptocoryne parva de Wit- Sri Lanka
Cryptocoryne pontederiifolia Schott - Sumatra
Cryptocoryne purpurea nothovar  purpurea Ridl  - Peninsular Malaysia
Cryptocoryne purpurea nothovar  sarawakensis Yosuke Kobayashi - sarawak
Cryptocoryne purpurea nothovar  borneoensis  N Jacobsen , Bastm  - Central Kalimantan
Cryptocoryne pygmaea Merr  - Philippines
Cryptocoryne retrospiralis  (Roxb ) Kunth - Bangladesh, India, Myanmar
Cryptocoryne schulzei de Wit - Johor
Cryptocoryne scurrilis de Wit - Sumatra
Cryptocoryne sivadasanii Bogner - southern India
Cryptocoryne spiralis (Retz ) Fisch  ex Wydler - Bangladesh, India
Cryptocoryne striolata Engl  - Borneo
Cryptocoryne thwaitesii Schott - Sri Lanka
Cryptocoryne timahensis Bastm  - Singapore   (C  cordata × C  nurii)
Cryptocoryne uenoi Yuji Sasaki - Sarawak
Cryptocoryne undulata Wendt - Sri Lanka
Cryptocoryne usteriana Engl   - Philippines
Cryptocoryne versteegii Engl  - New Guinea
Cryptocoryne vietnamensis I Hertel & H Mühlberg - Vietnam
Cryptocoryne villosa N Jacobsen - Sumatra
Cryptocoryne walkeri Schott - Sri Lanka
Cryptocoryne wendtii de Wit - Sri Lanka
Cryptocoryne × willisii Reitz - Sri Lanka   (C  parva × C  walkeri)
Cryptocoryne yujii Bastm  - Sarawak
Cryptocoryne zaidiana Ipor & Tawan - Sarawak
Cryptocoryne zukalii Rataj - Peninsular Malaysia
Passage 9:
Mimosa tenuiflora
Mimosa tenuiflora, syn  Mimosa hostilis, also known as jurema preta, calumbi (Brazil), tepezcohuite (México), carbonal, cabrera, jurema, black jurema, and binho de jurema, is a perennial tree or shrub native to the northeastern region of Brazil (Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia) and found as far north as southern Mexico (Oaxaca and coast of Chiapas), and the following countries: El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, Colombia and Venezuela   It is most often found in lower altitudes, but it can be found as high as 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 

Description
The fern-like branches have leaves that are Mimosa like, finely pinnate, growing to 5 cm (2 0 in) long   Each compound leaf contains 15–33 pairs of bright green leaflets 5–6 mm (0 20–0 24 in) long   The tree itself grows up to 8 m (26 ft) tall and it can reach 4–5 m (13–16 ft) tall in less than 5 years   The white, fragrant flowers occur in loosely cylindrical spikes 4–8 cm (1 6–3 1 in) long  In the Northern Hemisphere it blossoms and produces fruit from November to June or July   In the Southern Hemisphere it blooms primarily from September to January   The fruit is brittle and averages 2 5–5 cm (0 98–1 97 in) long   Each pod contains 4–6 seeds that are oval, flat, light brown and 3–4 mm (0 12–0 16 in) in diameter   There are about 145 seeds/1 g (0 035 oz)   In the Southern Hemisphere, the fruit ripens from February to April 

The tree's bark is dark brown to gray   It splits lengthwise and the inside is reddish brown 
The tree's wood is dark reddish brown with a yellow center   It is very dense, durable and strong, having a density of about 1 11 g/cm3 Mimosa tenuiflora does very well after a forest fire, or other major ecological disturbance   It is a prolific pioneer plant   It drops its leaves on the ground, continuously forming a thin layer of mulch and eventually humus   Along with its ability to fix nitrogen, the tree conditions the soil, making it ready for other plant species to come along 

Medicinal uses
A tea made of the leaves and stem has been used to treat tooth pain   For cases of cough and bronchitis, a water extract (decoction) of Mimosa tenuiflora is drunk   A handful of bark in one liter of water is used by itself or in a syrup   The solution is drunk until the symptoms subside One preliminary clinical study found Mimosa tenuiflora to be effective in treating venous leg ulcerations Aqueous extracts of Mimosa are widely used for wound healing and burns in Middle and South America  Consequently, the products of the plant (generally grouped under the term "Tepezcohuite") have become a popular and easily produced cosmetic ingredient in commercial skincare products, used and marketed by celebrities including Kylie Jenner and Salma Hayek 

