prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who choreographed one who is said to be the last muse for the choreographer and starred in the Nutcracker?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Lev Ivanov
Lev Ivanovich Ivanov (Russian: Лев Ива́нович Ива́нов; 2 March 1834, Moscow – 24 December 1901, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian ballet dancer and choreographer and later, Second Balletmaster of the Imperial Ballet  As a performer with the Imperial Ballet, he achieved prominence after performing as an understudy in a benefit performance of La Fille Mal Gardée   He is most famous as the choreographer of Acts II and IV of Swan Lake, which include the Dance of the Little Swans, Act II of Cinderella, and The Nutcracker, which he choreographed alongside Marius Petipa 

Biography
Ivanov entered the Moscow School of Dance, but in 1844 moved to Saint Petersburg where he studied at the Imperial Ballet, becoming an official member of the Corps de ballet in 1852   Among his teachers during this time were Jean-Antoine Petipa, Alexandr Pimenov, Pierre Frédéric Malavergne and Emile Gredlu (Эмиль Гредлю) 
Historically, Ivanov is credited with choreographing the entirety of premiere of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker in 1892 due to the ill health of the ballet master, Marius Petipa  While some contemporary and modern accounts dispute this, Ivanov is still mentioned in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition with choreographing at least the majority of the ballet as Petipa had reportedly not progressed very far in his work  Regardless of the amount of work he actually did, Petipa's was the only name listed for choreography on posters for the first production in St  Petersburg Ivanov worked with Petipa on a new restaging of Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake ballet in 1895   Ivanov choreographed the entirety of the lakeside acts or "white acts", Act II and Act IV   This includes the Dance of the Little Swans, an iconic pas de quatre where the four cygnets huddle together and dance in unison, before breaking the chain and falling to the floor whilst attempting to fly  Ivanov also choreographed the Danse Vénitienne (Neapolitan/Venetian Dance) and the Pas Hongrois (Hungarian Dance) of the third bier scene In his last years Ivanov was in financial straits  On the strength of his 50 years' service he petitioned the Imperial Theatres for financial assistance 

Ballets
Original works
La Forêt enchantée (en  The Enchanted Forest)  Ballet-fantastique in one act  Music by Riccardo Drigo  Imperial Ballet School, 5 April [O S  24 March] 1887  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 15 May [O S  3 May] 1887 
revival by Marius Petipa  Peterhof, July 1889 
La Tulipe de Haarlem (en  The Harlem Tulip)  Ballet-fantastique in three acts  Music by Baron Boris Fitinhoff-Schell  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 16 October [O S  4 October] 1887 
revival by Claudia Kulichevskaya and Pavel Gerdt  Imperial Ballet School, 16 April [O S  3 April] 1902 
revival by Alexander Shiryaev  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 29 April [O S  16 April] 1903 
La Flûte magique (en  The Magic Flute)  Ballet-comique in one act  Music by Riccardo Drigo  Imperial Ballet School, 22 March [O S  10 March] 1889  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 23 April [O S  11 April] 1889 
La Ruse de Cupidon (en  Cupid's Prank)  Ballet-anacréontique in one act  Music by Alexander Friedman  Krasnoe Selo, 6 August [O S  24 July] 1890  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 23 November [O S  11 November] 1890 
La Beauté de Séville (en  The Beauty of Seville)  Divertissement-ballet in one act  Music by various composers  Krasnoe Selo, 10 August [O S  29 July] 1889 
La Fête des bateliers (en  The Boatman's Festival)  Divertissement-ballet in one act  Music by Alexander Friedman  Krasnoe Selo, 7 August [O S  26 July] 1890 
The Nutcracker  Ballet-féerie in two acts  Choreographed jointly with Marius Petipa   Music by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 18 December [O S  6 December] 1892 
Cinderella (a k a  Zolushka)  Ballet-féerie in three acts  Staged jointly with Enrico Cecchetti and Marius Petipa  Music by Baron Boris Fitinhoff-Schell  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 17 December [O S  5 December] 1893 
revival by Lev Ivanov  Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow, 12 March [O S  28 February] 1898
Swan Lake  Ballet-fantastique in three acts  Staged jointly with Marius Petipa  Music by Pyotr Illyich Tchaikovsky, revised by Riccardo Drigo  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 27 January [O S  15 January] 1895 
Acis et Galatée (en  Acis and Galatea)  Ballet-mythologique in one act  Music by Andrei Kadlets  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 2 February [O S  21 January] 1896 
revival by Alexander Shirayev  Imperial Ballet School, 3 May [O S  20 April] 1905 
La Fille du Mikado (en  The Mikado's Daughter)  Ballet-fantastique in three acts  Music by Baron Vasily Wrangell  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 21 November [O S  9 November] 1897 
Egyptian Nights (a k a  Une Nuit d'Egypte or Nuits égyptiennes)  Divertissement-ballet in one act  Music by Anton Arensky  Never premiered 
revival by Mikhail Fokine  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 8 March [O S  24 February] 1908 
revival by Mikhail Fokine as Cléopâtre for the Ballets Russes  Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris, 2 June 1909 
Sylvia  Ballet-mythologique in three acts  Music by Léo Delibes  Staging completed by Pavel Gerdt due to Ivanov's final illness and death  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 15 December [O S  2 December] 1901 
Passage 2:
The Nutcracker (Willam Christensen)
Tchaikovsky's now-classic 1892 ballet The Nutcracker received its first complete production in the U S  on 24 December 1944, performed by the San Francisco Ballet  This production used the ballet's original plot and was choreographed by Willam Christensen, who danced the role of the Cavalier  Gisella Caccialanza, the wife of Lew Christensen, danced the role of the Sugar Plum Fairy  The staging was a huge success and one critic wrote: "We can't understand why a vehicle of such fantastic beauty and originality could be produced in Europe in 1892 with signal success [a factually erroneous claim] and never be produced in its entirety in this country until 1944  Perhaps choreographers will make up for lost time from now on " The company was the first in the U S  to make the ballet an annual tradition, and for ten years, the only company in the United States performing the complete ballet, until George Balanchine's production opened in New York in 1954  (Annual productions of the San Francisco Ballet Nutcracker began in 1949 )
The San Francisco Ballet performs The Nutcracker annually to this day, though not necessarily with Christensen's choreography (their most recent version is choreographed by Helgi Tomasson)  Christensen's Nutcracker continues in Salt Lake City, where it is performed annually by Christensen's Ballet West  The stage success of the Christensen version marked the first step in making productions of The Nutcracker annual Christmas season traditions all over the world – a phenomenon that did not really come to flower until the late 1960s 
Passage 3:
Adam Cooper (dancer)
Adam Cooper (born 22 July 1971) is an English actor, choreographer, dancer and theatre director  He works as both a performer and choreographer in musical theatre, and has choreographed and/or starred in award-winning shows such as On Your Toes, Singin' in the Rain and Grand Hotel  He began his professional career as a dancer of classical ballet and contemporary ballet and is a former Principal of the Royal Ballet, a major international ballet company based in London  He became internationally recognised for creating the lead role of Swan/Stranger in Matthew Bourne's contemporary dance production of the ballet Swan Lake, a role that was briefly featured in the 2000 film Billy Elliot, in which Cooper played the adult version of the titular character 

Biography
Adam Cooper was born 22 July 1971 in Tooting, London to a musician father and a social worker mother  He has an older brother, Simon Cooper, who is also a dancer and they trained at the same schools  From a young age, he and his brother studied tap and ballet at the Jean Winkler School of Dance in Tooting  They also played various musical instruments and sang in a choir  At age 11, Cooper won a place at ArtsEd, a specialist performing arts school in London where he studied classical ballet, character, modern, tap, jazz and contemporary dance, as well as singing, acting and stage combat  After completing his secondary education at the school, aged 16, he was accepted into the Royal Ballet Upper School 
At his graduation performance he played the lead role of Young Man in Ashton's the Two Pigeons Cooper married Sarah Wildor in 2000  She was a principal dancer with the Royal Ballet She has become an Olivier-nominated actress  Their first child, a daughter, was born in 2008  They also have a  son 

Dance
Royal Ballet
In 1989 Cooper joined the Royal Ballet and was quickly promoted to First Artist and Soloist in 1991, First Soloist 1993 and Principal Dancer in 1994  He was recognized for his performances in the classic as well as dramatic and contemporary ballet works, and he excelled in playing cruel but sexy villains  While with the Royal Ballet he worked extensively with choreographers Kenneth MacMillan and William Tuckett partnering all the leading ballerinas of the company including Sylvie Guillem and Darcey Bussell  He also performed works choreographed by George Balanchine, Ashley Page, Fokine, Bronislava Nijinska, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Christopher Wheeldon, Matthew Hart, and William Forsythe  He left the Royal Ballet in 1997 to freelance and expand his career opportunities 

Adventures in Motion Pictures
In 1995 Matthew Bourne recruited Cooper to join Adventures in Motion Pictures (now renamed New Adventures) for his radically re-interpreted production of Swan Lake  Together they created the basic Swan movement motifs and Cooper also contributed to the choreography  Cooper performed the dual Swan/Stranger role (the analog of the white and black swan in the classic version) all over the world and his performances won him international acclaim, multiple awards and a strong fan following  Cooper's performance was described as one of "tremendous excitement, subtlety,emotional depth and sheer sexiness"  The popular press embraced him and his photo appeared in many magazines For his performances as the Swan/Stranger he received the Time Out Award in 1995, the Evening Standard Dance Award in 1997 and the 1999 Astaire Award for Best Dancer  He was also nominated for the 1999 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical  He appeared briefly at the end of the 2000 film Billy Elliot as the adult version of the title character, who is seen performing the role of the Swan  A DVD recording of the Swan Lake with Cooper and the original cast was issued in 1996 and can be seen on Youtube com  Excerpts from Swan Lake (Bourne) appeared on the 1998 Royal Variety TV program and he repeated his Swan/Stranger role for the TV audience  His performance in the Billy Elliot film and in the Swan Lake (Bourne) DVD inspired at least one of the boys playing Billy Elliot in the stage production to join New Adventures in the hopes of performing The Swan role  In 2003 Cooper once again played the Swan/Stranger when AMP toured in Japan, and there was enormous enthusiasm for his performance and he acquired a large number of new fans 
In 1997 Cooper was invited by Bourne to take part in the initial planning of AMP's next show, Cinderella  This version of the dance took place in London during the Blitz, but used the same Prokofiev music as the classic version Cinderella (Prokofiev)  Cooper helped to create and performed the role of Pilot (the Prince analog) in the initial 1997 London run and also played the Angel (the Godmother analog), and Sarah Wildor was his partner when she played the title role 
The production was also performed in Los Angeles in 1999 

Freelance dancer and choreographer
In 1998 Cooper worked with the Scottish Ballet to choreograph Just Scratching the Surface  He also performed the Hoffmann role in their production of Tales of Hoffmann  Since then he has gone on to choreograph for other ballet companies and for musical theatre 
Cooper appeared as a dancer and choreographer at the Exeter Festival for 3 years, heading evenings of dance co-produced with Iain Webb  In 2002 Cooper and Sarah Wildor presented a tribute to Sir Kenneth MacMillan at Exeter and in Japan  The Adam Cooper Company represented the UK at the Washington International Ballet Festival in 2003 performing a revival of Sir Kenneth MacMillan's Sea of Troubles Cooper has frequently danced as a guest artist with the Royal Ballet since leaving the company, performing lead roles in Romeo and Juliet, Ondine and Onegin  and others  In 2002 he created the role of Badger in William Tuckett's Wind in the Willows  In 2004 created the title role in Tuckett's The Soldier's Tale, which he reprised in 2005 and later performed in Japan in 2009 and 2015 In 2005 he realized a long-held vision with his own production of Les Liaisons dangereuses, a mixture of theater and dance  Co-directed and designed by Lez Brotherston, the production was choreographed by Cooper and he also played the lead role of Viscomte de Valmont  The piece premiered in Japan early in the year before a summer season at Sadler's Wells, with a cast which included Simon Cooper and Sarah Wildor In 2009 Cooper joined Russell Maliphant to dance in Maliphant's 2:4:10 contemporary dance program- an evening of works celebrating Maliphant's 10 years as a choreographer 

Musical theatre
2002 to 2010
In Cooper's first venture into the musical theatre he was both the choreographer and actor (playing the lead role of Junior Dolan) in On Your Toes  In 2002 it played at Leicester Haymarket, and was in transferred in 2003 to the Royal Festival in the West End of London  Sarah Wildor joined the production in 2003 to play the role of Vera Baronova  He was lauded by both the critics and the audience for his contributions and was rewarded with the Critics' Circle National Dance Award for Best Choreography and Most Popular Dancer  In 2004 the production also had a successful tour in Japan In 2002 Cooper provided the choreography for the Swedish production of Garbo-the Musical  Cooper also played the lead role of Don Lockwood and choreographed Paul Kerryson's Singin' in the Rain in 2004 at Sadler's Wells Theatre, Leicester Haymarket, and was nominated for Critic's Circle Award for Choreography of a Musical  He was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for his choreography of the 2004 Grand Hotel for The Donmar Warehouse  The production won the 2005 Olivier Award in the category of Outstanding Musical Production In 2005, Cooper and Wildor performed a two-person play, Wallflowering, at the Seven Oaks Playhouse  Their roles were primarily dialogue with intermittent bits of ballroom dancing  Following this, he designed the choreography for the revival of Promises, Promises at Sheffield's Crucible Theatre In 2006 Cooper appeared alongside Neil Morrissey and Patrick Swayze playing Sky Masterson in Guys and Dolls at The Piccadilly Theatre, London and in 2007 he provided the musical staging for Side by Side by Sondheim for The Venue Theatre, London 2008 saw Cooper's return to the stage, creating the role of Ramon in Zorro the Musical for the UK tour  He also played the Tin Man in the Royal Festival Hall's summer staging of the musical The Wizard of Oz, after which he turned his attention back to choreography  First, he choreographed Carousel for director Lindsay Posner which had a very successful UK tour and West End run at the Savoy Theatre  Then Cooper was asked by Paul Kerryson to direct and choreograph the first new show, Simply Cinderella, at the brand new Curve Theatre, Leicester In 2009 Cooper unveiled Shall We Dance at Sadler's Wells, an ambitious all-dance show based on Richard Rodgers' songs  For this production he was the box-office star, director, creator, librettist and choreographer  Later that year, he provided choreography for Lindsay Posner's production of the Donizetti opera Roberto Devereux at the Holland Park Theatre, Kensington, London Cooper co-starred in the touring stage version of Irving Berlin's White Christmas during the Christmas season in 2009 2010 and 2011  He played the role of Phil Davis 

2011 to the present
Cooper was the above-the-title star playing the role of Don Lockwood in Jonathan Church's highly successful 2011–2013 production of Singin' in the Rain, with choreography by Andrew Wright  Its first sold-out run was at the Chichester Festival Theatre and then a longer run at West End's Palace Theatre  He also performed the iconic Singin' in the Rain scene on the 2011 Royal Variety Performance TV show  The stage show was nominated for the Best Musical Revival and several other Laurence Olivier and other awards  A cast recording of Singin' in the Rain was issued in 2012  Good Mornin' was performed at the 2012 Olivier Awards Ceremony  The show, starring Cooper, played in Japan for three weeks of November 2014 In 2013 Cooper choreographed Matthew White's well-received production of Candide at the Menier Chocolate Factory  Reviewer Sam Smith wrote "Adam Cooper's choreography is racy, and the production finds a particular affinity with the 'Surrealism' of the piece " In late 2013 Cooper was invited to Denmark to choreograph Daniel Bohr's Danish language version of Evita at the Det Ny Teater (The New Theater) in Copenhagen  The show premiered in January 2014  For Evita, Adam Cooper created a choreography with continuous tango elements merged into the rest of the dance Cooper provided the "energetic" 60's choreography for Sunny Afternoon Musical at the Hampstead Theatre in London  The show ran from April to end of May in 2014 and then in October 2014 it transferred to The Harold Pinter Theatre (formerly The Comedy Theatre) 
at the West End  Its run was extended several times due to its popularity with the audience and positive critical reviews  It was nominated for numerous awards and won 4 Olivier Awards in 2015  Details are at Sunny Afternoon 
Cooper had another opportunity to present a stage version of Les Liaisons dangereuses (Gefährliche Liebschaften) in 2015   He choreographed and co-directed with Josef E  Köpplinger a German musical version of the novel with a newly commissioned book, lyrics and score for the itinerant Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz company in Munich, Germany 
In 2019, Cooper appeared in the UK Tour of New Adventures' The Red Shoes, playing the role of Boris Lermontov 

