prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who stars in the title role of a Netflix show co-created by Robert Carlock?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
List of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt episodes
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is an American sitcom created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock, starring Ellie Kemper in the title role, that has streamed on Netflix since March 6, 2015  Originally set for a 13-episode first season on NBC for spring 2015, the show was sold to Netflix and given a two-season order  The fourth and final season concluded on January 25, 2019  On May 8, 2019, it was announced that the series would return with an interactive special, which premiered on May 12, 2020 
During the course of the series, 52 episodes of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt were released over four seasons 
The series follows 29-year-old Kimmy Schmidt (Kemper) as she adjusts to life in New York City after her rescue from a doomsday cult in Indiana where she and three other women had been held by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm) for 15 years  Determined to be seen as something other than a victim and armed only with a positive attitude, Kimmy decides to restart her life by moving to New York City, where she quickly befriends her street-wise landlady Lillian Kaushtupper (Carol Kane), finds a roommate in struggling actor Titus Andromedon (Tituss Burgess), and gains a job as a nanny for the melancholy and out-of-touch socialite Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski)  With their help, Kimmy struggles to adapt to an unfamiliar world and jump-start the adult life that had been taken away from her 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2015)
Season 2 (2016)
Season 3 (2017)
Season 4 (2018–19)
Special (2020)
Passage 2:
Robert Carlock
Robert Morgan Carlock (born September 21, 1972) is an American screenwriter and producer  He has worked as a writer for several NBC television comedies, and as a showrunner for 30 Rock, which was created by his recurring collaborator, comedian Tina Fey  He co-created Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt with Fey  He co-created the television show Mr  Mayor starring Ted Danson, again with Fey 

Early life
Carlock was born in Waltham, Massachusetts, the son of Martha and Roger Emery Carlock  Raised in Weston, Massachusetts, he graduated from Belmont Hill School in 1991 and cum laude from Harvard University in 1995, where he became president of the Fly Club, an all-male social club, and an editor for the Harvard Lampoon 

Career
Carlock began writing for the Dana Carvey Show in 1996  Following that, he was a member of the writing staff of Saturday Night Live from 1996 to 2001, contributing to 99 episodes of the show  One of his notable SNL sketches was NPR's Delicious Dish with Ana Gasteyer and Molly Shannon  In 2011, Ben and Jerry's released a new ice cream flavor based on the sketch written by Carlock and named it "Schweddy Balls" Carlock left SNL in 2001 to write for Friends in Los Angeles, working on the show until 2004 when he joined the staff of Friends spinoff Joey for two years  Carlock then moved back to New York to work on an "Untitled Tina Fey Project" in 2006, which became 30 Rock, which he wrote for and produced  He then worked on Fey's next sitcom, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, which debuted in 2015  He also wrote the screenplay for Fey's film Whiskey Tango Foxtrot (2016) 
Carlock has won several awards for his work on 30 Rock, including Primetime Emmys, Writers Guild of America Awards, and Producers Guild of America Awards, as well as being named one of the top 50 power showrunners of 2011 In 2021, Carlock co-created the series Mr  Mayor with Fey which premiered on NBC on January 7, 2021  The series has received generally positive reviews from critics  In April 2021, the series was renewed for a second season 

Personal life
On December 31, 2001, Carlock married Jennifer Nielsen Rogers, a Wellesley graduate and former CNNfn producer/reporter  Rogers now works as an anchor for Yahoo Finance  She was previously an anchor and reporter for Reuters TV 

Filmography
Awards and nominations
In addition to winning three Emmy Awards for Outstanding Comedy Series, Carlock has been nominated for the Emmys' individual writing award three times  He has won multiple Producers’ Guild and Writers’ Guild Awards as well as recognition from the American Film Institute  His work on 30 Rock also garnered Carlock a Peabody Award, a Television Critics Association Award, a GLAAD Award, a Gold Plaque from the Hugo Television Awards, a Golden Nymph from the Monaco Film and Television Festival, a Bravo A-List Award, some award that's shaped like a Calder stabile, a Comedy Central Comedy Award, and a Golden Globe The following awards are categorized under the year they were announced (and not necessarily the year covered by the award ceremony) 
Passage 3:
Live Show
"Live Show" is the fourth episode of the fifth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 84th episode overall  It was directed by Beth McCarthy-Miller, and co-written by series creator Tina Fey and co-showrunner and executive producer Robert Carlock  The episode originally aired live on the NBC television network in the United States on October 14, 2010, with separate versions for the East and West Coast television audiences  "Live Show" featured appearances by Rachel Dratch, Bill Hader, Matt Damon, Jon Hamm, and Julia Louis-Dreyfus 
30 Rock follows the production of the fictional sketch comedy program The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS)  In this episode, on the night of a show, head writer Liz Lemon grows increasingly infuriated when no one seems to remember her 40th birthday  Just before TGS's live taping, Tracy Jordan decides to break character, to his co-workers' chagrin  Meanwhile, television executive Jack Donaghy struggles with the consequences of his promise to give up drinking while his girlfriend Avery Jessup is pregnant with their child 
"Live Show" was an experiment for 30 Rock—filming with a multiple-camera setup before a studio audience to broadcast live—and the episode received positive reviews for its boldness as well as the nostalgia it showed for classic sitcom conventions and meta-humor—for instance, guest star Louis-Dreyfus portrays Liz Lemon in some cutaway scenes where it would be physically impossible for series regular Fey to be on two separate stages at once  The episode was also a ratings success, improving upon the audience that 30 Rock had grown since its previous season 
On June 22, 2020, it was revealed that the East Coast version would be one of the episodes being pulled from syndication due to issues with the presence of blackface and other racially insensitive humor, however, the West Coast version would remain since it did not include the offending scene 

Plot
Liz Lemon—the head writer of The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS)—is preparing to air another episode of TGS, but is angry that her co-workers have forgotten her 40th birthday  Tracy Jordan frustrates her further by deciding to break character during the show's live broadcast in an homage to The Carol Burnett Show  TGS co-star Jenna Maroney is determined to not let Tracy upstage her and declares she will have a deliberate wardrobe malfunction and bare her breast on live television if Tracy does not stop  As the show goes awry due to Tracy and Jenna's unprofessionalism, Liz is forced to cut away from their regularly scheduled programming to commercials for Dr  Leo Spaceman's new album of erotic ballads to cure erectile dysfunction and Drew Baird's public service announcement for hand-transplant surgery 
Meanwhile, Jack Donaghy struggles with a promise that he made to his girlfriend Avery Jessup—he will not drink alcohol during her entire pregnancy in a show of solidarity with her  Instead, he takes up knitting and stage magic, but finds the urge to drink so strong that he begins sniffing paint cans and Jenna's breath just to get a whiff of alcohol  During TGS, Liz gets a phone call from her boyfriend airline pilot Carol informing her that he is going through extreme turbulence and may crash his plane 
In the final act of the show, Jack conspires with the cast and crew to give Liz a last-minute birthday surprise which he wants to appear as though it had been planned all along  Meanwhile, Carol safely lands his plane and rushes to greet Liz on set  All they can muster on short notice is a polka band and a large cake with Fonzie on it—gifts that were intended to celebrate janitor Jadwiga's birthday  Jagwida proceeds to ruin the TGS goodnights and tear into the cake with her bare hands  In Jack's office, Liz and Jack share a drink as Liz's birthday wish  In the final scene, as Jack takes a drink, the program reverts to a pre-recorded segment and Jack says, "That's more like it " The episode ends with a live goodnight from its cast on the TGS stage, a la Saturday Night Live 

Production
"Live Show" was co-written by series creator, executive producer, and lead actress Fey and co-showrunner and executive producer Robert Carlock  It was directed by Beth McCarthy-Miller, a long-time television director who worked with Fey on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live 
On July 30, 2010, the NBC network announced that an episode of 30 Rock's fifth season would be filmed and broadcast live on two occasions in the evening of October 14, 2010  The decision was made in part due to lagging ratings for all of NBC's Must-See TV line-up  The idea was originally conceived during the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, when the cast performed two live versions of the season two episode "Secrets and Lies" as a benefit at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in New York City  When asked by Entertainment Weekly the reason for doing a live episode, Fey said "[The live performance] was what made us think that it would be fun to do [a live episode]  And how far we've come    Now we're going to do it on TV " In this same interview, Fey revealed that the episode would also be performed in front of a live audience  "It will be exciting for us to do it for a live audience and see if we get live laughter " Fey noted that the experience "was so fun to feel the different timing of the show live and the audience response, which you just don't get in a single-camera show " In another interview, Fey revealed that the staff have talked about doing a live show for years "because we felt we had sort of interesting personnel for it " Following the conclusion of the writers' strike they spoke to NBC about performing live and attempted to film it during the fourth season; however, they were unable to schedule it  For the fifth season, the writing staff began planning the live performance and waited until McCarthy-Miller—a recurring 30 Rock director—was available to helm it  Fey and Carlock said in separate discussions that another decision to do this episode of 30 Rock was based on the cast having theater and improvisation experience  Alec Baldwin had previously performed in the East and West live broadcasts of the Will & Grace season 8 premiere episode, "Alive and Schticking" 
Prior to the broadcast, the cast rehearsed "Live Show" for three days and had one rehearsal before a live audience the day of broadcast  The two separate broadcasts of the episode resulted in a live telecast to American viewers in both the East and West Coasts of the United States (with viewers in the Central Time Zone receiving the East Coast feed live, per standard U S  broadcasting practice)—the crew briefly considered a third broadcast for the Mountain Time Zone, but decided against it  The initial East Coast broadcast included a theme song sung by Jane Krakowski and the later West Coast version's song was performed by Cheyenne Jackson—the two also performed to warm-up the crowd in the rehearsal  In addition, the two episodes had a few scripted differences, such as the lyrics to Spaceman's song, Liz Lemon mocking Jack Donaghy's office assistant Jonathan by referring to him as a character from Slumdog Millionaire in the East Coast broadcast and as Aladdin in the West Coast airing, and the subtitle in the Fox News skit  Additionally, the fictional commercial that featured Drew Baird is different—in the East Coast broadcast he is given a hand transplant from an executed black man; in the West Coast broadcast he has a woman's hand  This episode marks Rachel Dratch's first appearance on 30 Rock since season one, and her first work since giving birth to her son Eli on August 24, 2010 The DVD includes the West Coast version as a bonus feature, but not the entire East Coast version  Instead, the primary version of the episode as presented on DVD is edited together from both East and West, trimmed for time (some scenes are missing and some transitions and awkward pauses are shortened), and presented with standard cast and crew credits (as opposed to the SNL-style crawl), presumably to fit standard rerun length and format  The mix-and-match episode uses the West Coast version for most of the first seven-and-a-half minutes (except Jenna's East Coast title sequence), cuts Jenna's "It's Your Birthday, Slut" sequence and the second Yadwiga scene ("sit on it") entirely, and uses West for various short parts (including, most likely, part of the Fox News sketch preparation, half a minute before Carol's phone call, a minute from the last few moments of the call to "I will slip a nip", the first twenty seconds of Jack's paint can sniffing scene, Jenna's nip slip threat before the second commercial ("to commercial go!"), possibly Jack's Capital One plug, and the last seventy seconds or so of the birthday cake scene)  It doesn't use the West Coast version for the next moments of the paint can scene where Jack's grammar is corrected  As a result, some differences outlined in the other Alternate Versions entry won't be available to anyone with the DVD, including the Slumdog Millionaire variant listed above and many flubs and goofs 

Connection with television tropes
As the live broadcast of "Live Show" was recorded with TV cameras edited live to video rather than film stock, the video quality for this episode was noticeably different from standard episodes of 30 Rock  Jack acknowledges this at the start of the episode by asking why everything looks like a "Mexican soap opera " Throughout the episode, the characters broke the fourth wall: Tracy Jordan's unprofessional acting within the TGS episode, Jack's references to the video quality, Julia Louis-Dreyfus' portrayal of Liz in cut-away sequences, and the re-hashing of standard sitcom plot elements In addition, there were several connections with SNL: Fey, Morgan, Dratch, Bill Hader, Louis-Dreyfus, Parnell, and director McCarthy-Miller are all SNL alumni (fellow alumnus Will Ferrell was asked to reprise his recurring "Bitch Hunter" character, but had a scheduling conflict); the show was filmed in SNL's Studio 8H before a live audience; the ending sequence was a good night from the cast while the credits scrolled (and the credits used the same font as SNL); and promos leading up to the episode were voiced by long-time SNL announcer Don Pardo  The music for the episode—both for the TGS sequences and incidental underscore—was provided live by the SNL house band under the direction of Fey's husband Jeff Richmond and Leon Pendarvis  Furthermore, long-time SNL producer Lorne Michaels attended the rehearsal and performances to give his advice  Each commercial break during the show was predicated on an emergency commercial break on TGS, including a fictional commercial and a fake NBC technical difficulties screen 

Blackface scene
The "blackface" scene is a short skit where a white male character (Jon Hamm), who had both hands replaced with hooks, having lost them in accidents, announces he has been the recipient of a hand transplant  However, as in a horror movie, the transplanted hand has a mind of its own and acts independently  In the East Coast version, the transplanted hand is from a black male executed criminal  In the West Coast version, the transplanted hand is from a white female who lost it in an explosion at a Josh Groban concert 

Reception
"Live Show" drew in the largest audience for 30 Rock, season five, with 6 701 million viewers, and reached a season high 3 1 Nielsen rating/9% share with adults 18–49, which was a 43% increase over the previous episode and a 15% increase from the season premiere; it trailed CBS competitor and timeslot leader $h*! My Dad Says by 0 1  This rating was the show's highest since December 10, 2009, episode "Secret Santa" and the highest overall for NBC in the 8:30 p m  Thursday timeslot for non-sports events since December 2009 Critical reception of the episode was largely positive  Emily St  James of The A V  Club gave the episode an A−, noting the nostalgia for classic television and specifically three-camera sitcoms that this episode displayed  While the pace and tone of "Live Show" were different from a standard episode of 30 Rock, the author considers this episode, "an experiment, as a weird hybrid of 30 Rock, an old sitcom, and Saturday Night Live" and ultimately a success  James Poniewozik of Time also wrote that the episode was uneven, but successful as a tribute to television  TV Squad's Bob Sassone was impressed by the episode, specifically Fey's performance and Louis-Dreyfus' imitation of Liz Lemon  Other positive reviews have noted the lack of mistakes in the comic timing and performance, the strength of the guest stars, and the performers' ability to keep up the pace that is expected in a 30 Rock episode  Frazier Moore of the Associated Press gave the episode a negative review, calling it "vaudevillian" and "a slice of self-indulgence and excess " Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considered the episode "so-so" due to its "humdrum script " As a live television experiment, reviewers have considered it a success, particularly in reference to other live broadcast experiments, such as NBC drama ER's 1997 episode "Ambush" and SNL, with Entertainment Weekly declaring it "like SNL, only funny " In reviewing the best television programs of 2010, The A V  Club named 30 Rock number 18 and cited this episode as amongst the best of the year  McCarthy-Miller was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for this episode On March 21, 2012, Baldwin announced in an interview with Extra that a second live episode—"Live from Studio 6H"—would air the following April 26 
Passage 4:
Episode 210
The untitled tenth episode of the second season of the television series 30 Rock was first broadcast in the United States on January 10, 2008, on the NBC network  The episode was written by show runner Robert Carlock and Donald Glover, and was directed by Richard Shepard  Guest stars include Kevin Brown, Grizz Chapman, Edie Falco, Toby Huss and Gladys Knight, who appeared as herself  The episode focuses on Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) and her decision to invest in real-estate, Jack Donaghy's (Alec Baldwin) choice between his job and his girlfriend, and Kenneth Parcell's (Jack McBrayer) addiction to coffee The production and broadcasting of this episode was heavily affected by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike  Despite never being officially named by NBC, Episode 210 has been unofficially titled "Liz the Business Woman" and "Coffee & TV"  Although not unanimously praised by critics, the episode attracted generally positive reviews and was particularly appreciated for its cast's rendition of the 1973 Gladys Knight & the Pips hit "Midnight Train to Georgia"  Liz also sings a snippet of Alanis Morissette's "You Oughta Know" when leaving a message for the co-op board 

Plot
Liz takes Jack's advice to invest in real estate, and Jenna Maroney tells Liz that her business manager is selling his apartment  The sale is subject to the approval of the building's cooperative board, but Liz makes a bad impression and her purchase offer is rejected  Liz gets herself drunk and makes numerous phone calls to the board 
Jack is involved in negotiations to acquire a German cable television network, but is struggling to juggle his job and his relationship with C C , whose work as a congresswoman keeps her busy in Washington D C  Unable to see each other when they want to, the couple decide to "meet in the middle" (in a betting parlor in Pennsylvania), but this arrangement proves unsuitable and they later decide to break up  Jack, in conversation with Liz, compares his relationship to Liz's previous relationship with Floyd, and Liz declares in song that she has to go Tracy Jordan buys a coffee machine and puts it on Kenneth Parcell's desk, causing him to develop a caffeine addiction  Comparing New York to Sodom, Kenneth claims that he has been "sodomized," and feels guilty that he has let New York change him, contrary to a promise he made to his mother  He therefore decides to return to Georgia on the midnight train; however, he quickly returns, explaining that the train was actually departing at 11:45 and he missed it 

Production
Parts of this episode were filmed during the week of November 5, 2007, which coincided with the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike  The strike, which began at 00:01 EST on November 5, 2007, did not affect the episode as it had been written earlier and filming was finished on November 9  Members of Writers Guild of America, East and Writers Guild of America, West voted to end the writers' strike on February 12, 2008, and although writers were allowed to return to work on the same day, Robert Carlock returned to work on February 11  The remaining writers resumed work on February 13, which began the production of the next episode, "MILF Island"  During the filming, actor and executive producer Tina Fey had to balance her duties in order not to breach WGA strike rules  Fey also took to the picket lines along with co-star Jack McBrayer  Alec Baldwin wrote blogs on The Huffington Post website in order to demonstrate his support for the WGA writers Episode 210 was broadcast on January 10, 2008 and was the final episode, including repeats, of 30 Rock to be broadcast until the episode "MILF Island" in April  This episode is also notable for being officially unnamed; NBC billed this episode on its press releases as "Episode 210"  This led some critics to give it the unofficial title of "Liz the Business Woman", while others named it "Coffee & TV" 

Reception
On its original broadcast in the United States, Episode 210 was viewed by 6 0 million viewers and earned a 2 8/7 in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic  This means that it was seen by 2 8% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 7% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast Entertainment Weekly's Jeff Labrecque wrote "the episode really finished strong with a fabulous Gladys Knight musical number"  Matt Webb Mitovich of TV Guide also praised the musical number, saying "that 'Midnight Train to Georgia' number at the end of tonight's episode    Wow  So out of nowhere and so fun " Bob Sassone of AOL's TV Squad said that the episode "was a good episode to go into the hiatus with, if that makes things better"  He criticized the fact that the fictional TGS writing staff was not present in this episode, even though they could have been effectively used  Michael Neal of Television Without Pity awarded the episode a grading of A+  The Boston Globe's Joanna Weiss reviewed the episode positively, saying "[the episode] concluded with a musical interlude that was both hilarious and wistful" Despite the good reviews, there was no universal acclaim from critics as a whole  Robert Canning of IGN said that "[this episode] wasn't the most spectacular half-hour from this truncated season" and "unfortunately, there wasn't all that much that was funny about it  Sure, there were a couple of decent one-liners, but overall [Kenneth's storyline] offered up nothing new " Despite these criticisms, Canning added further praise to the "Midnight Train to Georgia" performance  Canning gave this episode a rating of 8 4 out of 10 Edie Falco was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for this episode 

See also
2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike
Effect of the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike on television
Passage 5:
Azie Mira Dungey
Azie Mira Dungey is an American actress, producer, and writer  She wrote and played the lead role in the comedic web series "Ask a Slave," and is currently, "     writing a book as a follow-up to the series " Dungey also wrote for the Emmy nominated Netflix series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt and Girls5eva, both produced by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock  She also wrote and produced on Sweetbitter  on Starz based on the bestselling novel of the same title by Stephanie Danler  Dungey wrote and hosted on Season 1 of Say It Loud, an educational series for PBS Digital  In 2019, she was executive producer and writer for Lena Waithe's Twenties,  a sit-com on BET and Showtime, as well as the Tracy Oliver and Amy Poehler produced comedy series, Harlem for Amazon Studios 

Early life and education
Dungey was born in Washington, DC  She spent her early childhood in Philadelphia, PA and later moved to Maryland where she attended middle and high school  She was a drama major at New York University, graduating from the Tisch School of the Arts Dungey is Pamunkey (also Mattaponi) and a very active member of the Native community  The tribe's enrollment policies that excluded members who married or had children with African Americans was exposed by the Congressional Black Caucus during their recognition process in 2013  Dungey comes from a family that was victim to Pamunkey anti-Black tribal law and they are currently seeking enrollment 

Career
Dungey took part in a number of theatre productions in Washington, DC, including The Walworth Farce at Studio Theatre Dungey performed the role of a slave as part of an ongoing historical reenactment of life at the Mount Vernon plantation in Virginia, USA, once owned by President George Washington  Part of her job was to answer tourists' questions about slavery while staying in character  She worked there part-time for nearly two years from 2010 to 2012 In 2013, Dungey moved to Los Angeles  She then wrote the script for a web series called Ask a Slave, and performed the lead role, that of Lizzie Mae, a slave   The series includes actual incidents from her experiences on the plantation  The series has received more than two million views As a result, Salon magazine listed her as one of 10 black women SNL could hire 
Passage 6:
Operation Righteous Cowboy Lightning
"Operation Righteous Cowboy Lightning" is the twelfth episode of the fifth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock  It was written by executive producer Robert Carlock  The director of this episode was Beth McCarthy-Miller  It originally aired on NBC in the United States on January 27, 2011  Guest stars in this episode include Robert De Niro, Lester Holt, Sherri Shepherd, and Dean Winters 
In the episode, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) decides to pre-tape a celebrity benefit for a natural disaster, but his plan goes terribly wrong  Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) continues to drive Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) crazy with his irresponsibility  However, when a reality show camera crew starts to follow Tracy around, Liz tries to use it to her advantage 
"Operation Righteous Cowboy Lightning" was universally well received and praised by television critics  According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was watched by 4 922 million households during its original broadcast, and received a 2 4 rating/7 share among viewers in the 18–49 demographic 