Other uses
The tree is an acceptable source of forage or fodder for animals, providing vital protein and other nutrients   It does well in the dry season and in drought, while providing life saving food for local livestock and animals   Cows, goats and sheep eat the pods and leaves   There seems to be evidence that Mimosa tenuiflora forage or fodder cause development defects to pregnant ruminants in Brazil The tree is an important source of forage for bees, especially during the dry season and in the beginning of the wet season 
Like most plants in the family Fabaceae, Mimosa tenuiflora fertilizes the soil via nitrogen fixing bacteria   The tree is useful in fighting soil erosion and for reforestation 

Mimosa tenuiflora is a very good source of fuel wood and works very well for making posts, most likely because of its high tannin content (16%), which protects it from rot   Due to its high tannin content, the bark of the tree is widely used as a natural dye and in leather production   It is used to make bridges, buildings, fences, furniture and wheels   It is an excellent source of charcoal and at least one study has been done to see why this is the case The healing properties of the tree make it useful in treating domestic animals   A solution of the leaves or bark can also be used for washing animals in the prevention of parasites   Because the tree keeps most of its leaves during the dry season, it is an important source of shade for animals and plants during that time 

Chemistry
The bark is known to be rich in tannins, saponins, alkaloids, lipids, phytosterols, glucosides, xylose, rhamnose, arabinose, lupeol, methoxychalcones, and kukulkanins   Additionally, Mimosa hostilis contains labdane diterpenoids 

Entheogenic uses
Mimosa tenuiflora is an entheogen used by the Jurema Cult (O Culto da Jurema) in northeastern Brazil  Dried Mexican Mimosa tenuiflora root bark has been recently shown to have a dimethyltryptamine (DMT) content of about 1-1 7%   The stem bark has about 0 03% DMT The parts of the tree are traditionally used in northeastern Brazil in a psychoactive decoction also called Jurema or Yurema  Analogously, the traditional Western Amazonian sacrament Ayahuasca is brewed from indigenous ayahuasca vines 
However, to date no β-carbolines such as harmala alkaloids have been detected in Mimosa tenuiflora decoctions, yet the Jurema is used in combination with several plants This presents challenges to the pharmacological understanding of how DMT from the plant is rendered orally active as an entheogen, because the psychoactivity of ingested DMT requires the presence of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), such as a β-carboline  If an MAOI is neither present in the plant nor added to the mixture, the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) will metabolize DMT in the human gut, preventing the active molecule from entering the blood and brain 
The plant is also used in clandestine manufacture of crystalline DMT  In this form, it is psychoactive by itself when vaporized and inhaled 
The isolation of the chemical compound yuremamine from Mimosa tenuiflora as reported in 2005 represents a new class of phytoindoles, which may explain an apparent oral activity of DMT in Jurema 

Cultivation
For outside planting, USDA Zone 9 or higher is recommended In nature, Mimosa tenuiflora "[   ] fruits and seeds are disseminated by the wind in a radius of 5–8 m (16–26 ft) from the mother plant; rain carries them from slopes to lower plains and human activities contribute to their dissemination "For cultivation, the seed pods are collected once they start to spontaneously open on the tree   The collected pods are laid out in the sun so that the pods open up and release their seeds   The seeds can then be planted in sandy soil with sun exposure 
Scarification of the seed via mechanical means or by using sulfuric acid greatly increases the germination rate of the seeds over non-treatment   The seeds can be sown directly into holes in the ground or planted in prepared areas 
The seeds can germinate in temperatures ranging from 10 to 30 °C, but the highest germination rate occurs at around 25 °C (about 96%), even after four years of storage   Germination takes about 2–4 weeks 
It is also possible to propagate Mimosa tenuiflora via cuttings Trimming adult Mimosa tenuiflorae during the rainy season is not recommended as it can kill them 

