prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: High School Confidential, an eight part documentary followed twelve high school teenagers from a high school in Overland Park, Kansas that ranked what in the 2009 Newsweek ranking of the top 1,500 high schools in the United States?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Patrick Henry High School (Ashland, Virginia)
Patrick Henry High School is a public high school in Ashland, Virginia in Hanover County  Patrick Henry is one of four high schools in Hanover County, and the only High school in the western half of the county  In 1959, after years of deliberation, Patrick Henry High School began with the consolidation of Beaverdam, Henry Clay, Montpelier, and Rockville high schools  The western Hanover County high school enrolled students in grades eight through twelve  The name of the school, as well as the name of its literary publications, The Voice, The Spark, and The Orator, reference the history of American Founding Father Patrick Henry, Hanover County's most illustrious citizen  Even the school colors of red, white, and blue are a patriotic symbol of history 
In 1969, Patrick Henry High and John M  Gandy High School merged to form one integrated student body  Also in 1969, a new junior high school was built, and Patrick Henry opened that school year as a senior high school serving students in grades ten through twelve  When the junior high school was changed to a middle school in 1988, Patrick Henry became a high school, enrolling students in grades nine through twelve  The school campus of West Patrick Henry Road, which consists of a complex of buildings, began as a campus style school  Additions of an auditorium, classrooms, cafeteria, new gymnasium, and renovations to the media center and administrative offices resulted in an all-enclosed facility in 1992  As the population and the needs of the school have changed, so have the dimensions of the school  A new addition/renovation was added to the facility in the fall of 2001, providing state-of-the-art career and technical education opportunities  This addition consisted of a broadcasting studio, a bio-technology lab, a communication technology center, a computer-assisted drafting lab, and three classrooms  Patrick Henry celebrated its 50th anniversary in September 2009  Patrick Henry High has an International Baccalaureate program, as well as a NJROTC program 

Extracurricular Activities
Athletics
Cross Country
Football - won the 1994 Virginia high school football state championship
Golf
Field Hockey
Volleyball
The boys' volleyball program won 7 straight VHSL State titles (2016 5A Championship and 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022 Class 4 Championships ) The 7 titles are tied with James River for the most volleyball championships in VHSL history
Cheerleading
Varsity Girls Competition Cheer
Basketball
Gymnastics
Swimming
Indoor Track
Wrestling
Baseball
Softball
Soccer
Tennis
Track
Lacrosse

Performing Arts
Theatre
Mixed Choir
Show Choirs
Band
Strings

Notable alumni
Erron Kinney, NFL Tight End
Damien Woody, Former NFL offensive lineman  Current ESPN Analyst  
Mickie James, TNA/WWE professional wrestler, country music singer 
Jeff Crowder, Randolph Macon College 1992 ODAC player of the year
Lucas Hall, Actor, guitarist, arts advocate and administrator  
Louise Keeton, actress, model and playwright
Passage 2:
Clarkstown High School South
Clarkstown High School South is a public high school located in West Nyack, New York, United States  The school educates students in grades 9 through 12, and is one of two high schools in the Clarkstown Central School District (CCSD)  It is commonly referred to as Clarkstown South, or simply "South "
In 2013, Clarkstown South was ranked in Newsweek's list of the 2000 best public high schools in the United States In 2016, Clarkstown South was ranked in Newsweek's list of the 500 top high schools in the United States, ranking 167th place 
In 2017, Clarkstown South was a part of State Education Commissioner Elia's list of 185 reward schools In 2018, Clarkstown South was recognized in the National Rankings and earned a silver medal based on their performance on state-required tests and how well they prepare students for college 

School facilities
Clarkstown South building consists of a main lobby, large auditorium, gymnasium (including a wrestling room and a fitness center), music wing, planetarium, two lunchrooms, and three floors of classrooms  In the fall of 2005, a planetarium was built in the rear of the building   A greenhouse was also constructed in 2006  South offers many music ensembles, including chorus, orchestra, concert band, and marching band 

School groups
The Vikings are also known for their success in many of their school groups  Clarkstown South takes pride in Junior Statesmen of America, DECA, National History Day, United Service Organization/Veterans Affairs Club, Mock Trial Team 2016 Westchester/Rockland County Champions, VAASA (Varsity Athletes Against Substance Abuse), and Mu Alpha Theta chapter because of the many awards they bring home to their school The school hosted the Clarkstown Summer Theatre Festival since its inception in 1973 until its last season in 2010  Subsequently, it hosted the Hudson Valley Teen Summer Theatre program 

School activities and clubs
Clarkstown South offers a variety of activities and clubs for the students to enjoy  The clubs at South cater to all kinds of students, whether their interests are art, music, math, science, etc  Some of the clubs they have are the Mural Club, South Beat, TV Club, ASMA, World Language Club, Viking Radio, and more 

Notable alumni
Corey Baker (born 1989), baseball pitcher
Tom Basile (born 1975), businessman and politician
Mat Devine (born 1974), Lead Singer Of Kill Hannah, Actor, Author
Thomas Fitton (Class of 1986), American activist, President of Judicial Watch
Ryan Grant, NFL running back
Allison Hagendorf (born 1979), Television personality, music journalist
Cindy Jebb (Class of 1978), Brigadier General, USA and first female Dean of the United States Military Academy at West Point
Patrick Kivlehan (born 1989), baseball outfielder
Raffi Krikorian (Class of 1996), CTO for the Emerson Collective, Former CTO of the Democratic Party, and Former VP of Platform Engineering at Twitter
Glyph Lefkowitz (Class of 1998) Creator of the Twisted framework for the Python programming language
Jay Leiderman (Class of 1989), American criminal defense lawyer, book author
Joseph Pisani (Class of 1989), artist and photographer
Justin Richardson (Class of 1981), psychiatrist and author
Passage 3:
High School Confidential (TV series)
High School Confidential is an eight-part documentary television series created by Sharon Liese, following twelve high school teenagers from Blue Valley Northwest High  The series airs on WE: Women's Entertainment (WE TV)  The original run began on March 10, 2008, and concluded on April 28, 2008 
Passage 4:
Bonita Vista High School
Bonita Vista High School (BVH) is a public, four-year (grade levels 9–12) high school located in the city of Chula Vista, California   It is part of the Sweetwater Union High School District, and offers both Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate classes  The mascot is a Baron 

History
Bonita Vista High School opened in fall 1966 at a construction cost of $2 5 million  A student committee chose the Baron mascot over a Patriot and a Crusader 

Academics
The school is placed as the number 1 school of the Sweetwater Union High School District, with an Academic Performance Index score of 851 for the 2011 school year, meeting the statewide standard and exceeding amongst other schools in the same district 

Athletics
In 2015, Baron athletic teams won California Interscholastic Federation championships in football and girls' tennis  The football team plays games off-campus at Southwestern College 

Performing arts
BVH has two competitive show choirs, the mixed-gender group "The Music Machine" and the all-female "Sound Unlimited"  The school formerly had an all-male group, "Barontones"  The Music Machine and Sound Unlimited have both advanced to national-level competitions  The Music Machine was one of the most progressive show choirs in the western United States in the late 1900s  The program hosts an annual competition, San Diego Sings!

Notable alumni
Matt Cameron, drummer of Pearl Jam and Soundgarden
Charisma Carpenter, actress
Costa Dillon, writer
Hannah Flippen, softball player
Byron Frisch, football player
David Garza, Paralympic footballer
Shirley Horton, politician
Guido Knudson, MLB player (2015)
Jennifer Lalor, soccer player and coach
John Macaulay, NFL player (1984)
Ramon Martin Del Campo, soccer playerSteve Peace, politician
Raquel Pomplun, Playboy 2013 Playmate of the Year
David Schipper, professional soccer player
Scott Shields, football player
Joel Zumaya, baseball player

See also
List of high schools in San Diego County, California
List of high schools in California
Passage 5:
Eastview High School
Eastview High School is a comprehensive and college preparatory public high school in Apple Valley, Minnesota, United States  Established in 1997, Eastview is the newest of the four high schools serving Independent School District 196  Newsweek ranked the school in their "List of the Top High Schools in America" for the sixth consecutive time (2000, 2002, 2004, and 2006, 2007, 2008)  Eastview has also been recognized by U S  News & World Report as one of America's Best High Schools  In 2013, Eastview was ranked in the top 3% of the most challenging high schools in the United States, as well as a top comprehensive high school in Minnesota   Prior to the 2010–2011 school year, Eastview was a member of the Lake Conference, but then broke off with most of the Lake Conference schools in order to create the South Suburban Conference 

Feeder schools
Students matriculate from three different public middle schools:

Falcon Ridge Middle school (located in Apple Valley, MN)
Scott Highlands Middle School (located in Apple Valley, MN)
Black Hawk Middle School (located in Eagan, MN)

History
Eastview High School, District 196's fourth comprehensive high school, opened on September 2, 1997  Located in Apple Valley, MN, includes a 330,000 square foot facility and 200 acres of recreational facilities  It is home to over 2,000 students in grades 9–12  Eastview uses the quarter system - 10 weeks per quarter  There are four quarters in a full school year  The majority of the courses at Eastview High School are quarter courses  Some courses (School of Environmental Studies at the Minnesota Zoo courses and Career Development courses) will be 12 weeks in length because students from all district high schools will be attending these courses 

Location and facilities
Eastview High School is located in Apple Valley, adjacent to 200 acres (0 81 km2) of playing fields and recreational facilities  The 330,000-square-foot (31,000 m2) facility is built to house 2,000 students in grades 9–12  Eastview High School's students have achieved high honors in academics, athletics, and the arts  Eastview was identified as a ten star school (highest rating) by the Minnesota Department of Education 

Curriculum
Through the Minnesota state Post Secondary Enrollment Options (PSEO) program, students are eligible to take classes at state colleges and universities 

Athletics
Eastview's team name is the Lightning and their mascot is Zapp, an anthropomorphic lightning bolt  In only 13 years of existence, Eastview athletic teams have won 21 state championships, 47 section championships, 44 conference championships, 11 state academic championships, and 30 section academic championships  Students from Eastview join forces with other district schools to form the Dakota Hawks, an adaptive athletic team  The Hawks have won 16 state championships since Eastview joined the team when the school opened in 1997 

Notable alumni
Devin Kelley, class of 2004  Actress on The Chicago Code and in the movie Chernobyl Diaries 
Rhys Lloyd, class of 2001  Former NFL kicker 
Erin Maye Quade, class of 2004  Former member of the Minnesota House of Representatives
Passage 6:
Lake Brantley High School
Lake Brantley High School (LBHS) is located in Altamonte Springs, Florida, a suburban community approximately 13 miles (20 km) north of Orlando  It is a public high school serving grade levels 9–12 in Seminole County, FL, operated by Seminole County Public Schools  The school, which opened in 1972, is ranked 79th on Newsweek magazine's 2005 list of the top 100 high schools in the United States and 424th in the 2009 Newsweek list 

Academics
Offers 27 Advanced Placement courses in a wide variety of academic subjects as well as in elective interests
Received an "A" rating from the Florida Department of Education in 2006
Had 7 National Merit Scholar finalists in the class of 2006 and had 2 in 2007
Highest ACT and SAT scores within the district for 2002 and significantly higher than the state average
Over 2008 AP tests administered in 2017 
1,212 students scored 3 or higher on the 2017 AP tests
In the class of 2017, there were 22 AP National Scholars, 76 Scholars w/Distinction, 45 Scholars w/Honors, 129 AP Scholars 

Notable people
Notes and references
External links
Lake Brantley High School athletics department
Passage 7:
Blue Valley Northwest High School
Blue Valley Northwest High School (BVNW) is a high school in Overland Park, Kansas, United States  Blue Valley Northwest is one of five high schools operated by Blue Valley USD 229 school district 
Blue Valley Northwest is a member of the Kansas State High School Activities Association and offers a variety of sports programs  Athletic teams compete in the 6A division and are known as the "Huskies"  Extracurricular activities are also offered in the form of performing arts, school publications, and clubs 

Academics
Thirteen courses, mainly for motivated freshmen and sophomores, are designated as "Honors" classes  In addition, 17 Advanced Placement courses for college credit are offered  Students taking Honors or Advanced Placement courses receive weighted GPAs In 2010, Blue Valley Northwest was selected as one of the six finalists for the first annual Race to the Top High School Commencement Challenge, sponsored by the Department of Education under the Obama administration In 2015, Blue Valley Northwest students who attempted the tests achieved an average ACT score of 25 3 out of 36 and an average SAT score of 1879 out of 2400  The class of 2015 also had seven National Merit Finalists and 20 National Advanced Placement Scholars 

Extracurricular activities
The Huskies compete in the Eastern Kansas League and are classified as a 6A-5A school according to the KSHSAA  Throughout its history, Blue Valley Northwest has won several state championships in various sports  Many graduates have gone on to participate in Division I, Division II, and Division III athletics 

State championships
Orchestra
BVNW's orchestra has received a 1 (the best) ranking every year the school has been open   Students in the orchestra also have auditioned and represented the BVNW in local, state, and national orchestras 

Yearbook and Newspaper
The school's yearbook is called Horizon, the newspaper is called "The Express", the school broadcast news program is called Husky Headlines and the school's literary magazine is called The Muse 
The Horizon and Husky Headlines have been nominated for several Pacemaker awards, and in 2004, the "Horizon" won the Pacemaker Award  The school newspaper, The Express is a member of the High School National Ad Network  At the April 2007 JEA conference in Denver, "The Express" was voted the number one newsmagazine  At the November 2007 JEA conference in Philadelphia, the newsmagazine was rated sixth  In 2015, The Express was nominated for a Pacemaker, but did not win  It did receive sixth place among the competition that year  On November 12, 2016, in Indianapolis, The Express won a Newspaper Pacemaker Award, the first for the publication 

Notable alumni
Jason Adam, professional baseball player for the Tampa Bay Rays
Christie Ambrosi, member of the 2000 USA Olympic softball team, who won the gold medal
Bol Bol, professional basketball player for the Orlando Magic
Christian Braun, current basketball player for the Denver Nuggets, former Mr  Kansas Basketball and Kansas Gatorade Player of the Year 
Arash Ferdowsi, co-founder of Dropbox file hosting service
Lisa Forbes, Miss Kansas USA 2004 and Miss USA Pageant contestant
Nathaniel Hackett, former head coach of the Denver Broncos
Zach Hadel (Class of 2011), web animator and co-creator of Smiling Friends for Adult Swim 
Michael McMillian (Class of 1997), actor known for his roles as Henry Gibson on What I Like About You and Steve Newlin on True Blood
Dániel Sallói, professional soccer player for Sporting Kansas City

See also
List of high schools in Kansas
List of unified school districts in KansasOther high schools in Blue Valley USD 229 school districtBlue Valley High School in Stilwell
Blue Valley North High School in Overland Park
Blue Valley West High School in Overland Park
Blue Valley Southwest High School in Overland Park
Blue Valley Academy in Overland Park
High School Confidential
Passage 8:
William Fremd High School
William Fremd High School, or Fremd (initially Palatine High School South), is a public four-year high school located in Palatine, Illinois, a northwest suburb of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States  It is part of Township High School District 211, which also includes James B  Conant High School, Hoffman Estates High School, Palatine High School, and Schaumburg High School  The school is known for its academic excellence, and its athletic, drama, visual arts, and music programs have won state championships in recent years  Academically, Fremd High School has also been recognized by Newsweek as one of "America's Best High Schools" and by U S  News & World Report as one of 99 outstanding high schools in the United States with the average AP test taker in the class of 2018 taking 5 4 exams  Fremd serves the portion of Palatine that is southwest of the UP NW Line railroad tracks as well as north Hoffman Estates, west Rolling Meadows, north Schaumburg, east South Barrington and southeast Inverness  Feeder schools include Plum Grove Junior High, Carl Sandburg Junior High, Walter Sundling Junior High and Margaret Mead Junior High  Feeder elementary schools are Pleasant Hill, Paddock, Hunting Ridge, Central Road, Willow Bend, Thomas Jefferson, Marion Jordan, Fairview, and Frank C  Whiteley 

History
Fremd opened in 1961 as Palatine High School South  The school was later named after William Fremd who had been a member of the high school board of education for over 30 years and had served on school boards in the area for a consecutive period of more than 45 years  Fremd donated the land for the school  In the first yearbook the school was said to 'blend and stretch into the cornfields'  The school was the second high school to be built in Palatine, Illinois after Palatine High School  Palatine South and then Fremd originally served as the school for all Palatine freshman and sophomores while Palatine High School was the school for juniors and seniors  This plan was only in effect for three years before Fremd was expanded to serve as a 4 year high school  In the fall of 1966 the first junior class entered, and they became the first Fremd graduating class in 1968  Then Junior Cathy Klep designed the Viking logo, based on the Minnesota Vikings logo  Junior, Colleen McGrath designed the school crest, incorporating the Viking logo and modeled after her family crest  A school motto was adopted in 1995 after a contest for students  Sophomore Jessica Frank won the contest  In 2001, construction began to create a new science wing  The courtyard which stood in the center of the school was demolished  After two years of year-round construction, the new science wing was built along with a heating and ventilation facility on the roof of the building In the early 2000s, Fremd underwent several construction projects, including the replacement of bleachers in the main gymnasium, renovated tiling, and additional classrooms  The music department added a rehearsal room, larger practice rooms with more advanced sound-proof walls, and increased storage space  In the newest addition to the school, a synthetic turf football field was added  In 2016, a new pool facility was added to Fremd 
On November 2, 2015, The New York Times reported that the federal government determined that Fremd's administration violated anti-discrimination laws because "it did not allow a transgender student who identifies as a girl and participates on a girls’ sports team to change and shower in the girls’ locker room without restrictions " The New York Times added that the student in question "identifies as female but was born male "As of 2018, Fremd is one of the largest high schools in the region, with a student body of approximately 2600  The school is also noted for its high operating costs: in the 2016–2017 school year, Fremd's district spent $18,721 per pupil, with the average teacher being paid $99,474 

Academics
In 2018, Fremd had an average SAT score of 1178 5 and a four-year graduation rate of 97 9%  The average class size is 24 7  On the mathematics portion of the SAT, 71 3% of students met or exceeded standards, while on the English/language arts portion, that figure was 68 5%  Additionally, 66 5% of students showed proficiency on the Illinois Science Assessment From April 1998 to September 2019, 75 students from Fremd earned the highest possible composite score on the ACT, a 36  In the same time frame, only six students earned the highest possible score on the SAT, a 1600 In 1987, Fremd was named among the top in the nation in the United States Department of Education's National Secondary School Recognition Program  Fremd High School has also been recognized by Newsweek as one of "America's Best High Schools" and by U S  News & World Report as one of 99 outstanding high schools in the United States  In 2006, Fremd was recognized as the 302nd best high school in the nation by Newsweek, with an average of 1 3 AP tests taken per graduating senior 

Athletics
Fremd competes in the Mid-Suburban League (west division), and is a member of the Illinois High School Association (IHSA) which governs most interscholastic sports and competitive activities in the state  Its mascot is the Viking 
Fremd sponsors interscholastic teams for young men and women in basketball, cross country, golf, gymnastics, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track and field, volleyball, chess, and water polo  Men may also compete in baseball, football, and wrestling, while women may compete in badminton, bowling, and softball  While not sponsored by the IHSA, the school also sponsors separate teams for young men and women in lacrosse  Hockey is also a club sport for men The boys basketball team achieved success beginning in the late 1980s  The 1983 team led by BJ Jenkins and Joe Youman made the Sectional for the first time  In 1986, Fremd made it to the Super Sectional for the first time and lost to Kendall Gill led Rich Central, 77-47  The 1988 team was the best ever, led by Jason Joseph and George Poorman  It was upset in the super sectional game by East Aurora and finished with the best record ever, 28-2  The 1989 team led by Todd Leslie returned to the super sectional game and once again lost to East Aurora  The 1993 team was the most successful ever, with a 4th place state finish  They recently celebrated their successful run with a 30 year anniversary get together  Mo Tharp coached the Vikings from 1975–2002 and established Fremd as the premiere basketball program in the northwest suburbs  Tharp was elected into the Illinois Hall of Fame 
The following teams have won their respective IHSA state tournament or meet:

Badminton: 2006–2007, 2008–2009, 2018-2019
Cross Country (boys): 1969–1970
Gymnastics (girls): 1984–1985, 1985–1986, 1986–1987, 1993–1994, 1994–1995, 1995–1996, 1996–1997, 1997–1998, 1998–1999, 2004–2005, 2006–2007, 2007–2008
Hockey: 1990–1991, 1991–1992, 1992–1993  They went 73-1-1 from 1989 to 1993 
Soccer (boys): 1984–1985, 1997–1998
Swimming & Diving (boys): 1993–1994, 1994–1995
Basketball (girls) : 2019-2020The twelve state titles in girls gymnastics is a state record  The girls gymnastics team also holds state records for appearances at the state meet, top three team finishes, sectional titles, and regional titles 

Activities
Fremd sponsors 60 clubs and activities ranging from cultural and artistic to academic and technological  Among the activities which are chapters or affiliates of more nationally notable groups are: BPA, Chess, Robotics, FCCLA, Model UN, Tri-M Music Honor Society, National Honor Society, Vikettes (Colorguard), and National Science Bowl Five activities have won their respective IHSA sponsored state competition:

Debate: 2004–2005 (Lincoln-Douglas)
Drama: 1969–1970
Group Interpretation: 2014–2015
Journalism: 2007–2008, 2011–2012
Scholastic Bowl: 2005–06The Fremd Vikettes have won state titles in Team Dance Illinois, earning a First Place State Championship in 2010, 2011, and 2012, and Second Place State Titles in 2013 and 2014 for their flag/colorguard performances 
Each year, William Fremd High School hosts Writers Week, which has brought more than 200 writers to the Fremd campus since 1995 to share their work and philosophy on the writing process  Distinguished guest presenters have included Billy Collins, Gwendolyn Brooks, Nobel Laureate Leon Lederman; journalists Rick Bragg, Dana Kozlov, Burt Constable, and Eric Zorn; novelists Jane Hamilton, Raymond Benson, Rosellen Brown, Harry Mark Petrakis, and Frederik Pohl; poets Nikki Giovanni, Naomi Shihab Nye, and poetry slam creator Marc Smith; screenwriters Bill Kelly and Craig J  Nevius; and sportswriters Dan Roan and Mike Imrem  Presenters also include selected Fremd students and faculty 

Notable alumni
Born of Osiris is a progressive metalcore/deathcore band whose members Cameron Losch, Austin Krause, Ronnie Canizaro, Joe Buras, David Da Rocha, Lee McKinney, and Matt Pantelis met at and attended Fremd  Their third LP, Tomorrow We Die Alive, peaked at #27 on the Billboard 200 chart 
Eric Bradley is a Los Angeles-based guitarist, singer, and songwriter 
brandUn DeShay is a rapper and record producer, has produced for former Young Money artist Curren$y, Chance the Rapper, Mac Miller and Odd Future Wolf Gang Kill Them All 
Leslie Erganian is an artist and television correspondent for the Hallmark Channel 
Jasen Fisher is a former child actor who co-starred in Parenthood, The Witches, and Hook 
Chris Fleming is an international TV host and paranormal investigator on Dead Famous: Ghostly Encounters, which aired 2004–2007 on The Biography Channel; also co-hosted episodes of A&E Network Psychic Kids 2009–2010 and appeared on such shows as Larry King, Ghost Hunters, Ghost Adventures, The Haunted, and Paranormal Challenge 
Ryan Hartman currently plays for NHL's Minnesota Wild, and previously played for the Chicago Blackhawks 
Todd Hundley, two-time All-Star Major League Baseball catcher (1990–2003), playing most of his career with the New York Mets; briefly held single-season home run record for catchers; graduated Class of 1987 
Eric Leonard is a professional soccer midfielder who currently plays for Forward Madison FC of the USL League One 
Robert Lorenz is an Academy Award-nominated movie producer and assistant director known for his collaborations with Clint Eastwood (Letters from Iwo Jima, Mystic River, Space Cowboys, Changeling, Million Dollar Baby, Gran Torino) 
Ted Nugent is a musician and pro-gun activist with several multi-platinum albums 
Bette Otto-Bliesner named a notable alumni in 2008, climate scientist and one of the lead authors on assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, graduated class of 1968
Kris Myers is a drummer for the rock/jam band Umphrey's McGee 
Chris Perez played professional football in the NFL and Canadian Football League 
Mark Robinson is a drummer and business owner; notable acts include the Jonas Brothers, Kenny Chesney and Keith Urban; owner of Storyboard Records, an independent record label out of Atlanta 
Jim Schwantz is a former NFL linebacker (1992, 1994–98), primarily with the Dallas Cowboys, winning a Super Bowl ring in Super Bowl XXX; in 2009, he was elected mayor of Palatine; graduated Class of 1988 
Mallory Snyder is an actress/model who was featured on The Real World 13 
Mari-Rae Sopper was a gymnastics coach and Judge Advocate General's Corps lawyer who was a victim of the September 11 attacks as a passenger on hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 
Mike Tauchman is an outfielder for the Chicago Cubs in major league baseball  Graduated class of 2009 
Scott Tolzien is a quarterback for the NFL's Indianapolis Colts; led Wisconsin Badgers to 2010 Big Ten Conference co-championship and Rose Bowl; graduated Class of 2006 

Gallery
Passage 9:
Atlantic Community High School
Atlantic Community High School (also known as Atlantic and ATL and formerly called Seacrest High School) is a public high school located in Delray Beach, Florida, United States  It is part of the School District of Palm Beach County   Known for its academics, many students attend due to the school's International Baccalaureate program and its ranking as a top-rated school for many years  In the 2010 Newsweek ranking of America's best high schools, Atlantic High ranked 89th   In 2005, the school moved to its current location and added a freshman academy and a construction-oriented magnet program 

History
Atlantic Community High School, originally named Seacrest High School, was built in 1949 as a racially segregated school for white students in Delray Beach and Boynton Beach, Florida  African-American students living in the area attended Carver High School, which later became Carver Middle School and is now the Delray Beach Full Service Center  The school began the process of desegregation in 1961 when Yvonne Lee entered the school, one of only four African-American students attending otherwise all white schools in Palm Beach County that year  Seacrest remained almost all white, and Carver remained all African-American, until 1970, when Carver High School was closed and its student body merged with that of Seacrest, which was renamed Atlantic High School  The school adopted the colors of Seacrest High School (Green and White) and the mascot of Carver High School (the eagle)  It kept Seacrest High's old location along Seacrest Boulevard  In 1989, the school became an International Baccalaureate World School  In 2005, the school moved to its current location on Atlantic Avenue  In 2011, Kathleen Weigel was promoted from principal of the school to the new district position of Assistant Superintendent of Professional Growth  Weigel, who was principal for more than 10 years was replaced by Bear Lakes Middle School principal Anthony Lockhart 

Student demographics
There were 2324 students enrolled in Atlantic Community High School in the 2015–2016 school year  Fifty-three percent of the students were female  The student body was 56% African-American, 21% white, 13% Hispanic, 6% Asian-American, 3% multiracial, and less than 1% each Native American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 

Academics and magnet programs
School ratings
The school is rated annually by the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test 

International Baccalaureate
Atlantic is home to one of the five International Baccalaureate (also known as IB) high school programs of Palm Beach County (the others being Forest Hill Community High School, Pahokee High School, Suncoast High School, and William T  Dwyer High School) and caters to students living in the southern parts of the district 

Construction Academy
Atlantic's construction academy was added to the school beginning in fall 2005  The students of the academy designed and built a house called the "Eagle's Nest" (after the school mascot) for charity in collaboration with the city of Delray Beach  The groundbreaking ceremony for the project kick-off was held in December 2005  It is a three bedroom, two bath house, 1,500 square feet (140 m2) On October 25, 2010, the Construction Academy broke ground on a new house called "Eagle's Nest 2"  The house is to be a "green" house and the design incorporates aspects of a green building, using green construction material design principles  It too is being done in collaboration with the city of Delray Beach 

Extracurricular activities
Athletics
Atlantic participates in the 8A athletic division of the FHSAA  The school fields teams in 43 sports including football, basketball, baseball, swimming, soccer, softball, tennis, golf, bowling, wrestling, volleyball, cross country, track and field, weightlifting, and flag football among others  The Atlantic Boys' Baseball Team won the 13-7A District Championship against Dwyer on April 24, 2014  The Atlantic Boys' soccer team made it into the 4A state final four in the 2013–14 season  In 2015, Atlantic added a lacrosse team, both Boys and Girls  They ended up playing their inaugural season that year  In the 2015–16 season, the undefeated Eagles football team won the 10-8A District Championship against the undefeated Boca Raton Bobcats on October 30, 2015, in a rivalry matchup, and in 2017 they competed in the state championships 

JROTC
Atlantic is home to the Eagle Battalion of the Army Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps 

Clubs
Atlantic supports a wide variety of clubs, including Mu Alpha Theta, Academic Games, ACE, French National Honors Society, Black Student Union, Literary Club, Art Club, International Culture Club,  Science Club / Science Olympiad, Blood Drive, People for Animal Welfare (PAW), Jewish Forum, Muslim Student Association, Model UN, We the People, Robotics Club, Drama Club, Key Club, and chapters of the National Honor Society, Spanish National Honor Society and Rho Kappa Social Studies Honor Society 

Notable alumni
Bobby Butler after playing at Florida State went on to play for the Atlanta Falcons throughout the eighties and early nineties 
David Clowney, wide receiver played one year for the Carolina Panthers and four years for the New York Jets 
Brandon Flowers, defensive back played for the San Diego Chargers and the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League currently a free agent 
Orlando Franklin, right tackle for the San Diego Chargers started career with the Denver Broncos 
Mandy Freeman, professional soccer player for NY/NJ Gotfham FC and 10th pick overall at the 2017 NWSL College Draft
Jayron Hosley, a cornerback played four years with the New York Giants currently a free agent 
Omar Jacobs, fifth-round draft pick of the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 2006 NFL Draft, and former quarterback for the Berlin Thunder in NFL Europe 
Ricardo Jordan, former MLB player (Toronto Blue Jays, Philadelphia Phillies, New York Mets, Cincinnati Reds)
Preston Parker, wide receiver played for Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the New York Giants currently a free agent 
Rick Rhoden, former MLB player (Los Angeles Dodgers, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Yankees, Houston Astros)
Mike Rumph, former cornerback for the St  Louis Rams of the NFL  Currently the cornerbacks coach for the Miami Hurricanes football team
Passage 10:
Blue Valley West High School
Blue Valley West High School is a fully accredited public high school located in Overland Park, Kansas, United States, and one of five high schools by Blue Valley USD 229 school district, and has a current enrollment of approximately 1,280 students  The principal is Katherine  Bonnema  The school mascot is the Jaguar and the school colors are red, black, and silver  In the 2013 Newsweek rankings of the top high schools in America, Blue Valley West was ranked 1st in the state of Kansas and 439th in the nation Blue Valley West High School opened in August 2001 in order to help educate the increasing population of Overland Park  It was the fourth high school in the Blue Valley Unified School District to open, preceded by Blue Valley Northwest High School in 1993  Blue Valley West is a member of the Kansas State High School Activities Association and offers a variety of sports programs  Athletic teams compete in the 6A division and are known as the "Jaguars"  Extracurricular activities are also offered in the form of performing arts, school publications, and clubs 

History
Blue Valley West High School opened in August 2001 in order to help educate the increasing population of Overland Park  It was the fourth high school in the Blue Valley Unified School District to open, preceded by Blue Valley Northwest High School in 1993, and followed by Blue Valley Southwest High School in 2010 

Academics
The school offers 17 Advanced Placement classes, foreign language in Spanish and French, and performing and visual arts classes, among others  The Journalism department produces The Spotlight(newspaper) and The Illumination(yearbook)  Its broadcasting class produces Jagged Edge TV  The class of 2013 achieved an average score of 1828 on the SAT and 25 on the ACT 

Extracurricular activities
The Jaguars compete in the Eastern Kansas League and are classified as a 6A-5A school according to the KSHSAA  Throughout its history, Blue Valley West has won several state championships in various sports  Many graduates have gone on to participate in collegiate athletics  In the 2006–2007 school year the school won 2 state championships, was runner up for another, and had 4 other teams qualify for the state tournament  In the 2007 calendar year, BV West won the state title in football, boys' basketball, and baseball  This three-peat was the first of its kind in the history of KSHSAA competition 

Athletics
Football
The Blue Valley West Jaguar football team has become a contender in Kansas 6A football  The team's main rivals are Blue Valley High School and Saint Thomas Aquinas High School  Blue Valley West and Blue Valley have also developed a rivalry  Blue Valley West won the 2007 Eastern Kansas League title and went on to win the Kansas 5A State Championship on November 24, 2007, with an undefeated 13–0 season 

Boys' basketball
The boys basketball team won their first state title during the 2006–2007 school year Bishop Miege and Saint Thomas Aquinas are the basketball team's two primary rivals 

Golf
The Jaguars have won three team state titles  In 2002, the team won its first 5A state championship  This was followed by 6A state championships in 2006 and 2013 

Baseball
The baseball team won the Eastern Kansas League (EKL) title every year from the school's opening in 2001 to 2006, and did not lose a single game in conference until 2006  The baseball team won state championships in 2007 and 2022 

Girls' Bowling
The girls' bowling team was established during the 2011-2012 winter sports season to add more sports available to girls in the school 

Performing arts
The school has a theater group that presents three shows a year as part of the school curriculum  Choir programs offered include concert choir, choraliers, chorale and chamber  The last three of which require an audition 

Band
Blue Valley West has a competitive marching band, a concert band, a symphonic band, and a symphonic wind ensemble  The competitive marching band won the Kansas Bandmasters Association Marching Band Championship and also placed top 25 in the Bands of America St  Louis Super Regional Championship in the 2017–18 and 2018-19 school years 

Notable alumni
Matt Besler (Class of 2005), MLS player for Sporting Kansas City
Andrew Gachkar (Class of 2007), former NFL player for several teams
Madison Lilley (Class of 2017), professional volleyball player and member of U S  national team
Shannon Vreeland (Class of 2010), gold medalist in the 200 Freestyle Relay at 2012 Summer Olympics
Andrew Wojtanik (Class of 2008), winner of the 2004 National
Geographic Bee

See also
List of high schools in Kansas
List of unified school districts in KansasOther high schools in Blue Valley USD 229 school districtBlue Valley High School in Stilwell
Blue Valley North High School in Overland Park
Blue Valley Northwest High School in Overland Park
Blue Valley Southwest High School in Overland Park
Blue Valley Academy in Overland Park
Context 2: Passage 1:
Egypt (TV series)
Egypt is a BBC television docudrama serial portraying events in the history of Egyptology from the 18th through early 20th centuries  It originally aired on Sunday nights at 9 pm on BBC1 in 2005  The first two episodes explored the work of Howard Carter and his archaeological quest in Egypt in the early part of the twentieth century  The next two episodes focused on the eccentric explorer "The Great Belzoni" played here by Matthew Kelly  The final two episodes dramatise the discovery and deciphering of the Rosetta Stone by Jean-François Champollion (Elliot Cowan) 
The music was recorded by the Warsaw Radio Orchestra and is featured on the CD Timeless Histories by Chappell music, produced by Clare Isaacs 

Production
The series was a major new docudrama series produced by the BBC for the Autumn 2005 schedule 
"The whole idea behind the series was to be able to discover Ancient Egypt through the eyes of Howard Carter – famous for uncovering the tomb of Tutankhamun; The Great Belzoni – an amazing adventurer and explorer; and the scholar Jean-François Champollion, who was the first to decipher the Rosetta Stone and open up the meaning of hieroglyphics "
In order to create a sense of "seeing the treasures of Ancient Egypt for the first time", Dolling and Bradshaw felt it essential to film at the actual archaeological sites referenced in the series 

"We had fantastic help from the Government and a local production crew, they managed to fix it for us to film in areas that, as far as we know, have never been used by other television or film productions "
"Being the first UK TV company to attempt such a project in the most amazing historical sights was very exhilarating, and to be able to return them - with additional sets and some computer imagery - to how they were during the time of the Pharaohs was incredible "
Filming at such invaluable and popular sites created new challenges for the film makers 

"Keeping people out of shot was one — sometimes this was nearing impossible — but we tended to shoot early in the day so disruptions were kept to a minimum  The other was obviously making sure we didn't damage anything, which thankfully we managed!"
"It was difficult keeping such a unique project running so far from home, and it is a tribute to the cast and crew that we managed to succeed  The series really is great and looks fantastic, well worth all the hard work "
The co-production between BBC and The Learning Channel was initially budgeted at around £6 5m but problems filming on location in Egypt, including the weather and illness, meant the producers required another £2million  Post production costs involved in recreating Ancient Egypt meant that the final costs could have resulted in a £5million overspend but the BBC denied this 

"To suggest the overspend is anything in the [range of] £5m is utterly ridiculous — it is simply not true  This was a huge project shot on location in Egypt and, as with any project of such scale, we had contingency funds available to us — so the unavoidable overspend was accommodated for and fully authorised "
"I think it's useful to point out that the cost per hour of Egypt will still be lower than other comparable programmes such as Pompeii, Genghis Khan and Pyramid  In fact, due to the international co-financing, this is actually incredibly good value for money providing full period drama for the budget normally associated with a documentary "
Several multi-media productions were commissioned to tie-in with the series including interactive drama BBC Egypt Interactive, award-winning online-game Death in Sakkara: An Egyptian Adventure, and an interactive exhibition at BBC Birmingham A companion series Egyptian Journeys with Dan Cruickshank, in which architectural historian Cruickshank travels the country to explore some of the intriguing stories that have emerged from ancient Egypt, was broadcast concurrently on BBC Two 

Reception
Reviews
Sam Wollaston writing about episode one in The Guardian said that he "was expecting to hate this show," fearing it would be "narration interspersed with lame reconstruction," but he was pleased to discover it was, in fact, "a proper drama, with a very decent script and real actors " "And it's a great story, too," he states, although he did not enjoy the re-enactments of the life of Tutankhamun, which he described as "olive-skinned actors with non-speaking parts and an awful lot of eye-liner, wandering around in a semi-darkness lit by flickering candles," and claims were not necessary, "but maybe that will help to sell it to America " He concludes that he is "looking forward to part two "David Liddiment writing in The Guardian complimented the cleverly twinning of this docudrama with the more cerebral Egyptian Journeys with Dan Cruickshank on BBC Two but he points out that this was done during the final stages of the BBC's charter renewal review and insists that the corporation should keep up standards after this process is completed 

Ratings
Episode one (2005-10-30): 7 million viewers (29% audience share) 
Episode two (2005-11-06): 6 million viewers (24% audience share) 
Episode three (2005-11-13): 5 7 million viewers (23% audience share) 
Episode four (2005-11-20): 4 8 million viewers 
Episode five (2005-11-27): 4 5 million viewers (18% audience share) 

Episodes
Part one: Howard Carter
The story of the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun by Howard Carter and the popular belief in the Curse of the Pharaohs, a supposed result of Carter's disturbing Tutankhamen's resting place  The episodes include short dramatizations of the life of Tutankhamun 

