prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who had the lowest vocal range in Cosmos?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Vocal fry register
The vocal fry register (also known as pulse register, laryngealization, pulse phonation, creaky voice, creak, croak, popcorning, glottal fry, glottal rattle, glottal scrape) is the lowest vocal register and is produced through a loose glottal closure that permits air to bubble through slowly with a popping or rattling sound of a very low frequency  During this phonation, the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx are drawn together, which causes the vocal folds to compress rather tightly and become relatively slack and compact  This process forms a large and irregularly vibrating mass within the vocal folds that produces the characteristic low popping or rattling sound when air passes through the glottal closure  The register (if well controlled) can extend far below the modal voice register, in some cases up to 8 octaves lower, such as in the case of Tim Storms who holds the world record for lowest frequency note ever produced by a human, a G−7, which is only 0 189 Hz, inaudible to the human ear 
Vocal fry is thought to have become more common among young female speakers of American English in the early 21st century, with the style of speaking being considered informal, nonaggressive and urban-oriented 

History of register classification
The vocal fry register has been a recognized and identifiable register in American English only within the past few decades, but its characteristic sound was recognized much earlier  Discussion of the vocal fry or pulse register began first within the field of phonetics and speech therapy and did not enter the vocabulary of vocal music pedagogists until the early 1970s, when it was initially controversial  However, the controversy surrounding the term within vocal music has subsided as more research into the use of the vocal fry register within the context of singing ensued  In particular, vocal pedagogist Margaret Greene's videotaping of the physiological processes occurring in the body while singers were phonating in the vocal fry register offered solid evidence that this type of vocal phonation should be considered a vocal register from both speech pathology and vocal music perspectives  Like any other vocal register, the vocal fry register has a unique vibratory pattern of the vocal folds, a certain series of pitches, and a certain type of sound that distinguishes it from other vocal registers 

In speech
Discussion of vocal fry is much more frequent in books related to phonetics and speech therapy than it is in those dealing with singing  Some authorities consider the use of vocal fry in speech a dysphonia, but others consider it so only if it is used excessively such as Hollien, Moore, Wendahl, and Michel:

It is simply our intent to suggest that ordinarily vocal fry constitutes one of several physiologically available types of voice production on the frequency-pitch continuum and hence, of itself, is not logically classified among the laryngeal pathologies  While the excessive use of fry could result in a diagnosis of voice disorder, this quality is too often heard in normal voices (especially in descending inflections where the voice fundamentally falls below frequencies in the modal register) to be exclusively a disorder 
Many are quick to point out that although vocal fry is minimally a part of routine speaking patterns, the continued use of such a pattern makes it non-utilitarian or pathological Some evidence exists of vocal fry becoming more common in the speech of young female speakers of American English in the early 21st century, but its frequency's extent and significance are disputed  Researcher Ikuko Patricia Yuasa suggests that the tendency is a product of young women trying to infuse their speech with gravitas by means of reaching for the male register and found that "college-age Americans     perceive female creaky voice as hesitant, nonaggressive, and informal but also educated, urban-oriented, and upwardly mobile "A 2014 national study of American adults found that speech with vocal fry was perceived more negatively than a voice without vocal fry, particularly in a labor market context  In young adult women, it was perceived as sounding less trustworthy, less competent, less attractive, and less hireable  The negative evaluation was stronger when the evaluator was also a woman The national study of 800 listeners across age groups found that people making hiring decisions preferred a voice without vocal fry to one with vocal fry  A limitation of the study was that the vocal fry samples were produced by imitators rather than natural vocal fry speakers  That suggests that more research is needed, as the negative reaction could be attributable to other factors In native speakers of American English, young women use vocal fry more frequently than men  When asked to read a passage, female speakers used vocal fry at a rate four times higher than male speakers Some languages, such as Jalapa Mazatec, use vocal fry (creaky voice) as a linguistically significant marker; the presence or absence of vocal fry can then change the meaning of a word 

Social implications
Some people seek out the help of speech pathologists as they feel vocal fry makes them appear unsure and less confident  Researchers have found that young adult women who use vocal fry are perceived as less competent and less hireable (listeners have less of a negative reaction to male voices)  Others argue that these perceptions are part of a broader attack on women's speech Vocal fry is generally seen as a negative characteristic in the workplace, but a study by Duke University researchers has determined the phenomenon is becoming more common and socially acceptable 

In singing
The croaking sound produced by male singers at the start of phrases in American country music is produced by moving from this to the modal register  Within choral music, when true basses are not available, choirs often rely on singers who can "fry" the low bass notes  Singers such as Tim Storms, Mike Holcomb and various other gospel basses use this technique to sing very low tones   Some styles of folk singing showcase the vocal fry register in the female voice  Vocal fry is also used in metal music, usually in combination with air from the diaphragm, in order to create a "growl" or "scream," which sounds aggressive and harsh The chief use of the vocal fry register in singing is to obtain pitches of very low frequency, which are not available to the singer in the modal register  The physiological production of the vocal fry register may be extended up into the modal register  In some cases, vocal pedagogues have found the use of vocal fry therapeutically helpful to students who have trouble producing lower notes  Singers often lose their low notes or never learn to produce them because of the excessive tension of the laryngeal muscles and of the support mechanism that leads to too much breath pressure Some throat singing styles such as kargyra use vocal techniques similar to vocal fry 

See also
Notes
Passage 2:
Bass (voice type)
A bass is a type of classical male singing voice and has the lowest vocal range of all voice types  According to The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, a bass is typically classified as having a vocal range extending from around the second E below middle C to the E above middle C (i e , E2–E4)  Its tessitura, or comfortable range, is normally defined by the outermost lines of the bass clef  Categories of bass voices vary according to national style and classification system 
Italians favour subdividing basses into the basso cantante (singing bass), basso buffo ("funny" bass), or the dramatic basso profondo (low bass)  The American system identifies the bass-baritone, comic bass, lyric bass, and dramatic bass 
The German Fach system offers further distinctions: Spielbass (Bassbuffo), Schwerer Spielbass (Schwerer Bassbuffo), Charakterbass (Bassbariton), and Seriöser Bass  These classification systems can overlap  Rare is the performer who embodies a single Fach without also touching repertoire from another category 

History
Cultural influence and individual variation create a wide variation in range and quality of bass singers  Parts for basses have included notes as low as the B-flat two octaves and a tone below middle C (B♭1), for example in Gustav Mahler's Symphony No  2 and the Rachmaninov's All-Night Vigil, A below that in Frederik Magle's symphonic suite Cantabile, G below that (e g  Measure 76 of Ne otverzhi mene by Pavel Chesnokov) or F below those in Kheruvimskaya pesn (Song of Cherubim) by Krzysztof Penderecki  Many basso profondos have trouble reaching those notes, and the use of them in works by Slavic composers has led to the colloquial term "Russian bass" for an exceptionally deep-ranged basso profondo who can easily sing these notes  Some traditional Russian religious music calls for A2 (110 Hz) drone singing, which is doubled by A1 (55 Hz) in the rare occasion that a choir includes exceptionally gifted singers who can produce this very low human voice pitch 
Many British composers such as Benjamin Britten have written parts for bass (such as the first movement of his choral work Rejoice in the Lamb) that center far higher than the bass tessitura as implied by the clef  The Harvard Dictionary of Music defines the range as being from the E below low C to middle C (i e  E2–C4) 

In choral music
In SATB four-part mixed chorus, the bass is the lowest vocal range, below the tenor, alto, and soprano  Voices are subdivided into first bass and second bass with no distinction being made between bass and baritone voices, in contrast to the three-fold (tenor–baritone–bass) categorization of solo voices  The exception is in arrangements for male choir (TTBB) and barbershop quartets (TLBB), which sometimes label the lowest two parts baritone and bass 

Range and Subtypes
Bass has the lowest vocal range of all voice types, with the lowest tessitura  The low extreme for basses is generally C2 (two Cs below middle C)  Some extreme bass singers, referred to as basso profondos and oktavists, are able to reach much lower than this  Within opera, the lowest note in the standard bass repertoire is D2, sung by the character Osmin in Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail, but few roles fall below F2  
Although Osmin's note is the lowest 'demanded' in the operatic repertoire, lower notes are heard, both written and unwritten: for example, it is traditional for basses to interpolate a low C in the duet "Ich gehe doch rathe ich dir" in the same opera; in Richard Strauss' Der Rosenkavalier, Baron Ochs has an optional C2 ("Mein lieber Hippolyte")  The high extreme: a few bass roles in the standard repertoire call for a high F♯ or G (F♯4 and G4, the one above middle C), but few roles go over F4  In the operatic bass repertoire, the highest notes are a G♯4 (The Barber in The Nose by Shostakovich) and, in the aria "Fra l'ombre e gl'orrori" in Handel's serenata Aci, Galatea e Polifemo, Polifemo reaches an A4 
Within the bass voice type category are seven generally recognized subcategories: basso cantante (singing bass), hoher bass (high bass), jugendlicher bass (juvenile bass), basso buffo ("funny" bass), Schwerer Spielbass (dramatic bass), lyric bass, and dramatic basso profondo (low bass) 

Basso cantante/lyric high bass/lyric bass-baritone
Basso cantante means "singing bass"  Basso cantante is a higher, more lyrical voice  It is produced using a more Italianate vocal production, and possesses a faster vibrato, than its closest Germanic/Anglo-Saxon equivalent, the bass-baritone 

Hoher Bass/dramatic high bass/dramatic bass-baritone
Hoher Bass or "high bass" or often a dramatic bass-baritone 

Jugendlicher Bass
Jugendlicher Bass (juvenile bass) denotes the role of a young man sung by a bass, regardless of the age of the singer 

Masetto, Don Giovanni by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Colline, La bohème by Giacomo Puccini

Basso buffo/lyric buffo
Buffo, literally "funny", basses are lyrical roles that demand from their practitioners a solid coloratura technique, a capacity for patter singing and ripe tonal qualities if they are to be brought off to maximum effect  They are usually the blustering antagonist of the hero/heroine or the comic-relief fool in bel canto operas 

Schwerer Spielbass/dramatic buffo
English equivalent: dramatic bass

Lyric basso profondo
Basso profondo (lyric low bass) is the lowest bass voice type  According to J  B  Steane in Voices, Singers & Critics, the basso profondo voice "derives from a method of tone-production that eliminates the more Italian quick vibrato  In its place is a kind of tonal solidity, a wall-like front, which may nevertheless prove susceptible to the other kind of vibrato, the slow beat or dreaded wobble "

Dramatic basso profondo
English equivalent: dramatic low bass  Dramatic basso profondo is a powerful basso profondo voice 

In Gilbert and Sullivan
All of the Gilbert and Sullivan Savoy operas, except Patience and The Yeomen of the Guard, have at least one lead bass  Notable roles include:

See also
Category of basses
Fach, the German system for classifying voices
Voice classification in non-classical music
List of basses in non-classical music
Passage 3:
Basso profondo
Basso profondo (Italian: "deep bass"), sometimes basso profundo, contrabass or oktavist, is the lowest bass voice type 

While The New Grove Dictionary of Opera defines a typical bass as having a range that is limited to the second E below middle C (E2), operatic bassi profondi can be called on to sing low C (C2), as in the role of Baron Ochs in Der Rosenkavalier  Often choral composers make use of lower notes, such as G1 or even F1; in such rare cases the choir relies on exceptionally deep-ranged bassi profondi termed oktavists or octavists, who sometimes sing an octave below the bass part 
Bass singer Tim Storms holds the Guinness World Record for the "lowest note produced by a human" 

Definition
According to Rousseau (1775): "Basse-contres – the most profound of all voices, singing lower than the bass like a double bass, and should not be confused with contrabasses, which are instruments "

Oktavist
An oktavist is an exceptionally deep-ranged basso profondo, especially typical of Russian Orthodox choral music  This voice type has a vocal range which extends down to A1 (an octave below the baritone range) and sometimes to F1 (an octave below the bass staff) with the extreme lows for oktavists, such as Mikhail Zlatopolsky or Alexander Ort, reaching C1 Slavic choral composers sometimes make use of lower notes such as B♭1 as in Rachmaninoff's All-Night Vigil, G#1 in "The Twelve Brigands" by Vladimir Pasjukov, G1 in "Ne otverzhi mene" by Pavel Chesnokov, or F1 in "Kheruvimskaya pesn" (Song of Cherubim) by Krzysztof Penderecki, although such notes sometimes also appear in repertoire by non-Slavic composers (e g  B♭1 appears in Gustav Mahler's Second and Eighth Symphonies) 
In popular culture, several a capella groups have bass singers with an oktavist range, such as Home Free's Tim Foust, VoicePlay's Geoff Castellucci, and Avi Kaplan formerly of Pentatonix, as well as Tony nominated broadway performer Patrick Page, each of these being able to reach down to a G1 or in some cases even lower, with Castellucci able to hit a B0 using subharmonic singing and Foust able to hit a G0 using growl 

See also
Bass
Fach
Vocal weight
Passage 4:
Cosmos (band)
Cosmos was a Latvian a cappella band that formed in Riga in 2002  The band comprised singers Jānis Šipkēvics, Andris Sējāns (both countertenors), Juris Lisenko (tenor), Jānis Ozols (baritone), Jānis Strazdiņš (bass) and Reinis Sējāns (rhythm) 
Cosmos gained national and international recognition after they were chosen to represent Latvia in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest held in Athens, Greece with the song "I Hear Your Heart"  Despite winning the national Eirodziesma 2006 contest, the band finished in joint sixteenth place out of the twenty-four finalists, with thirty points 

Discography
Cosmos (2003)
Pa un par (2005)
Тетради любви (2005)
Ticu un viss (2005)
Turbulence (2008)
Pasaki man un tev (2009)

External links
Official website
Review of Pa un par Archived 2008-10-25 at the Wayback Machine at RARB org
Passage 5:
Cosmos Holidays
Cosmos (formerly Cosmos Tours) is a UK independent tour operator providing a range of package holidays to the UK market  The tour operator is connected to the international Globus Travel Group, founded in 1928, which remains family owned with headquarters in Lugano, Switzerland  Under parent company Cosmos Tours Ltd, the tour operator offers holidays through two brands: Cosmos and Avalon Waterways 
Cosmos Holidays was founded in 1961 as Cosmos Tours  It became Cosmos Holidays in 1987  After Globus Travel Group sold Monarch Travel Group to Greybull Capital in October 2014, Monarch stopped using Cosmos as a Monarch Group brand in 2015  However, in March 2017 it was announced that Cosmos Tours had regained full rights and licences to the Cosmos brand and Monarch would change its corporate name from Cosmos Holidays Limited to Monarch Holidays Limited 