Films and TV
The Soldier's Tale (2010) TV Movie (The Soldier)
Bourne to Dance (2001) TV Movie (himself)
Billy Elliot (2000) Arts Council of England, BBC Films, Working Title Films (Billy, Aged 25)
Madame Bovary (2000) TV Movie (Vicomte)
The Sandman (2000) Channel 4 TV Movie
Jason and the Argonauts (2000) Hallmark Entertainment & Panfilm TV Movie (Eros)
Dance Ballerina Dance (1998) BBC2 TV (himself)
Swan Lake (Bourne) (1998) PBS Great Performances TV Series with Adventures in Motion Pictures (Swan/Stranger)
Royal Variety Performance TV Show (1998) Excerpts from Swan Lake (Bourne) (Swan/Stranger)
The South Bank show: Matthew Bourne's Adventures in Motion Pictures (1997) TV Documentary (himself)
Swan Lake (Bourne) (1996) BBC/NVC with Adventures in Motion Pictures (Swan/Stranger)
Mayerling (ballet) (1994) BBC with the Royal Ballet (Hungarian officer)
Gala Tribute to Tchaikovsky (1993) TV Special (Principal Dancer)
Winter Dreams (1992) BBC TV with the Royal Ballet (Staff Captain Vassily Vasilyevich Solyony)
La Bayadère, The Sleeping Beauty (ballet), Winter Gala with Royal Ballet for BBC TV
Prince of the Pagodas (1990) with the Royal Ballet
Merry Wives of Windsor (1982) BBC TV (fairy)

Other
(2000) National Portrait Gallery (London), portrait of Adam Cooper by Stuart Pearson Wrightoil on gesso on oak panel, NPG 6542
(2014) Imperial Classical Ballet Faculty Patrons, Adam Cooper and Sarah Wildor

Awards
(1988) Ursula Moreton Choreographic Competition
(1989) Professional Level Prize @ Prix de Lausanne
(1996) Time Out Award for Best Performance in AMP's Swan Lake
(1997) Evening Standard Award for his performance as The Swan in AMP's Swan Lake
(1997) Drama League Award for Best Performance as The Swan in AMP's Swan Lake (Los Angeles Season)
(1999) Astaire Award for outstanding Male Dancer for his performance as The Swan in AMP's Swan Lake
(1999) Nominated for Best Actor in a Musical Tony Award for the Broadway Season of Swan Lake
(2002) Nominated for Best Male Dancer by the Critics' Circle National Dance Awards for his performances with the Royal Ballet and On Your Toes 
(2003) Critics' Circle National Dance Awards for Best Choreography for On Your Toes
(2003) Critics' Circle National Dance Awards for Most Popular Dancer 
(2003) Nominated for Whatsonstage com Theatregoers' Choice Awards – for Best Choreographer and Best Actor in a Musical for On Your Toes
(2004) Nominated by Critics' Circle National Dance Awards for Best Choreography (Musical Theater) for Singin' in the Rain
(2005) Nominated for What's Onstage Award for choreography of the 2004 Grand Hotel for The Donmar Warehouse 
(2005) Nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for choreography of the 2004 Grand Hotel for The Donmar Warehouse 
(2013) Nominated for What's Onstage Award as Best Actor in a Musical for Singin in the Rain
Passage 4:
The Nutcracker (1993 film)
The Nutcracker, also known as George Balanchine's The Nutcracker, is a 1993 American Christmas musical film based on Peter Martins's stage production and directed by Emile Ardolino  It stars Darci Kistler, Damian Woetzel, Kyra Nichols, Bart Robinson Cook, Macaulay Culkin, Jessica Lynn Cohen, Wendy Whelan, Margaret Tracey, Gen Horiuchi, Tom Gold, and the New York City Ballet 
The film was released by Warner Bros  under their Warner Bros  Family Entertainment label on November 24, 1993, four days after director Ardolino died  It received mixed reviews and was a box office failure, grossing only $2 million 

Plot
The film follows the traditional plot of the Nutcracker 

Act I
Scene 1: The Stahlbaum Home

It is Christmas Eve  Family and friends have gathered in the parlor to decorate the beautiful Christmas tree in preparation for the party  Once it is finished, the children are sent for  They stare in awe at it sparkling with candles and decorations 
The party begins  A march is played  Presents are given out to the children  Suddenly, as the owl-topped grandmother clock strikes eight, a mysterious figure enters the room  It is Herr Drosselmeyer, a local councilman, magician, and Marie's godfather  He is also a talented toymaker who has brought gifts for the children, including four lifelike dolls who dance to the delight of all  He then has them put away for safekeeping 
Marie and her brother, Fritz, are sad to see the dolls being taken away, but Drosselmeyer has yet another toy for them: a wooden nutcracker carved in the shape of a little man  The other children ignore it, but Marie immediately takes a liking to it  Fritz, however, breaks it, and she is heartbroken 
During the night, after everyone else has gone to bed, Marie returns to the parlor to check on her beloved nutcracker  As she reaches the little bed she put it on, the clock strikes midnight and she looks up to see Drosselmeyer perched atop it  Suddenly, mice begin to fill the room and the Christmas tree begins to grow to dizzying heights  The nutcracker also grows to life size  Marie finds herself in the midst of a battle between an army of gingerbread soldiers and the mice, led by their king  They begin to eat the soldiers 
The nutcracker appears to lead the soldiers, who are joined by tin soldiers, and dolls who serve as doctors to carry away the wounded  As the Mouse King advances on the still-wounded nutcracker, Marie throws her slipper at him, distracting him long enough for the nutcracker to stab him Scene 2: A Pine Forest
The mice retreat and the nutcracker is transformed into a handsome Prince  He leads Marie through the moonlit night to a pine forest in which the snowflakes come to life and dance around them, beckoning them on to his kingdom as the first act ends 

Act II
Scene 1: The Land of Sweets

Marie and the Prince travel to the beautiful Land of Sweets, ruled by the Sugar Plum Fairy in the Prince's place until his return  He recounts for her how he had been saved from the Mouse King by Marie and transformed back into himself 
In honor of the young heroine, a celebration of sweets from around the world is produced: chocolate from Spain, coffee from Arabia, tea from China, and candy canes from Russia all dance for their amusement; Danish shepherdesses perform on their flutes; Mother Ginger has her children, the Polichinelles, emerge from under her enormous hoop skirt to dance; a string of beautiful flowers perform a waltz  To conclude the night, the Sugar Plum Fairy and her Cavalier perform a dance A final waltz is performed by all the sweets, after which the Sugar Plum Fairy ushers Marie and the Prince down from their throne  He bows to her, she kisses Marie goodbye, and leads them to a reindeer-drawn sleigh  It takes off as they wave goodbye to all the subjects who wave back 

Cast
Darci Kistler as The Sugar Plum Fairy
Damian Woetzel as The Sugar Plum Fairy's Cavalier
Kyra Nichols as Dewdrop
Wendy Whelan as Coffee
Margaret Tracey as Marzipan
Gen Horiuchi as Tea
Tom Gold as Candy Cane
Lourdes López as Hot Chocolate
Nilas Martins as Hot Chocolate
William Otto as Mother Ginger
Peter Reznick as Fritz
Karin von Aroldingen as Grandparent
Edward Bigelow as Grandparent
Heather Watts as Frau Stahlbaum
Robert LaFosse as Dr  Stahlbaum
Bart Robinson Cook as Herr Drosselmeyer
Jessica Lynn Cohen as Marie Stahlbaum
Macaulay Culkin as The Nutcracker/Prince/Drosselmeyer's Nephew
Kevin Kline as Narrator
Katrina Killian as Harlequin
Roma Sosenko as Columbine
Michael Byars as Soldier
Robert D  Lyon as Mouse King
Maureen C  McFadden Devlin as Drummer

Reception
Critical response
The film received generally mixed reviews from critics  Based on eight reviews, it holds a rotten rating of 50% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 6/10  The film was criticized by James Berardinelli for not capturing the excitement of a live performance; he wrote that it "opts to present a relatively mundane version of the stage production   utilizing almost none of the advantages offered by the (film) medium " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times was mixed on it, and gave it 2 out of 4 stars criticizing it for not adapting the dance for a film audience and also its casting of Culkin who, he writes, "seems peripheral to all of the action, sort of like a celebrity guest or visiting royalty, nodding benevolently from the corners of shots " In The Washington Post, Lucy Linfield echoed Ebert's criticism of Culkin, stating that "it's not so much that he can't act or dance; more important, the kid seems to have forgotten how to smile   all little Mac can muster is a surly grimace " She praised the dancing, however, as "strong, fresh and in perfect sync" and Kistler's Sugar Plum Fairy as "the Balanchinean ideal of a romantic, seemingly fragile beauty combined with a technique of almost startling strength, speed and knifelike precision " The New York Times' Stephen Holden also criticized Culkin, calling his performance the film's "only serious flaw", but praised the cinematography as "very scrupulous in the way it establishes a mood of participatory excitement, then draws back far enough so that the classic ballet sequences choreographed by Balanchine and staged by Peter Martins can be seen in their full glory "

Box office
During its theatrical run, the film grossed $2,119,994  In North America, it opened at number 16 in its first weekend with $783,721 

See also
List of Christmas films
Passage 5:
Dennis Courtney
Dennis H  Beaulne (born April 30, 1958), better known by his stage name Dennis Courtney, is an American stage director, choreographer, actor and teacher of master classes in auditioning for the theatre  As a director, he is notable for winning the 2008 Israeli National Theatre Prize (Israel's TONY Award equivalent) for his work in the Cameri Theatre production of Fiddler On The Roof, in Tel Aviv  The production closed on January 27, 2016 after a near 8-year run  As an actor, he made his Broadway debut in the 1979 production of Peter Pan with Sandy Duncan and George Rose  Subsequent Broadway/National Tour/Production credits include Shenandoah with John Raitt (1984), Joseph And The Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat (1984), Roza (1987) and Starlight Express (1989-1990)  He directed and choreographed a production of My Way, for the Riverside Center Theatre in Virginia and It Shoulda Been You starring Kim Zimmer and 8 Track: The Sounds of the 70's for Gretna Theatre in July and August 2016  In early 2017, he directed and choreographed Kiss Me, Kate at Kent State  In March 2017 he directed the pre-Broadway workshop production of The Last Adam, a new musical by George Alex Livings and Jonathan Hickey  He has collaborated with playwright David Brian Colbert on a new play with music about the life of legendary performer, Ethel Waters, entitled Still Waters: The Life of the Legendary Ethel Waters  The play is currently in development 

Personal life
Born Denis Beaulne in Detroit, Michigan to French Canadian parents, Albert Beaulne and Claudette Perron   He took the stage name Dennis Courtney with his first union acting job in 1978   Courtney has 2 siblings - a sister, Rachelle Beaulne McKevlin and a brother, Raymond Beaulne   He also has a step-sister, Lori Hurren Harrell and a step-brother, William Hurren  Dennis' parents divorced in 1967 and both remarried   His mother married Harry Parr and his father married Anna Pasternacki   Harry Parr died in 1986, Anna Pasternacki Beaulne died on December 5, 2011  Albert Beaulne is currently living in Cornelius, NC   Dennis' mother, Claudette, died on June 6, 2010  Dennis has been in a long term relationship with entrepreneur, Grant Wheaton, since 2000  Dennis and Grant became engaged on Christmas Day 2016 and married on July 29, 2017 
He graduated from Anderson High School in Cincinnati, Ohio and studied theatre at the University of Cincinnati   He currently resides in New York City and has homes in Sarasota, Florida and Palm Desert, California 

Notes
External links
Official Website - http://www denniscourtney com
Dennis Courtney (http://ibdb com/person php?id=92973) at the Internet Broadway Database
Dennis Courtney (http://www broadwayworld com/people/Dennis-Courtney/#) at BroadwayWorld com
Passage 6:
Stephen Nicholas (actor)
Stephen Charles Nicholas (born 23 August 1978)  music artist and presenter from Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England 
As an actor Stephens first role was on Sky One's Dream Team, where he played Scott Ward  From there, he filmed the first in the trilogy Goal! (In which he played a Newcastle United Reserves player)  Following this, he moved to Los Angeles, where he played Smith in the feature film Futbaal: The Price of Dreams 
Stephen then returned to the UK to make a Bollywood film called Dhana Dhana Goal with John Abraham 
Stephen then experienced her first opportunity in reality TV with the show Premier League All Stars for Sky One, as well as playing a footballer, he was on-hand to present celebrity gossip and pitch side reports 
He then appeared in Celebrity Most Haunted and Date the Enemy  From there he then went on to star in Goal 3 where he not only acted in the film he also became the football choreographer and choreographed all the football scenes in the film 
Nicholas then starred in the film Damned United where he played Welsh international Alan Durban, the film was filmed in Chesterfield and Leeds and was directed by Oscar winner Tom Hooper and also starred Oscar nominated Michael Sheen 
Stephens next production was the feature film called 'No Way Back Now'about the notorious Manchester district of Moss Side, where Stephen played the lead actor Stuart Gavin  The feature is roughly based on the notorious Gooch gang that terrorised Manchester throughout the years 
The next move for Stephen was pantomime where he was part of the production Aladdin over the Christmas period of 2015 in Doncaster playing Abanaza the main villain which he did until 7 January 2016! 
He Was also in the Feature Film 'Whiteblade' where he will played Thurstan the head Warlord Whiteblade Stephen shot his scenes in August 2016 
In September 2016 Stephen presenting the Sky TV show 'Britz go Bollywood' the show consists of a group of Celebrities being dressed by The best Indian designers, stephen was the main presenter of the show 

Music
Nicholas instigated and was part of a group called U K  Flow  The group was made up of 14 celebrities from television and sport 

Football
Nicholas was a Sunday league footballer at various clubs

Filmography
External links
Official Site
Stephen Nicholas at IMDb
Passage 7:
The Nutcracker (Balanchine)
Choreographer George Balanchine's production of Tchaikovsky's 1892 ballet The Nutcracker has become the most famous stage production of the ballet performed in the U S  (Mikhail Baryshnikov's production is the most famous television version, although it too originated onstage ) It uses the plot of the Alexandre Dumas, père, version of E T A  Hoffmann's tale, "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King" (1816)  Its premiere took place on February 2, 1954, at City Center, New York, with costumes by Karinska and sets by Horace Armistead  It has been staged in New York every year since 1954, and many other productions throughout the United States either imitate it, or directly use the Balanchine staging  However, although it is often cited as being the production that made the ballet famous in the U S , it was Willam Christensen's 1944 production for the San Francisco Ballet which first introduced the complete work to the United States 

Staging
In Balanchine's version, the leading roles of Clara (here called Marie) and the Nutcracker/Prince are danced by children, and so their dances are choreographed to be less difficult than the ones performed by the adults  Marie does not dance at all in the second act of this version  The Prince's dancing in Act II is limited to the pantomime that he performs "describing" his defeat of the Mouse King  Instead, Marie and the Prince sit out nearly all of Act II watching other dancers perform for them, and unlike most other versions, neither one of them takes part in the ballet's Final Waltz 
Because Marie and the Nutcracker / Prince are played by children approximately ten years old in the Balanchine Nutcracker, no adult romantic interest between them is even implied, although Marie and Drosselmeyer's nephew, who looks exactly like the Prince, are clearly drawn to each other during the Christmas party  However, the 1958 Playhouse 90 telecast of the Balanchine Nutcracker, which changed Marie's name back to Clara and stated that the Prince was Drosselmeyer's nephew, had narrator June Lockhart saying at the end that "From that day on, Drosselmeyer's nephew is Clara's Prince and Clara is his Princess, and I need not tell you that they lived happily ever after " (But Drosselmeyer's nephew is there when the Nutcracker is broken during the Christmas party, so it is difficult to believe that he is the Nutcracker/ Prince, unless Marie dreams her fantasy adventures, and it is unclear in this version whether she does or not ) Years later, movie critic Stephen Holden, in reviewing the 1993 film version of the Balanchine Nutcracker, referred to Marie as the Prince's sweetheart  And oddly enough, throughout Act II of the 1993 film of Balanchine's version, Marie does wear a veil that resembles a bridal veil 
The Balanchine version uses perhaps more real children than any other version  (In other versions, the children are sometimes played by adult women ) The rôles of Clara and the Nutcracker/ Prince are performed by adults in many other versions, and in these productions of the ballet, there is usually more than a hint of budding romance between the two 
The Journey Through the Snow sequence, in many other productions danced by Clara and the Nutcracker immediately after his transformation into a Prince, is not danced at all in the Balanchine version, although the music is played  Instead, Marie faints and falls on the bed after the battle, and the Nutcracker exits  Marie's bed moves by itself across the stage as the music plays, and at its climax, the Nutcracker reappears and through the use of a stage effect, turns into a Prince  He awakens Marie, places on her head one of the crowns that he took from the dead seven-headed Mouse King, and they exit  (In the 1993 film of Balanchine's Nutcracker, the bed flies through the air rather than simply moving across the stage  This is achieved by visual effects created by Industrial Light & Magic )