Legal status
United Nations
See also
Dimethyltryptamine
Psychedelic plants
Passage 10:
Mimosa texana
Mimosa texana is a shrub in the family Fabaceae  It is commonly known as the Texas mimosa, the Texas catclaw or the Wherry mimosa and is endemic to upland regions of Mexico and Texas  This species used to be classified as Mimosa biuncifera but it was found that phenotypic variations occurred across its range and a new taxonomy was proposed by Rupert C  Barneby in 1986, splitting the species into Mimosa aculeaticarpa var  biuncifera and Mimosa texana 

Distribution
Texas mimosa is found on alkaline soils in Mexico and Zapata and Starr counties in the state of Texas  It is uncommon and grows on caliche and gravelly hillsides 

Description
This species is a straggly, much branched, deciduous shrub of up to two metres tall  It has slender, zigzag, dark coloured twigs clad in backward pointing prickles  The alternate bi-pinnate leaves have medium-sized leaflets  The globular flowers are creamy-white and cover the bush in the spring  They are intensely fragrant and attract numerous insects  The seed pods are brick red and flattened, with prickly edges 



ground_truth: Iran

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The song that came out ahead of The Wanted's "Lightning" on the UK Singles Chart was featured on which album?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Nüyou
Nüyou (Chinese: 女友; lit  'Female Friend') is a bilingual (English and Chinese) monthly fashion and beauty magazine targeting women  The magazine is based in Singapore 

History and profile
Nüyou was started in 1976  The magazine is part of SPH Magazines and is published on a monthly basis  It covers articles about fashion, beauty tips and celebrities and targets women between the ages of 25 and 30 years-old  The magazine is published in English and Chinese languages In April 2013 Terence Lee became the editor-in-chief of Nüyou  He replaced Grace Lee in the aforementioned post In 2009 Nüyou was redesigned  The magazine had a Malaysian edition which was belong to Blu Inc Media Sdn Bhd  The company ceased operations since the Malaysian movement control order due to the COVID-19 pandemic which interfered with distribution of the magazine 
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List of Allure cover models
Allure is a women's beauty magazine published by Condé Nast Publications  A famous woman, typically an actress, singer, or model, is featured on the cover of each month's issue  Following are the names of each cover subject from the first issue of Allure in March 1991 to the most recent issue 

Allure
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Allure Russia
Russian edition of Allure magazine was published from September 2012 to December 2016 

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Alfredo Hoyos (doctor)
Alfredo Hoyos, M D is a Colombian plastic surgeon who created High-definition liposuction and other advanced body contouring techniques in plastic surgery  He specializes in Plastic Surgery, Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, Maxillofacial surgery, and Hand Surgery  He is also a medical illustrator, painter and sculptor  Dr  Hoyos is featured as a speaker of different companies of the most innovative technologies in the field, not only in Colombia , his natal country, also worldwide  He is also featured in the Aesthetics & Beauty Magazine  Chief and creator of TOTAL DEFINER brand that is an integral programs that show surgeons in the different scenarios of the medical field, how optimize their practice and their team  “THE MOST COMPLETE GUIDE FOR PLASTIC SURGEONS”

Early life and education
Born on March 26, 1972, in Bogota Colombia, Dr  Alfredo Hoyos had  his bachelor's degree education in School Mayor Del Rosario, Colombia and his M D in Del Rosario University Colombia  He completed visiting fellowships in Aesthetic surgery at New York University, New York City  He did same for Maxillofacial surgery at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, and  also for Facial Aesthetic surgery at Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, New York 

Plastic surgery career
Dr  Alfredo Hoyos combines his plastic surgery techniques with different technologies, such as Ultrasound-assisted VASER, Bodytite, Microaire, Wells Johnson, Renuvion  to get the best results in liposculpture  He invented the High Definition Liposculpture (HDL), known today as H4D LIPO, Lipo HD and Dynamic Definition at Lipoplasty (4D) as well as other advanced techniques that focus on body contouring  as EVE Technique ( Tummy tuck and Mini Tummy tuck High Def )  He has also refined techniques in fat transfer (Buttock and Pectoral Lipograft) and breast augmentation  Dr  Hoyos alongside his colleagues has performed  several High Def Lipo procedures with consistent results   He continues to refine these techniques while researching and developing new applications of HD in additional anatomical regions and the field of cosmetic surgery  He has performed plastic surgeries for  many celebrities including Belinda Peregrín Dr  Hoyos is the author of books and several scientific articles that discuss innovations and new technologies that work on body contour  Author of High Definition Body Sculpting: Art and Advanced Lipoplasty Techniques in which he reveals details of his techniques and new technologies in body contouring  He travels to share his knowledge with cosmetic surgeons and also serves as a consultant for media and non-scientific magazines Dr Hoyos has extensive experience as lecturer and trainer for Vaser, Bodytite, Microaire and other different technologies  He has trained hundreds of plastic surgery physicians in the Liposculpture procedures  Among his trainees include: Dr  Anthony Lockwood of Charleswood Clinic, Canada, Dr  Aguirre of Aguiire Specialist Care, Denver, Dr  Cynthia M  Lopez, Dr  Pazmino, Dr  Sam Sukkar of Houston Texas, and Dr   Shapiro, Dr  Emmanuel de la Cruz, Dr  Hossam Tahseen, Dr  Augusto Pupio, Dr Felipe Massignan,