Background
Origins of Cosmos (1928–1986)
In 1928, Antonio Mantegazza started a company specialising in coach touring called Globus Viaggi   The company began with a fleet of 12 coaches which operated local excursions for European tourists in Switzerland   By 1950, Globus Viaggi had grown to a fleet of 33 coaches and featured overnight excursions to Rome, Venice, the Dolomites and the French Riviera   Gradually these became regular scheduled tours and grew longer to cover more ground   Later that decade Globus pioneered the concept of Grand European Touring by offering first-class European tours to North Americans 
Cosmos Tours was founded in the UK in 1961 by Sergio Mantegazza  The company was created to provide British customers with affordable package holidays by coach and air travel to Europe   Destinations included Italy, Spain, Switzerland, and Austria by motor coach from London’s Victoria station, and by flights from Southend and Lympne airports   Although the company's main programme focused on motor coach tours, it soon increased the choice of air package holidays too   In 1968, the success of the company's air package holidays allowed Cosmos to form the airline Monarch Airlines Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Cosmos Tours increased its UK departure airports to include Manchester, Birmingham, Glasgow, Edinburgh and East Midlands, serving new destinations including Portugal, Yugoslavia, Greece, Malta and Tunisia, and longhaul destinations such as Florida, Thailand and Mexico 
In 1986 Cosmos Tours became the first mainstream operator in the UK to launch a Christmas Lapland programme 

Expansion (1987–2009)
In 1987, the company changed its name from Cosmos Tours to Cosmos Holidays 
In September 1991, the Globus Travel Group acquired 80% of Avro Plc, a flight-only company set up by Paul Dendle  This acquisition enhanced the company’s charter seat-only presence in the market  In 1994, the Globus Group acquired the remaining 20% 
In 1994, Cosmos launched a direct-sell brand, Archers Direct (later Archers Holidays, shut down in November 2018), featuring a worldwide touring programme 
In 2002, Cosmos launched an accommodation-only brand, somewhere2stay, which supplied hotel, apartment and villa accommodation to the UK travel trade  Four years after launching somewhere2stay, sales made up £20-£40 million of an estimated £300-£350 million turnover in the accommodation-only sector  During 2006, the decision was made to run somewhere2stay separately from Cosmos Holidays In 2007, Cosmos announced they would introduce package holidays using Monarch’s full range of scheduled flights, in line with the expansion plans announced by the airline during the same year In 2009, executive chairman, Iain Rawlinson announced plans to reinvent the company as a scheduled carrier, after the company made financial losses  It was predicted at the time that the parent company of Cosmos Holidays would make a loss of around £45 million  During the same year, media coverage suggested there were problems with their approach  The Mantegazza family from Switzerland, which had owned Group Voyagers since its foundation, invested money into the group to cover the losses 

Consolidation (2014-present)
In 2014, the Mantegazza family announced plans to sell Monarch Holdings Ltd  Subsidiaries included Monarch Airlines, Monarch Aircraft Engineering, First Aviation, Cosmos Holidays, somewhere2stay and Avro  On 31 October 2014, the holiday group was sold to venture capitalists, Greybull Capital  Cosmos Tours & Cruises was retained by the Mantegazza Family In 2016, Cosmos introduced a private tour programme based on existing tour itineraries in Asia, Africa and India with a private guide/driver included 
From 1 April 2017, the tour operator regained all rights to the brand Cosmos, having reached a formal agreement with Monarch which terminated the licence covering the use of the name 

Destinations
Cosmos provides tours, cruises and rail journeys in over 40 countries, flying from up to 27 UK airports 
The tour operator with its origins in touring in Italy, offers holidays across Europe and the Mediterranean   Other destinations include North America & Canada, Central & South America, Asia and the Far East, Africa, the Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean, Australia and New Zealand 
In recent years, river and ocean cruises have been added to the product range of tours 

Awards
Cosmos has been shortlisted for travel industry and consumer awards including the TTG Travel Awards, the Globe Travel Awards, British Travel Awards as well as World of Cruising’s Wave Awards, and Cruise International’s Cruise Awards 
Passage 6:
List of basses in non-classical music
The bass singing voice has a vocal range that lies around the second E below middle C to the E above middle C (i e , E2–E4)  As with the contralto singing voice being the rarest female voice type, the bass voice is the rarest for males, and has the lowest vocal range of all voice types  However, the bass voice is determined not only by its vocal range, but also by its timbre, which tends to be darker than that of a baritone voice 
The term bass was developed in relation to classical and operatic voices, where the classification is based not merely on the singer's vocal range but also on the tessitura and timbre of the voice  For classical and operatic singers, their voice type determines the roles they will sing and is a primary method of categorization  In non-classical music, singers are primarily defined by their genre and their gender and not by their vocal range  When the terms soprano, mezzo-soprano, contralto, tenor, baritone, and bass are used as descriptors of non-classical voices, they are applied more loosely than they would be to those of classical singers and generally refer only to the singer's perceived vocal range 
The following is a list of singers in country, popular music, jazz, and musical theatre who have been described as basses 

List of names
Gallery
See also
Voice classification in non-classical music
List of baritones in non-classical music
List of tenors in non-classical music
List of contraltos in non-classical music
List of mezzo-sopranos in non-classical music
List of sopranos in non-classical music
Voice type

Notes
Passage 7:
Alto
The musical term alto, meaning "high" in Italian (Latin: altus), historically refers to the contrapuntal part higher than the tenor and its associated vocal range  In 4-part voice leading alto is the second-highest part, sung in choruses by either low women's or high men's voices  In vocal classification these are usually called contralto and male alto or countertenor 
Such confusion of "high" and "low" persists in instrumental terminology  Alto flute and alto trombone are respectively lower and higher than the standard instruments of the family (the standard instrument of the trombone family being the tenor trombone), though both play in ranges within the alto clef  Alto recorder, however, is an octave higher, and is defined by its relationship to tenor and soprano recorders; alto clarinet is a fifth lower than B-flat clarinet, already an 'alto' instrument  There is even a contra-alto clarinet, (an octave lower than the alto clarinet), with a range B♭0 – D4 

Etymology
In choral music for mixed voices, "alto" describes the lowest part commonly sung by women  The explanation for the anomaly of this name is to be found not in the use of adult falsettists in choirs of men and boys but further back in innovations in composition during the mid-15th century  Before this time it was usual to write a melodic cantus or superius against a tenor (from Latin tenere, to hold) or 'held' part, to which might be added a contratenor, which was in counterpoint with (in other words, against = contra) the tenor  The composers of Ockeghem's generation wrote two contratenor parts and designated them as contratenor altus and contratenor bassus; they were respectively higher and lower than the tenor part  From these derive both the modern terms "alto" (and contralto) and "bass" 

Solo voices
The contralto voice is a matter of vocal timbre and tessitura as well as range, and a classically trained solo contralto would usually have a range greater than that of a normal choral alto part in both the upper and lower ranges  However, the vocal tessitura of a classically trained contralto would still make these singers more comfortable singing in the lower part of the voice  A choral non-solo contralto may also have a low range down to D3 (thus perhaps finding it easier to sing the choral tenor part), but some would have difficulty singing above E5  In a choral context mezzo-sopranos and contraltos might sing the alto part, together with countertenors, thus having three vocal timbres (and two means of vocal production) singing the same notes The use of the term "alto" to describe solo voices is mostly seen in contemporary music genres (pop, rock, etc ) to describe singers whose range is lower than that of a mezzo-soprano but higher than that of a true contralto, and is very rarely seen in classical music outside of soloists in choral works  In classical music, most women with an alto range would be grouped within mezzo-sopranos, but many terms in common usage in various languages and in different cultures exist to describe solo classical singers with this range  Examples include contralto, countertenor, haute-contre, and tenor altino, among others 

In choral music
In SATB four-part mixed chorus, the alto is the second-highest vocal range, above the tenor and bass and below the soprano  The alto range in choral music is approximately from F3 (the F below middle C) to F5 (the second F above middle C)  In common usage, alto is used to describe the voice type that typically sings this part, though this is not strictly correct  Alto, like the other three standard modern choral voice classifications (soprano, tenor and bass) was originally intended to describe a part within a homophonic or polyphonic texture, rather than an individual voice type; neither are the terms alto and contralto interchangeable or synonymous, though they are often treated as such 
Although some women who sing alto in a choir are contraltos, many would be more accurately called mezzo-sopranos (a voice of somewhat higher range and different timbre)  Men singing in this range are countertenors, although this term is a source of considerable controversy, some authorities preferring the usage of the term "male alto" for those countertenors who use a predominantly falsetto voice production (boys singing in their natural range may be termed "boy altos") 

See also
Voice classification in non-classical music
Passage 8:
List of contraltos in non-classical music
The contralto singing voice has a vocal range that lies between the F below "middle C" (F3) to two Fs above middle C (F5) and is the lowest type of female voice   In the lower and upper extremes, some contralto voices can sing from two Bs below middle C (B2) to two B♭s above middle C (B♭5) The term contralto was developed in relation to classical and operatic voices, where the classification is based not merely on the singer's vocal range but also on the tessitura and timbre of the voice  For classical and operatic singers, their voice type determines the roles they will sing and is a primary method of categorization  In classical music, a "pure" contralto is considered the rarest type of female voice  In non-classical music, singers are primarily defined by their genre and their gender, not their vocal range  When the terms soprano, mezzo-soprano, contralto, tenor, baritone, and bass are used as descriptors of non-classical voices, they are applied more loosely than they would be to those of classical singers and generally refer only to the singer's perceived vocal range  Contemporarily, the informal term alto is sometimes used interchangeably with contralto The following is a list of singers in country, popular music, jazz, and musical theatre who have been described as contraltos 

List of names
See also
List of mezzo-sopranos in non-classical music
List of sopranos in non-classical music
List of basses in non-classical music
List of baritones in non-classical music
List of tenors in non-classical music
List of operatic contraltos
Voice classification in non-classical music
Voice type

Notes
Passage 9:
Georgia Brown (Brazilian singer)
Rossana Monti, better known by the stage name Georgia Brown, is a Brazilian singer noted for her extensive vocal range 

Career
At the age of fifteen, Brown toured as backup vocalist for Brazilian singer Jorge Ben, during his "W Brasil Tour" in 1995  Following the conclusion of the tour, she entered in contests "Skol Rock" and "Fest Valda"  In 1997, Brown relocated to California in the United States of America to begin recording her first album  In 2001, Brown released her debut album "Black Nature"  The album spawned the singles: "Commit A Crime" and "Hold On"  Following the release of her debut album, she headlined her first tour "Black Nature Tour"  In 2002, "Black Nature" was certified gold in Brazil with sales in excess of 120,000 copies 
In 2003, she released a single "Forgiven"  The song was remixed by DJ Patife and featured on his album "Na Estrada", released in 2005  In 2004, she released her second album Heart Beats, which became certified platinum in Brazil  She headlined first international tour "Heart Beats World Tour" in 2004  In the same year, Brown broke American singer Mariah Carey's vocal records on Guinness World Records and received a certificate for two records: "World's Greatest Vocal Range by a Female B2-F8" and "World's Highest Note "F8" In 2006, Brown began recording her third album  In 2008, she released her third studio album The Renascence of Soul  In 2010, Brown released house music single titled "Love 4 Real"  In 2012, she released an extended play entitled Me & Myself 
In July 2018, Brown released a single "#HighVibration (Sweet Sensation)" 

Discography
AlbumsBlack Nature (2001)
Heart Beats (2004)
The Renascence of Soul (2008)
Me & Myself – EP (2012)Singles"Commit A Crime" (2001)
"Hold On" (2001)
"Forgiven" (2003)
"Lost Love" (2004)
"Art A Shield for Me" (2008)
"Save My Soul" (2008)
"Loneliness" (2009)
"Love 4 Real" (2010)
"#HighVibration (Sweet Sensation)" (2018)
Passage 10:
Range (music)
In music, the range, or chromatic range, of a musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the highest pitch it can play  For a singing voice, the equivalent is vocal range  The range of a musical part is the distance between its lowest and highest note 

Compass
Among British English speakers, and perhaps others, compass means the same thing as chromatic range—the interval between the lowest and highest note attainable by a voice or musical instrument 

Other ranges
The terms  sounding range, written range,  designated range, duration range and dynamic range have specific meanings 
The sounding range refers to the pitches produced by an instrument, while the written range refers to the compass (span) of notes written in the sheet music, where the part is sometimes transposed for convenience  A piccolo, for example, typically has a sounding range one octave higher than its written range  The designated range is the set of notes the player should or can achieve while playing  All instruments have a designated range, and all pitched instruments have a playing range  Timbre, dynamics, and duration ranges are interrelated and one may achieve registral range at the expense of timbre  The designated range is thus the range in which a player is expected to have comfortable control of all aspects 
The duration range is the difference between the shortest and longest rhythm used  Dynamic range is the difference between the quietest and loudest volume of an instrument, part or piece of music 

Range limits
Although woodwind instruments and string instruments have no theoretical upper limit to their range (subject to practical limits), they generally cannot go below their designated range   Brass instruments, on the other hand, can play beyond their designated ranges  Notes lower than the brass instrument's designated range are called pedal tones  The playing range of a brass instrument depends on both the technical limitations of the instrument and the skill of the player 
Classical arrangements seldom make woodwind or brass instruments play beyond their designed range  String musicians play the bottom of their ranges very frequently, but the top of a string instrument's range is rather fuzzy, and it is unusual for a string player to exceed the designated range  It is quite rare for wind musicians to play the extremes of their instruments  The most common exception is that in many 20th century works, pedal tones are called for in bass trombones 
This chart uses standard numberings for octaves where middle C corresponds to C4  In the MIDI language middle C is referred to as MIDI note number 60 
The lowest note that a pipe organ can sound (with a true pipe) is C−1 (or CCCC), which is 8 Hz, below the range of human hearing and not visible on this chart  However, if acoustic combination (a note and its fifth) counts, the lowest note is C−2 (or CCCCC), which is 4 Hz 
In terms of recording and reproduction, many speakers have a low limit of around 40–60 Hz 

Typical ranges
*This chart only displays down to C0, though some pipe organs, such as the Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ, extend down to C−1 (one octave below C0)  Also, the fundamental frequency of the subcontrabass tuba is B♭−1 

See also
Tessitura
Extension (music)
Sub-bass
Hearing range
Context 2: Passage 1:
B  J  Garbe
Brandon James Garbe (born February 3, 1981 in Moses Lake, Washington) is an American former minor league baseball player  In 1999, Garbe won the Gatorade High School Baseball Player of the Year Award 