Episode one: The Search for Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun vanished from history in 1324 BC following his hurried burial and the erasure of his name from all monuments  In the winter of 1898 Carter is at the temples of Deir el Bahri recording wall reliefs threatened by a freak storm when he is thrown from his horse and makes a discovery in the sand  Retired Boston lawyer Theodore M  Davis funds Carter's excavation of Queen Hatshepsut's tomb but it is found to be empty and Carter deprived of further funding is reduced to selling his paintings to tourists on the street 
In 1905 Lord Carnarvon arrives in Luxor to convalesce after a road accident and is shown an artifact bearing the cartouche of the mysterious Tutankhamun discovered by Davis on his new dig  Tutankhamun succeeded his heretical father as pharaoh at the age of 8 and was named in honour of Amun to symbolise his mission to restore the old gods and save the empire from turmoil  An inspired Carnarvon employs Carter but they are denied access to the Valley of the Kings for which only Davis has a permit  Amidst the flurry of construction that marked the beginning of Tutankhamun's reign the most important to the boy Pharaoh would have been that of his tomb  An ailing Davis announces his discovery of this, the final Pharaoh's tomb, prior to his retirement  Carter doubts the find and convinces Carnarvon to take up the concession  The methodical and meticulous excavation commences in 1914 but is quickly interrupted by World War I 
The Carnarvons return to Egypt at the end of the war and Carter recommences his excavation but with a continued lack of results leading to doubts that any undiscovered tombs are left in the valley the funding is finally cut in 1922  Tutankhamun's tomb was well concealed to ensure his undisturbed afterlife  Carter convinces Carnarvon to fund one last season during which the tomb is finally unearthed  When the tomb is opened in the presence of Carnarvon and his daughter it is revealed to be the only unplundered pharaoh's tomb in the valley 

Episode two: The Curse of Tutankhamun
In 1922 Carter goes to the Egyptian Antiquities Service in Cairo to announce his discovery but disagrees with Director Pierre Lacau over the clearance and cataloguing of the contents  The discovery revealed a dark time in the history of Egypt and the death of its boy king  Carter assembles an international team of experts to commence the work under the unwelcome scrutiny of Lacau's inspector and the western press  Carnarvon's cavalier attitude to the finds he considers his property starts to infuriate both Carter and Lacau 
As the finds are slowly catalogued and removed Carter becomes close to Carnarvon's daughter Evelyn but his strictness begins to alienate his team  Tutankhamun was married to his own sister but the union failed to produce an heir to secure the future of the kingdom  Stories of the curse begin to circulate as Carter breaks through into the burial chamber to reveal an intact tomb  As Lacau threatens to take over the excavation and several of the experts quit, Carnarvon questions Carter over his leadership and his relationship with Evelyn  When he came of age Tutankhamun took over control of the kingdom from his military advisor Ay only to die from unknown causes shortly thereafter  Carter rushes to Carnarvon's death-bed where the two make-up  Upon Tutankhamun's death Ay seized the throne and married the widowed queen  Carter, disappointed by Evelyn's engagement to another man, returns to continue his work  Tutankhamun's death came before the royal tomb could be completed so he was hastily buried in the tomb Ay had prepared for himself  Lacau takes over the running of the tomb in 1924 when Carter and his team stop work to protest continued Egyptian interference 
The following year Carter is called back by Lacau to reopen the tomb with funding from Lady Carnarvon  The team start to extract the nested coffins revealing one of them to be made of pure gold that confirms the presence of a Pharaoh  The team begin to notice evidence that the burial was done in a hurry as the body itself is finally uncovered  When Ay died without heir a new dynasty took to the throne that erased all references to the Boy King  In 1932 with his work complete Carter leaves the tomb for the last time and hands the key to Lacau 

Cast
Stuart Graham as Howard Carter
Julian Wadham as Lord Carnarvon
Caroline Langrishe as Lady Carnarvon
Alex Weaver as Evelyn Carnarvon
Valentine Pelka as Pierre Lacau
William Hope as Theodore M  Davis
Laurence Fox as Leonard

Part two: The Great Belzoni
The story of Italian engineer and circus strongman Giovanni Belzoni who became the most unlikely Egyptologist the world has ever seen, intercut with Flashbacks to the life of Ramses the Great, in whose footsteps Belzoni would continually stray 

Episode three: The Pharaoh and the Showman
A dissatisfied Belzoni leaves England with his wife, Sarah, and servant, James Curtin, to see the world  Finding themselves destitute in the streets of Cairo after work on an irrigation project falls through, they are rescued by the eccentric John Lewis Bukhardt who introduces them to British Consul Henry Salt  Belzoni is hired to recover the massive Head of Memnon, later revealed to a statue of the Pharaoh Ramesses the Great, as a gift for the British Museum  Arriving in Luxor in 1816 amidst a gold rush of black market antiquities dealers Belzoni finds himself unwelcome 
At the Ramesseum Belzoni examines the head and devises a plan for its removal  The local Caimakan, under advice from Belzoni's French rival Bernardino Drovetti, denies Belzoni's permit and initially refuses to supply labour until threats bring him around  Ramesses marriage to his true love Nefertari was fruitful and secured the family line and the country too was fertile thanks to the annual flooding of the Nile  The approaching flood season however threatens to strand the head in the heart of the flood plain bringing an abrupt halt to Belzoni's mission  When the local labourers finally arrive Belzoni immediately sets to work moving the head using the same techniques its builders had used 3,000 years previous  Belzoni sends the ailing Jim back to Cairo to request a bigger boat so that they can collect even more antiquities and with time running out is forced to take greater risks to get the head to the bank of the Nile 
With the head secured the Belzonis heads south along the Nile to Abu Simbal in uncharted Nubia to expand the collection of antiquities  Ramesses built two temples at Abu Simbal; one dedicated his beloved wife and the other to his military prowess in the first victorious campaign  Belzoni locates the entrance to the Great Temple but finds it blocked, and so forced to head back to Cairo he vows to return to excavate the site the following season 

Episode four: The Temple of the Sands
Belzoni, arriving back in Cairo, is informed by Salt that only the head is to be sent to the British Museum while the rest of the antiquities he has collected are to be kept at the consulate  Salt refuses to fund an excavation at Abu Simbal and Belzoni is sent south again with Salt's secretary William Beechey and a local dealer called Yanni  Belzoni, whilst becalmed at Minya  spots Yenni talking to his French rival Drovetti and hastily rides to Luxor determined to get there first  Arriving to late Belzoni discovers that the entire area licensed to Drovetti and he must dig elsewhere 
Belzoni, guided by the image of Ramesses, digs in an unlicensed area and discovers a perfectly preserved bust  An infuriated Drovetti has the local ruler issue an edict against Belzoni  With no other option Belzoni heads south to the Island of Philae to collect the antiquities he has stored there only to discover upon arrival that the French have ransacked them  Funds arrive from Salt to begin excavation at Abu Simbal and Belzoni heads to the site with two British Royal Navy officers  Work progresses slowly in the shifting desert until Belzoni devises a plan to build a palisade to hold back the sand  With the entrance uncovered the group cautiously enter to view the magnificent interior  Belzoni records every detail of the temple decorations, which celebrate the capture of Kadesh that made Ramesses a great warrior king  Back in Luxor Belzoni, reunited with Sarah and Jim, is threatened by Drevetti but undeterred he heads deep into the western hills where he enters the Valley of the Kings  Belzoni learns from Yanni and Beechey that Salt is selling off the antiquities he collects rather than donating them to the British Museum 
Persuaded to go on with his explorations Belzoni constructs a battering ram to break through the thick walls of the valley side and open up an undiscovered tomb  Defying booby-traps Belzoni pushes on into the lavish interior of the tomb where he enters the burial chamber of the Pharaoh Seti I  It was here upon the death of his father that Ramesses started his reign, which would bring peace and prosperity to Egypt  The discovery of Belzoni's Tomb secures the Egyptologist's reputation and makes him a celebrity in his adopted home of London where the British Museum would later honour him 

Cast
Matthew Kelly as Belzoni
Lynsey Baxter as Sarah Belzoni
Nevan Finnigan as James Curtin
Robert Portal as Henry Salt
Richard Dempsey as William Beechey
Thomas Lockyer as John Lewis Bukhardt
Joseph Long as Bernardino Drovetti

Part three: Champollion
Jean-François Champollion uses the Rosetta Stone to unlock the mysteries of the lost civilisation of Ancient Egypt which had been closed off to Europeans for centuries prior to the invasion of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798  The stone, discovered by the French in 1799, had been created as a work of propaganda by the Greek-speaking Pharaoh Ptolemy V to establish his place in Egyptian cosmology and flashbacks are included to explain this belief system 

Episode five: The Mystery of the Rosetta Stone
The young Champollion, encouraged to develop his gift for languages by his elder brother, becomes obsessed with deciphering hieroglyphs as a means to telling the age of the world and revenging France against the British who had confiscated the stone in 1801  When Alexander the Great had conquered Egypt, he had fuelled local resentment by bringing in a Greek speaking elite to rule  Their descendant King Tutankhamun had commissioned a series of stones written in Greek, common Egyptian and hieroglyphs for temples across the land to extol his virtues and underline his claim to the throne 
Champollion studies under Silvestre de Sacy in Paris but finds the professor who had himself failed decipher hieroglyphs dismissive of further attempts believing them to be symbolic rather than a true language  English scientist Thomas Young uses mathematics to decipher the inscription like a code whilst Champollion believing hieroglyphs to be representative of a spoken language attempts to relate them to the Coptic language of Egypt's ancient Christian communities  Young makes a number of breakthroughs including the spelling of Ptolemy in hieroglyphs while Champollion finds work as assistant professor at the University of Grenoble  France is thrown into political turmoil in 1815 following defeat at the Battle of Waterloo and the republican Champollion is arrested for sedition and exiled to Figeac until 1821  Eccentric Egyptologist Giovanni Belzoni discovers an obelisk inscribed with the name of Cleopatra in Greek and hieroglyphs at Philae and sends it back to Young in England 
Young makes a mistake in translating the obelisk setting back his work whilst Champollion using a copy of the obelisk creates a hieroglyphic alphabet that he uses along with Coptic to translate the name of Ramesses the Great from sketches of Abu Simbal  Champollion's discovery arouses the suspicions of the Catholic Church who fear hieroglyphs might disprove the historical accuracy of the Bible  Young wishes Champllion good luck in proving his theories but Sacy and the Church are determined to stop him 

Episode six: The Secrets of the Hieroglyphs
Champollion is determined to travel to Egypt to prove his theory but poor and jobless he is reduced to buying up whatever scraps of papyrus he can find and this obsession alienates his wife  The Dendera zodiac purchased by the French King Charles X threatens to challenge the biblical chronologies of church scholars, as it is believed by some to date to before the Great Flood of 2349 BC  Champollion is called in to confirm Sacy's dating of the antiquity to around 2000 BC; he disputes Sacy's dating but not Church authorities by dating it to some 2,000 years later than that during the Roman period 
Champollion is sent to Turin by the King to value a collection put up for sale by the French Consul to Egypt Bernardino Drovetti  Prior to his departure Champollion's wife announces that she is pregnant and she is not pleased by his new job  Champollion builds a strong reputation for himself in Italy even being invited for an audience with Pope Leo XII  Returning to Paris with a large collection of antiquities for the King he is put in charge of the Egyptian collection at the Louvre  The King finally agrees to fund Champollion's expedition to Egypt on the proviso that he does not publish any finds that contradict the teachings of the Church  Champollion, arriving in 1828, starts by studying the Great Pyramid at Giza discovering it to be a tomb built for the Pharaoh Khufu around 2560 BC  At Saqqara he finds the site largely stripped by dealers but in a forgotten tomb he discovers ancient hieroglyphs he translates to prove his theories  Eager to understand the Ancient Egyptians he pushes on to the ancient capital of Thebes where at the sprawling Temple of Karnak he reads the story of Ramesses the Great and the battle against the Hittites at Kadesh 
At Belzoni's Tomb in the Valley of the Kings the ailing Champollion reads the story of Pharaoh Seti I and learns of the burial rites of Pharaohs  He is thus able to comprehend the belief system of the Ancient Egyptians for the first time  Champollion dies back in France 18 months later but his legacy allows Egyptologist to comprehend the meaning behind monuments such as the Great Pyramid of Giza and to decipher papyri that lead to such discoveries as the Tomb of Tutankhamun by Howard Carter 

Cast
Elliot Cowan as Jean-François Champollion
Stuart Bunce as Jacques-Joseph Champollion

Media information
DVD release
Released on Region 2 DVD by BBC Video on 2006-02-06 Also released on Region 1 DVD (2 discs, but does not include the bonus 'Pyramid') by BBC Worldwide 2006-05-23

Companion book
The 2005 companion book to the series was written by author and archaeologist Joyce Tyldesley expands on the series to tell the full story of the discoveries and the colourful characters who made them 

Selected editions
Tyldesley, Joyce (6 October 2005)  Egypt, How A Lost Civilization Was Rediscovered  BBC Books (hardcover)  ISBN 978-0-563-52257-7 
Tyldesley, Joyce (1 June 2003)  Egypt, How A Lost Civilization Was Rediscovered  BBC Books (paperback)  ISBN 978-0-563-49381-5 
Tyldesley, Joyce (18 September 2005)  Egypt, How A Lost Civilization Was Rediscovered  UC Press (hardcover)  ISBN 978-0-520-25020-8 

See also
Building the Great Pyramid
Passage 2:
HappyHolograms
"#HappyHolograms" is the tenth and final episode in the eighteenth season of the American animated television series South Park   The 257th episode overall, it was written and directed by series co-creator and co-star Trey Parker  The episode premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on December 10, 2014  It is the second part of the two-part season finale which began with the previous episode, "#REHASH"  The episode makes multiple references to earlier episodes over the season, as well as to previous seasons, while mainly lampooning the trend of culture constantly making trending topics with no actual relevance  It also lampoons news events such as the death of Eric Garner, the shooting of Michael Brown, the sexual assault allegations against Bill Cosby, the use of celebrity holograms, and generationism  YouTuber PewDiePie appears as himself, continuing his story line from the previous episode 

Plot
Kyle Broflovski, feeling that the popularity of Let's Plays are leading to a countrywide "crisis", sends out a message on Twitter to help families come together  In response, Bill Cosby visits Kyle and invites him to star in a primetime television special  Kyle agrees, unaware that Cosby is a hologram  The special, a product of the conspiracy between Randy's former producer and Eric Cartman, is planned to feature various celebrities, holograms, and Cartman's commentary  The producer's staff, however, feel he has given too much power to Cartman, whose growing popularity results in his commentary window pervading throughout the world  Upon seeing an advertisement for the special, Kyle is furious that his idea has become a social media project, while Stan Marsh is upset at his father Randy's supposed involvement 
Randy and Sharon Marsh file a police report on the hologram of Randy's secret identity Lorde, but the police are skeptical  A patrolman catches the rogue Michael Jackson hologram, but cannot physically apprehend him  Randy and Jackson learn of the special and agree to work together  When the Tupac Shakur hologram sent to capture Jackson appears at the police station, Randy and Jackson escape to the Marsh home  Randy learns that Stan and Kyle were taken hostage by the producer and is confronted by Tupac 
When Kyle questions the producer, he explains that when he became a grandfather, one day he asked his grandson who his favorite celebrity was, the grandson's response being PewDiePie  Distressed, the producer reveals his true intent—to assimilate the younger generation's culture into his own  Stan calls out the producer for being "such a grandpa", to the latter's frustration  When Cartman's window appears before the producer, he attempts to have him shut down, but Cartman's power has grown to the point where he has reached "trend-scendence" 
As Cartman continues appearing on screens throughout the world, he states that he is now "trends-gender" and therefore must be given his bathroom, his motivation for being involved  Tupac and Jackson unite against the producer and storm the restaurant where he has the hostages  As Jackson fatally shoots the producer, Kyle, realizing that world's population can see one another, speaks out to his brother, Ike, apologizing for being a "grandpa"  He accepts that Ike will develop his generational interests, and admits his jealousy at Ike being a fan of CartmanBrah  Ike and his friends create a new trend, #webelieveinyou, which Kyle urges the audience to spread  In response, PewDiePie arrives and overpowers Cartman 
In the aftermath, Kyle's family has agreed to spend one hour together each night, though Stan is still confused over the previous events  Kyle suggests that they may never understand it, and further says that at least YouTube celebrities are authentic, having never been marketed to the public by corporations and entertainment industries  PewDiePie appears, grateful for the people of South Park 

Production
The episode contains numerous references to previous episodes in the series, mostly in connection to Randy Marsh's double life as Lorde  Customer service employee "Steve" returns from "Grounded Vindaloop", as does the Washington Redskins logo from "Go Fund Yourself", while Cartman's desire for his own bathroom is from "The Cissy" On the DVD audio commentary, Trey Parker and Matt Stone, in hindsight, thought the story would have been better off split up into three episodes and not two, mainly because there was a lot of content left that they wanted to use but not enough time  The original plan was to make the story three episodes long but they settled for two The episode makes numerous references to the deaths of Eric Garner and Michael Brown, as well as the sexual assault allegations against Bill Cosby 

Reception
The episode received a B rating from The A V  Club's Dan Caffrey, though he stated that "It was rushed, it was messy, and it may have been just a bit too much story for South Park, even for a two-parter "Max Nicholson of IGN gave it a 6 8 out of 10, and stated "the climax of the entire episode (and arguably the season)   didn't tie everything together in the way that it could (and should) have "Chris Longo from Den of Geek gave the episode 4 out of 5 stars, stating the episode "was incoherent, hilarious madness—its own artform " Longo's article also noted that, in real life, the topic #IHateCartmanBrah became the top trending topic worldwide on Twitter 
Passage 3:
List of Girls und Panzer episodes
Girls und Panzer is a 2012 Japanese anime series produced by Actas  The series takes place in a world where girls take up sensha-dō (戦車道, lit  "the way of the tank") or "tankery" in the English dub, the art of operating tanks, which focuses on a girl named Miho Nishizumi and her friends as they participate in their school's sensha-dō program  The series aired in Japan between October 9, 2012, and December 25, 2012, although due to production delays, the final two episodes were postponed and were replaced with recap episodes  The final two episodes aired in March 2013  Original video animation episodes are included with the Blu-ray/DVD releases  The opening theme is "DreamRiser" by ChouCho whilst the ending theme is "Enter Enter MISSION!" performed by Mai Fuchigami, Ai Kayano, Mami Ozaki, Ikumi Nakagami and Yuka Iguchi  The series is licensed in North America by Sentai Filmworks 

Episode list
OVAs
Home media release
Japanese
English
Notes
Passage 4:
The Forgotten (TV series)
The Forgotten is an American crime drama television series which premiered on September 22, 2009 on ABC  On November 9, 2009, ABC ordered five additional episodes of the series, bringing the first season's total to eighteen episodes  The final two episodes of The Forgotten aired on July 3, 2010 The Forgotten was rated R16 in New Zealand for graphic violence and sex scenes 

Premise
A group of dedicated, amateur detectives, the members of the Forgotten Network (referred to in the pilot as the Identity Network), attempt to reconstruct the pieces of these John and Jane Does' lives from what little evidence is left behind  Each episode is narrated by a "body" who watches the team as they pursue the tantalizingly difficult challenge of figuring out who this victim once was  Why would anyone volunteer for such a grim task? As new recruit Tyler Davies quickly discovers, each of the members of the team has his or her own reasons for volunteering for the Network  Alex Donovan is a former cop, whose then eight-year-old daughter was kidnapped two years ago and has never been found  Lindsey Drake, the woman who runs the network from her home, is a virtual recluse whose husband is a convicted murderer  Walter Bailey does stake outs—when he is not blowing his cover  Candace Butler hates her day job  She also happens to have a special gift for putting people at ease—even the prickly Tyler, a talented sculptor with a background in forensics, a medical school drop-out, who initially joined the team to fulfill a sentence of 200 hours of community service after being apprehended defacing buildings 

Cast
Christian Slater as Alex Donovan
Heather Stephens as Lindsey Drake (episodes 1–13)
Michelle Borth as Candace Butler
Anthony Carrigan as Tyler Davies
Bob Stephenson as Walter Bailey
Rochelle Aytes as Grace Russell
Elisha Cuthbert as Maxine Denver (episodes 12–17)