Plot
Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) and Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) watch the installation of a large Kabletown sign on 30 Rockefeller Plaza  No longer a GE employee and now working for Kabletown, Jack decides to conquer this new phase in his life just as he did before  After researching, he finds that the most watched reality programs of the past five years are celebrity benefits for natural disasters  Since all the networks air benefits at the same time, no one network has an advantage nor dominates in the ratings  To combat this, Jack decides to pre-tape a benefit to air on the night of the next natural disaster  When a disaster devastates an island called Mago, Jack is ecstatic until he finds out that the island is owned by the infamous troubled actor, Mel Gibson  Regardless, the event is a success 
Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) pushes Liz's buttons as usual by not showing up to rehearsals and leaving work to do something insane  However, Tracy's demeanor instantly changes when a camera crew starts to follow him around for his wife's new reality show  He starts to act responsible and respectful in front of the cameras, as he wants to avoid ruining his chances of winning an Oscar  Liz has the idea to use Tracy's fake good behavior to get him to do things he blew off in the past, knowing that he can't refuse while taped  This works until Tracy finds a loophole  When Liz tries to get Tracy to do more things, he refuses and insults Liz to the melody of "Uptown Girl" by Billy Joel  Since the song is copyrighted, any footage containing that song can't be used  Therefore, Tracy's irresponsibility wouldn't be aired on the show  Liz tries to outcrazy him with autotune, but she later realizes that she can't match his insanity  They finally talk it out alone and each argues that the other person would have been a failure without their help  Nevertheless, cameras manage to film this and Tracy and Liz refuse to make up  However, when the show edits their various confrontations and uses two look-alikes to create a make up scene along to the song "Secrets" by OneRepublic, both Liz and Tracy are moved to tears and make up for real 

Cultural references
This episode continues to satirize the acquisition of NBC by Comcast  Liz tries to tell Jack what a Snart is (which is to sneeze and fart simultaneously) because it is ten o'clock  This refers 30 Rock's move from the 8:30 pm to the 10:00 pm timeslot  Tracy plans to get an island like Nicolas Cage, Celine Dion, and Charles Widmore, the latter being a fictional character from Lost  The whole cast of TGS is being filmed by the cameras of Angie Jordan's (wife of Tracy) new reality show, Queen of Jordan, which Jack commissioned in the previous episode, "Mrs  Donaghy"  Eventually, an episode of 30 Rock was filmed as an episode of "Queen of Jordan" 
The episode references the ongoing storyline of Liz's desire to become a mother when Kenneth gives Liz a memo he could not put in her mailbox because it was full of unread adoption materials  This story first began in the show's first season and continued in the third season Tracy and Liz fight in several ways, all of them involving masking their arguments in ways that cannot be used in the reality show for copyright reasons, such as singing along with the Billy Joel song "Uptown Girl" or wearing a New York Rangers goalie mask 
Jack films a pre-taped disaster event special, which he uses when a hurricane strikes Mago Island  This backfires because there were only two victims  The victims were the island's owner, actor Mel Gibson, who was highly publicized for his personal troubles, and his guest, Jon Gosselin 
While considering his new position as a Kabletown executive, Jack mentions "stout Cortez" and quotes the poem "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer" by John Keats  Tracy later also mentions feeling like "Stout Cortez," but this time in reference to his gardener 

Reception
According to Nielsen Media Research, "Operation Righteous Cowboy Lightning" was watched by 4 922 million households in its original American broadcast  It earned a 2 4 rating/7 share in the 18–49 demographic  This means that it was seen by 2 4 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 7 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast  This was a decrease from the previous episode, "Mrs  Donaghy", which was watched by 5 338 million American viewers  It turned out to be the most-watched episode of the show until the series finale on January 31, 2013 
Passage 7:
Kidney Now!
"Kidney Now!" is the twenty-second episode and season finale of the third season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 58th overall episode of the series  It was directed by series producer Don Scardino, and written by show producers Jack Burditt and Robert Carlock  The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 14, 2009  Guest stars in this episode include Alan Alda, Kay Cannon, Donald Glover, Napiera Groves, Chris Parnell, Paula Pell, and Sherri Shepherd  In addition, "Kidney Now!" featured many musical guest stars including Clay Aiken, Elvis Costello, Mary J  Blige, Sheryl Crow, the Beastie Boys (Mike D and Ad Rock), Steve Earle, Adam Levine, Sara Bareilles, Wyclef Jean, Norah Jones, Talib Kweli, Michael McDonald, Rhett Miller, Moby, Robert Randolph, Rachael Yamagata and Cyndi Lauper, all as themselves In the episode, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) gets to know his newly discovered father, Milton Greene (Alda), but quickly learns that Milton needs a kidney transplant, and discovers he is not a suitable donor  As a result, Jack decides to use the liberal media to find an alternate way to get him a kidney donor  Meanwhile, people seek Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) out as a relationship expert as a result of her "Dealbreaker" sketches, and Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) helps Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) deal with his embarrassment over not finishing high school 
The song "He Needs a Kidney" was written by show composer and co-executive producer Jeff Richmond  The concept of doing a charity concert was based on Robert Carlock and series creator Tina Fey wanting to include a musical performance in the episode with the Milton Greene character in need of a kidney donor  Carlock and Fey wanted "He Needs a Kidney" to be similar to the 1985 charity song, "We Are the World"  Following the airing of this 30 Rock episode, NBC released the musical performance video of "He Needs a Kidney" on iTunes with all proceeds from the sales going to the National Kidney Foundation "Kidney Now!" was generally well received among television critics  According to the Nielsen Media Research, this episode was watched by 5 7 million viewers  Jack Burditt and Robert Carlock were nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award nomination in the category for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series for their work in this episode  In addition, Tony Pipitone and Griffin Richardson received a Creative Arts Emmy Award nomination in the category for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (half-hour) and Animation 

Plot
Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) gets to know his newly discovered father, Milton Greene (Alan Alda) but soon discovers Milton has a serious medical condition and is in search of a kidney donor  After discovering he is an unsuitable donor by Dr  Leo Spaceman (Chris Parnell), Jack uses his contacts—musicians Clay Aiken, Sara Bareilles, the Beastie Boys (Mike D and Ad-Rock), Mary J  Blige, Elvis Costello, Sheryl Crow, Steve Earle, Wyclef Jean, Norah Jones, Talib Kweli, Cyndi Lauper, Adam Levine, Michael McDonald, Rhett Miller, Moby, Robert Randolph, and Rachael Yamagata—to arrange a charity benefit entitled "Kidney Now!" in attempt to find a donor for Milton 
Meanwhile, Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) gains notoriety after making an appearance on The Vontella Show, along with Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski), as a relationship expert after her "Dealbreaker" sketches on the fictitious comedy sketch show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS)  As a result of the success she received as the relationship expert on The Vontella Show, Liz becomes more well known and begins dispensing relationship advice to the female staff of TGS, and to Angie Jordan (Sherri Shepherd) and Paula Hornberger (Paula Pell), the wives of TGS star Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) and producer Pete Hornberger (Scott Adsit), respectively  Though, Tracy and Pete are upset with the advice Liz gave to their wives, Liz blows them off and goes to Quizno's to meet with an agent to write a prospective Dealbreaker book  The deal goes through and Liz tells Jack that she is "getting [hers] "
At the same time, Tracy is invited to speak at the graduation ceremony of his former high school (named after Frank Lucas, the infamous Harlem drug lord)  NBC page and friend Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) tries to help him overcome troubling memories from his high school experience  Kenneth persuades Tracy to go to the graduation, which he does, where Tracy gives his speech and receives an honorary diploma 

Production
"Kidney Now!" was directed by series producer Don Scardino, and written by 30 Rock producers Jack Burditt and Robert Carlock  This was Burditt and Carlock's fourth script collaboration, having penned the episodes "Cleveland", "Subway Hero", and "Sandwich Day"  This was Scardino's twenty-first directed episode  "Kidney Now!" originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 14, 2009, as the twenty-second episode and season finale of the show's third season and the 58th overall episode of the series 

"Kidney Now!" was first read by its cast on March 5, 2009; it was filmed on March 16–17, 2009  "He Needs a Kidney", the charity song featured in this episode, was written by show composer and co-executive producer Jeff Richmond  Richmond is married to series creator, executive producer and lead actress Tina Fey  In discussion of the development of "Kidney Now!", Richmond said that Carlock and Fey "were trying to figure out a way to highlight Jack's dad in getting a kidney and how they're going to deal with that", and that the two came to the decision to "take advantage of the singing", as they have done so in the past with different 30 Rock episodes, in which the show's characters have sung songs  Carlock and Fey agreed to the idea that a song be included in the season finale, but that it be an anthem like the 1985 charity song, "We Are the World",  as the cause is that the Milton Greene character is in need of a kidney donor  "Basically, the parameters were if 'We Are the World' but they want to get a kidney  I think we had angles that everyone has two kidneys and you'll only need one kidney, and we thought 'Alright, we'll get some distance on that'", said Richmond  While working on the track, Fey suggested to Richmond that he incorporate Milton Greene's name in one part of the song, which he did, as this was sung by singers Cyndi Lauper and Robert Randolph Giancarlo Vulcano, a music editor and associate arranger on the show, revealed that Richmond taught him the song one morning at Silvercup Studios—where the show is filmed—and they played the first half of "He Needs a Kidney" at the script's read-through  According to Vulcano, the 30 Rock staff loved the song and the two were satisfied with the reception of it  While arranging the instrumentation, Richmond hired violinists for the episode's background music and for "He Needs a Kidney", which according to him he usually does not get the opportunity to have a lot of violin sounds on the show  The recording sessions with the musical guests took place on Stage 1 at Silvercup Studios; Stage 1 serves as the set for TGS with Tracy Jordan, a fictitious comedy sketch show featured on 30 Rock  Richmond and Vulcano were complimentary towards the musicians—Clay Aiken, Sara Bareilles, the Beastie Boys (Mike D and Ad-Rock), Mary J  Blige, Elvis Costello, Sheryl Crow, Steve Earle, Wyclef Jean, Norah Jones, Talib Kweli, Cyndi Lauper, Adam Levine, Michael McDonald, Rhett Miller, Moby, Robert Randolph, and Rachael Yamagata—who performed "He Needs a Kidney"  In the DVD commentary for this episode, Richmond believed that the entire song would not make it into the airing  Elvis Costello was once approached to do an appearance on 30 Rock, but the appearance fell-through  At an Oscar's after party, Fey ran into Costello and asked him if he could appear, which he agreed to  According to Fey, none of the music artists got paid to appear on the show as "they all did [it] for free " The reason for this was due to a joke in the song in which Sheryl Crow was the only individual to get paid, as the rest said they did it for free  Following the broadcast of this episode of 30 Rock, the musical performance video was made available for digital download on iTunes with all the proceeds from the sales going to the National Kidney Foundation 

According to Fey, there were discussions on whether or not to use a real talk show host from New York, for the "Dealbreakers" segment, but ultimately decided to make one up and went with actress Napiera Groves who plays talk show host Vontella in "Kidney Now!"  The Tracy character plot was based on Tracy Morgan who in real-life was given a diploma by his former high school, DeWitt Clinton High School  Like the Tracy character, who dropped out of high school after being asked to dissect a frog, Morgan dropped out of DeWitt Clinton when his father became ill  Jack and Liz's scene, along with Tracy and Kenneth's, at the end where they watch the charity concert, was filmed the day before the musical number took place  "They were pretending to look at the singing", revealed Fey  They forced that shot in so that the episode not just end with the performance Professor Milton Greene was played by guest actor Alan Alda, best known for his role as Hawkeye Pierce from the television series M*A*S*H  This was Alda's second appearance, having appeared in the previous episode "Mamma Mia"  In a scene of "Kidney Now!", Tracy breaks down crying and says "There is no baby  I was chicken! I was chicken!" then Milton, who sees this, asks "A guy crying about a chicken and a baby? I thought this was a comedy show " This was a reference to Alda's M*A*S*H character in the series finale episode in which Hawkeye breaks down after realizing he had seen a woman smother her baby to death, not a chicken as Hawkeye had originally recalled in his repressed mind  Comedian actor Chris Parnell, who played Dr  Leo Spaceman in the season finale, has appeared in the main cast of Saturday Night Live (SNL), a weekly sketch comedy series which airs on NBC in the United States  Fey was the head writer on SNL from 1999 until 2006  Comedian actress Sherri Shepherd reprised her role as Angie Jordan, the wife of Tracy, for the fifth time  Paula Pell made her second guest spot as the character Paula Hornberger, the wife of Pete Hornberger, played by Scott Adsit  In "Kidney Now!", Angie and Paula ask Liz for relationship advice  In addition, 30 Rock writers Jack Burditt, Kay Cannon, and Donald Glover appear in the episode; Burditt and Cannon appear in The Vontella Show segment as members from the audience who ask Liz questions  When Tracy accepts an honorary diploma from his former high school, in his speech, Tracy outs Glover's character  The success of the benefit concert for Milton is not explicitly referenced until Alda's character alludes to it in the season five episode "Christmas Attack Zone", though in the season four episode "Into the Crevasse", Milton is shown to have finished his book entitled From Peanut to President, a biography of U S  President Jimmy Carter One filmed scene from "Kidney Now!" was cut out from the airing  Instead, the scene was featured on 30 Rock's season three DVD as part of the deleted scenes in the Bonus feature  In the scene, Liz enters the TGS writer's room, and tells the writing staff that she got recognized from her appearance on The Vontella Show as the relationship expert from "Dealbreakers"  Pete cannot believe that Liz gave actual relationship advice on the program, citing Liz's own past relationship faults 

Reception
According to the Nielsen Media Research, "Kidney Now!" was watched by 5 7 million viewers during its original United States broadcast  The rating was an 8 percent drop in viewership from the previous week's episode, "Mamma Mia", which was seen by 6 2 million American viewers  The show claimed a 2 8 rating/7 share among viewers aged 18 to 49, meaning that 2 8 percent of all people in that group, and 7 percent of all people from that group watching television at the time, watched the episode  Jack Burditt and Robert Carlock received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series for their work on "Kidney Now!", but they lost it to fellow 30 Rock writer Matt Hubbard for the episode "Reunion" at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards  At the same awards show, Tony Pipitone and Griffin Richardson were nominated for a Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (half-hour) and Animation IGN contributor Robert Canning wrote that the ending from this episode "did have a season finale feel to it with the big musical number  [   ] Still, it was a great season, and I loved going out with two of the best characters on TV summing up the moment perfectly – Liz: 'We sure had quite a year ' Jack: 'What are you talking about? It's May '" Canning gave it an 8 5 out of 10 rating  Television columnist Alan Sepinwall for The Star-Ledger wrote that the "all-star cast of musicians" featured were not able to dominate the episode "to the point where the episode didn't work " Sepinwall, however, added that despite "Kidney Now!" not being a classic 30 Rock episode "it was [still] funny enough – which, I suppose, also makes it an appropriate finale for this uneven season " Further in the review, Sepinwall was complimentary towards Liz's plot, writing that the character's sequence on The Vontella Show was "hilarious, and a fine demonstration of how much confidence Tina Fey has gained as an actress over the years " The A V  Club's Nathan Rabin also enjoyed the Liz character, reporting that she "delivered a virtuoso performance in [The Vontella Show], instantly homing in on the fatal flaw in every relationship and obliterating it with highly quotable sass " In discussion to Tracy's plot, Rabin opined it was the "weakest of the various threads" in this episode  Bob Sassone of AOL's TV Squad confessed in his recap that he was going to summarize "Kidney Now!" as "a little disappointing, but then I hit rewind on my DVR and watched it again and realized, wow, they actually hit all of the season finale notes rather perfectly [   ] This episode was quite funny "Rick Porter of Zap2it worried how the series would fit in "the likes" of Elvis Costello, Mary J  Blige, Sheryl Crow, Clay Aiken and Adam Levine "without it overwhelming the episode", and reported that the answer to that "turned out to be 'very effectively '" In regards to the storylines, itself, he noted that Jack's quest in getting Milton a kidney "balanced nicely" with Liz's story, and that Tracy's "had some good moments"  In conclusion, Porter wrote "For a show that doesn't always know how to end episodes, it's done really well at ending seasons " TV Guide Magazine's Sandra Kofler wrote that the "He Needs a Kidney" song was hilarious, and that it "stole [30 Rock's] season finale " Patrick Goldstein, a contributor for the Los Angeles Times, was favorable to the musical number, reporting "[t]he song itself is a hoot, highlighted by a wonderful spoken-word kidney donation pitch that begins with Costello saying: 'Listen, when someone starts talking in the middle of a song, you know it's serious '" Entertainment Weekly contributor Annie Barrett said "Kidney Now!" was "sweet and all", and noted that the "Vontella-as-Tyra spoof" was "brilliant"  Time contributor James Poniewozik wrote that this episode "was a fitting end for a guest-star-heavy     season of 30 Rock", but added that the finale overall was "maybe average", however, "the ending at least delivered the goods, with the best sitcom celebrity benefit song" 
Passage 8:
100 (30 Rock)
"100" is a double episode of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, comprising the 20th and 21st episodes of the fifth season, and the 100th and 101st episodes overall of the series  It was written by Jack Burditt and the show's executive producers Robert Carlock and Tina Fey, who is also the series' creator, head writer, and star  The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 21, 2011  Commemorating the 100th episode of the series, this episode was one hour long and included a multitude of guest stars including Michael Keaton, Tom Hanks, Rachel Dratch, Will Forte, Brian Williams, among others 
In the episode, Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) faces news of cancellation for TGS from Hank Hooper after the departure of Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) brought in terrible ratings  Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) promises Hank the return of Tracy and asks for one more chance for TGS to prove itself with its 100th episode  Meanwhile, a gas leak in the building leads to hallucinations among the characters, such as Jack's imaginings of alternate versions of himself visiting him  In a subplot, Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) considers becoming a mother following a joke she made to Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) five years earlier 

Plot
Hank Hooper (Ken Howard), CEO of the fictional NBC parent Kabletown, informs Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) and Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) of his decision to cancel TGS due to its struggles during the absence of Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan)  Jack supports Liz, informing Hank that Tracy is returning and convinces him to reconsider the cancellation until after their upcoming hundredth episode  Meanwhile, Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) suggests to Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) that she'd make a great mother, which causes her to have a hysterical pregnancy in order to augment her career 
Tom the janitor (Michael Keaton) discovers a gas leak that is seeping into the ventilation system of TGS, necessitating the evacuation of all personnel and delaying production of the 100th episode  While repairing the gas leak, Tom inadvertently breaks the ventilation system on the 52nd floor, causing Jack to hallucinate  a visit by an alternate reality version of himself  Alternate Jack declares that he fired Liz because she was holding him back and that without her, he had made his way to the top of GE  As a consequence, Jack meets with Liz and severs their relationship 
Liz is then approached by her ex-boyfriend, Dennis (Dean Winters), whom she had apparently called while under the influence of the gas, hoping to rekindle their relationship  Liz rejects Dennis, who subsequently realizes that he needs to sabotage the ventilation system in order to get her back 
Elsewhere, Tracy goes on multiple morning television shows in an attempt to sabotage the respect he has earned  Unfortunately, his attempts fail, as not only do the hosts interpret his crude behavior as artistic expression, but he also manages to save a man from drowning  Tracy discusses the problem with Jenna and the two realize the only way he could ruin his public image is to shoot someone  Tracy convinces Kenneth to volunteer as his shooting victim on the roof of the building 
As the gas spreads, Jack is visited by two more versions of himself  One is a past version who agrees with his original alternate version  The other is a future version who claims that he needs Liz to distract him from his blind ambition and that he will be much happier if he doesn't fire her  He warns Jack that Liz is about to sign a lease with Dennis, which will lead to them getting married and living in Jacksonville, Florida 
Jack finds Liz and prevents her from signing the lease  Meanwhile, Tom repairs the sabotaged gas line and Dennis is escorted out of the building  Liz then tells Jack that she saw Kenneth and Tracy heading for the roof with a gun  Jenna joins them and the group runs into Hank Hooper on the way, who pitches Jenna a daytime talk show, which causes her hysterical pregnancy to suddenly vanish in light of this new opportunity  They reach the roof just in time to prevent Tracy from shooting Kenneth  Jack advises Tracy that the best way to lose respect as an actor is to return to television, giving a speech alluding to events from Baldwin's own career 
Jack, Liz, Tracy, Jenna, and Kenneth make it back to the TGS set, where Liz discovers that the entire show was written under the influence of the gas and is essentially worthless  She breaks the gas line once again, and with Hooper and the entire studio audience affected by the gas, the show is a hit  A hallucinatory Hooper renews it for "a billion more episodes"  Liz and Jack apologize to each other  They then toast to their friendship with imaginary champagne  Tom Hanks, upon seeing Tracy back on TV while watching the episode at home, calls George Clooney (who does not appear) on a red phone and tells him to have Tracy removed from the "official A-list" 

Reception
According to the Nielsen Media Research, this episode of 30 Rock was watched by 4 60 million households in its original American broadcast—with 4 80 million watching the first half-hour and 4 44 million watching the last half hour  It earned a 2 2 rating/6 share in the 18–49 demographic  This means that it was seen by 2 2 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 6 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast 
"100" received positive reviews  The A V  Club gave the episode a B− grade, praising the characterisation but criticising some of the more implausible plot elements (such as the gas leak and Jenna's sudden yearning for children) 
Passage 9:
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is an American sitcom created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock, starring Ellie Kemper in the title role  It premiered on March 6, 2015 on Netflix and ran for four seasons, ending on January 25, 2019  An interactive special premiered on May 12, 2020 
The series follows 29-year-old Kimmy Schmidt (Kemper) as she adjusts to life after being rescued from a doomsday cult in the fictional town of Durnsville, Indiana, where she and three other women were held captive by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm) for 15 years  Determined to be seen as something other than a victim and armed only with a positive attitude, she decides to restart her life by moving to New York City, where she quickly befriends her street-wise landlady Lillian Kaushtupper (Carol Kane), finds a roommate in struggling actor Titus Andromedon (Tituss Burgess), and gains a job as a nanny for melancholic and out-of-touch socialite Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski) 
Throughout its run, the series received critical acclaim, with critic Scott Meslow calling it "the first great sitcom of the streaming era"  It received 20 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including four nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series and a nomination for Outstanding Television Movie for the 2020 special Kimmy vs  the Reverend 