Draft and professional career
Garbe was selected fifth overall by the Minnesota Twins in the 1999 amateur draft out of Moses Lake High School  He began his professional career that season, hitting  316 in 41 games for the Elizabethton Twins  That would be the only time he'd ever hit above  275 in a professional season 
In 2000, he hit only  233 in 133 games for the Quad Cities River Bandits, and in 2001 he hit only  242 in 127 games for the Fort Myers Miracle  With the Miracle again in 2002, he hit only  239 in 115 games 
Garbe split the 2003 season between the GCL Twins (eight games) and New Britain Rock Cats (66 games), hitting a combined  181  He began the 2004 season with the Rock Cats, hitting  201 in 114 games with them  On August 31, he was traded to the Seattle Mariners for Pat Borders  He spent three games in the Mariners organization that year, hitting  375 in nine at-bats with the San Antonio Missions  He hit  204 overall that year 
In 2005, Garbe hit  275 in 80 games for the Inland Empire 66ers  He wound up in the Florida Marlins organization in 2006, hitting  184 in 35 games with the Carolina Mudcats 
Overall, he hit  235 in 722 games over an eight-year career 

External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference (Minors)
Passage 2:
Pilot (Scream)
"Pilot" is the first episode of the first season of the American anthology slasher television series, Scream  The series is based on the American slasher film franchise of the same name  The series revolves around the main character, Emma Duvall, played by Willa Fitzgerald, who lives in the town of Lakewood  She quickly becomes the center of a series of murders amongst teens who know her  The massacre seems to be related to the Brandon James murders, who was supposedly obsessed with Emma's mother Maggie Duvall (Tracy Middendorf) 
The episode revolves around the aftermath of Nina Patterson's gruesome murder at the hands of an unknown killer after she uploaded a video of Audrey, a closeted bicurious teen, kissing another girl  Nina's close-knit friends hold a memorial party for her, meanwhile Emma and her mother are taunted by the killer 
The episode aired on June 30, 2015 on MTV and received mixed reviews from critics, though critics and fans of the film series praised the opening sequence and Bella Thorne's performance, comparing the scene to the opening scene in the first Scream film 

Plot
After posting a shaming video online of classmate Audrey Jensen (Bex Taylor-Klaus) and Rachel Murray (Sosie Bacon) kissing, Nina Patterson (Bella Thorne) is dropped off at her house by her boyfriend Tyler O'Neill (Max Lloyd-Jones)  While Nina is home alone, the Lakewood Slasher impersonates Tyler and taunts Nina with video clips and text messages sent from Tyler's phone  Nina's relaxation in the hot tub is interrupted when Tyler's severed head is suddenly thrown into the water  She screams and jumps out of the pool  After failing to call for help, she runs to try and open the doors, when the Lakewood Slasher appears behind her and slashes across her back  She then tries to run but is attacked by the Lakewood Slasher, who slits her throat and throws her in the pool 
The next morning, Emma Duval (Willa Fitzgerald) is studying with her boyfriend Will Belmont (Connor Weil)  At George Washington High School, Audrey commiserates with her friend Noah Foster (John Karna) about the viral video  Emma and Will discuss the video with their friends Brooke Maddox (Carlson Young), Riley Marra (Brianne Tju), and Jake Fitzgerald (Tom Maden)  In Language Arts class, Emma and her friends take notice of new transfer student Kieran Wilcox (Amadeus Serafini), who recently moved to Lakewood  Nina's parents return home and discover their daughter's dead body in the pool 
Word of Nina's death spreads throughout the school  One rumor regarding the Lakewood Slasher's identity suggests that Brandon James has returned to Lakewood  Serial killer history enthusiast Noah tells the story of how Brandon James, was a teenager with Proteus syndrome who died twenty-one years earlier  Brandon had fallen in love with a girl named Daisy, but when she became frightened by his appearance following an unmasking at the school's Halloween dance, a group of drunken jocks beat him up  Brandon then killed five students  The police later shot Brandon during an arranged meeting with Daisy on the pier  Daisy is revealed to secretly be Emma's mother Maggie Duvall (Tracy Middendorf), who works as the coroner in the town of Lakewood 
The students learn that Tyler is missing and is a suspect in Nina's murder  In an effort to renew their former friendship, Emma invites Audrey to a party Brooke is throwing as a memorial for Nina  Will and Jake have a tense confrontation with each other over a secret involvement they had with Nina  Language Arts teacher Seth Branson (Bobby Campo) tries unsuccessfully to end his affair with Brooke  Back at home, Emma finds a package on her doorstep addressed to Daisy  After Emma leaves with Will for Brooke's party, Maggie opens the package and finds a note that reads, "Emma looks just like you at that age" along with a bloody animal heart 
Meanwhile, at the party, Audrey and Emma later bond while having a poolside conversation  Riley takes an interest in Noah  Maggie calls Sheriff Clark Hudson (Jason Wiles) about the anonymous package  Clark promises to track down Emma's father Kevin  Noah continues discussing Brandon James, Nina's murder, and teenage horror tropes with other partygoers  Brooke hints that Will and Nina had some sort of connection and Emma realizes that Will slept with Nina  After confronting Will, Emma walks off alone and finds Kieran in the greenhouse  Kieran explains the family circumstances that brought him to Lakewood  Kieran and Emma end up kissing 
Having previously passed out, Noah regains consciousness to find himself stripped to his underwear and alone on the pier  Noah goes into the lake and is pulled under the water  Kieran rescues Noah  Noah insists that someone grabbed him and pulled him under water  Kieran drives Emma home  Kieran reveals that the sheriff is his father  Meanwhile, the Lakewood Slasher stalks Audrey as she visits with her girlfriend Rachel 
At school, Sheriff Hudson asks Noah to come to the station for questioning regarding Brandon James  Riley and Noah continue flirting with each other  Emma visits Audrey and admits that she was with Nina when the shaming video was recorded  The Lakewood Slasher taunts Emma over the phone as she walks home  As Noah continues explaining tropes to Riley, Jake is revealed to have a secret video of Nina on his computer, Audrey is revealed to have a picture of Brandon James unmasked and Noah is seen hiding a bloody wound on his forehead 

Reception
The series premiere received mixed reviews from critics  The episode was watched by 1 03 million viewers and was considered a success for MTV In a positive review, David Hinckley from New York Daily News awarded the pilot four out of five stars and stated, "Happily, Scream maintains a sense of humor, reinforced with snappy, self-aware pop culture dialogue " Similarly, Brian Lowry of Variety commended the show's ability to maintain suspense "without much actually happening during the rest of the episode", noting its use of music, but expressing skepticism if the series could maintain its originality  Conversely, David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle panned the episode and gave it one out of four stars, criticizing the acting performances as "bland, robotic, and uninteresting" as well as its apparent lack of racial diversity  In a mixed review, Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald gave the episode a C+, writing, "There are a few scares here, but while the Scream films kept audiences jumping, Scream: The TV Series risks putting viewers to sleep "
Passage 3:
Marcus Sedatius Severianus
Marcus Sedatius Severianus (105–161 or 162) was a Roman senator, suffect consul, and general during the 2nd century AD, originally from Gaul  Severianus was a provincial governor and later a provincial consul  The peak of his career was as suffect consul for the nundinium of July–September 153 as the colleague of Publius Septimius Aper  He was governor of Cappadocia at the start of the Roman war with Parthia, during which he was convinced by the untrustworthy oracle to invade Armenia in 161  Sedatius committed suicide while under siege in the Armenian city of Elegeia, on the upper Euphrates  The legion he led was wiped out shortly after  He was replaced as governor of Cappadocia by Marcus Statius Priscus 

Origins
A Roman inscription found in modern Poitiers mentioning Severianus establishes this as his birthplace  The city was then known as Lemonum; it was in Roman Gaul, in an area inhabited by the Pictones  His Gallic origins are also briefly mentioned by Lucian of Samosata  Another inscription mentions that Severianus is from the tribe Quirina, which indicates that his ancestors had become Roman under either Claudius or the Flavians  Nearly all of the inhabitants of Gaul had become Quirites during the 1st century 

Family
Severinus' full pedigree was: Marcus Sedatius C  f  [i e  Gaii filius] Severianus Iulius Acer Metillius Nepos Rufinus Ti  Rutilianus Censor  The transliteration of his name into Ancient Greek was: Μ  Σηδάτιος Σεουηριανὸς;The power of Severianus' wealthy family, the Sedatii, came from trade and commerce  The Sedatii depended on the Loire river, and were known to have had interests in Ostia, the port of Rome  The social and political rise of the Sedatii illustrates the decline of the aristocratic Iulii who had been the leading class in Roman Gaul since the time of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, the first dynasty of Roman emperors  The possible marriage of Severianus' father to Julia Rufina may have been a way of confirming the association between winemakers and land owners in Gaul Severianus is known to have had at least one son, Marcus Sedatius Severus Julius Reginus Gallus  All that is known of his son's career is that he was the patron of a college in Ostia  The name Julius Reginus probably came to him from his mother, Severianus' wife  It has been suggested that Severianus was adopted by his father-in-law  If true, this would mean that Sevarianus inherited the name from his mother 

Early career
The first magisterial position which we know Severianus held was that of quaestor of Sicily; he would have supervised the provincial treasury and audited its accounts  Once having served as a quaestor, a man was admitted to the Senate  The political authority of the Senate was negligible, as the Emperor held the true power of the state  Membership of the Senate was sought after by individuals seeking prestige and social standing, rather than executive authority  Severianus probably became a senator late in the reign of Hadrian (r  117–138)  He is first mentioned as a senator in inscriptions from Ostia in the 140s  The traditional Republican magistracy of tribune of the plebs followed, another prestigious position which had lost its independence and most of its practical functions  He is also recorded as having been the patron of a city, probably Cadurci (now Cahors) in Gaul  Next he served as a praetor, afterwards commanding the Legio V Macedonica which was stationed in Troesmis in Moesia Inferior on the lower Danube  He was then appointed curator, or overseer, of the Via Flaminia, the major road north from Rome over the Apennines Severianus was governor of Roman Dacia and commander of Legio XIII Gemina, which was stationed there, from 151 to 152  This is attested by many inscriptions from Dacia  Two inscriptions from Sarmizegetusa, the capital of Dacia, give his full name and states that he is the patron of the city The monuments that hold the inscriptions were erected after his consulship  Sarmizegetusa sent a message to Rome to congratulate Severianus and express its gratitude to him for his administration In 153 Severianus was appointed consul for part of the year, from July to September, by Emperor Antoninus Pius  A consulship was the highest honour of the Roman state, and candidates were chosen carefully by the emperor  He served alongside Publius Septimius Aper, great-uncle of the future emperor Septimius Severus 

Cappadocia
Severianus is best known as the governor of Cappadocia in the late 150s  The position was important, for Cappadocia was a border province, which is why Severianus, with his military background and experience of frontier provinces, was assigned  Historian Marcel Le Glay suggests that his promotion was due to the support of Publius Mummius Sisenna Rutilianus, the governor of Asia who is famous as a follower of the self-described prophet Alexander of Abonoteichus thanks to the works of Lucian  In Cappadocia, Servianus' actions seem to have been popular: on an inscription from Zela he is honored as the benefactor (Greek: evergetes) and founder (Greek: ktistes) of the city  He also appears on an inscription in Sebastopolis  As governor of Cappadocia Servianus was allocated two legions 

War with Parthia
In the summer of 161, the Parthian Vologases IV invaded Armenia, expelled the ruler Sohaemus placed there by the Romans, and installed his own relative Pacoras as king  Being governor of Cappadocia meant Severianus would be on the front line of any conflict involving Armenia, Alexander of Abonutichus had enraptured Severianus, as he had the proconsul Rutilianus  Alexander convinced Severianus that he could defeat the Parthians easily, and win glory for himself  Severianus led a legion (perhaps the IX Hispana) into Armenia, but was trapped by the Parthian general Chosrhoes at Elegeia, a town just beyond the Cappadocian frontiers, near the headwaters of the Euphrates  Severianus made some attempt to fight Chosrhoes, but soon realized the futility of his campaign, and committed suicide  His legion was massacred  The campaign had only lasted three days  He was replaced as governor of Cappadocia by Marcus Statius Priscus Some historians believe that the defeat of Severianus at Elegeia explains the disappearance of the legions XXII Deiotariana and IX Hispana, but no proof exists that could confirm this hypothesis; the fate of the two legions is still controversial 

Aftermath
The governor of Syria was also defeated by the Parthians  Co-Emperor Lucius Verus (he ruled with his adoptive brother Marcus Aurelius) took command against the Parthians and brought in reinforcements on a large scale  These included four whole legions and large detachments from many others  The war ended in a Roman victory five years later, with the capture and sack of the Parthian capital 

Family tree
Notes
Inscriptions
Passage 4:
Brandon Routh
Brandon James Routh  (; born October 9, 1979) is an American actor  He portrayed Superman in the 2006 film Superman Returns, which garnered him international fame  In 2011, he played the title character of the film Dylan Dog: Dead of Night  He also had a recurring role in the NBC series Chuck, as Daniel Shaw  Routh also has supporting roles in the films Zack and Miri Make a Porno and Scott Pilgrim vs  the World 
In 2014, he was cast in a recurring role as Ray Palmer / The Atom on the TV series Arrow  He later played that role on two other series in the Arrowverse shared universe: The Flash (a guest role) and Legends of Tomorrow (a starring role)  Routh also reprised his role as Superman in the 2019 Arrowverse crossover event "Crisis on Infinite Earths"  His role on Legends of Tomorrow ended in 2020 

Early life
Routh, the third of four children, was born in Des Moines, Iowa, to Catherine LaVaughn (née Lear), a teacher, and Ronald Ray Routh, a carpenter  He was raised in nearby Norwalk  Routh was raised in a Methodist family, and has English, Scottish, German, Irish, Welsh and Dutch ancestry Routh grew up in Norwalk, approximately 100 miles (160 km) south of Woolstock, the birthplace of George Reeves, the first actor to play Superman on television  During his childhood, Routh thought a full-time acting career was unrealistic, citing his small-town background  In his spare time, he played the trumpet and the piano Routh attended Norwalk High School, where he played sports, and participated in music and theatre  He attended this school at the same time as Jason Momoa, who would also later become an actor in film adaptations of DC comics  He has described himself as a "momma's boy" and not "the most popular kid" during his school years  Routh has also noted that during his younger years, he was fond of the Superman films and comic books Routh attended the University of Iowa for a year, aspiring to be a writer  During this time, he modeled and acted in order to earn his tuition expenses Routh has said he was often told that he bore a physical resemblance to Christopher Reeve, who had previously portrayed Superman in a film series  His former manager signed him on because of the resemblance, telling him that he thought Routh would be cast as Superman if there were another film in the series 

Career
Early career
In 1999, Routh left the university  and moved to Manhattan and then Los Angeles, where he pursued a full-time acting career, first appearing as an extra in Christina Aguilera's 1999 music video for "What a Girl Wants"  He was cast in his first acting role that same year, in an episode of the short-lived ABC television series Odd Man Out  In 2000, he had a four-episode role on season 3 of MTV's nighttime soap opera Undressed  Routh subsequently appeared on the WB's Gilmore Girls (in a February 2001 episode, "Concert Interruptus", playing a Bangles concert attendee), and earned steady work on the soap opera One Life to Live, playing Seth Anderson from May 23, 2001, until April 17, 2002 