Episodes
In addition to the 17 regular episodes produced with the cast listed, an "Original Pilot" was previously filmed with different actors in some of the roles  Rupert Penry-Jones played Alex Donovan, and Reiko Aylesworth played Linda Manning (replaced by Heather Stephens as Lindsey Drake) 

Pilot
Season 1 (2009–10)
International broadcasting
Passage 5:
List of Boston Public episodes
Boston Public, an American drama television series created by David E  Kelley debuted on Fox on October 23, 2000  The series was canceled during its fourth season, and Fox aired its final episode on January 30, 2004, although two episodes were left unaired by the network  The final two episodes were subsequently aired on March 1 and 2, 2005 on TV One  The series centers on the teachers and students of Winslow High School, a fictional public high school located in Boston, Massachusetts 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2000–01)
Season 2 (2001–02)
Season 3 (2002–03)
Season 4 (2003–04)
See also
List of The Practice episodes – includes crossover episode "The Day After"
Passage 6:
Survivor Africa: Panama
Survivor Africa: Panama is the first pan-regional season of the television show Survivor to air in central or southern Africa and it included contestants from the countries of Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria, Zambia, and Zimbabwe  The show was broadcast on the channel M-Net from September 3, 2006 to November 19, 2006 over twelve episodes  The host for the season was Anthony Oseyemi The grand prize was $100,000 US Dollars and was won by  Tsholofelo ‘Tebby’ Gasennelwe 

Contestants
Season summary
The contestants for this season were initially split into two tribes: Embera, named after Panama's semi-nomadic and heavily body-painted tribe, whose buffs were blue, and Kuna, named after a traditionally matriarchal and politically organised people of Panama, whose buffs were red  During the pre-merge portion of the game, Embera won a majority of the reward and immunity challenges, while Kuna saw their numbers dwindle from six to three  When the tribes merged into the Nagual tribe (wearing yellow buffs), their original tribal alliances remained, and the former members of Embera quickly voted out Yaga and Nana, leaving Meti as the only former Kuna member left in the game  Following the elimination of Nana, Tebby approached Meti and Nike about forming an all-girl alliance  This new alliance, along with Jeremiah, voted out Leonard and the leader of the former Embera alliance, Derrick  When it came time for the final four, the contestants competed in two challenges in order to determine the final two  The first of these challenges was the "plank" challenge  As Meti was the first person to fall off the plank, she was eliminated from the game  As Tebby was the last person to fall off the plank, she automatically advanced to the final two  The other two contestants competed in a second challenge which Jeremiah won, advancing him to the final two while Nike was eliminated  Ultimately, it was Tebby from Botswana who won this season over Jeremiah with a jury vote of 5-1 

Voting history
Passage 7:
Good Bye, Radar
"Good Bye, Radar" is a two-part episode of the television series M*A*S*H that served as the fourth and fifth episodes of the show's eighth season and the 177th and 178th episodes of the series  Part 1 aired on October 8, 1979, with Part 2 airing one week later  The two episodes aired as a one-hour special during off-season reruns on May 12, 1980  As the title of the episode implies, these were the final two episodes to feature Gary Burghoff in his role as Corporal Radar O'Reilly 
These episodes were originally intended to be aired as season seven's finale, but CBS and the producers convinced Burghoff to return for the beginning of season eight  To make up for his imminent departure, Burghoff received a special credit in the opening of the first six episodes of the season, immediately following William Christopher's, which read "also starring Gary Burghoff as Radar"  For the first three episodes of season eight, Burghoff’s absence was explained by Radar’s having been sent to Tokyo for some R&R  In two of the three episodes, Burghoff made cameo appearances 
In addition to Burghoff’s departure, these episodes marked the final appearance of Johnny Haymer in his role as Staff Sergeant Zelmo Zale  With the departure of Radar, Hawkeye Pierce, Margaret Houlihan, and Father Mulcahy were the only three characters left on the series who had any connection to the novel and film from which M*A*S*H was derived (with Henry Blake being killed off at the end of season three, Trapper John McIntyre discharged between seasons three and four, and Frank Burns being sent back to the States after indecent conduct on R&R following Major Houlihan's marriage, at the start of season six) 

Synopsis
Part 1
A typical night in the 4077th OR is underway, with the surgeons hard at work on patients  Something goes wrong, however, when the camp's primary generator goes out  Hawkeye gets his finger jammed in a rib spreader, severely spraining it 
Meanwhile, Klinger, who is the acting company clerk, goes outside to find out what's wrong with the generator  Seeing his rival Sergeant Zale at the controls, Klinger instantly assumes Zale doesn't know what he's doing and goes to crank up the camp's backup generator- only to find that it's been stolen  The primary generator then blows out, leaving the M*A*S*H without power 
With the unit's power now completely gone, two concerns become immediate: a patient of B J  Hunnicutt's, who has a stomach problem (which they fix by using an old style suction machine developed by Dr  Owen Wangensteen), and what to do with all the food in the camp (which Col  Potter fixes by having a smorgasbord for all the people in the area) 
Meanwhile, Radar is about set to return from his R&R in Tokyo, but has been bumped from his scheduled flight by a general's cardboard cutout  During his wait for his plane, he meets an attractive nurse, who is going home to Lancaster, Missouri  Hearing that, and noticing that she is not too far from the same area of the U S  as he is, Radar and the nurse instantly hit it off  However, before they can get anywhere, Radar is placed on another flight, and despite his arguing with the officer in charge of booking, has to leave   He tells the nurse that they should try to find each other when they get home   After a goodbye kiss, Radar is off, back to the 4077th 
After getting bumped from a jeep by some stranded GIs and having to ride back to the 4077th in an ox-drawn cart, Radar returns, tired and hungry, to a huge ovation from the people in the camp- especially Klinger, who has been waiting for Radar to return more than anyone  Immediately the camp wants Radar to find a generator, but Radar doesn't want to right away, wanting a shower and a meal  After some cajoling, Radar finally agrees to search for a generator, only to find the same luck that Klinger has had   no generators to be found 
Later that night, while Radar is drowning his sorrows in the officers' club with his favorite Grape Nehi, Col  Potter enters the swamp with tragic news—Radar's Uncle Ed, who had been helping his mother run their farm in Iowa for many years, has died  After breaking the news to Radar, who is trying to cope with it while also doing his job, Col  Potter tells Radar that he needs to go home to help his mother, and to get a DA-7 Hardship Discharge form for himself and fill it out  Hawkeye and B J  congratulate Radar on going home, and Radar is happy too   he thinks 

Part 2
The next day begins with Klinger desperately trying to get Radar to help him find a generator and get the office back in shape  Radar, however, does not want to hear it  He tells Klinger that no one helped him when he first became company clerk, and Klinger was going to have to learn on his own  Finally, Radar does help Klinger try and con a generator out of someone (with some help from Major Winchester, who convinces Radar to help Klinger)  Although Radar is unsuccessful in getting a generator, incoming wounded inspires Radar to order a bunch of jeeps and trucks to come to the 4077th- resulting in outdoor surgery, by headlights!
After that, and seeing Hawkeye operate with his injured finger (which still is bothering him), Radar decides to fight his discharge, claiming that he is more needed at the 4077th  After getting into an argument with Hawkeye, Radar still refuses to change his mind  At one point during said argument, Hawkeye calls Radar a jackass 
In one final attempt to secure a generator, Klinger gets a call from a supply sergeant at "I" Corps saying they have a generator available   Klinger takes a case of Scotch whisky to I Corps to close the deal   At that point, a major from a service-and-supply unit pulls up and demands the generator, saying that two other generators they tried to secure at I Corps were stolen   It is at that point where Klinger learns what happened to the 4077th's auxiliary generator- the major took it for his unit! Klinger decides that payback is in order   While the major and supply sergeant go fill out a requisition, Klinger himself goes to the supply central issue station, poses as the major's driver, and blackmails the dispatcher into giving him the generator without a requisition  Returning to the 4077th with it, Klinger is met with a heroes' welcome  Radar now realizes that the camp can survive without him if they need to, and he finally decides to go home 
Radar says his good-byes to everyone in triage after a party for him goes awry due to wounded on the compound, and is saluted by Hawkeye while he watches the 4077th doctors in the OR from the hallway one final time  In another touching and moving scene, Radar tells all of his animals goodbye as well, telling them that instead of him everyone else at the 4077 will be caring for them 
After the OR session, Hawkeye and B J  return to the Swamp to find something on Hawkeye's bed   Radar's teddy bear, which he had kept with him throughout the war as a security item  It's taken as a sign that Radar has officially grown up and become a man 

Production notes
The first cast member to be hired for M*A*S*H, Gary Burghoff became the last to leave, following the departures of McLean Stevenson and Wayne Rogers in 1975 and Larry Linville in 1977  He would later reprise his role as Radar twice; one was in a 2-part episode of AfterMASH, and the other was in an unsold TV pilot W*A*L*T*E*R, which featured Radar as a rookie police officer in St  Louis 
In the episode "War of Nerves," Sidney Freedman correctly predicted that Radar would leave his teddy bear behind in Korea when he went home 
Passage 8:
Suomen Robinson 2005
Suomen Robinson 2005, was the second season of the Finnish version of Expedition Robinson, or  Survivor as it is referred to in some countries and premiered 18 September 2005 and concluded 12 December 2005  Immediately upon arriving to the island the contestants were forced to compete in two challenges in order to determine who would be eliminated  The two contestants, Elena Sinkevitch and Mari Jalonen, were both sent to a secret island  As a major twist this season, during the pre-merge portion of the game when a contestant was voted out they would move to a secret island where they would compete against two other contestants to remain in the game  The two contestants left on the secret island following the final duel, Elena Sinkevitch and Markku Markkanen, joined the other members of the merge tribe  The contestants were then divided up into two tribes known as "Goal" and "Texas"  When it came time for the final four, the contestants took part in the infamous "plank" competition in which Jasna Preselj was eliminated and Markku Markkanen advanced to the final two  The other two contestants then took part in one more challenge in which Mira Jantunen won and advanced to the final two while Elena Sinkevitch was eliminated  The final two then took part in a duel which Mira Jantunen won and earned an extra jury vote for herself  Along with this, Mira also won the audience's jury vote  Ultimately, it was Mira Jantunen who won this season over Markku Markkanen by a unanimous jury vote of 11-0 to win €40,000 

Finishing order
Passage 9:
Rehash (South Park)
"#REHASH" is the ninth episode in the eighteenth season of the American animated television series South Park  The 256th overall episode, it was written and directed by series co-creator and co-star Trey Parker  The episode premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on December 3, 2014  The episode is part one of the two-part season finale  The episode lampoons the popularity of Internet Let's Play celebrities and the phenomena of Internet trending topics that lack actual relevance  The episode also references and intertwines multiple elements from previous episodes in the eighteenth season of South Park  YouTuber PewDiePie plays himself in this episode 

Plot
Kyle Broflovski has purchased video games to play with his brother Ike  However, Ike is more interested in PewDiePie's Let's Play videos, much to Kyle's disdain  The popularity of LP is noticed by Eric Cartman, who begins his own commentaries on his classmates  Ike has subscribed to Cartman's CartmanBrah channel, which annoys Kyle  Kyle later invites Ike's friends over to play video games, but they all watch Let's Plays in Ike's bedroom  The children dismiss Kyle, along with Stan Marsh, as out-of-touch "grandpas", and Kyle perceives his living room to be "dying" 
Randy Marsh learns of an upcoming benefit concert that will feature a roster of popular musicians, including his secret identity, Lorde  Randy is reluctant to perform due to his reliance on pitch correction software, but his producer reminds Randy that he needs the money due to his son Stan's spending on freemium gaming  Randy relents when his daughter, Shelley, expresses a desire to see Lorde perform, unaware of the truth  At the concert, Randy has second thoughts, but his producer insists that the audience does not care about the performance, telling Randy to "just go out there and pump your hips and rub your clit " Randy notices Iggy Azalea performing with a hologram of Michael Jackson and feels like something is "lost"  When Randy's performance begins, his off-key singing and poor live performance disillusion the audience  Randy accidentally sets the Michael Jackson hologram free and then rubs his groin in an attempt to win the audience back, but this only further enrages them and later causes Shelley to tear down her Lorde poster  Randy calls his producer, who says that fame has never been about music, but the publicity generated by performers' antics, Randy being a recent example 
The Jackson hologram boards a bus heading toward South Park, as he needs to "take care of some important business"  The Syntech Hologram Company, in response, activates a Tupac Shakur hologram to pursue Jackson 
Randy again contacts his producer, resolving to publicly reveal his identity as Lorde  The producer responds that artists are merely exploited to generate revenue, and that a hologram of Lorde will appear on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, exposing her anus to create more publicity  Seeing Randy as an obstacle to this plan, the producer's henchmen attempt to restrain Randy, who escapes  When Randy informs his wife Sharon of the plan, she is incredulous that she slept with a hologram, which is revealed to be Tupac  Meanwhile, Randy's producer conspires with Cartman to install him as the leader in an upcoming social media revolution involving holograms 

Production
Trey Parker and Matt Stone said on the DVD audio commentary that this episode was originally two separate episodes, one about PewDiePie and one about Lorde  This plan did not materialize because they couldn't figure out an ending that would be long enough to fill up the time for either show  To rectify this, they intended to put them together to make one episode  However, this didn't work either because Parker had written a lot of good material and now felt it needed to be a three-part story arc episode  They considered actually doing this but expected problems with Comedy Central  After shifting back and forth between one episode and three episodes, they finally settled on two partway through the production cycle  In hindsight, they thought it would have been better off if they made it a three-part story The scene in which Randy/Lorde is at the concert and gets into a fight with Iggy Azalea was originally going to be used as the final scene for "The Cissy", the third episode of this season  This idea was scrapped with the intention to use it later; it was used in this episode, but with a few modifications  Sia was originally present but was at some point removed and Randy was going to get in a fight with everyone else, not just one person The PewDiePie story originated from Parker having similar experiences to Kyle that he had with his step-son  Another influence of the story was the fact that Parker and Stone felt that more people experienced South Park: The Stick of Truth, their video game, through PewDiePie than by actually buying and playing the game themselves  They thought it would be fun to "rip" on this Parker and Stone said that making this episode, and the second part, made them feel old, mainly because the episodes deal with newer things that young people are interested in, such as new technology, pop music, and the focus on Internet  This is also where the title came from; things like Twitter, YouTube Let's Play, and the Internet in general, sometimes feel like places where all people do is "rehash each other's shit", an opinion that is shared by several characters in the episode 

Reception
The episode received a B+ rating from The A V  Club's Eric Thurn, who commented "at first this seemed like a pretty good, if also a bit scatter-brained episode of South Park", but praised the continuity shown in both this episode and the entire season Max Nicholson from IGN gave the episode a 7 8 out of 10, stating "in terms of sheer meta-ness, this week's #Rehash was off the charts "Chris Longo from Den of Geek gave the episode 2 5 out of 5 stars and called it "an episode that throws a lot of fun ideas at us with nothing to balance them out "
Passage 10:
South Park (season 2)
The second season of South Park, an American animated television series created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone, began airing on April 1, 1998  The second season concluded after 18 episodes on January 20, 1999; it remains the longest season of South Park to date  Almost all the episodes were directed by series co-creator Trey Parker, with the exception of two episodes directed by Eric Stough 

Broadcast
The first season of the show concluded with the episode "Cartman's Mom Is a Dirty Slut", broadcast on Comedy Central in the United States on February 25, 1998, and had a cliffhanger ending regarding the identity of Cartman's father  The episode scheduled for April 1, 1998 promised to resolve the mystery, but was in fact an April Fools' Day joke on the creator's part: "Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus", an entire episode revolving around the two title characters  The April 1 episode was supposed to be a one-off, with the rest of the season starting in May  However, following overwhelmingly negative fan reaction, the episode resolving the Cartman's father storyline, "Cartman's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut", was moved from its planned May 20 air date to April 22  "Ike's Wee Wee" then started a six-episode weekly run of the season when it was broadcast on May 20 The show went on a summer break of a month and a half, and returned for another six-episode run on August 19, with the episode "Chef's Chocolate Salty Balls"  The next installment came after a three-week break, with the Halloween episode "Spookyfish", which aired on October 28  The next two episodes were "Merry Christmas, Charlie Manson!" and "Gnomes", airing on December 9 and 16 respectively  The final episode of the season, "Prehistoric Ice Man" aired after five weeks of hiatus, on January 20, 1999  The third season then started a few months later, in April 1999 

Voice cast
Main cast
Trey Parker as Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh, Mr  Garrison, Clyde Donovan, Mr  Hankey, Mr  Mackey, Tolkien Black, and Phillip
Matt Stone as Kyle Broflovski, Kenny McCormick, Butters Stotch, Gerald Broflovski, Stuart McCormick, Pip Pirrup, Craig Tucker, Jimbo Kern, Terrance, Tweek Tweak and Jesus
Mary Kay Bergman as Liane Cartman, Sheila Broflovski, Shelly Marsh, Sharon Marsh, Mrs  McCormick and Wendy Testaburger
Isaac Hayes as Chef

Guest cast
Henry Winkler as the Kid-Eating Monster ("City on the Edge of Forever")
Jay Leno as himself ("City on the Edge of Forever")
Brent Musburger as Scuzzlebutt's leg ("City on the Edge of Forever")
Jonathan Katz as Dr  Katz ("Summer Sucks")
Dian Bachar as the Cow Days' announcer ("Cow Days")Multiple musicians and bands made guest appearances in the episode "Chef Aid"  These include:

Devo
DMX
Rick James
Elton John
Meat Loaf
Ozzy Osbourne
Primus
Rancid
Joe Strummer
Ween

Episodes
Home media
Special FeaturesIntroductions by Trey Parker and Matt Stone in 12 episodes 
Documentary: "Goin' Down to South Park"
"Chocolate Salty Balls" music video
Region 1 – June 3, 2003
Region 2 – October 22, 2007
Region 4 –  October 4, 2007

Notes



ground_truth: #364

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is a guest in the final two episodes of season eighteen of South Park?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Bonus Army
The Bonus Army was a group of 43,000 demonstrators – 17,000 veterans of U S  involvement in World War I, their families, and affiliated groups – who gathered in Washington, D C , in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service bonus certificates  Organizers called the demonstrators the Bonus Expeditionary Force (B E F ), to echo the name of World War I's American Expeditionary Forces, while the media referred to them as the "Bonus Army" or "Bonus Marchers"  The demonstrators were led by Walter W  Waters, a former sergeant 
Many of the war veterans had been out of work since the beginning of the Great Depression  The World War Adjusted Compensation Act of 1924 had awarded them bonuses in the form of certificates they could not redeem until 1945  Each certificate, issued to a qualified veteran soldier, bore a face value equal to the soldier's promised payment with compound interest  The principal demand of the Bonus Army was the immediate cash payment of their certificates 
On July 28, 1932, U S  Attorney General William D  Mitchell ordered the veterans removed from all government property  Washington police met with resistance, shot at the protestors, and two veterans were wounded and later died  President Herbert Hoover then ordered the U S  Army to clear the marchers' campsite  Army Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur commanded a contingent of infantry and cavalry, supported by six tanks  The Bonus Army marchers with their wives and children were driven out, and their shelters and belongings burned 
A second, smaller Bonus March in 1933 at the start of the Roosevelt administration was defused in May with an offer of jobs with the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) at Fort Hunt, Virginia, which most of the group accepted  Those who chose not to work for the CCC by the May 22 deadline were given transportation home  In 1936, Congress overrode President Roosevelt's veto and paid the veterans their bonus nine years early 