Synopsis
Kimmy Schmidt (Ellie Kemper) was in eighth grade when she was kidnapped by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm)  He held Kimmy and three other women captive for 15 years in an underground bunker and convinced them that a nuclear apocalypse had left them the sole survivors of humanity 
In the first season, the women are rescued, and go on to appear on the Today Show in New York City  After the show, Kimmy decides she doesn't want to return to Indiana or be seen as a victim, so she starts a new life in New York City  Roaming around the city, she comes across landlady Lillian Kaushtupper (Carol Kane), who offers Kimmy a chance to room with Titus Andromedon (Tituss Burgess) in her downstairs apartment  However, to get the apartment, Kimmy has to find a job  When she tries to get a job at a nearby candy store, she sees a boy stealing candy  She pursues him back to his home and encounters his mother, Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski), a Manhattan trophy wife, who mistakes her for a nanny, and whom Kimmy mistakes as someone trapped in a cult  Jacqueline hires Kimmy as a nanny for her 10-year-old son  As Season 1 continues, Kimmy falls in love with Dong (Ki Hong Lee), a Vietnamese man from her G E D  class; goes to court to testify against the Reverend, and discovers how the world has changed in the 15 years she was held captive  
In the second season, Kimmy is sick of working for Jacqueline and gets a job at a year-round Christmas store and then as an Uber driver  She tries to get over Dong, who enters a green card marriage with another G E D  student and is eventually deported  As Kimmy tries to move on, so do Titus and Jacqueline, who both find boyfriends  Titus begins dating construction worker Mikey Politano (Mike Carlsen) and Jacqueline begins dating lawyer Russ Snyder (David Cross)  Jacqueline also goes back to her Native American heritage and decides to take down the Washington Redskins, who her boyfriend's father happens to own  Kimmy reunites with Gretchen and Cyndee to save them from joining another cult and getting married on television, respectively  When Season 2 ends, Titus leaves to be a performer on a cruise and Lillian protests the invasion of hipsters in her neighborhood, while Kimmy makes amends with her mother (Lisa Kudrow) after advice from her therapist (Tina Fey) before receiving a phone call from the Reverend in prison, telling her that they need to get a divorce 
In the third season, Kimmy proceeds with the divorce from the Reverend but hits a snag when she learns that a devoted fan (guest star Laura Dern) wants to marry him  After getting her G E D , Kimmy decides to go to college and ends up at Columbia University, where she is popular but fails academically  She forms a friendship with Perry (Daveed Diggs), a philosophy and religion transfer student who, like Kimmy, does not fit in with the rich, elitist Ivy League students  Titus returns from his stint on the cruise harboring a secret and, determined to come home to Mikey with money and a job, he auditions for Sesame Street  However, after the man auditioning Titus asks him to perform sexual acts on a puppet, Titus leaves and runs home to Mikey  However, Titus sees Mikey out with another man, and breaks up with him  Lillian is elected to the city council and attempts to block the construction of a supermarket chain for fear it will gentrify the neighborhood  She later starts a relationship with the owner of the chain (Peter Riegert)  Meanwhile, Jacqueline and Russ execute their plan to force his family to change the name of the Redskins and Titus makes it big with the single "Boobs in California"  At the end of season three, Titus vows to win Mikey back from his new boyfriend, Jacqueline finds a profession, and Kimmy lands a job at a tech start-up 
In the fourth and final season, Kimmy is working at Giztoob, the tech company started by a former classmate at Columbia, and Jacqueline is representing Titus as his agent  After acting in an anti-bullying performance for a middle school, Titus gets a job as director of the school play and, in an attempt to impress Mikey, pretends to write and star in a superhero television show called The Capist, starring Greg Kinnear  Meanwhile, Lillian's boyfriend Artie dies and she is put in charge of his adult daughter's trust  Kimmy reunites with Donna Maria, who is now a successful businesswoman  Outraged and inspired by men's rights activists, Kimmy writes a children's book that empowers girls and encourages boys to be kind; by the end of season four, Kimmy has found success as a children's author  Season 4 features two episodes that veer from the main plot  In the first, a standalone mockumentary episode, Jacqueline's former boy toy Doug, a k a  DJ Fingablast, creates a true crime documentary called Party Monster: Scratching the Surface, which sympathizes with the Reverend and paints Kimmy and the other Mole Women negatively  The second episode, "Sliding Van Doors", presents an alternate universe in which Kimmy is never kidnapped, Titus does not audition for The Lion King in 1998, Jacqueline does not marry Julian Voorhees, and Lillian runs a Latin street gang  The series concludes with each of the main four characters finding success and purpose in new ventures 

Episodes
Cast and characters
Main
Ellie Kemper as Kimberly "Kimmy" Cougar Schmidt, the titular character  Armed with only unflagging optimism,  a childlike sense of wonder and an eighth-grade education, she attempts to regain the life that was taken from her and navigate her way through the unfamiliar struggles of New York life 
Tituss Burgess as Titus Andromedon (born Ronald Wilkerson), Kimmy's gay, flamboyant roommate and an aspiring actor and singer  Melodramatic and self-absorbed, Titus nevertheless cares deeply for, and is very protective of Kimmy  Despite his talent and ego, he is plagued by self-doubt after years of rejection in the business  Titus hails from Chickasaw County, Mississippi, and moved to New York City in 1998 
Carol Kane as Lillian Kaushtupper, Kimmy and Titus' odd landlady  A proud born-and-bred New Yorker with a long, complex criminal history, she fights against the possible gentrification of her neighborhood (although it soon becomes clear that she hates any form of progress or technology)  Despite her willingness to do anything to make a buck, she has a very big heart and will go out of her way to help her tenants 
Jane Krakowski as Jacqueline White (formerly Voorhees; née Jackie Lynn White), a wealthy and insecure socialite who hires Kimmy as a nanny  Despite coming across as arrogant, condescending and out of touch, she is very fond of (and heavily reliant on) her new employee, who helps her gain perspective on her unhappy marriage  She is secretly of Lakota Native American descent and is passing for white  As the series progresses, she gradually reconnects with her family and her culture  She is the mother of Buckley Voorhees and the former step-mother of Xanthippe Lannister Voorhees  Her ex-husband is Julian Voorhees 

Recurring
Guest
Production
Development
The show was created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock when NBC executives asked them to develop a show for Ellie Kemper  Fey said that they found an "innocence" about Kemper's face, but also noted a "strength" to it  One idea was for the show to center on Kemper's character waking up from a coma, but this idea was abandoned in favor of the cult-survivor storyline The show was initially under development for NBC under the title Tooken  NBC ultimately sold the series to Netflix  Fey said that this was in partly due to NBC's "not feeling confident about watching comedies"  Prior to the sale, NBC planned to air the series as either a mid-season replacement or as a summer series  It was sold to Netflix with a two-season order On June 13, 2017, it was renewed for a fourth and final season, with the first six episodes premiering on May 30, 2018  The second half was released on January 25, 2019  On May 8, 2019, it was announced that it would return with an interactive special, which premiered on May 12, 2020 

Casting
Casting announcements for the remaining roles were made in March 2014, with Tituss Burgess cast as Kimmy's roommate, Titus, and Carol Kane as Kimmy's and Titus's landlady, Lillian Shortly afterwards, Sara Chase was cast Cyndee, Kimmy's closest friend during their years in the cult; and Lauren Adams as Gretchen, a 10-year member of the cult who believes everything she is told  Jane Krakowski was later cast as Jacqueline Voorhees, a wealthy Manhattanite who hires Kimmy as a nanny  Megan Dodds was originally cast before Krakowski replaced her 

Music
The show's theme song, "Unbreakable", was produced by The Gregory Brothers and written by Jeff Richmond  It is a tribute to The Gregory Brothers' YouTube show Songify the News – auto-tuned news interviews that became popular videos  It specifically parodies the mannerisms of Antoine Dodson in the "Bed Intruder Song"  Richmond also wrote "Peeno Noir", a song performed by character Titus Andromedon during season 1, episode 6 

Artwork
Artwork for the show's opening sequence was produced by a team at Pentagram that included feminist artist Deva Pardue 

Home video releases
Reception
The show has been widely acclaimed by television critics, who have praised the writing and cast 

Season 1
On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has a rating of 95%, based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 7 5/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Blessed with originality and a spot-on performance from Ellie Kemper, The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is as odd as it is hilarious " On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" Scott Meslow of The Week called the series "the first great sitcom of the streaming era", praising its wit, edge, and feminist tone  Brian Moylan of The Guardian noted that it is "the sort of show that could benefit from multiple viewings, because the jokes are so packed in you’re sure to miss something while laughing " TV Guide named it the "best new comedy of 2015"  IGN reviewer Max Nicholson gave the first season an 8 3 out of 10 'Great' rating, saying "Tina Fey and Robert Carlock's Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is another winner in Netflix's original series catalog  Not only is it charming and funny, but it's unabashedly kooky, and Ellie Kemper nails the lead role "The first season was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards 
Some reviewers have criticized the show's portrayal of Native Americans, with Vulture referring to a prominent Native American subplot as "offensive"  BuzzFeed wrote that the show has a "major race problem" and cited the lack of a plurality of portrayals of Native Americans as the main issue with the subplot, stating that "the way Native Americans are represented on this show matters  It's not one representation among a cornucopia of representations; it's the single mainstream representation in years " The Daily Beast stated that when it comes to race, “especially in its portrayal of a key Vietnamese character, the show leaves much to be desired ”In the wake of the controversy, Tina Fey responded: "I feel like we put so much effort into writing and crafting everything, they need to speak for themselves  There's a real culture of demanding apologies, and I'm opting out of that "

Season 2
On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season holds a 100% approval rating, based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 7 6/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Not letting up in season two, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is still odd in the best of ways, wonderfully building on its unique comedy stylings and brilliantly funny cast " On Metacritic, the second season has a score of 82 out of 100, based on 16 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim" The second season was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards 
There was controversy surrounding the third episode from this season, “Kimmy Goes to a Play!,” which involved the use of yellow-face and the name of a group of Asian-Americans who were critical of yellow-face  The group is referred to as "Respectful Asian Portrayals in Entertainment", or "R A P E" for short  The Asian-Americans shown protesting against yellow-face in the episode are conveyed as unlikable buffoons  Anna Akana criticized the use of yellow-face and the R A P E  acronym during her 2016 Asians in Entertainment Key Note speech  Alex Abad-Santos wrote, “The odd thing about this episode is that it's another Tina Fey project that paints Asian people, specifically Asian women, as crappy characters  [   ] The plot feels like a pointed, ironic response to anyone who has criticized Fey's past projects for being lazy and racist ”

Season 3
On Rotten Tomatoes, the third season holds a 97% approval rating, based on 29 reviews, with an average rating of 8 11/10  The site's critical consensus states: "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt continues to thrive with a comically agile cast, notable guest stars, and a forceful influx of funny " On Metacritic, the third season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews" The third season was nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards 

Season 4
On Rotten Tomatoes, the fourth season holds a 94% approval rating, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7 77/10  The site's critical consensus states: "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ends with a final season that's as topical as it is cheerily irreverent " On Metacritic, the fourth season has a score of 85 out of 100, based on 6 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim" The fourth season was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards 

Special
On Rotten Tomatoes, the Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt: Kimmy vs  the Reverend special has an approval rating of 94%, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7 81/10  The site's critical consensus reads: "Kimmy and company return as resilient as ever in a fun and fast paced special that makes excellent use of its interactive capabilities to produce maximum fabulosity "The special was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards 
Context 2: Passage 1:
The Real Glory
The Real Glory is a 1939 Samuel Goldwyn Productions adventure film starring Gary Cooper, David Niven, Andrea Leeds and Broderick Crawford released by United Artists in the weeks immediately following Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland  Based on a 1937 novel of the same name by Charles L  Clifford and directed by Henry Hathaway, the film is set against the backdrop of the Moro Rebellion during the American occupation of the Philippines at the beginning of the 20th century  According to The World news broadcast on Aug 18, 2017, the US War Department withdrew the film in 1942  The Moros were US allies in World War II, and the film had inflammatory scenes including threatening a Muslim prisoner with burial wrapped in a pig skin 

Plot
In 1906, Alipang (Tetsu Komai) and his Muslim Moro guerrillas are terrorizing the people of the Philippine island of Mindanao, raiding villages, killing the men, and carrying off the women and children for slaves  Instead of maintaining garrisons indefinitely to protect the Filipinos, the U S  army tests out a new tactic at Fort Mysang  The army detachment is replaced by a handful of officers – Colonel Hatch (Roy Gordon), Captains Manning (Russell Hicks) and Hartley (Reginald Owen), and Lieutenants McCool (David Niven) and Larsen (Broderick Crawford) – who are to train the native Philippine Constabulary to take over the burden  Army doctor Lieutenant Canavan (Gary Cooper) is sent along to keep them healthy  They are welcomed by a skeptical Padre Rafael (Charles Waldron) 
Alipang starts sending fanatical juramentados to assassinate the officers and goad them into attacking before the natives are fully trained  Hatch is the first victim, leaving Manning to take command  Manning's wife (Kay Johnson) and Hartley's daughter Linda (Andrea Leeds) arrive for a visit at the worst possible time; a horrified Mrs  Manning witnesses her husband's murder  Hartley takes charge, but Canavan disagrees with his by-the-book, overcautious approach  Disobeying orders, Canavan sets out for Alipang's camp guided by Miguel (Benny Inocencio), a young Moro boy he has befriended  "Mike" (as Canavan calls him) infiltrates the camp and learns that Alipang has sent another assassin, this time for Hartley  Canavan and Mike intercept the man and take him back a prisoner 
Linda and Canavan fall in love, much to the disappointment of McCool and Larsen  When Hartley insists she leave Mysang with Mrs  Manning, she refuses and helps out at the hospital 
Alipang then dams the river on which the villagers depend  Hartley refuses to send a detachment into the jungle to blow it up (he is concealing the fact that he is slowly going blind from an old head wound)  The people have to rely on an old well, but the contaminated water causes a cholera epidemic  Finally, Hartley has no choice but to send Larsen and some men to destroy the dam  They do not return 
The Datu (Vladimir Sokoloff), a supposedly friendly Moro leader, offers to guide Hartley and his men to the dam, but he is actually leading them into an ambush  Canavan learns of the Datu's treachery from Mike, the sole survivor of Larsen's detachment, and races to warn Hartley  Canavan forces the Datu to take him to the dam  The Datu is killed in a booby trap, but Canavan manages to dynamite the dam anyway  Then, he and the men raft back to the village, which is under attack by Alipang's men 
McCool is killed leading the defense, but Canavan and the rest return in time to turn the tide  Alipang is killed by Filipino Lieutenant Yabo (Rudy Robles)  Their mission accomplished, the Hartleys and Canavan depart, leaving the village in Yabo's care 

Cast
Gary Cooper as Dr  Bill Canavan
David Niven as Lieutenant Terence McCool
Andrea Leeds as Linda Hartley
Reginald Owen as Captain Steve Hartley
Broderick Crawford as Lieutenant Larsen  Crawford was cast against type as a good-natured orchid fancier 
Kay Johnson as Mrs  Mabel Manning
Russell Hicks as Captain George Manning
Vladimir Sokoloff as the Datu
Benny Inocencio as Miguel (Mike)
Charles Waldron as Padre Rafael
Rudy Robles as Lieutenant Yabo
Tetsu Komai as Alipang
Roy Gordon as Colonel Hatch
Henry Kolker as the General
Elvira Ríos as Mrs  Yabo (uncredited)

Production
Sam Goldwyn bought the screen rights to Charles Clifford's story on 28 October 1936  It was unsure who the star would be – possibilities included Joel McCrea and Gary Cooper, who both had deals with Goldwyn – but Walter Brennan was announced as the second lead  Goldwyn sought a meeting with Philippines President Quezon to get his government's co operation to make the film  Goldwyn wanted to make the film in color In June 1938 Goldwyn signed a contract with Paramount to borrow director Henry Hathaway for three films, the first of which was to be The Real Glory  Goldwyn assigned Gary Cooper to star as he and Hathaway had successfully made Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) together  The film was also known as The Last Frontier  Cooper was placed under exclusive contract to Goldwyn Filming took place in April 1939  There were considerable troubles finding and managing the Filipino extras  Reginald Owen replaced Donald Crisp 
The Philippine government reportedly requested changes to the film, due to the depiction of Philippine soldiers as cowards, which were denied  However the government later said they made no such suggestions 

Burial in a pig skin
In one scene Padre Rafael tells Dr  Canavan that the Moros are afraid of burial in a pig skin  In a later scene Dr  Canavan threatens Moro prisoner with this, and a pig skin is laid on the ground in front of the prisoner  This episode echoes a report in General Pershing's memoir My Life Before the World War that a Muslim fighter had been "publicly buried in the same grave with a dead pig"  There is a related, but widely discredited, claim that Pershing had threatened to execute Muslim Moro prisoners with bullets dipped in pigs' blood  The historian Brian M  Linn wrote that it was unlikely that Pershing was involved in or had ordered others to commit religiously insulting acts, and that the episode in The Real Glory had probably fuelled the myth  This claim concerning bullets dipped in pigs' blood was referred to by Donald Trump in a presidential campaign speech in February 2016 and in a tweet following the terrorist attacks in Barcelona on August 17, 2017  On the other hand, evidence from Rear Admiral Danial P  Maddox, 3rd supports the claim of the Americans burying Moros in pigskins 

Notes and references
Notes
Passage 2:
Jay Sheffield
Jay Howard Sheffield (September 25, 1934 – June 25, 1998) was an American actor, who appeared on the stage, in films, and on television  He married Barbara Babcock on June 9, 1962, in San Mateo, California  They later divorced 
Sheffield played Pvt  Langellia in the 1960 Off-Broadway production of Paths of Glory  In 1963 Sheffield played Phileas Fogg III in The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze He played Ezel in the May 31, 1964 Oh, My Aching Antenna episode of My Favorite Martian  From September 1965 to July 1966 he played Steven Brent on the ABC television series Tammy   He was also in Tammy and the Millionaire (1967), a film made from four episodes of the show Sheffield was in numerous episodes of Hogan's Heroes, including How to Escape From a Prison Camp Without Really trying (March 2, 1968, played Corporal), How to Catch a Papa Bear (October 12, 1968, played Gestapo Officer), and Never Play Cards With Strangers (November 9, 1968, played Captain Moss) 
Passage 3:
David Niven
James David Graham Niven (; 1 March 1910 – 29 July 1983) was a British actor, soldier, memoirist, and novelist  Niven was known as a handsome and debonair leading man in Classic Hollywood films  He received an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award 
Born in London, Niven attended Heatherdown Preparatory School and Stowe School before gaining a place at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst  After Sandhurst, he joined the British Army and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Highland Light Infantry  Upon developing an interest in acting, he found a role as an extra in the British film There Goes the Bride (1932)  Bored with the peacetime army, he resigned his commission in 1933, relocated to New York, then travelled to Hollywood  There, he hired an agent and had several small parts in films through 1935, including a non-speaking role in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)  This helped him gain a contract with Samuel Goldwyn 
Parts, initially small, in major motion pictures followed, including Dodsworth (1936), The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936), and The Prisoner of Zenda (1937)  By 1938, he was starring as a leading man in films such as Wuthering Heights (1939)  Upon the outbreak of the Second World War, Niven returned to Britain and rejoined the army, being recommissioned as a lieutenant  In 1942, he co-starred in the morale-building film about the development of the Supermarine Spitfire fighter, The First of the Few (1942) 
He went on to receive the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Separate Tables (1958)  Other notable films during this time period include A Matter of Life and Death (1946), The Bishop's Wife (1947), Enchantment (1948), The Elusive Pimpernel (1950), The Moon Is Blue (1953), Around the World in 80 Days (1956), My Man Godfrey (1957), The Guns of Navarone (1961), Murder by Death (1976), and Death on the Nile (1978)  He also earned acclaim and notoriety playing Sir Charles Lytton in The Pink Panther (1963) and James Bond in Casino Royale (1967) 

Early life and family
James David Graham Niven was born on 1 March 1910 at Belgrave Mansions, Grosvenor Gardens, London, to William Edward Graham Niven (1878–1915) and his wife, Henrietta Julia (née Degacher) Niven (1878–1932)  He was named David after his birth on St David's Day  Niven later claimed he was born in Kirriemuir, in the Scottish county of Angus in 1909, but his birth certificate disproves this  He had two older sisters and a brother: Margaret Joyce Niven (1900–1981), Henry Degacher Niven (1902–1953), and the sculptor Grizel Rosemary Graham (1906–2007), who created the bronze sculpture Bessie that is presented to the annual winners of the Women's Prize for Fiction 
Niven's father, William Niven, was of Scottish descent; he was killed in the First World War serving with the Berkshire Yeomanry during the Gallipoli campaign on 21 August 1915   He is buried in Green Hill Cemetery, Turkey, in the Special Memorial Section in Plot F  10   Niven's paternal great grandfather and namesake, David Graham Niven, (1811–1884) was from St Martin's, a village in Perthshire  A physician, he married in Worcestershire, and lived in Pershore 
Niven's mother, Henriette, was born in Brecon, Wales  Her father was Captain (brevet Major) William Degacher (1841–1879) of the 1st Battalion, 24th Regiment of Foot, who was killed at the Battle of Isandlwana during the Anglo-Zulu War in 1879  Although born William Hitchcock, in 1874, he and his older brother Lieutenant Colonel Henry Degacher (1835–1902), both followed their father, Walter Henry Hitchcock, in taking their mother's maiden name of Degacher  Henriette's mother was Julia Caroline Smith, the daughter of Lieutenant General James Webber Smith CB 
After her husband's death in Turkey in 1915, Henrietta Niven remarried in London in 1917 to Conservative politician Sir Thomas Comyn-Platt (1869–1961)  The family moved to Rose Cottage in Bembridge on the Isle of Wight after selling their London home  In his 1971 biography, The Moon's a Balloon, Niven wrote fondly of his childhood home:

It became necessary for the house in London to be sold and our permanent address was now as advertised — a cottage which had a reputation for unreliability  When the East wind blew, the front door got stuck and when the West wind blew, the back door could not be opened – only the combined weight of the family seemed to keep it anchored to the ground  I adored it and was happier there than I had ever been, especially because, with a rare flash of genius, my mother decided that during the holidays she would be alone with her children  Uncle Tommy was barred – I don't know where he went – to the Carlton Club I suppose 
Literary editor and biographer, Graham Lord, wrote in Niv: The Authorised Biography of David Niven, that Comyn-Platt and Niven's mother may have been in an affair well before her husband's death in 1915 and that Comyn-Platt was actually Niven's biological father, a supposition that had some support among Niven's siblings  In a review of Lord's book, Hugh Massingberd from The Spectator stated photographic evidence did show a strong physical resemblance between Niven and Comyn-Platt that "would appear to confirm these theories, though photographs can often be misleading " Niven is said to have revealed that he knew Comyn-Platt was his real father a year before his own death in 1983 After his mother remarried, Niven's stepfather had him sent away to boarding school  In The Moon's a Balloon, Niven described the bullying, isolation, and abuse he endured as a six-year-old  He said that older pupils would regularly assault younger boys, while the schoolmasters were not much better  Niven wrote of one sadistic teacher:

Mr Croome, when he tired of pulling ears halfway out of our heads (I still have one that sticks out almost at right-angles thanks to this son of a bitch) and delivering, for the smallest mistake in Latin declension, backhanded slaps that knocked one off one's bench, delighted in saying, 'Show me the hand that wrote this' — then bringing down the sharp edge of a heavy ruler across the offending wrist 
Years later, after joining the British Army, a vengeful Niven decided to return to the boarding school to pay a call on Mr Croome but he found the place abandoned and empty While attending school – as was customary for the time – Niven received many instances of corporal punishment owing to his inclination for pranks  It was this behaviour that finally led to his expulsion from his next school, Heatherdown Preparatory School, at the age of 10½  This ended his chances for Eton College, a significant blow to his family  After failing to pass the naval entrance exam because of his difficulty with maths, Niven attended Stowe School, a newly created public school led by headmaster J  F  Roxburgh, who was unlike any of Niven's previous headmasters  Thoughtful and kind, he addressed the boys by their first names, allowed them bicycles, and encouraged and nurtured their personal interests  Niven later wrote, "How he did this, I shall never know, but he made every single boy at that school feel that what he said and what he did were of real importance to the headmaster "In 1928, an 18-year-old Niven had sex with 15-year-old Margaret Whigham (the future socialite and Duchess of Argyll) while she was on holiday in Bembridge  To the fury of her father, Niven got Whigham pregnant  She was rushed into a London nursing home for a secret termination  "All hell broke loose," remembered  Elizabeth Duckworth, the family cook  Whigham adored Niven until the day he died  She was among the VIP guests at his London memorial service 

Military service
In 1928, Niven attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst  He graduated in 1930 with a commission as a second lieutenant in the British Army He did well at Sandhurst, which gave him the "officer and gentleman" bearing that was his trademark  He requested assignment to the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders or the Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment), then jokingly wrote on the form, as his third choice, "anything but the Highland Light Infantry" (because that regiment wore tartan trews rather than the kilt)  He was assigned to the HLI, with which he served for two years in Malta and then for a few months in Dover  In Malta, he became friends with the maverick Mike Trubshawe, and served under Roy Urquhart, future commander of the British 1st Airborne Division  On 21 October 1956, in an episode of the game show What's My Line?, Niven, as a member of the celebrity panel, was reacquainted with one of his former enlisted men  Alexander McGeachin was a guest and when his turn in the questioning came up, Niven asked, "Were you in a famous British regiment on Malta?" After McGeachin affirmed that he was, Niven quipped, "Did you have the misfortune to have me as your officer?" At that point, Niven had a brief but pleasant reunion Niven grew tired of the peacetime army  Though promoted to lieutenant on 1 January 1933, he saw no opportunity for further advancement  His ultimate decision to resign came after a lengthy lecture on machine guns, which was interfering with his plans for dinner with a particularly attractive young lady  At the end of the lecture, the speaker (a major general) asked if there were any questions  Showing the typical rebelliousness of his early years, Niven asked, "Could you tell me the time, sir? I have to catch a train "After being placed under close-arrest for this act of insubordination, Niven finished a bottle of whisky with the officer who was guarding him: Rhoddy Rose (later Colonel R  L  C  Rose, DSO, MC)  With Rose's assistance, Niven was allowed to escape from a first-floor window  He then headed for America  While crossing the Atlantic, Niven resigned his commission by telegram on 6 September 1933  In New York City, Niven began a brief and unsuccessful career in whisky sales, followed by a stint in horse rodeo promotion in Atlantic City, New Jersey  After detours to Bermuda and Cuba, he arrived in Hollywood in 1934 

Film career
1935–1938: Early roles
When Niven presented himself at Central Casting, he learned that he needed a work permit to reside and work in the United States  As this required leaving the US, he went to Mexico, where he worked as a "gun-man", cleaning and polishing the rifles of visiting American hunters  He received his resident alien visa from the American consulate when his birth certificate arrived from Britain  He returned to the US and was accepted by Central Casting as "Anglo-Saxon Type No  2,008 " Among the initial films in which he can be seen are Barbary Coast (1935) and Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)  He secured a small role in A Feather in Her Hat (1935) at Columbia before returning to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for a bit role, billed as David Nivens, in Rose Marie (1936) 
Niven's role in Mutiny on the Bounty brought him to the attention of independent film producer Samuel Goldwyn, who signed him to a contract and established his career  For Goldwyn, Niven again had a small role in Splendor (1935)  He was lent to MGM for a minor part in Rose Marie (1936), then a larger one in Palm Springs (1936) at Paramount  His first sizeable role for Goldwyn came in Dodsworth (1936), playing a man who flirts with Ruth Chatterton  In that same year he was again loaned out, to 20th Century Fox to play Bertie Wooster in Thank You, Jeeves! (1936), before finally landing a sizeable role as a soldier in The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936) at Warners, an Imperial adventure film starring his housemate at the time, Errol Flynn  Niven was fourth billed in Beloved Enemy (1936) for Goldwyn, supporting Merle Oberon with whom he became romantically involved  Universal used him in We Have Our Moments (1937) and he had another good supporting role in David O  Selznick's The Prisoner of Zenda (1937) 

1938–1939: Leading man
Fox Studios gave him the lead in a B picture, Dinner at the Ritz (1938) and he again had a supporting role in Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) directed by Ernst Lubitsch at Paramount  Niven was one of the four heroes in John Ford's Four Men and a Prayer (1938), also with Fox  He remained with Fox to play the part of a fake love interest in Three Blind Mice (1938)  Niven joined what became known as the Hollywood Raj, a group of British actors in Hollywood which included Rex Harrison, Boris Karloff, Stan Laurel, Basil Rathbone, Ronald Colman, Leslie Howard, and C  Aubrey Smith  According to his autobiography, Errol Flynn and he were firm friends and rented Rosalind Russell's house at 601 North Linden Drive as a bachelor pad 
Niven graduated to star parts in "A" films with The Dawn Patrol (1938) remake at Warners; although he was billed below Errol Flynn and Basil Rathbone, it was a leading role and the film did excellent business  Niven was reluctant to take a supporting part in Wuthering Heights (1939) for Goldwyn, but eventually relented and the film was a big success  RKO borrowed him to play Ginger Rogers' leading man in the romantic comedy Bachelor Mother (1939), which was another big hit  Goldwyn used him to support Gary Cooper in the adventure tale The Real Glory (1939), and Walter Wanger cast him opposite Loretta Young in Eternally Yours (1939)  Finally, Goldwyn granted Niven a lead part, the title role as the eponymous gentleman safe-cracker in Raffles (1939) 

1939–1945: Second World War
The day after Britain declared war on Germany in 1939, Niven returned home and rejoined the British Army  He was alone among British stars in Hollywood in doing so; the British Embassy advised most actors to stay Niven was recommissioned as a lieutenant in the Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) on 25 February 1940, and was assigned to a motor training battalion  He wanted something more exciting, however, and transferred to the Commandos  He was assigned to a training base at Inverailort House in the Western Highlands  Niven later claimed credit for bringing future Major General Sir Robert Laycock to the Commandos  Niven commanded "A" Squadron GHQ Liaison Regiment, better known as "Phantom"  He was promoted to war-substantive captain on 18 August 1941 

Niven also worked with the Army Film and Photographic Unit  His work included a small part in the deception operation that used minor actor M  E  Clifton James to impersonate General Sir Bernard Montgomery  During his work with the AFPU, Peter Ustinov, one of the script-writers, had to pose as Niven's batman  Niven explained in his autobiography that there was no military way that he, a lieutenant-colonel, and Ustinov, who was only a private, could associate, other than as an officer and his subordinate, hence their strange "act"  In 1978, Niven and Ustinov would star together in a film adaption of Agatha Christie's Death on the Nile 
He acted in two wartime films not formally associated with the AFPU, but both made with a firm view to winning support for the British war effort, especially in the United States  These were The First of the Few (1942), directed by Leslie Howard, and The Way Ahead (1944), directed by Carol Reed  Ustinov also played a large supporting role as a Frenchman in The Way Ahead 
Niven was also given a significant if largely unheralded role in the creation of SHAEF's military radio efforts conceived to provide entertainment to American, British and Canadian forces in England and Europe  In 1944 he worked extensively with the BBC and SHAEF to expand these broadcast efforts  He also worked extensively with Major Glenn Miller, whose Army Air Force big band, formed in the US, was performing and broadcasting for troops in England  Niven played a role in the operation to move the Miller band to France prior to Miller's December 1944 disappearance while flying over the English Channel 
On 14 March 1944, Niven was promoted war-substantive major (temporary lieutenant-colonel)  He took part in the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944, although he was sent to France several days after D-Day  He served in "Phantom", a secret reconnaissance and signals unit which located and reported enemy positions, and kept rear commanders informed on changing battle lines  Niven was posted at one time to Chilham in Kent  He spoke little about his experience in the war, despite public interest in celebrities in combat and a reputation for storytelling  He once said:

I will, however, tell you just one thing about the war, my first story and my last  I was asked by some American friends to search out the grave of their son near Bastogne  I found it where they told me I would, but it was among 27,000 others, and I told myself that here, Niven, were 27,000 reasons why you should keep your mouth shut after the war 

Niven had particular scorn for those newspaper columnists covering the war who typed out self-glorifying and excessively florid prose about their meagre wartime experiences  Niven stated, "Anyone who says a bullet sings past, hums past, flies, pings, or whines past, has never heard one – they go crack!" He gave a few details of his war experience in his autobiography, The Moon's a Balloon: his private conversations with Winston Churchill, the bombing of London, and what it was like entering Germany with the occupation forces  Niven first met Churchill at a dinner party in February 1940  Churchill singled him out from the crowd and stated, "Young man, you did a fine thing to give up your film career to fight for your country  Mark you, had you not done so – it would have been despicable "A few stories have surfaced  About to lead his men into action, Niven eased their nervousness by telling them, "Look, you chaps only have to do this once  But I'll have to do it all over again in Hollywood with Errol Flynn!" Asked by suspicious American sentries during the Battle of the Bulge who had won the World Series in 1943, he answered, "Haven't the foggiest idea, but I did co-star with Ginger Rogers in Bachelor Mother!"Niven ended the war as a lieutenant-colonel  On his return to Hollywood after the war, he received the Legion of Merit, an American military decoration  It honoured Niven's work in setting up the BBC Allied Expeditionary Forces Programme, a radio news and entertainment station for the Allied forces 

1946–1950: Postwar career
Niven resumed his career while still in England, playing the lead in A Matter of Life and Death (1946), from the team of Powell and Pressburger  The movie was critically acclaimed, popular in England and was selected as the first Royal Film Performance  Niven returned to Hollywood and encountered tragedy when his first wife died after falling down a flight of stairs at a party  Goldwyn lent him to play Aaron Burr in Magnificent Doll (1946) opposite Ginger Rogers, then to Paramount for The Perfect Marriage (1947) with Loretta Young and Enterprise Productions for The Other Love (1947)  For Goldwyn he supported Cary Grant and Young in The Bishop's Wife (1947)  He returned to England when Goldwyn lent him to Alexander Korda to play the title role in Bonnie Prince Charlie (1948), a notorious box office flop  Back in Hollywood Niven was in Goldwyn's Enchantment (1948) with Teresa Wright  At Warner Bros he was in a comedy A Kiss in the Dark (1948) with Jane Wyman, then he appeared opposite Shirley Temple in the comedy A Kiss for Corliss (1949)  None of these films was successful at the box office and Niven's career was struggling 
He returned to Britain to play the title role in The Elusive Pimpernel (1950) from Powell and Pressberger, which was to have been financed by Korda and Goldwyn  Goldwyn pulled out and the film did not appear in the US for three years  Niven had a long, complex relationship with Goldwyn, who gave him his first start, but the dispute over The Elusive Pimpernel and Niven's demands for more money led to a long estrangement between the two in the 1950s 

1951–1964: Renewed acclaim
Niven struggled for a while to recapture his former position  He supported Mario Lanza in a musical at MGM, The Toast of New Orleans (1950)  He then went to England and appeared in a musical with Vera-Ellen, Happy Go Lovely (1951); it was little seen in the US but was a big hit in Britain  He had a support role in MGM's Soldiers Three (1951) similar to those early in his career  Niven had a far better part in the British war film Appointment with Venus (1952), which was popular in England  The Lady Says No (1952) was a poorly received American comedy at the time  Niven decided to try Broadway, appearing opposite Gloria Swanson in Nina (1951–52)  The play ran for only 45 performances but it was seen by Otto Preminger, who decided to cast Niven in the film version of the play The Moon Is Blue (1953)  As preparation Preminger, who had directed the play in New York, insisted that Niven appear on stage in the West Coast run  The Moon Is Blue, a sex comedy, became notorious when it was released without a Production Code Seal of Approval; it was a big hit and Niven won a Golden Globe Award for his role  Niven's next few films were made in England: The Love Lottery (1954), a comedy; Carrington V C  (1954), a drama that earned Niven a BAFTA nomination for Best Actor; Happy Ever After (1954), a comedy with Yvonne de Carlo, which was hugely popular in Britain  In Hollywood, he had a thankless role as the villain in an MGM swashbuckler The King's Thief (1955)  He had a better part in The Birds and the Bees (1956), portraying a conman in a remake of The Lady Eve (1941), in which Niven played a third-billed supporting role under American television comedian George Gobel and leading lady Mitzi Gaynor  Niven also appeared in the British romantic comedy The Silken Affair (1956) with Geneviève Page the same year 
Niven's professional fortunes were completely restored when cast as Phileas Fogg in Around the World in 80 Days (1956), a huge hit at the box office  It also won the Academy Award for Best Picture  He followed it with Oh, Men! Oh, Women! (1957); The Little Hut (1957), from the writer of The Moon is Blue and a success at the box office; My Man Godfrey (1957), a screwball comedy; and Bonjour Tristesse (1958), for Preminger  Niven worked in television  He appeared several times on various short-drama shows and was one of the "four stars" of the dramatic anthology series Four Star Playhouse, appearing in 33 episodes  The show was produced by Four Star Television, which was co-owned and founded by Niven, Ida Lupino, Dick Powell and Charles Boyer  The show ended in 1955, but Four Star TV became a highly successful TV production company 

Niven is the only person to win an Academy Award at the ceremony he was hosting  He won the 1958 Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Major Pollock in Separate Tables, his only nomination for an Oscar  Appearing on-screen for only 23 minutes in the film, this is the briefest performance ever to win a Best Actor Oscar  He was also a co-host of the 30th, 31st, and 46th Academy Awards ceremonies  After Niven had won the Academy Award, Goldwyn called with an invitation to his home  In Goldwyn's drawing-room, Niven noticed a picture of himself in uniform which he had sent to Goldwyn from Britain during the Second World War  In happier times with Goldwyn, he had observed this same picture sitting on Goldwyn's piano  Now years later, the picture was still in exactly the same spot  As he was looking at the picture, Goldwyn's wife Frances said, "Sam never took it down " With an Academy Award to his credit, Niven's career continued to thrive  In 1959, he became the host of his own TV drama series, The David Niven Show, which ran for 13 episodes that summer  He played the lead in some comedies: Ask Any Girl (1959), with Shirley MacLaine; Happy Anniversary (1959) with Mitzi Gaynor; and Please Don't Eat the Daisies (1960) with Doris Day, a big hit 

Even more popular was the action film The Guns of Navarone (1961) with Gregory Peck and Anthony Quinn  This role led to him being cast in further war and/or action movies: The Captive City (1962); The Best of Enemies (1962); Guns of Darkness (1962); 55 Days at Peking (1963) with Charlton Heston and Ava Gardner  Niven returned to comedy with The Pink Panther (1963) also starring Peter Sellers, another huge success at the box office  Less so was the comedy Bedtime Story (1964) with Marlon Brando  In 1964, Charles Boyer, Gig Young and top-billed Niven appeared in the Four Star series The Rogues  Niven played Alexander 'Alec' Fleming, one of a family of retired con-artists who now fleece villains in the interests of justice  This was his only recurring role on television, and the series was originally set up to more or less revolve between the three leads in various combinations (one-lead, two-lead and three-lead episodes), although the least otherwise busy Gig Young wound up carrying most of the series  The Rogues ran for only one season, but won a Golden Globe award and currently remains a cult favourite 

1965–1982: Later films
In 1965, he made two films for MGM: the Peter Ustinov-directed Lady L, supporting Paul Newman and Sophia Loren, and Where the Spies Are, as a doctor-turned-secret agent – MGM hoped it would lead to a series, but this did not happen  After the horror film Eye of the Devil (1966), Niven appeared as James Bond in Casino Royale (1967), and is, with the exception of Sean Connery in Never Say Never Again, the only other man to ever portray Bond in a non-Eon Productions film  Niven had been Bond creator Ian Fleming's first choice to play Bond in Dr  No  Casino Royale co-producer Charles K  Feldman said later that Fleming had written the book with Niven in mind, and therefore had sent a copy to Niven  Niven was the only actor who played James Bond mentioned by name in the text of a Fleming novel  In chapter 14 of You Only Live Twice, the pearl diver Kissy Suzuki refers to Niven as "the only man she liked in Hollywood", and the only person who "treated her honourably" there 
Niven made some popular comedies, Prudence and the Pill (1968) and The Impossible Years (1968)  Less widely seen was The Extraordinary Seaman (1969)
Context 3: Passage 1:
Robert Aldrich
Robert Burgess Aldrich (August 9, 1918 – December 5, 1983) was an American film director, producer, and screenwriter  An iconoclastic and maverick auteur working in many genres during the Golden Age of Hollywood, he directed mainly films noir, war movies, westerns and dark melodramas with Gothic overtones  His most notable credits include Vera Cruz (1954), Kiss Me Deadly (1955), The Big Knife (1955), Autumn Leaves (1956), Attack (1956), What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964), The Flight of the Phoenix (1965), The Dirty Dozen (1967), and The Longest Yard (1974) 
Aldrich's directorial style combined "macho mise-en-scene and resonant reworkings of classic action genres," and were known for pushing the boundaries of violence in mainstream cinema, and for their psychologically-complex interpretations of genre film tropes  The British Film Institute wrote that Aldrich's films "subversive sensibility in thrall to the complexities of human behaviour " Several of his films later proved influential to members of the French New Wave Aside from his directorial work, Aldrich was also noted for his advocacy as a member of the Directors Guild of America, serving as its President for two terms, and becoming the namesake for its Robert B  Aldrich Achievement Award 

Early life
Family
Robert Burgess Aldrich was born in Cranston, Rhode Island, into a family of wealth and social prominence – "The Aldriches of Rhode Island"  His father, Edward Burgess Aldrich (1871–1957) was the publisher of The Times of Pawtucket and an influential operative in state Republican politics  His mother, Lora Elsie (née Lawson) of New Hampshire (1874–1931), died when Aldrich was 13 and was remembered with fondness by her son  Ruth Aldrich Kaufinger (1912–1987) was his elder sister and only sibling Among his notable ancestors were the American Revolutionary War general Nathanael Greene and the theologian Roger Williams, founder of Rhode Island Colony His grandfather, Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich, was a self-made millionaire and art investor  A Republican member of the U S  Senate for thirty years (1881–1911), he was dubbed "General Manager of the Nation" by the press for his dominant role in framing federal monetary policy A number of Aldrich's paternal uncles had impressive careers, among them a successful investment banker, an architect and Harvard instructor, a member of the U S  House of Representatives, and a chairman of the Chase Manhattan Bank who also served as U S  Ambassador to Great Britain   An aunt, Abigail Greene "Abby" Aldrich married John D  Rockefeller Jr , scion of the Standard Oil fortune, and was a leading figure in the establishment of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City  Nelson Rockefeller, a four-term governor of New York State and U S  vice-president under Gerald Ford, and Rockefeller's four brothers were the director's first cousins 

Education
As the only male heir to the Lawson-Aldrich family line, Aldrich was under considerable pressure to compete successfully with his numerous cousins in a family of high achievers Following family tradition and expectations, Aldrich was educated at Moses Brown School in Providence from 1933 to 1937  There he served as captain of the track and football teams and was elected president of his senior class 
Failing to matriculate to Yale due to mediocre grades, Aldrich attended the University of Virginia from 1937 to 1941, majoring in economics  He continued to excel in sports and played a leading role in campus clubs and fraternities During the Great Depression, the adolescent Aldrich began to question the justice of his family's "politics and power" which clashed with his growing sympathies with left-wing social and political movements of the 1930s  Aldrich's disaffection from the Aldrich-Rockefeller right-wing social and political orientation contributed to a growing tension between father and son Having satisfactorily demonstrated his aptitude for a career in finance, Aldrich defied his father by dropping out of college in his senior year without taking a degree Aldrich approached his uncle Winthrop W  Aldrich, who got his 23-year-old nephew a job at RKO Studios as a production clerk at $25 a week  For this act of defiance, Aldrich was promptly disinherited  Aldrich reciprocated by expunging public records of his connection with the Aldrich-Rockefeller clan, while stoically accepting the breach  He rarely mentioned or invoked his family thereafter  It has been said that "No American film director was born as wealthy as Aldrich — and then so thoroughly cut off from family money "

RKO Pictures: 1941–1943
At the age of 23, Aldrich began work at RKO Pictures as a production clerk, an entry-level position, after declining an offer through his Rockefeller connections to enter the studio as an associate producer He married his first wife, Harriet Foster, a childhood sweetheart, shortly before he departed for Hollywood in May 1941 Though the smallest of Hollywood's top studios, RKO could boast an impressive roster of directors (George Cukor, John Ford and Howard Hawks) as well as movie stars (Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, Cary Grant, Katharine Hepburn and the Marx Brothers)  The 23-year-old Aldrich assumed his duties shortly after Orson Welles, at 26, signed a six-movie contract with RKO after the release of the widely acclaimed Citizen Kane (1941) When the United States entered the Second World War in December 1941, Aldrich was inducted into the Air Force Motion Picture Unit, but was quickly discharged when an old football injury disqualified him for military service  The film studios' manpower shortage allowed Aldrich to win assignments as third- or second-tier director's assistant to learn the basics of filmmaking 

