prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Baraki Barak District is situated in the western part of a province whose capital is what?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Baraki Barak airstrike
The Baraki Barak airstrike was a coalition airstrike that occurred on August 26, 2011, in Eastern Afghanistan  Six Afghan civilians from the same family were killed in the air strike in the Baraki Barak district of Logar province, Afghanistan  Four insurgents and three Afghan army members were also killed Logar provincial police chief Ghulam Sakhi Rogh Lewani said the operation had targeted a Taliban commander, Qari Hijran, who had a bounty on his head  The top official in the district, Mohammad Rahim Amin, claimed that the incident occurred when a local teacher provided shelter for the commander in his home 
Passage 2:
Baraki Barak District
Baraki Barak District (Persian: ولسوالی برکی برک ; Pashto: برکي برک ولسوالۍ) is situated in the western part of Logar Province, Afghanistan  It borders Wardak Province to the west and northwest, Puli Alam District to the north and east and Kharwar and Charkh districts to the south  The district's population is around 101,000(2006) with a majority of over 90% Tajiks  The district center is the town of Baraki Barak - the former provincial capital, located in the northern part of the district in the valley of the Logar River  Baraki Rajan is another important town of this district which lies 4 km away from district center  The district is named after the historical Ormur tribe, also locally known as Baraki 

Politics and security
During the Soviet-Afghan War, the Soviet forces perpetrated the Baraki Barak massacre in September 1984 The Baraki Barak District Sub-Governor is Mohammad Rahim "Amin"   Mr  Rahim replaced Yasin Lodin in January 2010 Mr  Rahim called the first Shura for his newly elected District Community Council (DCC) in February 2010   The 45 member council consists of elected representatives from the five sub-districts of Baraki Barak, religious leaders and five female representatives   The DCC is sub-divided into three sectors: Security, Rule of Law and Development    The female representatives will serve in the Development Sector   According to the Afghanistan Social Outreach Program (ASOP), the community councils will also "strengthen security by fostering community solidarity, provide a forum for conflict resolution and provide quality assurance for sustainable development projects "
The 8 March marked the first time International Women's Day (IWD) was celebrated in Baraki Barak District   76 burqa clad women began arriving at the District Center as early as 08:30   General Khatol Mohammadzai was the keynote speaker at the ceremony and the only female General in the Afghan National Army (ANA)   General Mohammadzai is also the only woman to be airborne qualified with more than 500 free and competition parachute jumps   General Mohammadzai spoke about the equality of men and women and expressed her hope that other women might follow in her footsteps and also fight for Afghanistan's future by joining the ANA    The General is also an accomplished poet and has written poetry that proclaims the importance of women   General Mohammadzai's poems condemn discrimination and harsh treatment of women   Other speakers included Sub-Governor Rahim Amin and a female member of the Afghan Parliament – Dr  Shakila Hashimi   Upon completion of the ceremony General Khatol Mohammadzai assisted in distributing humanitarian assistance to every woman attending the ceremony 
On 27 October 2009 the Baraki Barak District Center officially opened  The district center houses offices for the district sub-governor, the local mayor and three judges who handle everything from land disputes to criminal issues On 22 November 2009 it was reported that several militants were detained in both the village of Kashimiri Bala and Ebrahim Kheyl in an attempt to locate a Taliban weapons facilitator actively operating in the area On 23 November 2009 it was reported that a government employee was abducted in the district According to some reports, as of 1 December 2009, insurgent activity has gone down as much as 80% since the summer of 2009 in the district capital although this could be attributed to the arrival of the winter months  The 2009 Afghan "surge" was stated to have created a security bubble for the district capital, covering about half of the district's population  However the increase in aid and US troops to the region has caused additional problems, as more civilians are targeted by the Taliban for co-operating with the government and foreign forces 
In 2008 the area experienced an influx of anti-government forces into the district  Around the beginning of 2009, no American troops were located in this district, a fact which has changed significantly as of the end of the same year as the new "Ink Spot" strategy was implemented in the area  As of 1 December 2009, at least 150 American troops from the 10th Mountain Division were located in the district, among others  Furthermore, attacks are down approximately 50% and thousands of refugees have begun to return to the area 

See also
Districts of Afghanistan
Passage 3:
Baraki Barak
Barakī Barak (Dari/Pashto/Ormuri: برکی برک) is a town and the center of Baraki Barak District, Logar Province, Afghanistan  It was also the former capital of Logar Province  The town is in a mountainous area in the valley of the Logar River  The main road Ghazni-Kabul passes about 20 km to the West of the town  The town is named after the historical Ormur tribe, also locally known as Baraki 

Ethnography
Baraki Barak has historically been home to the Ormur tribe, also known as "Burki" or "Baraki", and to other Pashtuns and Tajiks  The town is named after the Baraki people, some of whom still speak the Ormuri (Baraki) language; they live to the northwest and west of the town, and also inside the town 

See also
Kaniguram
Baraki Rajan
Passage 4:
Lunda Norte Province
Lunda Norte (English: North Lunda) is a province of Angola  It has an area of 103,760 km² and a population of 862,566  Angola's first President, Agostino Neto, made Lucapa the provincial capital after independence, but the capital was later moved to Dundo  The province borders the Democratic Republic of Congo in the northeast and Lunda Sul in the south  The province is rich in gold and diamonds, but remains vastly underdeveloped and impoverished  UNITA used the money generated from the sale of diamonds to fund war efforts  Cuango River valley, the richest diamond area of Angola is located in the province  Mining is done by notable companies like DeBeers and Endiama  The Lunda province whose capital was Saurimo was created by the Portuguese colonial empire on July 13, 1895  It was divided into Lunda-Sul and Lunda-Norte subdivisions through a constitution act in 1978 by the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) government  Iron and manganese mining are also important economic activities  It is well known for its sculptures  The most notable one is The Thinker (O Pensador), a sculpture of a man holding his head  It is rich in terms of flora and fauna Lunda Norte is populated by Chokwe, Lunda, and other ethnical groups  Ernesto Muangala is the current governor of the province  Lino dos Santos, Deolinda Odia Paulo Satula Vilarinho and Ângêlica Nené Curita Ihungo are the deputy governors for Technical and Infrastructure Services, Economic Sector Area and Political and Social Sector Area respectively  An ethnographic museum located in the province is visited by many tourists  During the Angolan Civil War (1975-2002) many civilians were killed in the clashes between National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and Angolan Armed Forces (FAA)  Diamond mining operations were also affected  Many landmines laid during the civil war are still present in the province  Leprosy and Elephantiasis are major disease which affect the province 

Municipalities
The province of Lunda Norte contains ten municipalities (Portuguese: municípios):

Capenda-Camulemba (Capemba-Camulemba)
Cambulo (Caumbo)
Caungula
Chitato (Tchitato)
Cuango
Cuilo
Lóvua
Lubalo
Lucapa
Shah-Muteba

Communes
The province of Lunda Norte contains the following communes (Portuguese: comunas); sorted by their respective municipalities:

Capemba-Camulemba Municipality: – Capenda-Camulemba, Xinge
Cambulo Municipality: – Cachimo, Cambulo, Canzar, Luia
Caungula Municipality: – Camaxilo, Caungula
Chitato Municipality: – Dundo-Chitato, Luachimo
Cuango Municipality: – Cuango, Luremo
Cuilo Municipality: – Caluango, Cuilo
Lóvua Municipality: – Lóvua
Lubalo Municipality: – Luangue, Lubalo, Muvulege (Muvuluege)
Lucapa Municipality: – Camissombo, Capaia, Lucapa, Xa–Cassau (Shah-Cassau)
Xá-Muteba Municipality: –  Cassanje-Calucala, Iongo, Xá-Muteba (Shah-Muteba)

List of governors of Lunda Norte
Up to 1991, the official name was Provincial Commissioner 
Passage 5:
Mahsud
The Mahsud or Mehsood (Pashto: محسود), also spelled Maseed (Pashto: ماسيد), is a Karlani Pashtun tribe inhabiting mostly the South Waziristan Agency in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan, now merged within Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan A minor number of Maseed  are settled in the Logar Province of Afghanistan, especially in Charkh District, Baraki barak and Muhammad Agha, but also in Wardak, Ghazni and Kunduz Provinces 
The Maseeds inhabit the center and north of South Waziristan valley, surrounded on three sides by the Darweshkhel Wazirs, and being shut off by the Bettanis Pashtun tribe on the east from the Derajat and Bannu districts 
Two Pashtun tribes, the Ahmadzai Wazirs and the Maseeds (Mahsuds), inhabit and dominate South Waziristan  Within the heart of Maseed territory in South Waziristan lies the influential Ormur (Burki) tribe's stronghold of Kaniguram The Ormurs are considered by other tribes of South Waziristan to be close brethren of the Maseeds due to marital and other ties and the fact that the Ormurs have lived in and controlled Kaniguram for over a thousand years  There are also some Maseeds living in the UAE, Germany and the United Kingdom 
The Maseeds  usually pronounce their name Māsīd  They are divided into three great clans or subtribes, namely Alizai, Bahlolzai, and Shamankhel   Maseeds usually call these Drei Māsīd, meaning the "Three Maseeds"  Each tribe has his own Khan In the words of Sir Olaf Caroe, who acted as the former governor of the British Indian Frontier, "The Maseed tribe are a people who can never even think of submitting to a foreign power "  From 1860 to 1937, the English forces repeatedly attacked Maseed positions, but never got a foothold in the area 

History
The Maseeds  originally lived in the centre of Waziristan  area of FATA  In the later 14th century, they migrated eastwards, and fell into dispute with the Bannuchi and Khattak tribes settled in the Shawal area  The Maseeds and the Wazirs succeeded in defeating the Khattaks and pushed them northeastwards towards Bannu and Kohat  Eventually, the Mahsuds settled at the center of Waziristan, in the Makeen, Kaniguram and Lada area During the British colonial period, the Maseeds were invaded several times by the British Empire, in 1860, 1881, 1894–95, 1900–01, 1919–20 and in 1925's Pink's War 

Primary locations
The Maseed tribe inhabits a large portion of the center of Waziristan, which is drained by the Tank Zam and Shahur Rivers  The Maseed territory is a rough triangle between Jandola, the hills north of Razmak, and from Shuidar to Janimela, north of Wana  No portion of their territory touches the "settled" districts, and the tribe is surrounded on the north and west by the Wazirs, on the east by the Bhittanis, and on the south by the Wazirs and Shranis 
With the exception of a few Shabi Khel in the Bannu District, some land near Gumal in the Tank Tehsil, and the colonies at Chark and elsewhere in the Logar Valley in Afghanistan, none of the Maseed own land outside of South Waziristan Agency  To escape the severe cold in the higher hills during the winter, a large number move down to the lower valleys but always keep within the Maseed territorial limits  Many of these people live in caves or tents 
"South Waziristan is mountainous with several high peaks; Pirghal, for example, being 11,600 feet  The Gomal is the main river, in addition to which there are many hill torrents, which…remain dry for most of the year "
The mountains and valleys geographically isolate the Maseed from large scale movements of invaders and provide excellent opportunities to conduct effective ambushes on enemies 
The cave villages along the Shahur River near Barwand and along the Split Toi provide excellent hiding places and defensive positions 

Culture
It is a tribal society having its own subculture  Nearly all Mehsud  follow Islamic traditions, celebrate the same holidays, dress the same, consume the same food, listen to the same music and are multi-lingual to a certain extent  In the southern and eastern region,  Mehsuds live in accordance with the Pashtun culture and are usually bilingual in maseedwola  also known as maseedo 

Migratory patterns
Many Maseed inhabit in the lower valleys during the winter  They return to family compounds at higher elevations during the summer 

Key terrain features
Valleys: Makeen, Wacha Khwara, Ladha, Baddar, Darra Algad, Khaisara, Mastang, Shaktu, Sheranna, Split Toi, Tak Zam
Plains: Razmak Malik Allah Neer:velleys Kotkai
Mountains: Kundeygaar, Pre Ghal, Spin Ghar, Spinkamar
Rivers: Tak Zam, Gomal, Shahur, Shinkai Toi, Baddar Toi, Split Toi, Lower Khaisara Toi, Tauda China, Kundygar, Osspass, Karrama, Torwam, Thangi Parkhai

Climate
The climate in the region is hot in summer, with high temperatures around 110 degrees Fahrenheit, and cool in winter, with low temperatures around 35 degrees Fahrenheit  There is modest rainfall in July and August and in January and February 

Recent history
On many occasions the Afghan throne was saved with the help of the Maseed (like general Ramzan Khan Maseed Shamankhel, Shabaram Khan Machikhel, Bakhan Maseed, Mosa Khan Maseed, Miajee Maseed, Jagar Maseed etc ), Burki/Baraki, and Wazirs from Waziristan, Pakistan  Of those who fought during this time, most came back to their homeland, but those who stayed were given high ranks of office, such as Faiz Muhammad Maseed, who was appointed as an interior minister during the Reign of Daud Khan in the 1970s 
Today the majority of Maseeds are still in Logar Province, with the title of Waziri, but by caste, they are Maseeds  The majority of these are with a sub-caste of Malik Denai, Dramankel, Faridi, Shamirai شمیرائی, Shabi khel, etc  When the Soviet–Afghan War started, some of these families came back to Waziristan but could not stay there, so they moved to cities like Peshawar and Karachi  Some of them stayed in Waziristan and D I  Khan  The Maseed helped in  defeating the British invading troops and saved Afghanistan, they contributed a lot because Afghanistan was nearly in the hands of British 

John Ayde described the Maseeds:
They are poor but brave… and although turbulent and difficult to deal with, still have a great love of their country and cherish their independence, possessing qualities that we admire ourselves, and which deserve consideration and respect 
Maseed are very good marksmen and have the reputation of trustworthiness  Maseed is the most independent of all the tribes  Even their own maliks have a very limited control over them  However, Maseed have been increasingly integrated within Pakistani society since independence 

Sir Olaf Caroe in his book published just after partition of the British India about Mahsuds

They hold aloof, and are continually engaged in aggressive warfare against their Wazir cousins, at whose expense they have encroached to acquire new lands  And to those who know both tribes, they present a different appearance  Pass along a road which is being used by babirs, or caravans, of these tribes- men, and it is not so hard to distinguish one from the other, not by his dress, for that is much the same, but by something indefinable in his air and carriage  The nearest I can get to it is to liken the Mahsud to a wolf, the Wazir to a panther  Both are splendid creatures; the panther is slier, sleeker and has more grace, the wolf-pack is more purposeful, more united and more dangerous 

The Saintly Poet of the East (Dr  Allama Iqbal) has  also prayed for the dominant tribes of Waziristan

Sher Shah Suri has so well said:
The distinction of tribes is the cause of all ruin 
Waziris and Mahsuds are names dearest to heart;
Alas! They feel no pride in being Afghans 
The Muslims of the mountains are divided into thousand tribes,
And every tribe has its own idol 
The same sanctuary is filled with Lat and Manat;
May God grant you power to break them all 
                                                         Zarb-e-Kaleem (Iqbal)

In 1850, Lewat's tribesmen the Great Baromi's (Shabi Khel) defeated 3,000 British troops with only 300 fighters, using guerrilla tactics by attacking the British in the Valley of Bobar (Waziristan) from all sides with outdated rifles and swords  This attack demoralized the British and made them fearful of the Maseeds  Survivors of this attack reported that the sight of the Maseed tribesmen charging at them (with loud roars and wearing long hair and beards like Lions) affected them mentally In 1860, three thousand Maseed tribesmen attacked the British regiment base in Tank (present South Waziristan)  The British struggled to defeat them In 1897, Mujahed tribesmen again stood up against the British all the way from Quetta kakar, and the British experienced difficulty when engaging them  It was during this time that the name of Mulla Powinda [Jagar Draman Khil][Miajee] [Laly Malik Denai] [Mulla ShaSaleem kaka] emerged  Powindah comes from the Pashto language, meaning "nomad" 
Day after day, Mulla Powinda grew more popular and famous  His right hand mulla Shasaleem Kaka Machikhel was popular among Wazirs and Maseed tribe  He emerged as a legendary figure among the people of the region and beyond  There was even a time the British considered him to be the sole leader of the Waziristan country  His followers would sporadically kill individual British officers   However, the British were not able to capture the attackers, who would return to their mountain hideouts  All attempts to stop these attacks were unsuccessful In 1907, the Wazir and Maseed tribesmen were blocked from entry into any government-controlled territory  Economic sanctions were imposed, blocking even basic amenities, such as food and medicine  The British commander of that time blockaded the areas of Makeen and Kaniguram  Various areas were searched to arrest Mulla Powinda without success  The British thought that the tribesmen were receiving weapons by sea, from the coast of Balochistan and responded by creating check posts, but no weapons were confiscated 
Mulla Powindah died in 1913  It could be said that he was the crownless emperor of one of the most fearsome of the Pashtun Tribes, the Maseeds  Upon his death, his son Shah Fazal Din was given leadership and his son-in-law, Mulla Abdul Hakeem Kakar, was appointed his adviser  They have good relations with Amir Abdul Rahman Khan, the Amir of Afghanistan When World War I started in 1915, the British were concerned that they would be engaged in battle on more than one front  This was a threat to their safety and economy, so they decided to close those fronts of lesser significance  They abandoned their ‘Forward Policy’ for the time being and sent a message of friendship and peace to the tribes  The tribes did not trust the British and rejected these peace proposals  Instead, the Maseed assembled a militia to attack the British 
By this time, the British had established an air force in the subcontinent, which was used to harass the tribesmen, and as a result the tribe's hatred of the British increased  As a result of their suffering, they were bent upon taking revenge, and hence their morale increased  A series of attacks were made by the Maseeds, inflicting heavy losses on the enemy  The attack on the Marhatta Regiment resulted in the deaths of hundreds of sepoys and five British Officers  In the attack on the Punjab Regiment, the Maseed warriors slaughtered everyone  The aerial bombardments had inflicted significant losses on the tribesmen, but they were content that they were also doing well and had killed around 250 of the enemy forces 
After the end of World War I, the British returned to Waziristan  This time, they built roads and forts throughout the land  The sophistication and constant patrols of the British Air Force helped create a secure atmosphere for their ground troops  With this sense of security, the British Army constructed a road from Jandola to Ladha  At Razmak, they constructed a cantonment for their army officers and soldiers 
By 1922–23, all the British forces had moved from Wana to Razmak  They had constructed an airport there and instead of flying all the way from India, their aircraft would fly from Razmak Airport and bomb the countryside  Because of this, the countryside of Makeen was totally devastated  The Maseed deemed it appropriate at this time to agree to a ceasefire because this new British tactic was inflicting widespread losses on their side  The ceasefire, they imagined, would also enable them to devise a strategy for countering the latest British advances 
In 1925, the Royal Air Force successfully put down a Maseed rebellion by strafing the tribes' mountain strongholds   The action, which came to be known as Pink's War led to the tribal leaders seeking peace terms In 1927 Ghazi Ramadan Khan Mahsud attacked Wana camp with a huge lashkar (tribal militia)   The result was a big loss for the British army  In 1928 Ghazi Ramadan Khan Mahsud  re-assembled his lashkar again for his next attack, on Sararogha Fort  This time he attacked with a powerful force, killed all of the defending soldiers (numbering 300) and took hold of the Fort 