On the screen
Balanchine's Nutcracker has since been staged in New York every year, filmed once, and performed live on television three times – although its first television edition, telecast by CBS in 1957 on the TV anthology The Seven Lively Arts, was severely abridged  Some sources say it was complete, but it could not have been because The Seven Lively Arts was only an hour long  This marked the first telecast not only of the Balanchine version but of any staging of the ballet  CBS's Playhouse 90 broadcast a more complete (but still abridged) version of the Balanchine Nutcracker, narrated by actress June Lockhart, who was then starring as the mother in CBS's Lassie, on Christmas Day in 1958; it was the first Nutcracker (and only installment of the entire Playhouse 90 series) broadcast in color  There were only four commercial breaks  This television production starred Balanchine himself as Drosselmeyer, Diana Adams as the Sugar Plum Fairy, Bonnie Bedelia in an early role as Clara, and Robert Maiorano as the Nutcracker/ Prince Excerpts from the Balanchine production were performed several times on various television shows of the time, notably The Bell Telephone Hour and The Ed Sullivan Show The complete Balanchine version was eventually made into a poorly received full-length feature film by Elektra Entertainment and Regency Enterprises  It was distributed and released by Warner Bros  Family Entertainment in 1993, and starred Macaulay Culkin in his only screen ballet rôle, as the Nutcracker, the Prince, and Drosselmeyer's nephew  The film was directed by Emile Ardolino, with narration spoken by Kevin Kline  From the billing in this film, the Prince and the nephew would seem to be two different characters, though that may not have been what the filmmakers intended  Director Ardolino died of AIDS only a few days before the film's release  The other rôles in the film were played by members of the New York City Ballet, including Darci Kistler as the Sugar Plum Fairy, Damian Woetzel as the Fairy's Cavalier, Bart Cook as Drosselmeyer, Jessica Lynn Cohen as Marie (a k a  Clara), and Wendy Whelan as Coffee in the Arabian Dance During the 2011 Christmas season, PBS, for the very first time, presented the complete Balanchine Nutcracker on Live from Lincoln Center, although it was not seen on all PBS affiliates, since the affiliates have a choice of which programs they will air locally  This was not the 1993 film, but the production's latest revival, and the production was telecast by PBS on December 14, 2011  This presentation, directed by Alan Skog, marked the first U S  telecast of the Balanchine version (aside from cable and "on demand" showings of the 1993 theatrical film) in more than fifty years  It was nominated for an Emmy Award in July 2012 

Casts
Original
NYCB revivals
Television
(1958)

Television
(2011)

Theatrical Film Version
(1993)

Music
Balanchine adds to Tchaikovsky's score an entr'acte that the composer wrote for Act II of The Sleeping Beauty, but which is now seldom played in productions of that ballet  In Balanchine's Nutcracker, it is used as a transition between the departure of the guests and the battle with the mice  During this transition, the mother of Marie (as she is usually called in this version) appears in the living room and throws a blanket over the girl, who has crept downstairs and fallen asleep on the sofa; then Drosselmeyer appears, repairs the Nutcracker, and binds the jaw with a handkerchief  In addition, the Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy is moved from near the end of Act II to near the beginning of the second act, just after the Sugar Plum Fairy makes her first appearance  To help the musical transition, the tarantella that comes before the dance is cut  In the 1993 film version of the Balanchine version, just as in the telecast of the Baryshnikov one, the Miniature Overture is cut in half, and the opening credits are seen as the overture is heard  The film's final credits feature a reprise of the Trepak and the Waltz of the Flowers 

Footnotes
External links
George Balanchine’s The Nutcracker at the Balanchine Trust website
Passage 8:
Darci Kistler
Darci Kistler (born June 4, 1964) is an American ballerina   She is often said to be the last muse for choreographer George Balanchine 

Early life
Kistler was born in Riverside, California, the fifth child (with four older brothers) of a medical doctor and his wife   Her brothers excelled in amateur wrestling, and she followed them into water-skiing, basketball, football and horseback riding 

Ballet career
At age 4, Kistler received her first tutu and began ballet training that same year  She claimed although she was always athletic, she could never keep to her brothers—so ballet turned out to be one cornerstone she had mastered  After seeing a ballet performance of Rudolf Nureyev and Margot Fonteyn, she decided she wanted to take up ballet herself  She studied with Mary Lynn at Mary Lynn's Ballet Arts and later with Irina Kosmovska in Los Angeles 
In early 1979, Kistler was selected to study at New York City Ballet's School of American Ballet (SAB), where she met George Balanchine  She joined the New York City Ballet (NYCB) corps de ballet in 1980, and was featured in a Time article before the end of the year Kistler was promoted to (NYCB) soloist in 1981 and principal dancer in 1982, the youngest ever at 17 years  Signature roles include Balanchine's Jewels (Diamonds), Agon, Prodigal Son and Symphony in C  She danced the rôle of the Sugarplum Fairy in City Ballet's 1993 film version of The Nutcracker  She eventually wrote her own autobiography "Ballerina: My Story" as a children's book 
Kistler joined the SAB's permanent faculty in 1994 
Throughout her career, she had numerous dance-related injuries, including a broken ankle that sidelined her for three years  She went through several surgeries, including for her back In February 2009, Kistler announced her retirement from New York City Ballet at the end of the 2010 season  Her farewell performance took place on June 27, 2010, and consisted of ballets choreographed by Balanchine and Martins:

Personal life
Kistler married New York City Ballet's balletmaster-in-chief Peter Martins in 1991  In July 1992, Martins was arrested and held for five hours after Kistler phoned the police for help  Kistler filed an affidavit accusing him of assaulting her, pushing and slapping her, and cutting and bruising her arms and legs, leading to a charge of third-degree assault (a misdemeanor)  Kistler dropped the charges a few days later, saying she preferred to resolve the matter without the court's intervention  When she next performed in a ballet two days later, she reportedly wore heavy makeup to conceal bruises she had suffered  Several people who knew the two well claimed it wasn't the first time Martins had hit Kistler Kistler and Martins have one daughter, Talicia Tove Martins, born June 13, 1996 

Jerome Robbins
Ulysses Dove
Red Angels

Robert La Fosse
Danses de Cour

Peter Martins
Featured roles
George Balanchine
Jerome Robbins
Peter Martins
Television
PBS Dance in America
Bournonville Dances William Tell pas de deux
Serenade
PBS Kennedy Center Honors tribute to Alexandra Danilova
Swan Lake pas de deux
PBS Dance in America The Balanchine Celebration
PBS Live from Lincoln Center New York City Ballet's Diamond Project: Ten Years of New Choreography, 2002
Them Twos
PBS Live from Lincoln Center Lincoln Center Celebrates Balanchine 100, 2004
Liebeslieder Walzer
Passage 9:
Gwen Verdon
Gwyneth Evelyn "Gwen" Verdon (January 13, 1925 – October 18, 2000) was an American actress and dancer  She won four Tony Awards for her musical comedy performances, and served as an uncredited choreographer's assistant and specialty dance coach for theater and film  Verdon was a critically acclaimed performer on Broadway in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, having originated many roles in musicals, including Lola in Damn Yankees, the title character in Sweet Charity and Roxie Hart in Chicago  She is also strongly identified with her second husband, director-choreographer Bob Fosse, remembered as the dancer-collaborator-muse for whom he choreographed much of his work and as the guardian of his legacy after his death 

Early life
Verdon was born in Culver City, California, the second child of Gertrude Lilian (née Standring) and Joseph William Verdon, British immigrants to the United States by way of Canada  Her brother was William Farrell Verdon  Her father was an electrician at MGM Studios, and her mother was a former vaudevillian of the Denishawn dance troupe, as well as a dance teacher As a toddler, she suffered from rickets, which left her legs so badly misshapen she was called "Gimpy" by other children and spent her early years in orthopedic boots and rigid leg braces  At age three, her mother enrolled her in dance classes  Further ballet training strengthened her legs and improved her carriage 
By age six, she was dancing on stage  She went on to study multiple dance forms, ranging from tap, jazz, ballroom and flamenco to Balinese  She also studied juggling  At age 11, she appeared as a solo ballerina in the musical romance film The King Steps Out (1936), directed by Josef von Sternberg and starring Grace Moore and Franchot Tone  She attended Hamilton High School in Los Angeles and studied under ballet enthusiast Ernest Belcher  While in high school, she was cast in a revival of Show Boat 
In 1942, Verdon's parents asked her to marry family friend and tabloid reporter James Henaghan after he got her pregnant at 17 years old, and she quit her dancing career to raise their child  In 1945, she appeared as a dancer in the movie musical Blonde From Brooklyn  After her divorce, she entrusted her son Jimmy to the care of her parents 

Career
Early on, Verdon found a job as assistant to choreographer Jack Cole, whose work was respected by both Broadway and Hollywood movie studios  During her five-year employment with Cole, she took small roles in movie musicals as a "specialty dancer"  She also taught dance to stars such as Jane Russell, Fernando Lamas, Lana Turner, Rita Hayworth, Betty Grable and Marilyn Monroe 
Verdon started out on Broadway going from one chorus line to another  Her breakthrough role finally came when choreographer Michael Kidd cast her as the second female lead in Cole Porter's musical Can-Can (1953), starring French prima donna Lilo  Out-of-town reviewers hailed Verdon's interpretation of Eve in the Garden of Eden ballet as a performance that upstaged the show's star, who reputedly demanded Verdon's role be cut to only two featured dance numbers  With her role reduced to little more than an ensemble part, Verdon formally announced her intention to quit by the time the show premiered on Broadway  But her opening-night Garden of Eden performance was so well-received that the audience screamed her name until the startled actress was brought from her dressing room in a towel to take a curtain call  Verdon received a pay increase and her first Tony Award for her performance 
Verdon's biggest critical and commercial success was her following show, George Abbott's Damn Yankees (1955), based on the novel The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant  The musical ran for 1,019 performances  Verdon won another Tony and went to Hollywood to repeat her role in the 1958 movie version Damn Yankees, famously singing "Whatever Lola Wants"  (Fosse can be seen partnered with her in the original mambo duet "Who's Got the Pain" )
Verdon won another Tony for her performance in the musical New Girl in Town as a hard-luck girl fleeing from her past as a prostitute  She won her fourth Tony for the murder-mystery musical Redhead, Fosse's Broadway debut as a director/choreographer  In 1960, Fosse and Verdon wed 
In 1966, Verdon returned to the stage in the role of Charity in Sweet Charity, which like many of her earlier Broadway triumphs was choreographed and directed by husband Fosse  The show is loosely based on Federico Fellini's screenplay for Nights of Cabiria  It was followed by a movie version starring  Shirley MacLaine as Charity, featuring Ricardo Montalbán, Sammy Davis Jr  and Chita Rivera, with Fosse at the helm of his very first film as director and choreographer  Verdon helped with the choreography  The numbers include the famed "Big Spender", "Rhythm of Life", "If My Friends Could See Me Now", and "I'm a Brass Band"  Verdon also traveled to Berlin to help Fosse with Cabaret, the musical film for which he won an Oscar for Best Director 
Although estranged as a couple, Verdon and Fosse continued to collaborate on projects such as the musical Chicago (1975) (in which she originated the role of murderess Roxie Hart) and the musical Dancin' (1978), as well as Fosse's autobiographical movie All That Jazz (1979)  The helpmate/peer played by Leland Palmer in that film is based on the role Verdon played in Fosse's real life   She also developed a close working relationship with Fosse's partner, Broadway dancer Ann Reinking, and was an instructor for Reinking's musical theatre classes 
After originating the role of Roxie opposite Chita Rivera's Velma Kelly in Chicago, Verdon focused on film acting, playing character roles in movies such as The Cotton Club (1984), Cocoon (1985) and Cocoon: The Return (1988)  She continued to teach dance and musical theater and to act  She received three Emmy Award nominations for appearances on Magnum, P I  (1988), Dream On (1993) and Homicide: Life on the Street (1993)  Verdon appeared as the title character's mother in the Woody Allen movie Alice (1990) and as Ruth in Marvin's Room (1996), co-starring Meryl Streep, Diane Keaton, and Leonardo DiCaprio  In 1999, Verdon served as artistic consultant on a Broadway musical designed to showcase examples of classic Fosse choreography   Called simply Fosse, the revue was conceived and directed by Richard Maltby Jr  and Ann Reinking and choreographed by Reinking and Chet Walker  Verdon's daughter Nicole received a "special thanks" credit  The show won a Tony Award for Best Musical 
In 1997 Verdon appeared in an episode of Walker Texas Ranger as Maisie Whitman  She reprised the role in 1999 
Verdon played Alora in the movie Walking Across Egypt (1999) and appeared in the film Bruno, released in 2000  Verdon received a total of four Tonys, for best featured actress for Can-Can (1953) and best leading actress for Damn Yankees (1955), New Girl in Town (1957) and Redhead (1959)  She also won a Grammy Award for the cast recording of Redhead Verdon was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1981  In 1998, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts 

Personal life
Verdon was married twice and had two children  She married tabloid reporter James Archibald Henaghan in 1942  They had a son, Jim, the following year and divorced in 1947  In 1960, Verdon married choreographer Bob Fosse  They had a daughter, Nicole, in 1963  Fosse's extramarital affairs put a strain on their marriage, and by 1971, Verdon and Fosse were separated, but never divorced  She was involved in relationships with actor Scott Brady and actor Jerry Lanning, son of Roberta Sherwood  Verdon was with Fosse when he suffered a fatal heart attack at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D C , in September 1987 Verdon was a cat fancier, having up to six cats at one time, with the pets carrying names such as "Feets Fosse", "Junie Moon", and "Tidbits Tumbler Fosse" Verdon was a mental health-care advocate; later in life, she openly spoke about the positive effects of mental-health counseling  Along with teaching dance as a form of therapy, she sat on the board of directors for the New York Postgraduate Center for Mental Health, and actively raised funds to support mental health-care research 

Popular culture
Fosse/Verdon is an 8-part American miniseries starring Sam Rockwell as Fosse and Michelle Williams as Verdon  The series, which tells the story of the couple's troubled personal and professional relationship, is based on the biography Fosse by Sam Wasson  It premiered in eight parts on April 9, 2019, on FX  At the 71st Primetime Emmy Awards, Fosse/Verdon received seventeen nominations, including Outstanding Limited Series and acting nominations for Rockwell, Williams, and Margaret Qualley (as Ann Reinking)  Williams won the Emmy for Outstanding Actress in a Limited Series 

Death and legacy
Verdon died from a heart attack on October 18, 2000, aged 75, at her daughter's home in Woodstock, Vermont  Later that night, at 8 pm, all marquee lights on Broadway were dimmed in a tribute to Verdon 

Work
Stage
Film
Television
Music
In 1956, Verdon released an album titled The Girl I Left Home For  The album includes her covers of popular jazz standards of the time 

Awards and nominations
† Tied with co-star Thelma Ritter
 
†† Tied with Ethel Merman for Gypsy

††† Shared with Bob Fosse
Passage 10:
Mansi Aggarwal
Mansi Aggarwal is an Indian filmmaker, writer, producer and choreographer who has written, directed, produced films and choreographed songs in Indian film industry  She is best known for choreographing the song, "Bharat Mata ki Jai", from the movie Shanghai that starred actor Emraan Hashmi - the song gained a lot of popularity and became a hit in India  She has worked with path breaking actors - Priyanka Chopra in Mary Kom, Rajkumar Rao in Kai Po Che, and with Abhay Deol in the movie Dev D She has been nominated for the Filmfare award for the song "Bharat Mata ki Jai" from Shanghai starring the actor Emraan Hashmi, the song was loved by the audience and became popular in India  The song "Suno na Sangmarmar" from the movie Youngistaan was also nominated for Stardust and Filmfare awards She also choreographed commercials for big brands like Nykaa, Biba, Zandu Balm, etc  She was published as the youngest choreographer in the eminent magazine Femina   In 2018, she made her debut as a writer-director with her first short film The Handbag, which was posted on ‘Humara Movie’ YouTube channel  She came with her second film Raani, which got selected for Lift Off Global Networks, London and was also screened at the Darbhanga International Film Festival  It was a finalist at the Golden Jury International Film Festival and won the Best Actor award at the same  Raani released on Disney Hotstar and is streaming on MX Player  The films The Handbag and Raani were produced under the banner Yin Yang Films 