Origin of military bonuses
The practice of war-time military bonuses began in 1776, as payment for the difference between what a soldier earned and what he could have earned had he not enlisted  The practice derived from English legislation passed in the 1592–93 session of Parliament to provide medical care and maintenance for disabled veterans and bonuses for serving soldiers 
In August 1776, Congress adopted the first national pension law providing half pay for life for disabled veterans  Considerable pressure was applied to expand benefits to match the British system for serving soldiers and sailors but had little support from the colonial government until mass desertions at Valley Forge that threatened the existence of the Continental Army led George Washington to become a strong advocate 
In 1781, most of the Continental Army was demobilized  Two years later, hundreds of Pennsylvania war veterans marched on Philadelphia, then the nation's capital, surrounded the State House, where the U S  Congress was in session, and demanded back pay  Congress fled to Princeton, New Jersey, and several weeks later, the U S  Army expelled the war veterans from Philadelphia  Congress progressively passed legislation from 1788 covering pensions and bonuses, eventually extending eligibility to widows in 1836 Before World War I, the soldiers' military service bonus (adjusted for rank) was land and money; a Continental Army private received 100 acres (40 ha) and $80 00 (2017: $1,968 51) at war's end, while a major general received 1,100 acres (450 ha)  In 1855, Congress increased the land-grant minimum to 160 acres (65 ha), and reduced the eligibility requirements to fourteen days of military service or one battle; moreover, the bonus also applied to veterans of any Indian war  The provision of land eventually became a major political issue, particularly in Tennessee where almost 40% of arable land had been given to veterans as part of their bonus  By 1860, 73,500,000 acres (29,700,000 ha) had been issued and lack of available arable land led to the program's abandonment and replacement with a cash-only system  Breaking with tradition, the veterans of the Spanish–American War did not receive a bonus and after World War I, that became a political matter when they received only a $60 bonus ($1,010 in 2023)  The American Legion, created in 1919, led a political movement for an additional bonus 
On May 15, 1924, President Calvin Coolidge vetoed a bill granting bonuses to veterans of World War I, saying: "patriotism    bought and paid for is not patriotism " Congress overrode his veto a few days later, enacting the World War Adjusted Compensation Act  Each veteran was to receive a dollar for each day of domestic service, up to a maximum of $500 (equivalent to $8,500 in 2022), and $1 25 for each day of overseas service, up to a maximum of $625 ($10,670 in 2023)  Deducted from this was $60, for the $60 they received upon discharge  Amounts of $50 or less were immediately paid  All other amounts were issued as Certificates of Service maturing in 20 years There were 3,662,374 Adjusted Service Certificates issued, with a combined face value of $3 64 billion (equivalent to $62 billion in 2021)  Congress established a trust fund to receive 20 annual payments of $112 million that, with interest, would finance the 1945 disbursement of the $3 638 billion for the veterans  Meanwhile, veterans could borrow up to 22 5% of the certificate's face value from the fund; but in 1931, because of the Great Depression, Congress increased the maximum value of such loans to 50% of the certificate's face value  Although there was congressional support for the immediate redemption of the military service certificates, Hoover and Republican congressmen opposed such action and reasoned that the government would have to increase taxes to cover the costs of the payout and so any potential economic recovery would be slowed The Veterans of Foreign Wars continued to press the federal government to allow the early redemption of military service certificates The first march of the unemployed was Coxey's Army in 1894, when armies of men from various regions streamed to Washington as a "living petition" to demand that the federal government create jobs by investing in public infrastructure projects  In January 1932, a march of 25,000 unemployed Pennsylvanians, dubbed "Cox's Army", had marched on Washington, D C , the largest demonstration to date in the nation's capital, setting a precedent for future marches by the unemployed 

Campsite
Most of the Bonus Army (Bonus Expeditionary Force or BEF) camped in a form of a "Hooverville" on the Anacostia Flats (now Section C of Anacostia Park), a swampy, muddy area away from the federal core of Washington  Other veterans lived much closer, in partially demolished buildings on Pennsylvania Avenue near the Third Street SW  Although occupation of Anacostia Flats was against federal law, Glassford obtained permission off the record from his friend Major General Ulysses S  Grant III, Director of Public Buildings and Public Parks in the Capital, who promised to make no objection  The chosen site was located in the historically African American side of Anacostia; nearby were tennis courts and a baseball diamond, the latter of which was used by children of the camp  The War Department had refused a request by Senator James Hamilton Lewis to set up billets, so veterans, women and children lived in the shelters they built from materials dragged out of a junk pile nearby, which included old lumber, packing boxes, and scrap tin covered with roofs of thatched straw  The shack city was nicknamed Camp Marks, after the friendly Police Captain S J  Marks 
Camp Marks was tightly controlled by the veterans, who laid out streets, built sanitation facilities, set up an internal police force and held daily parades  A vibrant community arose revolving around several key sections, including the religious tent, where marchers could be heard expressing forbearance, trust in God and gratitude for what they had compared to other victims of the Depression  Also popular was the Salvation Army lending library, where marchers wrote letters home in its makeshift post office (postage stamps were more prized than cigarettes, it was said)  To live in the camps, veterans were required to register and to prove they had been honorably discharged or provided a bonus certificate, at which point a membership card would be issued  The Superintendent of the D C  Police, Pelham D  Glassford, worked with camp leaders to supply the camp with food and supplies 
On June 15, 1932, the US House of Representatives passed the Wright Patman Bonus Bill (by a vote of 211–176) to move forward the date for World War I veterans to receive their cash bonus  Over 6,000 bonus marchers massed at the U S  Capitol on June 17 as the U S  Senate voted on the Bonus Bill  The bill was defeated by a vote of 62–18 

Police shooting
On July 28, under prodding from President Herbert Hoover, the D C  Commissioners ordered Pelham D  Glassford to clear their buildings, rather than letting the protesters drift away as he had previously recommended  When the veterans rioted, an officer (George Shinault) drew his revolver and shot at the veterans, two of whom, William Hushka and Eric Carlson, died later 
William Hushka (1895–1932) was an immigrant to the United States from Lithuania  When the US entered World War I in 1917, he sold his butcher shop in St  Louis, and joined the army  After the war, he lived in Chicago  He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery a week after being shot and killed by police 
Eric Carlson (1894–1932) was a veteran from Oakland, California, who fought in the trenches of France in World War I  He was interred in Arlington National Cemetery During a previous riot, the Commissioners asked the White House for federal troops  Hoover passed the request to Secretary of War Patrick J  Hurley, who told MacArthur to take action to disperse the protesters  Towards the late afternoon, cavalry, infantry, tanks and machine guns pushed the "Bonusers" out of Washington 

Reports on communist elements
An Army intelligence report claimed that the BEF intended to occupy the Capitol permanently and instigate fighting, as a signal for communist uprisings in all major cities  It also conjectured that at least part of the Marine Corps garrison in Washington would side with the revolutionaries, hence Marine units eight blocks from the Capitol were never called upon  The report of July 5, 1932, by Conrad H  Lanza in upstate New York was not declassified until 1991 The Department of Justice released an investigative report on the Bonus Army in September 1932, noting that communists had attempted to involve themselves with the Bonus Army from the start, and had been arrested for various offenses during protests:

As soon as the bonus march was initiated, and as early as May, 1932, the Communist party undertook an organized campaign to foment the movement, and induced radicals to join the marchers to Washington  As early as the edition of May 31, 1932, the Daily Worker, a publication which is the central organ of the Communist party in the United States, urged worker veteran delegations to go to Washington on June 8th In 1932, Hoover stated that the bulk of Bonus Army members behaved reasonably and a minority of what he described as communists and career criminals were responsible for most of the unrest associated with the events: "I wish to state emphatically that the extraordinary proportion of criminal, Communist, and nonveteran elements amongst the marchers as shown by this report, should not be taken to reflect upon the many thousands of honest, law-abiding men who came to Washington with full right of presentation of their views to the Congress  This better element and their leaders acted at all times to restrain crime and violence, but after the adjournment of Congress a large portion of them returned to their homes and gradually these better elements lost control " In his 1952 memoir, Hoover stated that at least 900 of the Bonus Army were "ex-convicts and Communists "In his memoir The Whole of Their Lives (1948) Benjamin Gitlow of the Communist Party USA reported that a number of communists had joined the Bonus Army during their trek across the nation, with the goal of recruiting people to the communist cause A 2009 Encyclopedia Britannica blog post asserted these would-be communist organizers were largely rejected by the Bonus Army marchers: "[T]here were communists present in the camps, led by John T  Pace from Michigan  But if Pace believed that Bonus Army was a ready-made revolutionary cadre, he was mistaken  The marchers routinely expelled avowed communists from the camps  They destroyed communist leaflets and other literature  And among their other slogans the veterans adopted a motto directed at the communists, 'Eyes front—not left!'"

Army intervention
At 1:40 pm, General Douglas MacArthur ordered General Perry Miles to assemble troops on the Ellipse immediately south of the White House  Within the hour the 3rd Cavalry led by George S  Patton, then a Major, crossed the Memorial Bridge, with the 12th Infantry arriving by steamer about an hour later  At 4 pm, Miles told MacArthur that the troops were ready, and MacArthur (like Eisenhower, by now in service uniform) said that Hoover wanted him to "be on hand as things progressed, so that he could issue necessary instructions on the ground" and "take the rap if there should be any unfavorable or critical repercussions "At 4:45 pm, commanded by MacArthur, the 12th Infantry Regiment, Fort Howard, Maryland, and the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, supported by five M1917 light tanks commanded by Patton , formed in Pennsylvania Avenue while thousands of civil service employees left work to line the street and watch  The Bonus Marchers, believing the troops were marching in their honor, cheered the troops until Patton ordered the cavalry to charge them, which prompted the spectators to yell, "Shame! Shame!"
After the cavalry charged, the infantry, with fixed bayonets and tear gas (adamsite, an arsenical vomiting agent) entered the camps, evicting veterans, families, and camp followers  The veterans fled across the Anacostia River to their largest camp, and Hoover ordered the assault stopped  MacArthur chose to ignore the president and ordered a new attack, claiming that the Bonus March was an attempt to overthrow the US government  55 veterans were injured and 135 arrested  A veteran's wife miscarried  When 12-week-old Bernard Meyer died in the hospital after being caught in the tear gas attack, a government investigation reported he died of enteritis, and a hospital spokesman said the tear gas "didn't do it any good "During the military operation, Major Dwight D  Eisenhower, later the 34th president of the United States, served as one of MacArthur's junior aides  Believing it wrong for the Army's highest-ranking officer to lead an action against fellow American war veterans, he strongly advised MacArthur against taking any public role: "I told that dumb son-of-a-bitch not to go down there," he said later  "I told him it was no place for the Chief of Staff " Despite his misgivings, Eisenhower wrote the Army's official incident report that endorsed MacArthur's conduct Although the troops were ready, Hoover twice sent instructions to MacArthur not to cross the Anacostia bridge that night, both of which were received  Shortly after 9 pm, MacArthur ordered Miles to cross the bridge and evict the Bonus Army from its encampment in Anacostia  This refusal to follow orders was claimed by MacArthur's assistant chief of staff George Van Horn Moseley  However, MacArthur's aide Dwight Eisenhower, Assistant Secretary of War for Air F  Trubee Davison, and Brigadier General Perry Miles, who commanded the ground forces, all disputed Moseley's claim  They said the two orders were never delivered to MacArthur and they blamed Moseley for refusing to deliver the orders to MacArthur for unknown reasons  The shacks in the Anacostia Camp were then set on fire, although who set them on fire is somewhat unclear 

Aftermath
Joe Angelo, a decorated hero from the war who had saved Patton's life during the Meuse-Argonne offensive on September 26, 1918, approached him the day after to sway him  Patton, however, dismissed him quickly  This episode was said to represent the proverbial essence of the Bonus Army, each man the face of each side: Angelo the dejected loyal soldier; Patton the unmoved government official unconcerned with past loyalties Though the Bonus Army incident did not derail the careers of the military officers involved, it proved politically disastrous for Hoover, and it is considered a contributing factor to his losing the 1932 election in a landslide to Franklin D  Roosevelt Police Superintendent Glassford was not pleased with the decision to have the Army intervene, believing that the police could have handled the situation  He soon resigned as superintendent 
MGM released the movie Gabriel Over the White House in March 1933, the month Roosevelt was sworn in as president  Produced by William Randolph Hearst's Cosmopolitan Pictures, it depicted a fictitious President Hammond who, in the film's opening scenes, refuses to deploy the military against a march of the unemployed and instead creates an "Army of Construction" to work on public works projects until the economy recovers  First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt judged the movie's treatment of veterans superior to Hoover's During the presidential campaign of 1932, Roosevelt had opposed the veterans' bonus demands  A second bonus march planned for the following year in May by the "National Liaison Committee of Washington," disavowed by the previous year's bonus army leadership, demanded that the Federal government provide marchers housing and food during their stay in the capital  Despite his opposition to the marchers' demand for immediate payment of the bonus, Roosevelt greeted them quite differently than Hoover had done   The administration set up a special camp for the marchers at Fort Hunt, Virginia, providing forty field kitchens serving three meals a day, bus transportation to and from the capital, and entertainment in the form of military bands Administration officials, led by presidential confidant Louis Howe, tried to negotiate an end to the protest  Roosevelt arranged for his wife, Eleanor, to visit the site unaccompanied  She lunched with the veterans and listened to them perform songs  She reminisced about her memories of seeing troops off to World War I and welcoming them home  The most that she could offer was a promise of positions in the newly created Civilian Conservation Corps  One veteran commented, "Hoover sent the army, Roosevelt sent his wife " In a press conference following her visit, the First Lady described her reception as courteous and praised the marchers, highlighting how comfortable she felt despite critics of the marchers who described them as communists and criminals On May 11, 1933, Roosevelt issued an executive order allowing the enrollment of 25,000 veterans in the CCC, exempting them from the normal requirement that applicants be unmarried and under the age of 25  Congress, with Democrats holding majorities in both houses, passed the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act in 1936, authorizing the immediate payment of the $2 billion in World War I bonuses, and then overrode Roosevelt's veto of the measure  The House vote was 324 to 61, and the Senate vote was 76 to 19 

In literature
The shootings are depicted in Barbara Kingsolver's novel The Lacuna The Bonus Marchers are detailed in John Ross's novel Unintended Consequences (novel)
A fictionalized version of the Bonus March is depicted in the opening scenes of the 1995 movie In Pursuit of Honor

See also
Coxey's Army
Fry's Army
List of rallies and protest marches in Washington, D C 
List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D C 
On-to-Ottawa Trek by Canadian veterans, 1935
Passage 2:
List of Occupy movement protest locations
The Occupy Wall Street protests, which started in 2011, inspired a wide international response  There have been hundreds of Occupy movement protests worldwide over time, intended and organized as non-violent protest against the wealthy, as well as banking institutions  Months before the Occupy movement began, the Movimiento 15-M planned to hold events in many nations on October 15, 2011   The Occupy movement joined in and also held many events in many nations on that day  A list of proposed events for the 15 October 2011 global protests listed events in 951 cities in 82 countries  Protest camps were built at many of the protest locations, often near banking institutions or stock markets  Many locations had further manifestations at the following weekends until "Guy-Fawkes" day since the Guy Fawkes mask had become protester fashion  Many American Occupy groups were active until 2012, some are still active 
On the one-year anniversary of the Occupy Movement (September 17, 2012), The Guardian published the "Occupy Directory"'s "map of the Occupy world" 

Africa
America
Canada
Latin America
United States
Asia
Europe
Oceania
See also
Other U S  protests

Other international protests

Related articles
Passage 3:
Manjolai Labourers massacre
Manjolai labourers massacre or Thamirabarani massacre of 23 July 1999 was the death of 17 Dalit labourers, including two women and a two-year-old child, when they got into the river to escape Tamil Nadu Police lathi-charge  Public were going in procession to Tirunelveli Collectorate to submit a memorandum demanding wage settlement for the tea plantation workers of Manjolai estate  An altercation between the police and the marchers resulted in a lathi charge by police  When the marchers ran helter-skelter, many fell into the river and died Human Rights Watch condemned the brutal police attack and killing of Dalit tea plantation workers 

Background
On 23 July 1999, a large number of labourers from the Tea estates of Manjolai congregated in Tirunelveli and marched towards the Collectorate demanding the release of a number of estate workers, who were arrested earlier for staging protest demanding better wages  The workers were being paid  70 per Day then and they were demanding the pay to be increased to  100  The workers were also demanding maternity leave, periodical breaks for women during the eight-hour-long duty  They were also opposing the decision of the estate owners to force workers to stay in sheds with poor facilities and deny right to rear cattle or even raise Gardens 
A large contingent of stone throwing and lathi-wielding police brutally assaulted the protesters forcing them to run towards the river  As police continued to chase them to the river, many got into the river and drowned  Justice Mohan Commission that probed into the incident submitted that 11 of the 17 died due to drowning, while rest died due to injuries 
Even now, much of their demands have not been met, but the estate workers have since been kept satisfied with a pay of  138 per Day 

Documentary film
The theme of the incident is the basis for Death of a river (Oru Nathiyin Maranam) a Tamil language documentary film released in 1999  The 59-minute Tamil film is the work of the Kanchanai Film Society, produced and directed by R R Srinivasan 

See also
Paramakudi riots
1957 Ramnad riots
Passage 4:
Pelham Road
Pelham Road, known as Shore Road within the Bronx, is a historic 4 1-mile (6 6 km) east-west arterial road that runs along the Long Island Sound shoreline from Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx through the southern Westchester County, New York communities of New Rochelle and Pelham Manor  The thoroughfare had its beginning as a Native American trail linking the important villages on Davenport Neck to those on Pelham Neck in Pelham  Between these points along the shore line there was an almost continuous chain of small Indian villages and camps  This waterfront area was especially advantageous, with many small coves in secure harbors and protected by adjacent islands and many small streams of water and abundant springs The segment of Pelham Road in Westchester County is internally designated, but not signed, as County Route 65 

History
From early times, the section of the road from New Rochelle to the Pelham Town line was called the "way to Mr  Pell's" and "Road to Pell's Manor"  Once at the Town of Pelham, the road was merely a private way of the Pells' through their Manor  There was little need for a public highway beyond that point for the manor was private property, and was of little importance to New Rochelle settlers who were not tenants of the Lord of the Manor and held their land practically free of all manorial rights The Huguenot settlers of New Rochelle, in laying out their home lots from the Boston Road to the waterfront, crossed the trail with each lot, which was thereby cut into two parts  These lots were largely taken up by settlers interested in commercial enterprises north of the waterfront  Once the present Center Avenue, Drake Avenue and Weyman Avenue were opened to the shore from the Boston Road, public landings were built at their ends along the waterfront  By 1710, there were more than twice the number of houses along the New Rochelle shore as in the central part of the town on the Boston Road, however, the original Indian trail had still not been officially laid out as a road Cooper-shops were put up along the shore and, as other trades increased, the neighborhood became more and more important as a business district  A patent was issued on November 20, 1754, to Samuel Rodman and John Wooley who established a ferry across the Sound to Cow Neck, Long Island and, in 1785, another ferry was established by Richard Sands, both landing adjacent to the Pelham Road  "  From this time on, for a century or more, Pelham Road more than held its own in competition with the Boston Road, although the latter had the advantage of being the through route from New York City to Boston, and was the stagecoach and mail route 
As early as 1829, the steamboat came to Pelham Road as a means of travel  The early boats landed at Town Dock Road, but they were transferred before 1833 to a new dock on Neptune Island, where they continued to land thereafter 
This was followed by the building of the Neptune House hotel on that island in 1837  Before this, a bridge had been erected across Eastchester Bay and a direct road opened connecting with Westchester Village, West Farms, Morrisania and New York City  These added to the importance of the Pelham Road by making it a major through route The opening of the New York and New Haven Railroad in 1849 and the rapid development of traffic by train, rather than by boats or stagecoach, caused Pelham Road to dwindle in significance as a through route for travel  The business that had developed from the early days of the settlement along its route, gradually gave way to the rapid increase along the railroad route and the Boston Turnpike (Main Street) 
After the incorporation of the Village of New Rochelle (1857), the section of the road west of Center Avenue came to be called Pelham Road  In 1886, the New Rochelle and Pelham Railroad (horse-cars), was constructed along Shore Road from Center Avenue to the Neptune House Road, to connect with the ferry to Starin's Glen Island and the Government ferry to Davids Island  In 1898, an electric trolley line was substituted for the horse-cars, coming through Drake Avenue, and the tracks on Pelham Road were removed from Drake Avenue to Center Avenue  In 1928, by action of Westchester County, the road was widened and straightened over its entire length and became a through route for travel between New York City and New England points 