Lashkar invasion of Kashmir
Immediately after Pakistan came into existence, Maseeds raised a tribal militia under Gaideen Khan Abdullai which entered Kashmir to help the newly created state Pakistan to capture Kashmir  They quickly reached Baramulla town, instead of pressing on to the capital, Srinagar, to seize Kashmir completely A large number of tribals from Pakistan attacked Kashmir under the code name "Operation Gulmarg" to seize Kashmir  The invading tribals started moving along Rawalpindi-Murree-Muzaffarabad-Baramulla Road on 22 October 1947 with Muzaffarabad fell on 24 October 1947  They reached and captured Baramulla on 25 October 1947 

Culture
Pir Roshan is the first person who founded the Pashto alphabet  He was born in Kanygram of Waziristan  The Roshani Ghorzang was one of the great revolutions in the land of Pshtonkhwa  Mula Shasleem kaka, Mula Pawenda Maseed and Haji Mirza Ali Khan Fight several years for the unity of both side Pashtons 

Jarga
Maseed have a Maseed Jarga for large problems  The Jarga is a tribal assembly of elders which takes decisions by consensus, particularly among the Pashtun people 

Music and Attan
Attan, is the famous dance of Maseed tribe  Dhol is also widely used in Waziristan 

Mehsud Sub-tribes
Like other Pashtun tribes, the Mehsud tribe also has its own individual subtribes and clans:

Shaman Khel
Alizai
BahlolzaiThese subtribes are then divided into more clans amongst themselves 

Notable Mahsuds
Abdullah Mehsud
Alamzaib Mahsud
Baitullah Mehsud
Hakimullah Mehsud
Jamal Malyar Maseed
Kamal Mahsud
Manzoor Pashteen
Mulla Powinda
Naqeebullah Mehsud
Noor Wali Mehsud
Said Alam Mahsud
Salahuddin Khan Mehsud
Zaman Mehsud

See also
Pashtun culture#Mahsud Attan (dance)
Pashtun Tahafuz Movement
Passage 6:
Kathiawar Agency
The Kathiawar Agency, on the Kathiawar peninsula in the western part of the Indian subcontinent, was a political unit of some 200 small princely states under the suzerainty of the Bombay Presidency of British India The agency's headquarters were at Rajkot, the town where the Political Agent used to reside  He reported to the Political Department office at Bombay, Bombay Presidency 

History
The agency was formed in 1822, after the princely states in the area became British protectorates 
The region was severely affected by the famine of 1899–1900  Between 1891 and 1901, the population of the states covered by the Agency decreased by 15 per cent, largely due to the results of the famine On 10 October 1924, the agency was abolished and merged into the Western India States Agency, which had three subdivisions:
Eastern Kathiawar Agency (from 1926 onwards)
Western Kathiawar Agency (from 1926 onwards)
Sabar Kantha Agency (merged with Eastern Kathiawar Agency on 1 September 1943) including Banas Kantha Agency (former Palanpur Agency)

Princely states
There were altogether 193 states of varying size and importance, of which fourteen exercised independent jurisdiction, while the rest were to varying degrees under British administration  The eight states of the first class were Bhavnagar State, Dhrangadhra State, Gondal State, Jafarabad State, Junagadh State, Morvi State, Nawanagar State, and Porbandar State  The agency covered an area of 20,882 square miles (54,080 km2), and in 1901 the population was 2,329,196  The headquarters of the political agent (who oversaw the affairs of the princely states on behalf of the Governor-General) was at Rajkot, in the centre of the peninsula; this was also the site of the Rajkumar College, Rajkot, where many of the sons of the rulers were educated  There was a similar school for girasias, or chiefs of lower rank, at Gondal 
The estimated gross revenue of the several states was 1,278,000 rupees in 1911; total tribute (payable to the British, the Gaekwar of Baroda and the nawab of Junagadh), was 70,000 rupees   An excellent system of metre-gauge railways was built at the cost of the leading states  Maritime trade was also very active, the chief ports being Porbandar, Mangrol and Veraval  In 1903–1904 the total seaborne exports were valued at 1,300,000 rupees, and the imports at 1,120,000 

See also
Western India States Agency
Passage 7:
Baraki Rajan
Baraki Rajan (Dari/Pashtun: برکی راجان) is a town within the Baraki Barak District of Logar Province, Afghanistan  Baraki Rajan lies approximately 3 km south of the town of Baraki Barak, the capital of the Baraki Barak District  Baraki Rajan is the location of the largest bazaar in the Baraki Barak District, with over 1,200 shops and businesses, with a 50+ bed hospital near the town center, making Baraki Rajan an important center for commerce within the District 
The population of mainly Tajiks  and Pashtuns is estimated at 15,000 people  The town is named after the historical Ormur tribe, also locally known as Baraki 

History
Baraki Rajan experienced some of the heaviest clashes between the Soviet forces and Afghan Mujaheddin fighters throughout the Soviet–Afghan War  Baraki Rajan based Mujaheddin would launch attacks on Soviet convoys traveling on the nearby Kabul-Gardez and Kabul-Kandahar highways, which would result in harsh reprisals from the Soviet military  Throughout the Soviet–Afghan War, the area remained an active battle ground between the Mujaheddin and the Soviet military and the Soviet-backed military of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 
According to a report by a Swedish committee in July 1982, in a massive operation by Soviet forces in Baraki Rajan, numerous war crimes were committed  In a three-day-long operation, villages were bombed, shops burnt and hundreds of people, including 208 resistance fighters and 25 children, were killed  Following this operation, Soviet-backed government control was never restored, not only in Baraki Rajan but the entire Baraki Barak District Various Mujahideen groups were active in the area with Jamiat-e Islami being the most prominent and influential in the District 

Economy
The economy of Baraki Rajan, much like the rest of Baraki Barak district is heavily dependent on agriculture  Farmers grow wheat, grains, fruits and vegetables, utilizing deep-well and canal-flood irrigation techniques  Animal husbandry is another prominent source of income for individuals in the district, who raise sheep, cattle and goats  The town center has many businesses which support the local populace, including a large textile bazaar, bakeries, groceries, mechanic shops, electronic stores, hardware stores and medical and dental facilities 

Current security situation
Baraki Rajan sits on a faultline between ethnic Tajiks and Pashtuns  There are also political factions active in the area, notably Jamiat-e-Islami and Hizb-e-Islami, with histories of mutual antagonism dating back to the Afghan civil war of the early 1990s 
Local criminal gangs have also used the instability to align themselves with the Taliban  As government power in Baraki Rejan failed late 2008, Taliban-allied men from the Pashtun village of Shahmazar to the South of Baraki Rajan began preying on the area  "They walked around with weapons robbing the people," said one, who blamed Shahmazar gunmen for the attack
As a major center of commerce and culture within the Baraki Barak district, ISAF and Afghan forces stationed in nearby Baraki Barak since late 2008 have made Baraki Rajan a major focus of their counter-insurgency efforts, and Baraki Rajan has seen an increased security element stationed in Afghan National Army and Afghan National P
Passage 8:
Logar Province
Logar (Dari: لوگر, lit  'greater mountain'; Pashto: لوې غر) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan located in the eastern section of the country  It is divided into 7 districts and contains hundreds of villages  Ahmadzai Pashtuns are influential in this region  Puli Alam is the capital of the province  As of 2021, Logar has a population of approximately 442,037  It is a multi-ethnic tribal society consisting of Pashtuns and Tajiks, with a 60% Pashtun majority The Logar River enters the province through the west and leaves to the north 

History
Pre Islamic era
A 2,600-year-old Zoroastrian fire temple was found at Mes Aynak (about 25 miles or 40  kilometers southeast of Kabul)  Several Buddhist stupas and more than 1,000 statues were also found  Smelting workshops, miners’ quarters (even then the site's copper was well known), a mint, two small forts, a citadel, and a stockpile of Kushan, Sassanian and Indo-Parthian coins were also found at the site 

Recent history
During the Soviet–Afghan War, Logar was known among some Afghans as the Bab al-Jihad (Gates of Jihad) because it became a fierce theatre of war between US-backed/trained mujahideen groups and the Soviet-backed Afghan government troops  Ahmadzai Pashtuns is dominant in this region  Haji Shuja, Haji Zareen and Haji Bahadur were the prominent traders and chieftains in the region before the soviet invasion of Afghanistan  It was one of the main supply routes of mujahideen rebels coming from Pakistan  Like other parts of the country, Logar has also seen heavy fighting since the Soviets started a crackdown against the elders of the Ahmadzai tribe during the 1980s   Swedish journalist Borge Almqvist, who visited the province in 1982, wrote that: "Everywhere in the Logar province the most common sight except for ruins are graves"  Soviet operations included using bombing, the use of flammable liquids to burn alive people in hiding, poisoning of drinking water, and destruction of crops and farmland  One writer who witnessed the events argues that the Soviet actions in Logar amounted to genocide By 1995, the province had fallen to the Taliban government  After the removal of the Taliban and the formation of the Karzai administration in late 2001, the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) gradually took over security of the area  The Provincial Reconstruction Team Logar (PRT Logar) was established in March 2008  It provided several benefits to the locals, including security, development, and jobs 
In the meantime, Taliban insurgents are often causing major disturbances in the area  This includes major attacks on key projects, suicide bombings in civilian areas, and assassinations of Afghan government employees  On 19 August 2014, a major Taliban offensive took place with 700 militants aiming to take control of the province, while the NATO-led foreign force mistakenly killed three civilians in an airstrike in December 2014 On 20 January 2019, the Taliban claimed responsibility for a car bomb attack on the province's governor and his convoy, which killed eight security forces and wounded at least 10 on the highway to Kabul  The governor and the provincial head of the National Directorate of Security were uninjured On 14 August 2021, the Taliban offensive reached Puli Alam (the province capital), and the province of Logar fell to the Taliban, setting their sights to Kabul the following day 

Geography
Logar can be generally described as a relatively flat river valley in the north and central regions, surrounded by rugged mountains to the east, south, and southwest  The district of Azra, in the east, consists almost entirely of mountains, while travel to the Paktia Province to the south is limited to the Tera Pass, a 2896 m high road that was recently completed as part of the international reconstruction effort in Afghanistan  The Kabul-Khost Highway runs north–south through Logar Province, from the Mohammed Agha District 
The government of Afghanistan officially recognizes all the districts of the Logar province as part of the province 

Capital city
Puli Alam is the capital city of Logar province, located in the district of Puli Alam  It's on the main road running south and southeast from Kabul to Khost 
Rebuilding of the city is going on  There is a lot of room for infrastructure and investment 
Puli Alam has seen reconstruction since the fall of the Taliban  The main road to Kabul was completed in 2006, significantly reducing travel time to the national capital  Additional projects include numerous schools, radio stations, government facilities, and a major Afghan National Police base situated south of the city 
The city is open for investment 
Like many Afghan cities, there is municipal planning and services 
During the tenure of President Ashraf Ghani the city gained electricity, clean drinking and water facilities 

Economics
Logar is an agricultural province with a wealth of minerals such as copper and chromite  In terms of industry, the province has one textile and one copper factory  Agriculture, commerce and services, and livestock products account for the majority of commercial operations  Agriculture is a significant source of income for 31% of households  However, commerce and services provide income to 30% of rural households, while non-farm-related labor provides income to 46% of rural households  Tobacco and sugar extract are the two most important industrial crops  The main industry is honey production, which is a small industry  Jewelry, ceramics, and carpets are made in a small number of settlements  Eighty-four percent of the province's households have access to irrigated land  Wheat, maize, potatoes, alfalfa, clover, and other feed are among the most significant field crops  Sheep, cattle, camels, and poultry are the most frequent livestock 

Healthcare
The percentage of households without clean drinking water fell from 45% in 2005 to 14% in 2011   
The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 9% in 2005 to 73% in 2011 In 2008, the province of Logar has 32 health clinics and a 137-bed hospital  According to data from 2008, the Ministry of Health employs 48 doctors and 218 other health professionals in the province  There are 156 pharmacies in the province  The majority of villages do not have a permanent health worker  To access their nearest health center, the majority of the populace must travel 5 to 10 kilometers 

Education
The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) increased from 21% in 2005 to 30% in 2011   
The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 22% in 2005 to 45% in 2011 The overall literacy rate in Logar province was 21% in 2005 however, while nearly one-third (31%) of men are literate this is true for just under one-tenth (9%) of women  There are around 168 primary and secondary schools in the province catering for 81,538 students  There are nearly 2,082 teachers working in schools in the Logar province  There are several girls schools in the province, mostly located in Koshi and Pul-e-alam  Due to the large Taliban presence in Chark and Baraki Barak, the freedom of women in Logar does not always allow for an education  As of 2007, the province had a literacy rate of 17% There are 19 religious centers including a Dar-ul-Ulum, three Darul Hifaz and the rest are Madrasas Three technical and vocational high schools and two private high schools function in Logar Province 

Demographics
As of 2021, the total population of Logar province is about 442,037  Logar is dominantly Sunni, multi-ethnic and a tribal society  Pashtuns and Tajiks  make up the majority population of Logar province, while minority 7 2 percent of the population lived below the national poverty line, the lowest of all of Afghanistan's provinces In 2008, the population of Logar was estimated to be at 349,000 people  The province has 44,209 households, with an average of eight individuals per home  Rural districts are home to 72 percent of the population  Farsi/Dari is spoken by two-thirds of villages and 60% of the population, whereas Pashto is spoken by one-third of villages and 40% of the people  Kochi people(nomads) live in the province of Logar, and their numbers fluctuate with the seasons  In the winter, 96,280 people, or 4% of the Kochi people population, stay in Logar and live in 29 settlements  During the summer, the Kochi people population swells to 208,339, making Logar the province with the second-highest number of Kochi people after Kabul province 

Districts
Until 2005 the district was administratively subdivided into five districts  In that year the province gained Azra District from neighboring Paktia Province; also part of Charkh District was split off into the new district of Kharwar 

Sport
Cricket is the most popular sport in the province  Logar has been a major supplier of players for the Afghanistan national cricket team  Former players include Dawlat Ahmadzai, Ahmad Shah Pakteen and former national team captain Raees Ahmadzai  Among the active national players hailing from Logar are: Mohammad Nabi (captain of the national team), Shahpoor Zadran, Hashmatullah Shahidi, Nasir Jamal Ahmadzai and Gulbadin Naib Ahmadzai 
Football is the second most popular sport in the province  De Abasin Sape (meaning "Waves of Abasin") plays in the Afghanistan Premier League  Abasin means "father of the rivers" in Pashto and refers to the Indus River  The team represents the provinces of Khost, Paktia, Logar, and Paktika 
Other popular sports are volleyball, boxing, taekwondo, Washoe, kick boxing and wrestling 

See also
Provinces of Afghanistan
Mes Aynak – the world's second largest copper deposit
Passage 9:
Forward Operating Base Shank
Forward Operating Base Shank (IATA: OAA, ICAO: OASH, also known as Rocket City) is a former Forward operating base of the U S  military, located in Logar Province of eastern Afghanistan, about 12 km south-east of the city of Baraki Barak   During Operation Enduring freedom, FOB Shank was one of the most heavily rocketed forward operating bases in Afghanistan   In 2014, the base was turned over to Afghan National Army, who established Camp Maiwand at the northern end of the FOB   American forces later returned and reoccupied the southern portion of the FOB, under the name Camp Dahlke 

History
In 2008 FOB Shank was built by Alpha Company of the 508th Special Troops Batalion of the 82nd Airborne Division with assistance from the 555th Engineer Battalion  The FOB was dedicated after SSG Michael A  Shank, an who was killed in the Logar Province in 2006  International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) used the base to train the Afghan National Police (ANP)   The Police Academy, led by a U S  Police Mentoring Training team, cooperated daily with the Czech Provincial Reconstruction Team Logar, composed of 200 Czech Soldiers and about 10 civilians 
These efforts were focused on training the Afghanistan National Auxiliary Police to become members of the ANP 
As of 8 July 2008, Czech and Afghan instructors were teaching the fourth group of cadets at the Academy  Each group attended a three-week cycle which included first-aid treatment, tactics, patrolling, weapons training, vehicle-check-point procedures and many other police-related subjects  The practical part of the training also included scenarios where cadets were ambushed by simulated oppositional forces During 2014 the base was downsized partly by 252 Engineer Company, 133rd Engineer Battalion and was turned over to the ANA   The ANA utilized the northern portion of the base only, which they renamed Camp Maiwand The last few convoys containing equipment from FOB Shank back to Bagram Airbase were completed during October 2014 by the 730th Transportation Company, 419th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, 4th Resolute Support Sustainment Brigade Following the shutdown of FOB Shank, a new American base was established at the southern end of the perimeter, called FOB Dahlke or Camp Dahlke   Camp Dahlke was expanded in 2018 to support the deployment of the 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade  Camp Dahlke had facilities to house 800 soldiers 

Deployed units
Aviation

October 2008-October 2009
101st Airborne
October 2009–October 2010
3rd Infantry Division 4-3 AVN Battalion "BRAWLER" under Lt  Col Ault
December 2008-December 2009
710BSB 3RD IBCT 10th MTN2010–2010 10th Mountain

April 2011
10th Combat Aviation Brigade
Company F, 2nd Battalion (Aviation Support)
August 2011–August 2012
82nd Combat Aviation Brigade (TF Corsair)
Unknown Company, 3rd Battalion
All Companies, 2nd Battalion, 82nd Aviation Regiment (UH-60M)
Company B, 3rd Battalion, 82nd Aviation Regiment (CH-47F)
Company B, 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (CH-47)
Company F, 1st Attack Battalion, 1st Air Combat Brigade, 227th Aviation Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division (Gray Eagle) (3/2012 - 03/2013) – first unit to operate Gray Eagle at Shank  This company was deployed as a standalone company and attached to the 82nd Airborne Division upon arrival to Shank  After TF Corsair left, F 227 was attached to the incoming unit until its tour of duty was completed 
Elements of 122nd Aviation Support Battalion
June – December 2013
10th Combat Aviation Brigade (TF Knighthawk)
Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Assault Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment
Company C, 2nd Assault Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment (UH-60M)
Company E, 2nd Assault Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment (Aviation Support)
Company A, 2nd Assault Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment (AH-64)
Company B, 3rd General Support Aviation Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment (CH-47F)
Company C, 3rd General Support Aviation Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment (HH-60M)
December 2013–August 2014Taskforce Wings
4-101 Aviation Regiment