Certifications
Colombian Society of Plastic Surgery, (SCCP) 
International Confederation of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (IPRAS) 
He is a member of the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS)
He is a member of the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS)
He is a member of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS)
He is a member of the International Federation for Adipose Therapeutics and Science (IFATS)

See also
High-definition liposuction
Liposuction
Plastic surgery

Awards
The Brazilian Plastic Surgery Association 2019 Honorable Mention for his numerous and valuable contribution to Worldwide Plastic Surgery field
Ted Lockwood Award (Excellence in Body Contouring) 2019 by ASAPS
SAPS Award 2018  for his great contributions to the Worldwide Plastic Surgery field
ISCG Award 2014 for his Outstanding contribution to Cosmetic Surgery
New Economy Award 2014 for his High Definition Liposculpture Technique
Cutting Edge Award 2014 for his innovative video about High Definition Lipo procedure
RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA 2014 Mention for his Outstanding contribution to the Plastic Surgery field
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Allure (magazine)
Allure is an American women's magazine focused on beauty, published monthly by Condé Nast in New York City  It was founded in 1991 by Linda Wells  Michelle Lee replaced Wells in 2015  A signature of the magazine is its annual Best of Beauty awards—accolades given in the October issue to beauty products deemed the best by Allure's staff 

History
In 1990, S I  Newhouse Jr , chairman of Condé Nast, and then editorial director Alexander Liberman approached Linda Wells to develop a concept they had for a beauty magazine  At the time, Wells was the beauty editor and the food editor at The New York Times Magazine The magazine's prototype was shredded shortly before the scheduled launch date and, after overhauling everything (including the logo), Allure made its debut in March 1991  designed by Lucy Sisman  The magazine's original format was oversize, but this prevented it from fitting into slots at grocery-store checkouts and required advertisers to resize their ads or create new ones  After four issues, Allure changed to a standard-size glossy format On August 29, 2022, Conde Nast announced the December 2022 issue will be the last print issue of the magazine before transitioning to digital-only  Allure employees unionized in 2022  Conde states, “It’s our mission to meet the audience where they are and with this in mind, after our December print issue, we are making Allure an exclusively digital brand ”

Impact
Allure focuses on beauty, fashion, and women's health  Allure was the first women's magazine to write about the health risks associated with silicone breast implants, and has reported on other controversial health issues 
After Lee took the helm in late 2015, the brand was celebrated for promoting diversity and inclusivity  In 2017, Adweek named Allure Magazine of the Year and awarded Lee as Editor of the Year The magazine's circulation, initially 250,000 in 1991, is over 1 million as of 2011 
Many writers have contributed to Allure  Among them are Arthur Miller, John Updike, Jhumpa Lahiri, Michael Chabon, Kathryn Harrison, Frank McCourt, Isabel Allende, and Francine du Plessix Gray  Elizabeth Gilbert’s essay “The Road to Rapture,” published in Allure in 2003, was the precursor to her 2006 memoir, Eat, Pray, Love (Viking Adult)  Photographers who have shot for Allure include Michael Thompson, Mario Testino, Patrick Demarchelier, Norman Jean Roy, Tina Barney, Marilyn Minter, Carter Smith, Steven Klein, Steven Meisel, and Helmut Newton  Cover subjects have included Demi Lovato, Jennifer Aniston, Jennifer Lopez, Helen Mirren, Zendaya, Julia Roberts, Angelina Jolie, Reese Witherspoon, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, Victoria Beckham, Beyoncé, Fergie, Britney Spears, Lupita Nyong'o, Jessica Simpson, Kate Hudson, Christina Aguilera, Ariana Grande, Rihanna, and Gwen Stefani 
(See List of Allure cover models) 