Early life and career
Mansi was born on 10 June 1984 and raised in Delhi where she also took training in Indian classical dance, Kathak  Her Kathak training started when she was only 7 years old and she later became a Visharad (graduate) in the dance form  She studied Economics at Hansraj College in Delhi University and after finishing her graduation she opened her dance institute in Delhi—Mansi Dance Creations Her career in Bollywood movies started when she was first spotted by the film director, Anurag Kashyap, during a dance performance in Delhi  Anurag offered her to choreograph the critically acclaimed film, Gulaal  However, the movie got delayed and Mansi shifted her focus to academics until Anurag came to her for the second time with the proposal of choreographing Abhay Deol-starrer, Dev D Mansi is married to cinematographer Arindam Bhattacharjee 

Choreography in Indian Film Industry
Mansi has choreographed the following Bollywood movies:

Filmography as Director, Producer and Writer
Context 2: Passage 1:
John Franks (judge)
Sir John Franks (1770–1852), was an Indian judge 
Franks was the second son of Thomas Franks (1729–1787), of Ballymagooly, County Cork, by Catherine, daughter of Rev  John Day  He was born in 1770, and graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, B A  1788, LL B  1791  He was called to the Irish Bar 1792  He went on the Munster circuit, and had a good practice as chamber counsel  He became King's Counsel in 1823  In 1825 the Board of Control, on the recommendation of his friend William Plunket, then Attorney General for Ireland, appointed him a judge of the Supreme Court at Calcutta  He received, as was customary, the honour of knighthood before his departure for India  He held this office until the effect of the climate on his health brought about his resignation in 1834  On his return, he resided at Roebuck, near Dublin  He died on 11 January 1852  He married three times  By his first wife, Catherine, daughter of his cousin Thomas Franks of Carrig, Cork, he had two sons and three daughters  His second marriage was to Jane Marshall, and his third to Sarah O'Regan  His eldest son and heir was John Franks of Ballyscaddan, County Limerick; his younger son, Matthew, was an army officer, as were many of his later descendants 
Franks was popular, both as advocate and judge  He was an intimate friend of John Philpot Curran, and one of his executors   W  H  Curran, J P  Curran's son, commemorates his ‘peculiar aboriginal wit, quiet, keen, and natural to the occasion, and, best of all, never malignant’ 

Arms
Passage 2:
Henry Archer
Henry Archer (1799 – 2 March 1863) was the son of an Irish landowner  He attended Trinity College, Dublin  He was called to the Irish Bar and spent most of his time between North Wales and London 

Ffestiniog Railway
In railway circles, Archer is known mostly for the Ffestiniog Railway, which was the major work of his life, a fiery temper, a large frame and an even larger personality  A few recall his long running but fruitless championship of the various Porth Dinllaen railway and harbour projects 
The Ffestiniog slate industry should be grateful to Henry Archer for being in the right place at the right time  It was at the Penygroes Inn in 1829 that Archer met Samuel Holland Jnr , of Rhiwbryfdir slate mine at Blaenau Ffestiniog who was returning from Caernarfon where he banked with Williams and Co  He had travelled between Caernarfon and Penygroes as a passenger on the horse drawn Nantlle Tramway and had called at the Inn for a cup of tea before collecting his horse and riding home 
In conversation, Archer expressed an interest in the Nantlle Railway that was apparently quietly seeking a purchaser  Holland, it is said, suggested that Archer should leave Nantlle to its fate and turn his energies to building a proper railway from Ffestiniog to Porthmadog  A detailed discussion followed and Archer became involved with Holland in the promotion of the Ffestiniog Railway Company 
It was left to Archer as the Managing Director designate to raise the initial capital of £24,185 largely on the Dublin Stock Exchange (including £11,905 of his own money)  He was the driving force also in steering the bill through Parliament and in managing the company during construction and through its early years when Archer had to persuade a suspicious slate industry to entrust its slate transport to a railway  Archer quarrelled with his fellow directors, with the Oakeley Estate and with James Spooner and was less active in FR company affairs after the railway opened  In 1836 he sued the FR company for his salary and received a substantial settlement  Nominally he remained as Managing Director until 1856 and as a director until 1860, when the FR Co  gave him a pension of £100 per annum as the originator of the FR and for devoting many years to its service 

Philately
Philatelists know Henry Archer as the inventor of the first postage stamp perforating machine, which he patented in 1848, to facilitate stamp separation  Following the successful Prince Consort Essay trials in 1853, he sold his copyright and patents to the Postmaster General for £4,000  In early trials, his alternative Archer Roulette machines failed to work well 
Archer died at Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France on 2 March 1863 
Passage 3:
Fenmore Baldwin
Fenmore Baldwin is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless, an American soap opera on the CBS network  Created by former head writers Lynn Marie Latham and Kay Alden as the son of Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc) and Lauren Fenmore (Tracey Bregman), the character was born during the episode airing on October 13, 2006  Initially portrayed by various child actors, including Robbie Tucker, the character was rapidly aged to a teenager in 2012, with Max Ehrich assuming the role through 2015  In 2018, the role was recast with Zach Tinker 
As a teenager, the character's storylines have included a romance with Summer Newman (Hunter King), as well as a cyberbullying plot with Jamie Vernon (Daniel Polo), which was generally well received by the actors and public  Fenmore has also developed a "dark side", coinciding with teenage angst  Ehrich characterized the character as being at a "vulnerable age", while "trying to find his place in the world"  Ehrich's portrayal has received a positive response; Michael Fairman of On-Air On-Soaps described the actor as talented, as well as Luke Kerr of Zap2it praising Ehrich for "mastering the crazy behind-the-eyes element" of the character's relatives  Ehrich's portrayal garnered him four consecutive Daytime Emmy Award nominations between 2013 and 2016 

Casting
The role was first portrayed by three sets of twins, including Avital and Amiel Weiss, Matthew and Riley Esham, and Aiden and Andrew Gonzales over the course of 2006 to 2009  The role was then rapidly aged for the first time when Tucker assumed the role in October 2009  In May 2012, it was announced that the character had been rapidly aged again to a teenager, with Ehrich scheduled to join the cast  He made his debut on June 11, 2012  In an interview with Soap Opera Digest, Ehrich stated that he had gone through a "long audition process", saying: "I got a callback and did a chemistry read with someone, then came back to read with Christian LeBlanc  By the end of that audition, I knew something felt right and that he could be my father " When asked about signing a contract with the series, Ehrich stated: "I'm still on recurring right now  I think it's all relevant to your character and either way, in my book, it's awesome  I would sign, yes, but it'll happen when the time is right " Ehrich last aired on May 18, 2015 In November 2018, Ehrich announced on Instagram that he'd been asked to reprise the role, however, due to a string of stalking incidents, he could not return; as a result, Zach Tinker was announced as a recast  Tinker debuted in the role on December 3, 2018  Tinker was written out on February 11, 2019  In November 2019, it was reported that Tinker will be returning to the show; airing the week of December 23  On January 13, 2023, it was announced Tinker would reprise the role beginning January 25 

Development
Characterization
When Ehrich first stepped into the role, he stated: "There [are] so many places where they can go with this role  I have just gotten back into Genoa City  It's such a vulnerable age, so really there [are] so many different paths I can go down  And there's so much that can happen  I’m very, very curious to see where they go with it " When asked how he would describe Fenmore, Ehrich said: "He is definitely figuring himself out  You’re on the brink of adulthood  You have to start taking a bit of responsibility  [And] your hormones start kicking in hardcore  So he's definitely going through some stuff " In another interview, he described Fenmore as "trying to find his place in the world", saying: "When Fen first came back, I think he was at a very vulnerable age and was trying to find his place in the world; just really figure out who he is  He has such a strict dad, who just became D A , so of course his morals are so strong and everything is black and white, right or wrong " Luke Kerr of Zap2it wrote that the character had become "creepy" during his angst and acting out 

Teenage angst
When Fenmore and female character Summer Newman (Hunter King) were rapidly aged to teenagers at the same time, Deanna Barnert of MSN Entertainment previewed: "These two kids may learn about some of the insane things their parents have done – as fans know, that says a lot!" She also wrote that given who their parents are, "that can only mean trouble"  Fenmore has dated Summer, to which Ehrich stated: "Everything he does is for his love for Summer  He has this obsession with her  Every action he does stems from that " In another interview, he stated of their relationship: "I think Fen’s first love is Summer; he falls in love; he’s infatuated with her  She plays games with him, and where it’s going is – will Fen get into her ways, or will he stand his ground? Everything Fenmore does is coming from his love for Summer, so he’s still the same kid, it’s just sometimes love makes you do some crazy thing Fenmore later began to enter a rebellious phase " Tracey Bregman (who portrays his mother Lauren) stated that she "was always hoping they would show the dark side of our child, because both Lauren and Michael have dark sides  That is something they both work hard on to suppress, that comes out now and them " Christian LeBlanc (who portrays his father Michael) stated Michael has "troubled youth to deal with", saying: "It’s the first time on Y&R that such a young storyline has pulled such focus  It’s going to be really fascinating  The whole family gets drawn in  The trouble with Fenmore affects Lauren and Michael  [There’s a] rippling effect, like every good story " The character was later involved in a cyberbullying storyline with Summer and Jamie Vernon (Daniel Polo)  Michael Logan of TV Guide previewed the storyline, writing: "Adding fuel to the fire is young Fen Baldwin (Max Ehrich), who is so infatuated with Summer that he becomes her partner in crime — in fact, he takes things a few dangerous steps further once he sees Summer's growing fondness for Jamie " Ehrich liked the plot as he was bullied as a child, stating: "Kids do it out of their own sadness or insecurity, but needless to say that doesn’t matter when you’re a victim of it – you feel so isolated and so alone  To have a storyline that addresses it, it’s like, "This is real; this is what happens"  People need to know the truth of what is going on out there "In another interview, Ehrich expressed more of his opinions on the storyline, stating: "It’s so relevant now and it’s such an epidemic  Just for it to be out there to show that it happens  This is a real issue that needs to be addressed  To be a part of that, and to spread awareness feels so nice because I’ve personally experience bullying and I know many friends who have  Whether people’s reason behind it are good or bad, nonetheless, it affects kids to such an extent especially young, vulnerable kids " Of the character's "dark side", Ehrich stated: "I love playing dark, but justifiably dark  It's never coming from a psychopathic place  First, he got obsessed with Summer, and that caused the bullying storyline, and now he's dealing with his parents' problems and possible divorce  Fenmore's issues come from a place that makes sense  It's interesting, because everyone around him is pretty much lying, and Fen is supposed to be the crazy one  Yet he's actually the truthful one " He also stated that "as an actor, it's fun to go out of control", saying: "As an actor, it’s fun when you’re out of control, and you don’t even know you’re acting  Like, literally, you just escape  And I got to feel that  And I’ve had numerous times on this show where I’ve gotten to be out of control, and it’s a really nice feeling  It’s exhilarating " He also revealed that he had been listening to the music of John Mayer and Bruno Mars to get into Fenmore's head space  Ehrich also conceded that he didn't want Fenmore to go "too far", saying: "He's a really troubled kid who is just trying to find his way in life  He's not evil  I don't think he's asking for too much except for some love and trust  He's on a journey—a long, long journey to find some peace "

Storylines
Lauren Fenmore Baldwin (Tracey E  Bregman) gave birth to Fenmore prematurely, and he was forced to remain in the hospital for a short time  Shortly after his birth, he was kidnapped, along with Phyllis Summers Newman (Michelle Stafford) and her daughter, Summer Newman, by Sheila Carter, who had had cosmetic surgery to look like Phyllis  All are rescued when Lauren tracked down Sheila and shot her  In 2012, Fenmore was sent to stay with his half-brother, Scotty Grainger, in Canada due to Lauren's fear that Daisy Carter (Yvonne Zima), Sheila's daughter, would end up harming him  Months later, Fenmore returns a moody teenager, kindling a friendship with a teenaged Summer  They became close and later began a relationship  When Summer began harassing a boy named Jamie Vernon (Daniel Polo) online, Fenmore was against the idea, but when his father, Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc), began looking out for Jamie, he became jealous and took over the bullying by sending him harassing text messages from a disposable cell phone  Fenmore's jealously continued when Michael and Lauren had Jamie move in with them temporarily  He attempted to frame Jamie for stealing his mother's expensive decoration, and attempted to take pictures of him with the decoration on a rooftop  The boys struggled and Jamie was found face down in the snow below  He accused Fenmore of pushing him, Michael believed Jamie over his own son and he was arrested  However, Jamie later confessed that Fenmore did not push him and he was exonerated  Michael and Lauren's marriage suffered due to the bullying ordeal 
Fenmore was befriended by Carmine Basco (Marco Dapper), the man whom Lauren was having an affair with, while also trying to win over Summer again, who was crushing on Kyle Abbott (Hartley Sawyer)  Fenmore asked Summer to their senior prom, and instead of going, Summer threw a party at her mother's penthouse  During a game of truth or dare, Fenmore was dared to kiss Summer, who had text messaged Kyle that she was in trouble  Kyle later punched Fenmore in the face; footage was caught on video and uploaded online, weakening Fenmore's social status  Afterward, he is befriended by Raven (Amanda Leighton); they go to a graduation party, do drugs and talk about their social struggles  When Fenmore discovers Carmine's affair with his mother, he isolates himself from his family and continues to do drugs  Afterward, he asks Carmine to help him obtain more drugs, and while he refuses, he finds Fenmore unconscious in the back of the local restaurant  When he awakens in the hospital, he tells his parents that Carmine gave him the drugs that he overdosed on, but he later confesses that this was a lie  After stealing drugs from the hospital and getting caught, Michael and Lauren send Fenmore to rehab  After being released for an event in which Lauren would be crowned businesswoman of the year, Carmine is shot to death in an alleyway  Fenmore is convinced he murdered Carmine but admits to being high on drugs at the time and can't remember clearly  Michael decides to confess to the murder to protect his family, and he is sent to prison  Knowing that his father did not kill Carmine, Fenmore steals drugs and purposely gets caught so he can be put in prison as well  While in prison, Fenmore tries to make deals with other prisoners to get his father's sentence reduced, as Paul Williams (Doug Davidson) and Christine Blair (Lauralee Bell) try to uncover the truth behind Carmine's death  Michael is later released after Fen confesses to killing Carmine, worrying his parents 
As Paul, Christine and Michael continue to hit dead ends on solving Carmine's murder, Fen announces he wants to confess to a judge and be sentenced prison time; Christine and Lauren however are strongly against it  Just as Fen decides he is going to confess to the judge, Michael discovers that Carmine is in fact alive  He reveals that he was in fact being transported into witness protection the day of the banquet for giving the FBI evidence against another criminal, but he wanted to see Lauren one last time  Fen shot him that night but doctors and medical examiners secretly revived him and sent him into witness protection  He refuses to return to Genoa City to exonerate Fen because of his own safety, so instead Michael films him confessing that he is alive  Michael arrives with the video before Fen can confess, and he is exonerated  After being reunited with his family, Michael and Lauren later mention that Fen had gone to Arizona to visit potential colleges 