Taskforce Lift
Company C (DUSTOFF), 7-101 General Support Aviation Battalion, 159th Combat Aviation Brigade, 101 Airborne Division
6-101 Aviation Battalion, 159th Combat Aviation Brigade, 101 Airborne Division
2014
82nd Combat Aviation Brigade (TF Pegasus)Company E, 1st Attack Reconnaissance Battalion, 82nd Aviation Regiment (UH-60)
Company F, 2nd Attack Helicopter Battalion, 82nd Aviation Regiment
Company B, 3rd General Support Helicopter Battalion, 82nd Aviation Regiment using the Boeing CH-47F Chinook
Company B, 122nd Aviation Support Battalion
October 2014
Company B, 1st General Support Aviation Battalion, 169th Aviation Regiment (CH-47)
May 2016 – Unknown
40th Combat Aviation BrigadeCompany C, 1st Battalion, 104th Aviation Regiment (DUSTOFF)
Company F, 2nd Battalion, 238th Aviation Regiment (UH-60)
Company B, 1st Battalion, 140th Aviation Regiment
1st Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment (AH-64)
2018
101st Combat Aviation Brigade (TF Eagle Assault)
5th Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment (CH-47, UH-60, AH-64E)
Company B, 3rd General Support Battalion, 25th Aviation Regiment (CH47F)
2019
1st Armored Division, Combat Aviation Brigade (TF Apocalypse)
3rd Battalion (UH-60)
16th Combat Aviation Brigade, B Company (CH-47) "Sugarbears"
1st Combat Aviation Brigade, 1-1 Attack Battalion, Bravo Company (AH-64E) "Wolf Pack" "LUOFY"
2-10 Combat Aviation Brigade, 10th Mountain DivisionGround forces

A, B and C Companies, 710th Brigade Support Battalion, 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division between December 2008 and 2009 and December 2009 
Alpha Battery, 4th Battalion, 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment, 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team during July 2012 
M777 howitzer
M119 howitzer
A Co, 1st Battalion – 41st Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division during 2011–2012 
3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division from Fort Bliss, Tx, from 2011–2012 
628th Forward Surgical Team, from San Antonio, Tx, 2011–2012
Elements of 427th BSB (NY ARNG) attached to 401st AFSB during 2011–2012
1st Squadron (Airborne) 91st Cavalry, 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team, June 2012–March 2013 
102nd Sapper Company, 307th Engineer Battalion, June 2012- March 2013
6th Squadron, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division, March 2013–November 2013 
Bravo Company “Mongoose Bravo” 1st Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment, 2nd Brigade Combat Team, August 2013–March 2014
710th Brigade Support Battalion and 2nd Battalion, 87th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division between October 2013 and July 2014
388th Clearance Company, January 2014–October 2014 
B CO, 1st Battalion – 502nd Infantry Regiment, 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne (Air Assault) Division during January 2014–October 2014 
2nd Squadron 3rd Cavalry Regiment between June 2014 to October 2014 
1982nd Forward Surgical Team during 2015 
Alpha Battery 1st Battalion 265th ADA Regiment; 164th ADA Brigade Florida Army National Guard, June 2015–February 2016 ADA
207th Engineer Construction Company, Over The Horizon, 2017
136th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion during October 2017 
2-174 ADA C-RAM (Ohio National Guard) 2017–2018
659th Engineer Construction Company, Over The Horizon, 2017–2018
2nd Squadron 1st Cavalry Regiment, Fort Carson 2018–2019
Elements of 495th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion 2018–2019 
3rd Platoon, Alpha Company, 1-38 Infantry Battalion, 1st SBCT, 4th ID  2018–2019
Elements of the 329th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, TF Viking 2019–2020
801st Engineering Company, Over The Horizon, 2019
829 Engineering Company, TF Over The Horizon, 2020
Bravo and Delta Co and Headquarters Elements of the 1st Battalion 178 Infantry Regiment (Illinois National Guard) TF Southeast, September 2019–January 2020 
Elements of Bravo Company and HHC 1st Battalion 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 3BCT, 82ND ABN DIV (TF FURY), October 2019–January 2020
10th Mountain 1-32 Infantry

See also
List of ISAF installations in Afghanistan
Passage 10:
Camptown (country subdivision)
A camptown, in the country of Lesotho, refers to a district capital for one of the ten districts of Lesotho  The largest camptown is the city of Maseru in Maseru District  Camptowns are usually commerce hubs for the district and are the location for the central government offices for the district  Camptowns usually take the same name as the district in which they are located  For example, as mentioned the camptown for Maseru is Maseru but also the camptown for Thaba-Tseka District is Thaba-Tseka  The exceptions to this rule are Berea District whose capital is called Teyateyaneng, Quthing District whose capital is called Moyeni and Leribe District whose capital is most often called Hlotse 
It presumably derives from the 19th century police camps, then (now archaic) in Sesotho likampo  Official colonial government terminology was government reserve, which prosaically became urban area post-independence 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Frank Lloyd
Frank William George Lloyd (2 February 1886 – 10 August 1960) was a British-born American film director, actor, scriptwriter, and producer  He was among the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and was its president from 1934 to 1935 
He is Scotland's first Academy Award winner and is unique in film history, having received three Oscar nominations in 1929 for his work on a silent film (The Divine Lady), a part-talkie (Weary River) and a full talkie (Drag)  He won for The Divine Lady  He was nominated and won again in 1933 for his adaptation of Noël Coward's Cavalcade and received a further Best Director nomination in 1935 for perhaps his most successful film, Mutiny on the Bounty  Lloyd is credited with being a founder of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences 
In 1957, he was awarded the George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film On 8 February 1960, Lloyd received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion pictures industry, at 6667 Hollywood Boulevard 

Early life and career
Lloyd was born in Cambuslang, on the outskirts of Glasgow, the youngest of seven children  His mother Jane was Scottish and his father Edmund was Welsh, a mechanical engineer  The family travelled the country until his father was injured and gave up engineering  They settled in Shepherd's Bush, London, where the family ran a pub  Lloyd worked in a shoe shop, sang in choral groups and joined a vaudeville group 
In 1909 he emigrated to Canada where he worked on a ranch in Alberta for a year  He also erected poles and writes for a telephone company, then joined a travelling show as an actor and singer  The show wound up in Los Angeles in 1913 and Lloyd decided to stay there and act in Hollywood films 

Film director
Paramount
He began directing shorts for Paramount and moved to longer running films: The Gentleman from Indiana (1915), Jane (1915), The Reform Candidate (1916), The Tongues of Men (1916), The Call of the Cumberlands (1916), Madame la Presidente (1916) with Anna Held, The Code of Marcia Gray (1916), David Garrick (1916 film) (1916), The Making of Maddalena (1916), An International Marriage (1916), and The Stronger Love (1916)  The Intrigue (1916) was produced through Pallas Films and released through Paramount   Lloyd's biographer argued his early films "are not 'masterpieces,' but they are on a par with films from other secondary directors of the period  In other words, they are not comparable to those directed by D W  Griffith, but are as good as those directed by Allan Dwan "

Fox
Lloyd directed Sins of Her Parent (1916) at Fox, and The World and the Woman (1916) with Jeanne Eagles for Tranhouser  Back at Fox he did The Kingdom of Love (1917), and a series of films starring William Farnum" The Price of Silence (1917), A Tale of Two Cities (1917) from the novel by Charles Dickens, American Methods (1917), When a Man Sees Red (1917), Les Misérables (1917), The Heart of a Lion (1917), True Blue (1918), Riders of the Purple Sage (1918) from the novel by Zane Grey and its sequel The Rainbow Trail (1918), For Freedom (1918), and The Man Hunter (1919)  Without Farnum, Lloyd directed The Blindness of Divorce (1918) 

Goldwyn
At Goldwyn he made Pitfalls of a Big City (1919),The World and Its Woman (1919), The Loves of Letty (1919), The Woman in Room 13 (1920), The Silver Horde (1920 film) (1920), Madame X  (1920) with Pauline Frederick, The Great Lover (1920), A Tale of Two Worlds (1921), Roads of Destiny (1921) with Frederick, A Voice in the Dark (1921), The Invisible Power (1921), The Grim Comedian (1921), and The Man from Lost River (1921) plus The Sin Flood (1922) with Richard Dix 

First National
Lloyd directed some films for First National with Norma Talmadge: The Eternal Flame (1921), The Voice from the Minaret (1922), Within the Law (1923) and Ashes of Vengeance (1923) 
Also for that studio was Oliver Twist (1922) with Lon Chaney and Jackie Coogan, and Black Oxen (1924) 
He had his own company at First National, Frank Lloyd Productions  They made The Sea Hawk (1924), a swashbuckler with Milton Sills, then The Silent Watcher (1924), Her Husband's Secret (1925), Winds of Chance (1925), The Splendid Road (1926), and The Wise Guy (1926) 

Paramount
At Paramount Lloyd made The Eagle of the Sea (1926), Children of Divorce (1927 film) (1927), Adoration (1928) with Billie Dove, The Divine Lady (1929) with Corinne Griffith, and Dark Streets (1929)  Lloyd won the Academy Award for Best director for The Divine Lady 
There were several films starring Richard Barthemless: Weary River (1929), Drag (1929), Young Nowheres (1930), Son of the Gods (1930), and The Lash (1930)  He was Oscar nominated for Best Director for Drag and Weary River 
There was also The Way of All Men (1930), a remake of Lloyds' own The Sin Flood, The Right of Way (1931), and East Lynne (1931) For Howard Hughes, Lloyd did The Age for Love (1931)  Back at Fox he made A Passport to Hell (1932) then Cavalcade (1933), which won Lloyd the Oscar for Best Director 
Lloyd then made what was his favourite film, Berkeley Square (1933), starring Leslie Howard, followed by Hoop-La (1933) the final film of Clara Bow and Servants' Entrance (1934) with Janet Gaynor 

Mutiny on the Bounty and later career
Lloyd had a huge hit with Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) at MGM which earned him another Oscar nomination for Best Director  
He followed it with Under Two Flags (1936) at Fox, a French Foreign Legion tale with Ronald Colman 

Paramount
At Paramount Lloyd made more historical films: Maid of Salem (1937) with Claudette Colbert, Wells Fargo (1937) with Joel McCrea, If I Were King (1938) with Colman and Rulers of the Sea (1938) with Douglas Fairbanks Jnr, which was a commercial disappointment 

Universal
Lloyd made The Howards of Virginia (1940) at Columbia with Cary Grant  At Universal he set up his own company  He directed This Woman Is Mine (1941), and The Lady from Cheyenne (1941), and his company produced Saboteur (1942) from Alfred Hitchcock, The Spoilers (1942) with John Wayne and Randolph Scott, and Invisible Agent (1942) 
He was one of several directors on RKO's Forever and a Day (1943)  Lloyd had a big hit with James Cagney's Blood on the Sun (1945)  He was Oscar nominated for Best Director of a Documentary with The Last Bomb  (1945)  Lloyf also served in the air force  He retired from filmmaking in 1946, intending to live on a ranch 

Final films
Lloyd's wife died in 1952 and he came out of retirement to make two films at Republic, The Shanghai Story (1954) and The Last Command (1955) a film about Jim Bowie  When he remarried in 1955 he retired again 

Personal life
Frank Lloyd was married to actress Alma Haller from 11 July 1913, until her death on 16 March 1952  By 1955, Lloyd married Virginia Kellogg, and remained married until Lloyd's death on 10 August 1960 at age 74  Lloyd was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California 

Reputation
Frank Lloyd does not have a significant reputation  His biographer puts this down partly to the dismissal of Lloyd's work by Andrew Sarris (who compared the director unfavorably with Cecil B  de Mille) and "because he was what is best described as a studio director  His style is as much the style of the studio as it is his own  He did not make waves; he did not overly publicize and promote himself  What he did was for the good of the studio – not for his own ego "

Selected filmography
Passage 2:
Zeitgeist Films
Zeitgeist Films is a New York-based distribution company founded in 1988 which acquires and distributes films from the U S  and around the world  In 2017, Zeitgeist entered into a multi-year strategic alliance with film distributor Kino Lorber 
Zeitgeist has distributed early films by directors such as Todd Haynes, Christopher Nolan, Francois Ozon, Laura Poitras, Atom Egoyan, and the Quay Brothers  Their catalog also includes filmmakers such as Marguerite von Trotta, Ken Loach, Guy Maddin, Derek Jarman, Nuri Bilge Ceylan, Peter Greenaway, Yvonne Rainer, Andrei Zyvagintsev, Astra Taylor, and Raoul Peck  Previous Zeitgeist Films releases in association with Kino Lorber include Ken Loach's Sorry We Missed You, Ric Burns’ Oliver Sacks: His Own Life, and M C  Escher: Journey to Infinity 
Zeitgeist films have been nominated for Academy Awards several times  Nowhere in Africa (2001), won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film  Their films have been featured in various film festivals including Cannes, Berlin, Sundance, Tribeca, and IDFA in Amsterdam  The Museum of Modern Art honored Zeitgeist with a month-long, 20th anniversary retrospective of their films in 2008  Founders Russo and Gerstman received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Art House Convergence in 2020 

Upcoming films
Selected films
Awards
Trouble the Water – 2008 Academy Award Nominee for Best Documentary Feature
Tulpan – Kazakhstan's 2009 Academy Award submission for Best Foreign Language Film
Three Monkeys – Turkey's 2009 Academy Award submission for Best Foreign Language Film
Into Great Silence – 2006 Sundance Special Jury Prize
Nowhere in Africa – 2002 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Sophie Scholl – The Final Days – 2005 Academy Award nominee for Best Foreign Language Film
Taste of Cherry – 1997 Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival
Poison – 1991 Sundance Grand Jury Prize winner
The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1996 re-release) – Academy Award nominee, Palme d'Or winner (1964)
Passage 3:
Graduation (2016 film)
Graduation (Romanian: Bacalaureat) is a 2016 Romanian-language tragedy film produced, written, and directed by Cristian Mungiu and starring Adrian Titieni and Maria-Victoria Dragus  Set in Transylvania, the film focuses on a doctor's quest to fix his daughter's exam results by underhanded means 

Plot
Romeo is a middle-aged doctor employed at a local hospital in the Romanian region of Transylvania  He lives with his wife, Magda, and their 18-year-old daughter, Eliza, who has got a scholarship to Cambridge University  She is preparing to sit her final exams and needs to maintain a grade of at least 90% to take up her scholarship  Romeo is a doting father and drives Eliza to school regularly  
Romeo's girlfriend, Sandra, is a teacher at Eliza's school  One day while visiting Sandra he receives a message: Eliza has been assaulted near her school  She has a sprained wrist and is emotionally shaken up but is not seriously injured  She reveals that the assailant tried to rape her but did not succeed  
The next day Eliza must sit for her first examination  The headmaster tries to exclude her because she is wearing a cast on her wrist - notes can be hidden in a cast  Sandra intervenes and the headmaster backs down  The cast slows her writing and time runs out before she is finished - she will need nearly perfect results on the remaining exams to claim her scholarship  
At the police station the chief inspector suggests to Romeo that Eliza's exam results can be fixed in exchange for expediting a liver transplant for a corrupt official, a Mr  Bulai  
That evening Romeo discusses the plan with Magda and she immediately rejects it - she fears the corruption in Romania will affect Eliza's fresh start at Cambridge  Romeo argues that the exams are a mere formality, otherwise meaningless  She is unmoved  Romeo presents the plan to Eliza and implores her to accept a little help now to ensure a brighter future  She listens to him but doesn't make any committed responses, and Romeo tells her to do what she thinks is best before he leaves to let her rest 
The next day Romeo goes to the police station to see the CCTV from Eliza's attack  As he waits at the school for Eliza to complete her second exam, he speaks to her boyfriend, Marius  Romeo listens to what Marius has to say about what happened on the morning of the attack and is put off by Marius' aloofness of the whole incident  Because he was late, Eliza was left on her own  He also assumed Eliza went off to class and did not seek her out  Eliza and Marius go off together on his motorbike 
Eliza comes to fetch Romeo from Sandra's place after Romeo's mother collapses  No longer able to ignore the affair, Eliza threatens to skip her exams if he doesn't tell Magda about it immediately  She wonders aloud whether her other grades were also "fixed"  At home that evening Magda and Romeo talk  Magda already knew about Sandra and will try to get Eliza to take her last exam, but she also asks Romeo to move out 
The next day Romeo arrives for work at the hospital and is confronted by a pair of prosecutors  They want to interview Romeo's patient, Mr  Bulai, about corruption allegations against him  Romeo resists because Bulai is waiting for an operation and is quite unwell  The prosecutors caution Romeo they are aware of the quid-pro-quo arrangement for his daughter's exams - both he and Eliza could be facing charges   
Romeo visits the chief inspector again, who assures him that his daughter's assailant will soon be identified in a police line-up  Later that day he sees Marius and invites him to view the lineup, as he believes he saw Marius witness the attack on the CCTV footage  Marius refuses, saying he did not witness the attack, that it is not him in CCTV picture  Romeo accuses him of cowardice for not intervening, and for only calling the cops much later after witnessing the assault  Romeo orders Marius to stay away from Eliza, and Marius pushes him to the ground and leaves  Romeo visits the headmaster at home to warn him the prosecutors know of the plan  The headmaster tells him that he couldn't find Eliza's paper, and that he shouldn't come to his house again 
That evening at the police station Eliza fails to identify her attacker from a line-up  Later, Romeo is on a bus and sees one of the men from the line-up outside  He leaves the bus and follows him, but gets lost in a bad area  He ends up at Sandra's place and agrees to babysit her son the next morning 
The next day Mr  Bulai has died of a heart attack  The prosecutors are waiting and assure Romeo that the investigation into Mr  Bulai's crimes will continue  Romeo asks the prosecutors to come next Monday and he will co-operate with them for any of their questions  Romeo gets Sandra's son Matei into a speech therapy program  Romeo sees Eliza at her graduation and she tells him that she may not go to England  Romeo responds that it would be a shame but it's her decision  Eliza then says that the teachers gave her extra time to complete her exam, so she did not need to follow Romeo's plan for fixing her paper  She asks Romeo to take a photo of her with her graduating class 

Cast
Adrian Titieni - Romeo Aldea, a 49 year old physician living in a Transylvanian town with his daughter
Maria Drăguș - Eliza Aldea, an 18-year-old high school student planning to study psychology abroad in the United Kingdom after graduating
Lia Bugnar - Magda
Mălina Manovici - Sandra
Vlad Ivanov - Chief Inspector
Gelu Colceag - Exam committee president
Rareș Andrici - Marius