Present day
The irregularly meandering waterfront has been populated from the days of the Siwanoy Indians  Today, it is dotted by a series of water related businesses as well as private homes, and a number of private clubs and marinas  Davenport Neck juts into the Sound at the foot of Franklin Avenue  Once the provenance of the Davenport and Iselin families who maintained spacious estates on the Neck, it was subdivided into building lots, and with the exception of a few historic homes, is essentially a residential neighborhood built during the last third of the Twentieth Century The area directly along Pelham Road is one of the more densely populated residential section of the city consisting of mid-rise apartment buildings, condominiums, and town-home complexes  It is the only major through route in the area and connects the affluent residential communities on Davenport's Neck and along the shore with the Downtown business district and northern New Rochelle 
A number of parks and recreational areas are located here  Glen Island, at the south end of the City, contains Glen Island Park  Neptune Park is located at the foot of Fort Slocum Road on Neptune Island  Hudson Park, and the City's public beach, is located at Bonnefoy Point on the eastern end of Davenport Neck  The New Rochelle Rowing Club and the New Rochelle Municipal Marina are located adjacent to the north side of the park  On Echo Bay, the north end of the shoreline, are Five Islands Park, Clifford Island, Echo Island and Premium Point 
The College of New Rochelle, with its landmark "Castleview", is located in this area as is the late 1800s planned community Residence Park neighborhood 
Passage 5:
Westchester Avenue
Westchester Avenue is a major east-west street in the South and East portions of the Bronx, New York City  It runs from Third Avenue and East 150th Street in the Hub to Pelham Bay Park in the Pelham Bay section  It crosses many neighborhoods of the Bronx, which include Melrose, Longwood, Soundview, Parkchester, and Pelham Bay  Westchester Avenue parallels the Bruckner Expressway until their junction at Pelham Bay Park 
With the exception of 0 5 miles (0 80 km) of its length, Westchester Avenue is underneath elevated tracks of the New York City Subway  The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 and ​5 trains) runs over Westchester Avenue from Brook Avenue to Southern Boulevard and the IRT Pelham Line (6 and <6>​ trains) runs over Westchester Avenue from Whitlock Avenue to its terminus at Pelham Bay Park  The Bx4/Bx4A buses use Westchester Avenue between Bergen Avenue and Parkchester (Bx4A) or Westchester Square (Bx4) while the Bx24 uses Westchester Avenue north of Westchester Square  The Bx8 and Bx27 use the road for short segments 
Passage 6:
Hong Kong 1 July marches
The Hong Kong 1 July protests was an annual protest rally originally held by the Civil Human Rights Front from the day of handover in 1997 on the HKSAR establishment day  However, it was not until 2003 that the march drew large public attention by opposing the legislation of Basic Law Article 23  The 2003 protest, with 500,000 marchers, was the second-largest protest seen in Hong Kong since the 1997 handover Prior to this, only the pro-democracy protest on 21 May 1989 drew more people with 1 5 million marchers in Hong Kong sympathising with the participants of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989  The introduction of Article 23 legislation was left aside due to the protest  Since then, 1 July marches have been organised every year to demand for democracy, universal suffrage, rights of minorities, protection of freedom of speech, and a variety of other political concerns 
In 2019, the anti-extradition bill protest on 16 June broke the record of largest protest in Hong Kong with nearly 2 million marchers  The 1 July march in the same year with 550,000 marchers, was the largest 1 July march In 2020, despite a police ban citing gathering limits during the COVID-19 pandemic, and a dramatically altered legal situation due to the national security law that had come into force only the previous evening, marches with a total of tens of thousands of participants took place in several parts of the city  Police made more than 370 arrests, among which at least ten were on alleged violations of the new law 

1997–2002
After the 1997 handover to 2002, marches were organised annually by the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China   By the end of 2002, the proposed anti-subversion legislation, as required by the Article 23 of the Basic Law, the constitutional document of the territory, sparked off heated debate and opposition  The public was worried civil rights and liberties would be adversely affected  The Civil Human Rights Front was formed by grassroots civil organisations and pro-democracy politicians  A march was held on 15 December 2002 from Victoria Park to the Central Government Offices, with a turnout of 65,000 
The government attempted to pass Article 23 in Legislative Council, tabling the vote for 9 July 2003  The debate continued for months, with the Hong Kong Government refusing to any concessions   The bill eventually led to a series of 1 July marches 

2003
Motivation
The headline theme for the 2003 march was to oppose the anti-subversion Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23   Fear of the loss of freedom of speech along with other freedoms, as well as a general dissatisfaction against the Hong Kong Government prompted a mass protest of hundreds of thousands of people on 1 July 2003  The government attempted to pass Article 23 in Legislative Council, tabling the vote for 9 July 2003  The debate continued for months, with the Government refusing to make any concessions  Other issues include a number of blunders by the Tung Chee Hwa administration adding to people's frustrations, including the "Lexusgate" scandal involving the Financial Secretary Antony Leung and the government's incompetent handling of the SARS health crisis, all against the backdrop of the state of the economy 

Formation
The planners originally wanted all four football courts in Victoria Park, but all courts were booked for a pro-Beijing festival and fair  The organisers originally predicted only 20,000 demonstrators would participate  The actual number ranged from 350,000 (as quoted by the police) to 700,000 (as quoted by protesters) and even 1,000,000 (quoted from a pro-Falun Gong agency)  The generally accepted figure is 500,000, a little less than one tenth the population at the time  Some Christian churches led by Rev  Chu Yiu Ming (朱耀明) of the Baptist Church and Roman Catholics led by Bishop Joseph Zen organised a prayer gathering in Victoria Park before the march which was attended by some 40,000 people  The Civil Human Rights Front was also organised  Members of Falun Gong also took part in the protest, but have been asked by the organisers to march at the end of the rally  The march was originally scheduled to start at 2:30 pm at the football pitch in Victoria Park, arriving at the government headquarter building  Their route stretched from Victoria Park football field through Causeway Bay and Central to the Government's Central offices  Nonetheless, the large numbers meant that people were still starting the march as late as 10 pm 

Aftermath
After half-million people protested against the law, James Tien resigned from the Executive Council to vote against proposals for legislation as required under Article 23 of the Hong Kong Basic Law  The Government then backed down on the proposal because it lacked the necessary votes to pass the legislation after losing the support of Tien's Liberal Party   Afterwards, Regina Ip and Antony Leung resigned, stating "personal reasons" 

2004
The headline theme for 1 July 2004 march was "Striving For Universal Suffrage in '07 & '08 for the chief executive and Legislature respectively (爭取07, 08普選) " As the National People's Congress Standing Committee attempted to modify the Basic Law on 6 April 2004 to deny direct elections for the chief executive in 2007 and the Legislative Council in 2008  There was much criticism as to the slogan for the 2004 protest by some Beijing bureaucrats and pro-Beijing political parties  The phrase "Return power to the people" was particularly inflammatory, because it implied that power was taken away from the people, according to pro-Beijing parties  Some pro-democracy political leaders such as Lau Chin-shek had considered changing the phrase, but many criticised this move as it was seen to be satisfying Beijing  The organisers kept the phrase 

White was the dress code for the day representing the desire for universal suffrage  On the other hand, pro-government groups lobbied the public to wear red (the colour traditionally worn for celebratory occasion in Chinese culture) to take part in a counter-protest they were holding  Despite the dazzling heat, the number of turn out was still very high   Numerous sources debated on the size of the actual turnouts  The organisers, Civil Human Rights Front, estimated that 530,000 took part in the demonstration, surpassing the number from the previous year, while the police set the figure at 200,000  The figures were disputed by many, saying that the number could not have been over 200,000  Dr  P S  Yip Senior Lecturer of the Department of Statistics & Actuarial Science of the University of Hong Kong, suggested that the maximum number of participants could only have been around 192,000  The general acceptance is that the crowd size was smaller than the 2003 crowd 

2005
Following the 2004 protest, the next major event was Tung Chee-hwa's resignation in March 2005   Two protests were held in 2005 including the annual 1 July event and a separate December 2005 protest for democracy   The theme for the march was "Oppose government collusion, striving for universal suffrage (反對官商勾結，爭取全面普選)"  The July protest mostly build its momentum from the 2004 protest with emphasis that a high degree of autonomy is needed along with more democracy   The protest mostly stood up to the National People's Congress Standing Committee for trying to distort the Basic Law again   Further questions were raised regarding maximum working hours, minimum wage, increase of sexual violence, divide between the rich and poor 

2006
The theme for the march in 2006 was "Creating Hopes for Universal Suffrage and Democracy With an Equal and Just Hong Kong (平等公義新香港，民主普選創希望)" 
Not only did she openly support the implementation of universal suffrage in Hong Kong via the mass media, former Chief Secretary Anson Chan also called on Hong Kongers to express their desire by taking to the street  Some saw the move as Chan testing the water, paving way to the next chief executive election  Chan declined to comment until she formally announced that she has no interests in running for chief executive in September 
Like previous years, counter-protest parade was held in the morning while the protest organised by the Civil Human Rights Front started at 15:00 the same day, marching from Victoria Park to Central Government Offices  58,000 people took part in the protest this year, according to the organiser and the demonstration ended at about 19:00 peacefully 

2007
"Achieving Universal Suffrage, Improving Livelihood (爭取普選，改善民生)" was the theme for this year's demonstration  The organiser, Civil Human Rights Front, submitted an application for Notification of Public Procession to the Hong Kong Police (HKP) about twenty days before the march  Prior to the start of the protest, Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Hu Jintao had already left Hong Kong via the Shenzhen bay port The police insisted that the organisers wrapped up the demonstration before 18:30 to facilitate the fireworks display that would take place that night over Victoria Harbour   Displeased with by the limitations and restrictions set by the police, the organisers filed an appeal to the Appeal Board, which ruled on 26 June that the demonstration could last for four hours, from 14 30 to 18:30  Furthermore, the appeal board also required the police to open up all three westbound lanes to marchers   The elder and physically challenged marchers would slack behind at the rally, and restricted the number of wheelchair participants to ten 
Civil Human Rights Front estimated the turn out to be 68,000 while the Hong Kong Police put the figure with those who left from Victoria Park between 14:30 to 16:30 at 20,000  The University of Hong Kong estimated between 29,000 and 35,000 people took place in the demonstration   Organisers suggested an estimate of 58,000 people Cardinal Joseph Zen joined the march for the first time  Former Chief Secretary, Anson Chan has also taken part 

2008
Organisers said more than 40,000 people attended   Police put the starting figure at 13,000 when the march began   One of the issues include Chief executive Donald Tsang, who was under fire for the hiring of his 17 new highly paid appointees   Critics say they were handpicked allies brought in to boost his power base  Protest turnout for the year was expected to be less, with no pressing issues to be resolved 

2009
Pan-democrats had expected at least 100,000 to take the streets for the march  Previously the 20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre at Hong Kong Victoria Park had a large turnout to commemorate the event   Seven different events were expected to attract a total of 130,000 participants, as it was supposed to be the largest number of protests in a single day on Hong Kong island  A "unity parade" was organised by the pro-Beijing camp in the morning at Hong Kong Stadium  This celebrated the 12th anniversary of Hong Kong's return to China since 1997  Xinhua News Agency also set up a website to commemorate the event  The spectacle was matched with stadium performances as well as sports car displays on the streets   Other events include protests by the Alliance of Lehman Brothers victims and one by the handicapped protesting at discrimination  chief executive Donald Tsang led senior government officials at the flag-raising ceremony at Wan Chai Golden Bauhinia Square   The police band followed by a sea parade and fly-past by the disciplined services  The 2009 Hong Kong Broadcasting Authority forum followed on 14 July to talk about broadcast freedom 

2010
Previously the pan-democracy camp was united in their goal to fight for universal suffrage for the city of 7 million people in 2012 and nothing less  After the consultation document for selecting the Chief exec and Legco politicians was passed in late June, there was no more universal suffrage   Instead, Beijing signed an alternative method to choose the CE and Legco politicians  A controversial graffiti incident even took place after the consultations 
The pan-democrat camp was split   Several hundred democratic party members faced verbal abuse throughout the march to the HK government headquarters for selling out to Beijing   Protesters hurling chants of "Shame on you" and "You betrayed Hong Kong people " About 52,000 people took part in the protest  A 2,000-person anniversary parade was organised by opposition pro-government groups  Two weeks after the protests, many have questioned the state of the Democratic party and whether protests are of any use, especially since HK is not a place where citizens make decisions for themselves   Party chairman Albert Ho publicly responded "Even if you replaced Donald Tsang with another chief, you still have to deal with the People's Liberation Army, which is another type of power 

2011
The turnout for the 2011 protest was the highest since 2004  Organisers of the protest claimed a turnout of 218,000 people  There were quite a number of issues  Just two days before the protest, the government led by Stephen Lam tried to pass a bill to no longer allow by-elections, to block any more events similar to the Five Constituencies referendum  There were demands for Donald Tsang to step down, and bring in universal suffrage to both the 2012 chief executive and Legco election There were complaints with land hogging and control by real estate companies  Unionists portrayed real estate tycoon Li Ka-shing as the devil  Other groups carried coffins to represent the small homes poor people live in  Hawkers complained about the high property rent that made it impossible to run their business There were complaints of allowing more women from mainland China to give birth in Hong Kong  There were also people against the introduction of "Patriotic education (國民教育)" in primary and high schools in the special administrative region  Just a few days ago, 22 top HK schools rejected the plan, claiming they were against this type of "brain wash education"  The post-90s generation were quite against this  During the protest about 228 protesters at Connaught Road were arrested On 13 July People Power group led a three-day sit-in to protest against Stephen Lam, the blocking of by-elections and a number of issues   About 1000 people put on handcuffs and surrounded the Legco building 3 times to protest police actions from 1 July march   Hundreds of people also threw paper aeroplanes at the Legco building with political messages 

2012
The 2012 protest on 1 July was the largest yet, with activists claiming 400,000 took part and police claiming 63,000 took part, both of which would have been the largest attendance at 1 July protests  These protests coincided with the 15th anniversary of the handover of Hong Kong attended by CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao and his swearing in of new chief executive CY Leung, who is alleged to be a closet member of the Chinese Communist Party, and has conflicts of interests over his business interests and has had unauthorised building work at his home In addition, the widening gap between the rich and poor, with 20% of the city living in poverty, an influx of mothers from Mainland China, continued denial of universal suffrage to all individuals and suppression of freedom of speech in the Mainland featured in the protests According to the University of Hong Kong, only 34% of locals said they are proud of being Chinese citizens, the lowest figure since 2001  Many protesters waved the British Hong Kong flag, showing resentment of the post-handover situation Following the protests, a human rights group based in the city, the Chinese People's Rights Alliance claimed that disguised mainland Chinese security police followed and harassed them   It also alleged that several mainlander protesters have gone missing once returning home to Mainland China 

2013
The 1 July protest in 2013 focused on universal suffrage and other major issues  The Civil Human Rights Front, organiser of the annual march, said 430,000 people took part on Monday, compared to 400,000 last year  But police said just 35,500 left Victoria Park and 66,000 participated at its peak  The University of Hong Kong's public opinion programme estimated 93,000 took part 

2014
Before the protests, a white paper by the Chinese government proclaimed that Hong Kong does not enjoy full autonomy, and that Hong Kong's high degree of autonomy was granted by the Chinese government  The departure in wording from emphasising the high degree of autonomy guaranteed by the Hong Kong Basic Law sparked controversy that the Chinese government was suggesting it could intervene in Hong Kong affairs, in effect redefining one country, two systems  The Hong Kong government earlier promised to residents that they will be able to vote for their new chief executive in the upcoming 2017 election, but it has been feared that the final process will favour candidates approved by Beijing 
On 1 July 2014, organisers said over 500,000 protesters marched along the streets of Hong Kong, while city officials estimated 100,000  A police force of around 5000 officers was present during the protest, and over 500 demonstrators were arrested for illegal assembly during a sit-in protest that followed on 2 July and disrupting traffic in Chater Road 

2015
On 1 July, approximately 48,000 protesters marched to mark an anniversary of the British 1997 turnover of Hong Kong to China  The protesters call for "full democracy" and Leung Chun-ying's resignation as the city's leader  This protest had one of the lowest turnout in recent years, due to it being held after the veto of the 2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform  The reform consultation process had sparked massive protests and widespread civil disobedience movements, including the Umbrella Revolution, and organisers of the 2015 July 1 March recognised that many democratically minded people preferred to rest after the controversial reform package had been stopped 

2016
Organisers claim that around 110,000 people turned up to protest for various causes, but police claimed 19,300 joined the protest rally 

2017
Organisers claim that around 66,000 people turned up to protest for various causes, but police claimed 14,500 joined the protest rally 

2018
Organisers claim that around 50,000 people turned up to protest for various causes, but police claimed 9,800 joined the protest rally 

2019
The 1 July marches coincided with the ongoing anti-extradition bill protests  Organisers claim that around 550,000 people turned up to protest, a record breaking turnout as the organisers claimed  However, police claimed 190,000 joined the protest rally  Researchers combining artificial intelligence and statistical counting techniques reported an initial count of 265,000 people marched, and an adjusted total of 276,970 was published a peer-reviewed journal  Independent polling organisation, PORI, estimated attendance at 260,000  Reuters counted the number of protestors at one location over 15-minute periods during the march and came to an estimate of 227,000 people in total Before the march, youths had begun besieging the Legislative Council building  The march was later diverted to Chater Road in Central due to the people amassed in front of the Legislative Council At around 9 pm local time, hundreds of protesters stormed the legislature after breaking through the glass walls and metal doors of the building  Protesters caused extensive damage by ransacking the premises, damaging portraits of former pro-Beijing presidents of the Legislative Council, and smashing furniture  Protesters spray-painted slogans, hung up signs and erected barricades  The police started using tear gas to disperse protesters around the LegCo at 12:05 am, and reached the building 15 minutes later By early 5 July, there had been at least 66 arrests and first formal charges laid in connection with the incident 

2020
Despite a ban from the police, tens of thousands of protesters showed up alongside heavy police presence in Causeway Bay, Wan Chai, and Tin Hau, and lingered in the area for almost six hours to voice their objection against the newly implemented national security law  The police responded by deploying water cannon at journalists and protesters and dispersed many tear gas and pepper balls  A journalist was knocked down by a police water cannon truck  Police made more than 370 arrests, among which at least ten were due to alleged violation of the new law 

2021 and demise
The streets of Hong Kong were subdued on 1 July 2021, as the former British colony marked the anniversary of its handover to Chinese sovereignty 24 years ago  The date, which this year coincided with celebrations on the mainland for the 100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, is usually a time of protest in Hong Kong  But this year, police cited pandemic concerns as they denied applications to hold a proposed march against "political suppression," and some 10,000 officers were deployed across Hong Kong to prevent unauthorised protests 