Superman
Prior to Routh's casting as Superman in the film Superman Returns, Warner Bros  had spent over a decade developing a plan to relaunch the franchise, entitled Superman Flyby, with possible stars including actors such as Nicolas Cage, Josh Hartnett, Brendan Fraser, Tom Welling, Paul Walker, Henry Cavill (who eventually became Superman in Man of Steel (2013)), James Marsden (who would go on to play Lois Lane's fiancée in the film), Ashton Kutcher, Keanu Reeves, Will Smith, Johnny Depp and James Caviezel, and planned directors including Tim Burton, Wolfgang Petersen, McG, Brett Ratner, and Shekhar Kapur  When director Bryan Singer came aboard the project, however, he insisted an unknown actor be cast in the part, in the tradition of the casting of the best-known film Superman, Christopher Reeve 
Routh, then 24, had previously auditioned for director McG and was spotted by Singer after he viewed Routh's videotaped audition  Singer, who has since stated that Routh was the embodiment of "our collective memory of Superman," was impressed by Routh's resemblance to the comic book icon and found the actor's humble Midwestern roots perfect for the role, as well as his "combination of vulnerability and confidence", which Singer said reminded him of Christopher Reeve  Singer decided to cast Routh after the two met on August 13, 2004, but did not tell Routh until two months later, when Routh's casting was announced in October 2004, making him an "instant celebrity" Before filming began, Routh bulked up for the role, gaining 22 pounds to reach a high of 218 pounds  Filming for Superman Returns began in Sydney in February 2005  The film was released in the U S  on June 28, 2006, and earned decent reviews from most critics, but was a box office disappointment, grossing only $200 million in the US compared to its estimated budget of $270 million  Routh was signed on to appear in two potential sequels, but due to mediocre box office results those never materialized 
Reviews of Routh's performance were generally positive, with Newsweek noting he "effortlessly lays claim to the iconic role " On the other hand, film critic Roger Ebert felt that "Routh lacks charisma as Superman, and I suppose as Clark Kent, he isn't supposed to have any "At the 2006 Spike TV Awards, Routh won the award of "Best Superhero" as Superman in Superman Returns, beating out among others, Hugh Jackman as Wolverine 
In August 2008, Warner Bros  officially announced they intended to reboot the Superman franchise  Routh was still set to reprise the role, according to DC Comics president Paul Levitz  In 2009, however, Routh's contract to play Superman in another film expired, but he said at the time that he would like to return if given the chance  However, British actor Henry Cavill was cast to play Superman in the reboot of the series, Man of Steel 

Subsequent projects
After the release of Superman Returns, Routh signed on to play CIA agent John Clark in Without Remorse, under the direction of John Singleton with a screenplay by Stuart Beattie  Routh would be the third actor to portray the character, after Willem Dafoe and Liev Schreiber  The film was intended for a late-2007/early-2008 release  However, Paramount Pictures put the film into turnaround  Routh's future participation on the project is unknown 
Routh appeared in the independent drama Fling (formerly titled Lie to Me) (2008), co-starring his wife Courtney Ford, and the ensemble film Life is Hot in Cracktown (2009) 
Routh was signed to star in The Informers (2009), a film based on Bret Easton Ellis' novel, with Kim Basinger, Amber Heard, and Billy Bob Thornton, but his scenes ended up scrapped with the decision to excise the "vampire" subplot from the film entirely At Comic Con 2008, it was revealed Routh was to have a cameo in the Kevin Smith comedy Zack and Miri Make a Porno - he instead appeared as a minor character, Bobby Long - and would serve as a judge on Platinum Studios 2008 Comic Book Challenge  In addition, he has a cameo where he plays himself in the Bollywood film Kambakkht Ishq (2009) 
In January 2009, Routh was officially cast to play Todd Ingram in the action comedy Scott Pilgrim vs  the World which was directed by Edgar Wright, based on the Scott Pilgrim series by Canadian artist Bryan Lee O'Malley  His character is an arrogant, narcissistic bass player who derives psychic powers from his vegan lifestyle, and is the third of the seven Evil Exes the title character must fight 
Routh plays Daniel Shaw in season 3 of spy series Chuck, in a recurring, supporting role
Context 3: Passage 1:
Mirtemir
Mirtemir Tursunov (Uzbek: Миртемир Турсунов) (May 30, 1910 - January 25, 1978) most commonly known simply as Mirtemir, was an Uzbek poet and literary translator  In addition to writing his own poetry, Mirtemir translated the works of many famous foreign poets, such as Abai Qunanbaiuli, Aleksandr Pushkin, Heinrich Heine, Magtymguly Pyragy, Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Lermontov, Nâzım Hikmet, Nikolay Nekrasov, Pablo Neruda, Samad Vurgun, and Shota Rustaveli into the Uzbek language Mirtemir became a National Poet of the Uzbek SSR in 1971  He received many other awards for his works, including the State Berdaq Prize (1977) and the State Hamza Prize (1979)  In 2002, Mirtemir was posthumously awarded the National Order of Merit (Uzbek: Buyuk xizmatlari uchun), one of independent Uzbekistan's most prestigious awards 

Life and work
Mirtemir Umarbekovich Tursunov was born on May 30, 1910, in the village of Ikan, Turkistan  In 1932, Mirtemir graduated from the Pedagogical University of Samarkand with a degree in literature 
Mirtemir's first collection of poems, Shuʼlalar qoʻynida (Under the Lights) was published in 1928  His other collections of poetry include Zafar (Victory) (1929), Qaynashlarim (My Rages), Bong (The Clamor) (1932), and Poytaxt (The Capital) (1936) 
Mirtemir translated the works of many famous foreign poets, such as Abai Qunanbaiuli, Aleksandr Pushkin, Berdaq, Heinrich Heine, Magtymguly Pyragy, Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Lermontov, Nâzım Hikmet, Nikolay Nekrasov, Pablo Neruda, Samad Vurgun, and Shota Rustaveli into Uzbek  In particular, he translated Who is Happy in Russia? of Nikolay Nekrasov and The Man in the Panther's Skin of Shota Rustaveli into Uzbek  He also translated the Kyrgyz epic poem Manas 
An example of his work, written originally in Cyrillic alphabet:
This is my mother tongue, the language of my dear mother  It permeated my soul and ear since I was in the cradle  This is the language of my people, my homeland, and my folks  In life time it is as old as mother earth 
Mirtemir died in Tashkent on 25 January 1978, at the age of 67 
Passage 2:
Lavinia exilicauda
The hitch (Lavinia exilicauda) is a cyprinid fish endemic to central California, and was once very common  The common name may derive from a Pomoan word for this species  It is the only species in the monospecific genus Lavinia 

Taxonomy
The hitch was first formally described in 1854 by Spencer Fullerton Baird and Charles Frédéric Girard with its type locality given as the Sacramento River in California  While the hitch is closely related to the California roach (Hesperoleucus symmetricus), and the two species can hybridize, leading some authorities to place H  symmetricus in Lavinia, genomic data appear to support the fishes' separate lineages  The Lavinia genus has been placed in the subfamily Leuciscinae of the family Cyprinidae in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World  Other authorities classify the Leuciscidae as a family and place the genus Lavinia in the subfamily Laviniinae of that family Three distinct population segments (DPS) or subspecies of the hitch are recognized:

Clear Lake hitch (chi in Pomoan language)
Monterey hitch (Salinas hitch, Pajaro hitch)
Sacramento hitch (Central Valley hitch)These common names or DPS correspond to the subspecies Lavinia exilicauda chi Hopkirk, 1974, Lavinia exilicauda harengus Girard, 1856: 183–184  and Lavinia exilicauda exilicauda Baird and Girard in Girard, 1854,: 137  respectively 

Description
The hitch shape is deep and laterally compressed, with a small head, and a terminal mouth pointing upwards  They are generally silver all over; younger fish have a black spot at the base of the tail, losing it as they age, and becoming generally darker as well  The anal fin is noticeably longer than for other California minnows, with 11-14 rays, while the dorsal fin has 10-13 rays, and is placed further back, the base being positioned between pelvic and anal fins  The tail fin is large and deeply forked  They can get large for minnows, with lengths of up to 36 cm   All of these features make them look much like the golden shiner  The hitch is closely related to the California roach (Hesperoleucus symmetricus complex), and these taxa can hybridize with each other Hitch are omnivores of the open water, eating a combination of filamentous algae, insects, and zooplankton  They can be found in lakes, sloughs, and slow-moving sections of rivers and streams  With the highest temperature tolerance among the native fish of the Central Valley, they can be found in both warm and cool water; they also have considerable salt tolerance, for instance occurring in Suisun Marsh (7-8 ppt salinity), and Salinas River lagoon (9 ppt) 

Distribution
Their range includes the Sacramento River-San Joaquin River System of the Central Valley, the Russian River, Clear Lake, Pajaro River, and Salinas River  Although once abundant, but no longer commercially fished in Clear Lake, populations have been declining  The most likely cause appears to be loss of springtime spawning water flows due to water diversion and damming 

Conservation
The Clear Lake hitch was listed as threatened under the California Endangered Species Act in 2014 

Notes
Passage 3:
UEA Creative Writing Course
The University of East Anglia's Creative Writing Course was founded by Sir Malcolm Bradbury and Sir Angus Wilson in 1970  The M A  is widely regarded as the most prestigious and successful in the country  and competition for places is notoriously tough The course is split into four strands: Prose, Creative Non-Fiction, Poetry and Scriptwriting (which is Skillset accredited)  All four result in an M A  qualification upon successful completion of the course  The Course Directors are currently Andrew Cowan, Kathryn Hughes, Lavinia Greenlaw and Val Taylor respectively  Course tutors include Amit Chaudhuri, Trezza Azzopardi, Giles Foden, Tobias Jones, James Lasdun, Jean McNeil, Margaret Atwood and George Szirtes 
Writers such as Angela Carter, Rose Tremain, Andrew Motion, W  G  Sebald, Michèle Roberts and Patricia Duncker have also taught on the course 
Writers-in-residence have included Alan Burns and Margaret Atwood 

Notable alumni
Nobel Prize winners
Kazuo Ishiguro (MA, 1980), 2017 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate

Booker Prize winners
Anne Enright (MA, 1987), 2007 Booker Prize winner for The Gathering
Kazuo Ishiguro (MA, 1980), 1989 Booker Prize winner for The Remains of the Day
Ian McEwan (MA, 1971), 1998 Booker Prize winner for Amsterdam

Costa Book Award winners
Tash Aw (MA, 2003), Whitbread Book Award winner in the 2005 First Novel category for The Harmony Silk Factory
Susan Fletcher (MA, 2002), Whitbread Book Award winner in the 2004 First Novel category for Eve Green
Adam Foulds (MA, 2000), Costa Book Award winner in the 2008 Poetry category for The Broken Word
Emma Healey (MA, 2011), Costa Book Award winner in the 2014 First Novel category for Elizabeth is Missing
Andrew Miller (MA, 1991), Costa Book Award winner in the 2011 Novel category for Pure
Monique Roffey (BA, 1987), Costa Book Award winner in the 2020 Novel category for The Mermaid of Black Conch
Christie Watson (MA, 2009), Costa Book Award winner in the 2011 First Novel category for Tiny Sunbirds Far Away

Women's Prize for Fiction winners
Naomi Alderman (MA, 2003), 2017 Women's Prize for Fiction winner for The Power
Rose Tremain (BA, 1967), 2008 Women's Prize for Fiction winner for The Road Home

Betty Trask Award & Prize winners
Rowan Hisayo Buchanan (PHD, 2019) 2017 Betty Trask Award winner for Harmless Like You
Sam Byers (MA, 2003; PHD, 2014) 2014 Betty Trask Award winner for Idiopathy
Anthony Cartwright (BA, 1996) 2004 Betty Trask Award winner for The Afterglow
Helen Cross (MA, 1997) 2002 Betty Trask Award winner for My Summer of Love
Suzannah Dunn (MA, 1989) 1991 Betty Trask Award winner for Quite Contrary
Susan Elderkin (MA, 1994) 2000 Betty Trask Award winner for Sunset Over Chocolate Mountains
Diana Evans (MA, 2003) 2005 Betty Trask Award winner for 26a
Susan Fletcher (MA, 2002) 2005 Betty Trask Prize winner for Eve Green
Adam Foulds (MA, 2000) 2007 Betty Trask Award winner for The Truth About These Strange Times
Imogen Hermes Gowar (MA, 2014) 2019 Betty Trask Award winner for The Mermaid and Mrs Hancock
Emma Healey (MA, 2011) 2015 Betty Trask Award winner for Elizabeth is Missing
Paul Houghton (MA, 1987) 1989 Betty Trask Award winner for Harry's Last Wedding
Anjali Joseph (MA, 2008; PHD, 2013) 2011 Betty Trask Prize winner for Saraswati Park
Frances Liardet (MA, 1998) 1994 Betty Trask Award winner for The Game
Nicola Monaghan (MA, 2018) 2006 Betty Trask Award winner for The Killing Jar
Glenn Patterson (MA, 1986) 1988 Betty Trask Award winner for Burning Your Own
Natasha Pulley (MA, 2012) 2017 Betty Trask Award winner for The Watchmaker of Filigree Street
Phil Whitaker (MA, 1996) 1998 Betty Trask Award winner for Eclipse of the Sun

James Tait Black Memorial Prize winners
Ian McEwan (MA, 1971) James Tait Black Memorial Prize winner in the 2005 Fiction category for Saturday
Andrew Miller (MA, 1991) James Tait Black Memorial Prize winner in the 1997 Fiction category for Ingenious Pain
Rose Tremain (BA, 1967) James Tait Black Memorial Prize winner in the 1993 Fiction category for Sacred Country