Production
According to Cristian Mungiu, the film was inspired by his own life at the time, while he was focusing on being a father  The film was produced through the director's company Mobra Films and co-produced with Why Not Productions, Wild Bunch, Les Films du Fleuve, France 3 Cinéma and Mandragora Movies  It received 1 91 million leu from the National Film Center  It was shot in the town Victoria from 11 June to 24 July 2015 

Release
Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, Graduation has a rating of 95%, based on 138 critics, with an average rating of 8 2/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "Graduation marks yet another well-written and powerfully acted look at morality and societal decay from writer-director Cristian Mungiu " On Metacritic, Graduation holds a score of 84/100, based on 30 critics, indicating "universal acclaim" Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian lauded it as an "intricate, deeply intelligent film" 

Accolades
Graduation was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival  At Cannes, Mungiu shared the Best Director Award with Olivier Assayas for his film Personal Shopper  At the 8th Magritte Awards, it received a nomination in the category of Best Foreign Film in Coproduction 
Passage 4:
Olivier Assayas
Olivier Assayas (born 25 January 1955) is a French film director, screenwriter and film critic  Assayas is known for his slow-burning period pieces, psychological thrillers, neo-noirs and French comedies  He has frequently collaborated with Juliette Binoche and Kristen Stewart  The son of filmmaker Jacques Rémy, Assayas began his career as a critic for Cahiers du Cinéma  There he wrote about world cinema and its film auteurs, who later influenced his work  Assayas made several shorts, and then made the leap from writer to screenwriter 
He made his directorial film debut with Disorder in 1986  He continued directing films, with Cold Water (1994) a breakthrough film in his career  It was his first film to screen at the Cannes Film Festival in the Un Certain Regard section  His followup film, Irma Vep (1996), also screened at Cannes, while Sentimental Destinies (2000), Demonlover (2002), and Clean (2004) all officially competed for the Palme d'Or  In 2006, he contributed a short film to the anthology film Paris, je t'aime (2006)  He gained acclaim with his dramas Summer Hours (2008), Clouds of Sils Maria (2014) and Personal Shopper (2016); the latter won him the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director  He also directed the comedy Non-Fiction (2018) and the spy thriller Wasp Network (2019) 

Life and career
Assayas was born in Paris, France, the son of French director/screenwriter Raymond Assayas, alias Jacques Rémy (1911–1981)  His father was of Turkish-Jewish origin and had settled in Italy, while his mother, Catherine de Károlyi, was a fashion designer of Protestant Hungarian origin  Assayas started his career in the industry by helping his father  He ghostwrote episodes for TV shows his father was working on when his health failed  In a 2010 interview, Assayas said his main political influences when growing up were Guy Debord and George Orwell  Of the 1968 May uprising to overthrow Charles de Gaulle, Assayas said: "I was defined by the politics of May '68, but for me May '68 was an anti-totalitarian uprising  People seemed to forget that at the occupied Odéon theater, you had crossed flags-black and red, and I was on the side of the black element "Assayas's biggest hit to date is Irma Vep, starring Maggie Cheung, a tribute both to French director Louis Feuillade and to Hong Kong cinema 
While working at Cahiers du cinéma, Assayas wrote lovingly about European film directors he admires but also about Asian directors  One of his films, HHH: A Portrait of Hou Hsiao-hsien, is a documentary about Taiwanese filmmaker Hou Hsiao-hsien 
Assayas married Cheung in 1998  They divorced in 2001, but their relationship remained amicable, and in 2004 Assayas made his film Clean with her 
He met actress-director Mia Hansen-Løve when Hansen-Løve, 17 at the time, starred in Assayas's 1998 feature Late August, Early September, but they "didn't get together until [she] was 20"  They separated in 2017 
In 2009 and 2010, Assayas signed two petitions in support of director Roman Polanski, who had been detained while traveling to a film festival in relation to his 1977 sexual abuse charges, which the first petition argued would undermine the tradition of film festivals as a place for works to be shown "freely and safely", and that arresting filmmakers traveling to neutral countries could open the door "for actions of which no-one can know the effects" Assayas directed and co-wrote the 2010 French television miniseries Carlos, about the life of the terrorist Ilich Ramírez Sánchez  Venezuelan actor Édgar Ramírez won the César Award for Most Promising Actor in 2011 for his performance as Carlos 
In April 2011, it was announced that Assayas would be a member of the jury for the main competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival Assayas's 2012 film Something in the Air was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival  Assayas won the Osella for Best Screenplay at Venice  His 2014 film Clouds of Sils Maria was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival  Sils Maria won the Louis Delluc Prize and garnered six César Award nominations, including Best Film, Best Director, and Best Original Screenplay  The film won a César Award for Best Supporting Actress for Kristen Stewart  In 2016, Assayas won Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival) for Personal Shopper, which also starred Stewart In June 2017, it was announced that Assayas would preside over the 2017 Locarno Film Festival 

Style and influences
In an interview with Nick Pinkerton of Reverse Shot, Assayas talked about his influences:That radicality in cinema involved just being outside of the world of modern images, and the key to it was the work of Robert Bresson, who has been by far the most important influence in my work, and intellectually it's been the influence of Guy Debord—basically, you know, it's been Debord-Bresson, Bresson-Debord, the things that've always defined my framework, the way I look at the world 
Assayas participated in the 2012 Sight & Sound directors' poll, listing his ten favorite films as follows: 2001: A Space Odyssey, The Gospel According to St  Matthew, Ludwig, A Man Escaped, Mirror, Napoléon, Playtime, The Rules of the Game, The Tree of Life, and Van Gogh 

Filmography
Film
As a writer only

Passage secret (1985)
Rendez-vous (1985)
L'Unique (1986)
Scene of the Crime (1986)
Avril brisé (1987)
Filha da Mãe (1990)
Alice and Martin (1998)
Based on a True Story (2017) - Co-written with Roman Polanski

Television
Short films
Awards and nominations
Passage 5:
Jorge Arriagada
Jorge Arriagada (born 1943) is a Chilean film composer  He is perhaps best known for his long-term collaboration with director Raúl Ruiz  He has also worked with directors Patricio Guzman, Barbet Schroeder and Olivier Assayas 

Biography
Jorge Arriagada was born on August 20, 1943, in Santiago  He studied composition and orchestral conduction at the National Conservatory of Music in Santiago  He then obtained a scholarship from the French government that enabled him to study expressionism with Max Deutsch, who was Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg's friend and student  He also studied composition with Olivier Messiaen and orchestral conduction with Pierre Boulez  In 1972, the Guggenheim Foundation in New York awarded him a fellowship for his contribution in the field of electronic music 
Arriagada has been living in France since 1966, working with experienced as well as promising directors while composing the scores of 44 of Raúl Ruiz's films  Over the years he has explored many different genres, including classical, contemporary and folk music as well as jazz 
He has been a jury in several film festivals, including San Sebastian, São Paulo, Valencia, among others 
Sacem Grand Prize for Music for the Image 2020 

Filmography
Discography
Three original soundtracks composed by Arriagada can be found on the CD compilation Les Musiques de Jorge Arriagada pour les films de Philippe Le Guay, released by Canadian label Disques Cinémusique, in 2013 : Alceste à Bicyclette, Les Femmes du 6e étage et Les Deux Fragonard  French and English liner notes  More information here 
The same label also released the same year Arriagada's complete original soundtrack from Les Lignes de Wellington  More information here 

External links
Jorge Arriagada at IMDb
Passage 6:
Irma Vep
Irma Vep is a 1996 French comedy-drama film written and directed by Olivier Assayas  Hong Kong actress Maggie Cheung plays a fictionalised version of herself, as disasters result when an unstable French film director (played by Jean-Pierre Léaud) attempts to remake Louis Feuillade's classic silent film serial Les Vampires (1915–16)  (Irma Vep is an anagram for the word "vampire" ) Taking place largely through the eyes of a foreigner (Cheung), it is also a meditation on the state of the French film industry



ground_truth: Puli Alam

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both Frank Lloyd and Olivier Assayas American film directors?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 
Irma Vep was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival  It was released in France on 13 November 1996  
In 2022, the film was reimagined as a miniseries for HBO, created by Assayas 

Plot
The plot mirrors the disorientation felt by director René Vidal during a troubled production of a film-within-a-film  Maggie Cheung has been cast to play the film's heroine, Irma Vep, a burglar and a spy, who dresses in a tight, black, latex rubber catsuit  Irma Vep, it is explained, is an anagram for vampire, but she is not a literal vampire  Rather, she is the inspiration for a criminal gang named The Vampires, as in Feuillade's original serial 
René, the cast and crew view the film's dailies and he angrily declares the footage terrible and soulless  After he storms out, everyone else quickly departs the facility, leaving Maggie stranded  She accepts an invitation from the costume designer, Zoé, to a group dinner with other crew members  There, Zoé confides to another woman that she is romantically interested in Maggie, which the woman then tells Maggie, embarrassing her 
After the dinner with the other crew members, Maggie visits René at a hotel in the aftermath of a violent episode with his wife  René admits that he had mainly wanted to make the film because he desired to see her in it  Later that evening, Maggie, apparently possessed by her character, dons the catsuit and steals jewelry from a hotel suite while a nude woman argues on the phone with her boyfriend  She then throws away the jewelry 
The next morning, Zoé picks an exhausted Maggie up from her hotel room  René is a no-show on the set, and the crew attempt to film without him  At the end of the day, imperious film director José Mirano meets Maggie's costar Laure at a bar and tells her René has had a breakdown and that he has been hired to complete the film  He firmly contends that a Chinese actress should not be playing Irma Vep, who he sees as an icon within French culture  José tells her he intends to replace Maggie with Laure 
Zoé and Maggie take a taxi to a rave, but Maggie declines to go at the last minute and departs in the taxi  Zoé, looking disappointed, walks through the crowd at the rave 
José and the cast and crew gather at the screening facility to view the rushes that René has personally edited  Maggie is not there, however, and it is said that she has left for America to work on a film with Ridley Scott  The film ends with the rushes, which have been cut into a hallucinatory montage with numerous scratches and other modifications being done to the film itself  The future of the production is not revealed 

Cast
Allusions to French film history
The film refers to iconic figures in French film history: Louis Feuillade, Musidora, Arletty, François Truffaut, the Groupe SLON, Alain Delon, and Catherine Deneuve  Thematically, the film questions the place of French cinema today  According to Chris Darke, it is not a "mourning for cinema with the romantic nostalgia" but "more like the Mexican Day of the Dead: remembrance as an act of celebration"  Furthermore, Dale Hudson of Screen wrote, "It is less a film about re-presenting the past, than it is a film about addressing the present, specifically the place of France within the global economy "

Production
The idea for the film was born out of an attempted collaboration among Assayas, Claire Denis, and Atom Egoyan, who wanted to experiment with the situation of a foreigner in Paris  In the 1915 original serial, written and directed by Louis Feuillade, Irma Vep was played by French silent film actress Musidora (1889–1957)  Much of the film depicts set-related incidents that echo scenes in Truffaut's 1973 film Day for Night, to which Irma Vep owes a large thematic debt 
However, Assayas publicly stated that although he considers La nuit americaine a great film, it is more about the fantasy of filmmaking than the reality  Assayas credits as a greater inspiration Rainer Werner Fassbinder's Beware of a Holy Whore, in which Lou Castel, who plays the replacement director José Mirano in this film, plays a film director 
Assayas wrote the script in ten weeks, and the film was shot in a month, with no retakes  "Its hasty production circumstances seem perilously close to the ones that cause everyone such grief in the film "Assayas married Cheung in 1998  They divorced in 2001  They again collaborated in 2004 on the film Clean 

Reception
Irma Vep received a positive critical response  On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 94% based on 47 reviews with an average rating of 7 4/10  The website's critics consensus reads, "Starring a bewitching Maggie Cheung, Irma Vep is an evocative and reflexive satire of the filmmaking process that is bursting at the seams with an affection for cinema " On Metacritic, it has a metascore of 80 out of 100 based on 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews" 

References in other media
Lettrist footage from the film, along with shots from the original Les Vampires, are used in White Ring's video for their single "IxC999" 
A character in the five-comic series "Anno Dracula – 1895: Seven Days in Mayhem" by Kim Newman and Paul McCaffrey is based on Irma Vep 

Home media
Irma Vep was released on Blu-ray and DVD through The Criterion Collection on 27 April 2021 

Television adaptation
HBO produced a limited television series adaptation of the film that premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on 22 May 2022, and was released on 6 June 2022 on HBO  It stars Alicia Vikander, Vincent Macaigne, Adria Arjona, Byron Bowers, Devon Ross, Carrie Brownstein, Tom Sturridge and Fala Chen and was written and directed by Assayas 

See also
The Mystery of Irma Vep, a 1984 play for two characters by Charles Ludlam
Lettrism, inspiration for some sequences of the film
Passage 7:
Something in the Air (2012 film)
Something in the Air (French: Après mai; lit  'After May') is a 2012 French drama film written and directed by Olivier Assayas  The film was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival, where Assayas won the Best Screenplay Award 

Plot
In 1971, French student Gilles gets entangled in contemporary political turmoils although he would rather just be a creative artist  While torn between his solidarity to his friends and his personal ambitions he falls in love with Christine 

Cast
Clément Métayer as Gilles
Lola Créton as Christine
Félix Armand as Alain
Carole Combes as Laure
India Menuez as Leslie
Hugo Conzelmann as Jean-Pierre
Martin Loizillon as Rackam le Rouge
André Marcon as Gilles' Father
Passage 8:
Clouds of Sils Maria
Clouds of Sils Maria (known simply as Sils Maria in some territories) is a 2014 psychological drama film written and directed by Olivier Assayas, and starring Juliette Binoche, Kristen Stewart, and Chloë Grace Moretz  The film is a French-German-Swiss co-production  Principal photography took place from August to October 2013, with most of the filming taking place in Sils Maria, Switzerland  The film follows an established middle-aged actress (Binoche) who is cast as the older lover in a romantic lesbian drama opposite an upstart young starlet (Moretz)  She is overcome with personal insecurities and professional jealousies—all while sexual tension simmers between her and her personal assistant (Stewart)  The screenplay was written with Binoche in mind and incorporates elements from her life into the plot Clouds of Sils Maria was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival on 23 May 2014, and also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and New York Film Festival  The film received positive reviews, with critics lauding the work as psychologically complex and praising the lead actresses' performances  It won the Louis Delluc Prize for Best Film in December 2014, and received six César Award nominations  Stewart received the César Award for Best Supporting Actress in February 2015, the first time an American won the award 

Plot
Maria Enders is an international film and stage actress  She travels with a loyal and young American assistant, Valentine  Twenty years earlier, Maria got her big break when she was cast and successfully performed as a young girl Sigrid in both the play and film version of Maloja Snake by Wilhelm Melchior, a Swiss playwright who is now elderly  The play centers on the tempestuous relationship between Sigrid and Helena, a vulnerable older woman  Helena commits suicide after Sigrid takes advantage of her and dumps her 
While traveling to Zürich to accept an award on behalf of Wilhelm, and planning to visit him at home the following day at his house in Sils Maria—a remote settlement in the Alps—Maria learns of his death  His widow Rosa later confides that Wilhelm had ended his life and had been terminally ill  During the awards ceremony, Maria is approached by Klaus Diesterweg, a popular theater director  He wants to persuade her to appear onstage in a revival of Maloja Snake, but this time in the role of Helena 
Maria is torn and reluctantly accepts  To prepare for the role, she accepts Rosa's offer to stay at the Melchiors' house in Sils Maria  Rosa is leaving to escape her memories of Wilhelm  Maria's discussions with Valentine and their read-throughs of the play's scenes evoke uncertainty about the nature of their relationship  A young American actress, 19-year-old Jo-Ann Ellis, has been chosen to portray the role of Sigrid  Researching her on Google and the Internet, Valentine tells Maria, who is out of touch with social media, that Ellis has been involved in numerous scandals 
Questions soon multiply regarding aging, time, culture and the blurring line between the Sigrid/Helena and the Valentine/Maria relationships  Maria and Jo-Ann finally meet, but their relationship is complicated  Jo-Ann appears to be implicated in the attempted suicide of the ex-wife of her new boyfriend 
During their time at Sils Maria, Maria and Valentine spend much of their days hiking in the Alps  On one such final outing, they hike to the Maloja Pass to observe the Maloja Snake (both the "Maloja Snake" of the play's title and the "Clouds of Sils Maria" in the film's title)  When discussing the play’s ending, in which Helena walks into the mountains never to return, Valentine suggests that Helena can still be alive and walk away to start a new life  Maria protests that Helena must be dead because she doesn’t return  After suggesting that their approaches to the play are too different for her (Valentine) to be a useful assistant, Valentine disappears without explanation 
A few weeks later, a young filmmaker who has previously sent a script to Maria visits her by appointment five minutes before the curtain rises on the opening night of Maloja Snake in London  Maria seems preoccupied, being so close to the start of the performance, and dismisses his suggested ideas about the proposed film role he is offering her as "too abstract for me"  When she says the role he has written is too young for her and would suit Jo-Ann better, he suggests that the character is ageless and that he does not relate to his era with its Internet scandals and trashy values  Maria does not give him a reply as to whether she will take part in the film  She then appears onstage, smoking and waiting for Sigrid 

Cast
Production
Principal photography of Clouds of Sils Maria began on 22 August 2013 and ended on 4 October  The film was shot on location in the titular village of Sils Maria, Switzerland as well as Zürich; Leipzig, Germany; and South Tyrol, Italy 
In an interview, Assayas said that all the film's interiors were shot in Germany  The production moved to Sils Maria to film the hiking scenes, and moved again to film the scenes in and around the chalet in South Tyrol The Chanel company debuted in film financing with this production  In addition it supplied the actresses with clothes, jewelry, accessories, and makeup, and the brand was scripted in as a provider of the same to Maria   Chanel provided some of the budget to allow Olivier Assayas to fulfill his dream of shooting a film on 35-mm film instead of digitally Assayas has described the fictional play Maloja Snake as a "condensed, brutalized version" of The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant, a play by Rainer Werner Fassbinder (it was later adapted as a film of the same name) The American title of the film is Clouds of Sils Maria  In France the film was released as Sils Maria, Assayas' original name 

Release
Marketing
The first trailer for the film was released on 22 May 2014  Another international trailer followed on 7 July 

Film festivals
The film was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival on 23 May 2014  It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and New York Film Festival 