Second assistant director
In just two years he participated on two dozen movies with well-known directors  He was second assistant director on Joan of Paris (1942, directed by Robert Stevenson), The Falcon Takes Over (1942, directed by Irving Reis), The Big Street (1942), directed by Reis, Bombardier (1943, directed by Richard Wallace), Behind the Rising Sun (1943, directed by Edward Dmytryk),  A Lady Takes a Chance (1943, directed by William A  Seiter), The Adventures of a Rookie (1943, directed by Leslie Goodwins), Gangway for Tomorrow (1943, directed by John H  Auer), and Rookies in Burma (1943, directed by Goodwins) 

First assistant director
Towards the end of the war, Aldrich had risen to first assistant director making comedy shorts with director Leslie Goodwins 
In 1944, Aldrich departed RKO to begin free-lancing on feature films at other major studios, including Columbia, United Artists, and Paramount 

Assistant director: 1944–1952
Aldrich was fortunate to serve as an assistant director to many notable and talented Hollywood filmmakers  During these assignments, which spanned nine years, Aldrich gained both practical and aesthetic fundamentals of filmmaking: "set location and atmosphere" (Jean Renoir, The Southerner, 1945), the "techniques of pre-planning a shot" (Lewis Milestone's The Strange Love of Martha Ivers, 1946), "action scenes" (William A  Wellman's The Story of G I  Joe, 1946), the "importance of communication with actors" (Joseph Losey's The Prowler, 1951), and "establishing visual empathy between camera and audience" (Charlie Chaplin's Limelight, 1952) He also worked on Pardon My Past (1945, directed by Leslie Fenton) and The Private Affairs of Bel Ami (1947, directed by Albert Lewin) 
Aldrich approached these projects and directors with a fine discrimination, enabling him to learn from both their strengths and weaknesses During these years Aldrich forged lasting professional relationships with talented artists who would serve him throughout his filmmaking career, namely, cinematographer Joseph Biroc, film editor Michael Luciano, music director Frank De Vol, art director William Glasgow and screenwriter Lukas Heller  A troupe of loyal, mostly male, players were enlisted for his film leads and supporting roles: Burt Lancaster, Jack Palance, Lee Marvin, Eddie Albert, Richard Jaeckel, Wesley Addy, Ernest Borgnine and Charles Bronson 

The Enterprise Studios: 1946–1948
Aldrich's association with The Enterprise Studios marks the most formative period of his apprenticeship  The production company offered a unique venue of independent filmmakers welcoming socially conscious themes critical of authoritarian aspects of American society While at Enterprise, Aldrich established both a professional and a personal affiliation with screenwriter and director Abraham Polonsky, a major figure in the Popular Front movement of the 1930s  Their respective films addressed the issue of an individual's often desperate struggle to resist destruction by an oppressive society Enterprise's Body and Soul (1947), written by Polonsky, directed by Robert Rossen, and starring John Garfield, made a deep and lasting impression on the 29-year-old assistant director from both structural and thematic standpoints  Garfield plays a corrupt prizefighter who seeks to redeem himself by defying mobsters who insist he throw a fight or forfeit his life  While the protagonist's personal failings contribute to his own oppression, the film censures capitalism as an unredeemable system  Aldrich would revisit Body and Soul throughout his career when seeking guidance on how to convey the progressive ideals of the 1930s while working in the reactionary political atmosphere of the Cold War era 

In 1948 Aldrich joined Polonsky and Garfield on the early noir film Force of Evil  The story concerns a Wall Street attorney turned mob lawyer (Garfield) who informs on his employers when they murder his brother  Force of Evil's cinematically excessive visuals and striking sound would later appear in Aldrich's films Kiss Me Deadly and Twilight's Last Gleaming A number of Aldrich's associates at Enterprise came under scrutiny by the HUAC in the late 1940s after Enterprise had closed its doors  Among them were Rossen, Polonsky, Garfield, directors John Berry, and Joseph Losey, producer Carl Foreman, and screenwriter Dalton Trumbo, some of whom suffered blacklisting and imprisonment  Aldrich was never targeted by the authorities, despite his collaborations with these artists  This was largely due to his post-1930s entry into the film industry when recruitment by Communist and leftist organizations was declining  Nonetheless, Aldrich remained a champion for the victims of the Red Scare At Enterprise, Aldrich also worked as an assistant director on Arch of Triumph (1948) and No Minor Vices (1948) for Lewis Milestone, So This Is New York (1948) for director Richard Fleischer and producer Stanley Kramer, and Caught (1949) for Max Ophüls 
During his apprenticeship Aldrich developed a keen appreciation for the nexus between autonomous control over every element of picture production and achievement of his creative vision  He would forever strive for full control over his films 

Freelance assistant director: 1948–1952
After the demise of The Enterprise Studios, Aldrich continued to be in much demand as an assistant director  He worked again for Lewis Milestone on The Red Pony (1949) at Republic and did Red Light (1949) for Roy Del Ruth, A Kiss for Corliss (1949) for Richard Wallace,  The White Tower (1950) for Ted Tetzlaff, M (1951) and The Prowler (1951) for Joseph Losey, and New Mexico (1951) for Reis 
Aldrich was assistant to producer Harold Hecht on Ten Tall Men (1951), a French Foreign Legion action film starring Burt Lancaster  He worked as production manager on When I Grow Up (1951) for Sam Spiegel and as production manager on The Steel Trap (1952) for Andrew L  Stone 
Hecht had enjoyed working with Aldrich on Ten Tall Men and used him on The First Time (1952), the feature directorial debut of Frank Tashlin 
Aldrich's most notable credit to date came on Limelight (1952), for which he was assistant director to Charlie Chaplin  He was assistant on Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd (1952) 

Television: 1952–1954
By 1952, the 34-year old assistant director, fully prepared to make his directorial debut, had no offers materializing in Hollywood  Eager to perform at a journeyman level, he moved to New York City to join its television startups 
The infant industries' golden age of live broadcasts was in a primitive stage of organization, and producers were pleased to enlist talent from the Hollywood film industry  More than merely a career move, television offered Aldrich an opportunity to apply the cinematic skills and concepts he had garnered during his eclectic education in movie-making to an entirely new medium "All they were paying directors was scale", recalled Aldrich of this time  "Who the hell wanted to go live in New York and work for scale? Only guys that had never directed or couldn't get a shot    Walter Blake    convinced these people who were doing the Camay soap shows that I was a genius waiting behind a rock out here  I had been assistant director on a Chaplin picture, so he told them that I had directed Chaplin  Nobody directs Chaplin except Chaplin, but these guys didn't know the difference  So I went back to New York and did, I don't know, thirty or forty shows "Procter & Gamble hired Aldrich in 1952 to direct episodes of the anthology series The Doctor (later retitled The Guest in syndication), an early soap opera starring Warner Anderson  Shooting schedules were notoriously tight  Despite this, Aldrich routinely dedicated half or more of the allotted time to rehearsals, an immensely reassuring practice for the players that contributed to the efficient execution of the final live shoot Following The Doctor, Aldrich resettled in Hollywood to complete twenty episodes of television's China Smith starring Dan Duryea, filmed on an even tighter timetable 
He also filled in as director on TV's Four Star Playhouse and the Schlitz Playhouse of Stars ("The Pussyfootin' Rocks") Aldrich described the early TV industry as a "director's crash course" where, unlike feature film production, the overall quality of the series outweighed the success or failure of an individual episode   In his two-year stint in television, Aldrich was free to experiment with technique and narrative schemes that would appear later in his film treatments  As such, he used cinematic framing and composition to reveal character motivation and close ups serving to highlight dialog, all of which endowed his episodes with a polished Hollywood studio-like appearance  Aldrich avoided disparaging television as an art form, only regretting its "rushed schedules and lack of preparation time "

Feature film director
Early feature films
In December 1951 Irving Allen announced he had formed Warwick Productions with Albert Broccoli  He intended to make The Gamma People with Robert Aldrich  In August 1952 Allen announced that Aldrich would make his feature debut as director with The Gamma People, to be shot in Europe in the winter from Aldrich's own script  Dick Powell was slated to star  However, the film would not be made for several years, with Aldrich's involvement limited to working on the story 
Aldrich broke into feature films as a director when Herbert Baker, who had worked with Aldrich on So This is New York, recommended the director to MGM, which was looking for someone with a background in sports for a low-budget baseball film, Big Leaguer (1953) The film was not particularly successful, so Aldrich returned to television, doing episodes of Four Star Playhouse, several of which were written by Blake Edwards  He directed "The Witness", which starred Dick Powell, Strother Martin, and Charles Bronson, and "The Bad Streak" with Charles Boyer Aldrich remained ambitious to work in features and raised money for a low-budget action film using many of the same sets and cast members of China Smith, including star Dan Duryea, called World for Ransom (1954)  It was made for Plaza Productions and financed by Allied Artists; Aldrich produced and directed  The cinematographer was Joseph F  Biroc, who would shoot many of Aldrich's later features 

Burt Lancaster: Apache and Vera Cruz
World for Ransom was seen by Harold Hecht and Burt Lancaster, who hired Aldrich to direct his first color film, Apache (1954), a western starring Lancaster as an Apache fighter  It was made for Hecht-Lancaster Productions and released through United Artists  This film was a big hit, earning $6 million Hecht and Lancaster used Aldrich again on Vera Cruz (1954), a western starring Gary Cooper and Lancaster   It was even more successful at the box office than Apache, making $9 million, and firmly established Aldrich as a director 

Turning producer: Kiss Me Deadly, The Big Knife and Attack
The success of these movies enabled Aldrich to set up his own company, The Associates and Aldrich, and sign a deal with United Artists  Its first movie was to be The Way We Are by Jack Jevne, about a woman who has an affair with a younger man  It was not immediately made 
Instead Aldrich produced and directed Kiss Me Deadly (1955), a film noir adapted by A  I  Bezzerides from a novel by Mickey Spillane starring Ralph Meeker as Mike Hammer   It was made for Parklane Productions, the independent company of Victor Saville, who owned the rights, and released through United Artists Aldrich and his company then made The Big Knife (1955), based on a play by Clifford Odets  Aldrich directed and produced this film about a movie star played by Jack Palance 
The Associates and Aldrich Company made a second film, also based on a play and released through United Artists, Attack (1956), starring Palance and Lee Marvin None of the three films was particularly successful at the box office, although they received some excellent reviews  In particular, Kiss Me Deadly became a major cult favorite in France  "I worked almost for nothing, economically, on those movies", he said  "They got caught up in the system and were not profitable pictures " Aldrich said his experiences made him "more cynical in terms of what preference to give survival and what preference to give material that might make a fine film which nobody or very few would go to see  That was the break  I realized that if you're careful in choosing projects and setting costs your taste and knowledge will, out of every six or seven pictures, produce one that makes a good deal of profitable return for everybody "The Associates announced numerous projects around this time, including Tryanny, Kinderspiel, Potluck for Pomeroy, Candidate for President (by Don Weis) and Machine for Chuparosa The Associates and Aldrich Company expanded to offer financing and distribution for other films  The only one that resulted was The Ride Back (1957) for UA  They wanted to make The Build Up Boys with Dana Andrews but the film did not eventuate 

Columbia: Autumn Leaves and The Garment Jungle
In between making Big Knife and Attack, Aldrich directed the Joan Crawford melodrama Autumn Leaves (1956) (originally The Way We Are), which was a minor hit Aldrich worked on the original story for the thriller The Gamma People (1956), made for Columbia and Warwick Productions in England 
In July 1956 Robert Aldrich signed a two-picture deal with Columbia to make films through his own company  The first was to be The Garment Jungle (1957)  The second was to be Until Proven Guilty  He also acquired the John O'Hara story Now We Know Aldrich started directing Garment but was fired towards the end of filming and replaced by Vincent Sherman In March 1957 Aldrich sued Columbia for reneging on a promise to make a film of the play Storm in the Sun, which he wanted to do with Crawford  The case was settled the following month Aldrich announced a range of projects – Kinderspiel, Pommeroy, The Snipe Hunt, Until Proven Guilty, Now We Know – but he found it difficult to get financing The Associates and Aldrich had the rights to the script for 3:10 to Yuma but ended up selling the project outright to Columbia 

Europe
Aldrich was unable to get a job until he had an offer from Hammer Films and Seven Arts to write and direct Ten Seconds to Hell (1959), starring Palance and Jeff Chandler, in Germany  While there, he was head of the jury at the 9th Berlin International Film Festival Aldrich stayed in Europe to make The Angry Hills (1959), based on the novel by Leon Uris and starring Robert Mitchum, for MGM in Greece for producer Raymond Stross  Aldrich had the film rewritten by Bezzerides, but then his cut of the film was re-edited by Stross  It was an unhappy experience for Aldrich and the film lost money Adlrich was going to make Taras Bulba in Yugoslavia with Anthony Quinn and a budget of $3 million, but the film did not proceed  Neither did another proposed subject, The Catalyst, based on a play by Ronald Duncan about male bisexuality  Aldrich would attempt to make Taras Bulba several times but ended up having to sell his script to Harold Hecht, who produced a film without Aldrich in 1962  Other projects he developed around this time include Angry Odyssey, The Left Bank, and Too Late the Hero Aldrich returned to Hollywood to direct episodes of Hotel de Paree ("Sundance Returns"), and Adventures in Paradise 
He directed a western, The Last Sunset (1961), starring Kirk Douglas and Rock Hudson, made for Douglas's company at Universal 
Aldrich tried to make Cross of Iron with John Mills but could not get financing Aldrich then went back to Italy, where he directed the Biblical spectacular Sodom and Gomorrah (1962)  for Joseph E  Levine  Aldrich disparaged the final film, which ended up costing $6 million 

Warner Bros: What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? and 4 For Texas
Aldrich rejuvenated his career by optioning the novel What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962) for the Associates and Aldrich Company  He signed Bette Davis and Joan Crawford as stars, got Lukas Heller to write the script, and raised financing through Warner Bros  The film was a massive hit at the box office and earned five Academy Award nominations (including a win for black-and-white costume design), restoring Aldrich's commercial and critical reputation  It also revived the popularity of Davis and Crawford as box office draws and led to a subgenre of horror movies starring elder actresses nicknamed "Psycho-biddy"  It also started a run of films (continued in Hush Hush Sweet Charlotte and others) with a gothic, camp sensibility that became an immediate hit with queer audiences Still at Warners, Aldrich wrote, produced and directed a comic western with Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin, 4 for Texas (1963)  Made for Sam Productions, it had Charles Bronson, Victor Buono, Ursula Andress and Anita Ekberg in supporting roles  The film was reasonably popular at the box office, but Aldrich disliked working with Sinatra and the resulting film 

20th Century Fox: Hush Hush Sweet Charlotte and Flight of the Phoenix
Emboldened by his recent commercial successes, Aldrich announced a $14 million production program of eight films, including Cross of Iron, Whatever Happened to Cousin Charlotte, The Tsar's Bride, Brouhaha, The Legend of Lylah Clare, Paper Eagle, Genghis Khan's Bicycle, and There Really Was a Gold Mine a sequel to Vera Cruz  He had prepared scripts on  Now We Know, Vengeance Is Mine, Potluck for Pomeroy and Too Late the Hero  Other projects were The Strong Are Lonely, Pursuit of Happiness and the TV series The Man He started with a follow up to Baby Jane, Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964), made for the Associates and Aldrich at 20th Century Fox  Bette Davis starred as a Southern woman who lives in a mansion and thinks she is going insane  Davis was to be reunited with Joan Crawford, but Crawford left the film and was replaced by Olivia de Havilland  The movie was popular, though not as successful as Baby Jane 
Aldrich stayed at Fox for his next film, the all-male action story The Flight of the Phoenix (1965), with James Stewart, Richard Attenborough and Peter Finch  The film was a commercial disappointment but eventually proved profitable 

MGM: The Dirty Dozen and The Legend of Lylah Clare
Aldrich had his biggest hit to date with The Dirty Dozen (1967), produced by Kenneth Hyman's Seven Arts Productions and released through MGM  Starring Lee Marvin, Charles Bronson, Ernest Borgnine and John Cassavetes, the film was a massive success at the box office Aldrich stayed at MGM for The Legend of Lylah Clare (1968) starring Finch and Kim Novak, made for Aldrich's own company  It was a critical and commercial disappointment 

Aldrich Studios
Aldrich sold his profit participation in Dirty Dozen to MGM for $1,350,000 and used the money to achieve a long-time dream – to buy his own studios, which he called the Aldrich Studios  He picked a facility at 201 North Occidental Boulevard, which had been in existence as a film studio since 1913, making Mary Pickford movies, and had recently been the basis of Sutherland Productions  Aldrich had made The Big Knife there "My dream has always been to own my own studio", he said  "With the possible exception of the old Enterprise Studio back in '45 I've never seen a studio run the way it should  That's because everybody at Enterprise felt they could make a contribution
and that's the feeling I hope we can have here "The studios were opened in August 1968  Along with Goldwyn, The Associates and Aldrich was the only major independent company with a studio in Hollywood  For the next few years he would make his movies there 

ABC Pictures
Aldrich's success with The Dirty Dozen led to the newly formed ABC Pictures offer the Associates and Aldrich Company a four-film contract  Aldrich announced they would be The Killing of Sister George, The Greatest Mother of Them All, Whatever Happened to Aunt Alice and Too Late the Hero Aldrich's first film for ABC was The Killing of Sister George (1968), adapted from by Lukas Heller from the play by Frank Marcus  It starred Beryl Reid and Susannah York and was notable for its frank depiction of a lesbian relationship  The movie was popular but because of its high cost lost money Aldrich produced but did not direct What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (1969), a psycho-biddy thriller in the vein of Baby Jane directed by Lee H  Katzin and starring Geraldine Page and Ruth Gordon  It also lost money  (Aldrich  announced he would make a third "Whatever Happened to" film, Whatever Happened to Dear Elva? based on the novel Goodbye, Dear Elva by Elizabeth Fenwick  However no film was made )
Aldrich made a 20-minute demo film, "The Greatest Mother of Them All" (1969), in an attempt to raise money for a feature-length version, but was unable to attract interest from ABC  Peter Finch starred ABC wanted Aldrich to make a war film in the vein of The Dirty Dozen so he produced and directed Too Late the Hero (1970), a "patrol" film, which he had been developing since 1959  Despite starring Michael Caine and Cliff Robertson and location work in the Philippines, the film made an overall loss of $6,765,000, making it one of the biggest money losers in the history of ABC Films Aldrich's next film for ABC was The Grissom Gang (1971), an adaptation of No Orchids for Miss Blandish set in the 1930s, with Scott Wilson and Kim Darby  It was another flop, losing ABC $3,670,000 Films Aldrich announced but did not make around this time included Rebellion, a western about Victoriano Huerta with Ernest Borgnine and George Kennedy;, The Movement, about student protest;  He also developed scripts for books which were turned into films by others: Coffee, Tea or Me? and Monte Walsh By now Aldrich's relationship with ABC had become fraught and devolved into lawsuits, in part caused by ABC refusing to finance other Aldrich projects  Aldrich parted company with ABC and in January 1972 put his studios up for sale In a 1972 interview Aldrich said that:

Lasting power is the most important power  Especially in this business, staying at the plate or staying at the table, staying in the game, is the essential  You can't allow yourself to get passed over or pushed aside  Very, very talented people got pushed aside and remained unused    If you must make a choice between luck and talent, you have to opt for luck  It's nice to have some of both, or a lot of both; but if you can't, luck is the answer  Nowhere else more so than in this business  The right place, the right time, the right script, all the right auspices—they made the difference to directors, writers, actors 

Ulzana's Raid and Emperor of the North Pole
Aldrich returned to westerns with Ulzana's Raid (1972), made at Universal for the Associates and Aldrich with producer Carter De Haven  It reteamed Aldrich with Lancaster for the first time since Vera Cruz  The film was a commercial disappointment but has subsequently come to be regarded as one of his finest films Aldrich followed it with Emperor of the North Pole (1973), a story of railway hobos in the 1930s starring Lee Marvin and Ernest Borgnine  Produced by Hyman at 20th Century Fox, it was another box office failure, though it too has seen its reputation soar in recent years (Leonard Maltin gave it 3 1/2 stars, calling it "unusual, exciting" and a "unique entertainment") 

Two with Burt Reynolds: The Longest Yard and Hustle
Aldrich's commercial fortunes were revived with a prison comedy starring Burt Reynolds,The Longest Yard (1974)  Made for producer Albert S  Ruddy at Paramount, it was Aldrich's biggest hit since The Dirty Dozen Aldrich and Reynolds promptly reteamed on Hustle (1975), made for their own production company RoBurt and released through Paramount  A tough police drama co-starring Catherine Deneuve, it was another box office success  However, tension between Aldrich and Reynolds during filming meant they made no more movies together  In 1975 Aldrich was elected president of the Directors Guild of America and served two two-year terms 

Lorimar: Twilight's Last Gleaming and The Choirboys
Aldrich signed a two-picture deal with Lorimar Productions, a TV company which wanted to move into features 
The first was Twilight's Last Gleaming (1977), an action thriller starring Lancaster  The second was a comedy, The Choirboys (1977), based on the best selling novel by Joseph Wambaugh, which Wambaugh disliked so much he sued to get his name taken off the film 

Final films: The Frisco Kid and All the Marbles
Aldrich's last movies were comedies: The Frisco Kid (1979), set in the West with Gene Wilder and Harrison Ford, and    All the Marbles (1981), set in the world of female wrestling with Peter Falk  Neither was particularly popular 
When the latter film came out, Aldrich said, "I'm 63 and I've had hits every ten years and I just hope I can function long enough to have one in the 90s "

Personal life
From his marriage to Harriet Foster (1941–1965), Aldrich had four children, all of whom work in the film business—Adell, William, Alida and Kelly  In 1966, after divorcing Foster, he married fashion model Sibylle Siegfried 

Death and legacy
Aldrich died of kidney failure on December 5, 1983, in a Los Angeles hospital  He is buried in Lot 5153 of the Whispering Trees Section of Forest Lawn Cemetery in Hollywood Hills Film critic John Patterson summarized his career in 2012: "He was a punchy, caustic, macho and pessimistic director, who depicted corruption and evil unflinchingly, and pushed limits on violence throughout his career  His aggressive and pugnacious film-making style, often crass and crude, but never less than utterly vital and alive, warrants — and will richly reward — your immediate attention "In 2012, John Patterson of The Guardian commented that Aldrich is "a wonderful director nearly 30 years dead now, whose body of work is in danger of slipping over the horizon " Japanese film director Kiyoshi Kurosawa noted Aldrich's influence on him In the FX miniseries Feud: Bette and Joan, Aldrich is portrayed by English actor Alfred Molina  The series follows the productions of Baby Jane and Sweet Charlotte 