Other alumni
Nicholas Allan (MA, 1981), children's author
Mona Arshi (MA, 2012), Forward Prize-winning poet
Trezza Azzopardi (MA, 1998), novelist
Martyn Bedford (MA, 1994), novelist
Brett Ellen Block (MA, 1998), author
Peter Bowker (MA, 1991), screenwriter
John Boyne (MA, 1996), novelist
Aifric Campbell (MA, 2003), writer
Tracy Chevalier (MA, 1994), historical novelist
Judy Corbalis (MA, 1990), novelist
Andrew Cowan (MA, 1985), novelist
Fflur Dafydd (MA, 2000), writer
Donna Daley-Clarke (MA, 2001), novelist
Louise Doughty (MA, 1987), novelist
Joe Dunthorne (MA, 2005), novelist
Oliver Emanuel (MA, 2002), playwright
Stephen Finucan (MA, 1996), short story writer
David Flusfeder (MA, 1988), author
Bo Fowler (MA, 1995), novelist
Ruth Gilligan (MA, 2011), writer
Tim Guest (MA, 1999), author
Stephanie Hale (MA, 1993), writer
Mohammed Hanif (MA, 2005), writer
Jane Harris (MA, 1992), novelist and screenwriter
Alix Hawley (MA, 2002), novelist
Kathryn Hughes (MA, 1987), historian
Naomi Ishiguro (MA, 2018), short story writer and novelist
Mick Jackson (MA, 1992), novelist
Christopher James (MA, 2000), poet
Panos Karnezis (MA, 2000), novelist
Larissa Lai (MA, 2001), novelist
Hernán Lara Zavala (MA 1981), novelist
Joanna Laurens (MA, 2003), playwright
Ágnes Lehóczky (MA, 2006), poet
Toby Litt (MA, 1995), novelist
Philip MacCann (MA), writer
Deirdre Madden (MA, 1985), novelist
Robert McGill (MA, 2002), writer
Sarah Emily Miano (MA, 2002), author
Neel Mukherjee (MA, 2001), writer
Paul Murray (MA, 2001), novelist
Sandra Newman (MA, 2002), writer
Kathy Page (MA, 1988), novelist
Christine Pountney (MA, 1997), author
Dina Rabinovitch (MA, 2000), journalist and writer
Ben Rice (MA, 2000), novelist
Eliza Robertson (MA, 2012), author
Tom Saunders (MA, 1987), author
Anthony Sattin (MA, 1984), writer
Simon Scarrow (MA, 1992), author
James Scudamore (MA, 2004), novelist
Owen Sheers (MA, 1998), author, poet and playwright
Jeremy Sheldon (MA, 1996), novelist
Robert Sheppard (MA, 1979), poet
Kathryn Simmonds (MA, 2002), poet
Rob Magnuson Smith (MA 2010), novelist
Paul Stewart (MA, 1979), writer
Julia Stuart (MA, 2013), novelist
Todd Swift (MA, 2004), poet
Rebecca Tamás (PHD, 2017), poet and essayist
Sharlene Teo (MA, 2013), novelist
Mark Tilton (MA, 1997), screenwriter
Carol Topolski (MA, 2004), novelist
Erica Wagner (MA, 1991), author and literary editor of The Times
Craig Warner (MA, 2013), playwright and screenwriter
Matt Whyman (MA, 1992), novelist
Clare Wigfall (MA, 2000), writer
Luke Williams (MA, 2002), author
D  W  Wilson (MA, 2010), author
Jennifer Wong (MA, 2009), writer and poet
Yan Ge (MA, 2020), novelist

External links
UEA Creative Writing webpages
Passage 4:
International Nazim Hikmet Poetry Award
The International Nazim Hikmet Poetry Award is an award created in memory of Turkish poet Nâzım Hikmet Ran   The medal is awarded every two years to world poets and writers 

Nâzım Hikmet
A famous Turkish poet, playwright, novelist, memoirist, painter, public figure, International Peace Prize laureate and the founder of the Turkish revolutionary poetry, Nâzım Hikmet Ran was born on 15 January 1902 in Salonica  He was the son of an Ottoman government official and grew up in Anatolia  After briefly attending the Turkish naval academy, he studied economics and political science at the University of Moscow  Nazim Hikmet was repeatedly arrested for his political beliefs and spent much of his adult life in prison or in exile  His poetry has been translated into more than fifty languages, plays have been staged in several countries gaining huge popularity 
Nazim Hikmet's first book of poetry was “Song of the Sun-drinkers”, published in Baku in 1928  Many of his works have been translated into English, including "Human Landscapes from My Country: An Epic Novel in Verse" (2009), "Things I Didn’t Know I Loved" (1975), "The Day Before Tomorrow" (1972), "The Moscow Symphony" (1970), and "Selected Poems" (1967)  In 1936 he published Seyh Bedreddin destani (“The Epic of Shaykh Bedreddin”) and Memleketimden insan manzaralari (“Portraits of People from My Land”)  In 1950 he won the Nobel Peace Prize 
Hikmet died of a heart attack in Moscow in 1963  As the first modern Turkish poet, he is recognized around the world as one of the great international poets of the twentieth century 

Nazim Hikmet Culture and Arts Foundation
After the death of Nazim Hikmet his close friends under the leadership of his sister Samia Yaltirim and Prof Dr Aydin Aybay decided to set up a foundation in his name  Due to his friends efforts, the “Nazim Hikmet Culture and Arts Foundation” was established by Samia Yaltirim in 1991 
The purpose of “Nazim Hikmet Culture and Arts Foundation” was to establish a center which will collect and introduce any articles, books, pictures, paintings, movies, music, sculpture, memorials and research about Nazim Hikmet to future generations 
In order to always cherish the memory of Nazim Hikmet, to ensure the dissemination of his works and to assess contribution of contemporary poets the foundation established "International Nazim Hikmet Poetry Award" 

Award holders
The first winner of the "International Nazim Hikmet Poetry Award" ceremony which held on January 14, 1995, considering the value of artistic and intellectual properties of works was Syrian poet Adonis, who is currently living in France 
The second winner of "International Nazim Hikmet Poetry Award" was Aime Cesaire from Martinique in 1997  He won this award for explaining in detail the longing for freedom and equality of all oppressed people in the twentieth century 
The third winner of "International Nazim Hikmet Poetry Award" was the Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish in 2003  Then a next winner was the Danish poet Erik Stinus in 2009  Erik Stinus moves his readers away from the ironic character of Danish poetry  On the other hand, Stinus is a great poet of Western poetry who focuses on life and who bears witness to his era 
I
n recent years there have been some problems for nominating the "International Nazim Hikmet Poetry Award" every two years, such as financial deficiencies and the attracting of voters from the international organization 
Finally, after a long time off, on February 7, 2014, due to the positive contribution towards Turkish World and the tenderness of his poetry, Zalimkhan Yagub was awarded with "International Nazim Hikmet Poetry Award" by The International Academy of Sciences of Turkish World Investigation   Zalimkhan Yaghub was the first poet from Azerbaijan who was honoured with that medal 

External links
Vilayat Jafar, “Friendship in the strange land”, Baku, 2005
A Ismayilov, “Nazim Hikmet's life and literary chronicle”
http://azer com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai131_folder/131_articles/131_poet_hikmet_nazim html
http://www nazimhikmet org tr/index2 asp
http://www azadliq org/content/article/25318044 html
Passage 5:
Lavinia Greenlaw
Lavinia Elaine Greenlaw (born 30 July 1962) is an English poet, novelist and non-fiction writer  She won the Prix du Premier Roman with her first novel and her poetry has been shortlisted for awards that include the T  S  Eliot Prize, Forward Prize and Whitbread Poetry Prize  She was shortlisted for the 2014 Costa Poetry Award for A Double Sorrow: A Version of Troilus and Criseyde  Greenlaw currently holds the post of Professor of Creative Writing (Poetry) at Royal Holloway, University of London 

Biography
Lavinia Greenlaw was born in London into a medical and scientific family, and has a sister and two brothers  When she was aged 11, the family moved from London to an Essex village, where they lived for seven years  This period Greenlaw has described as "an interim time", with "memories of time being arrested, nothing much happening "
Greenlaw went on to read modern arts at Kingston Polytechnic  She then studied at the London College of Printing and gained an MA in art history from the Courtauld Institute  She was employed as an editor at Imperial College of Science and Technology (1985–1986) and with the publishers Allison & Busby (1986–1987),  and subsequently with Earthscan (1988–90)  She also worked as an arts administrator for Southbank Centre (1990–1991) and the London Arts Board (1991–1994) 
Greenlaw's career as a freelance artist, critic and broadcaster began in 1994  She became the first artist-in-residence at the Science Museum (1994–1995), and has since held residences at the Royal Festival Hall, at a London solicitors' firm (1997–1998), and at the Royal Society of Medicine (2004)  In 2013 she won an Engagement Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust  Her sound work Audio Obscura was commissioned in 2011 by Artangel and Manchester International Festival, and heard at Manchester Piccadilly station in July 2011 and London St Pancras station in September and October 2011  It won the 2011 Ted Hughes Award for New Work in Poetry, the judges calling it "groundbreaking" Greenlaw taught at Goldsmiths College, University of London  She served as professor of creative writing at the University of East Anglia from 2007 to 2013, and as a visiting professor at King's College London (2015–2016) and Freie Universität Berlin (2017)  She currently holds the post of Professor of Creative Writing (Poetry) at Royal Holloway, University of London After judging the 2010 Manchester Poetry Prize, Greenlaw chaired in 2014 the judging panel for the inaugural Folio Prize  She is a Council member of the Royal Society of Literature and a former Chair of the Poetry Society Greenlaw has lived in London for most of her life 

Writing
Primarily a poet, Greenlaw has also written novels, short stories, plays and non-fiction  She has made radio documentaries  Her work for music includes the libretto for the opera Peter Pan composed by Richard Ayres (Staatsoper Stuttgart/Komische Oper Berlin/Welsh National Opera and Royal Opera House, 2015)  Publications for which she has written include the London Review of Books, The Guardian and The New Yorker, and in 2019 she was a contributor to A New Divan: A Lyrical Dialogue Between East and West (Gingko Library) Her work draws on her interest in science and scientific enquiry and covers themes of displacement, loss and belonging  Critics have seen her poetry as remarkable for its precision; her best contain a complexity and elusiveness that lead them to "appreciate with each re-reading" Her biography notes: "She has written and adapted several dramas for radio, including Virginia Woolf's Night and Day, Hermann Hesse's The Glass Bead Game, and a series on malaria called Five Fever Tales  She has made documentaries about Emily Dickinson and Elizabeth Bishop and several programmes about light, including trips to the Arctic midsummer and midwinter, the Baltic, the darkest place in England, light in London, and the solstices and equinoxes "Greenlaw is also a memoirist  Kirkus Reviews summed up her 2007 coming-of-age book, The Importance of Music to Girls, by saying: "The taut, lyric thrum of Greenlaw's prose reflects her poet's skill    Well-written, bewitching and subtly dazzling " Some Answers Without Questions (2021), part memoir, part manifesto, was described by Hephzibah Anderson in The Observer as "a delight: approachable, rigorous and omnivorous in its frame of reference"



ground_truth: Jānis Strazdiņš

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What career led Brandon James Routh to move to the city where Brian Ralston lives?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  He again played this character in the show's fifth season 
He portrayed supernatural detective Dylan Dog in the 2011 film Dylan Dog - Dead of Night  The film is based on the Italian comic series created by Tiziano Sclavi   The film was a box office flop 
On February 22, 2012, it was announced that Routh had been cast in David Kohan and Max Mutchnick's (the creators of Will & Grace), new CBS half-hour, multicamera comedy pilot, Partners  He played Michael Urie's character's steady partner, alongside David Krumholtz and his Table for Three co-star Sophia Bush   The series was cancelled after only six episodes had aired 
In 2013, Routh appeared in the video game Call of Duty: Ghosts  Routh has since appeared in one episode of The Millers and multiple episodes of Chosen and Enlisted in 2014  That same year, he starred in the Hallmark Channel's Christmas-themed romantic comedy The Nine Lives of Christmas, which drew good reviews and high ratings  
In 2021, Routh appeared in The Nine Kittens of Christmas, a sequel to The Nine Lives of Christmas   In 2023, Routh appeared in an episode of Quantum Leap portraying a naval commander: Alexander Augustine 

Arrowverse
On July 7, 2014, it was reported that Routh would once again play a superhero for DC Comics as Ray Palmer / The Atom on The CW's Arrow  He was a recurring character throughout season three, which premiered October 8, 2014 In January 2015, Arrow's co-creator and executive producer Greg Berlanti stated that they were in the midst of "very early" preliminary talks for an additional spin-off series centered on Ray Palmer/The Atom In February 2015, it was announced that a spin-off was in development that would co-star Routh as The Atom, along with Arthur Darvill, Wentworth Miller, Victor Garber, and Caity Lotz  The show, Legends of Tomorrow, premiered in January 2016 
Routh reprised his role as Clark Kent / Superman in the 2019–2020 Arrowverse crossover "Crisis on Infinite Earths",  affected by events adapted from the Kingdom Come storyline  His suit was based on the one worn by the storyline's version of the character  The following month, it was announced that Routh would depart Legends of Tomorrow as a series regular during the fifth season  His final episode as a series regular was "Romeo v  Juliet: Dawn of Justness" Following this, Routh made two returns to the franchise  First, he returned to Legends for its 100th episode, and to The Flash for the first part of its season eight-opening event "Armageddon"  He would then return in the season's eighteenth episode, "The Man in the Yellow Tie" 

Personal life
On August 23, 2006, Brandon became engaged to his girlfriend of three years, actress Courtney Ford; the couple married on November 24, 2007, at the El Capitan Ranch in Santa Barbara  In 2012, the couple had a son, Leo James Routh's sister, Sara, has a musical track entitled "You're Never Gone" on Sound of Superman, the companion soundtrack of the Superman Returns  Routh is a fan and player of the video game World of Warcraft  During the 2008 Presidential Election, Routh spoke at an Iowa rally in support of Democratic candidate Barack Obama Routh is a distant relative of President Franklin D  Roosevelt 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Music videos
Awards and nominations
Passage 5:
Brandon Fleming (footballer)
Brandon James Fleming (born 3 December 1999) is an English professional footballer who plays for EFL Championship side Hull City as a defender 

Club career
Hull City
Fleming joined Hull City at the age of nine and signed a scholarship in July 2016  He signed his first professional deal in February 2017 after impressing for the Under-18s  On 22 August 2017, he made his debut in a 2–0 EFL Cup defeat to Doncaster Rovers  On 30 November 2020, Fleming signed a new two-and-a-half-year deal with the club  On 9 July 2022, Fleming signed a three-year contract extension, with the club holding an option for a further year 

Gainsborough Trinity
Fleming joined Gainsborough Trinity on 27 February 2018 on an initial month's loan 

Bolton Wanderers
He signed with League One club Bolton Wanderers on a six-month loan on 17 January 2020 

Oxford United
Fleming signed with League One club Oxford United on a six-month loan on 6 January 2023  He made 14 League appearances, and an FA Cup appearance  as a late substitute in a third-round defeat to Arsenal, before returning to his parent club at the end of the season 

Career statistics
As of 7 May 2023 
Passage 6:
Paul Michaux
Doctor Paul Michaux (born Paul-Marie Michaux; 16 November 1854 – 21 November 1923) was a French surgeon  After studying at the Paul Verlaine University – Metz, he migrated to Paris, where he actively participated in the Conférence Olivaint and later became president of the organisation  After completing an internship and thesis, his career led him into various hospitals in the city and suburbs, where he developed medical innovations and performed research  As a member of the parish patronage committee, Michaux's moral and religious beliefs led him to establish a type of gymnastics specifically intended for Christian Patriots  His enthusiasm for the sport was reflected with the foundation of the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages de France in 1898, which later became the Fédération sportive et culturelle de France, the foundation of the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages de France in 1898 (later the Fédération sportive et culturelle de France), an organisation which took prompt steps to support team sports (including football and basketball) as well as choral music 
Michaux organised two major gymnastic competitions, which both contributed to the founding of the Fédération internationale catholique d'éducation physique et sportive in 1911  Following the end of the First World War, Michaux organised a gymnastic competition in his hometown of Metz  At his funeral in November 1923, many representatives of both the military and the medical profession as well as over 3,000 gymnasts were in attendance  His involvement in the fields of sports and business earned him many accolades, including being appointed as a Knight of the National Order of the Legion of Honour by Marshal Ferdinand Foch  Michaux was awarded the Cross of Commander of the Order of St  Gregory the Great by Pope Pius X, and in 1911 he received the Grand Cross of the Order of St  Sylvester 