Reception
Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 91% of 179 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 7 6/10  The website's critics consensus reads: "Bolstered by a trio of powerful performances from its talented leads, Clouds of Sils Maria is an absorbing, richly detailed drama with impressive depth and intelligence " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 79 out of 100, based on 41 reviews from critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" Clouds of Sils Maria premiered at the Cannes Film Festival to positive reviews  Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph stated, "This is a complex, bewitching and melancholy drama, another fearlessly intelligent film from Assayas " He said, "Binoche plays the role with elegance and melancholic wit – her character slips between fiction and fact in a way that recalls her role in Abbas Kiarostami's Certified Copy  But it's Stewart who really shines here  Valentine is probably her best role to date: she's sharp and subtle, knowable and then suddenly distant, and a late, surprising twist is handled with a brilliant lightness of touch "Peter Debruge of Variety said it was Assayas' "daring rejoinder, a multi-layered, femme-driven meta-fiction that pushes all involved—including next-gen starlets Kristen Stewart and Chloë Grace Moretz — to new heights " Matt Risley of Total Film called it "an elegant, intelligent drama, enlivened by strong performances by Binoche, Moretz and especially Stewart, for whom this will surely usher in a new dawn "Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice wrote: "But the movie's true center, the meteorological phenomenon that makes it so pleasurable to watch, is the half-prickly, half-affectionate interplay between Binoche and Stewart " Ben Sachs of Chicago Reader wrote: "This recalls Ingmar Bergman's chamber dramas in the intensity and psychological complexity of the central relationship, yet the filmmaking is breathtakingly fluid, evoking a sense of romantic abandon "However, Kyle Smith of the New York Post writes: "A backstage drama that has all the sizzle of a glass of water resting on the windowsill, [   ] Clouds of Sils Maria mistakes lack of dramatic imagination for smoldering subtlety " Richard Brody from The New Yorker writes: "Clouds of Sils Maria, as the title suggests, is a sort of travelogue, a commercial for European cultural tourism, and, as such, it's the perfect image of the very system that created it  There's almost no independent filmmaking in France, and there isn't supposed to be  If there were, it would stand as a threat to the system that, by way of training, enticements, and restrictions, is the source of the comforts that the movie depicts and that the movie reflects  The mediocrity is stifling "

Box office
Clouds of Sils Maria opened in France on 20 August 2014 in 150 theaters for a $3,663 per theater average and a box office total of $549,426 as of 24 August 2014  The film expanded to 195 theaters in its second week of release, and the box office increased to an estimated $1,150,090 
Clouds of Sils Maria opened in the United States on 10 April 2015 in three theaters and grossed $69,729 on its opening weekend for an average of $23,243 per  As of 4 June 2015, the film has grossed an estimated $1,743,577 after expanding theaters 

Awards and nominations
The film won the Louis Delluc Prize for Best Film in December 2014  The film received six César Award nominations including best film, best director, best actress, best original screenplay, and best cinematography, while Stewart won for best supporting actress, becoming the first American actress to win a César and the third  American actor to win after Adrien Brody in 2003 and Christopher Lambert in 1985 

Soundtrack
"Kowalski" by Primal Scream
"Largo de Xerxes" – Georg Friedrich Handel
"Canon and Gigue in D Major for 3 Violins and Basso Continuo" – Johann Pachelbel
"Paavin of Albarti (Alberti)" – Innocentio Alberti (performed by Hesperion XXI)
"Sonata No  2 in D Minor" – Georg Friedrich Handel
"Sonata No  2 in B-Flat Major for Violin and Harp, Op  16: II  Adagio" - Louis Spohr
"Trio for Violin, Cello and Harp in E minor: III  Rondo" - Louis Spohr

Home media
The film was released on DVD and Digital HD by Paramount Home Media on July 14, 2015; the company also handles the digital entertainment sales, with IFC handling the video on demand sales The Criterion Collection released a DVD and Blu-ray edition on 28 June 2016 
Passage 9:
Eddie's House
Eddie's House was a doghouse designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for the Berger family of San Anselmo, California, to be used by their dog Eddie  Wright designed Eddie's House to be in keeping with the family's home, known as the Robert Berger House, which he had previously designed  The plans for the doghouse were completed by Wright in 1957, and the 4 sq ft (0 37 m2) triangular house was built in 1963  In 1973 Eddie's House was removed and thrown away, but in 2010 Jim and Eric Berger, sons of Robert Berger, rebuilt Eddie's House from the original plans for a segment in Romanza, a documentary film by Michael Miner about Frank Lloyd Wright's architectural works in California  The doghouse remains the smallest structure Frank Lloyd Wright ever designed 

History
Eddie's House was a doghouse designed by Frank Lloyd Wright as an addition to the Robert Berger House   The Robert Berger House is a dwelling designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for the Berger family   Wright gave the plans to trained engineer and College of Marin professor Robert Berger to build the house on his own on Redwood Road in San Anselmo, California  It took 20 years to finish the US$15,000 house In 1956, Robert's 12-year-old son Jim Berger became concerned about his black Labrador Retriever Eddie staying outside in the winter, and decided he needed a doghouse to stay warm  Jim subsequently wrote a letter to Frank Lloyd Wright stating, "I would appreciate it if you would design me a doghouse which would be easy to build but would go with our house " Jim continued to explain Eddie's dimensions ("two and a half feet high and three feet long"), his dog's age ("four years old or in dog life 28 years"), and his ability to pay for the plans and materials of the doghouse with earned money from delivering newspapers along a bicycle paper route he had  Wright responded to the letter with a typed and signed note on Taliesin West stationery  The note stated that "A house for Eddie is an opportunity   but just now I am too busy to concentrate on it " Wright implored the boy to write again a year later to see if he was a little less busy Jim followed the suggestion laid out by Wright and a year later wrote again asking for a Frank Lloyd Wright-designed doghouse  Not long after sending out this second letter a full set of working drawings arrived in the mail for a four square foot triangular doghouse designed by Wright himself  The doghouse was to be built of scrap Philippine mahogany and cedar left over from the construction of the human-sized house it was to be situated next to  Looking back at the situation a 68-year-old Jim Berger stated:
My dog had a lot of class, and a Frank Lloyd Wright doghouse was perfect for him  I was very excited for my dog 
Jim Berger never built the doghouse and in 1963, at the age of 19, Jim joined the U S  Army  That same year, after Jim's departure, his younger brother Eric and his father completed the doghouse  Eddie did not particularly like the new house and took to sleeping by the front door of the Robert Berger House instead, presumably because it was warmer there  "That was kind of depressing," stated Jim Berger when reflecting on the incident Robert Berger died in 1973 and Mrs  Berger, not seeing any value in a triangular doghouse that Eddie and the subsequent dogs they owned would not sleep in, had it hauled to the dump the same year In 2010, while filming a documentary about buildings designed by Wright in California, Michael Miner stumbled across the doghouse story  Miner asked Jim Berger if rebuilding Eddie's House was an option  Jim, at this point a retired woodshop teacher, said that he had wanted to rebuild the doghouse for years and this was the opportunity to do so  Over the next three months Jim and his brother Eric, a skilled cabinetmaker, were filmed by Miner rebuilding the doghouse to Wright's specification in Eric's Petaluma, California garage  Jim Berger said, in relation to the construction process, "In the letter, I said I wanted something easy to build, but this doghouse was not easy to build  It was very complicated "The construction process is featured in Miner's documentary, Romanza, and the rebuilt doghouse also went on a publicity tour for the film  During filming, the rebuilt doghouse was placed on the side of the Robert Berger House where the original once sat  On that day it happened to be raining and Miner noticed something peculiar about the doghouse which it had in common with other Wright-designed structures:  "It leaks "

Design
Eddie's House is the smallest structure ever known to be designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and fits in well with the Robert Berger House  Eddie's House was constructed of the same materials as the larger house and the "small triangular hut    bowed to the hexagonal geometry of the house's hexagonal plan " The doghouse also displays many signature design elements that have come to represent Frank Lloyd Wright's architectural style  These include an entrance hidden on the rear of the house, and a large overhang on a roof with a low pitch When Eddie's House was actually constructed, the Berger family did not follow Wright's plans strictly  They changed the location of the door as well as not including a concrete base planned by Wright to make the doghouse portable 

See also
List of Frank Lloyd Wright works
 Architecture portal
 Dogs portal
Passage 10:
Cold Water (film)
Cold Water (French: L'eau froide) is a 1994 French film written and directed by Olivier Assayas about two troubled teenagers in France during the 1970s  The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival In October, 2007, it was screened at the Pacific Film Archive in Berkeley, California, where Assayas spent a week in residence introducing and discussing his films with the audiences there  He was accompanied by his friend Jean-Michel Frodon, the current director of the journal Cahiers du cinéma, of which Assayas was once the director  Assayas said the film is autobiographical, reflecting upon his own teenage years  He went out of his way to cast actors who were not professionals or who, as in the case of male lead Cyprien Fouquet (playing Gilles), had never acted before, although female lead Virginie Ledoyen (playing Christine) had appeared in several films  The film was the result of a commission from French TV, which wanted a 52-minute film but allowed Assayas to make a longer version, after some negotiations 

Plot
Gilles and Christine are teenagers from unstable homes  When they do some shop-lifting together she is arrested, but he gets away  She escapes from a mental institution and meets him at an abandoned house in the country, where a large group of rebellious teenagers are having a wild, all-night party  American rock music from the period is played prominently and has a very strong effect, especially "Me and Bobby McGee," sung by Janis Joplin  Drugs are used, mainly pot and hash  As the party is winding down, Gilles and Christine escape even deeper into the countryside, searching for a commune where artists are said to live without electricity or running water  This is Christine's idea, but Gilles reluctantly goes along  A jolting conclusion shows us that, as Assayas puts it, "Gilles' real life has now begun "

Cast
Virginie Ledoyen - Christine
Cyprien Fouquet - Gilles
László Szabó - Gilles's father
Jean-Pierre Darroussin - Inspector
Jackie Berroyer - Christine's father
Dominique Faysse - Christine's mother
Smaïl Mekki - Mourad
Jean-Christophe Bouvet - Professor
Ilona Györi - Marie
Renée Amzallag - The nurse
Jérôme Simonin - Vendeur de dynamite
Laetitia Lemerle - Corrine
Alexandra Yonnet - Copine blouson
Caroline Doron - Copine blessée
Laetitia Giraud - Christiane



ground_truth: no

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which artist is known for his work on Marvel Team-Up and Batman: Son of the Demon?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Arcade (Marvel Comics)
Arcade is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics  He first appeared in 1978's Marvel Team-Up #65, the creation of writer Chris Claremont and writer/artist John Byrne  The character is a combination of an evil genius and a hitman who carries out his assassinations via various elaborate traps, often referred to as Murderworld 
Arcade's first intended victims were Spider-Man and Captain Britain but since Arcade's Murderworld games always leave the outcome up to chance, the duo defeated Arcade and escaped with their lives  Over the years Arcade has targeted a multitude of Marvel heroes, often focusing on the X-Men and associated members of X-Factor, X-Force and Excalibur  In what is considered the "game changer" for Arcade, Avengers Arena, he managed to kidnap 16 superpowered teens and forced them to kill each other for survival in his latest version of Murderworld; unlike most Murderworld schemes, this endeavor yielded several casualties 
Arcade has appeared in a number of other Marvel properties outside of comic books, in X-Men: Evolution voiced by Gabe Khouth, and in the Ultimate Spider-Man animated series voiced by Eric Bauza  He has also appeared as one of the main villains in a number of video games, including X-Men: Madness in Murderworld, Spider-Man/X-Men: Arcade's Revenge, Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, Spider-Man: Edge of Time and Marvel: Avengers Alliance 

Publication history
Arcade was created by Chris Claremont and John Byrne  Arcade first appeared in Marvel Team-Up #65 The same storyline was reprinted shortly thereafter in the black-and-white comic Marvel UK title Super Spider-Man & Captain Britain #248) Arcade has regularly been a guest villain in the majority of Marvel comics appearances he has made throughout the years since his introduction  His earliest encounter with the X-Men team occurred in the pages of Uncanny X-Men #122–124  Some time later he would encounter the team again, this time partnered with Dr  Doom in issues #145-147  Arcade also makes an appearance in The Uncanny X-Men #197 (featuring Colossus) 

Fictional character biography
Arcade affects a manner of dress and speech that makes him appear to be a comedic character  This is part of his overall theme, which extends into his preferred method of murder, an underground funhouse of colorful deathtraps, usually decked out in cheery colors and disguised as an amusement park, which he has dubbed "Murderworld" 
Arcade's back-story, up to and including his real name, remains largely unknown even to the present  According to the man himself, he was born into an extremely wealthy family and lived much of his early life, depending on the telling, on a ranch in Texas, or in a mansion in Beverly Hills  At the age of either eighteen or twenty-one, his allowance was cut off by his father, who declared that he did not deserve it  In retaliation, Arcade murders his father, thus inheriting all of the man's vast estate 
Arcade became a freelance assassin, traveling across the world, killing people in rather mundane fashions, and amassing even more wealth than he already had  Discovering an aptitude for technology, Arcade designed and built his first Murderworld, a subterranean evil lair disguised as an amusement park  From this base, and with the help of two mysterious assistants named Miss Locke and Mr  Chambers, he reemerged as the world's most expensive hitman  For the price of $1 million, he would tailor Murderworld to exploit the specific weaknesses of his targets and then watch as they are killed by a variety of colorful deathtraps strewn throughout the facility 
However, one of his "gimmicks" is that he always deliberately leaves each target a small chance of survival  In one instance, when the girlfriend of one of his captives begged him "If you're going to kill them, at least have the decency to do it quickly, painlessly!" Arcade laughs and replied, "Decency's dull    besides, miss, your way, they're dead and that's that  My way, they've got a chance  Not much of one, but a chance " This sets Arcade notably apart from most other villains who use deathtraps; while most villains believe that their death machines are infallible, Arcade likes to give them a chance on purpose, for the sport of it 

Since his first attempt to slay the unlikely duo of Spider-Man and Captain Britain, Arcade has tangled, at one time or another, with a large number of heroes and teams of heroes  In addition to battling the X-Men, X-Factor, X-Force and Excalibur as groups, he has attempted to kill many individual members, usually in pairs  Examples of this include Gambit and Wolverine, Colossus and Shadowcat, Iceman and Angel, Nightcrawler, Northstar, Meggan, and Dazzler, Other would-be victims of Murderworld have included Green Goblin (Phil Urich), Hercules Johnny Blaze, Patsy Walker, Gwenpool, Iron Man and The Thing and the Micronauts Courtney Ross is one of the few non-super-powered civilians to escape Arcade's attention alive  She survives for some time due to outwitting multiple opponents (such as the Crazy Gang) and discovers a talent for improvisational comedy  In the end, she is rescued by the superhero team Excalibur  The entire situation gives her a new outlook and appreciation for life (though she is soon killed by an unrelated villain after her escape) In another confrontation with Excalibur, Arcade trapped the team in a Murderworld programmed as a Looney Tunes parody, called the Loonies  He was revealed to be the "Wizard of Oz" of this world after Excalibur had to go down the yellow brick road At one point Arcade entraps the two otherworldly warriors, Adam X and Shatterstar, who team up to survive his plans  Arcade finds himself astonished as the two (mostly Adam) literally kill several of his employees  This causes him to state that the clients will be receiving a refund and the two are not to be dealt with in the future  Shatterstar attempts to kill Arcade, but he only destroys a robotic double The battle with Ghost Rider came when Arcade, having taken his show on the road, joins up with Blaze's Quentin Carnival; his Murderworld folded out from the back of a semi  Blaze rampages through the fold-out Murderworld, which he discovers is infested with demonic beings, destroying all the obstacles in his sight and killing what he can  He then leaves Arcade trapped in its depths  Arcade's trailer, now more normal-shaped, is driven out into the desert and abandoned Prior to a confrontation with Wolverine and Gambit, he murdered his assistant Miss Locke in a fit of rage  During the struggle, she wounded him with a carving knife and scarred much of his face  Over time, Arcade recovered from the physical trauma (presumably through facial surgery, though that has never been confirmed or even addressed in future stories) and even built a series of Miss Locke androids, virtually identical to her in every way, to replace his now-dead companion 
In the three-part miniseries called "Claws", Arcade secretly creates a Kraven the Hunter robot, with the "assistance" of White Rabbit, in an attempt to kill both Wolverine and Black Cat  The two heroes overwhelm Arcade and the White Rabbit and strand them in the dinosaur-filled wilds of the Savage Land He is responsible for the destruction of Mutant Town, as part of a botched plan to kidnap X-Factor's Rictor  He later resurfaced, confronting Deadpool and Hercules, Dazzler, Human Torch and the Impossible Man  and the Young Allies and Avengers Academy 

Avengers Arena and Undercover
In a shift from his usual modus operandi, Arcade is responsible for the "Avengers Arena " He and a new associate named Miss Coriander abduct 16 teenage superheroes (several with ties to the Avengers, including several members of Avengers Academy) and strand them on a deserted island, re-modified as an elaborate Murderworld location, forcing them to fight to the death  The heroes Mettle, Red Raven, Kid Briton, Juston Seyfert, Apex, and Nara do not survive this Murderworld encounter  (Nico Minoru of the Runaways is also killed, but the powers of her Staff of One resurrect her before the series' end)
Months later, in the pages of Avengers Undercover, Arcade has cashed in on the success of Avengers Arena in the villainous underground nation of Bagalia  Several Murderworld survivors reunite and are convinced by fellow hero Cullen Bloodstone to kill Arcade at the Massacre Casino in revenge for his actions  After a chaotic battle, Hazmat finally kills Arcade by destroying him with a concentrated radiation burst  However, it was later revealed that Arcade was actually alive the entire time, imprisoned in a Masters of Evil cell (by Baron Zemo, with assistance from his now former comrade Ms  Coriander) and that Hazmat had in reality killed a clone made by members of the Masters of Evil; all revealed as an effort to coerce the heroes to turn against the Avengers and to join them  After the Masters of Evil get away on a hijacked Helicarrier, it was shown that they had strapped Arcade to the front of it 

Partnership with Wilson Fisk
Arcade later encountered Gwenpool at a time when Arcade had trapped members of the MODOK organization and Walrus in his latest Murderworld  With help from Deadpool, Gwenpool rescued the captives and assisted Deadpool in defeating Arcade  Arcade later set a trap for Hellcat and She-Hulk on Coney Island He had most recently moved his enterprises to Las Vegas and was embroiled in his usual games of life & death with Elektra  In addition, he collaborated with Screwball where he gave her the training, equipment, and exclusive streaming rights that she needed  During this encounter he revealed that he'd partnered with Wilson Fisk to eliminate certain heroes "from the board," such as Elektra, Hellcat, Gwenpool, Deadpool and others, explaining their previous encounters  After Elektra put an end to his Vegas operation, Arcade found his way to Madripoor and encountered Spider-Man and Deadpool 