Filmography
Films
Other film work
The Southerner (1945) (assistant director)
The Story of G I  Joe (1945) (assistant director)
Force of Evil (1948) (assistant director)
Caught (1949) (uncredited director of reshoots)
When I Grow Up (1950) (assistant director)
Limelight (1952) (assistant director)
The Gamma People (1956) (story)
The Garment Jungle (1957) (uncredited original director)
What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (1969) (producer)

Television
Unmade projects
Rebellion (late 1960s) — a western
The Crowded Bed (early 1970s)
The Greatest Mother of 'em All (1969) — the full-length feature was never shot
Rage of Honor (1970s) — western set in 1929 about an aging cowboy
Coffee, Tea or Me?  (early 1970s) — comedy about virginal air stewardess

Footnotes
Sources
Arnold, Edward T  and Miller, Eugene, L  1986  The Films and Career of Robert Aldrich  University of Tennessee Press  Knoxville, Tennessee  ISBN 0-87049-504-6
Sarris, Andrew 1981  What Ever Happened to Bobby Aldrich? CineFiles  University of California, Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive  Retrieved 18 October, 2018 
Sauvage, Pierre  1976  Aldrich Interview in Edward Arnold's and Eugene Miller's Robert Aldrich: Interviews, 2004  University of Mississippi Press  ISBN 1-57806-602-6
Silver, Alain and Ursini, James  1995  What Ever Happened to Robert Aldrich?: His Life and His Films Limelight Editions  ISBN 0-87910-185-7
Walsh, David  2018  100 years since the birth of American filmmaker Robert Aldrich: Including an interview with film historian Tony Williams Retrieved 10 October 2018



ground_truth: Ellie Kemper

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The actor that plays Phileas Fogg in "Around the World in 80 Days", co-starred with Gary Cooper in a 1939 Goldwyn Productions film based on a novel by what author?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  The Brain (1969), a French comedy with Bourvil and Jean-Paul Belmondo, was the most popular film at the French box office in 1969 but was not widely seen in English-speaking countries  He did a war drama Before Winter Comes (1969) then returned to comedy in The Statue (1971)  Niven was in demand throughout the last decade of his life: King, Queen, Knave (1972); Vampira (1974); Paper Tiger (1975); No Deposit, No Return (1976), a Disney comedy; Candleshoe (1977), one of several stars in a popular comedy; Murder By Death (1976), Death on the Nile (1978), one of many stars and another hit; A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square (1979); Escape to Athena (1979), produced by his son; Rough Cut (1980), supporting Burt Reynolds; and The Sea Wolves (1980), a wartime adventure film 
In 1974, while Niven was co-hosting the 46th Annual Oscars ceremony, a naked man (Robert Opel) appeared behind him, "streaking" across the stage  In what instantly became a live-TV classic moment, Niven responded "Isn't it fascinating to think that probably the only laugh that man will ever get in his life is by stripping off and showing his shortcomings?"  That same year, he hosted David Niven's World for London Weekend Television, which profiled contemporary adventurers such as hang gliders, motorcyclists, and mountain climbers: it ran for 21 episodes  In 1975, he narrated The Remarkable Rocket, a short animation based on a story by Oscar Wilde  Niven's last sizeable film part was in Better Late Than Never (1983)  In July 1982, Blake Edwards brought Niven back for cameo appearances in two final "Pink Panther" films (Trail of the Pink Panther and Curse of the Pink Panther), reprising his role as Sir Charles Lytton  By this time, Niven was having serious health problems  When the raw footage was reviewed, his voice was inaudible, and his lines had to be dubbed by Rich Little  Niven only learned of it from a newspaper report  This was his last film appearance 

Writing
Niven wrote four books  The first, Round the Rugged Rocks (published simultaneously in the US under the title Once Over Lightly), was a novel that appeared in 1951 and was forgotten almost at once  The plot was plainly autobiographical (although not recognised as such at the time of publication), involving a young soldier, John Hamilton, who leaves the British Army, becomes a liquor salesman in New York, is involved in indoor horse racing, goes to Hollywood, becomes a deckhand on a fishing boat, and finally ends up as a highly successful film star 
In 1971, he published his autobiography, The Moon's a Balloon, which was well received, selling over five million copies  He followed this with Bring On the Empty Horses in 1975, a collection of entertaining reminiscences from the Golden Age of Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s  As more of a raconteur rather than an accurate memoirist, it seems that Niven recounted many incidents from a first-person perspective that actually happened to other people, among them Cary Grant  This liberal borrowing and embroidering of his personal history was also said to be the reason why he persistently refused to appear on This Is Your Life  Niven's penchant for exaggeration and embroidery is particularly apparent when comparing his written descriptions of his early film appearances (especially Barbary Coast and A Feather in her Hat), and his Oscar acceptance speech, with the actual filmed evidence  In all three examples, the reality is significantly different from Niven's heavily fictionalised accounts as presented in The Moon's a Balloon and related in various chat show appearances 
In 1981 Niven published a second and much more successful novel, Go Slowly, Come Back Quickly, which was set during and after the Second World War, and which drew on his experiences during the war and in Hollywood  He was working on a third novel at the time of his death 

Personal life
While on leave in 1940, Niven met Primula "Primmie" Susan Rollo (18 February 1918 – 21 May 1946), the daughter of London lawyer William H C  Rollo  After a whirlwind romance, they married on 16 September 1940  A son, David, Jr , was born in December 1942 and a second son, James Graham Niven, on 6 November 1945  Primmie died at the age of 28, only six weeks after the family moved to the US  She fractured her skull in a fall in the Beverly Hills, California home of Tyrone Power, while playing a game of sardines  She had walked through a door believing it to be a closet, but instead, it led to a stone staircase to the basement In 1948, Niven met and married Hjördis Paulina Tersmeden (née Genberg, 1919–1997), a divorced Swedish fashion model  He recounted their meeting:

I had never seen anything so beautiful in my life – tall, slim, auburn hair, up-tilted nose, lovely mouth and the most enormous grey eyes I had ever seen  It really happened the way it does when written by the worst lady novelists     I goggled  I had difficulty swallowing and had champagne in my knees 
In 1960, Niven bought a chalet in Château-d'Œx near Gstaad in Switzerland for financial reasons, living near expatriate friends that included Deborah Kerr, Peter Ustinov, and Noël Coward  It is believed by some that Niven's choice to become a tax exile may have been one reason why he never received a British honour  However, Kerr, Ustinov, and Coward were all honoured  A 2009 biography of Niven contained assertions that he had an affair with Princess Margaret, who was 20 years his junior  He also became close friends with William F  Buckley and his wife Pat; Buckley wrote a memorial tribute to him in Miles Gone By (2004) 
Niven divided his time in the 1960s and 1970s between his chalet in Château-d'Œx and Cap Ferrat on the Côte d'Azur in the south of France 

Death and legacy
In 1980 Niven began experiencing fatigue, muscle weakness and a warble in his voice  His 1981 interviews on the talk shows of Michael Parkinson and Merv Griffin alarmed family and friends; viewers wondered if Niven had either been drinking or suffered a stroke  He blamed his slightly slurred voice on the shooting schedule of the film he had been making, Better Late Than Never  He was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known in the United States as "Lou Gehrig's disease") later that year  His final appearance in Hollywood was hosting the 1981 American Film Institute tribute to Fred Astaire 
In February 1983, using a false name to avoid publicity, Niven was hospitalised for 10 days, ostensibly for a digestive problem  Afterwards he returned to his chalet at Château-d'Œx  Though his condition continued to worsen he refused to return to the hospital, a decision supported by his family  He died at his chalet on 29 July, aged 73  Niven was buried on 2 August 1983 in the local cemetery of Château-d'Œx A Thanksgiving service for Niven was held at St Martin-in-the-Fields, London, on 27 October 1983  The congregation of 1,200 included Prince Michael of Kent, Margaret, Duchess of Argyll, Sir John Mills, Sir Richard Attenborough, Trevor Howard, David Frost, Joanna Lumley, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr  and Lord Olivier  Biographer Graham Lord wrote, "the biggest wreath, worthy of a Mafia Godfather's funeral, was delivered from the porters at London's Heathrow Airport, along with a card that read: 'To the finest gentleman who ever walked through these halls  He made a porter feel like a king '"In 1985, Niven was included in a series of British postage stamps, along with Sir Alfred Hitchcock, Sir Charles Chaplin, Peter Sellers and Vivien Leigh, to commemorate "British Film Year"  Niven's countenance appears to have been used as inspiration for the character and puppet of Commander Norman in the Thunderbirds franchise, as well as for Sinestro, the DC Comics supervillain in Green Lantern comic books and film 

Niven's Bonjour Tristesse co-star, Mylène Demongeot, declared about him, in a 2015 filmed interview:"He was like a Lord, he was part of those great actors who were extraordinary like Dirk Bogarde, individuals with lots of class, elegance and humour  I only saw David get angry once  Preminger had discharged him for the day but eventually asked to get him  I said, sir, you had discharged him, he left for Deauville to gamble at the casino  So we rented a helicopter so they immediately went and grabbed him  Two hours later, he was back, full of rage  There I saw David lose his British phlegm, his politeness and class  It was royal  [Laughs] "

Acting credits
Accolades
Bibliography
Niven, David (1951)  Round the Rugged Rocks  London: The Cresset Press 
Niven, David (1971)  The Moon's a Balloon  London: Hamish Hamilton  ISBN 0-340-15817-4 
Niven, David (1975)  Bring on the Empty Horses  Hamish Hamilton  ISBN 0-241-89273-2 
Niven, David (1981)  Go Slowly, Come Back Quickly  Hamish Hamilton  ISBN 0-241-10690-7 

Further reading
Lord, Graham (14 December 2004)  NIV: The Authorized Biography of David Niven  Macmillan  ISBN 978-0-312-32863-4 
Morley, Sheridan (5 September 2016)  The Other Side of the Moon: The Life of David Niven  Dean Street Press  ISBN 978-1-911413-63-9 

See also
Biography portal
 Film portal
 United Kingdom portal
Passage 4:
Phileas Fogg snacks
Phileas Fogg Ltd is a company that produces snack products in the United Kingdom that was created in 1982 by Derwent Valley Foods  The brand is named for Phileas Fogg, the protagonist of Jules Verne's Around the World in Eighty Days, and the products are made in Consett, County Durham  When by Derwent Valley Foods was sold in 1993, its products were rebranded but poorly received, leading to a decline in popularity  The brand was relaunched in 2009 

Early years
The Phileas Fogg snack range was launched in 1982 by Derwent Valley Foods, a company founded by Roger McKechnie, Keith Gill, Ray McGhee and John Pike, who invested £67,000 of their own money  The aim was to create a snack targeted to adults and branded with a recognisable character  The range included different flavours "from around the world" such as miniature garlic breads and tortilla chips 

Decline in the 1990s
Between the late 1980s and early 1990s, Phileas Fogg snacks achieved a turnover of more than £30 million  In 1993 the brand was purchased by United Biscuits for £24 million  The four founders left after the sale while United Biscuits made significant changes to the packaging and identity, precipitating a decline in popularity 

2009 relaunch
United Biscuits relaunched the brand in 2009 after research showed a large number of British consumers were still aware of it  As of 2016 the brand is still sold but is now owned by KP Snacks and consists of a much-revised product range 
Passage 5:
Around the World in 80 Days (2004 film)
Around the World in 80 Days is a 2004 American action adventure comedy film based on Jules Verne's 1873 novel of the same name and remake of the movie of the same name of 1956  It stars Jackie Chan, Steve Coogan and Cécile de France  The film is set in the nineteenth century and centers on Phileas Fogg (Coogan), here reimagined as an eccentric inventor, and his efforts to circumnavigate the globe in 80 days  During the trip, he is accompanied by his Chinese valet, Passepartout (Chan)  For comedic reasons, the film intentionally deviated wildly from the novel and included a number of anachronistic elements  With production costs of about $110 million and estimated marketing costs of $30 million, it earned $24 million at the U S  box office and $48 million worldwide, making it a box office failure  It also received generally unfavorable reviews from critics, mainly for lacking similarities of the original book 

Plot
Lau Xing robs the Bank of England and hides in Phileas Fogg's house, giving his name as "Passport   too"  Fogg hears "Passepartout" and hires him as valet  He helps Fogg break the 50-mile-per-hour (80 km/h) speed barrier  
At the Royal Academy of Science, Fogg is insulted by Baron Kelvin  He bets that he can travel around the world in 80 days  If Fogg wins, he will replace Kelvin as Minister of Science  If not, he will be ruined  Fogg and Passepartout take a carriage out of London after a confrontation with corrupt Inspector Fix, hired by Kelvin 
Passepartout and Fogg journey to Paris, where Passepartout must evade General Fang's warriors  Fang wants the jade Buddha previously given to Lord Kelvin but stolen by Passepartout  Pretending to take Fogg to see Thomas Edison, Passepartout leads him to impressionist painting student Monique La Roche  Passepartout fights the warriors while his boss discusses impressionism  The two men and Monique depart in a hot-air balloon, chased by Fang's warriors 
The trio continue their journey by train  However, in Istanbul, they are forced to become guests of Prince Hapi's banquet  Whilst initially hospitable, he soon orders the men to leave while Monique must become his seventh wife  The men convince Hapi to release Monique or they will damage his personal statue of "The Thinker", which is accidentally smashed  With Hapi in pursuit, the three travelers then escape 
Kelvin learns about the bank robbery  He orders the British-colonial authorities in India to arrest both men  Passepartout sees notice of the price on his head and warns his companions  Disguised as women they are attacked by Fang's warriors  Using Inspector Fix and a sextant as weapons, Fogg and Passepartout defeat their assailants and flee to China 
In a Chinese village where Lau Xing had came from, Lanzhou, they are welcomed by Lau's family members  However, they are captured by the Black Scorpions  Recognized, Lau Xing challenges the leader of the group to a fight  At first, he fights alone and is defeated; moments later, he is joined by his fellow "Ten Tigers of Canton" to defeat the Black Scorpions  The jade Buddha is returned to the village temple 
Fogg desires to continue alone, disappointed and feeling used by his companions after finding out that through a picture of Lau and his family members in the village  He travels to San Francisco and is tricked out of his money  He is found destitute by Lau Xing and Monique who have followed him  In the Western desert, they find the Wright brothers who discuss their prototype flying machine  Fogg suggests a few changes, which are eagerly taken 
In New York City, a jubilant crowd prevents them from their ship  A policeman leads them to an ambush in a workshop  The three friends fight Fang and her warriors and win  Though Fogg could have gotten to the boat, he misses it to help Lau Xing  Fogg feels that he has lost, but the other two say that they may still make it if they catch the next ship 
They board an old ship and Fogg builds a plane out of the ship's old wood, promising a new ship to the captain  The ship's crew builds a catapult to launch it  The three fly to London and crash-land at the Royal Academy  Kelvin sends police to hinder them, and the clock strikes noon, ending the wager 
Kelvin proclaims himself the victor  Monique, Fix and other ministers attest to Kelvin's unfair methods  Kelvin insults Queen Victoria who overhears the insult which leads to Kelvin's arrest  She then reveals that she has bet money on Fogg winning and congratulates him for making it back a day early  
Though Lau and Monique are confused, Fogg eventually realizes that they forgot to take the International Date Line into account: they themselves experienced 80 days, but London only experienced 79 days  He ascends the stairs of the academy and kisses Monique, victorious in his bet 

Cast
Johnny Knoxville was initially cast as San Francisco Hobo 

Production
Warner Bros , who owned the rights to the 1956 adaptation, planned their own remake with Stephen Sommers directing and Brendan Fraser starring, after the success of The Mummy  Stan Chervin wrote the script for this utilization of the film  Around the same time, 20th Century Fox and Good Machine were developing their own version with Mark Rosenthal and Lawrence Konner writing the screenplay  Ang Lee and Stephen Herek were considered to direct When Frank Coraci got involved, he went back to read the original novel and watch the 1956 film, where he realized that the story didn't really have a driving lead character  So he decided to rework the plot considerably, which involved giving Phileas Fogg an arc  Coraci's first choice for Fogg was Johnny Depp, but studio executives at the time didn't think Depp in a family movie would ever work (this was before the release of Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl)  Jackie Chan was announced to play Passepartout in June 2002  He was paid about $18 million for the role  After Chan was cast, the filmmakers settled on lesser known character actor Steve Coogan for Fogg  Walden Media was in charge of investing the film while Summit Entertainment handled foreign sales  Paramount Pictures acquired domestic distribution rights, and set a release date for November 21, 2003  However, the studio stepped out at the start of the year, with concerns over the high budget and bankability of the cast Principal photography began on March 13, 2003, in Thailand, followed by a 3-month shoot at Babelsberg Studio in Berlin  Before Disney had picked the film up for distribution, it was one of the highest-budget films produced without a distributor attached 

Music
Soundtrack
"It's Slinky!" – Written by Homer Fesperman and Charles Weasley
"Sehnaz Pesrev
"The Mystery Continues" – Composed by Suma Ograda
"Everybody, All over the World (Join the Celebration)" – Performed by David A  Stewart and Sylvia Young Stage School
"River of Dreams" (Instrumental) – Written by David A  Stewart and Aidan Love
"It's a Small World" – Written by the Sherman Brothers, and performed by Baha Men

Release
Around the World in 80 Days premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California on June 13, 2004, and was released in theaters on June 16, 2004, by Walt Disney Pictures  It was also released on DVD and VHS on November 2, 2004, by Walt Disney Home Entertainment 

Reception
Critical response
Around the World in 80 Days was met with mixed reviews  Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 32% approval rating, based on 128 reviews, with an average score of 4 79/10, with the site's consensus stating: "Hit-and-miss family fare that bears only the slightest resemblance to Verne's novel " Metacritic gives the film a weighted score of 49 out of 100, based on reviews from 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale The Guardian critic Rob Mackie, criticized it for having little to no resemblance to the novel it is based on  Roger Ebert praised it for its visual style and for being "goofy fun"  Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote: "Takes plenty of liberties with the material and never generates much genuine excitement, but provides an agreeable ride without overloading it with contemporary filmmaking mannerisms "In 2014, the Los Angeles Times listed the film as one of the most expensive box office flops of all time 

Accolades
The film was nominated for two Razzie Awards - Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Supporting Actor (Arnold Schwarzenegger) 

See also
List of American films of 2004
Around the World in 80 Days (1956 film)
Around the World in Eighty Days (book)
Jackie Chan filmography
Arnold Schwarzenegger filmography
Around the World in 80 Days (2004)
Passage 6:
Jules Verne Trophy
The Jules Verne Trophy is a prize for the fastest circumnavigation of the world by any type of yacht with no restrictions on the size of the crew provided the vessel has registered with the organization and paid an entry fee  A vessel holding the Jules Verne trophy will not necessarily hold the absolute round the world record  The trophy was first awarded to the first yacht which sailed around the world in less than 80 days  The name of the award is a reference to the Jules Verne novel Around the World in Eighty Days in which Phileas Fogg traverses the planet (albeit by railroad and steamboat) in 80 days  The current holder is IDEC Sport skippered by Francis Joyon in 40 days 23 hours 30 minutes 30 seconds 

Route
The Jules Verne Trophy's starting point is defined by an imaginary line between the  Créac'h lighthouse on Ouessant (Ushant) Island, France, and the Lizard Lighthouse, UK  The boats have to circumnavigate the world leaving the capes of Good Hope, Leeuwin, and Horn to port and cross the starting line in the opposite direction 
The starting line is open as of the official ratification of the trophy's rules by the World Sailing Speed Record Council 

Rules
The Jules Verne Trophy is awarded to the challenger who breaks the previous Jules Verne record of the round the world voyage under sail  The winner holds the trophy until such time as his/her record has been bettered  The boats must solely be propelled by natural forces of the wind and of the crew, but the trophy is open to any type of boat with no restrictions  Crew size is not restricted either 
The circumnavigation must be completed non-stop and with no physical outside assistance, although on-shore weather routing is allowed  The challengers must respect certain safety rules 

History
The original idea for this competition has been attributed to Yves Le Cornec in 1985  The rules were defined in 1990  A committee was put in place to guarantee respect of the rules and fairplay  This committee included Peter Blake, Florence Arthaud, Jean-François Coste, Yvon Fauconnier, Gabrie Guilly, Robin Knox-Johnston, Titouan Lamazou, Yves Le Cornec, Bruno Peyron, Olivier de Kersauson, and Didier Ragot 
While the current holder of the trophy, Francis Joyon, also holds the around the world sailing record, this has not always been the case  In 2004 Steve Fossett broke the world record with the catamaran Cheyenne but was not awarded the trophy  According to reports, the trophy organizers requested a higher entrance fee from Fossett than from the other competitors, the difference which he refused to pay  The winner of the trophy that year was Olivier de Kersauson on Geronimo, with a time which was five days slower than Fossett's world record 

Summary of intermediate records
The best passage times are shared between 4 boats:

 Banque Populaire V , designed in 2006, launched in 2008 and renamed "Maxi Spindrift 2" in 2013
 Groupama 3 , designed in 2004, launched in 2006 and renamed  IDEC sport  in 2015
 Macif , designed in 2013, launched in 2015 and since then mainly singlehanded by François Gabart
 fr:Maxi Edmond de Rothschild  designed in 2014, launched in 2017Adding the record times of the various intermediate routes, gives a total record round the world in 36 days 22 hours and 36 minutes, or 4 days better than the record established in 2017 by Francis Joyon on  IDEC sport  