Reception
Jillian Bowe of Zap2it was surprised by the decision to age both Fenmore and Summer Newman (Hunter King) at the same time  Omar White-Nobles of TVSource wrote, "Don't they grow up fast?", referring to Soap Opera Rapid Aging Syndrome  Michael Fairman of On-Air On-Soaps wrote that aging the characters would help to "beef up" the soap opera's summer storylines  Roger Newcomb of the website We Love Soaps wondered if the character would "have issues with his parents the way other aged kids on the show have of late"  Fairman later stated of Ehrich's portrayal: "Recently, the powers-that-be at Y&R chose to age Lauren and Michael’s tot of a son, Fenmore, to a teenager (another victim of Soap Opera Rapid Aging Syndrome) and with that comes new complex problems for the Baldwins, and as it appears “Fen” may be a chip off the old block     sort to speak   The talented Max Ehrich was cast as the new Fen, and since he has begun to air in the part he has received high marks, not only from his scene partners, but daytime fans, too " He also called Fenmore's family "one of the most fascinating TV families"  Luke Kerr, also of Zap2it, wrote that he "really likes" Ehrich as Fenmore, stating: "He has totally mastered the Baldwin/Fisher crazy behind-the-eyes element of early Michael and Kevin (Greg Rikaart) " Jamey Giddens also wrote of the character's family storyline, saying: "A father hellbent on preventing his son from going down the same unspeakable path he once traveled; a mother who refuses to believe her child could be guilty of the heinous crime he's being accused of committing  No, this isn't the back page copy for Jodi Picoult's next best-selling novel, it's the saga of the Baldwins on The Young and the Restless!"In 2013, Ehrich received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series for his portrayal of Fenmore  On the day the actor was informed of his nomination, Ehrich stated: "I’ve been in daydream all day  I feel like I was hit by an electric current " He admitted that it was a "pretty easy choice" choosing which scene to submit for consideration; Ehrich chose a scene where Fenmore tells Jamie that Summer is the one cyberbullying him  He stated that he chose that episode "because that day, I felt this outer body experience  I was not in control at all"  Of his nomination, Ehrich stated: "It’s an honor, and it’s something I hope will hit me really soon, because it doesn’t feel real at all!" However, Ehrich lost the award to Days of Our Lives star Chandler Massey for his portrayal of Will Horton 
Passage 4:
George Allman (natural historian)
George James Allman FRS FRSE (1812 – 24 November 1898) was an Irish ecologist, botanist and zoologist who served as Emeritus Professor of Natural History at Edinburgh University in Scotland 

Life
Allman was born in Cork, Ireland, the son of James C  Allman of Bandon, and received his early education at the Royal Academical Institution, Belfast  For some time he studied for the Irish Bar, but ultimately gave up law in favour of natural science  In 1843, he graduated in medicine at Trinity College, Dublin, and in the following year was appointed professor of botany in that university, succeeding the botanist William Allman (1776–1846), who was the father of George Johnston Allman (distant relations of George)  
This position he held for about twelve years until he moved to Edinburgh as Regius Professor of natural history  There he remained until 1870, when considerations of health induced him to resign his professorship and retire to Dorset, where he devoted himself to his favourite pastime of horticulture The scientific papers which came from his pen are very numerous  His most important work was upon the gymnoblast group of the hydrozoa, on which he published in 1871-1872, through the Ray Society, an exhaustive monograph, based largely on his own researches and illustrated with drawings of remarkable excellence from his own hand  Biological science is also indebted to him for several convenient terms which have come into daily use, e g  endoderm and ectoderm for the two cellular layers of the body-wall in Coelenterata  He contributed articles to the Irish Naturalist He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1854, and received a Royal medal in 1873  He received the Cunningham Medal of the Royal Irish Academy in 1878 In 1859–60, he was President of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, for  several years (1874–1881) President of the Linnaean Society, and in 1879 presided over the Sheffield meeting of the British Association He died in Ardmore, Parkstone in Dorset and is buried in Poole Cemetery 

Family
Allman married Hannah Louisa Shaen  They had no children  George Allman's family ran  Allman's Bandon Distillery, his brother, the Liberal MP Richard Allman, was a partner in the Distillery 

Select bibliography
Allman G  J  1843  On a new genus of terrestrial gasteropod  The Athenaeum 1843 (829): 851  London 
Passage 5:
J  J  Clancy (North County Dublin MP)
John Joseph Clancy (15 July 1847 – 25 November 1928), usually known as J  J  Clancy, was an Irish nationalist politician and Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons for North Dublin from 1885 to 1918  He was one of the leaders of the later Irish Home Rule movement and promoter of the Housing of the Working Classes (Ireland) Act 1908, known as the Clancy Act  Called to the Irish Bar in 1887, he became a King's Counsel in 1906 

Origins
Son of a farmer, William Clancy of Carraghy, J  J  Clancy was born at the height of the Great Irish Famine in the parish of Annaghdown, Co  Galway, which was one of the worst affected areas   He was educated at the College of the Immaculate Conception, Athlone, and at the recently founded non-sectarian Queen's College, Galway, obtaining an MA in Ancient Classics in 1868  At both institutions he was a contemporary of his later parliamentary colleague, T  P  O'Connor 
Clancy spent three years as a Classics teacher at Holy Cross School, Tralee, where he married Margaret Louise Hickie (d  1912) of Newcastle West, County Limerick, in 1868  She was from a strongly Nationalist family and one of her nephews was the Irish revolutionary and author Piaras Béaslaí, who had close relations with the Clancy family 

Early political life
In 1870, J  J  Clancy took up the post of assistant editor of the leading Nationalist weekly The Nation, acting as editor in 1880–85  During this time he was active in the Land League, Home Rule League, Young Ireland Society and Irish Labour and Industrial Union, and was elected to the Organising Committee of the Irish National League on its foundation in 1882   He organised a vigorous voter registration campaign in County Dublin after the Nationalist defeat at a by-election in 1883, and was elected MP for the North seat in the Nationalist landslide December 1885 general election 
Clancy was appointed by the Irish Party in 1886 as editor of the Irish Press Agency in London, whose purpose was to win support for Irish Home Rule in Great Britain   In this role he wrote or edited dozens of pamphlets, many of them attacking the regime of coercion introduced by Arthur Balfour as Chief Secretary for Ireland after the Conservative Party returned to power in 1886 

Parnell split
Clancy had long been a strong supporter of the Irish leader Charles Stewart Parnell  When a majority of the Irish Parliamentary Party turned against Parnell in November 1890, following what amounted to a demand by the Liberal leader, Gladstone, that Parnell should stand down over his involvement with Katharine O'Shea, Clancy rapidly emerged as one of Parnell's key defenders  On the third day of the Irish Party's week-long debate on Parnell's leadership in Committee Room 15 of the House of Commons, Clancy proposed an amendment that attempted to compromise by seeking further views from Gladstone and the other British Liberal Party leaders  Although this move held off a decision for another three days, it was ultimately unsuccessful  Clancy was among the minority who stayed with Parnell when the party split on 6 December 1890 into the pro-Parnellite Irish National League (INL) and the anti-Parnellite Irish National Federation (INF)  He later joined the editorial staff of the Irish Daily Independent, founded to support the Parnellite cause 
After Parnell's death in October 1891, the Parnellites were in an isolated position  At the July 1892 general election they faced vigorous opposition from the Catholic Church and Clancy was one of only nine INL Parnellites elected  Thereafter he worked closely with John Redmond, who led the small Parnellite group and after the 1900 general election the re-united Irish Parliamentary Party  Together with fellow Parnellites Willie Redmond and Pat O'Brien, Clancy was one of the small core of Redmond's confidants, and until Redmond's death in March 1918 was his most trusted adviser on legal draftsmanship and constitutional law  After the retirement of Thomas Sexton, Clancy was seen as the Irish Party's financial expert 

Reforming legislation
Following the overwhelming rejection of the second Irish Home Rule Bill by the House of Lords in 1893 and the Conservatives' return to power in 1895 general election, immediate prospects for Home Rule were abandoned   Over the next 15 years, Clancy focused on making the most of opportunities for reform   He helped in the framing of the various Land Acts, which settled the land question by enabling tenant farmers to buy their holdings, publishing a guide to the Land Act of 1896  He supported the introduction of democratic local government in Ireland following the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 by publishing a guide to the Act and editing the County Councils Gazette  He acted as spokesman for the Irish Party in support of the Trade Disputes Bills of 1904 and 1906 that restored the effective right to strike—which had been undermined by the Taff Vale Case of 1901 
After the Liberals' return to office in the 1906 general election, Clancy helped get inscribed on the Statute Book Acts of considerable importance  He played a major role in promoting the Town Tenants (Ireland) Act of 1906, which gave rights to urban tenants to retain the value of their improvements parallel to those the Land Acts extended to farmers  Housing conditions in Ireland at the time were very poor, and Clancy's 1908 Housing Act, known as the Clancy Act made various financial and administrative changes with the aim of speeding up the building of council housing  The Clancy Act created a boom in urban social housing in Ireland  Clancy also contributed to the resolution of the Catholic University question, via the Act of 1908 that established the present National University of Ireland, which removed barriers that had held back participation in higher education by Ireland's Catholic majority 

Third Home Rule Bill
Attaining Home Rule for Ireland by constitutional means required overcoming opposition from the House of Lords   This opportunity arose as a result of David Lloyd George's 1909 budget, which the Lords attempted to veto, leading the Liberals to fight a general election in 1910 on a platform of limiting the power of the Lords    But the 1909 budget was also unpopular in Ireland, because of changes to alcohol taxes and death duties, the latter affecting the very farmers whom the Irish Party itself had successfully campaigned to make owners of their farms   A delicate balance needed to be trodden and it fell to Clancy, by now the Irish Party's finance spokesman, to deal with the problem 
The Government of Ireland Act 1914, creating a settlement for Ireland similar to the later devolution arrangements for Scotland of 1998, eventually received the royal assent on 18 September 1914  But this was after earlier vehement Unionist opposition had become apparent in Ulster, featuring the Larne gun-running and near-mutiny in the British army  Implementation of the Act was postponed until after the First World War, which began on 4 August 

Rise of Sinn Féin
Following the Easter Rising of 1916, misjudgments by the British government bolstered support for Sinn Féin, the broad movement campaigning for an independent Republic, and events slipped out of the Irish Parliamentary leaders' control  The younger generation had been brought up in a greatly intensified atmosphere of cultural nationalism focusing particularly on militant separatism
Context 3: Passage 1:
Brett Scallions
Brett Allen Scallions (born December 21, 1971) is an American singer  He is best known for being the original lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist for the alternative rock band Fuel from 1993 to 2006 and then from 2010 to 2020  During that time, the band released four major-label albums including the double platinum Something Like Human  His initial stint with the band ended in February 2006  Scallions has been ranked in the Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists by Hit Parader (#50) 

Early life
Scallion was born in Brownsville, Tennessee  As a child, he listened to Elvis records  He would sing in choir in church and was cast as lead actor in plays throughout his high school  He was awarded scholarships to Lambuth University for music and theater 

Career
Fuel
Scallions joined Fuel in 1993 after bassist Jeff Abercrombie saw him perform in a bar in Jackson, Tennessee  The band achieved its greatest success with Scallions as lead singer  Scallions later moved to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania with the rest of the band where they would perform at local bars and nightclubs under the name Real 2 Reel 

World Fire Brigade
Outside Re-Fueled, Scallions was busy with Sean Danielsen of Smile Empty Soul and producer Eddie Wohl, writing and recording an album under the name World Fire Brigade  "It's much heavier than anything I ever did with Fuel," Scallions said of World Fire Brigade's sound in August 2009  "We've done a lot of stuff in lower tones which is a first for me also, it's very deep, heavy, and even growly at times " He also said that the World Fire Brigade album was "almost three-quarters of the way complete, and planned to be released early next spring, fingers crossed"  Two new tracks "Shot Down" and "Take Me Away" were available on MySpace since March 2011  The album is currently available for streaming through Riptide Music website (under working title Weight of the World) The debut album titled Spreading My Wings was released by FrostByte Media Inc  on August 28, 2012 The World Fire Brigade line-up consisted of Scallions (vocals/guitar), Sean Danielsen (vocals/guitar), and Eddie Wohl (keyboards)  Guest musicians on the album included former Candiria drummer Ken Schalk, Mike McCready (Pearl Jam), Rob Caggiano (Anthrax), and Andy Andersson (Black Robot)  Brad Stewart had been announced as the group's touring bassist  Even though he recorded bass tracks for the album, Scallions had stated that he will be playing rhythm guitar when the group goes on tour 
On April 3, 2013, the following message was posted on the World Fire Brigade Facebook page:
"Thanks to everyone that has discovered our music and has questions about touring and new music  Right now we're all too busy with our other bands to tour, but that doesn't mean it will never happen " The post went on to invite fans to support the bands Fuel and Smile Empty Soul "on the road all year" 

Post-Fuel / other projects
After leaving Fuel, Scallions joined bands with The X's and Circus Diablo playing bass  Both bands ultimately became one-album projects and concluded shortly after subsequent tours 
In March 2007, Scallions was selected as the lead singer for Riders on the Storm, a project featuring former members of The Doors, Robby Krieger and Ray Manzarek 
Brett Scallions contributed lead vocals to the charity single "Something to Believe", released by the band Hollow on iTunes via Koch Records on March 9, 2010 

Departure and return to Fuel
Scallions left Fuel in early 2006  According to an interview with Alternative Addition, Scallions cited the reason due to the band becoming a "one-man band" throughout the years  The three remaining members of the band, however, chose to continue with new vocalist Toryn Green  With Green, Fuel would record one unsuccessful album, 2007's Angels & Devils and would largely be inactive by 2008 due to legal issues with their then-label Epic Records During Fuel's inactivity, Scallions and bassist Jeff Abercrombie teamed up for the first time since Scallions' departure in 2006 to tour as "Re-Fueled"  Scallions and Abercrombie recruited guitarist Yogi Lonich of Chris Cornell and Buckcherry fame and drummer Ken Schalk, formerly of Candiria to round out the unit  Their debut performance was a free event that took place on August 28, 2009 at the Tempe Marketplace, playing songs from the Sunburn and Something Like Human albums exclusively Still without word from the official incarnation of Fuel and with Re-Fueled increasing its tour schedule, speculation surrounding the future for Fuel began to increase including some confusion on the part of vocalist Toryn Green  Green explained he had not heard anything from the other members, but expressed his support for seeing Scallions back on stage singing classic Fuel songs again   Finally, On April 8, 2010, it was announced that Re-Fueled had disbanded, and that original guitarist/songwriter Carl Bell, and bassist Jeff Abercrombie had left Fuel to pursue other endeavors  Toryn Green and drummer Tommy Stewart left the band as well  On the same day, Brett Scallions reformed Fuel with Lonich, Schalk, and former Shinedown bassist Brad Stewart 
A couple of new songs worked their way into Fuel's live sets between 2010 and 2013, beginning with a track titled "Headache", and in March 2012 it was announced that Fuel intended to release a new album, which would be the first Fuel contribution to include Scallions since 2003's Natural Selection  By the end of April 2013, tracking for the new album had been completed and the band promised that a new single was soon to come 
On December 5, 2013, the first new track from the forthcoming Puppet Strings album was unveiled, and the first official single was set for a January 2014 release with the album release to follow on March 4 In June 2014, the album release was followed-up with the song "Cold Summer" being released as a single  Scallions has stated that he penned the song during his original tenure in Fuel, somewhere around 2002  Originally known as "Hit and Sorry", he recalls having recorded it so many times he almost gave up on the track  After adding a new chorus with contributions from producer Eddie Wohl and consulting the opinions of his bandmates, the decision was made to include the song on the album In 2015, Scallions embarked on his first unplugged tour  He performed Fuel songs as well as covering some of his favorite songs that were seminal in his musical journey 
Scallions again chose to leave Fuel after internal conflicts with original bandmates arose in October 2020 

Personal life
Scallions is married to Abby Gennet, guitarist and lead singer of Slunt  They have two sons together; born 2007 and 2010 
Passage 2:
Memo from Turner
"Memo from Turner" is a solo single by Mick Jagger, featuring slide guitar by Ry Cooder, from the soundtrack of Performance, in which Jagger played the leading role of Turner, a reclusive rock star  It was re-released in October 2007 on a 17-song retrospective compilation album The Very Best of Mick Jagger, making a re-appearance as a Jagger solo effort  After its original release in 1970, it was included on Rolling Stones compilations, such as Singles Collection: The London Years as a track credited to the Jagger/Richards songwriting partnership  "Memo from Turner" was ranked No  92 in the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs list of Rolling Stone Music critic Robert Christgau has said, "Jagger's version of Jagger–Richard's scabrous, persona-twisted "Memo From Turner" is his envoi to the 60s "