Arcade Industries
In the prelude to the "Hunted" storyline, Arcade and his company Arcade Industries assisted Kraven the Hunter and Last Son of Kraven in preparation for his upcoming hunt in Central Park  He started by having King Cobra, Rhino, Scorpion, Stegron, Tarantula, and Vulture be branded the Savage Six after they were apprehended for Kraven the Hunter by Taskmaster and Black Ant  When Arcade offered to test an automaton called the Hunter-Bot which contains Kraven the Hunter's physical characteristics, a Great Hunt participant named Bob used the VR Goggles to help test it out on Iguana  As Iguana attacked the Hunter-Bot, Bob channeled his anger from life failures and controlled the Hunter-Bot into using a special club which tore into Iguana's hide  When Arcade's Hunter-Bots are unleashed on the animal-themed superhumans, they managed to kill Bison, Gazelle of the Salem's Seven, and Mad Dog  Then a Hunter-Bot killed Gibbon as Spider-Man stays by his side in Gibbon's final moments  It was mentioned by Spider-Man and Toad to the other animal-themed superhumans that Arcade's Hunter-Bots controlled by the participants have killed Mandrill and Man-Bull  Arcade receives Vermin from Taskmaster and Lizard  Kraven has Arcade tell Vulture that there is a chance to break the forcefield by killing more Hunter-Bots  Vermin is being kept captured by Arcade who found him due to Taskmaster and Lizard showing Arcade his location  Vermin bites Arcade's finger in defiance  In fear of being killed by Arcade, Vermin reveals that Lizard and Taskmaster are working against Arcade  Arcade puts a serum into Vermin's skin causing him to spawn clones of him in the cage  When the Great Hunt ends, Captain Marvel shows up to confront Arcade while the controllers of the Hunter-Bots are confronted by Captain America who plans to have a conversation with them about New York's hunting laws 

Arcade's other impacts
One of his old facilities was used as a headquarters by the superhero team X-Force  They planned to use it as a base for crimefighting and even attended a nearby college out of it  Arcade later destroys the base remotely; X-Force barely escapes with their lives Another old Murderworld location was converted into a training room by an incarnation of the New Warriors Madripoor Island-ruler Viper had bought one of Arcade's Murderworld facilities and used it to deceive the X-Men, threatening the city of London with nuclear weapons On one occasion, Arcade experimented with what he called "Video Murder Machines", using a laser-like beam to abduct targets into a virtual environment where the victims would engage in deadly video game type scenarios  He intended to abduct the X-Men but accidentally captured the Micronauts with whom he was unfamiliar  The Micronauts (Arcturus Rann, Devil, Microtron, Nanotron) were able to eventually escape the virtual environments through Microtron's hacking into the system  The premise was inspired by the then recent 1982 Disney film Tron 

Powers and abilities
Arcade has no superhuman powers but has absolute genius-level knowledge of technology far ahead of conventional science, particularly in the fields of robotics and mechanical and electrical engineering  Usually when he appears to be captured, it turns out to be a robot  It is implied that he is an expert in conventional assassination, including ranged weapons, poison, and sabotage, all of which became elements in Murderworld 
In Agent X #5, it was revealed that Arcade also has some medical skills which he uses to save Agent X's life In the Avengers Arena series, Arcade easily held back a cadre of 16 high-powered teenage superheroes seemingly without having to resort to mechanical or technological devices of any sort  He displayed the ability to create force fields, proved to be nearly invulnerable to energy blasts without the force field, controlled the motor functions of his 16 captives all at the same time, employed telekinesis, caused nearby matter to form into a throne for him to sit on, and effortlessly blew apart an almost-invulnerable mutant with a simple gesture  However, these abilities are the result of technology provided by his henchwoman, Miss Coriander, and can only be manifested within the confines of the Antarctica Murderworld 

Associates
Miss Locke – Arcade's bodyguard and chief enforcer, is an expert in martial arts and gun combat  According to a flashback sequence in Avengers Arena #7 (2013), he murdered her in cold blood despite her years of faithful service once she, in Arcade's mind, had tried to get "too close" to him by having an emotional and physical relationship 
Mr  Chambers – Arcade's henchman who has displayed electronic and mechanical skill and is thus in charge of Murderworld's system operations and maintenance  In several appearances he is the driver of a vehicle (disguised as a garbage truck) that would often capture Arcade's victims for transport back to Murderworld 
Miss Coriander – Arcade's latest henchwoman, she claims to be responsible for the vast array of powers that Arcade currently employs in his underground base seen in the "Avengers Arena" storyline  She appears to far surpass even Arcade in terms of knowledge about superhuman powers and how to counter them, and has gifted Arcade with a vastly powerful set of abilities that she has purloined from cutting-edge technology, exotic energy sources, and magical power  She later betrays Arcade after his supposed death and joined up with Baron Zemo's Masters of Evil 

Other versions
Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse timeline, Arcade is a member of the Marauders, a heavily armed group of human traitors who work for Apocalypse, alongside Red, Dirigible, and the Owl  He is killed by Gwen Stacy and Clint Barton 

Age of X
In the Age of X universe, Arcade (real name Harcourt Teesdale) was the prison governor of the Alcatraz Island mutant prison  He was responsible for making Basilisk kill his brother Havok  Basilisk later escaped and killed Arcade 

Deadpool Kills the Marvel Universe
It is revealed that Arcade has been captured by Deadpool and forced to build deathtraps used to kill various members of the X-Men  He begs Wolverine to save him, horrified by the things Deadpool wants him to build  Wolverine instead kills Arcade for his involvement 

Marvel Adventures
In this version, Arcade has an actual amusement park in order to entertain the kids; he is skillful in robots and highly arrogant  After Mister Fantastic ruins his robots, he decides to prove he is superior to Mr  Fantastic and lures him into Murderworld  There, Mr  Fantastic defeats all the traps and turns all the robots against Arcade  Arcade is taken into custody and Mr  Fantastic learns to be more tactful Later, Arcade traps high school student Flash Thompson in a new arcade machine and uses the young video gamer as a tester to destroy New York City  Eventually, Spider-Man breaks up Arcade's scheme and saves his schoolmate 

Secret Wars (2015)
During the "Secret Wars" storyline, Arcade is the master of ceremonies at the Killiseum, an arena on the outskirts of the Battleworld domain of Doomstadt that is built to entertain the masses of Battleworld  Here, he encountered such heroes as Captain America and the Hulk and Thunderbolt Ross the War Machine  He also oversees the Ghost Racers event, which pits the various individuals possessed by the Spirit of Vengeance (including Carter Slade, Johnny Blaze, Danny Ketch, Alejandra Blaze, and Robbie Reyes) against one another in violent races around a booby-trapped track  Thanks to the determined leadership of the unbeaten Reyes, the Ghost Racers would eventually break free of their captivity and kill Arcade 

Ultimate Marvel
In the Ultimate Marvel universe, Arcade is portrayed as a taller, fitter gaming prodigy who invented a literal first-person shooter (which is called Murderworld)  His sister was killed by Magneto in the bridge explosion in Ultimate War, giving him a hatred of mutants  He is apparently a skilled hunter and tracker, equipped with various high tech weapons and equipment  When the Ultimate Universe version of Longshot is found guilty of murdering a Genoshan politician, he is sentenced to participate in a reality TV show in which he is stranded on an island and hunted by opponents  As Arcade makes his way through the island jungle, he encounters three X-Men trying to save the prisoner  He subdues them and is about to kill Nightcrawler when Longshot knocks him unconscious  He is last seen being tied to a tree by Colossus with some scraps of iron 

What If?
In a reality where Wolverine was transformed into the Horseman of War by Apocalypse and then killed his maker and ran rampant on the Marvel Universe, Arcade was one of many X-foes who were slain by the rampaging mutant 

In other media
Television
A variation of Arcade appears in the X-Men: Evolution episode "Fun and Games", voiced by Gabe Khouth  This version is reimagined as Webber Torque, a high school gamer who calls himself "Arcade"  He is tricked by Mystique posing as "Risty Wilde" into believing the X-Mansion's Danger Room is an elaborate video game, which he uses to attack the X-Men, whom he believes to be game characters  Despite nearly killing the X-Men, he apologizes for playing the "video game" without permission 
Arcade appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode "Game Over", voiced by Eric Bauza  This version is an technopathic Asian-American mutant who is willing to use his abilities to lure superheroes to Madland for his own childish amusement, regardless of his actions' possible consequences 
Arcade appears in M O D O K , voiced by Alan Tudyk 

Video games
Arcade appears in X-Men: Madness in Murderworld 
Arcade appeared in Spider-Man/X-Men: Arcade's Revenge 
Arcade appears as a boss in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, voiced by Quinton Flynn  This version is a member of Doctor Doom's Masters of Evil  Additionally, Murderworld appears as a stage 
A Marvel 2099-inspired incarnation of Arcade appears in the Nintendo DS version of Spider-Man: Edge of Time, voiced by Jim Cummings  This version controls a cyber-arena game called Murder Galaxy to hunt down and destroy heroes in front of a live audience and seeks to challenge the stranded present-day Spider-Man, only to be defeated 
Arcade appears in Marvel: Avengers Alliance 

Toys
An Arcade action figure was produced as part of a Super Villains assortment of Marvel Legends action figures released in June 2021 
Passage 2:
Ultimate Nick Fury
General Nicholas Joseph "Nick" Fury is a fictional character appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics' Ultimate Marvel section as a different version of Nick Fury  He has a substantial presence in all the Ultimate Marvel comics, appearing first in Ultimate Marvel Team-Up and Ultimate X-Men and later reappearing regularly in Ultimate Spider-Man and finally securing a regular, recurring role as the general of S H I E L D  and the leader of the Ultimates, a re-imagining of the Avengers  This character was designed to look like Samuel L  Jackson, who later went on to portray the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe; the recognizability of the MCU version later led Marvel to retire the original Earth-616 character with his son 

Publication history
Ultimate Nick Fury first appeared in Ultimate Marvel Team-Up #5 (2001), where he was drawn as a younger version of the original iteration of the character  His clothing integrated high-tech capabilities such as invisibility and shoes capable of flight and addressed as "Colonel Fury"   In 2002, the character had a starring role in The Ultimates, where artist Bryan Hitch redesigned him to look like actor Samuel L  Jackson  The similarity is noted within the story 

Fictional character biography
Origins
Nicholas Fury fought for the United States in World War II  During the invasion of Sicily, he, along with Private Fisk (the grandfather of Wilson Fisk) and Canadian paratrooper Corporal Howlett, attempted to loot a house  American military police arrived to arrest them, and all three were subdued  Fisk was grazed by a bullet, while Fury was imprisoned in an unknown location alongside several other black men, and Howlett, despite protests that he was Canadian, was also shipped to an unknown location  Fury was selected to be the next test subject for Project: Rebirth, as his blood work most closely matched that of Subject #22, the most successful of the previous test subjects  He was injected with a serum that gave him super-strength, which he used to free himself and the other prisoners, who then escaped  The scientists who were working on him let him escape, deciding that they have all the information that they needed for now After attending college in India, Fury enlisted in the U S  military, where he was deployed into various conflicts such as the Kosovo War  He was later assigned to S H I E L D 's Weapon X program in the original Gulf War  While transporting the mind wiped Wolverine in an adamantium cage, an Iraqi guerrilla ambushed and killed his team, inadvertently freeing Wolverine from his prison  After slaughtering the Iraqi guards, Wolverine discovered Fury, the only survivor of the ambush, and transported him back through the desert to the Allied forces  Although Wolverine was summarily subdued and re-imprisoned by his handlers, a bond between the two men was formed  The next day, Fury, already mostly healed, was confronted by General Thaddeus Ross  The General had discovered much was unusual about Fury and questioned him at length, prompting him to reexamine where he was going in life 

Director of S H I E L D  and Ultimates
Years later, the X-Men were abducted and imprisoned by the Weapon X program  This program was overseen at the time by Wraith, who had previously staged a coup against General Ross  This coup had prevented Ross from dismantling the Weapon X program altogether  Wolverine, the only X-Man who eludes capture, later asks Fury for help in freeing the other X-Men and bringing down the Weapon X program  During the operation, which also involves the Brotherhood of Mutants, Wraith was about to kill Nightcrawler, but was shot dead by Fury Fury is summarily promoted to General and resumes the duties of the Director of S H I E L D  He was tasked with forming a team to battle posthuman threats and resurrecting the Super-Soldier program, two objectives that resulted in the formation of the Ultimates  Fury operates as the commander of the team, at times leading them into action, though he often shares duties with the revived World War II hero Captain America and billionaire genius Iron Man  Nick Fury is also responsible for monitoring superhumans who are not affiliated with the U S  Military, including Peter Parker and the X-Men Nick Fury lost his right arm in a battle against the Liberators in The Ultimates 2  He replaced it shortly thereafter with a bionic one 

Ultimate Spider-Man
Nick Fury has also been involved in the Ultimate Spider-Man comics  In them, he meets Peter after Norman Osborn returns  He states that S H I E L D  was able to figure out who Peter was because of the security shots of the OZ Spider biting Peter, as well as Dr  Octopus screaming that Peter Parker is Spider-Man while in jail  Nick Fury has been watching Peter and informs him that, due to his illegal genetically altered status, he will become the property of S H I E L D  when he turns eighteen  Although Fury wants him to be part of the Ultimates, this may have changed because the Ultimates broke apart  Peter and Fury's relationship became strained after the Hobgoblin arc  Peter punches Fury for ignoring his questions for why Harry Osborn became the Hobgoblin  At that point, Fury told one of his scientists that he wanted to know everything about OZ and that it was time for Peter Parker to lose his spider powers  This follows on to the Ultimate Clone Saga, in which it is revealed by Fury that the Tinkerer's Spider-Slayers were developed to handle Peter if and when he ever went insane  Mary Jane Watson, upon discovering Fury's intentions, tells him that Peter looks up to him like a father  This convinced Fury to let Peter keep his powers, and he apologizes to Peter, stating that in his line of work he's been trained to expect someone in Peter's position to crack under stress 

Ultimate Power
During Ultimate Power, Fury was judged to be at least partially responsible for the devastation of much of Earth-31916 along with Emil Burbank  Burbank had sought a means to defeat the Hyperion of that universe  An alien organism, unleashed in an attempt to achieve this, spread throughout the United States, causing widespread devastation  A probe sent by Reed Richards provided evidence that an "invasion from another universe" was responsible  The Squadron Supreme was dispatched to the Ultimate Universe in order to arrest Richards so that he could stand trial for his "crimes"  A lengthy battle ensued between the Squadron on one side and the Ultimates, Spider-Man, the X-Men, and the Fantastic Four on the other  Richards, believing himself to be responsible when the Squadron produced his probe as evidence, surrendered himself  Fury was unwilling to accept this and convinced Thor to create a bridge to Earth-31916, through which the Helicarrier was able to travel  Once there, another battle between the Squadron and the Ultimate Universe heroes began  Spider-Man learns that Fury had an ulterior motive - the retrieval of the probes and their data, and had conspired with Doctor Doom to do so  In addition, Fury had brought insurance in the form of the Hulk  It took the combined power of the Ultimate Universe heroes, the Earth-31916 Squadron Supreme, and their counterparts from Earth-712 to defeat the Hulk, but Doom had proven to be simply a Doombot  To stop the fighting, the Ultimates agreed to turn over Fury to the Earth-31916 Squadron and to allow Power Princess to return with them to their universe  Fury tries to convince them that they are making a mistake, but his pleas are ignored Fury is seen still stranded in Earth-31916 in Squadron Supreme (Vol  2) #1  He has apparently fulfilled the prophecy made by Hyperion in Ultimate Power #9: "Given the strength of our military industrial complex, Fury would have risen here to even greater heights than your homeworld "

Ultimatum
Fury returns to the Ultimate Universe in Ultimatum #4 and is instrumental in defeating Magneto  Jean Grey telepathically relays the information discovered by Fury in Ultimate Origins that mutants are not the next stage in human evolution, but are in fact the result of experimentation done by humans  This revelation causes Magneto to reverse the damage done to the Earth's magnetic poles Following the events of Ultimatum, Fury is informed by Hawkeye about how Captain America discovered the secret of the Red Skull  Fury asks head of S H I E L D  Carol Danvers for permission to start up a "death squad" in order to catch the Red Skull and Cap, which he then carries out with the help of Hawkeye, Gregory Stark, and the rest of the Ultimate Avengers 

Project: Avengers
In Ultimate Comics: Avengers Fury returned to S H I E L D  again  After learning that Captain America went rogue after discovering that the Red Skull was his biological son, Fury re-activated "Project Avenger" and recruited a team of questionable super humans to find Captain America  Following Captain America's capture, Fury briefed the Avengers of AIM's purpose of creating the Cosmic Cube to build their visioned utopia and readied his team to thwart the organization's plans 
Fury guided his team of Avengers from headquarters, with the secret intent to go ahead with "Plan B", which is to detonate a nuclear warhead that was built into War Machine's armor by Dr  Gregory Stark in case the mission failed 
Captain America managed to arrive at the location of the battle between the Red Skull and the Avengers and teleported the jet to the exact location where the Red Skull was standing, impaling him through the chest with one of the rods that protrudes from its nose  The Red Skull was taken to a hospital and kept alive long enough for Gail, his mother, to say her goodbyes  Red Skull explained to Fury that all he wanted to do with the Cosmic Cube was turn back time and prevent Steve Rogers from being lost during the war so that he could grow up with him and lead a normal life, rather than the one he was given  Petra Laskov, dressed as a doctor, then entered the room and shot Red Skull in the head, killing him 
A short time later, Fury is fixing his damaged prosthetic arm while speaking with Gregory Stark  Gregory concludes that it was in fact Fury himself who hired the Red Skull to come out of retirement, in some sort of plot to resurrect Project Avengers, securing him a position in S H I E L D 's employment and eventually regaining his old title as Director  Fury told him that was how he got the job the first time, and expects the same outcome this time as well  Fury and his Avengers later faced threats from the Ghost Rider and a vampiric menace  In Ultimate Avengers vs  New Ultimates, Stark would end up framing Fury for selling information to North Korea and stealing his position as S H I E L D  Director and charging Fury's ex-assistant Carol Danvers' New Ultimates to apprehend him, ending in a standstill when Stark caught Fury, revealing he was manipulating both  Fury and his Avengers take down Stark's forces with Thor landing a strike from his hammer, killing Gregory In "Ultimate Enemy", approximately six months after Ultimatum, Fury is Black OPS and is "Off the Grid"  He was enjoying a meal while under cover when the restaurant he was at was attacked by a creature with energy powers  Fury manages to hold the creature at bay until Spider-Man and Human Torch arrive at the scene to investigate  The creature vanishes after a short battle with the three of them  Peter is surprised to see Fury alive, as he has not seen him for months Nick breaks into the Triskelion and confronts Carol Danvers in the ladies' room and points a gun to her head, exclaiming that she is the only person who knew he was alive and would have motive to have him killed  The two fight before being interrupted by a female S H I E L D  agent, informing Danvers that an attack has been made in Queens, which Fury knows is where the Parker residence is located  Simultaneously, the two order a Battalion of Hulkbuster agents to get to Queens to intercept the attacker, where they succeed in apprehending the monster attacking superhumans Attempting to atone for his mistakes with Peter, Fury has taken on a more direct mentor role for Miles Morales as the new Spider-Man 
When the Peter Parker of Earth-616 is sent to the Ultimate Universe, Fury interrogates him for information about his presence in this universe, accepting Peter's story that he came from another universe as nobody would come up with something that insane as a lie  Peter also notes that Ultimate Nick Fury is a lot cooler than the version Peter knows  Attempting to atone for his mistakes with his Peter, Fury allows the other Peter to visit his counterpart's family, and is satisfied when Peter gives Miles his blessing to become that world's new Spider-Man 