Biography
Early career
Born in Metz into a Catholic family, Paul-Marie Michaux studied in the college town of St Clement, where he was appreciated by his fellow students  He and his family were refugees to Paris, where he joined the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Paris  The following year, Michaux joined the Conférence Olivaint, along with a few fellow students  In this group, under the auspices of René Laennec, sessions of prayer began, and members attended Mass together two Sundays per month  This conference quickly built a solid reputation among students and physicians and was officially recognized in 1879, when Paul Michaux was appointed to be its first president  The group supported Michaux's conclusions in his thesis on cancer of the parotid gland in 1884  Today, Conférence Olivaint is the oldest student society in France Michaux became a hospital surgeon in 1887, and he first worked at the Beaujon Hospital and later became a head of department at the Hôpital Charles-Foix, Ivry, in 1896  The following year he was a staff member at the Broussais Hospital and then at the Lariboisière Hospital in 1901  In 1904, he rejoined Beaujon Hospital, where he remained until his 1916 retirement  He was a staunch advocate of prophylaxis — installing one of the first autoclaves made in 1893 — and performed the first cholecystectomy in France 

Creating the FGSPF
In 1874, during his second year of medical school, Michaux invested his time to establish a quasi-military type of gymnastics  In 1889, he joined the committee for sports patronage in Paris  On 15 December 1897, Michaux proposed an annual gym competition  With over 4,000 spectators and 600 gymnasts from twenty-three different associations, the success (in Michaux's view) of this 24 July 1898 competition meant that Michaux's intentions were fulfilled  Supported by some close friends including Francois Hebrard, on 24 July 1898 he created the Union des Sociétés de gymnastique et d'instruction militaire des patronages et œuvres de jeunesse de France (USGIMPOJF)  On 8 December 1900, USGIMPOJF organised a competition where over 1,800 gymnasts participated  The following year, the federation was renamed the Fédération des sociétés catholiques de gymnastique (FSCG), and sports such as football, cross-country, shooting and swimming were included alongside gymnastics In 1898, Michaux founded the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages de France (FGSPF), which acquired its first premises at 5 Place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin in the 7th arrondissement of Paris on 15 July 1905  Under Michaux's tutelage, the FGSPF became the first federation to advocate the duty to examine athletes' medical conditions  Although gymnastics was the main sport, other sports, such as football and basketball, also competed at the FGSPF  It also provided music education to its athletes 

Before the First World War
Before the events of the First World War, Michaux began to create sports sponsorships in preparation of the "brevet spécial d'éducation militaire", or special patent military education  However, religious education was the priority for scholarships and competitions  The Church of France supported the position of Pope Pius X and encouraged physical education in France  In 1911, Pius X awarded Michaux the Grand Cross of the Order of St  Sylvester Michaux's gymnastics federation and sports sponsorships maintained their popularity  For example, following the invitation to participate in the Olympics by Pierre de Coubertin, the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages de France was a leading supporter of the proposed Olympic Oath  Its general secretary, Charles Simon, was responsible for the development of football in France  In their final competition before World War I, 8,500 athletes were brought together to Lorraine 

Postwar
During the First World War, the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages of France lost over 24,000 of its members  Despite these devastating losses, the federation did not cease its regular activities  During the war, Michaux offered services for staff who were not able to participate in the war  On 4 August 1919, the first post-war contest was held in Metz, with an attendance exceeding 7,000 gymnasts  In 1921, Michaux was named Knight of the National Order of the Legion of Honour for having "spent over 20 years in the physical education of youth and military preparation"  On 20 March 1921, over 5,000 gymnasts gathered as Marshal Ferdinand Foch presented Michaux the award  Soon thereafter, Michaux was awarded the Cross of Commander of the Order of St  Gregory the Great by Pope Pius X On 21 and 22 July 1923, due to illness, Michaux was unable to attend a parade of roughly 30,000 gymnasts on the Champs-Élysées  He died later that same year on 21 November 1923  Michaux's funeral was held at the Église Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin (Church of St  Thomas Aquinas) by the Archbishop of Paris, Louis-Ernest Dubois, in the presence of Michaux's long-time friend Foch  Fourteen leading doctors and surgeons, the Director of the Public Assistance, thirteen generals and admirals and nearly 3,000 gymnasts with flags from over 50 associations and 72 regional unions paraded before his coffin  His body was buried in Montparnasse Cemetery 

Recognition
As a token of gratitude to its founder, the FSCF placed Michaux's visage on medals that are awarded to FSCF volunteers  This distinction has four types of awards: Federal merit (in bronze, silver or vermeil), the Federal dedication (in bronze, silver or vermeil), the Federal recognition (in bronze, silver or vermeil) and the Federal honor (in vermeil)  Several cities have adopted his name for streets, including the Rue Paul Michaux in Metz  By decree dated 21 July 1934, the Council of Paris named a plaza the Place du Docteur-Paul-Michaux in the 16th arrondissement of Paris  On 3 October 1998, a commemorative plaque was placed on his birthplace, at 8 rue Mazelle in Metz  The Union Jeanne Lorraine has created a cross trophy that bears his name to this day 

Notes
Passage 7:
Brandon Williams (defensive tackle)
Brandon James Williams (born February 21, 1989) is an American football defensive tackle who is a free agent  He was drafted by the Ravens in the third round of the 2013 NFL Draft  He played college football at Missouri Southern 

Early years
Williams was born in Kirkwood, Missouri on February 21, 1989  He attended Stanton Elementary, Rockwood South Middle School (where he took 3 years of vocal music classes with Ms  Lora Springer (Pemberton)), and Rockwood Summit High School in Fenton, Missouri, and played high school football for the Rockwood Summit Falcons   He was an all-conference and all-state selection for Rockwood Summit at defensive tackle, and led the Falcons with 99 tackles and seven sacks in 2006   He was also a team captain and was recognized as the Suburban South Defensive Player of the Year   He transferred to Harmony Prep School in Cincinnati, Ohio for his senior year 

College career
Williams attended Missouri Southern State University, where he played for the Missouri Southern State Lions football team from 2008 to 2012   He was a major contributor as a freshman finishing eighth on the team in tackles with 38, including three for loss and 1 5 sacks   After a medical redshirt in 2009 due to a back injury, he may have returned the following year in 2010 and Williams led the Lions with nine sacks and 17 5 tackles for loss and was named to three-different All-American teams  As a junior in 2011, he was a unanimous All-Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA) selection after finishing the season third in the MIAA in sacks with eight, while maybe ranking second in the conference in tackles for loss with 16  In 2012, as a senior, he was named the MIAA Defensive Player of the Year  Williams became the all-time sacks leader for the school and finished with 27 in his career  He finished the season second on the team with 68 tackles, 31 solo, including 16 5 for a loss  He had 8 5 sacks, two pass break ups, eight quarterback hurries, five forced fumbles, and one safety on the season and finished third in the MIAA in sacks and tackles for a loss, while ranking second in forced fumbles 

Professional career
Baltimore Ravens
Williams was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the third round, with the 94th overall pick, of the 2013 NFL Draft   Williams became the first Missouri Southern State player to be drafted since Allen Barbre was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in 2007  Williams made his NFL debut on September 29, 2013, recording a fumble recovery and logging 20 snaps against the Buffalo Bills  The next week he recorded his first tackle & tackle for loss against the Miami Dolphins  He would record his first career sack against the Pittsburgh Steelers  Williams played in seven games with six tackles, two tackles for loss, one sack, and one fumble recovery 
Williams made his first-career start against the Cincinnati Bengals in the 2014 season opener, recording two tackles  On September 28, 2014, Williams recorded his first-career forced fumble against the Carolina Panthers, stripping running back Tauren Poole and recovering the fumble afterward  On October 26, he recorded a season-high 6 tackles against the Cincinnati Bengals  Williams played all 16 games starting 14 of them with 54 tackles a half-sack, 1 forced fumble, and a fumble recovery  On January 3, 2015, Williams made his playoff debut against the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Wild Card round, logging a sack, 6 tackles, and a tackle for loss In Week 2, Williams recorded his first-career pass breakup against the Oakland Raiders  In Week 3, he registered a career-highs in tackles and tackles (8) for loss (2) against the Cincinnati Bengals  In Week 5, he made his second-career sack against the Cleveland Browns  In Week 10, Williams documented his third-career sack against the Jacksonville Jaguars  In Week 11, he recorded his second-career forced fumble against the St  Louis Rams  Williams started all 16 games with 53 tackles, 9 tackles for loss, 2 sacks, 4 quarterback hits, 2 passes defended, and a forced fumble 
In Week 7, Williams recorded his fourth sack and blocked a field goal against the New York Jets  In 2016, he again started all 16 games with 51 tackles, 4 tackles for loss, a sack, 2 quarterback hits, and a pass defended 
On March 9, 2017, Williams signed a five-year, $54 million contract extension with the Ravens  In Week 8, Williams recorded a career-high three tackles for loss against the Miami Dolphins  In Week 15, Williams scored his first touchdown off of a fumble recovery against the Cleveland Browns  He started 12 games for the Ravens with 30 tackles, 5 tackles for loss, 2 quarterback hits, 2 passes deflected, a fumble recovery & a touchdown 
In Week 5 of the 2018 season, Williams recorded his fifth sack against the Cleveland Browns  In 2018, Williams started all 16 games, recording 34 tackles and one sack, on his way to his first Pro Bowl Williams was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the Ravens on October 17, 2020, and was activated on October 22, 2020  He was placed back on the COVID-19 list on November 23, 2020, and activated on December 1, 2020 

Kansas City Chiefs
On November 30, 2022, the Kansas City Chiefs signed Williams to their practice squad  He was promoted to the active roster on December 8, 2022  Williams won his first Super Bowl ring when the Chiefs defeated the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl LVII 
Passage 8:
Brian Ralston
Brian Ralston (born April 12, 1974) is a composer and musician living in Los Angeles   Ralston is a 2020 Hollywood Music In Media Awards winner for his contemporary classical piece "I think I'm Quite Ready For Another Adventure" inspired by Tolkien's Lord Of The Rings 2nd age  Brian is a graduate of the University of Arizona and the USC Thornton School of Music Scoring for Motion Pictures and Television program   Brian's latest film's are the 2022 Sci-Fi feature Silent River written and directed by Chris Chan Lee and the coming of age love drama About Him & Her directed by Ice Mrozek, produced by Independence Hall    Brian has also scored the 2017 drama Being Rose starring Cybill Shepherd, James Brolin and Pam Grier   In 2012 he scored the 20th Century Fox inspirational sports film Crooked Arrows, starring Brandon Routh, directed by Steve Rash   He has also composed music for the television series Angel (Season 4) and scores to the theatrical motion pictures 9/Tenths, directed by Bob Degus (Pleasantville) starring Gabrielle Anwar, Henry Ian Cusick and Dave Ortiz, the Magnolia Pictures teen heist movie Graduation directed by Mike Mayer and starring Adam Arkin, Shannon Lucio, Chris Marquette, Riley Smith and Chris Lowell, and the dramatic feature Don't Fade Away directed by Luke Kasdan, starring Beau Bridges, Mischa Barton and Ryan Kwanten Ralston was a producer and composer on a 2005 short comedy film entitled The Receipt starring Kristen Bell and Dina Meyer that has appeared in over 15 film festivals to date and won many awards including Best Comedy at the Los Angeles International Short Film Festival 2005, Best Short - Audience award at the Breckenridge Film Festival 2005 and the Gold Medal of Excellence for Ralston's score at the Park City Film Music Festival 2005 
Ralston also won an Aurora Award in 2005 for his score to The Receipt 
In the 2007 Park City Film Music Festival, Ralston won a gold medal for Best Use of Music in a Feature Film for his score to 9/Tenths 
Ralston plays the trumpet and piano, though trumpet is his primary instrument   He was a featured trumpet soloist in the 1998 Holiday Bowl halftime show 
Ralston also currently teaches in the film scoring certificate program at UCLA Extension in Los Angeles  His classes include the Digital Performer Workshop, The Business Of Film Music and the Advanced MIDI II: Electronic Composition for Film and Television class 
Passage 9:
Franz Walz
Generalleutnant Franz Walz (1885-1945) began his military career in the infantry in 1905  In 1912, he switched to aviation  He attained the rank of Hauptmann (Captain) while becoming a flying ace during World War I  He flew more than 500 combat sorties in Palestine and on the Western Front  He scored seven confirmed aerial victories in the latter theater  His later career led him to join the Luftwaffe during World War II  Toward the end of the war, he was captured by the Russians and died in one of their prison camps in December 1945 

Biography
Franz Walz was born in Speyer, Kingdom of Bavaria, the German Empire on 4 December 1885  He enlisted for military service with Bavaria's 8th Infantry Regiment on 15 July 1905  In 1908, he was promoted to Leutnant  Walz learned to fly before the First World War, having transferred to aviation in 1912 

First World War
When the war began, Walz was the commander of Feldflieger Abteilung 3 (Field Flier Detachment 3)  In November 1914, he was promoted to Oberleutnant On 30 December 1915, he took command of Kampfstaffel 2 (Tactical Bomber Squadron 2)  He became one of the few German two-seater aces, scoring his first aerial victory on 9 April 1916, and his sixth on 29 July 1916  On 30 July, he was wounded in the foot On 5 September 1916, having already received both classes of the Iron Cross, Franz Walz received the House Order of Hohenzollern  On 3 November, he was assigned to command a fighter squadron, Jagdstaffel 19  On 29 November, he was transferred to command of Jagdstaffel 2 Walz was promoted to Hauptmann on 20 January 1917  On 14 May 1917, he shot down William Curphey and his Airco DH 2  On 9 June, Walz was posted to command of Jagdstaffel 34  However, Walz was found lacking as a leader of fighter pilots, and on 25 August 1917 was transferred from France on the Western Front to the Middle East to command Flieger-Abteilung 304 (Flier Detachment 304)  Here he became known as "The Eagle of Jericho" On 22 July 1918, the Ottoman Empire awarded Franz Walz its Silver Liakat Medal  On 9 August 1918, despite his low aerial victory score, he was awarded the Pour le Merite for prolonged service in command  By this time, he had flown over 500 combat sorties The Turkish award of the Order of Osmanieh Fourth Class with Swords followed on 15 September 1918  By this time, Walz had also been granted three decorations by his native Kingdom of Bavaria, as well as another from their Austro-Hungarian allies On 20 September 1918, Walz fell into British captivity  He was released after war's end, on 1 December 1919 