2016 record
Francis Joyon took possession of the former Groupama 3 on October 2, 2015, after three weeks of work at Multiplast, in Vannes  He chose an intermediate configuration between the initial power and a reduced rigging for solo races  Closer to the lightness and ergonomics sought alone, less versatile in particular in light winds, Joyon's choices paid off during his two passages in the southern seas at the end of 2015 and again at the end of 2016, earning him numerous records  With a crew reduced to six people,  IDEC Sport  was ready to attempt the Jules-Verne Trophy, held since 2011 by Loïck Peyron with a time of 45 days, 13 hours, 42 minutes and 53 seconds 
After an attempt in November 2016 met with unfavorable weather in the doldrums and the South Atlantic, and a shock that slightly damaged her fin, Joyon set out again on December 16, 2016 to conquer the trophy  He arrived on  January 26, 2017 with a new around the world sailing record of 40 days 23 h 30 min 30 s 
During their 2016 attempt for the Jules-Verne Trophy, Francis Joyon and his crew  broke numerous intermediate records: four have been formalized and are the subject of records duly certified by the WSSRC They made quick crossings of the southern seas starting with the Indian Ocean, covering 8091,73 miles in 10 days (an average of 809 miles per day)  This episode began ahead of the front of a depression which moved at a speed corresponding to the boat's potential from South America to the Pacific Ocean  During 12 days, the wind remained port tack, blowing constantly at over 30 knots, an ideal configuration for speed records  Top speeds varied between 38 and 44 knots  Due to bad seas, their speed dropped temporarily (29 knots or 700 mi (1,100 km) per day) but soon climbed back above 800 mi (1,300 km) daily 
After passing New Zealand and the Antimeridian, sailing port tack 205 degrees longitude (25 degrees West to Antimeridian) in the southern seas, the crew jibed in the transition between two depressions, and managed to catch up with the weather system in front of them over the Pacific Ocean, setting off again at more than 30 knots daily average towards Cape Horn 
Joyon rounded Cape Horn, 16 days after hitting the first left South America, after a course of nearly 12,000 mi (19,000 km) above 30 knots average (730, 16 miles per day over 16 days)  He then signs a performance increase of 30 to 40% compared to Loïck Peyron's record 5 years earlier  Leaving the southern seas with a lead of 4 days 6 hours 35 min over Peyron's previous record, Joyon and his crew regained 2,800 mi (4,500 km) on the record during this stretch 
The weather conditions allowed them to optimize their course, covering 26,412 mi (42,506 km) on the ground, at an average of 26 85 knots, for a theoretical course of 22,461 mi (36,147 km)  Banque Populaire V, the previous recordholder, had to cover almost 2600 more miles (29,002 miles) 

Distance records broken during the 2016 campaign
While the best day of Loïck Peyron's previous record was the only day above 800 miles from his record (811 miles over 24 hours, or 33 79 knots average), Francis Joyon maintains a speed above 800 daily miles for 10 consecutive days 
It thus improves a large number of progress records by a sailboat over a given period:

Other records broken during the 2016 campaign
Boat record and the second longest distance covered by a sailboat in 24 hours with 894 miles 
6 consecutive days at an average of 850 7 miles / 24 h (35 45 knots)
Ushant-Cape Leeuwin 17 d 06 h 59 min 45 (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 17 d 23 h 57 min)
Ushant-Tasmania 18 d 18 h 31 min (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 20 d 07 h 11 min)
Ushant-Antiméridien 20 d 07 h 01 (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 22 d 11 h 34 min)
Ushant-Cape Horn: 26 d 15 h 45 min (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 30 d 22 h 19 min)
Ecuador - Cape Leeuwin: 11 d 12 h (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 12 d 9 h 2 min)
Cape Agulhas-cape Leeuwin in 4 days 9 h 37 min 46 at an average speed of 35 08 knots over ground (3,705 miles) or 842 miles in 24 hours (6 days 8 min or 36% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Cape Leeuwin - Cape Horn in 9 d 08 h 46 min (12 d 22 h 22 min or 38% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Cape of Good Hope - Cape Horn in 13 d 20 h 13 min (19 d 00 h 31 min or 37% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Cape of Good Hope - Cape Leeuwin: 4 d 11 h 31 min (6 d 02 h 09 min or 36% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record in 2011)
Cap Leeuwin - Cape Horn in 9 d 08 h 46 min (12 d 22 h 22 min or 38% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Indian Ocean: 5 d 21 h 7 min 45 s (WSSRC reference) (8 d 07 h 23 min or 41% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)
Pacific Ocean: 7 d 21 h 13 min 31 s (WSSRC reference) (10 d 15 h 07 min or 39% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)
Ecuador-Ecuador record: 29 d 9 h 10 min 55 s (WSSRC reference) (32 d 11 h 52 min or 11% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)
North Atlantic return record: 5 d 19 h 21 min (7 d 10 h 58 min or 25% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)

Jules Verne Trophy records
Notable performances
During her Jules-Verne trophy record in 2011–2012, the Banque Populaire V skippered by Loïck Peyron covered 811 70 nautical miles in 24 hours on 3 December 2011 at 11:45 UT, posting 28 days over 600 miles, including 9 days over 700 miles and 1 day over 800 miles During her Jules-Verne trophy record in 2009–2010, the trimaran Groupama 3 skippered by Franck Cammas covered 798 nautical miles in 24 hours on 13 February 2010 at 5 p m  UT, showing 17 days over 600 miles, including 10 days over 700 miles 
During her Jules-Verne trophy record in 2016–2017, the trimaran Idec sport skippered by Francis Joyon covered 894 nautical miles in 24 hours, and 10 consecutive days at 809 miles / 24 h  Francis Joyon rounds Cape Horn, 16 days after riding off of South America, and after a course of nearly 12,000 miles above an average of 30 knots (730 16 miles / 24 h over 16 days)  He then signs a performance increase of between 30 and 40% compared to the record to be broken by Loïck Peyron 5 years earlier  Leaving the southern seas with a lead of 4 j 06 h 35 min over Loïck Peyron's previous record, Francis Joyon and his crew regained the equivalent of 2,800 miles on the record during this episode 
During the aborted attempt of 2019, Yann Guichard sets a new record crossing the equator in 4 days 19 h 57 min and, thanks to favorable weather conditions, lines up 4,812 1 miles from the 11th to 16th day, or 802 miles / day for 6 consecutive days 
During his record around the world Singlehanded in 2017, 24 hour distance record for François Gabart on Macif: 850,68 miles in 24h During his attempt for the Jules Verne Trophy on December 5, 2020, Thomas Coville on fr:Sodebo Ultim 3 covered 889 9 miles in 24 hours (37 1 knots average, top speed 48 9 knots) 

Passage records
Intermediate records
Failed record attempts
The trophy
The "Trophy Jules Verne" was the subject of a public order of the visual arts delegation with the American artist Tom Shannon and is patroned by the French Ministry of Culture The work is a floating hull on a magnetic field, much as an anchorage for a ship  All dimensions have rigorous symbolic meaning  The midship beam of the hull corresponds to the diameter of the Earth, the ray of each end is proportional to that of the moon and the radius of the curvature of the frames is that of the sun  The competitors of the Trophy Jules Verne race around the Earth against time, with only the sun and the moon as companions and time keepers 
The sculpture is placed on a cast aluminium base, on which the names of the sailors having won the Trophy are engraved  The Musée national de la Marine in Paris hosts and maintains the Trophy  Each winner receives a miniature of the Trophy, magnetized like the original one 
When a record is broken, an official ceremony is held for the previous record holders to hand over the trophy to the new record holders, who are given the hull and must place it in its magnetic field mooring 

See also
Circumnavigation
List of circumnavigations
List of youth solo sailing circumnavigations
Around the world in 80 daysCompetitions and prizes
Global Challenge
Jules Verne Trophy
The race
Oryx Quest
Vendée GlobeOther speed sailing records
Speed sailing record
World Sailing Speed Record Council
Transatlantic sailing record
Around the world sailing record
Passage 7:
Around the World in 80 Days (2009 TV series)
Around the World in 80 Days is a British travel documentary series made to support the annual BBC Children in Need charity appeal in 2009  It sees twelve celebrities attempt to circumnavigate the globe in eighty days without using air transport, recreating the journey of Phileas Fogg and Michael Palin  Like Fogg and Palin, the journey begins and ends at the Reform Club in London  It was first shown on BBC One and BBC HD in October and November 2009 

Production
The challenge for the celebrities was to travel around the globe in eighty days, starting and ending at the Reform Club in London, re-enacting the challenge made to Phileas Fogg in the 1873 Jules Verne novel, Around the World in Eighty Days, and Around the World in 80 Days with Michael Palin  In each episode, a pair of celebrities travels a single leg of the round-the-world journey, trying to meet the next pair at a handover point in sufficient time, in relay race fashion  The journey could be completed by any means except by flight  At the handover, they pass to the succeeding team a carpet bag containing, amongst other items, a journal and a phone  Each of the celebrity pairs contributed to the journal as their leg of the journey progressed, and ahead of the trip Palin wrote an entry containing advice for the travellers Throughout the journey, the celebrities collected various items on their leg of the journey  These were then auctioned to raise money for Children in Need, as was the journal completed by the travellers at the end of the trip 

Episodes
Auction items
UK to Turkey

Ukulele played by Frank Skinner
Pudsey bear signed by Frank Skinner
Pudsey bear signed by Lee MackTurkey to Kazakhstan

Pudsey bear signed by Nick Hewer
Pudsey bear signed by Saira KhanKazakhstan to Mongolia

Pudsey bear signed by Julia Bradbury
Pudsey bear signed by Matt BakerMongolia to USA

Selection of paintings by Louise Minchin
Pudsey bear signed by Bill Turnbull
Pudsey bear signed by Louise MinchinUSA (California) to USA (Memphis)

Pink tutu
Pair of Around the World in 80 Days Boots
Pudsey bear signed by John Barrowman
Pudsey bear signed by Myleene KlassUSA to UK

Shane Ritchie's Outfit from 'Cargo'
Josie Lawrence's Outfit from 'Cargo'
Pudsey bear signed by Shane Ritchie
Pudsey bear signed by Josie Lawrence
Silver HarmonicaOther

Around the World in 80 Days Journal
Around the World in 80 Days Carpet Bag
Context 3: 
Williams, Tony  2003  Body and Soul: the cinematic vision of Robert Aldrich  The Scarecrow Press, Inc  Lanham, Maryland  ISBN 978-0-8108-4993-8

Further reading
Robert Aldrich biography and credits at the BFI's Screenonline Entry written by Robert Shail 
"Aldrich & Associates special section"  Screening the Past (10)  2000  A special issue of a film journal that emerged from a symposium devoted to Aldrich & Associates on August 2, 1998, in Melbourne 
Silver, Alain (May 2002)  "Robert Aldrich"  Senses of Cinema (20)  Silver's contribution to the journal's "Great Directors" series 

External links

Robert Aldrich at IMDb
Robert Aldrich at the TCM Movie Database 
Robert Aldrich at AllMovie
Robert Aldrich at Find a Grave
Literature on Robert Aldrich
Passage 2:
Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte
Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte is a 1964 American psychological thriller film directed and produced by Robert Aldrich, and starring Bette Davis, Olivia de Havilland, Joseph Cotten, Agnes Moorehead and Mary Astor in her final film role  It follows a middle-aged Southern woman, suspected in the unsolved murder of her lover from decades before, who is plagued by bizarre occurrences after summoning her cousin to help challenge the local government's impending demolition of her home  The screenplay was adapted by Henry Farrell and Lukas Heller, from Farrell's unpublished short story "What Ever Happened to Cousin Charlotte?"
Following his previous success adapting Farrell's novel What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?, Aldrich originally cast the film to reunite Davis with Joan Crawford, despite their notorious turbulence on set  Principal photography began with Davis in the title role and Crawford as Miriam, but shooting was postponed while Crawford dropped out and the role was recast with de Havilland  The film was a critical success, earning seven Academy Award nominations 

Plot
In 1927, young Southern belle Charlotte Hollis and her married lover John Mayhew plan to elope during a party at the Hollis family's antebellum mansion in Ascension Parish, Louisiana  Charlotte's father, Sam, confronts John over the affair and intimidates him with the news that John's wife Jewel visited the day before and revealed the affair  John pretends to Charlotte he can no longer love her and that they must part  Shortly after, John is ambushed and decapitated in the summerhouse by an assailant with a cleaver  Charlotte returns to the house in a bloodstained dress, which all of the guests witness 
Thirty-seven years later, Charlotte, a spinster, having inherited the estate after her father died, is tended to by her loyal housekeeper, Velma  In the intervening years, John's death has remained an unsolved murder, though it is commonly held that Charlotte was responsible  Despite notice from the Louisiana Highway Commission that she has been evicted from the property to make way for the impending construction of a new interstate, Charlotte is defiant, and threatens the demolition crew with a rifle  Seeking help in her fight against the Highway Commission, Charlotte summons Miriam, a poor cousin who lived with the family as a girl, but has since moved to New York City  Miriam returns and soon renews her relationship with Drew Bayliss, a local doctor who jilted her  Charlotte's sanity soon deteriorates following Miriam's arrival, her nights haunted by a mysterious harpsichord playing the song John wrote for her and by the appearance of his disembodied hand and head  Suspecting that Miriam and Drew are after Charlotte's money, Velma seeks help from Mr  Willis, an insurance investigator from England who is still fascinated by the case and who has visited Mayhew's ailing widow, Jewel; she gave him an envelope only to be opened after her death 
Miriam fires Velma, who later returns to discover Charlotte has been drugged  Velma plans to expose Miriam's exploitation of Charlotte, but Miriam hits Velma with a chair and she falls down the stairs to her death  Drew covers up the murder by declaring it an accident  One night, a drugged Charlotte runs downstairs in the grip of a hallucination, believing that John has returned to her  After Miriam tricks the intoxicated Charlotte into shooting Drew with a gun loaded with blanks, the two dispose of his body in a swamp  Charlotte returns to the house and witnesses the revived Drew walking downstairs after he returned, reducing her to insanity  Believing she has shattered Charlotte's mental state, Miriam celebrates with Drew in the garden, where they discuss the plan to have Charlotte committed to a psychiatric hospital and usurp her fortune  Charlotte overhears the entire conversation from the balcony, except for Miriam's admission that she had witnessed Jewel kill John, and has been using the knowledge to blackmail Jewel throughout the years  Charlotte kills Miriam and Drew, by pushing a large stone urn off the  balcony 
The next day, the authorities escort Charlotte from home, as a crowd gathers around to observe the spectacle  Charlotte receives an envelope from Mr Willis, which he received from Jewel (who died of a stroke after hearing of the incident which occurred on the previous night), ostensibly confessing to the murder of her husband John   As the authorities leave with Charlotte, she looks back at the house 

Cast
Production
Development and casting
Following the unexpected box office success of What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), Aldrich wanted to make a film with similar themes for Joan Crawford and Bette Davis  Their feud was infamous and legendary, and they were not initially eager to repeat themselves  
Writer Henry Farrell, on whose novel the film had been based, had written an unpublished short story called "What Ever Happened to Cousin Charlotte?" that Aldrich envisioned as a suitable follow-up  It told a similar story of a woman who manipulates a relative for personal gain, but for this film, Aldrich's idea was that the two actresses would switch the roles from the previous one, with Crawford playing the devious cousin trying to manipulate the innocent Davis into giving up her estate  Aldrich's frequent collaborator, Lukas Heller, wrote a draft of the screenplay, but was replaced by Farrell in late 1963 Three other cast members from What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? were cast in Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte: Wesley Addy, Dave Willock and Victor Buono 

The cast included Mary Astor, a friend of Davis' since their days at Warner Bros  Astor retired from acting and died in 1987  She said: My agent called: 'There's this cameo in a movie with Bette Davis  It's a hell of a part; it could put you right up there again ' I read the script  The opening shot described a severed head rolling down the stairs, and each page contained more blood and gore and hysterics and cracked mirrors and everybody being awful to everybody else  I skipped to my few pages–a little old lady sitting on her veranda waiting to die  There was a small kicker to it inasmuch as it was she who was the murderess in her youth and had started all the trouble  And then in the story, she died  Good! Now, I'd really be dead! And it was with Bette–which seemed sentimentally fitting 

Filming
Principal photography of the film began in mid-1964, with the on-location shooting commencing in Baton Rouge, Louisiana  However, the shoot was temporarily suspended on several occasions early on  Initially, it was halted after a third-party lawsuit was brought against Davis by Paramount Pictures over a commitment to complete additional filming on Where Love Has Gone (1964)  When this was resolved, filming recommenced 
The production was postponed again to allow Crawford to recover after she was admitted into the hospital due to an upper respiratory ailment, though Aldrich hired a private investigator to track her and determine whether or not she was actually ill  By August 4, 1964, the production had been suspended indefinitely, and the studio's insurance company insisted that Crawford be replaced, or else the film would have to be cancelled entirely Aldrich sought several actresses to replace Crawford, including Loretta Young, and Vivien Leigh, but they were each either unable or unwilling to take the role  Aldrich ultimately sought Olivia de Havilland for the part, and flew to her home in Switzerland to attempt to convince her to take the role  de Havilland agreed and she subsequently flew to Los Angeles to begin filming  In later interviews, de Havilland expressed displeasure with the film: "I wasn't thrilled with the script, and I definitely didn't like my part  I was reverse-typecast, being asked to be an unsympathetic villain  It wasn't what people expected of me  It wasn't really what I wanted to do  Bette wanted it so much, so I did it  I can't say I regretted it, because working with her was special, but I can't say it was a picture I am proud to put on my resume  Given the choice, I wouldn't have deprived Joan Crawford of the honor " According to Crawford, she only learned of her firing from a news radio broadcast  However, despite  being replaced (and because a planned reshoot with de Havilland in Louisiana was cancelled), brief footage of Crawford made it into the film, when she is seen sitting in the taxi in the wide shot for Miriam's arrival at the house (Crawford can be seen peering out of the window wearing dark sunglasses/clothing) 
Scenes outside the Hollis mansion were shot on location at Houmas House plantation in Louisiana  Scenes of the interior were shot on a soundstage in Hollywood 

Musical score
The title song by Frank de Vol became a hit for Patti Page, who recorded a version which reached no  8 on the Billboard Hot 100 

Release
Box office
According to Fox records, the film needed to earn $3,900,000 in rentals to break even and made $4,950,000, meaning it made a profit of $1,050,000  In France, the film sold 79,168 tickets 

Critical reception
Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte was another hit for Aldrich, opening to positive reviews  A pan, however, came from The New York Times  Bosley Crowther observed, "So calculated and coldly carpentered is the tale of murder, mayhem and deceit that Mr  Aldrich stages in this mansion that it soon appears grossly contrived, purposely sadistic and brutally sickening  So, instead of coming out funny, as did Whatever Happened to Baby Jane?, it comes out grisly, pretentious, disgusting and profoundly annoying "Variety's reviewer wrote: "Davis' portrayal is reminiscent of Jane in its emotional overtones, in her style of characterization of the near-crazed former Southern belle, aided by haggard makeup and outlandish attire  It is an outgoing performance, and she plays it to the limit  De Havilland, on the other hand, is far more restrained but nonetheless effective dramatically in her offbeat role " Judith Crist wrote about the film, "The guignol is about as grand as it gets " Kenneth Tynan asserted that "(Davis) has done nothing better since The Little Foxes " A later review for Time Out (London) observed: "Over the top, of course, and not a lot to it, but it's efficiently directed, beautifully shot, and contains enough scary sequences amid the brooding, tense atmosphere  Splendid performances from Davis and Moorehead, too "On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 82% of 28 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7 3/10 

Accolades
Moorehead won the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress  The film also received seven nominations (two more than Baby Jane: one less in the acting category, namely for Davis) for the 37th Academy Awards, breaking the record as the most for a horror film up to that time 

Home media
The film was first released on DVD on August 9, 2005  It was re-released on April 8, 2008, as part of The Bette Davis Centenary Celebration Collection 5-DVD box-set  On October 17, 2016, It was released onto high-definition Blu-ray in the US by Twilight Time as a 3,000-print limited edition  Another Blu-ray edition was released in the UK by Eureka Entertainment as a part of their "Masters of Cinema" collection on January 21, 2019 

See also
List of American films of 1964
Psycho-biddy
Passage 3:
A Kiss for Corliss
A Kiss for Corliss (retitled Almost a Bride before its release) is a 1949 American comedy film directed by Richard Wallace, written by Howard Dimsdale, and starring David Niven and Shirley Temple  The film, which was the last for both Wallace and Temple, was released on November 25, 1949, by United Artists  It is a sequel to the 1945 film Kiss and Tell, also directed by Wallace and starring Temple 

Plot
Playboy Kenneth Marquis is divorcing his third wife, who is represented by her attorney, Harry Archer  Corliss, Archer's teenaged daughter, is smitten with the charismatic Marquis and his free-wheeling lifestyle  Marquis sends a box of candy to Corliss, infuriating Archer, who interprets the gift as a jab at his settlement demand  Archer also prohibits Corliss' boyfriend Dexter from dating her after he sees Dexter at the Penguin Club, a restaurant that doubles as a gambling joint  Corliss manipulates Dexter into taking her to the club, but just after they arrive, the club is raided by police  Corliss and Dexter hide in the basement, but are temporarily trapped, causing Corliss to arrive home late, so she feigns amnesia to her parents to cover the truth  To refresh Corliss' memory, Archer reads her diary, which contains her imaginary romantic trysts with Marquis  The contents of the diary, along with Marquis' gift of candy, cause Corliss' parents to assume the worst 
Corliss' friend Raymond Pringle, who publishes a neighborhood paper, shows Marquis some of the diary entries, threatening to publish them unless Marquis buys advertising  Marquis visits the Archers and says that every word in the diary is true, that he is in love with Corliss, and that he wants to make her his fourth wife  When Archer explodes in anger, Corliss admits that the diary is not true and was written to make Dexter jealous  Marquis insists that the diary is true, though Corliss reveals why she was out late  Dexter arrives and eventually agrees with Corliss' version of events, but the Archers remain unconvinced  Marquis announces his engagement to Corliss in the newspaper to sue the Archers for breach of promise when the engagement is cancelled  The Archers delay rescinding the engagement to avoid the appearance of an immediate breach 
Marquis has gifts for Corliss delivered, and Archer is hounded by the media  Corliss continues to insist that the diary is false to her parents' continuing disbelief  Glimpse, a national magazine, runs photos of Marquis and Corliss  Archer's brother Uncle George, a Navy chaplain, visits and offers to perform the wedding  At the wedding rehearsal, held in the Archers' home, Dexter tells Mr  Archer that he has a witness who can attest to Corliss and his version of the events from the night when she was out late  Marquis' lie is revealed and the men escort him outside, where an offscreen fight ensues, and Archer and Dexter both return bloodied  Archer had overcome Marquis in the fight, but Dexter had accidentally hit  Archer  Marquis passes by an open window, his eye blackened, and mocks Archer and Dexter as he departs 