See also
Politics of Hong Kong
List of politics-related topics
Hong Kong new year marches
20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
2014 Hong Kong protests
Memorials for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
Passage 7:
Nichidatsu Fujii's movement
In 1981, Nichidatsu Fujii dispatched his followers to march and chant around the globe in support of the U N  2nd  special session for disarmament  In the U S , marchers began in New Orleans, Los Angeles and San Francisco, and in Canada, marchers began in Montreal and Toronto  The San Francisco March began on Oct  21, 1981 with a ceremony on Alcatraz  13 marchers, being Buddhist followers of Nipponzan-Myōhōji, Native Americans, U S  and German citizens, began the S F  march  marching about 20 mile per day they were hosted each night by community groups in every town and on Native reservations  many mayors and town councils made proclamations and such honoring the peace and disarmament marchers  Over the course of the march citizens were moved to join  By the time they arrived in Chicago the S F  marchers numbered about 30  In May 1982 the group of about 40 marchers from Toronto joined the S F  group in Buffalo N Y  at the International Peace Bridge doubling the size of the group  Through the state of N Y  10 to 20 people joined the march daily  When the S F  group walked across the George Washington Bridge they numbered about 300  The groups on other march routes also grew over the 7 months  On June 12, 1982, in Central Park Nipponzan-Myōhōji marchers from the U S A , Europe, Africa, and Asia, joined with mobilization for survival organizers and religious and peace groups from around the world in a peaceful demonstration for disarmament of many million people 
Passage 8:
Pelham, New York
Pelham  is a suburban town in Westchester County, approximately 10 miles northeast of Midtown Manhattan  As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 13,078, an increase from the 2010 census    Historically, Pelham was composed of five villages and became known as "the Pelhams"  Pelham currently contains two independently incorporated villages: the Villages of Pelham and Pelham Manor Approximately 28 minutes away from Grand Central Terminal by the Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line, Pelham is home to many New York City commuters and has an active social community for its residents  The Bronx–Whitestone Bridge is approximately 8 5 miles (13 7 km) south of the town  It is also 13 miles (21 km) northeast of LaGuardia Airport and 19 5 miles (31 4 km) north of John F  Kennedy International Airport 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2 4 square miles (6 2 km2)  It is directly north of the New York City borough of the Bronx, and borders Eastchester, New Rochelle, and Mount Vernon 

History
In 1654, Thomas Pell bought the area within the present-day town from the Siwanoy Indians  He named his manor "Pelham" in honor of his tutor, Pelham Burton The Town of Pelham was part of Westchester County when it was established by the post-Revolution New York State legislature in 1788  It included all of City Island and present-day Pelham Bay Park east of the Hutchinson River  In 1889, the town was incorporated at its current boundaries  In 1891, the village of Pelham Manor incorporated  In 1896, the village of North Pelham and the village of Pelham incorporated  In 1975, the villages of North Pelham and Pelham merged, forming the present village of Pelham The Village of Pelham and the Village of Pelham Manor share several services such as school and recreational activities   There is a grassroots movement to continue the consolidation of services in order to reduce taxes  Given the differences in debt levels, tax rates, population and tax base such a consolidation has been opposed by many Pelham Manor residents  Such a merger is unlikely under current conditions 
For many years after 1916, Pelham was the headquarters of the Sanborn Map Company, which produced Sanborn maps 
The Pelham Picture House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 The book, The Haunted History of Pelham, New York, documents the history of Pelham and the region, including ghost stories 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,107 people, 4,149 households and 3,190 families residing in the town  The population density was 5,523 4 people per square mile (2,132 6 people/km2)  There were 4,246 housing units at an average density of 1,976 4 per square mile (763 1/km2) 
The racial makeup of the town was 87 33% White, 4 57% Black or African American, 0 08% Native American, 3 96% Asian, 1 82% from other races and 2 23% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 6 02% of the population 
There were 4,149 households, out of which 41 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64 4% were married couples living together, 9 7% had a female householder with no husband present and 23 1% were non-families  19 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 86 and the average family size was 3 31 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 28 6% under the age of 18, 5 1% from 18 to 24, 28 3% from 25 to 44, 25 1% from 45 to 64 and 12 9% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 4 males 
For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86 9 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $91,810 and the median income for a family was $112,339  Males had a median income of $74,760 versus $46,086 for females  The per capita income for the town was $51,548  About 2 2% of families and 3 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4 3% of those under age 18 and 3 2% of those age 65 or over 

Economy
Major employers in Pelham include Pico Electronics, Barksdale Home Care Services Corp , Pelham Public Schools, the New York Athletic Club, and the De Cicco & Sons grocery  Other companies based in Pelham include Archie Comics 

Climate
Education
Pelham is home to four elementary schools (two located in each village), one middle school, and one high school  The elementary schools are Hutchinson, Colonial, Siwanoy, and Prospect Hill  Pelham Middle School and Pelham Memorial High School gather students for all of Pelham  These are all part of the Pelham Union Free School District  There are also several private and religious based schools  Since 1948, New York City has paid the district to educate children who live in Bronx Manor, as doing so is less expensive than sending school buses there 

Fire department
The Village of Pelham Fire Department has 10 firefighters and five lieutenants, using one fire station  The fleet has two engines, one ladder, one utility unit, and a command vehicle  The Pelham Fire Department responds to approximately 800 emergency calls annually 

Religion
St  Catharine's Catholic Church
St  Catharine's was originally a mission church of St Gabriel's parish in New Rochelle  In July 1896 a frame church was built in the newly incorporated village of Pelham on land donated by Mr  and Mrs  Patrick Farrell  In December 1897 St  Catharine's became a separate parish with Rev  Francis P  McNichol as first pastor  A school was established in 1904, staffed by the Sisters of St  Francis  At the end of the school year in 1983 St  Catharine's School closed bringing to an end 75 years of Catholic education in the parish  The school building was converted to a Parish Center to provide space for Religious Education classes, parish activities and groups to meet  A new church was dedicated in 1909 In 1936 W  T  Grant, who owned a chain of five-and-ten cent stores, gave property in Pelham Manor to St  Catharine's to serve as a separate “mission”  The mission evolved to become Our Lady of Perpetual Help parish, with its own church building  In 2014 it was announced that the two parishes would merge, with the newer, larger Our Lady of Perpetual Help building designated as the parish church  However, St  Catharine's Church in the Village of Pelham was retained as a worship center 

Transportation
The Bee-Line Bus System provides bus service to Pelham On Amtrak, Pelham is located closest to the New Rochelle station ("NRO") on the Northeast Corridor  On Metro-North Railroad, the Pelham station is within Fare Zone 12 on the New Haven Line  Pelham is also about 28 minutes from Grand Central Terminal 

Notable people
Nancy Allen, New York Philharmonic harpist
Liborio Bellomo, boss of the Genovese crime family
Alessandra Biaggi (born 1986), New York State Senator
Nick Bollettieri (1931-2022), tennis coach
Charles Lewis Bowman, architect, designed nine homes
Felix Cavaliere (born 1942), musician- founder of The Young Rascals
Antonio Ciacca, jazz pianist, composer and conductor
Joseph Cross, Hollywood actor, starred in films such as Jack Frost, Milk, and Lincoln
Tony DeMeo, retired college football coach, author, and motivational speaker
Kate Douglass, 2020 Tokyo Olympics swimmer, bronze medal winner
Brett Gardner (born 1983), Major League Baseball player
C  P  H  Gilbert, architect best known for designing townhouses and mansions, retired in Pelham Manor at his home on 216 Townsend Avenue
Herman 'Jackrabbit' Smith-Johannsen (1875-1987), Norwegian credited for introducing cross-country skiing to North America
Mary Lorson, musician
Richard Rood (born 1955), Grammy Award-winning violinist
Clinton Roosevelt (1804–1898), politician and inventor
Ethel Schwabacher (1903—1984), abstract expressionist painter
Michael Schwerner (1939-1964), civil rights worker murdered by the Ku Klux Klan while helping African-Americans register to vote in Mississippi
Gary Scott (born 1968), Major League Baseball player
Gene Stone (born 1951), writer and editor
James M  Stone, Founder, Chairman, and CEO, Plymouth Rock Assurance
Dame Nita Barrow, Ambassador to the United Nations for Barbados

Image gallery
Passage 9:
Pelham D  Glassford
Pelham Davis Glassford (August 8, 1883 – August 9, 1959) was a United States Army officer who attained the rank of brigadier general during World War I  He later served as Superintendent of the District of Columbia Police Department, and was in large measure held responsible for the violence that ended the 1932 Bonus Army protests 
The son of a career Army officer, Glassford graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1904 and was commissioned in the Field Artillery  His early assignments included the 1st Field Artillery Regiment at Fort Riley, the West Point faculty and 1st Field Artillery postings to the Philippines and Hawaii  In 1916 and 1917 he served with the 5th Field Artillery during the Pancho Villa Expedition 
During World War I, Glassford directed two artillery schools in France, commanded a Field Artillery regiment, and then commanded a Field Artillery brigade  He was promoted to brigadier general in 1918, and was the Army’s youngest general officer at the time 
After the war, Glassford commanded a Field Artillery Brigade in the Army of Occupation  He also graduated from the Army War College, served in several staff and faculty assignments, and commanded the 1st Field Artillery Regiment  He retired from the Army in 1931 
Following his military retirement, Glassford was Superintendent of the District of Columbia Police, a position he resigned because of disagreement over the actions taken against the Bonus Army in 1932  He subsequently served briefly as chief of police in Phoenix, and was a federal labor-management mediator in California  During World War II, Glassford returned to active duty and served for nearly two years in the office of the Provost Marshal General 
In his later years, Glassford’s hobbies included painting; he created landscapes and seascapes in watercolors   His works continue to be exhibited, and are bought and sold by collectors 
Glassford died in California in 1959  He was buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery 

Early life
Glassford was born in Las Vegas, New Mexico on August 8, 1883, the son of Allie (Seymour) Glassford and Army officer William A  Glassford (1853–1931)   He graduated from West Point in 1904 ranked 18th of 124 graduates, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant of Field Artillery 

Start of career
After his initial service at Fort Riley, Kansas, in 1907 Glassford was promoted to first lieutenant and graduated from the Mounted Service School   He was then posted to West Point to serve on the faculty as an instructor in the department of drawing From 1911 to 1913, Glassford served in the Philippines with the 1st Field Artillery Regiment   In 1913 he was assigned to Hawaii with the 1st Field Artillery, and in 1914 he was promoted to captain In 1916 and 1917, Glassford served on the US-Mexico border with the 5th Field Artillery during the Pancho Villa Expedition   At the start of World War I, he was promoted to major and assigned as adjutant of the 5th Field Artillery during its premobilization training 

World War I
Upon arrival in France with his regiment, Glassford was promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel and assigned as secretary of the Field Artillery School of Instruction in Saumur   He was subsequently assigned as director of the I Corps field artillery school   In early 1918, Glassford returned to the Saumur school as commandant, and he served until he was promoted to temporary colonel and named commander of the 103rd Field Artillery Regiment in June Glassford commanded the 103rd Field Artillery until August, and took part in several battles, including Xivray-et-Marvoisin, the Second Battle of the Marne, the Battle of Château-Thierry, and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive   He was wounded in September, but continued in command In October, Glassford was promoted to temporary brigadier general and assigned to command the 51st Field Artillery Brigade, 26th Division; at the time of this promotion, he was the youngest general officer in the Army   During the war, Glassford became known for riding a motorcycle between his subordinate units so he could perform reconnaissance and conduct command and control based on personal observations rather than reports to a command post   Glassford trained his brigade to become proficient in the technique of reloading on a cannon's recoil; while this practice posed risk to crew members who might be injured by the moving recoil mechanism, it enabled 26th Division artillery crews to shoot so fast that German soldiers were convinced the Americans had automatic fire artillery pieces 

Post-World War I
Glassford commanded the 51st Field Artillery Brigade until February 1919, when he was assigned to command the 152nd Field Artillery Brigade, a unit of the 77th Division   He returned to the United States with his brigade in July, reverted to his permanent rank of major, and was assigned to the office of the Chief of Field Artillery   Later that year he was assigned to the faculty of the General Service Schools at Ft  Leavenworth In 1924, Glassford graduated from the Army War College, after which he remained at the school to serve on the faculty   In 1927 and 1928, Glassford commanded the 1st Field Artillery Regiment at Fort Sill Glassford subsequently returned to the War Department staff and served as chief of the Mobilization Branch in the Operations and Training Division  He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1928   Glassford retired in July 1931, and his rank of brigadier general was restored at his retirement as the result of a 1930 law which enabled World War I generals to retire at the highest rank they had held During his career, Glassford was known for his out of the ordinary excursions into fields outside the Army   He would frequently save his military leave, and then use it in large blocs to take long motorcycle trips or work in jobs that were atypical for a military professional, which included circus barker and newspaper reporter 

Later career
Washington, DC police chief
In November 1931, Glassford was appointed Superintendent of the District of Columbia’s Metropolitan Police Department   Known for his sense of humor, when queried by a reporter as to his qualifications for the job, Glassford quipped: "Well, I've been arrested   Once for driving through a red light and once for speeding on a motorcycle "  His tenure was most notable for the Summer 1932 response to the Bonus Army, World War I veterans who converged on Washington during the Great Depression to advocate for early payment of bonuses that were scheduled to be paid in 1945 Members of the Bonus Army established encampments in and around the District of Columbia   Glassford worked to accommodate them, visiting their leaders daily by motorcycle to help maintain order, and arranging for volunteers to provide medical care, as well as donations of food, clothing, tents, and other supplies   Favorable Congressional action was not forthcoming, and many Bonus Army members accepted the government's offer of free transportation home   President Herbert Hoover ordered the remaining veterans to be removed, by force if necessary   Glassford managed to obtain a six day extension before enforcement, hoping to persuade the Bonus Army members to depart voluntarily   On July 28, U S  Attorney General William D  Mitchell ordered the veterans who remained to be removed from government property   Glassford’s police began to execute the order; they were met with resistance, and during an exchange of shots, two veterans were wounded and later died After the shooting, President Herbert Hoover ordered the Army to force the veterans' out of the Washington area   General Douglas MacArthur, the Chief of Staff of the Army, took personal command of infantry and cavalry units, which were supported by six tanks  The Army forcibly ejected the Bonus Army members, and wives and children who had accompanied some of them were also forced to leave   The Army then burned the campsites Glassford had established a positive relationship with leaders of the Bonus Army, and disagreed with Hoover and Mitchell about the need to eject the members and destroy the campsites   He also disagreed with the need to use Army troops against the Bonus Army, which brought him into conflict with other members of the police department leadership   When Glassford was unable to name appointees who agreed with his policies, he submitted his own resignation, and left the police department in December 1932 

Move to Arizona
Glassford retired to a farm near Phoenix   He mounted a brief run for governor of Arizona in 1934, and also that year accepted a federal appointment to mediate labor-management disputes between workers and owners of lettuce and cantaloupe farms in Imperial Valley, California   Faced with workers striking in an effort to obtain better pay and working conditions, conservative farm owners resorted to violence, spying on attorneys sent to California to aid the workers, and propaganda asserting that the strike was communist-inspired   Though Glassford was initially sympathetic to the farm owners, their tactics caused him to come down on the side of the workers 

Phoenix police chief
In March 1936, Glassford was hired to serve as chief of the Phoenix Police Department for 90 days   The temporary appointment came with a mandate to reorganize and reform the department to end corruption and outside political influence, and restore morale   He left the position on May 1, when a new mayor and city council took office and decided on a different reorganization plan   In September 1936, Glassford was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination in Arizona's 1st congressional district 

World War II
In March 1942, Glassford was recalled to active duty for World War II and assigned to duty as internal security director in the office of the Provost Marshal General   He retired again in December 1943 

Awards
Glassford was a recipient of the Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Star, Legion of Merit, and Purple Heart 

Career as artist
Glassford was an artist; among friends in the military, he was well known for his paintings of fireplace screens   After his military retirement, he worked primarily in watercolors; his second wife and he resided in Laguna Beach, California, and many of Glassford’s paintings depicted scenes of Newport Beach, Balboa Harbor and other areas of the southern California coast 

Death and burial
Glassford died in Laguna Beach on August 9, 1959   He was buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego 

Family
In 1908, Glassford married Cora Carleton (1887–1958), the daughter of US Army General Guy Carleton (1857–1946)   They were the parents of four children: Guy Carleton (1908–1974), Cora Elizabeth (Mrs  Lee Parke) (1910–1986), Pelham Davis (1911–1992), and Dorothy Seymour (Mrs  William Graham) (1913–1977) The Glassfords divorced in 1932  In 1934, Pelham Glassford married Lucille Painter (1906–1957) Glassford’s brother William A  Glassford, was a graduate of the United States Naval Academy who attained the rank of vice admiral before retiring in 1946 

Biography
Cora Carleton Glassford prepared a biography of her husband, One Life is Not Enough, the manuscript for which is part of the Cora Carleton Glassford Papers   Cora Carleton Glassford's papers are included in the collections of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas Library 

Dates of rank



ground_truth: PewDiePie

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How many marchers were in the protest that Pelham D. Glassford ended? 

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  The historic beverage comes served in an ice-frosted silver julep cup  However, most Churchill Downs patrons sip theirs from souvenir glasses (first offered in 1939 and available in revised form each year since) printed with all previous Derby winners  Also, burgoo, a thick stew of beef, chicken, pork, and vegetables, is a popular Kentucky dish served at the Derby 
The infield—a spectator area inside the track—offers general admission prices but little chance of seeing much of the race, particularly before the jumbotron installation in 2014  Instead, revelers show up in the infield to party with abandon  By contrast, "Millionaire's Row" refers to the expensive box seats that attract the rich, the famous and the well-connected  Women appear in elegant outfits lavishly accessorized with large, elaborate hats  Following the Call to the Post played on bugle by Steve Buttleman, as the horses start to parade before the grandstands, the University of Louisville Cardinal Marching Band plays Stephen Foster's "My Old Kentucky Home"  This song is a tradition which began in 1921  The event attracts spectators from a large area, flying in hundreds of private aircraft to Louisville International Airport The Derby is frequently referred to as "The Run for the Roses", because a lush blanket of 554 red roses is awarded to the Kentucky Derby winner each year  The tradition originated in 1883 when New York City socialite E  Berry Wall presented roses to ladies at a post-Derby party  The Churchill Downs founder and president, Col  M  Lewis Clark, attended that event  This gesture is believed to have led Clark to the idea of making the rose the race's official flower  However, it was not until 1896 that any recorded account referred to draping roses on the Derby winner  The Governor of Kentucky and the Chairman of Churchill Downs Incorporated present the garland and the Kentucky Derby Trophy to the winner  Pop vocalist Dan Fogelberg composed the song "Run for the Roses", released in time for the 1980 running of the race 

Riders Up!
"Riders Up!" is the traditional command from the Paddock Judge for jockeys to mount their horses in advance of the upcoming race  Since 2012, a dignitary or celebrity attendee recites this phrase 

Festival
In the weeks preceding the race, numerous activities took place for the Kentucky Derby Festival  Thunder Over Louisville—an airshow and fireworks display—generally begins the festivities in earnest two weeks before the Derby 

Derby Galas
A number of galas are held to celebrate the Kentucky Derby leading up to Derby day itself including one of the oldest, ongoing galas called Barnstable Brown  Funds raised at Barnstable Brown support the Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center at the University of Kentucky 
 

Records
Horse records
Secretariat set the record for speed in 1973 with a time of 1:59 4  During its first two decades when the Derby was run at 1+1⁄2 miles, and the record was 2:34 5, set by Spokane in 1889 
The largest margin of victory is 8 lengths, a feat tied by four different horses: Old Rosebud in 1914, Johnstown in 1939, Whirlaway in 1941, and Assault in 1946 
The highest odds of a winning horse were 91 to 1 for Donerail in 1913  The second-highest odds occurred in 2022, when Rich Strike went off at 80 to 1 and won the race 
Three horses have won the Kentucky Derby without competing as a two-year-old: Apollo (1882), Justify (2018), and Mage (2023) 

Jockey records
107 jockeys have won the Kentucky Derby, with 27 doing so multiple times  Isaac Murphy (1890–91), Jimmy Winkfield (1901–02), Ron Turcotte (1972–73), Eddie Delahoussaye (1982–83), Calvin Borel (2009–10), and Victor Espinoza (2014–15) are the only jockeys to win the Derby in back-to-back years  Borel is the only jockey with three wins in a four-year span (2007, '09, '10) 

Trainer records
116 trainers have won the Kentucky Derby, with 19 doing so multiple times  Six trainers have won the Derby in back-to-back years: Herbert J  Thompson (1932–33), Ben Jones (1948–49), Jimmy Jones (1957–58), Lucien Laurin (1972–73), D  Wayne Lukas (1995–96), and Bob Baffert (1997–98) 