Taking on HYDRA, Formation of the Howling Commandos
Nick joined HYDRA using a bio-camouflage to change his appearance under the name of "Scorpio" (resembling his classic mainstream look), stating that his motivations were to destroy the government that took everything away from him, although he still had a different agenda apart from Hydra's  The Ultimates managed to track him and tried to capture him, believing he was the traitor who provided Hydra with S H I E L D  weapons  During an attack to Hydra's Death's Head camp, it was revealed Nick Fury was trying to destroy Hydra from the inside, while the S H I E L D  traitor was actually Hydra leader Commander Crimson who used an Infinity Gem to battle her enemies, until a burst of energy made her disappear along with the artifact In the aftermath of the battle, Nick told Monica Chang he was planning to create his own team, the Howling Commandos, to battle Hydra the way the Ultimates couldn't, along ex-Hydra agent Abigail Brand  Before leaving, Chang told Fury he would be under her supervision 

Secret Wars
As the final Incursion of Earth-1610 and Earth-616 begins, the Maker (the Mister Fantastic of Earth-1610) urges Fury to defend his world by attacking Earth-616  Despite not trusting the Maker, Fury sends every weapon and hero in his arsenal against the Marvel Universe's heroes  His invasion fails against the might of the defending forces, but it buys time for the Maker to launch his doomsday weapon 

Abilities and technologies
Like his Earth-616 counterpart, Nick Fury is an active physical man despite being over 80 years of age  Initially, he was not shown to use the Infinity Formula or other physical enhancements that his mainstream Marvel Universe counterpart possessed  However, Fury was later revealed to have served during World War II and was a test subject of the Super Soldier program (albeit as an unwilling participant)  In this reality, the Super Soldier serum not only gave Fury low level super-human strength and agility but has also reduced his aging, allowing Fury to continue to be active despite his advanced chronological age Fury has had his right arm replaced with a cybernetic arm that gives him even greater strength than his enhanced biological original  The exact level of his cybernetic arm has not been specifically revealed  Unlike his mainstream counterpart who retains his injured eye despite being legally blind in it with a 95% vision loss, Fury has actually lost his left eye  The skin around the left eye-socket is shown to be badly scarred, extending beyond the eye patch 
Fury is an exceptional combatant and strategist and a gifted field leader  In his earliest appearances, he operated with technology years ahead of traditional forces, including the latest experimental weaponry, and some form of projected invisibility and the ability to walk through solid matter  These powers have very limited windows due to massive expense for any moment of "uptime"; costs for these run to the millions for less than a minute of use  He once used a chewing gum that was programmed to explode after 200 chews  The number of instances in which Fury uses these technologies has decreased since The Ultimates #1, and Fury is shown to primarily use conventional firearms 
While General Fury was Director of S H I E L D  he was constantly monitored and shadowed by dozens of S H I E L D  agents and all known observation technologies   After leaving S H I E L D , Fury has shown that he knows how to elude all such monitoring devices to the point that he was able to enter the S H I E L D helicarrier and attack the current Director Carol Danvers 

In other media
Most appearances of Nick Fury in other media since the 2000s have been modeled on the Ultimate Marvel version of the character, most notably in the Marvel Cinematic Universe where he is portrayed by Samuel L  Jackson 
Passage 3:
List of Spider-Man enemies
Spider-Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics who debuted in the anthology comic book series issue Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) during the Silver Age of Comics  After his debut, he got his own comic book entitled The Amazing Spider-Man  This comic introduced many of what would become his major supervillain adversaries  Spider-Man then became popular enough for more Spider-Man comic spinoffs (The Spectacular Spider-Man, Marvel Team-Up, Web of Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man etc ) which introduced more recurring enemies of the web-slinger, across their various incarnations 
As with Spider-Man, most of his villains' powers originate from scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology  They can be classified into multiple categories, such as animal-themed villains (Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Black Cat, Lizard, Rhino, Scorpion, Jackal, Beetle, Kangaroo, Tarantula, and Puma), those with powers over the elements (Sandman, Electro, Molten Man, and Hydro-Man), horror-themed villains (the Green Goblin, the Hobgoblin, Morbius, Morlun, and the Symbiotes), crime lords (the Kingpin, Tombstone, Hammerhead, Silvermane, and Mister Negative), inventors (the Shocker, the Tinkerer, Spencer Smythe, and Alistair Smythe), and masters of trickery and illusion (the Chameleon and Mysterio)  There are, however, numerous villains that don't fit into any specific category, such as Kraven the Hunter and Mephisto, the latter of whom originated as a Silver Surfer villain  The villains oftentimes form teams such as the Sinister Six to oppose the web-slinger 
Spider-Man is notable for having numerous villains that redeemed themselves and became antiheroes, such as Black Cat, the Prowler, Morbius, Kraven,  Sandman and Silver Sable  Also, unlike most superheroes, Spider-Man doesn't have one particular archenemy, but rather three: the Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin, the Otto Octavius version of Doctor Octopus, and the Eddie Brock version of Venom, the latter two of whom have been similarly redeemed and depicted as antiheroes; since the late 2000s, the demon Mephisto has additionally been depicted as an overarching archenemy/prominent adversary of all incarnations of Spider-Man, responsible for Harry and Norman Osborn's transformations into the Green Goblin, creating Kindred, and manipulating various incarnations of Spider-Man into making deals with him: erasing Peter Parker's and Mary Jane Watson's marriage (and future daughter) from history, reverting Octavius from the Superior Spider-Man to a return to villainy, and tricking Miles Morales into sacrificing an innocent soul 
The rogues gallery of Spider-Man has garnered positive critical acclaim and has been considered one of the greatest rogues galleries of all time 

Debuting in Spider-Man titles
The majority of supervillains depicted in Spider-Man comics first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man, while some first appeared in spinoff comics such as The Spectacular Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up and other titles 

The Amazing Spider-Man debuts
Most of the supervillains of Spider-Man would be introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man comic book starting with the Chameleon  The early villains would be introduced in the 1960s during the Silver Age of Comic Books, and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko  John Romita Sr  replaced Ditko starting with the Rhino  Gerry Conway later replaced Stan Lee and helped create new adversaries for the web-slinger and also helped pave the way for the Bronze Age of Comic Books with the death of Spider-Man's long time romantic interest, Gwen Stacy  Many collaborators would soon take over The Amazing Spider-Man title  One of the more popular examples included Todd McFarlane's Venom in the Modern Age of Comic Books Note: Alter ego characters who are the most high profile in the supervillain alias but have shared that alias with others are in bold  Alter egos listed having N/A use their real name as the supervillain name  All the villains are listed in the chronological order of their debut in comics  Characters of the central rogues gallery are in bold 

Central rogues gallery
Foes of lesser renown that originated in The Amazing Spider-Man
The Spectacular Spider-Man debuts
Note: In chronological order

Marvel Team-Up debuts
Note: In chronological order

Debuting in other Spider-Man titles
Note: In chronological order

Debuting outside Spider-Man titles
Other villains
Coldheart
Coldheart debuted in Spider-Man #49  Not much is known about the history of Kateri Deseronto  She is an expert martial artist and swordsman who wields Cryonic Swords that can freeze anyone in their place 

Delilah
Delilah first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #414 by Tom DeFalco and Mark Bagley  A highly skilled and ruthless assassin who came under the employ of the Rose during one of the many crime-boss gang wars and became his confidante as well as his chief enforcer  She is first shown wiping out an entire room of mobsters so the Rose could maintain control of part of the New York Organize Crime  Delilah came into conflict with Spider-Man for the first time when she attempted to assassinate the ex-husband of one of Rose's employers  When the Black Tarantula first involved himself in the gang war, Delilah attempted to kill his super-strong henchman El Uno but she was overwhelmed by his power  The rematch, though, was a firm win for Delilah, with El Uno's head being mailed back to the Black Tarantula She also had a role during the Rose's efforts to gain extra muscle and to remove Spider-Man from interfering in their operations, in the rebirth of two of Spider-Man's old foes  She was the one who threw the switch of the electric chair which gave Electro his powers back, hoping he would eliminate Spider-Man  Electro failed, and so they devised a new plan  This time, they stole the corpse of Doctor Octopus so the Hand could succeed in restoring him to life  Delilah later found herself ambushed by the Black Tarantula himself, who easily subdued her and broke her neck, inflicting fatal injuries, but before she could die, however, the Black Tarantula instantly healed her with a message of warning for the Rose 
Attempting to find help to bring down the Black Tarantula, Delilah enlisted the aid of the new costumed adventurer Ricochet (actually Spider-Man in disguise)  Together they tackled two of the Black Tarantula's operatives, Roughhouse and Bloodscream  Bloodscream grabbed hold of Delilah and caused her to bleed until she passed out  She was taken by the authorities to the hospital 
Years later she appears in Loners as an assassin smuggling MGH  When Johnny Gallo (the second Ricochet) broke into a laboratory, she thought he was the one she had teamed up with, and attacked him  Despite her skills, Johnny managed to knock her out with a cunningly thrown disc 

Spidercide
Spidercide was a major antagonist in the "Maximum Clonage" story arc  He first appeared in The Spectacular Spider-Man #222 by Tom DeFalco and Sal Buscema  He is depicted as an evil foil of Spider-Man, Ben Reilly, and Kaine  Introduced as a red herring to suggest the possibility of a third individual that was the original Peter Parker, he is one of the Spider-Man clones created by Jackal, to be Jackal's enforcer and protector  However, Spidercide is actually a clone to Ben Reilly, who is a direct genetic duplicate of Spider-Man The Jackal later modified Spidercide's powers, granting him the unique ability to control his physical make-up on a molecular level; he can alter his mass, density, shape and state at will similar to the symbiotes  Despite being created to escort and protect the Jackal, Spidercide betrayed him and aligned with the Scrier  He was believed to have died after being thrown off the roof of the Daily Bugle  only to survive and return to menace Reilly shortly afterwards

Antiheroes and reformed, semi-reformed, or occasionally reformed supervillains
The following is a list of Spider-Man adversaries who, at one point or another, have been reformed or semi-reformed, either temporarily or currently, or who are no longer primarily antagonists of Spider-Man  Many of these characters are now anti-heroes and have often acted as allies of the web-slinger, while others occasionally return to villain status depending on the story arc 

Non-supervillain enemies
Group villains
Kravinoff family
Archenemies
Unlike most superheroes, who have a particular villain or villainous group among their adversaries with whom they have come into conflict the most (e g , the Joker to Batman, and Lex Luthor to Superman in DC Comics, or the Red Skull to Captain America, Doctor Doom to the Fantastic Four, and the Brotherhood of Mutants to the X-Men in Marvel Comics etc ), Spider-Man is often regarded as having three archenemies, and it can be debated as to which one is the worst:
^ Doctor Octopus has been described as Spider-Man's greatest enemy, and the man Peter Parker might have become if he hadn't been raised with a sense of responsibility  He is infamous for defeating him the first time in battle and for almost marrying Peter's Aunt May  He is also the core leader of the Sinister Six, and at one point adopted the "Master Planner" alias  ("If This Be My Destiny   !") Later depictions revealed him in Peter Parker's body where he was the titular character for a while, ultimately becoming an antihero; on several occasions, he and Spider-Man have even put their differences aside to become allies 
^ The Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin is most commonly regarded as Spider-Man's archenemy  Unlike Doctor Octopus, who only aims to kill Spider-Man, the Goblin also targeted his loved ones and showed no remorse in killing them as long as it caused pain to Spider-Man, therefore making him not only Spider-Man's worst enemy, but also Peter Parker's  His most infamous feat is killing Spider-Man's girlfriend in what became one of the most famous Spider-Man stories of all time and helped end the Silver Age of Comic Books and begin the Bronze Age of Comic Books  While the Goblin was killed in the same story, he returned in the 1990s to plague Spider-Man once again, committing more heinous acts (such as being involved of the murder of Aunt May)  He also came into conflict with other heroes, such as the Avengers  Norman is sometimes depicted as an enemy of Spider-Man even when not being the Green Goblin 
^ The Eddie Brock incarnation of Venom is often regarded as Spider-Man's deadliest foe, and has been described as an evil mirror version of Spider-Man in many ways  He is also among Spider-Man's most popular villains  Venom's main goal is usually to ruin Peter Parker's life and mess with his head in any way he can  Despite this, Venom is not a traditional criminal, as he is only interested in hurting Spider-Man and does not engage in criminal acts, lacking the typical supervillain desires for wealth and power  The character also has a sense of honor and justice, and later starred in his own comic book stories, where he is depicted as an antihero and has a desire to protect innocent people from harm  On several occasions, he and Spider-Man have even put their differences aside to become allies 

In other media
Reception
Reaction to Spider-Man's rogues gallery has been overwhelmingly positive with many journalists citing it as one of the greatest comic book rogues galleries of all time, with Batman's rogues gallery being its most rivaled contender  However, editors such as The Hollywood Reporter's Graeme McMillan felt that only Flash's rogues gallery can compete with Spider-Man's rogues  Kyle Schmidlin of What Culture! described the superhero's rogues gallery as "one of the most colorful in comics" explaining that Batman could only be debated as having a great number of enemies as good as Spider-Man  IGN staff editors, Joshua Yehl and Jesse Schedeen, described the Spider-Man villains as "one of the most iconic and well-balanced in comics"  They opined that the scope of their schemes, how cool their powers are, and how dramatically they have affected Spider-Man's life is what makes the Spider-Man villains so great  Newsarama ranked Spider-Man's rogues gallery as number one out of ten as the greatest rogues gallery of all time 

Themes
George Marston of Newsarama said that the reason he felt that Spider-Man's rogues gallery was the best was the thematic elements that the villains manifested  He explained that just like the superhero they have the same concept of science gone wrong  They are "like him, great men with great minds, great power, and great determination " But instead they fail to use their powers responsibly, symbolizing the thin line between being a hero and being a villain  Alex Wyse of Comic Book Resources felt that a good villain is supposed to challenge the ideals of the hero  For Spider-Man that idea was the famous quote "With great power comes great responsibility", where the superhero is pitted against an antithesis of the hero's motto like the concept of using superpowers for their personal gain 

Me and the Boys
A viral internet meme called "Me and the Boys", centering on images of Spider-Man foes from the 1960s Spider-Man animated series that showcases the four supervillains – the Green Goblin, Electro, Vulture and a photoshopped addition of Rhino – along with other Spider-Man foes in some variations, emerged in 2019  The meme image parodied and represented a group of friends bonding, hanging out, or engaging in various shenanigans  It originated from Reddit and, later, Twitter  It was placed as the 35th-best meme of 2019 by Thrillist 

See also
Savage Six: Antagonists of Spider-Girl and Agent Venom, similar to the Sinister Six 
The Superior Foes of Spider-Man: A comic book series starring Spider-Man villains 

Notes
^ The Chameleon is the first member of Spider-Man's rogues gallery in publication date  (Excluding the Burglar ) He is also well known to be related to Kraven the Hunter and Kraven to him  That revealed relationship helped evolve him as a major villain compared to his original depiction of being just a solo villain in the original issue of The Amazing Spider-Man 
^ Besides being most notable as a Spider-Man supervillain, he has also been depicted as a Fantastic Four antagonist in Stan Lee and Jack Kirby comics books (mostly due to being introduced as the original Frightful Four)  He was also a heroic figure (as an Avengers member) until being introduced as a tragic supervillain in the Spider-Man comics once again 
^ The character is also known as the member of the Frightful Four battling the Fantastic Four  He is also the first major Marvel villain to be written in publication history as battling Daredevil  Even being the founder and leader of the supervillain team that oppose him, the Emissaries of Evil 
^ Just like Electro, he has also been a major villain of Daredevil  In the storyline "Guardian Devil" he crossed into Daredevil's territory almost pushing Daredevil to the edge (just like he if often trying to do with Spider-Man) when Mysterio believes Spider-Man is a clone at one point 
^ While a recurring villain to Spider-Man since his introduction, Kraven the Hunter did not stand out as a memorable supervillain until the critically acclaimed storyline, "Kraven's Last Hunt" 
^ Not counting any other character in the mainstream Marvel Universe with that name  Only outside of the mainstream Spider-Man comics or in other media is there other Spider-Man villains (that isn't named Mac Gargan) that are antagonists of Spider-Man  Gargan is the third character to assume the Scorpion alias in comics, but he became the most notable one, and is only one to be a recurring adversary of Spider-Man 
^ While initially written to be a recurring villain of Spider-Man, Rhino has also come into conflict with other superheroes (especially Hulk)  He is a major character in the storyline titled "Flowers for Rhino" (Spider-Man's Tangled Web), whose name is an homage to Flowers for Algernon 
^ Despite first appearing in Spider-Man comic books, the Kingpin is more notable of being Daredevil's archenemy  Despite this he is a major antagonist of both superheroes in the Marvel comic books just as recurringly  He also is a major recurring villain in the rest of the Marvel Universe crossing over as major antagonists to superheroes/antiheroes (such as the Punisher) in certain comic books of the many based universes of Marvel (PunisherMAX, etc )
^ Morbius debuted in the storyline "The Six Arms Saga" 
^ Miles Warren's first appearance was in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), but he didn't become the Jackal until much later 
^ Although she is listed as a supervillain, the Black Cat is more often portrayed as an antiheroine and the major femme fatale romantic interest for Spider-Man  She is struggling to decide between good and bad, and the only thing preventing her from becoming a villain is her complicated relationship with Spider-Man  Nonetheless  she has been a staple supporting Spider-Man character during her debut 
^ The Amazing Spider-Man #299 is the first appearance of Eddie Brock as Venom  The alien costume debuted from The Amazing Spider-Man #252 and the symbiote bonded to Spider-Man in Secret Wars #8  Venom's creators are determined by pre-alien costume by not counting the creators/designers of the alien costume, David Michelinie or Mike Zeck, or the Marvel Comics fan who originally thought of the concept for the creators 
^ Cletus Kasady first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man 344  Carnage is a major character in the popular storyline "Maximum Carnage" 
^ Despite becoming an antihero with his own comic book storylines, the Punisher was first introduced as an adversary of Spider-Man 
^ Harry didn't become the Green Goblin until The Amazing Spider-Man #136 (September 1974) 
Passage 4:
Batman: Son of the Demon
Batman: Son of the Demon is a 1987 graphic novel by writer Mike W  Barr and artist Jerry Bingham, published by American company DC Comics  It was released in both hardcover and softcover formats  
Although it was deemed to be non-canon, Grant Morrison used elements of this story in the 4-issue story "Batman and Son" in 2006  DC Comics published a new printing of Batman: Son of the Demon in 2006 featuring new cover art by Andy Kubert for the first time in standard comic book size with a cover price of $5 99 US, tying in with the "Batman and Son" arc 