Best of Beauty Awards
Allure began its Best of Beauty awards program in the mid-1990s, at the initiative of Wells, to help readers choose among the vast array of makeup, skincare, and hair-care products on the market  In 2019, the magazine introduced the Allure Best of Beauty Clean Seal award to products that met the publication's "clean" standards Allure has two sets of awards, one judged by the magazine's editors and the other by readers  A "winners' seal" logo, developed by Allure, appears on many of the winning products  To ensure that its judgments are neutral, Allure's ad department isn't involved in the selections 
In 2010, the magazine developed an iPhone app that highlights the winning products and tells users where they can buy them based on their location 

Controversy
The magazine faced online criticism when it showed Marissa Neitling with an Afro haircut Singer Halsey has announced she will no longer do press after Allure failed to use her preferred pronouns in its August cover story and promoted the interview by allegedly taking quotes out of context 

Awards (for Allure)
Magazine of the Year from Adweek (2017)
Bronze Clio Award for Allure Unbound augmented reality app (2017)
The National Magazine Award for Design (1994)
The Editorial Excellence Award from Folio (2001)
The Circulation Excellence Award from Circulation Management (2001)
"Ring Leader", an essay by Natalie Kusz from the February 1996 issue of Allure, was selected for The Best American Essays 1997 (Houghton Mifflin) 
The magazine has been on Adweek’s Hot List in 1993, 1994, 1995, 2003, and 2007 
Allure has received 29 awards from the American Academy of Dermatology, nine journalism awards from The Fragrance Foundation, and the Excellence in Media Award from the Skin Cancer Foundation 

Awards (for Linda Wells)
The Achiever Award from Cosmetic Executive Women (2001)
The Matrix Award for magazine leadership from New York Women in Communications, Inc  (2009)

Awards (for Michelle Lee)
Editor of the Year from Adweek (2017)
Digiday's Glossy 50 (2017)
A100 Most Influential Asians from Gold House (2018)
Creative 100 from Create & Cultivate (2017)

In the media
Wells, along with Allure editors Michael Carl and Kelly Atterton, have appeared as judges on the Bravo TV series Shear Genius 
Allure editors have appeared as experts on television programs such as the Today show and 60 Minutes, and Allure stories frequently receive national attention 
Hilary Duff played an Allure intern in Cheaper by the Dozen 2 

See also
List of Allure cover models
List of Allure Editor
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List of W Korea cover models
W Korea is a women's beauty magazine published by Doosan Magazine under license from Condé Nast Publications  A famous person, usually an actress, singer, or model, is featured on the cover of each month's issue  Following are the names of each cover subject from the most recent issue to the first issue of W Korea under editorship of Lee Hye Joo in March 2005



ground_truth: "Talk That Talk"

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which is a shrub, Mimosa or Cryptocoryne?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 

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Anders Manga
Anders Manga is an American recording artist best known for his self named Darkwave work and under the name Bloody Hammers  His first release was under the name "Coffin Moth" in 1997, a Deathrock music project  In 2012, Anders' song "Glamour" was featured in Season 4 Episode 04 of The Vampire Diaries
In 2019, he released "The Summoning, a new album by Bloody Hammers, his heavy rock project with wife Devallia  In late 2013 he signed Bloody Hammers to Napalm Records and have since released four albums with the label  In 2015 he started another project inspired by horror soundtracks from the seventies and eighties called Terrortron which was featured on the Rue Morgue (magazine) compilation titled "They Came From Rue Morgue" 

Personal life
He is currently married to band member Devallia since 2005 

Musical Influences
Anders was eleven years old when he first began teaching himself Bass guitar, after borrowing a bass from a neighborhood friend 
Anders identifies Alice Cooper as having been his main musical influence as a child, and has said that he was the reason why he wanted to pursue music  Other artists such as Gary Numan, Nick Cave, Roky Erickson, The Sisters of Mercy and Black Sabbath also had a major influence on his musical tastes 

Current Band Members
Devallia (Organ) & Anders Manga (Vocals, Bass, Guitar)

Discography
Albums
Coffin Moth
Coffin Moth (1997) (Self Released)