Post World War I
Franz Walz served with both the Reichswehr and the State Police  Once the Luftwaffe was established, Walz returned to aviation duty and ascended in rank  On 1 April 1941, he became a Generalleutnant  Later in World War II, he would be captured by the Russians  He died as a prisoner of war in Breslau, Silesia on 18 December 1945 

Endnotes
Passage 10:
Brandon Keener
Brandon James Keener (born October 1, 1974) is an American actor  He was born and raised in Fort Smith, Arkansas and graduated from University of Arkansas at Little Rock, where he won an Irene Ryan scholarship for collegiate actors and performed at the Kennedy Center Keener is best known for his voice-over roles in several video games, most notably that of former C-Sec officer Garrus Vakarian in the Mass Effect series, as well as ISAC from Tom Clancy's The Division, Detective Harold Caldwell in L A Noire, the ADVENT Speaker in XCOM 2 and Tobias in Saints Row and Saints Row 2  He has also worked extensively in television and film  Keener has appeared in over 70 commercials, such as Skittles, Wink, BMW, FedEx, KFC, among many others 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Context 3: 

Awards and recognition
Lavinia Greenlaw received an Eric Gregory Award in 1990, an Arts Council Writers' Award in 1995, a Cholmondeley Award, and a Society of Authors Travelling Scholarship  In 1994 she was chosen as one of 20 New Generation Poets, by a jury composed of Melvyn Bragg, Margaret Busby, Vicki Feather, Michael Longley, John Osborne and James Wood  In 1997, Greenlaw won the Forward Prize for Best Single Poem for "A World Where News Travelled Slowly", the title poem from her second main collection For her 2001 first novel, Mary George of Allnorthover, Greenlaw won the French Prix du Premier Roman  She has been shortlisted for a number of literary awards, including the Whitbread Book Award (now the Costa Book Awards) and the T  S  Eliot Prize for Poetry  Her sound work Audio Obscura won the 2011 Ted Hughes Award for New Work in Poetry  Her short story "We Are Watching Something Terrible Happening" was shortlisted for the BBC National Short Story Award 2013 

Selected works
The Cost of Getting Lost in Space (poetry), Turret Books, 1991, ISBN 978-0854690916
Love from a Foreign City (poetry), Slow Dancer Press, 1992, ISBN 978-1-871033-18-2
Night Photograph (poetry; shortlisted for Whitbread and Forward Poetry Prizes), Faber & Faber, 1993, ISBN 978-0-571-16894-1
A World Where News Travelled Slowly (poetry), Faber, 1997, ISBN 978-0571326358
Mary George of Allnorthover (novel; Prix du Premier Roman Etranger), Flamingo, 9 July 2001, ISBN 978-0-618-09523-0
Minsk (poetry; shortlisted for T  S  Eliot, Forward and Whitbread Poetry Prizes), Faber, 2003, ISBN 978-0-571-22271-1
Thoughts of a Night Sea (photographs by Garry Fabian Miller), Merrell, 2003, ISBN 978-1858942223
An Irresponsible Age (novel), Fourth Estate, 2006, ISBN 978-0-00-715629-0
The Importance of Music to Girls (memoir), Faber, 2007, ISBN 978-0-375-17454-4
The Casual Perfect (poetry), Faber, 2011, ISBN 978-0-571-27816-9
Questions of Travel: William Morris in Iceland (non-fiction), Notting Hill Editions, 2011, ISBN 978-190790318-2 
A Double Sorrow: Troilus and Criseyde (poetry), Faber, 2014, ISBN 978-0-571-28454-2
In the City of Love's Sleep (novel), Faber, 2018, ISBN 9780571337620
The Built Moment (poetry), Faber, 2019, ISBN 978-0-571-347100
Some Answers Without Questions (memoir/manifesto), Faber, 2021, ISBN 9780571368655

Translations
David J  Constantine; H  Constantine, eds  (24 October 2006)  After-Images:Modern Poetry in Translation  Translated by Lavinia Greenlaw; Tom Kuhn; Adrian Mitchell  MPT Books  ISBN 978-0-9545367-6-3 
Noshi Gillani (15 September 2008)  Poems  Translated by Lavinia Greenlaw  Enitharmon Press  ISBN 978-1-904634-75-1 

Television
Greenlaw appeared as a "talking head" on the BBC documentaries Top of the Pops: The Story of 1976 (2011) and The Joy of the Single (2012) 
Passage 6:
Nâzım Hikmet
Mehmed Nâzım Ran (15 January 1902 – 3 June 1963), commonly known as Nâzım Hikmet (Turkish: [naːˈzɯm hicˈmet] (listen)), was a Turkish poet, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, director, and memoirist  He was acclaimed for the "lyrical flow of his statements"  Described as a "romantic communist" and a "romantic revolutionary", he was repeatedly arrested for his political beliefs and spent much of his adult life in prison or in exile  His poetry has been translated into more than 50 languages 

Family
According to Nâzım Hikmet, he was of paternal Turkish and maternal German, Polish and Georgian descent  His mother came from a distinguished cosmopolitan family with predominantly-Circassian (Adyghe) roots, along with high social position and relations to the Polish nobility  From his father's side, he had Turkish heritage  His father, Hikmet Bey, was the son of Çerkes Nâzım Pasha, another Circassian, after whom Nâzım Hikmet was named 
Nazım’s maternal grandfather, Hasan Enver Pasha, was the son of the Polish-born Mustafa Celalettin Pasha and Saffet Hanım, the daughter, Omar Pasha, a Serbian, and Adviye Hanım, a Circassian who was the daughter of Çerkes Hafız Pasha 
Mustafa Celalettin Pasha (born Konstanty Borzęcki herbu Półkozic) wrote Les Turcs anciens et modernes ("The Ancient and Modern Turks") in Istanbul in 1869  That is considered one of the first works of Turkish nationalist political thought 
Nâzım Hikmet's maternal grandmother, Leyla Hanım, was the daughter of Mehmet Ali Pasha, of French Huguenot and German origin, and Ayşe Sıdıka Hanım, a daughter of Çerkes Hafız Paşa  Nâzım Hikmet and Celile Hanım's cousins included Oktay Rifat Horozcu, a leading Turkish poet, and the statesman Ali Fuat Cebesoy 

Early life
Nâzım was born on 15 January 1902, in Selânik (Salonica), where his father was serving as an Ottoman government official  He attended the Taşmektep Primary School in the Göztepe district of Istanbul and later enrolled in the junior high school section of the prestigious Galatasaray High School in the Beyoğlu district, where he began to learn French  However, in 1913, he was transferred to the Numune Mektebi, in the Nişantaşı district  In 1918, he graduated from the Ottoman Naval School on Heybeliada, one of the Princes' Islands, in the Sea of Marmara  His school days coincided with a period of political upheaval, during which the Ottoman government entered the First World War and was allied with Germany  For a brief period, he was assigned as a naval officer to the Ottoman Navy cruiser Hamidiye, but in 1919 he became seriously ill and was not being able to fully recover  That got him exempted from naval service in 1920 
In 1921, together with his friends Vâlâ Nureddin (Vâ-Nû), Yusuf Ziya Ortaç and Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel, he went to İnebolu in Anatolia to join the Turkish War of Independence  From there he, together with Vâlâ Nûreddin, walked to Ankara, where the Turkish liberation movement was headquartered  In Ankara, they were introduced to Mustafa Kemal Pasha, later called Atatürk, who wanted the two friends to write a poem that would invite and inspire Turkish volunteers in Istanbul and elsewhere to join their struggle  The poem was much appreciated, and Muhittin Bey (Birgen) decided to appoint them as teachers to the Sultani (high college) in Bolu, rather than to send them to the front as soldiers  However, their communist views were not appreciated by the conservative officials in Bolu and so both of them decided to go to Batumi in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic to witness the results of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and arrived there on 30 September 1921  In July 1922, both friends went to Moscow, where Ran studied Economics and Sociology at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in the early 1920s  There, he was influenced by the artistic experiments of Vladimir Mayakovsky and Vsevolod Meyerhold, as well as the ideological vision of Vladimir Lenin 

Style and achievements
Despite writing his first poems in syllabic meter, Nazım Hikmet distinguished himself from the "syllabic poets" in concept  With the development of his poetic conception, the narrow forms of syllabic verse became too limiting for his style, and he set out to seek new forms for his poems 
He was influenced by the young Soviet poets who advocated Futurism  On his return to Turkey, he became the charismatic leader of the Turkish avant-garde by producing streams of innovative poems, plays and film scripts In Moscow in 1922, he broke the boundaries of syllabic meter, changed his form and began writing in free verse He has been compared by Turkish and non-Turkish men of letters to such figures as Federico García Lorca, Louis Aragon, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Faiz Ahmed Faiz and Pablo Neruda  Although Ran's work bears a resemblance to these poets and owes them occasional debts of form and stylistic device, his literary personality is unique in terms of the synthesis he made of iconoclasm and lyricism, of ideology and poetic diction : 19 Many of his poems have been set to music by the Turkish composer Zülfü Livaneli and by Cem Karaca  Part of his work has been translated into Greek by Yiannis Ritsos, and some of the translations have been arranged by the Greek composers Manos Loizos and Thanos Mikroutsikos 
Because of his political views, his works were banned in Turkey from 1938 to 1965 

Later life and legacy
Nâzım's imprisonment in the 1940s became a cause célèbre among intellectuals worldwide  A 1949 committee that included Pablo Picasso, Paul Robeson, and Jean-Paul Sartre campaigned for his release 
On 8 April 1950, Nâzım began a hunger strike to protest the Turkish Parliament's failure to include an amnesty law in its agenda before it closed for the upcoming general election  He was then transferred from the prison in Bursa, first to the infirmary of Sultanahmet Jail, in Istanbul, and later to Paşakapısı Prison  Seriously ill, Ran suspended his strike on 23 April, National Sovereignty and Children's Day  His doctor's request to treat him in hospital for three months was refused by officials  As his imprisonment status had not changed, he resumed his hunger strike on the morning of 2 May Nâzım's hunger strike caused a stir throughout the country  Petitions were signed and a magazine named after him was published  His mother, Celile, began a hunger strike on 9 May, followed by the renowned Turkish poets Orhan Veli, Melih Cevdet and Oktay Rıfat the next day  In light of the new political situation after the 1950 Turkish general election, held on 14 May, the strike ended five days later, on 19 May, Turkey's Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day, when he was finally released by a general amnesty law enacted by the new government On 22 November 1950, the World Council of Peace announced that Nâzım was among the recipients of the International Peace Prize, along with Pablo Picasso, Paul Robeson, Wanda Jakubowska and Pablo Neruda Later on, Nâzım escaped from Turkey to Romania on a ship via the Black Sea and from there moved to the Soviet Union  Because the Soviet bloc recognized the Turkish minority only in communist Bulgaria, the poet's books were immediately brought out in this country, both in Turkish originals and in Bulgarian translations  The communist authorities in Bulgaria celebrated him in Turkish and Bulgarian publications as 'a poet of liberty and peace ' The goal was to discredit Turkey presented as a "lackey of the imperialist" United States in the eyes of Bulgaria's Turkish minority, many of whom desired to leave for or were expelled to Turkey in 1950–1953 When the EOKA struggle broke out in Cyprus, Ran believed that its population could live together peacefully, and he called on the Cypriot Turks to support the Greek Cypriots' demand for an end to British rule and union with Greece (enosis)  Hikmet drew negative reaction from Turkish Cypriots for his opinions Persecuted for decades by the Turkey during the Cold War for his communist views, Nâzım died of a heart attack in Moscow on 3 June 1963 at 6 30 a m  while he was picking up a morning newspaper at the door of his summer house in Peredelkino, far away from his beloved homeland  He is buried in Moscow's Novodevichy Cemetery, where his tomb is still a place of pilgrimage for Turks and others from around the world  His final wish, which was never carried out, was to be buried under a plane tree (platanus) in any village cemetery in Anatolia His poems depicting the people of the countryside, villages, towns and cities of his homeland (Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları, "Human Landscapes from my Country"), as well as the Turkish War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı Destanı, i e  The Epic of the War of Independence"), and the Turkish revolutionaries (Kuvâyi Milliye, "Force of the Nation) are considered among the greatest literary works of Turkey After his death, the Kremlin ordered the publication of the poet's first-ever Turkish-language collected works in communist Bulgaria, where a large and recognized Turkish national minority still existed  The eight volumes of these collected works, Bütün eserleri, appeared at Sofia between 1967 and 1972, in the very last years of the existence of the Turkish minority educational and publishing system in Bulgaria 
Nâzım had Polish and Turkish citizenship  The latter was revoked in 1959 and restored in 2009  His family has been asked if it wanted his remains repatriated from Russia 

Patronage
During the 1940s, as he was serving his sentence at Bursa Prison, painted  There, he met a young inmate, İbrahim Balaban  Ran discovered Balaban's talent in drawing, gave all his paint and brushes to him, and encouraged him to continue with painting  Ran influenced the peasant and educated him, who had finished only a three-grade village school, in forming his own ideas in the fields of philosophy, sociology, economics, and politics  Ran greatly admired Balaban and referred to him in a letter to the novelist Kemal Tahir as "his peasant painter" (Turkish: Köylü ressam)  Their contact remained after they were released from the prison 

Selected works
"I Come and Stand at Every Door"
Nâzım's poem "Kız Çocuğu" ("The Girl Child") conveys a plea for peace from a seven-year-old girl, ten years after she perished in the atomic bomb attack at Hiroshima  It has achieved popularity as an anti-war message and has been performed as a song by a number of singers and musicians both in Turkey and elsewhere  It is also known in English by various other titles, including "I Come and Stand at Every Door", "I Unseen" and "Hiroshima Girl" 

Turkish
Zülfü Livaneli has performed a version of the original Turkish poem on his album Nazım Türküsü, which was later sung in Turkish by Joan Baez 
Fazıl Say included the poem in his Nazım oratorio in Turkish 

Bengali
Subhash Mukhopadhyay (poet) translated Hikmet's poems into Bengali  The poems are collected in two anthologies, Nirbachita Nazim Hikmet (1952)(Selected Poems of Nazem Hikmet) ISBN 81-7079-501-X and Nazem Hikmet er Aro Kobita (1974) (More Poems of Nazem Himet)  Some of the translations are available in open source 

Greek
Thanos Mikroutsikos, in the album Politika tragoudia (Political Songs, 1975) composed a series of Hikmet's poems, adapted in Greek by the poet Yiannis Ritsos 
Manos Loizos composed settings of some of Ran's poems, adapted in Greek by Yiannis Ritsos  They are included in the 1983 disc Grammata stin agapimeni (Letters to the Beloved One) 