Owner Records
Seventeen owners have won the Kentucky Derby multiple times with horses they fully or partially owned 

* Partnered with other entities in an ownership group for one or more winning horses 

"Oaks/Derby Double"
Jockeys, trainers, and owners competing in the Kentucky Derby often will compete in the Kentucky Oaks, a race for fillies held the day before the Derby  Winning both these races in the same year is referred to as an "Oaks/Derby Double;" 7 jockeys, 3 trainers, and 4 owners have accomplished this feat:

*Until the 1950s, the Oaks was held several days or weeks after the Derby 

Winners
Triple Crown winners are in bold and highlighted with gold 

Notes# Designates a filly 
† Designates a horse that won American Horse of the Year in the same year they won the Derby 
‡ Designates a horse that was inducted in subsequent years into the National Racing Hall of Fame 

Sire lines
Winners of the Kentucky Derby can be connected to each other due to the practice of arranging horse breeding based on their previous success  All of the horses can be traced back to the three foundational sires, with Godolphin Arabian the ancestor of 7 winners, Byerley Turk the ancestor of 11 winners, and Darley Arabian is the ancestor of 130 winners, including all winners since 1938 

Darley Arabian line
The Darley Arabian (1700c) sire line (all branched through the Eclipse (1764) line) produced 131 Derby winners (123 colts, 5 geldings, 3 fillies), including all winners from 1938 to present  The main branches of this sire line are:

The King Fergus (1775) branch (all branched through the Voltigeur (1847) line), produced 14 winners  His sire line continued primarily through his son Vedette (1854) with 12 winners, due to his sons Speculum (1865) with 6 winners (nearly exclusively through Sundridge (1898) with 5 winners, most recently Count Turf in 1951) and Galopin (1872) with 6 winners (exclusively through St  Simon (1881), most recently Go For Gin in 1994) 
The Potoooooooo (1773) branch produced 117 winners (all branched through the Waxy (1790) line), including all winners from 1995 to present  The primary branch of this sire line is through Whalebone (1807), which has produced 112 winners  In turn, the primary branch continues through Sir Hercules (1826), which has produced 90 winners (including all winners since 2006), and then the Birdcatcher (1833) branch which produced 78 winners  From Birdcatcher, the branch of The Baron (1842) has produced 68 winners, of which 66 winners trace to Stockwell (1849)  Stockwell's son Doncaster (1870) sired Bend Or (1877), whose sire line accounts for 64 winners  The main branch of the Bend Or sire line continued through his son Bona Vista (1889) with 55 winners, exclusively through the Phalaris (1913) line, which has dominated in the last several decades (including all winners from 2006 to present) through the following sons:The Pharamond (1925) branch (4 winners all through the Tom Fool (1949) line, most recently Silver Charm in 1997) 
The Sickle (1924) branch, which has produced all winners from 2022 to present (24 winners all branched through the Native Dancer (1950) line, nearly exclusively through Raise a Native (1961) with 23 winners, continued primarily through Mr Prospector (1970) with 16 winners (including all winners since 2022) through 8 different sons: Fusaichi Pegasus, winner of the 2000 Kentucky Derby, and 7 other sons through their progeny (most recently Mage in 2023, with his son Fappiano (1977) accounting for 6 winners (most recently Always Dreaming in 2017)) 
The Pharos (1920) branch (27 winners all branched through the Nearco (1935) line, through his sons Royal Charger (1942), Nearctic (1954), and Nasrullah (1940))  The Royal Charger branch produced 5 winners (most recently Barbaro in 2006), the Nearctic branch produced 8 winners, exclusively through his son Northern Dancer (1961) with his win in the 1964 Kentucky Derby, and direct male progeny of 7 winners (most recently Mandaloun in 2021), while the Nasrullah branch produced 14 winners (most recently Nyquist in 2016) primarily due to his son Bold Ruler (1954) with 10 winners (most recently California Chrome in 2014) 
Special notes:
The Waxy (1790) branch produced two main lines: the primary branch of Whalebone (1807), and the secondary branch of Whisker (1812) which produced 5 winners (exclusively through the King Tom (1851) line), most recently 1909 Kentucky Derby winner Wintergreen 
An offshoot of the Whalebone (1807) branch, the Camel (1822) branch (18 winners exclusively through the Touchstone (1831) line), produced 2005 Kentucky Derby winner Giacomo through his grandson Orlando's (1841) branch  Since then, each winner of the Kentucky Derby has gone through Whalebone's more frequent sire line branch of Sir Herecules (1826)  The Orlando branch (6 winners exclusively through the Himyar (1875) line) is the less common of the two branches derived through Camel  Orlando's brother Newminster (1848) produced 12 winners (primarily through the Hyperion (1930) line with 8 winners), most recently Chateaugay in 1963 
The Sir Hercules (1826) branch produced two main lines: the primary branch of Birdcatcher (1833), and the secondary branch of Faugh-a-Ballagh (1841) which produced 12 winners (exclusively through the Leamington (1853) line), most recently 1908 Kentucky Derby winner Stone Street 
The Birdcatcher (1833) branch produced two main lines: the primary branch of The Baron (1842), and the secondary branch of Oxford (1857) which produced 10 winners (primarily through the Swynford (1907) line with 8 winners), most recently 1965 Kentucky Derby winner Lucky Debonair 
The Bend Or (1877) branch produced two main lines: the primary branch of Bona Vista (1889), and the secondary branch of Ormonde (1883) which produced 8 winners (exclusively through the Teddy (1913) line), most recently 1957 Kentucky Derby winner Iron Liege 

Byerley Turk line
The Byerley Turk (1680c) sire line produced 11 winners (8 colts, 3 geldings)  The main branches of this sire (all branched through the Herod (1758) line) are:

The Highflyer (1774) branch produced 1 winner, most recently Macbeth II in 1888 
The Florizel (1768) branch produced 3 winners (all branched through the Lexington (1850) line), most recently Manuel in 1899 
The Woodpecker (1773) branch produced 7 winners (all branched through the Buzzard (1787) line)  The main branches of this sire line are:
The Castrel (1801) branch produced 1 winner, most recently Kingman in 1891 
The Selim (1802) branch produced 6 winners (all branched through the Glencoe (1831) line)  The main branches of this sire line are:
The Star Davis (1849) branch produced 1 winner, most recently Day Star in 1878 
The Vandal (1850) branch produced 5 winners (all branched through the Virgil (1864) line), most recently Alan-a-Dale in 1902 

Godolphin Arabian line
the Godolphin Arabian (1724c) sire line produced 7 winners (6 colts, 1 gelding)  The main branches of this sire (all branched through the West Australian (1850) line) are:
the Solon (1861) branch produced 3 winners, including:
the Barcaldine (1878) branch produced 1 winner, most recently Omar Khayyam in 1917
the Arbitrator (1874) branch produced 2 winners (all branched through The Finn (1912) line), most recently Flying Ebony in 1925
the Australian (1858) branch produced 4 winners, including:
Baden-Baden (1874), winner of the 1877 Kentucky Derby
the Waverly (1870) branch produced 1 winner, most recently Montrose in 1887
the Spendthrift (1876) branch produced 2 winners (all branched through the Man o' War (1917) line), most recently War Admiral in 1937

Kentucky Derby winners with male-line descendants including other Kentucky Derby winners
Northern Dancer (1964 winner) – 7 colts; most recently Mandaloun (2021)
Ben Brush (1896 winner) - 3 winners (2 colts, 1 filly); most recently Whiskery (1927)
Seattle Slew (1977 winner) – 3 colts; most recently California Chrome (2014)
Unbridled (1990 winner) – 3 winners (2 colts, 1 gelding); most recently American Pharoah (2015)
Hindoo (1881 winner) – 2 colts; most recently Alan-a-Dale (1902)
Bold Venture (1936 winner) – 2 colts; most recently Middleground (1950)
Reigh Count (1928 winner) – 2 colts; most recently Count Turf (1951)
Pensive (1944 winner) – 2 colts; most recently Needles (1956)
Majestic Prince (1969 winner) – 2 colts; most recently Super Saver (2010)
Halma (1895 winner) – 1 colt; Alan-a-Dale (1902)
Leonatus (1883 winner) – 1 colt; Pink Star (1907)
Bubbling Over (1926 winner) – 1 colt; Burgoo King (1932)
Gallant Fox (1930 winner) – 1 colt; Omaha (1935)
Count Fleet (1943 winner) – 1 colt; Count Turf (1951)
Ponder (1949 winner) – 1 colt; Needles (1956)
Determine (1954 winner) – 1 colt; Decidedly (1962)
Swaps (1955 winner) – 1 colt; Chateaugay (1963)
Grindstone (1996 winner) – 1 gelding; Mine That Bird (2009)

See also
Kentucky Oaks
Kentucky Derby Festival
American thoroughbred racing top attended events
Kentucky Derby top four finishers
List of graded stakes at Churchill Downs
"The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved", a seminal example of New Journalism by Hunter S  Thompson
Triple Crown Productions
Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing
Grand Slam of Thoroughbred Racing
List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area
Derby Pie
List of Kentucky Derby broadcasters
Passage 6:
Claiming race
In Thoroughbred racing, a claiming race is a type of horse race in which the horses are all for sale at a specified claiming price until shortly before the race  In the hierarchy of horse races, based on the quality of the horses that compete, claiming races are at the bottom, below maiden races (races for horses that have never won a race)  In most race tracks in the United States, most of the races are claiming races  For example in Kentucky in 1999, 54% of all races run were claiming races, but had only 20% of the purse dollar value, the lowest average purse among race types The mechanics of claiming vary based on jurisdiction but in most cases almost anyone, or possibly anyone who is licensed to own racehorses, may claim  For example, the Illinois Racing Board stipulates that any horse may be claimed for its entered price by any licensed owner or agent or anyone who has filed an application and been granted a claiming license  Title to the horse typically transfers just before the start of the race, but the previous owner is entitled to the purse, if any, that results from the horse's performance in the race  Usually related parties such as the trainer or employees, or relatives, are prohibited from claiming, as are reciprocal agreements between owners to "protect" each other's horses  If a horse is purchased, a track official tags it (often with a red tag) after the race, and it goes to its new owner, assuming the new owner had sufficient funds on deposit Claiming races have claim amounts which vary, and higher amounts tend to have richer purses  The intent of this is to even the race; if a better-than-class horse is entered (with the expectation of an easy purse win), it might be lost for the claiming price, which is likely less than the horse is worth  Someone may wish to claim a horse if they think the horse has not been trained to its fullest potential under another trainer 
Claiming races serve several purposes  They are a quality classification, as well as a way of ensuring racing outcomes are less predictable, which in turn increases the handle, or amount of parimutuel betting, and a way to bring liquidity to the racehorse marketplace  Although many horses never rise above claiming races, some do  For example Stymie, a USD 1500 claimer, went on to earn over 900,000 USD, winning many storied grade 1 stakes and handicap races in the 1940s  General Quarters, a USD 20,000 claimer, won the grade 1 Blue Grass Stakes and ran in the 2009 Kentucky Derby  Make A Stand, claimed for £8,000 in 1995, won the 1997 Champion Hurdle   In 2018,  Maximum Security won a claiming race, but was not claimed, and went on to run in the 2019 Kentucky Derby, and initially appeared to win, but was disqualified for interfering with other horses  The 2022 Kentucky Derby winner Rich Strike was purchased in a claiming race for $30,000, was entered into the Derby only after Ethereal Road was scratched, and won at 80-1 odds 
Passage 7:
Miss Preakness Stakes
The Miss Preakness Stakes is a Grade III American Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-old fillies over a distance of six furlongs on the dirt held annually run on Black-Eyed Susan Stakes Day at the Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland as a stakes feature of the undercard  The event offers a purse of $150,000 added 

History
The race was first carded in its inaugural running in 1986  It became graded for the first time in 2002 by the American Graded Stakes Committee  The race was simply called the Miss Preakness Stakes from 1986 through 2003  The race was renamed with sponsorship in 2004 to the "Adena Stallions Miss Preakness Stakes" 

Sponsorship
From 2015 to 2019 the event was sponsored by Adena Springs, a breeding operation owned by Magna Entertainment Corporation Chairman, Frank Stronach  Adena Stallions' are the breeding stock stallions at Adena Springs including: Ghostzapper, Macho Uno, Giacomo, Congaree, Awesome Again and Touch Gold in Midway, Kentucky  Adena Springs stallions standing in Ocala, Florida includes Red Bullet, Milwaukee Brew, and Alphabet Soup   Adena Springs has donated a 2017 no guarantee breeding season to point of entry for the winning entry 

Records
Speed record:  

1:07 70 – Covfefe (2019)Margins: 

8+1⁄2 lengths – Covfefe (2019)Most wins by a jockey:

4 – Chris McCarron     (1986, 1987, 1988 & 1990)Most wins by a trainer:

3 – D  Wayne Lukas    (1995, 1998, & 2007)
3 – Todd Pletcher   (2000, 2011, 2016)Most wins by an owner:

no owner has won this race more than once 

Winners of The Miss Preakness Stakes
See also
Black-Eyed Susan Stakes
List of American and Canadian Graded races
List of graded stakes at Pimlico Race Course
Miss Preakness Stakes "top three finishers" and starters
Pimlico Race Course
Preakness Stakes
Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association
Passage 8:
Alysheba Stakes
The Alysheba Stakes is a Grade II American Thoroughbred horse race for horses aged three and older  over a distance of 1+1⁄16 miles on the dirt held annually in early May on the Kentucky Oaks day meeting at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky  during the spring meeting 

History
The Alysheba became the most recent addition to the Derby Week stakes with the inaugural running on 30 April 2004 as the sixth race on the undercard of the Kentucky Oaks day meeting  It was the first stakes to join the Derby Week lineup since 1997 
The event is named for the talented 1987 Kentucky Derby winner and United States Racing Hall of Fame inductee,  Alysheba, who returned to the Downs in 1988 to win the Breeders' Cup Classic  His victory marked the first time a Derby winner had returned to Churchill to win a stakes since Whirlaway took the 1942 Clark Handicap The event received graded status in 2007 and was upgrade to Grade II in 2012 The 2012 winner Successful Dan broke the track record for the distance which to date still holds 

Records
Speed record1+1⁄16 miles:  1:41 04 -  Successful Dan   (2012)Margins6 lengths - Take Charge Indy (2013)Most wins by a jockey3 - John Velazquez    (2004, 2005, 2015)Most wins by a trainer2 - Todd Pletcher (2005, 2015)
2 - Bob Baffert (2011, 2019)

Winners
See also
List of American and Canadian Graded races
Passage 9:
Jim McKay Turf Sprint
The Jim McKay Turf Sprint is a Listed American Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-olds and up over a distance of five furlongs on the turf held  as part of the undercard for the Black-Eyed Susan Stakes annually during the third week of May at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland    The race offers a purse of $100,000 The Jim McKay Turf Sprint is the lead off leg of the Mid Atlantic Thoroughbred Championships Sprint Turf Division or MATCh Races   MATCh is a series of five races in five separate thoroughbred divisions run throughout four Mid-Atlantic States including; Pimlico Race Course and Laurel Park Racecourse in Maryland; Delaware Park Racetrack in Delaware; Parx, Philadelphia Park and Presque Isle Downs in Pennsylvania and Monmouth Park in New Jersey 

Race name
The race was named in honor of James Kenneth McManus (1921-2008), better known by his professional name of Jim McKay, was an American television sports journalist  McKay is best known for hosting ABC's Wide World of Sports (1961–1998)  McKay covered a wide variety of special events, including horse races such as the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes, golf events such as the British Open, and the Indianapolis 500 

History
The Jim McKay Turf Sprint was first run in 2006 as the Baltimore Breeders' Cup Turf Sprint  In 2007, it ran as the Baltimore City Turf Sprint and in 2008 the race was known as the Old Mutual Turf Sprint  The stakes record is held by Heros Reward, who won the race in 2007 in a time of :55 90 over five furlongs 

Records
Speed record: 

5 furlongs - 55 4/5 - Hero's Reward  (2007)Most wins by a horse:

5 - Ben's Cat (2011, 2013, 2014, 2015 & 2016)Most wins by a jockey:

3 - Julian Pimentel (2013, 2014 & 2015)Most wins by a trainer:

5 - King T  Leatherbury  (2011, 2013, 2014, 2015 & 2016)Most wins by an owner:

5 - The Jim Stable    (2011, 2013, 2014, 2015 & 2016)

Winners of the Jim McKay Turf Sprint since 2006
See also
Jim McKay Turf Sprint top three finishers
Pimlico Race Course
List of graded stakes at Pimlico Race Course
Passage 10:
Horse Racing (video game)
Horse Racing is an equestrian video game released by Mattel Electronics for its Intellivision video game console in 1980   Although primarily a sports video game, Horse Racing received Mattel's "Gaming Network" branding, due to its pari-mutuel betting on horses during the game 
The game houses 8 virtual Thoroughbred race horses residing in the fictional Rainbow Thoroughbred Stables at a fictional western Kentucky race track called Plympton Downs (based loosely on long-time sportscaster/Intellivision sales personality George Plimpton)   Each of the horses have differing racing abilities (front runner, pace keeper, come from behind,    ), and do vary from game time to game time (a horse with come from behind traits during one match may have front runner abilities during the next match)   These horses are known by their colors (instead of their post position numbers—unlike in regular horse racing) 
Horse Racing was also released by Sears for their Intellivision private-label clone, the Super Video Arcade 

Gameplay
In Intellivision's original Horse Racing game, 6 players (bettors) begin each of the 10 races on the simulated match program by checking out the race program screen; 4 horses are entered for each race, with bettors starting out with a $750 simulated bankroll   For each of the 4 horses entered into a race, the odds—along with past performances—are listed (accessed by a side action button during placing bets)   Each bettor then keys in his/her player number (from 1 to 6 on the keypad), enters a bet pay amount against 
his/her bankroll, then—places the bet (of a win or exacta only—by pressing [9] on the keypad) on his/her selection of horse(s)   After all bets are made, a keypad press of [0] then [ENTER] starts the race 
The call to the post then plays   After a brief silence, the starting gate opens up, and 4 Thoroughbred horses run away from the gate   During the actual race, the disk/joystick is used to move a horse along, while the side action buttons perform either of 2 functions (top to coax a horse along, bottom to whip it)   Each race takes place on any of 3 different types of track:  dry, turf (grass), or muddy; additionally, the races run in length from 3 to 10 furlongs   After the horses cross the finish line, the results are shown on the tote board as colorful horse heads (reading from right to left in finishing order), along with the elapsed time of the race   The play screen then switches to the bet placing screen for the next race; after the full 10-race match program has run, a final GAME OVER screen shows up, with the bettors' final bankroll amounts 
The track is horizontally scrolling, with its color changing according to the racing surface (khaki for dry, pine green for turf, and brown for muddy)  A 4-stall starting gate with the horses loaded therein is shown at the start of each race   The cheering crowd fanfare sound is played as the horses cross the finish line 

The Rainbow Thoroughbred Stables
The RTS is a fictional stable in where the race horses featured in the game are housed   Each horse has differing abilities and personalities   These are referred to by their colors (unlike in actual horse races where they would get entrant post position numbers in relation to the inner rail)   These are assigned a button on the keypad as follows:

[1] PINK — Pink Lady
[2] RED — Red Devil
[3] ORANGE — Sun Shine Shake
[4] YELLOW — Gold Torts
[5] GREEN — Green Goblin
[6] BLUE — Blue Boy
[7] VIOLET (PURPLE) — Grape Ghost
[8] WHITE — Snowy GuyOn the original prototype ROM, there was a BLACK horse called Black Maurauder; however, he got dropped from the original release of the game, and got replaced by Snowy Guy 

Legacy
Horse Racing is included in the Intellivision Lives! game collection 



ground_truth: 43,000 marchers