Solo releases
Murder in the Convent (1999) (Vampture)
One Up for the Dying (2004) (Vampture)
Left of an All-Time Low (2005) (Vampture)
Welcome to the Horror Show (2006) (Vampture)
Blood Lush (2007) (Vampture)
X's & the Eyes (2008) (Vampture)
Perfectly Stranger (2018) (Sacrificial Records)
Andromeda (2020)

Bloody Hammers
Bloody Hammers (2012) (SoulSeller Records)
Spiritual Relics (2013) (SoulSeller Records)
Under Satan's Sun (2014) (Napalm Records)
Lovely Sort of Death (2016) (Napalm Records)
The Horrific Case of Bloody Hammers (2016) (Napalm Records)
The Summoning (2019) (Napalm Records)
Songs of Unspeakable Terror (2021) (Napalm Records)

Terrortron
Hexed (2015) (Sacrificial Records)
Necrophiliac Among the Living Dead (2016) (Sacrificial Records)
Orgy of the Vampires (2017) (Sacrificial Records)

Other releases
The Traumatics - The Traumatics (1993) (Irregular Records)
The Traumatics - Republic (1995) (Irregular Records)
The Dogwoods - The Dogwoods  (1997) (Irregular Records)
A Tribute to Alice Cooper (1998) (Wasted Records)
Interbreeding VIII: Elements of Violence (2006) (BLC Productions)
Sweet Leaf - A Tribute to Black Sabbath (2015) (Cleopatra Records)
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Claudia (magazine)
Claudia is a monthly women's magazine published in Warsaw, Poland  The magazine has been in circulation since 1993 

History and profile
Claudia was established in 1993  Gruner + Jahr was the founding company  The magazine was published by Burda Publishing Polska SP  Z O O  on a monthly basis  It is published by Grupa Kobieta  The headquarters of the monthly is in Warsaw  It targets Polish women around 20-45 years old who live in small cities Claudia achieved record circulation numbers in Poland at the beginning of the 2000s  In 2001 it was the twenty-third best-selling women's magazine worldwide with a circulation of 799,000 copies  In 2002 it was the most popular magazine in Poland The magazine sold 307,729 copies in 2010 and 261,716 copies in 2011  Its circulation rose to 276,752 copies in 2012 

See also
List of magazines in Poland
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Beautycounter
Beautycounter is an American direct to consumer company that sells skin care and cosmetic products  As of 2018, the company had 150 products with over 65,000 independent consultants, and with national retailers 

History
Beautycounter was founded by Gregg Renfrew in 2013  Renfrew had previously worked with merchandising executives such as Martha Stewart and Susie Hilfiger  Beautycounter released nine products in March 2013, including facial cleansers, eye creams, and shampoo  The company launched as a direct retail brand, selling through its website, independent consultants, and retailers including J Crew, Target and Sephora Beautycounter was one of Allure magazine's Best of Beauty award recipients for their lip sheer in twig (2014) and dew skin tinted moisturizer (2015)  Beautycounter became a founding member of the nonprofit Environmental Working Group's verification program, which aims to make it easier for consumers to identify consumer goods that do not contain toxic ingredients  The company compiled a "never list" of reportedly harmful chemicals omitted from their products In 2016, Beautycounter launched its first mascara line  Later that year, Beautycounter's Lengthening Mascara was one of Allure's Best of Beauty products in the natural category  In June 2016, Beautycounter acquired the worldwide assets of Nude Skincare, Inc  and Nude Brands, Ltd , Ali Hewson's natural beauty line, from LVMH  As part of the acquisition, Hewson's husband Bono became an investor in Counter Brands, LLC , Beautycounter's parent company, and Hewson became a board member In 2018, the company opened its first brick and mortar store in Manhattan  A second location opened in 2019, in Denver, Colorado  In March, the company was named to Fast Company's Most Innovative Companies list, for its efforts to promote nontoxic ingredients in beauty products  In June, the company was also named to CNBC's 2020 Disruptor 50 list, as a next generation billion dollar business  In December, the company opened a hybrid retail store and livestream content studio in Los Angeles In February 2020, the company released a documentary Transparency: The Truth About Mica, as part of its efforts to promote ethical mining  The documentary films an in-person audit of the company's mica supply chain, to ensure responsible sourcing In April 2021, American private equity firm The Carlyle Group acquired a majority stake in Beautycounter, which valued parent Counter Brands, LLC  at $1B In January 2022, Marc Rey was named as the company's new CEO, and founder Renfrew became executive chair 