English
The usual tune is a nontraditional melody composed by Jim Waters in 1954 to fit the lyrics of Child 113 ballad "The Great Silkie of Sule Skerry", which was recorded by American folksinger Joan Baez as "Silkie" on her second album Joan Baez, Vol  2 in 1961 
According to American activist folk musician Pete Seeger, Jeanette Turner did a loose English "singable translation" of the poem under a different title, "I Come And Stand At Every Door", and sent a note to Seeger asking "Do you think you could make a tune for it?" in the late 1950s  After a week of trial and failure, the English translation was used by Seeger in 1962 with an adaptation of "an extraordinary melody put together by a Massachusetts Institute of Technology student, James Waters, who had put a new tune to a mystical ballad 'The Great Silkie' which he could not get out of his head, without permission " Seeger wrote in Where Have All the Flowers Gone: "It was wrong of me  I should have gotten his permission  But it worked  The Byrds made a good recording of it, electric guitars and all " Seeger also used the track in his 1999 compilation album Headlines & Footnotes: A Collection Of Topical Songs  Seeger sang the song on 9 August 2013, the 68th anniversary of the Nagasaki atomic bombing, on a Democracy Now! interview 
British folk singer Harvey Andrews recorded a version under the title "Child of Hiroshima" (sometimes re-released as "Children of Hiroshima"), released on his eponymous debut EP in 1965 
The Byrds; the American rock band used the translation on their third album Fifth Dimension in 1966 
Roger McGuinn of the Byrds later recorded the song with its original lyrics as part of his Folk Den project 
The Misunderstood used the translation, changing the title to "I Unseen", on a 1969 UK Fontana single, later included in the 1997 anthology album Before The Dream Faded with their own tune 
Paul Robeson recorded the song as "The Little Dead Girl" with another translation The song was later covered by

Ivo Watts-Russell's supergroup, This Mortal Coil on their 1991 album Blood with vocals of Louise Rutkowski, Deirdre Rutkowski with Tim Freeman and 1983–1991 
The Fall on their 1997 album Levitate, albeit omitting the last verse and wrongly attributing writing credits to anon/J Nagle  "I Come and Stand at Your Door" listed as "Anon/Nagle", which is an interpretation of the song "I Come and Stand at Every Door"  "Jap Kid" is an instrumental version of this track 
Silent Stream Of Godless Elegy, a Moravian folk metal band, on their album Behind the Shadows in 1998 
Faith & Disease on their 1998 album Insularia 
Anne Hills on 1998 album Where Have All The Flowers Gone: The Songs of Peter Seeger



ground_truth: an acting career

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What do Lavinia Greenlaw and Nâzım Hikmet have in common?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 
Ibon Errazkin has an instrumental song with the same title on Esculea de arte 
Styrofoam aka Arne Van Petegem's EP and first US release, RR20, included an instrumental version of the traditional tune of "Great Silkie" with the same title 

Japanese
In 2005, famous Amami Ōshima singer Chitose Hajime collaborated with Ryuichi Sakamoto by translating "Kız Çocuğu" into Japanese, retitling it  Shinda Onna no Ko [死んだ女の子] "A dead girl")  It was performed live at the Atomic Bomb Dome in Hiroshima on the eve of the 60th Anniversary (5 August 2005) of Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki  The song later appeared as a bonus track on Chitose's album Hanadairo in 2006 

Nepali
Some of Nâzım's poems are translated into Nepali by Suman Pokhrel and are published in print and online literary journals 

On the soldier worth 23 cents
How do you propose to get it? Do you want to get it through the cooperation of Turkey where the men in the ranks get 23 cents a month the first year and 32 cents the second year, or do you want to get an American division and equip it and send it over to Turkey which would cost you 10 times as much?
He also opposed the Korean War, in which Turkey participated  After the Senate address of John Foster Dulles, who served as U S  Secretary of State under President Dwight D  Eisenhower, where he valued Turkish soldiers at 23 cents a month compared with the lowest echelon U S  soldiers at $70, Nazım Hikmet Ran wrote a protest poem criticising the policies of the United States  This poem is titled "23 Sentlik Askere Dair" (On the soldier worth 23 cents) 

In popular culture
Nâzım's poem "We'll Give the Globe to the Children" was set to music in 1979 by Russian composer David Tukhmanov 
Tale of Tales is a Russian animated film (1979) partially inspired by Hikmet's poem of the same name 
Finnish band Ultra Bra recorded a song "Lähettäkää minulle kirjoja" ("Send me books")) based on a translated excerpt of Hikmet's poem "Rubai" 
The Ignorant Fairies is a 2001 Italian film, in which a book by Hikmet plays a central plot role 
Mavi Gözlü Dev (Blue Eyed Giant) is a 2007 Turkish biographical film about Nazım Hikmet  The title is a reference to the poem Minnacık Kadın ve Hanımelleri  The film chronicles Nazim Hikmet's imprisonment at Bursa Prison and his relationships with his wife Piraye and his translator and lover Münevver Andaç  He is played by Yetkin Dikinciler 
Hikmet's poem was quoted in the 2012 Korean drama Cheongdam-dong Alice 
The video game Suzerain opens with a quote from Hikmet, and the character Bernard Circas is based on him  The game has elements inspired by modern Turkish history 

Bibliography
Plays
Kafatası (1932, The Skull)
Unutulan Adam (1935, The Forgotten Man)
Ferhad ile Şirin 1965 (Ferhad and Şirin)
Lüküs Hayat (Luxurious Living) (as ghostwriter)

Ballet libretto
Legend of Love (by Arif Malikov) 1961

Novels
Yaşamak Güzel Şey Be Kardeşim (1967, Life's Good, Brother)
Kan Konuşmaz (1965, Blood Doesn't Tell)

Poems
"Taranta-Babu'ya Mektuplar" (1935, "Letters to Taranta-Babu")
"Simavne Kadısı Oğlu Şeyh Bedreddin Destanı" (1936, "The Epic of Sheikh Bedreddin")
"Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları" (1966–67, "Human Landscapes from My Country")
"Kurtuluş Savaşı Destanı" (1965, "The Epic of the War of Independence")

Poetry
İlk şiirler / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : Yapı Kredi, 2002  ISBN 975-08-0380-9
835 satır / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002  ISBN 975-08-0373-6
Benerci kendini niçin öldürdü? / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002  ISBN 975-08-0374-4
Kuvâyi Milliye / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002  ISBN 975-08-0375-2
Yatar Bursa Kalesinde / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002  ISBN 975-08-0376-0
Memleketimden insan manzaraları : (insan manzaraları) / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002  ISBN 975-08-0377-9
Yeni şiirler : (1951–1959) / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2002  ISBN 975-08-0378-7
on şiirleri : (1959–1963) / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2002  ISBN 975-08-0379-5

Partial list of translated works in English
Selected Poems / Nâzim Hikmet; done into English by Taner Baybars  London, Cape Editions, 1967 
The Moscow Symphony and Other Poems / translated into English by Taner Baybars  Chicago: Swallow Press, 1971 
The day before tomorrow : poems / translated into English by Taner Baybars  South Hinksey, England : Carcanet Press, 1972  ISBN 0-902145-43-6
That Wall / Nâzım Hikmet; illustrations [by] Maureen Scott, London: League of Socialist Artists, 1973  ISBN 0-9502976-2-3
Things I didn't know I loved: selected poems / Nâzim Hikmet; translated by Randy Blasing & Mutlu Konuk  New York : Persea Books, 1975  ISBN 0-89255-000-7
Human Landscapes / by Nazim Hikmet; translated by Randy Blasing and Mutlu Konuk ; foreword by Denise Levertov, New York : Persea Books, c1982  ISBN 0-89255-068-6
Selected poetry / Nazim Hikmet; translated by Randy Blasing and Mutlu Konuk, New York : Persea Books, c1986  ISBN 0-89255-101-1
Poems of Nazim Hikmet, trans  Randy Blasing & Mutlu Konuk  New York: Persea Books, 1994 (revised 2nd ed , 2002) 
Beyond the walls: selected poems / Nâzim Hikmet; translated by Ruth Christie, Richard McKane, Talât Sait Halman; introduction by Talât Sait Halman, London: Anvil Press Poetry, 2002  ISBN 0-85646-329-9
Life's Good, Brother / Nâzım Hikmet; translated by Mutlu Konuk Blasing, New York: W  W  Norton & Company, 2013  ISBN 978-0892554188

Partial list of translated works in other languages
Poesie / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans ), Newton Compton, 2010  ISBN 978-88-541-2027-3
La conga con Fidel / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans ), Fahrenheit 451, 2005  ISBN 978-88-86095-89-1
Il nuvolo innamorato e altre fiabe / Nâzım Hikmet, Giampiero Bellingeri (Trans ),  F  Negrin (Illustrator), Mondadori, 2003  ISBN 978-8804524892
De mooiste van Hikmet / Nâzım Hikmet, Koen Stassijns & Ivo van Strijtem (ed ), Perihan Eydemir & Joris Iven (Trans ), Lannoo | Atlas, 2003  ISBN 90-209-5266-8
Poesie d'amore / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans ), Mondadori, 2002  ISBN 978-88-04-50091-9
Il neige dans la nuit et autres poèmes / Nâzım Hikmet, Münevver Andaç (Trans ), Güzin Dino (Trans ), Gallimard, 1999  ISBN 978-20-70329-63-2
Preso na Fortaleza de Bursa/Yatar Bursa Kalesinde, Leonardo da Fonseca (Trans ), In  (n t ) Revista Literária em Tradução nº 1 (set/2010), Fpolis/Brasil, ISSN 2177-5141
Vita del poeta / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans ), Cattedrale, 2008  ISBN 978-88-95449-15-9
Paesaggi umani / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans ), Fahrenheit 451, 1992  ISBN 978-88-86095-00-6
Gran bella cosa è vivere, miei cari / Nâzım Hikmet, F  Beltrami (Trans ), Mondadori, 2010  ISBN 978-88-04603-22-1
Poesie d'amore e di lotta / Nâzım Hikmet, G  Bellingeri (Editor), F  Beltrami (Trans ), F  Boraldo (Trans ), Mondadori, 2013  ISBN 978-88-04-62713-5
Les Romantiques (La vie est belle, mon vieux) / Nâzım Hikmet, Münevver Andaç (Trans ), Temps Actuels, 1982  ISBN 978-22-01015-75-5
La Joconde et Si-Ya-Ou / Nâzım Hikmet, Abidine Dino (Trans ), Parangon, 2004  ISBN 978-28-41901-14-2
Pourquoi Benerdji s'est-il suicidé? / Nâzım Hikmet, Münevver Andaç (Trans ), Aden Editions, 2005  ISBN 978-29-30402-12-3
Le nuage amoureux / Nâzım Hikmet, Münevver Andaç (Trans ), Gallimard Jeunesse Giboulées, 2013  ISBN 978-20-70648-89-4
Últimos poemas I (1959–1960–1961) / Nâzım Hikmet, Fernando García Burillo (Trans ), Ediciones Del Oriente Y Del Mediterráneo S L , 2000  ISBN 978-84-87198-60-1
Últimos poemas II (1962–1963): Poemas finales / Nâzım Hikmet, Fernando García Burillo (Trans ), Ediciones Del Oriente Y Del Mediterráneo S L , 2005  ISBN 978-84-87198-75-5
Poezje wybrane / Nâzım Hikmet, Małgorzata Łabęcka-Koecherowa (Trans ), Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza, 1981  ISBN 978-83-20533-75-0
Romantyczność / Nâzım Hikmet, Aleksander Olecki (Trans ), Książka i Wiedza, 1965 
Allem-kallem: baśnie tureckie / Nâzım Hikmet, Małgorzata Łabęcka-Koecherowa (Trans ), Elżbieta Gaudasińska (Trans ), Nasza Księgarnia, 1985  ISBN 831008515X
Zakochany obłok: baśń turecka / Nâzım Hikmet, Małgorzata Łabęcka-Koecherowa (Trans ), Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1987  ISBN 978-83-03016-35-5
 나쥠 히크메트 시선집 [Selected Poems of Nâzım Hikmet / Nâzım Hikmet] (in Korean (North Korea))  Translated by Paik, Sok; Chon, Chang-shik; Kim, Byong-wook  Pyongyang: National Press  Pyongyang  1956 
Legenda o miłości  Opowieść o Turcji / Nâzım Hikmet, Ewa Fiszer (Trans ), Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1954
Many of Hikmet's poems are translated into Nepali by Suman Pokhrel, and some are collected in an anthology tilled Manpareka Kehi Kavita 

See also
Abidin Dino
Orhan Kemal
Zülfü Livaneli
Fazıl Say
Behçet Necatigil
Passage 7:
Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal)
Mehmed Ali Pasha (November 18, 1827 – September 7, 1878) was a Prussian-born Ottoman career officer and marshal  He was the grandfather of the Turkish statesman Ali Fuat Cebesoy, and the great-grandfather of famous poets Nâzım Hikmet and Oktay Rıfat Horozcu and the socialist activist, lawyer, and athlete Mehmet Ali Aybar 

Biography
Mehmed Ali was born as Ludwig Karl Friedrich Detroit (also known as Carl Detroy) in Magdeburg, Prussia  His parents were Carl Friedrich Detroit and Henriette Jeanette Severin  The French family name points to Huguenot ancestry, as a descendant of Protestant refugees from France in the 16th or 17th century  During his teenage years in 1843 he ran away to sea, and traveled to the Ottoman Empire, where he converted to Islam and was circumcised  There, in 1846, Âli Pasha, later Grand Vizier, sent him to a military school  He received a commission in the Ottoman Army in 1853 and fought against Russia in the Crimean War  He was made a brigadier general and Pasha in 1865 

In the 1877–1878 war against Russia, Mehmed Ali led the Turkish army in Bulgaria  He was successful in his operations on the Lom river (August–September 1877), but was afterward forced back by his opponents  He failed to effect a junction with Süleyman Hüsnü Pasha, and was superseded by the latter  Later in 1878 he was a participant at the Congress of Berlin 

Death
In August 1878, the Ottoman government selected him to overview the process of the cession of the Plav-Gucia region to Montenegro in compliance to the decisions of the Congress of Berlin  Mehmed Ali Pasha's first task was the pacification of the Albanian League of Prizren, which opposed the border change as part of the areas (Plav-Gucia/Plav-Gusinje) were inhabited by ethnic Albanians  He arrived in Kosovo in late August, attempting to make local Albanians comply with the Berlin Treaty but was blocked from any further movement towards the Ottoman-Montenegrin border by the local committees of the Albanian League  Stationed in Abdullah Pasha Dreni's estate in Gjakova with several Ottoman battalions he was killed on September 6 after a seven-day battle with several thousand Albanians opposing cession of Albanian inhabited lands to European powers 

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== Family tree ==



ground_truth: poet and novelist