Plot
The story centers on the eco-terrorist and head of the League of Assassins, Ra's al Ghul aiding Batman in his quest to solve the murder of Harris Blaine, one of Gotham City's most prominent scientists  Ra's al Ghul and Batman turn out to be searching for the same man, the terrorist known as Qayin  Qayin is a rogue assassin who had murdered Ra's al Ghul's wife Melisande, mother to his favorite daughter and heir-apparent, Talia, by throwing her into an early version of a Lazarus Pit  Batman has shared a stormy, on-again, off-again romance with Talia for many years, despite his ideological conflict with Ra's  During the course of the storyline, Batman has time to properly romance Talia  When Batman asks if there should have been a marriage ceremony of some sort, Talia replies that there already has been: her father had previously, in a bid to stop Batman from interfering with his plans, performed such a ceremony in the tradition of his own country, where only the consent of the bride was needed to constitute a marriage  Talia soon becomes pregnant, and the prospect of a family has a profound effect on Batman's demeanor, making him more risk-averse and softening his typically grim outlook  Batman is nearly killed protecting the recently pregnant (and still very dangerous in her own right) Talia from an attack by the assassin's agents  Observing Batman's dangerous and overly protective behavior, Talia resolves that she cannot allow him to continue to act in such a manner, as he will almost certainly be killed  To that end, Talia claims to have miscarried  Crushed by the news, Batman returns to his typically grim disposition, and he and Talia agree to have the marriage dissolved  Batman returns to Gotham, never knowing Talia is still carrying his child 
The child, a boy, is born and left with an orphanage, and soon adopted by a Western couple  The only hint of his impressive heritage is a jewel-encrusted necklace, a gift Bruce gave to Talia just before Qayin attacked Ra's' HQ 

Critical reaction
IGN ranked Batman: Son of the Demon #6 on a list of the 25 greatest Batman graphic novels, calling it "the perfect Ra's al Ghul tale" and "a brilliant, perfectly paced story" 
Passage 5:
Jerry Bingham
Gerald Joseph Bingham Jr  (born June 25, 1953, in Chicago, Illinois) is an American artist who has worked in the fields of comic books, commercial illustration, and design  He is known for his artwork on Marvel Team-Up and the DC Comics graphic novel Batman: Son of the Demon 

Biography
Given his first break by veteran comics artist Dan Adkins, Bingham's first published comics work was a Green Arrow backup story in World's Finest Comics #251 (June–July 1978)  From there, Bingham drew comics for Marvel Comics, First Comics, TSR, Malibu Comics, Dark Horse Comics, Heavy Metal, and others   He drew the Batman: Son of the Demon graphic novel in 1987, which introduced a character later revealed to be Damian Wayne  This graphic novel reputedly "restored DC Comics to first place in sales after fifteen years "Leaving comics in the late 1990s, Bingham moved to the West Coast, where he did production art for the movies, designing props, special effects and monster make-up  He contributed design work for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, shopping centers, Universal Studios, and the Hollywood Christmas Parade  In addition, Bingham has illustrated paperback, game, and magazine covers 

Education
Bingham attended the American Academy of Art, the Scottsdale Artists School, the California Art Institute, and UCLA 

Awards
Jack Kirby Award, 1984 – Best Graphic Album: Beowulf
Golden Apple Award, 1987 – Best Graphic Novel: Batman: Son of the Demon
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program, 1999 – Background Designer (animation): Todd McFarlane's Spawn

Bibliography
DC Comics
First Comics
Beowulf graphic novel (1984)
Warp! #10–15, 17–18 (1984)

HM Communications, Inc 
Heavy Metal #v7#3, #v7#7 (1983)

Marvel Comics
Passage 6:
Marvel Team-Up
Marvel Team-Up is an American comic book series published by Marvel Comics  The series featured two or more Marvel characters in one story  The series was originally published from March 1972 through February 1985, and featured Spider-Man as the lead "team-up" character in all but ten of its 150 issues, and in six of its seven Annuals  It was the first major ongoing spin-off series for Spider-Man, being preceded only by the short-lived The Spectacular Spider-Man magazine  Of the issues that did not star Spider-Man, the Human Torch headlines six issues (#18, 23, 26, 29, 32, 35); the Hulk, four (#97, 104, 105, and Annual #3); and Aunt May, one (#137)  Publication of most of the issues starring the Human Torch coincided with that of Giant-Size Spider-Man, an alternate Spider-Man "team-up"-themed series by the regular Marvel Team-Up creative team   When cancelled with #150 in 1985, the title was replaced by Web of Spider-Man 
The second series was published for 11 issues from September 1997 through July 1998 and originally featured Spider-Man; Namor the Sub-Mariner was the featured character starting with #8  From 1995 to 1997, a quarterly series titled Spider-Man Team-Up fulfilled much the same purpose as the original title  The third Marvel Team-Up series, written by Robert Kirkman, began publication in January 2005 and frequently featured Spider-Man  This volume often reintroduced lesser-known Marvel characters that had fallen into obscurity 
The spirit of Marvel Team-Up was carried on by Avenging Spider-Man and later by Superior Spider-Man Team-Up 

Publication history
Comics journalist Jonathan Miller summarized Marvel Team-Up in a retrospective article: The series was admittedly formulaic; either Spider-Man or that issue's guest-star would encounter a menace and then by sheer chance cross paths with another hero who would lend a hand  The title's guest-stars were an equal mix of A-list characters whose presence was likely to increase sales and fledgling heroes being given exposure in the hopes of launching them into stardom but who for the most part continued to languish in obscurity 
The series debuted with a March 1972 cover-dated issue featuring Spider-Man and the Human Torch in a story by writer Roy Thomas and artist Ross Andru  Spider-Man and the Human Torch were originally the permanent headliners on the series, but the creators found this format limiting, and after just three issues the Human Torch was dropped in favor of a rotating co-star slot  The main artists on the series for the first several years were Andru, Gil Kane, Sal Buscema, and Jim Mooney In 1974, Marvel started publishing Giant-Size Spider-Man, which was a quarterly 68-page comic that lasted for six issues which complemented Marvel Team-Up  The series featured team-ups, with each issue featuring a new story with a back-up reprint, except the last issue, which only featured a reprint 
Due to the limitations of the typically single-issue team-up stories, the supporting cast of Spider-Man's other titles rarely appeared in Marvel Team-Up  The series often featured non-superhero characters in the co-star slot  A multi-issue time travel story arc began in issue #41 with Spider-Man and the Scarlet Witch traveling to the Salem witch trials in 1692, and pushed the barriers of continuity by having Spider-Man team up with two characters who had no established connection to the mainstream Marvel Universe, Killraven and Deathlok  Though the series did often team Spider-Man with other highly popular characters, it regularly gave the co-star slot to obscure characters that the average reader was unlikely to even recognize, particularly during writer J  M  DeMatteis's run  DeMatteis recounted, "I was always attracted to the more obscure characters, mainly because they were ripe for exploration  You could crack them open and really develop them      I just looked at these fringe characters as more inviting than the mainstream, more established characters - who all had their set-in-stone continuity  I wanted room to play and those characters gave me all the room I wanted  And let's face it, our lead character was as mainstream as you can get, so the obscure ones made for a nice contrast "With issue #47, the series had a crossover with Marvel Two-in-One #17, which featured the Thing  Jean DeWolff was introduced as a supporting character in the Spider-Man/Iron Man story in issue #48 John Byrne, who would later become the artist on The Uncanny X-Men, first drew the characters in Marvel Team-Up #53  Byrne and his Uncanny X-Men collaborator, writer Chris Claremont worked together on several issues of Marvel Team-Up  Captain Britain, a character created for Marvel UK, made his first appearance in an American comic book in Marvel Team-Up #65 (January 1978) Karma, a character that later joined the New Mutants, was created by Claremont and artist Frank Miller in #100's lead story  A photo cover by Eliot R  Brown was used for the Spider-Man/Captain America team-up in issue #128 Though published for well over a decade, the series format never truly caught on with readers  Upon taking a serious look at sales figures for Marvel Team-Up, Marvel's editorial staff found that sales dramatically rose or fell with each issue depending solely on the popularity of that issue's co-star  Taking this into consideration, Marvel editor-in-chief Jim Shooter concluded that it would make more sense to have another Spider-Man solo series with guest stars appearing when the storyline and/or promotional needs called for it, rather than a team-up series which unnaturally forced guest-stars upon the story  The series ended with issue #150 (February 1985), to be replaced by Web of Spider-Man A Hulk and the Human Torch story written by Jack C  Harris and drawn by Steve Ditko in the 1980s that was intended for Marvel Team-Up was published by Marvel as Incredible Hulk and the Human Torch: From the Marvel Vault #1 in August 2011 Spider-Man Team-Up was a brief attempt to revive the concept of the series and was soon followed by Marvel Team-Up vol  2 which was published from September 1997 to July 1998  The third Marvel Team-Up series launched in January 2005 and ran for 25 issues which starred a variety of characters  The fourth series began with a June 2019 cover date and contains legacy numbering 

Marvel Team-Up (1972-1985)
Annuals (1976-1984)
Spider-Man Team-Up (1995-1997)
Marvel Team-Up vol  2 (1997-1998)
Marvel Team-Up vol  3 (2005-2006)
Marvel Team-Up vol  4 (2019)
Collected editions
Volume 1
Marvel Masterworks: Marvel Team-Up
Vol  1 collects issue #1-11, 248 pages, December 2010, ISBN 978-0785142102
Vol  2 collects issue #12-22, 256 pages, June 2012, ISBN 978-0785159339
Vol  3 collects issue #23-30, Giant-Size Spider-Man #1-3, 272 pages, May 2018, ISBN 978-1302909703
Vol  4 collects issue #31-40, Giant-Size Spider-Man #4-5, Marvel Comics Calendar 1975, 296 pages, January 2019, ISBN 978-1302915209
Vol  5 collects issue #41-52, 304 pages, August 2020, ISBN 978-1-302-92218-4
Vol  6 collects issue #53-64, Annual #1, 320 pages, August 2021, ISBN 978-1-302-92931-2
Vol  7 collects issue #65-73 and #75-77, 264 pages, December 2023
Essential Marvel Team-Up
Vol  1 collects issue #1-24, 496 pages, April 2002, ISBN 978-0785108283
Vol  2 collects #25-51, 528 pages, August 2006, ISBN 978-0785121633
Vol  3 collects #52-73, #75, and Annual #1, 480 pages, September 2009, ISBN 978-0785130680
Vol  4 collects #76-78, 80–98, and Annual #2-3, 480 pages, February 2013, ISBN 978-0785167341
Spider-Man: Marvel Team-Up by Claremont & Byrne includes Marvel Team-Up #59-70, 75, 240 pages, December 2011, ISBN 978-0785158660
Fantastic Four/Spider-Man Classic includes Marvel Team-Up #100 and #132-133, 152 pages, April 2005, ISBN 978-0785118039
Essential Defenders
Vol  5 includes Marvel Team-Up #101, 111 and 116, 448 pages, August 2010, ISBN 978-0785145370
Vol  6 includes Marvel Team-Up #119, 528 pages, October 2011, ISBN 978-0785157540
Spider-Man: The Complete Alien Costume Saga
Volume 1 includes Marvel Team-Up #141-145, Annual #7, 488 pages, January 2012, ISBN 978-0785156130
Volume 2 includes Marvel Team-Up #146-150, 504 pages, May 2015, ISBN 978-0785190035

Spider-Man Team-Up
Spider-Man: The Complete Clone Saga Epic Vol  5 includes Spider-Man Team-Up #1, 424 pages, April 2010, ISBN 978-0785144625
Spider-Man: The Complete Ben Reilly Epic
Volume 3 includes Spider-Man Team-Up #2, 432 pages, January 2012, ISBN 978-0785156130
Volume 4 includes Spider-Man Team-Up #3, 464 pages, April 2012, ISBN 978-0785161318
Volume 5 includes Spider-Man Team-Up #4, 464 pages, July 2012, ISBN 978-0785163831
Volume 6 includes Spider-Man Team-Up #5, 448 pages, November 2012, ISBN 978-0785165521
Thunderbolts Classic Vol  1 includes Spider-Man Team-Up #7, 296 pages, April 2011, ISBN 978-0785153092

Volume 3
Marvel Team-Up
Vol  1: The Golden Child collects Marvel Team-Up vol  3 #1-6, 144 pages, June 2005, ISBN 978-0785115953
Vol  2: Master of the Ring collects Marvel Team-Up vol  3 #7-13, 176 pages, December 2005, ISBN 978-0785115960
Vol  3: League of Losers collects Marvel Team-Up vol  3 #14-18, 120 pages, June 2006, ISBN 978-0785119463
Vol  4: Freedom Ring collects Marvel Team-Up vol  3 #19-25, 168 pages, February 2007, ISBN 978-0785119906

Volume 4
Ms  Marvel Team-Up collects Marvel Team-Up vol  4 #1-6, November 2019, ISBN 978-1-302-91831-6

See also
The Brave and the Bold - The first DC Comics equivalent 
DC Comics Presents - The second DC Comics equivalent 
Ultimate Marvel Team-Up - The Ultimate Marvel Universe's team-up series 
Passage 7:
Superior Spider-Man Team-Up
Superior Spider-Man Team-Up was an ongoing comic book series published by Marvel Comics that debuted in July 2013  The series is written by Christopher Yost with artwork by a rotating team of artists including David Lopez, Paolo Rivera, and Marco Checchetto  It is meant to serve as a direct successor to Avenging Spider-Man and a spiritual successor to Marvel Team-Up, whose name it plays on  It is also meant to act as an expansion of the Superior Spider-Man brand by Marvel 

Format
Like Marvel Team-Up and Avenging Spider-Man before it, Superior Spider-Man Team-Up features a team-up format where Spider-Man is partnered with a different character each issue  It will continue plot threads started in Avenging Spider-Man and run in tandem with Dan Slott's main Superior Spider-Man title 

Publication history
Superior Spider-Man Team-Up was announced in April 2013 as a part of Marvel's Superior brand expansion  Christopher Yost, writer of Superior Spider-Man Team-Up, said, "Well, in my heart when I say "Team-Up" for "Superior Spider-Man," I probably mean "Versus " In the latest "Avenging" issues, we've seen that he has a fairly contentious relationship with most of the heroes he's encountered  And with "Superior Spider-Man Team Up," that just gets bigger  I think in issue #1, he teams up with pretty much the entire Marvel Universe"  
Axel Alonso, Marvel's Editor-In-Chief, added "All I can say is, they had me at the title  I grew up loving "Marvel Team-Up " Bought every issue I could get my hands on  Every month Spider-Man would team up with someone new  There was even an issue where Iceman teamed up with the Human Torch  I was like, "What the—!?"   So it didn't take much for me to sign off on the series" 

Issues
Collected editions
Passage 8:
Ultimate Marvel Team-Up
Ultimate Marvel Team-Up is a comic book series, published by Marvel Comics which ran for 16 issues, including a concluding Ultimate Spider-Man Super Special  It is set in one of Marvel's shared universes, the Ultimate Universe and is based on the original universe Marvel Team-Up  The whole series starred Spider-Man teaming up with another superhero each issue  The series was written by Brian Michael Bendis, with each arc drawn by a different artist 

Issues, artists and characters
Issue 1
Starring: Spider-Man & Wolverine vs  Sabretooth
Penciled and Inked by: Matt Wagner
Trivia: Sabretooth's first appearance in Ultimate Marvel 

Issues #2-3
Starring: Spider-Man & Hulk
Penciled by: Phil Hester and inked by Ande Parks
Trivia: Hulk's first appearance in Ultimate Marvel 

Issues #4-5
Starring: Spider-Man & Iron Man vs  Latverian mercenaries
Penciled and Inked by: Mike Allred
Trivia: Iron Man's first appearance in Ultimate Marvel 

Issues #6-8
Starring: Spider-Man, the Punisher (in issues #6-8) and Daredevil (issues #7-8)
Penciled and Inked by: Bill Sienkiewicz
Trivia: Daredevil & Punisher's first appearance in Ultimate Marvel 

Issue #9
Starring: Spider-Man & Fantastic Four vs  the Skrulls
Penciled and Inked by: Jim Mahfood
Trivia: The events in this issue are not in Ultimate Marvel canon

Issue #10
Starring: Spider-Man & Man-Thing vs Lizard
Penciled and Inked by: John Totleben, with "art assistance" by Ron Randall
Trivia: The Lizard and Man-Thing's first appearance in Ultimate-Marvel

Issue #11
Starring: Spider-Man & the X-Men
Penciled and Inked by: Chynna Clugston-Major

Issues #12-13
Starring: Spider-Man and Doctor Strange vs  Xandu
Penciled and Inked by: Ted McKeever
Trivia: Doctor Strange's First Appearance in Ultimate Marvel

Issue #14
Starring: Spider-Man & the Black Widow
Penciled by: Terry Moore and inked by Walden Wong
Trivia: Black Widow's First Appearance in Ultimate Marvel

Issues #15-16
Starring: Spider-Man & Shang-Chi
Penciled by: Rick Mays and inked by Jason Martin
Trivia: Shang-Chi's First Appearance in Ultimate Marvel

Ultimate Spider-Man Special
Starring Spider-Man, and many of the other headlined characters above, as well as a small appearance by Blade and Elektra 
Art by Alex Maleev, Dan Brereton, John Romita, Sr , Al Milgrom, Frank Cho, Jim Mahfood, Scott Morse, Craig Thompson, Michael Avon Oeming, Jason Pearson, Sean Phillips, Mark Bagley, Rodney Ramos, Bill Sienkiewicz, P  Craig Russell, Jacen Burrows, Walden Wong, Leonard Kirk, Terry Pallort, Dave Gibbons, Mike Gaydos, James Kochalka, David Mack, Brett Weldele, Ashley Wood, and Art ThibertBlade and Elektra's first appearance in Ultimate Marvel


== Collected editions ==



ground_truth: Gerald "Jerry" Joseph Bingham, Jr.