Legislation
In 2014, Renfrew hired public health and environmental advocate Lindsay Dahl to lead company advocacy and lobbying efforts to reduce harmful chemicals used in the cosmetic industry  Renfrew and Beautycounter hosted a congressional briefing in Washington, D C , in fall 2015, regarding the potential dangers of under-regulated beauty products  In May 2016, Renfrew went to Washington, D C , with a group of 100 women representing all 50 U S  states to discuss the importance of regulation in the beauty industry with senators, representatives, and legislative staff  Renfrew also testified in a congressional hearing on cosmetic reform in December 2019 In 2021, Beautycounter led two days of virtual lobbying with members of Congress on federal standards regarding clean beauty 
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Betty Irabor
Betty Irabor is a Nigerian columnist, philanthropist, writer, publisher and founder of Genevieve magazine  She previously had a column in Black & Beauty magazine in the United Kingdom  She also has a foundation that promotes breast cancer awareness, early detection and treatment 

Career
Irabor studied English in university and then ventured into publishing  She worked as a journalist at Concord Newspapers, took freelance writing jobs at the Vanguard, The Guardian, This Day as well as Black & Beauty magazine and others abroad  She later ventured into telecommunications 
In 2003 she founded the glossy magazine Genevieve Magazine, which has been described as "Nigeria's leading inspirational and lifestyle magazine"  It is headquartered in Lekki, with a staff of fourteen   Ten issues are published each year  The magazine website focuses on celebrity news  Irabor is the editor-in-chief and chief executive officer In 2018 her memoir Dust to Dew was published   In it she chronicles her struggles with depression She is also a philanthropist, public speaker and champion for breast cancer awareness with her nonprofit known as the Genevieve PinkBall Foundation She is also the host and presenter of Life's Lessons with Betty Irabor  She is a speaker and ambassador who shares promotional and modeling shots 

Personal life
Irabor was born on March 25, 1957, and raised in Nigeria  She's married to Soni Irabor and they have two children  Their son made a short film that was selected by the Zanzibar International Film Festival 

Award and honors
Irabor was honored by the Association of Professional Women Bankers as The Most Accomplished Female Publisher in Nigeria 2011 
Passage 10:
Elle Girl
Elle Girl was the largest older-teen fashion and beauty magazine brand in the world with twelve editions  Launched in August 2001, it was the younger sister version of Elle magazine, and similarly focused on beauty, health, entertainment and trendsetting bold fashion—its slogan: "Dare to be different"  The magazine was published monthly and was based in New York City 

Closure
Its staffers were informed in early April 2006 that Elle Girl (USA)'s final issue would be its June/July 2006 Summer Issue, while they were recently in the middle of working on the August 2006 issue, which is traditionally the largest issue of the year-covering fall fashion and back-to-school topics  The company intended to continue updating the Elle Girl website, and create new media in conjunction with Alloy com, as well as publishing bi-annual special issues 
Hachette Filipacchi CEO Jack Kliger, who was also responsible for closing three other Hachette magazines—George, Mirabella, and Travel Holiday, commented on Elle Girl's future on the Internet and explained, "When teen girls are not on the Web, they are on their cells  The company will keep the website and work on Elle Girl ringtones, wallpaper mobile pages and projects in the mobile blogging area "
ELLEgirl com relaunched in early 2008 after parting ways with Alloy  The new version included a blog, more simple navigation, and a strengthened association with ELLE com under Executive Editor Keith Pollock  Hearst Magazines bought the website in 2011  As of May 2014, the ELLEgirl website redirects to the main Elle website 

International editions
The UK edition of Elle Girl magazine closed for business shortly before the American version  As of August 2005, international editions continued to be published in South Korea, the Netherlands, Canada, Taiwan, Japan, Russia, France, Germany, and China  Elle Girl USA offers most foreign editions 60% of their content, yet it was not announced whether all of the foreign editions would also fold  Sarra Manning, author of YA novels Guitar Girl and Let's Get Lost, was on the launch team of Elle Girl UK and edited the magazine for a short period 



ground_truth: Mimosa