Cast
Shirley Temple as Corliss Archer
David Niven as Kenneth Marquis
Tom Tully as Harry P  Archer
Virginia Welles as Mildred Pringle
Darryl Hickman as Dexter Franklin
Gloria Holden as Mrs  Janet Archer
Robert Ellis as Raymond Pringle
Kathryn Card as Louise
Richard Gaines as Taylor
Roy Roberts as Uncle George
Passage 4:
The Ambulance
The Ambulance is a 1990 American comedy thriller film written and directed by Larry Cohen  It stars Eric Roberts, Megan Gallagher, James Earl Jones, Janine Turner, Red Buttons, and Eric Braeden as the Doctor  Kevin Hagen plays a cop   In his first film role, Stan Lee of Marvel Comics has a small role as himself 

Plot
Aspiring comic book artist Josh Baker meets a young woman named Cheryl on the streets of New York City, who proceeds to collapse and is rushed to a hospital by an ambulance   When Josh arrives at the hospital, he is shocked to find that there is no record of Cheryl ever being admitted and he soon learns another startling discovery, Cheryl's roommate also vanished after being picked up by the same ambulance 
Convinced that there is some sort of conspiracy going on, Josh proceeds to investigate the disappearances, despite the overt disdain and discouragement from Lt  Spencer 

Cast
Eric Roberts as Josh Baker
James Earl Jones as Lieutenant Frank Spencer
Megan Gallagher as Officer Sandra Malloy
Red Buttons as Elias Zacharai
Janine Turner as Cheryl Turner
Eric Braeden as The Doctor
Richard Bright as Detective Jerry McClosky
James Dixon as Detective John "Jughead" Ryan
Jill Gatsby as Jerilyn O'Brien
Martin Barter as Street Gang Leader
Laurene Landon as Patty
Nick Chinlund as Hugo (as Nicholas Chinlund)
Beatrice Winde as Head Nurse
Kevin Hagen as Cop At Stables
Matt Norklun as Ambulance Driver
Rudy Jones as Ambulance Driver
Stan Lee as Marvel Comics Editor
Deborah Hedwall as Nurse Barbera Feinstein
Susan Blommaert as Hospital Receptionist
Jordan Derwin as Hospital Official
Alexandra Jones as The Waitress
Michael O'Hare as Hal

Production
Cohen later said he was inspired by "the concept of taking something that is thought of as being benign or benevolent    or anything else that has a safe and wholesome image, and turning it into an object of terror " He had done this for It's Alive (babies) and The Stuff (junk food) and wanted to do it with ambulances  "When you hear or see an ambulance on the street, it’s usually considered to be something that is going to rescue you and take care of you, a vehicle of mercy," said Cohen  "In this story, it’s actually a vehicle of murder  The whole idea of an ambulance that suddenly arrives from nowhere, picks people up, and takes them away to some dark place where they are never seen or heard of again was completely original and creepy "Cohen says at one stage the financiers wanted a "classier" title than The Ambulance so he retitled it In Thin Air  They changed their mind and the film went back to being called The Ambulance  In the May, 1990 edition of his column Stan's Soapbox, Stan Lee mentions playing himself in a scene in "an adventure mystery called Into Thin Air and refers to the name change in a later column Cohen wanted to cast John Travolta or Jim Carrey in the lead but his producers refused Donald Trump made a small cameo in a deleted scene 
Jamie Lee Curtis was originally considered to play Officer Sandra Malloy
The role of the villain was originally played by Wesley Addy  However Cohen was unhappy with his performance and recast the role with Eric Braeden  Braeden's casting came at the suggestion of Cohen's mother who was a fan of The Young and the Restless 

Home media
The film was released on Blu-ray on March 13, 2018 by Scream Factory 

See also
List of films featuring diabetes
Passage 5:
Vera Cruz (film)
Vera Cruz is a 1954 American Western film directed by Robert Aldrich and starring Gary Cooper and Burt Lancaster, featuring Denise Darcel, Sara Montiel, Cesar Romero, Ernest Borgnine, Charles Bronson and Jack Elam  Set during the Franco-Mexican War, the film centers on a group of American mercenaries tasked with transporting a large shipment of Imperial gold to the port of Veracruz, but begin to have second thoughts about their allegiances  It was produced by Hecht-Lancaster Productions and released by United Artists on 25 December 1954 
The picture's amoral characters and cynical attitude towards violence (including a scene where Lancaster's character threatens to murder child hostages) were considered shocking at the time and influenced future Westerns such as The Magnificent Seven (1960), The Professionals (1966), Sam Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch (1969), and the Spaghetti Western films of Sergio Leone, which often featured supporting cast members from Vera Cruz in similar roles  Its influence on the latter led some critics to label it "the first Spaghetti Western "

Plot
During the Franco-Mexican War, ex-Confederate soldier Ben Trane travels to Mexico seeking a job as a mercenary  He falls in with Joe Erin, a younger gunslinger who heads a gang of cutthroats  They are recruited by Marquis Henri de Labordere for service with Emperor Maximilian  Maximilian offers them $25,000 to escort the Countess Duvarre to the city of Veracruz  Trane gets the emperor to double the offer 
During a river crossing, Trane notices that the stagecoach in which the countess is traveling is extremely heavy  Erin and Trane later discover that hidden inside are six cases of gold coins  The countess informs them that it is worth $3 million which is intended to pay for reinforcements from Europe  They form an uneasy alliance to steal and split the gold  Unbeknownst to them, the marquis is listening from the shadows 
The Juaristas, led by General Ramírez, attack the column several times  Pickpocket and Juarista undercover agent Nina joins the convoy  When Trane, Erin and their men are surrounded by the Juaristas, Trane persuades Ramirez to join forces and agree to pay them $100,000  The marquis succeeds in getting the gold to Veracruz  In the Juarista attack, the French are defeated, but most of Erin's men are killed  Erin attempts to steal the gold for himself by getting the countess to reveal the location of the ship she had hired to transport it  He even kills one of his own men  However, Trane arrives in time to confront him  They face off in a showdown that ends in Erin's death  Trane and Nina leave, while women search the dead for their loved ones 

Cast
Production
Burt Lancaster and Harold Hecht had just signed a contract with United Artists to make two films, starting with Apache, also directed by Robert Aldrich  Just before filming on that movie began in October 1953, Lancaster announced their second film would be Vera Cruz with himself and Gary Cooper, based on a story by Borden Chase In December 1953, after Apache finished filming, Lancaster announced Aldrich would direct Vera Cruz United Artists were so happy with Apache they changed the two-picture deal with Hecht and Lancaster into a two-year deal covering seven films 

Casting
Before taking the role of Ben Trane, Gary Cooper was advised by Clark Gable not to work with Burt Lancaster, fearing the younger actor would upstage him Mari Blanchard was meant to play the female lead and Hecht signed to borrow her from Universal  However, there was a clause forbidding her to appear on television which Hecht disagreed with  Instead they cast Denise Darcel  Mamie Van Doren claimed in her autobiography Playing the Field that Lancaster interviewed her for the role of the Countess, but she lost the part after refusing to sleep with him Charles Bronson was billed under his real name, 'Charles Buchinsky', in the film  This would mark the last time he would be credited that way, before he adopted his more well-known stage name 

Shooting
Filming started in February 1954  Vera Cruz was the first American film production to be shot entirely in Mexico  Though set in the city of Veracruz, the majority of the film was actually shot in and around Cuernavaca  Exterior shots were filmed at Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City, the ruins of Teotihuacan, and the climax was shot at Molino de Flores Nezahualcóyotl National Park in Texcoco de Mora  The interiors were filmed at Estudios Churubusco Vera Cruz was also the first production to use the SuperScope widescreen process, which was designed to achieve anamorphic prints from standard flat 35mm negatives  Shot at a conventional 1 37:1 aspect ratio, the film was cropped to 2:1 in post-production, given a CinemaScope-compatible (2x) squeeze, and blown up to normal frame height  
Aldrich and Lancaster got along well on Apache but as to Vera Cruz, the director said "we probably had a less amicable relationship than we anticipated  This was because Burt, until he directed The Kentuckian, thought he was going to be a director and when you're directing your first great big picture you don't welcome somebody else on hand with directorial notions  There were a few differences of opinion about concepts and about action " Lancaster recalled that Cooper demanded rewrites to his character to make him less morally-gray and more conventionally heroic 
According to Eli Wallach, the Mexican authorities were appalled at the unflattering depiction of their country, so any subsequent Hollywood productions (including The Magnificent Seven) were thoroughly overseen by state censors 

Reception
The film earned an estimated $5 million at the North American box office during its first run and $9 million overall In 1963, Aldrich announced he was working on a sequel There Really Was a Gold Mine but it was never made 

Legacy
Critic and historian Dave Kehr would later cite Vera Cruz as one of the most influential films of the 1950s, inspiring later Westerns by such directors as Sam Peckinpah and especially Sergio Leone  Kehr also praised Cooper and Lancaster's performances in the film, writing that "the generational transition from an aging star to his up-and-coming replacement has seldom been handled with better humor or more biting wit "

Home media
Vera Cruz was released to DVD by MGM Home Video on March 20, 2001, and to Blu-Ray on June 7, 2011  Kino Lorber re-released the film on Blu-ray on October 12, 2021 

See also
You Can't Win 'Em All, a 1970 film with a similar plot set in the Greco-Turkish War 
Passage 6:
Ten Tall Men
Ten Tall Men is a 1951 American adventure film starring Burt Lancaster about the French Foreign Legion during the Rif War in Morocco  Though co-written and directed by Willis Goldbeck, Goldbeck walked off the film due to disputes with Lancaster (whose own company, Norma Productions, produced the film) with the movie being completed by Robert Parrish   Credited as an associate producer, Robert Aldrich was a production manager on the film where he met Lancaster, which led him to direct Vera Cruz for him  Robert Clary made his debut in the film as an Arab batman  Portions of the film were filmed in Palm Springs, California  The story was released as a Fawcett Movie Comic #16 in April 1951 

Plot
After capturing an important Rif prisoner in an undercover operation, Sergeant Mike Kincaid (Lancaster) is imprisoned himself for striking a lieutenant (Stephen Bekassy) who beats a French woman (Mari Blanchard) with his riding crop for preferring Kincaid to him  Kincaid has a longstanding rivalry with the lieutenant, but the lieutenant is now in command of the company holding the city of Tarfa while the regiment is away  As the ranking officer, the lieutenant uses Kincaid's striking of him to get his revenge 
Kincaid is imprisoned alongside seven military prisoners and the captured Rif who has refused to talk, with the lieutenant refusing food and water to both Kincaid and the Rif   When his two comrades-in-arms who accompanied him on the mission, Corporals Luis Delgado (Gilbert Roland) and Pierre Molier (Kieron Moore), sneak food and water to Kincaid, he shares them with the Rif   To repay Kincaid's kindness and assuage his own guilt for telling the lieutenant about Kincaid's assignation with the Frenchwoman, the tells of an impending attack on Tarfa while the garrison is weak  The Rif believes Kincaid will escape to save himself, but he instead warns the lieutenant 
The experienced Kincaid tells the lieutenant that their only chance is to release him to lead a series of guerrilla hit-and-run attacks to delay the enemy for five days until the regiment returns   The lieutenant agrees, but only if Kincaid will testify that the idea was his  Kincaid agrees to his terms  The only men available for the mission are the seven prisoners, who receive full pardons for their crimes   His two corporals join them, raising their number to ten 
When scouting an enemy camp, the Legionnaires discover two rival tribes have joined forces, making them strong enough to take the city  Using his expertise in disguise and language, Kincaid finds out that the Rif leader, Khalid Hussein (Gerald Mohr), is marrying Mahla (Jody Lawrance) in order to cement an alliance with the other tribe  Kincaid kidnaps her to force the enemy to chase him for the five days 
Mahla begins to fall in love with her handsome captor, as Hussein pursues the Legionnaires across the desert  In the midst of the dangers, the patrol finds a destroyed Legion truck containing a safe that one of the men opens, revealing a large Legion payroll  When Jardine (John Dehner) tries to get away with the payroll, he is shot, but that tells the Rifs where they are 
Kincaid is eventually captured and Mahla freed  She demands that Kincaid be released unharmed, or she will not marry Hussein  Hussein reluctantly does so  Kincaid and his men infiltrate the wedding ceremony, and fighting breaks out  Mahla's tribe switches sides, and Hussein is killed 

Cast
Production
The film was the first of a two-picture deal Columbia Pictures signed with Norma Productions, the company of Burt Lancaster and Harold Hecht  (The second was to be Small Wonder, a film in which Lancaster would not appear )It was originally a Western story by James Warner Bellah and Willis Goldbeck which concerned conflict between the US cavalry and Apaches  Producer Harold Hecht and star Burt Lancaster then decided that "John Ford and other Hollywood operators have so effectively decimated the Apache population" that they hired writer A I  Bezzerides to reimagine the story with a Foreign Legion setting which wound up involving the Rif War (1911-1927)  Roland Kibbee and Frank Davis were hired to rewrite the script to make it more comedic The film was shot in February 1950 at the Columbia Ranch in the San Fernando Valley and on location in Yuma, Arizona 

Notes
External links
Ten Tall Men at the American Film Institute Catalog
Ten Tall Men at IMDb
Ten Tall Men at the TCM Movie Database
Passage 7:
Enteng the Dragon
Enteng the Dragon is a 1988 Philippine comedy film directed by Romy Villaflor and written by Tony S  Mortel  It is a parody of the film Enter the Dragon 

Plot
The story revolves around \ Enteng (Dolphy) a vendor of a mobile food house in China Town  Enteng is known for his humor, and a journalist and star reporter named Rowena (Dang Cecilio) was interested to cover his story after her Editor-in-Chief saw him as worthy of human interest  Kuto (Vandolph), a young boy that he found sleeping in his food wagon, led him to the shrine of the monks, that sealed his destiny as a vigilante and hero 

Cast
Dolphy as Enteng
Vandolph as Kuto
Dang Cecilio as Rowena
Eddie Garcia as the Evil Leader
Monica Herrera as Christina
Monsour del Rosario
Rommel Valdez
Tsing Tong Tsai
Panchito
Babalu
Don Pepot
Che-Che Sta  Ana
Roy Aoyama
Ros Olgado
Ernie Ortega
Estrella Querubin

Production
The film was produced by the RVQ Productions, a production owned by Dolphy himself 

Release
The film was released on July 14, 1988 

Accolades
Passage 8:
O Cangaceiro
O Cangaceiro (lit  "The Cangaceiro"; also known as The Bandit and The Bandits) is a 1953 Brazilian adventure western film directed by Lima Barreto  After some reluctance by its studio Vera Cruz, Barreto shot it in 1952  After its release it was national and international success, and won several awards, including the Adventure Film Award at the 1953 Cannes Film Festival  It was poorly received in retrospect despite being praised by the time of its release and started a subgenre in Brazilian cinema 

Cast
Alberto Ruschel as Teodoro
Marisa Prado as Olívia
Milton Ribeiro as Galdino
Vanja Orico as Maria Clódia
Adoniran Barbosa as Mané Mole

Production
In 1950, Lima Barreto joined the film studio Companhia Cinematográfica Vera Cruz invited by its then president Alberto Cavalcanti  After releasing two documentaries successfully for the studio, Painel and Santuário, Barreto get the chance to direct a feature film  With the idea to shoot a film about Lampião since the early 1940s, he only commenced to shoot it in 1952 after some reluctance by Franco Zampari, Vera Cruz's founder  Although he went to Bahia and did some research there, it was shot in Vargem Grande do Sul, São Paulo, with a production that lasted nine months due to internal conflicts 

Reception
O Cangaceiro was released on January 20, 1953, and was  a public success; it grossed ₢$30 million (about US$1 5 million) in the 24 Brazilian theaters in which it spent six weeks  After its national success, it was distributed to over 80 countries, becoming one of the most internationally successful Brazilian films—a feat uncommon in that time  It led it to be considered Vera Cruz's "high point" and its "most important production" by Georges Sadoul, author of Dictionary of Films, and by O Estado de S  Paulo's Luiz Zanin, respectively After winning several Brazilian awards, the film was entered into the 1953 Cannes Film Festival, where it was "much liked for its original and truly national flavour " O Cangaceiro won the Best Adventure Film Award, making it the first Brazilian film to win a prize at Cannes, and received a special mention to Gabriel Migliori's musical composition  At the Edinburgh International Film Festival it was awarded the Best Film It received mixed commentaries since its release  It was once voted the best Brazilian film in 1968 by National Film Institute's magazine Revista Film Cultura  Sadoul declared, "Lima Barreto well conveys a sense of poetry of the open desert space of the Sertão and makes this story lively and suspenseful"  After praising its cast performances and its "thrilling" musical score, Bosley Crowther of The New York Times said, "This [O] Cangaceiro is a picture that will cause the Western fans to rub their eyes " However, Cinema Novo representants—mainly Glauber Rocha—would criticize it for borrowing too much the style of American films  Critics also went on to comment on its "sociological inaccuracies "

Legacy
It is the first film to mix cangaço with Western, starting a genre called "Nordestern" —an amalgam of the words "Nordeste" (Northeast) and "Western"  It would be followed by successful films such as Carlos Coimbra's A Morte Comanda o Cangaço (1960), Lampião, o Rei do Cangaço (1964) and Corisco, o Diabo Louro (1969), and Aurélio Teixeira's Os Três Cabras de Lampião  It also established cangaço as a subgenre in Brazilian cinema; subsequently, cangaço would be featured as a theme from comedy—such as Os Três Cangaceiro and O Lamparina—to pornochanchada films—As Cangaceiras Eróticas and A Ilha das Cangaceiras Virgens  Also, Ruschel and Ribeiro would reprise the role of "good cangaceiro" and "bad cangaceiro" in other films 



ground_truth: Charles L. Clifford

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who starred in her final film role in the 1964 film directed by the man who also did Vera Cruz and Kiss Me Deadly?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  phaseoloides var  phaseoloides
N  phaseoloides var  subspicatus
Teyleria
P  stricta Kurz → T  stricta
Toxicopueraria A N Egan & B Pan – sister to Cologania
P  peduncularis Grah  → T  peduncularis
P  yunnanensis Franchet → T  yunnanensis
Haymondia A N Egan & B Pan – notably lies out of Glycininae near Kennediinae; known for a long time to be misplaced
P  wallichii DC  → H  wallichiiThe following names are not accepted even before Egan 2016 but have seen valid publication:

P  omeiensis Wang et Tang – P  montana: unaccepted name after Mount Omei 
P  stracheyi Baker → Apios carnea (Wall ) Benth  ex Baker 
P  maclurei (F  P  Metcalf) F  J  Herm  → Sinodolichos lagopus – still accepted by WFO
Passage 2:
Pleiospilos nelii
Pleiospilos nelii, the split rock, splitrock or living granite, is a species of flowering plant in the family Aizoaceae, native to South Africa  It grows in semi-arid areas with rainfall of between 150mm and 300mm, in the Karoo of South Africa 

Etymology
The species epithet nelii honours the South African botanist Gert Cornelius Nel  The common name "split rock" refers to the appearance of the plant's leaves 

Description
Pleiospilos nelii is a succulent perennial which can reach a height of 5–8 cm (2–3 in) and a diameter of about 10 cm (4 in)  This very short-stemmed, nearly stemless plant has one or more pairs of opposite, almost hemispherical, grey-green or brownish leaves  The surface of the leaves has many small dark spots  A new pair of leaves is produced each year, replacing an older pair  This plant closely resembles a small cracked rock (hence the common name), an appearance which may have evolved as a defence against herbivory  The superficially daisy-like flowers are yellow-orange, 6–7 5 cm (2–3 in) across, and emerge from the plant's apical bud  The flowers are large in relation to the size of the plant  Each flower opens in the afternoon and closes at sunset, over a bloom period of several days 

Cultivation
P  nelii is one of several plants cultivated for their rocklike appearance  They are sometimes collectively called mesembs  In temperate regions it is grown under glass for protection from excessive rain and hard freezes  It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit 

Gallery
Passage 3:
Pleiospilos simulans
Pleiospilos simulans (liver plant, split rock plant) is a species of flowering plant in the family Aizoaceae, once endemic to the Eastern Cape of South Africa  Known populations of the plant in the wild are now extinct due its collection as an ornamental plant for succulent collectors  It is a small, low-growing, perennial with succulent leaves and orange or yellow many-petaled flowers 
Passage 4:
Pleiospilos
Pleiospilos is a genus of succulent flowering plants of the family Aizoaceae, native to South Africa  The name is derived from the Greek pleios "many" and spìlos "spot"  The plants are also known as kwaggavy ("Quagga mesemb"), lewerplant ("liver plant"), lewervygie ("liver mesemb"), klipplant ("stone plant"), split rock or mimicry plant 
Pleiospilos species have two or four opposite, very fleshy, grey-green leaves growing from a short stem that may be underground  The leaves, with their hemispherical shape and pitted texture, often strongly resemble a pile of split pebbles to deter predators  Flowers emerge from the center of the leaves, and may be very big in relation to the overall size of the plant They reproduce both sexually and asexually  Vegetative offshoots emerge from the root system  Seed set occurs in early spring around March The species P  bolusii and  P  nelii are cultivated as ornamentals 

Species
Pleiospilos bolusii
Pleiospilos compactus
P  compactus subsp  compactus
P  compactus subsp  canus
P  compactus subsp  minor
P  compactus subsp  fergusoniae
P  compactus subsp  sororius
Pleiospilos nelii
Pleiospilos simulans
Passage 5:
Pleiospilos bolusii
Pleiospilos bolusii, the mimicry plant, is a species of flowering plant in the family Aizoaceae, native to the Eastern Cape of South Africa, where it grows at an altitude of 750–1,100 m (2,461–3,609 ft)  The species epithet bolusii honours Harry Bolus, a 19th-century South African botanist 
It is a small, stemless succulent perennial growing to 8 cm (3 in) tall by 15 cm (6 in) wide, with two or four opposite grey-green leaves, quite thick, fused at the base, almost triangular, with entire margins  The leaves are longer and more angular than those of the closely related P  nelii, but in both cases the shape and texture of the leaves resemble a pile of split pebbles, possibly to deter predators  The yellow, many-petaled, daisy-like flowers emerge from the center of the leaves, and are 6–8 cm (2–3 in) in diameter - large in relation to the overall size of the plant  The flowers are often coconut-scented  The flowering period extends from August to September 
The plant is one of several species cultivated for their rocklike appearance, which are sometimes collectively called mesembs  With a minimum temperature of 7 °C (45 °F), in temperate regions it is grown under glass  It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit 



ground_truth: Mary Astor