Versions
Three versions of "Memo from Turner" have been released, and another "Alternative Take" version is available on bootleg recordings 
The first version, which is not officially released, is a slow, brooding version recorded by members of the band Traffic  It features Steve Winwood on all instruments except drums, which are played by Jim Capaldi  The second version, released on Metamorphosis in 1975 on the Allen Klein Decca/London pre-existing legacy contracts of the Stones 1960s recordings, was a different version recorded by The Rolling Stones in November 1968, and has a looser feel than the released version  This version supposedly features Al Kooper on guitar, and perhaps Keith Richards as well   Either Charlie Watts or Capaldi plays drums on this recording  Credited to "Jagger/Richards", it is not clear how many of the Rolling Stones besides Jagger actually played on it 
The third version of the song, typified by its slide guitar, was the one recorded for the soundtrack to the film Performance, starring Mick Jagger as the song title's "Turner"  It is featured prominently in the movie, with Mick Jagger, as Turner, lip-synching it  This is the more well-known version of the song, as it was released as a solo single by Jagger in England in 1970 and is featured on the later Singles Collection: The London Years  This track was recorded in Los Angeles in early 1970, and uses the vocal track of the first, slow version  The tape of Jagger's vocals was sent to Jack Nitzsche, where all music parts were recorded by Ry Cooder on slide guitar, Russ Titelman (guitar), Randy Newman (piano), Jerry Scheff (bass) and Gene Parsons (drums) Besides the differing lineup between the two released versions, there are also slight changes to the lyrics  The track was reviewed as Jagger: 

   puts on his best drawling speak-sing voice for the lyrics, spinning bizarre mini-snapshots of decadent, cruel gangster behavior    The music isn't grim, though; it's more in a sly, ironic happy-go-lucky vein, as if to illustrate the callous, carefree glee gangsters take in such antics  It's not a celebration of the gangster mentality, though, so much as a subtle, mocking look at its decadence, with hints of repressed homosexuality and almost gruesome imagery of dog-eat-dog behavior 

The lyric about "the man who works the soft machine" may be a reference to the William S  Burroughs novel The Soft Machine  Burroughs and writer Robert Palmer assume this connection in a 1972 Rolling Stone magazine interview, and strong Burroughsian themes are contained in the film Ronnie Wood performed "Memo from Turner" live at various club gigs in 1987–88, including some of his shows with Bo Diddley 
Martin Scorsese used the track—the solo version by Mick Jagger, incorrectly credited as the Rolling Stones version—in a scene from Goodfellas where Ray Liotta's character Henry Hill is driving to the hospital to pick up his brother after unsuccessfully trying to sell some pistol silencers to Jimmy Conway 

Cover versions
Dramarama covered the song on their 1991 album Vinyl  British band Diesel Park West covered the song on their outtakes album Flipped  Deborah Harry performed this song on several shows from her 'Debravation tour' (1993-1994)   A softer cover was performed by Patty Palladin just before & during the credits of "Donald Cammell: The Ultimate Performance" (Kevin Macdonald, Chris Rodley, 1998)   This was a documentary about Donald Cammell, who directed Performance (1970), which starred Mick Jagger (among others) 
Passage 3:
Jagger/Richards
Jagger–Richards (spelled Jagger–Richard from 1963 to 1978) is the songwriting partnership between English musicians Mick Jagger (born 1943) and Keith Richards (born 1943), founder members of rock band the Rolling Stones  They are one of the most successful songwriting partnerships in history  In addition to Jagger and Richards' songwriting partnership, they have also produced or co-produced numerous Rolling Stones albums under the pseudonym the Glimmer Twins 
Similar to the contemporary English songwriting partnership of John Lennon and Paul McCartney, both Jagger and Richards write lyrics and music 

History
Jagger and Richards have different recollections about their first songwriting endeavours but both credit manager Andrew Loog Oldham as the catalyst for their collaboration  Richards agrees that it was Oldham who pressed the pair to write songs after the duo had first emphasized other people's material; Oldham noted that there weren't that many obscure great songs out there for the band to cover  Richards recalled:

So what Andrew Oldham did was lock us up in the kitchen for a night and say, "Don't come out without a song " We sat around and came up with "As Tears Go By"  It was unlike most Rolling Stones material, but that's what happens when you write songs, you immediately fly to some other realm  The weird thing is that Andrew found Marianne Faithfull at the same time, bunged it to her and it was a fuckin' hit for her – we were songwriters already! But it took the rest of that year to dare to write anything for the Stones 
Jagger remembered it differently:

Keith likes to tell the story about the kitchen, God bless him  I think Andrew may have said something at some point along the lines of "I should lock you in a room until you've written a song" and in that way he did mentally lock us in a room, but he didn't literally lock us in  One of the first songs we came out with was that tune for George Bean, the very memorable "It Should Be You" 

According to John Lennon, he and Paul McCartney might have been instrumental in inspiring Jagger and Richards to start writing their own material  In 1963 Lennon and McCartney gave the Stones one of their compositions, "I Wanna Be Your Man " In a Playboy interview in 1980, Lennon recalled:

 We were taken down to meet them at the club where they were playing in Richmond by Brian Epstein and some other guy  They wanted a song and we went to see what kind of stuff they did  Mick and Keith heard we had an unfinished song – Paul just had this bit and we needed another verse or something  We sort of played it roughly to them and they said, "Yeah, OK, that's our style " But it was only really a lick, so Paul and I went off in the corner of the room and finished the song off while they were all still sitting there talking  We came back, and that's how Mick and Keith got inspired to write     because, "Jesus, look at that  They just went in the corner and wrote it and came back!" You know, right in front of their eyes we did it  So we gave it to them 
The first original Jagger/Richards song to be released as the A-side of a Rolling Stones single was "Tell Me (You're Coming Back)", from their debut album  Released as a single in the US only, it peaked at number 24 on the charts there  The earlier "Good Times, Bad Times" had been released as the B-side to their cover of Bobby and Shirley Womack's "It's All Over Now"  The band's first UK single featuring an A-side Jagger/Richards original was "The Last Time"; released in February 1965, it went to number one in the UK and number nine in the US Although most Jagger/Richards compositions have been collaborations, some of the songs credited to the partnership have been solo songwriting from either Jagger, whose examples include "Sympathy for the Devil" and "Brown Sugar", or Richards, whose examples include "Happy", "Ruby Tuesday", and "Little T&A"  This is comparable to the Lennon–McCartney partnership, who also adhered to a tradition of joint credits even on numbers that were written by just one of the pair  Mick Jagger stated in his comprehensive 1995 interview with Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone magazine "I think in the end it all balances out "On 26 June 2013, the duo's songwriting credits were handed over to BMG, marking the first time they would be managed by an outside company in over 40 years 

Co-credits
Jagger and Richards have shared credits with very few others  Among them are:

Jagger–Richards compositions released only by other artists
Jagger–Richards compositions that have been released only by artists other than the Rolling Stones include:
"That Girl Belongs to Yesterday", a January 1964 single by Gene Pitney
"Will You Be My Lover Tonight"/"It Should Be You", a January 1964 single by George Bean
"Each and Every Day", B-side of the February 1964 single "All I Want Is My Baby" by Bobby Jameson (London 45–9730)   The A-side was co-written by Richards and Andrew Loog Oldham 
"Shang a Doo Lang", a March 1964 single by Adrienne Posta
"So Much in Love", an August 1964 single by the Mighty Avengers, also recorded by the Herd (with Peter Frampton and Louis Cennamo) in 1966 and the Lonely Boys for their self-titled 1996 album 
"Act Together", on Ronnie Wood's September 1974 LP I've Got My Own Album to Do and the associated July 1974 The First Barbarians: Live from Kilburn concert (released in October 2007)
"Sure the One You Need", on Wood's I've Got My Own Album to Do and The First Barbarians: Live from Kilburn; and on the New Barbarians' May 1979 concert album Buried Alive: Live in Maryland (released in October 2006) 
"Lonely at the Top", on Mick Jagger's February 1985 LP She's the Boss 

Production as the Glimmer Twins and origin of the name
Jagger and Richards adopted the nickname "The Glimmer Twins" after a vacation cruise they took to Brazil in December 1968/January 1969 with their then-girlfriends, Marianne Faithfull and Anita Pallenberg  An older English couple on the ship kept asking Richards and Jagger who they were  When they refused to reveal their identities, the woman reportedly kept asking, "just give us a glimmer" (as in "give us a hint about who you are"), which amused Jagger and Richards Jagger and Richards began to produce the Stones' albums under the pseudonym "The Glimmer Twins" starting with It's Only Rock 'n' Roll (released in 1974)  The Glimmer Twins were the sole credited producers for the band's studio and live albums from then, up to and including Still Life (released in 1982)  Starting with Undercover (released in 1983), the Glimmer Twins have shared production credit for the Rolling Stones albums with other producers, most frequently Don Was (five times) and Chris Kimsey (three times) 
Besides their production work for the Rolling Stones, Jagger and Richards also used the Glimmer Twins for their co-production credit on Peter Tosh's album Bush Doctor, released in 1978  A rare exception to Jagger and Richards' use of the Glimmer Twins name for production credits appeared on John Phillips' Pay Pack & Follow album, recorded 1973–1979 and released in 2001, for which Jagger and Richards were credited as producers under their own names 

Legacy
The partnership of Jagger and Richards has been described by Rolling Stone as the sixth greatest songwriter of all time  Rolling Stone considers the duo to have "defined a rock song's essential components   and established a blueprint for future rockers to follow "

See also
The Rolling Stones discography
List of songs recorded by the Rolling Stones
Nanker Phelge
Lennon–McCartney

Notes
Passage 4:
Mick Jagger
Sir Michael Philip Jagger (born 26 July 1943) is an English singer and songwriter  He is the lead vocalist and one of the founder members of rock band the Rolling Stones  His songwriting partnership with Keith Richards is one of the most successful in history  Jagger's career has spanned over six decades, and he has been widely described as one of the most popular and influential frontmen in the history of rock music  His distinctive voice and energetic live performances, along with Richards' guitar style, have been the Rolling Stones' trademark throughout the band's career  Jagger gained notoriety for his romantic involvements, illicit drug use, and has often been portrayed as a countercultural figure 
Jagger was born and grew up in Dartford  He studied at the London School of Economics before abandoning his studies to join the Rolling Stones  Jagger has written most of the Rolling Stones' songs together with Richards, and they continue to collaborate musically  In the late 1960s, Jagger starred in the films Performance (1970) and Ned Kelly (1970), to mixed receptions  Beginning in the 1980s, he released a number of solo works, including four albums and the single "Dancing in the Street", a 1985 duet with David Bowie that reached No  1 in the UK and Australia and was a top-ten hit in other countries  
In the 2000s, he co-founded a film production company, Jagged Films, and through produced feature films through the company beginning with a 2001 historical drama Enigma   He began a solo recording career in 1985, releasing his first solo album, She's the Boss, and joined the electric supergroup SuperHeavy in 2009  Relationships with his fellow Rolling Stones' members, particularly Richards, deteriorated during the 1980s, but Jagger has always found more success with the band than with his solo and side projects  He was married to Bianca Pérez-Mora Macias from 1971 to 1978, and has had several other relationships; he has eight children with five women 
In 1989, Jagger was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and, in 2004, into the UK Music Hall of Fame with the Rolling Stones  As a member of the Rolling Stones and as a solo artist, he reached No  1 on the UK and U S  singles charts with 13 singles, the top 10 with 32 singles and the top 40 with 70 singles  In 2003, he was knighted for his services to popular music  The genus Jaggermeryx naida and the type species Aegrotocatellus jaggeri are named for him  Jagger is credited with bringing a style and sexiness to rock and roll and with being a trailblazer in pop music that have been imitated and proven influential with subsequent generations of musicians 

Early life and education
Jagger was born into a middle-class family in Dartford, Kent, on 26 July 1943  His father, Basil Fanshawe "Joe" Jagger, was a gymnast and physical education teacher who helped popularise basketball in Britain  His paternal grandfather, David Ernest Jagger, was also a teacher  His mother, Eva Ensley Mary (née Scutts), born in Sydney but of English descent, was a hairdresser who was politically active in the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom  His parents were married in 1940 at Holy Trinity Church in Dartford  Jagger's younger brother, Chris (born 19 December 1947), is also a musician, and the two have performed together Although he was encouraged to follow his father's career path growing up, Jagger has said, "I always sang as a child  I was one of those kids who just liked to sing  Some kids sing in choirs; others like to show off in front of the mirror  I was in the church choir and I also loved listening to singers on the radio—the BBC or Radio Luxembourg—or watching them on TV and in the movies "In September 1950, Keith Richards and Jagger first met as classmates at Wentworth Primary School in Dartford, prior to the Jagger family's 1954 move to Wilmington, Kent  The same year he passed the eleven-plus examination and attended Dartford Grammar School, which now has the Mick Jagger Centre performing arts venue  Jagger and Richards lost contact with each other when they went to different schools In the mid-1950s, Jagger began his music career, forming a garage band with Dick Taylor, a friend of Jagger  The group played songs by Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Howlin' Wolf, and Bo Diddley  Jagger met Richards again on 17 October 1961 on platform two of Dartford railway station  The Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records Jagger was carrying revealed a shared interest in rhythm and blues  A musical partnership began shortly afterwards  Richards and Taylor often met Jagger at his house  In late 1961, the meetings moved to Taylor's house, where Alan Etherington and Bob Beckwith joined the trio  The quintet called themselves the Blues Boys Jagger left school in 1961 after passing seven O-levels and two A-levels  He and Richards moved into a flat at Edith Grove in Chelsea, London, with guitarist Brian Jones  While Richards and Jones planned to start their own rhythm and blues group, Jagger continued to study finance and accounting on a government grant as an undergraduate student at the London School of Economics  He had seriously considered becoming either a journalist or a politician, comparing the latter to a pop star Brian Jones, using the name Elmo Lewis, began working at the Ealing Club, where a loose music ensemble known as Blues Incorporated was performing, under the leadership of Alexis Korner  Jones, Richards, and Jagger began playing with the group, and Jagger eventually becoming the band's lead singer  Jones, Richards, and Jagger  began meeting on their own to practise, establishing the foundation for what would become the Rolling Stones 

The Rolling Stones
1960s
At the beginning of the Rolling Stones' founding in the early 1960s, the band mostly played for no money at a basement club opposite London's Ealing Broadway tube station, which was subsequently named Ferry's Club  The group had very little equipment and borrowed Korner's gear to play  Their first appearance, under the name the Rollin' Stones, after one of their favourite Muddy Waters songs, was performed at the Marquee Club, a London jazz club, on 12 July 1962  They later changed their name to the Rolling Stones, since it seemed more formal The initial band members included Jagger, Richards, Jones, Ian Stewart on piano, Dick Taylor on bass, and Tony Chapman on drums, but Richards wrote in Life, his memoir, that, "The drummer that night was Mick Avory–not Tony Chapman, as history has mysteriously handed it down   " In June 1963, the band began a five-month residency at Eel Pie Island Hotel, which the BBC later credited with shaping the band's career  By that autumn, Jagger left the London School of Economics to pursue a musical career with the Rolling Stones The group initially played songs by American rhythm and blues artists, including Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley  The band's first two UK No  1 hits were cover versions, "It's All Over Now" by Bobby Womack and "Little Red Rooster" by Willie Dixon  Encouraged by manager Andrew Loog Oldham, Jagger and Richards soon began  writing their own songs  Their songwriting partnership took time to develop; one of their early compositions was "As Tears Go By", a song written for Marianne Faithfull, a young singer Loog Oldham was promoting 
For the Rolling Stones, the duo wrote "The Last Time", the group's third No   1 single in the UK, based on "This May Be the Last Time", a traditional Negro spiritual song recorded by the Staple Singers in 1955  Jagger and Richards also wrote their first international hit, "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"  It established the Rolling Stones' image as defiant troublemakers in contrast to the Beatles as "lovable moptop[s]"  Jagger told Stephen Schiff in a 1992 Vanity Fair profile: I wasn't trying to be rebellious in those days; I was just being me  I wasn't trying to push the edge of anything  I'm being me and ordinary, the guy from suburbia who sings in this band, but someone older might have thought it was just the most awful racket, the most terrible thing, and where are we going if this is music?    But all those songs we sang were pretty tame, really  People didn't think they were, but I thought they were tame 
The group's first albums, including Out of Our Heads, Aftermath, and Between the Buttons, were largely unsuccessful commercially  In 1967, Jagger, Richards, and Jones were hounded by authorities over their recreational drug use after News of the World published a three-part feature, "Pop Stars and Drugs: Facts That Will Shock You"  The feature describe alleged LSD parties hosted by the Moody Blues and attended by The Who's Pete Townshend and Cream's Ginger Baker, and alleged admissions of drug use by leading pop musicians  The first article targeted Donovan, who was raided and charged soon after the feature aired  The second installment, published on 5 February, targeted the Rolling Stones A reporter who contributed to the story spent an evening at the London club Blaise's, where a member of the Rolling Stones allegedly took several Benzedrine tablets, displayed a piece of hashish, and invited his companions back to his flat for a "smoke"  The article claimed this was Mick Jagger, but it turned out to be a case of mistaken identity; the reporter had been eavesdropping on Brian Jones  Two days after the article was published, Jagger filed a writ for libel against the News of the World Jagger and Richards were later arrested on drug charges and given unusually harsh sentences  Jagger was sentenced to three months' imprisonment for possession of four over-the-counter pep pills he had purchased in Italy, and Richards was sentenced to one year in prison for allowing cannabis to be smoked on his property  The traditionally conservative editor of The Times, William Rees-Mogg, wrote an article critical of the sentences  On appeal, Richards' sentence was overturned and Jagger's was amended to a conditional discharge, although he spent one night in London's Brixton Prison  The Rolling Stones continued to face legal battles for the next decade By the release of the Stones' album Beggars Banquet, Brian Jones was contributing only sporadically to the band  Jagger said Jones was "not psychologically suited to this way of life"  His drug use became a hindrance, and he could not obtain a U S  visa  Richards reported that in a June meeting with Jagger, Richards and Watts were at Jones' house, and Jones admitted he was unable to "go on the road again"  Jones left the band, saying,  "I've left, and if I want to I can come back"  On 3 July 1969, less than a month later, Jones drowned under mysterious circumstances in the swimming pool at his home, Cotchford Farm, in Hartfield, East Sussex  When asked if he felt guilty about Jones's death, Jagger told Rolling Stone in 1995:

No, I don't really  I do feel that I behaved in a very childish way, but we were very young, and in some ways we picked on him  But, unfortunately, he made himself a target for it; he was very, very jealous, very difficult, very manipulative, and if you do that in this kind of a group of people you get back as good as you give, to be honest  I wasn't understanding enough about his drug addiction  No one seemed to know much about drug addiction  Things like LSD were all new  No one knew the harm  People thought cocaine was good for you 
On 5 July 1969, two days after Jones' death, the Rolling Stones played a previously scheduled concert at Hyde Park, attended by 250,000 people, dedicating it as a tribute to Jones  It was their first concert with new guitarist, Mick Taylor, who replaced Jones  At the beginning of the Hyde Park concert, Jagger read an excerpt from Percy Bysshe Shelley's poem "Adonaïs", an elegy written on the death of John Keats, after which thousands of butterflies were released in Jones' memory  The band began the concert with "I'm Yours and I'm Hers", a song by Johnny Winter  During the concert, they band played three new songs from two forthcoming albums, "Midnight Rambler" and "Love in Vain", from Let It Bleed,  released in December 1969, and "Loving Cup", which appeared on Exile on Main St , released May 1972  They also played "Honky Tonk Women", released as a single the previous day 

1970s
In 1970, Jagger bought Stargroves, a manor house and estate near East Woodhay in Hampshire  The Rolling Stones and several other bands recorded there using the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio  In 1970, Nicolas Roeg's film Performance, produced in 1968 and featuring Jagger, was released  In the film, Jagger plays the role of Turner, a reclusive rock star  Keith Richards' girlfriend Anita Pallenberg also appeared in the film Jagger and the rest of the Rolling Stones moved to Southern France as tax exiles in 1971 to avoid paying a 93 percent supertax imposed by Harold Wilson's Labour government on the country's top earners  After the band's acrimonious split with their second manager, Allen Klein, in 1971, and Richards' heroin addiction, Jagger assumed control of the band's business affairs, leading to feuds between Jagger and Richards  Jagger has managed the group ever since, with Prince Rupert Loewenstein acting as business adviser and financial manager from 1968 until 2007 Jagger and the rest of the band changed their look and style as the 1970s progressed  While in France, Jagger learned to play guitar and contributed guitar parts for songs on Sticky Fingers (1971) and the Stones' subsequent albums except Dirty Work in 1986  For the Rolling Stones' highly publicised 1972 American tour, Jagger wore glam-rock clothing and glitter makeup on stage  Their interest in the blues had been made manifest on the 1972 album Exile on Main St   Music critic Russell Hall described Jagger's emotional singing on the gospel-influenced "Let It Loose", which appears on Exile on Main St , as the singer's best vocal achievement In 1972, Jagger, Charlie Watts, Bill Wyman, Nicky Hopkins, and Ry Cooder released Jamming with Edward!, an album recorded during the band's Let It Bleed sessions  The album includes loose jams while the rest of the Stones (reportedly) were waiting for Keith Richards to return to the studio In November 1972, the band began recording sessions in Kingston, Jamaica, for the album Goats Head Soup, which was released in 1973 and reached No  1 in both the UK and U S  The album includes the song "Angie", a global hit that was the first in a string of commercially successful singles to emerge from tepidly received studio albums  The sessions for Goats Head Soup produced unused material, including "Waiting on a Friend", a ballad that was not released until the Tattoo You LP nine years later Another legal battle over drugs, dating back to their stay in France, interrupted the making of Goats Head Soup  Authorities issued a warrant for Richards' arrest, and the other band members returned briefly to France for questioning related to the incident  Along with Jagger's 1967 and 1970 convictions on drug charges, this complicated the band's plans for their Pacific tour in early 1973  The band was denied permission to play in Japan and was nearly banned from playing in Australia  A European tour followed in September and October 1973, which bypassed France after Richards' arrest in England on drug charges The 1974 album It's Only Rock 'n Roll was recorded in the Musicland Studios in Munich; it reached No  2 in the UK and No  1 in the U S  Jagger and Richards produced the album credited as "the Glimmer Twins"  The album and the single of the same name were both hits Following Mick Taylor's exodus from the band in December 1974, the Stones needed a new guitarist  The recording sessions for the next album, Black and Blue (1976) (No  2 in the UK, No  1 in the US), in Munich provided an opportunity for some guitarists hoping to join the band to work while trying out  Several guitarists were auditioned, some without even knowing they were auditioning  Ronnie Wood, then the guitarist of the band Faces was selected and joined the band in 1975  Woods has sometimes functioned as a mediator in the group, especially between Jagger and Richards  His first full-length LP with the band was Some Girls (1978), on which they ventured into disco and punk, a move primarily led by Jagger 

1980s
Following the success of Some Girls, the band released the album Emotional Rescue in mid-1980  During recording sessions for the album, a rift between Jagger and Richards began developing  Richards wanted to tour in the summer or autumn of 1980 to promote Emotional Rescue, but Jagger declined  Emotional Rescue hit the top of the charts on both sides of the Atlantic and the title track reached No  3 in the US In early 1981, the Rolling Stones reconvened and began touring the U S  that year, leaving little time to write and record a new album  The band's album Tattoo You, released in 1981, featured several outtakes, including "Start Me Up", the album's lead single that reached No  2 in the US and ranked No  22 on Billboard's Hot 100 year-end chart  Two songs, "Waiting on a Friend" (US No  13), and "Tops", feature Mick Taylor's unused rhythm guitar tracks  Jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins plays on three Tattoo You songs, "Slave", "Neighbours", and "Waiting on a Friend"  The album reached No  2 in the UK and No  1 in the U S While continuing to tour and release albums with the Rolling Stones, Jagger began a solo career  According to a February 1985 article in Rolling Stone, Jagger did so to "establish an artistic identity for himself apart from the Rolling Stones"   his "boldest attempt yet"  Jagger started writing and recording material for his first solo album She's the Boss  Released on 19 February 1985, the album, produced by Nile Rodgers and Bill Laswell, features Herbie Hancock, Jeff Beck, Jan Hammer, Pete Townshend and the Compass Point All Stars  It sold well, and the single "Just Another Night" was a Top Ten hit  During this period, he collaborated with the Jacksons on the song "State of Shock", sharing lead vocals with Michael Jackson In 1985, Jagger performed without the Rolling Stones at Live Aid, a multi-venue charity concert in 1985  Jagger performed at Philadelphia's JFK Stadium, where he also performed a duet of "It's Only Rock and Roll" with Tina Turner, highlighted by Jagger tearing away Turner's skirt, and a cover of "Dancing in the Street" with David Bowie, who was performing at Wembley Stadium in London



ground_truth: George Balanchine

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Robbie Tucker plays in what series that follows a group of friends who run an Irish bar?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 
Clancy was one of five Irish Parliamentary Party representatives in the Irish Convention of 1917–18 who tried to get an agreed settlement of the Ulster question  In this capacity he took the majority Nationalist line, compromising over the question of customs and excise and safeguards for Protestant interests for the sake of agreement with the Southern Unionists, and rejecting the more assertive Nationalist line of a group led by the Bishop of Raphoe  Although the Convention produced a majority report, the consensus did not include the Northern Protestants and Lloyd George subsequently went ahead with legislation for partition under the Fourth Home Rule Act   Following Redmond's death in March 1918, Clancy was seen as the leader of the remnants of the Redmondite wing of the Party   He was one of the committee of six who drafted the Irish Parliamentary Party manifesto for the 1918 general election  In that election he was defeated by more than two to one by the Sinn Féin candidate, Frank Lawless, the Parliamentary Party swept aside and only winning a disproportionate six contested seats, on 21 7% of the national vote in Ireland 
J  J  Clancy died in Dublin on 25 November 1928 

Notes
Selected writings
Essays and Speeches on the Irish Question:  Vol  1, edited by J  J  Clancy, London, Irish Press Agency, 1888
‘The Position of the Irish Tenant’, Contemporary Review, Vol LVI, July 1889
Short Lessons on the Irish Question;  or, The leaflets of the Irish Press Agency, Vol 1, Nos 1–102, edited by J  J  Clancy,  London, Irish Press Agency, 1890
‘The Question of the Irish Leadership’, Contemporary Review, Vol LIX, March 1891
‘The Financial Aspects of Home Rule’, Contemporary Review, Vol LXIII, January 1893
‘The Housing Problem:  How to Solve It’,  Speech delivered at the meeting of the Central branch of the United Irish League on 6 Nov 1907,  Dublin, United Irish League, 1907
The Irish Party and the Budget:  A Vindication, Dublin, Sealy, Bryers and Walker, 1910
The Home Rule Act:  A Statement of its Provisions, Dublin, United Irish League, 1917
Passage 6:
Charles Johnstone
Charles Johnstone (c  1719–1800) was an Irish novelist  Prevented by deafness from practising at the Irish Bar, he went to India, where he was proprietor of a newspaper  He wrote one successful book, Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea, a somewhat sombre satire 

Life
Born at Carrigogunnell, County Limerick about 1719, he was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, but is not known to have taken a degree  He was called to the bar, but extreme deafness prevented his practice except as a chamber lawyer, where he did not succeed  He began to write as a living In May 1782, Johnstone sailed for India, with a dangerous shipwreck on the voyage  He found employment in writing for the Bengal newspaper press, under the signature of "Oneiropolos"  He became in time joint proprietor of a journal, and prospered  He died at Calcutta about 1800 

Works
Johnstone's major work, entitled Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea, and frequently reprinted, appeared in 4 vols , London, 1760–65  The first and second volumes had been written during a visit to George Edgcumbe, 3rd Baron Edgcumbe in Devon  The book, a succès de scandale, claimed to reveal political secrets, and to expose the profligacy of well-known public characters Johnstone was also the author of:
The Reverie, or a Flight to the Paradise of Fools, 2 vols  London, 1762 
The History of Arsaces, Prince of Betlis, 2 vols  1774 
The Pilgrim, or a Picture of Life, 2 vols  1775 
History of John Juniper, Esq , alias Juniper Jack, 3 vols  1781 

See also
Hellfire Club
Passage 7:
Thomas O'Shaughnessy
Sir Thomas Lopdell O'Shaughnessy, KC (22 December 1850 – 7 March 1933) was the last Recorder of Dublin in Ireland 

Early life
O'Shaughnessy was born on 22 December 1850 in Dublin, son of Thomas O'Shaughnessy and Mary Lopdell  He married Catherine Trueman in 1879 and they had four children  He died at his home in Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin on 7 March 1933  Educated at Queens College Galway, he was called to the Irish Bar in 1874 and to the English Bar by Middle Temple in 1894 

Legal career
O'Shaughnessy carried out his practice on the Connaught and North Eastern Circuit  He served as counsel to the plaintiffs in relation to the disastrous rail accident during a school outing from Armagh to Newry  O'Shaughnessy won a great reputation from this trial, and took silk (an informal term for Queen's Counsel) soon after  For fifteen years, he was one of the most influential, effective and well-paid barristers of the Dublin Four Courts, and was regarded as a mentor to younger barristers Maurice Healy remarked that there was a rather unfriendly rivalry between himself and William Huston Dodd as to which of them was entitled to be called "Leader of the Bar"  He was sworn in as Recorder of Dublin in 1905  He would be the last to hold this position, a role which stretched back to James Stanihurst in 1564  The Recordership was abolished in 1924 and O'Shaughnessy became a judge in the High Court of the Irish Free State  He resigned in 1925 and received a knighthood in 1927  He was a Bencher of the King's Inns and was sworn in as a member of the Irish Privy Council in 1912  He was a member of the Reform Club 
Passage 8:
Robbie Tucker
Robbie Tucker (born April 5, 2001) is an American actor  His best known role to date is that of Fenmore Baldwin on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless  Tucker has also starred on other series, such as Criminal Minds, FlashForward and It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia  He has also appeared in the films Prom and Little Fockers 
In 2012, Tucker was nominated at the 33rd Young Artist Awards for his performance in Prom and won for his role in The Young and the Restless He is also the brother of actress Jillian Rose Reed 

Filmography
Passage 9:
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American sitcom created by Rob McElhenney and developed with Glenn Howerton for FX  It premiered on August 4, 2005, and was moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season in 2013  It stars Charlie Day, Howerton, McElhenney, Kaitlin Olson, and Danny DeVito  The series follows the exploits of "The Gang", a group of narcissistic and sociopathic friends who run the Irish dive bar Paddy's Pub in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, but spend most of their free time drinking, scheming, arguing amongst themselves, and plotting elaborate cons against others, and at times each other, for personal benefit, financial gain, revenge, or simply out of boredom 
With its 15th season, the series became the longest-running live-action American comedy series, replacing The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, which ran for 14 seasons (435 episodes) between 1952 and 1966  In December 2020, the series was renewed for a total of four additional seasons, bringing it to 18 seasons  The 16th season premiered on June 7, 2023 The show has received critical acclaim, with many lauding the cast performances and dark humor  It has amassed a large cult following 

Plot
The series follows a group of misfit, narcissistic sociopaths, referred to as "The Gang", who run a meager, unsuccessful Irish bar called Paddy's Pub in the neighborhood of South Philadelphia  The Gang originally consists of janitor Charlie Kelly (Charlie Day), bouncer Mac (Rob McElhenney), and bartender Dennis Reynolds (Glenn Howerton), the three of whom also own Paddy's Pub, in addition to Dennis' twin sister Dee Reynolds (Kaitlin Olson), a struggling actress who works as a waitress there  In season 2, they are joined by Frank Reynolds (Danny DeVito), an eccentric millionaire and the neglectful father of the Reynolds twins, who takes over most of the ownership of the bar  He soon becomes the financial catalyst for the Gang, often funding many of the Gang's over-complicated plots, while simultaneously succumbing to the brazen depravity of the group 
Each member of The Gang exhibits unethical behavior and anti-social traits such as extreme selfishness, pathological dishonesty, narcissism, aggression, excessive drinking and substance abuse, unregulated emotions, cruelty, and absolutely no regard for the people around them, while also displaying acute codependency, stupidity, and a surprising lack of awareness of basic social norms  The comedy of the show emerges from these extreme character traits resulting in conflicts that lead The Gang into absurd, dark and painfully embarrassing situations, typically ending with them getting their comeuppance, but never learning their lesson  This allows the show to mine a variety of socio-political and economic issues for satire and dark humor, while keeping the characters in a state of relative stasis conducive to the long-running sitcom format 
Episodes usually find The Gang hatching elaborate schemes and regularly conspiring, against both outsiders and one another, for personal gain, revenge, or simply schadenfreude  They habitually inflict physical and psychological pain on anyone who crosses their path, even each other, yet always return to the status quo at Paddy's Pub because they have alienated the rest of society and have only each other's company in the end  The Gang has no sense of shame when attempting to get what they want and often engage in activities that others would find humiliating, disgusting, or shocking  Some of these situations include pretending to be disabled, becoming addicted to crack cocaine in order to qualify for welfare, attempted cannibalism, kidnapping, waterboarding, blackface, blackmail, stalking, grave robbing, hiding naked inside a couch to eavesdrop on people, tricking a man into giving his daughter a lap dance, foraging naked in the sewers for rings and coins, impersonating police officers to extort civilians, creating a cult, secretly feeding someone their dead pet, plugging their open wounds with trash, setting an apartment full of people on fire and nailing the exit shut, taking out life insurance on a suicidal person, and lying about having AIDS in order to get priority access to water park rides  In an angry summation of their circumstances during one such escapade, Dennis laments The Gang's dynamic:

We immediately escalate everything to a ten    somebody comes in with some preposterous plan or idea, then all of a sudden everyone's on the gas, nobody's on the brakes, nobody's thinking, everyone's just talking over each other with one idiotic idea after another! Until, finally, we find ourselves in a situation where we've broken into somebody's house – and the homeowner is home!
With rare exceptions, Paddy's Pub generates limited revenue  Most stay away from the establishment due to the numerous stabbings that have taken place  The few regular customers have been known to serve themselves  The Gang has been known to close Paddy's for extended periods without warning  When the bar is open, they shirk their respective jobs' responsibilities and choose to drink instead  Paddy's is only able to stay in business because of Frank's financial backing, government bailouts and tax fraud 

Cast and characters
The show features a core cast of five characters (The Gang) and a recurring cast of colorful side characters, including the Waitress, Cricket, the McPoyles, the Ponderosas, the Lawyer and various family members like Mrs  Kelly, Mrs  Mac and Uncle Jack Kelly, who cross paths and interact with the Gang in increasingly unhinged ways as the show progresses 

Main
Charlie Day as Charlie Kelly, co-owner and janitor of Paddy's Pub  He is a childhood friend of Mac, and high school friend of Dennis and Dee  He lives in squalor with Frank in a run-down, vermin-infested apartment, and has deep-seated psychological problems, partly due to substance abuse from huffing paint and glue, and partly due to his complicated family background possibly involving child abuse  He has an extensive history of pica and regularly eats various items not meant for human consumption, such as cat food, stickers, paint, and bleach  Due to his general lack of intelligence and his illiteracy, he is arguably the simplest member of The Gang  Despite this, Charlie is a naturally gifted musician, a self-proclaimed expert in "bird law" and possibly the only competent worker at Paddy's with his knack for unorthodox maintenance practices ("Charlie Work")  He also has an unhealthy obsession with "The Waitress", a recurring character who finds his interest in her creepy 
Glenn Howerton as Dennis Reynolds, co-owner and the main bartender of Paddy's Pub, in addition to being Dee's twin brother and Frank's son  Originally the most intelligent and normal-seeming of the three co-owners, Dennis is slowly revealed to be the most narcissistic and psychopathic of The Gang  Dennis is extremely superficial, selfish, vain and abrasive  His predatory nature is often depicted through numerous attempts to seduce various women; which, when successful, result in him gaslighting and emotionally abusing them in order to win over their favor before inevitably dumping them once he has had sex with them ("The D E N N I S  System")  It is strongly hinted at times that Dennis may secretly be a serial killer, though this remains ambiguous as a running gag  In season 10, he is diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, though he frequently denies this and believes himself to be completely rational, and is convinced that he is in complete control of everything and everyone around him, going as far as to label himself a 'golden god'  In the season 12 finale, Dennis reveals to the rest of the gang that he has an infant son, and moves to North Dakota to raise him  He returns to Philadelphia in season 13, supposedly supporting his family from a distance 
Rob McElhenney as Ronald "Mac" McDonald, co-owner and self-proclaimed bouncer of Paddy's Pub  He is Charlie's childhood friend and Dennis's high school friend  The son of a convicted felon who has been in prison for much of Mac's life, he frequently attempts to demonstrate his toughness and refers to himself as the "sheriff of Paddy's"  Deeply insecure, Mac constantly seeks the approval of those around him, especially his father, his apathetic and emotionally absent mother, and Dennis, his roommate  He suffers from extreme bouts of body dysmorphia, and has been depicted at various weights throughout the course of the series: prior to the beginning of Season 7, he gained 60 pounds (27 kg) and was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes, and when he finally returned to a healthy weight in the following season, he admitted he misses being fat, as he believed he had come across as "scary" to people  In Season 13, he is noticeably fit and physically stronger, though it is quickly revealed his motives for attaining his shape was strictly due to his intense desire for acceptance from the rest of the Gang  He often brags about his hand-to-hand combat skills, but typically flees from physical confrontation and is usually depicted as the most cowardly of the gang  Mac is a Roman Catholic, though he often espouses strong Christian fundamentalist opinions, despite his often amoral behavior, such as casual sex with numerous women, including Dennis's and Dee's mother  Though it is frequently insinuated Mac harbors homosexual feelings, he maintained an adamant denial of any such proclivity, much to the gang's annoyance, until he comes out in season 12  Later episodes reveal that Mac is sexually attracted to his best friend, Dennis 
Kaitlin Olson as Deandra "Sweet Dee" Reynolds, waitress and sometimes bartender at Paddy's Pub, as well as Dennis's twin sister and Frank's daughter  Though initially depicted as The Gang's 'the voice of reason' in the debut season, she gradually loses any sense of moral fortitude that she once had, and is frequently shown to be just as prejudiced and depraved as her male friends by the end of season 1, arguably becoming the most petty member of the group, often plotting against others whom she deems more successful than herself in a vain effort to boost her own image  Dee wore a back brace in high school, leaving her with the nickname "The Aluminum Monster", and she is frequently referred to by the gang as a bird  Dee lives alone in an apartment  Though often the butt of the gang's jokes, she frequently involves herself in their schemes, perhaps due to her constant need for approval and attention from her peers  She does not hold any ownership stake in the bar – perhaps due to the gang's various prejudices against her, but also in part to her desire to become a professional actress/comedian (an ambition she consistently fails to achieve due to her debilitating stage fright and her general lack of any apparent talent)  In multiple episodes, it is referenced that Dee set her college roommate on fire, and is often portrayed as the most physically violent of the group  Despite expressing outward disgust at her brother's more predatory behavior, later episodes reveal Dee not to be above such behavior herself 
Danny DeVito as Frank Reynolds, legal father of Dennis and Dee Reynolds, and the majority owner of Paddy's Pub soon after his introduction in season 2 onward  Frank is a millionaire and often funds and enables The Gang's worst schemes and impulses, just to feel a sense of youthfulness and energy  He was once a successful businessman with a long history of illegal operations and dealings with sordid characters, but chooses to abandon that life and redeem himself after leaving his "whore wife", Barbara Reynolds  It is revealed at the end of season 2 that Dennis and Dee are products of an affair and not actually his biological children  He has since embraced his "feral" nature and describes himself as "fringe class"  Despite his substantial financial resources, he chooses to share a decrepit studio apartment with Charlie, where they sleep together on a pullout couch and have a surprisingly affectionate pseudo-father/son relationship  The two have similar interests, such as playing the inexplicable game of Night Crawlers and foraging naked in sewers for valuables  He always arms himself with at least one loaded handgun and does not hesitate to brandish or even discharge one when provoked, and often snorts cocaine as part of his daily routine 

Production
Charlie Day, Glenn Howerton, and Rob McElhenney first met each other while auditioning for Tuck Everlasting and other projects in New York City and, later, in Los Angeles—they were going up for similar parts, moved to Los Angeles around the same time and even had the same manager Nick Frenkel  Day and Howerton, notably, got to know each other on a car ride back from testing for That '80s Show in late 2001, when Howerton was cast as Corey Howard and Day did not get the part of his best friend  While living in New York, Day had been making comedic home movies with his friends from the Williamstown Theatre Festival—Jimmi Simpson, Nate Mooney, David Hornsby and Logan Marshall-Green, (many of whom would later go on to be involved with Sunny)—which inspired McElhenney and Howerton to want to make short films of their own with him  McElhenney, in particular, had been writing screenplays between jobs and since none of them were picked up, decided to shoot them himself with Howerton, Day and other actor friends  The decision to make their own short films was further influenced by the release of the affordable Panasonic DVX100A digital camera as well as the accessible, low-budget look of The Office (UK) and Curb Your Enthusiasm It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia grew out of an idea for a short film conceived late one night by McElhenney "where a friend came over to another friend's house to get sugar, and the friend tells him he has cancer, and all the guy can think about is getting his sugar and getting out of there"  He wrote the scene down before taking it to Howerton the next day to flesh it out and work on making it comedic  Day was soon roped in and the first script was written, featuring three struggling actors in LA named Charlie, Glenn and Mac, and the ensuing awkwardness around Charlie's cancer diagnosis  The home movies were shot and reshot multiple times, initially with Hornsby playing the Mac character and McElhenney behind the camera as director  It was via this process that McElhenney, Day and Howerton learned the basics of shooting, editing and other aspects of film-making  The three then developed a second "episode" of their home movie series, this time focused on the cringe humor from Mac's sense of shame around his relationship with Carmen, a transgender woman  At this point, it became clear that the home movies had potential as a television series, instead of the short films they were envisioned as originally  Both parts would eventually end up in the episode "Charlie Has Cancer" 
The home movie was titled It's Always Sunny on TV after the a-ha song "The Sun Always Shines on T V "  Howerton had been listening to the album Hunting High and Low (1985) while stretching at a Crunch gym in West Hollywood This was then developed into a pilot called It's Always Sunny on TV and was shot on a digital camcorder and filmed in the actors' own apartments  They expanded the central cast to four people living in Los Angeles, "a group of best friends who care so little for each other", Howerton said It was believed the pilot was shot with a budget of just $200, but Day would later comment, "We shot it for nothing    I don't know where this $200 came from    We were a bunch of kids with cameras running around shooting each other and [the] next thing you know, we're eleven years in and we're still doing the show " This pilot was shopped by the actors around various studios, their pitch being simply showing the DVD of the pilot to executives  After viewing the pilot, FX Network ordered the first season  The show was budgeted at $450,000 an episode, less than a third of a network standard, using Panasonic's DVX100 MiniDV prosumer video camera  The original concept had "the gang" being out-of-work actors with the theme song being a cha-cha version of "Hooray for Hollywood"; however there were too many shows at the time with a similar premise  "The network came to us and said, 'We don't want a show about actors,' and we said, 'Fine, let's put it somewhere else,'" McElhenney explained  "I'm from Philly, let's put it in Philly, and we'll make it about a bar, because that's a job where you can have lots of free time and still have income that could explain how these people can sustain themselves " Prior to Kaitlin Olson joining the show, the character Sweet Dee was originally played by Jordan Reid, who at the time was the girlfriend of McElhenney, but was recast after they broke up  The title was later changed to reflect that, in the unaired pilot, the gang had been rewritten as bar owners in Philadelphia, instead of actors in LA 
After the first season, FX executives were worried about the show's low ratings and demanded that changes be made to the cast  "So, John Landgraf, who's the president of FX, he called me in for a meeting and was like, 'Hey, no one's watching the show, but we love it,'" McElhenney recalled  "'We wanna keep it on, but we don't have any money for marketing, and we need to add somebody with some panache that we can hopefully parlay into some public relations story, just so we can get people talking '" FX began suggesting actors such as Danny DeVito that could boost the show's profile  "It's not that we were reticent to the idea of adding Danny to the show," Howerton recalled, "It's that we were reticent to add a name to the show  You know, because we kinda liked that we were no-names and it was this weird, small thing, you know " Initially, McElhenney refused, saying "No, I just don't think we wanna do that, and they were like, 'Oh OK, well, you know    the show's over '" Realizing they needed to change the trajectory of the show to please the network, McElhenney, Howerton, and Day became open to adding a new cast member who was familiar to the public  However, McElhenney, Howerton, and Day were hesitant at first since they thought they would "ruin the show", particularly Day  DeVito later joined the cast in the first episode of the second season, playing the father of Dennis and Dee The show is shot in both Philadelphia and Los Angeles  The exterior of Paddy's Pub is located at the Starkman Building on 544 Mateo Street in Los Angeles 
On April 1, 2016, the series was renewed for a thirteenth and fourteenth season, which matched The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet with the most seasons for a live-action sitcom in American television history  On April 9, 2020, McElhenney announced that writing had begun for the fifteenth season  Filming for the season began in May 2021 and wrapped that October  In January 2023, McElhenney confirmed that filming for the sixteenth season had begun 

Episodes
Broadcast and syndication
The first season ran for seven episodes with the finale airing September 15, 2005  According to McElhenney, word of mouth on the show was good enough for FX to renew it for a second season, which ran from June 29 to August 17, 2006  Reruns of edited first-season episodes began airing on FX's then-parent network, Fox, in June 2006, for a planned three-episode run—"The Gang Finds a Dead Guy," "Gun Fever" (which was renamed "Gun Control") and "Charlie Gets Molested" were shown  The show was not aired on broadcast television again until 2011, when FX began offering it for syndication The third season ran from September 13 to November 15, 2007  On March 5, 2008, FX renewed It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia for a fourth season  On July 15, 2008, it was reported that FX had ordered 39 additional episodes of the series, produced as seasons five through seven of the show  All five main cast members were secured for the entire scheduled run  The fifth season ran from September 17 to December 10, 2009  On May 31, 2010, Comedy Central began airing reruns  WGN America also began broadcasting the show as part of its fall 2011 schedule The sixth season ran from September 16 to December 9, 2010, comprising 12 episodes, plus the Christmas special  The seventh season ran from September 15 to December 15, 2011, comprising 13 episodes  On August 6, 2011, FX announced it had picked up the show for an additional two seasons (the eighth and ninth) running through 2013  On March 28, 2013, FX renewed the show for a tenth season, and announced that it would move to FX's new sister network, FXX In April 2017, Kaitlin Olson announced that It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia would go on an extended hiatus  In an interview with TV Guide, she said, "We ended up pushing our next season a year because we were all busy with separate projects this year  So at the end of this coming shooting season of The Mick, I'll step right into Sunny after that "On October 2, 2017, the show premiered on Vice on TV The series is available for streaming on Hulu except for the episodes "America's Next Top Paddy's Billboard Model Contest", "Dee Reynolds: Shaping America's Youth", "The Gang Recycles Their Trash", "The Gang Makes Lethal Weapon 6" and "Dee Day", due to scenes involving blackface  The same episodes are missing from Netflix in the UK, Disney+ in Australia, Canada, and Scandinavia, and Star+ in Latin America 

Music
The show uses recurring orchestral production music selections  "We had a music supervisor called Ray Espinola and we said, 'Give us everything you have in a sort of Leave It to Beaver with a big band-swing kind of feel,' and the majority of the songs are from what he sent over," Charlie Day explained  "When you set it against what these characters were doing—which often times can be perceived as quite despicable, or wrong—it really disarmed the audience  It just became our go-to library of songs "The theme song is called "Temptation Sensation" by German composer Heinz Kiessling  Kiessling's work ("On Your Bike" and "Blue Blood") can also be heard during various scene transitions throughout the show, along with other composers and pieces such as Werner Tautz ("Off Broadway"), Joe Brook ("Moonbeam Kiss"), and Karl Grell ("Honey Bunch")  Many of the tracks heard in the series are from Cafe Romantique, an album of easy listening production music collected by Extreme Music, the production music library unit of Sony/ATV Music Publishing  Independent record label Fervor Records has also contributed music to the show  Songs from The Jack Gray Orchestra's album Easy Listening Symph-O-Nette ("Take A Letter Miss Jones," "Golly Gee Whiz," and "Not a Care in the World") and the John Costello III release Giants of Jazz ("Birdcage," "Cotton Club" and "Quintessential") are heard in several episodes 
The soundtrack, featuring most of the music heard on the show, was released in 2010 

Soundtrack track listing
Reception and legacy
Critical reviews and commentary
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia has received critical acclaim for its humor and the performances of the cast  Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker praised the show, calling it "not merely the best sitcom on television but one of the most arresting and ambitious current TV series, period " Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly reviewed the first season negatively, commenting, "[I]t is smug enough to think it's breaking ground, but not smart enough to know it isn't " Brian Lowry of Variety gave the first season a positive review, saying it was "invariably clever and occasionally a laugh-out-loud riot, all while lampooning taboo topics " However, later seasons of the show have received favorable ratings on review aggregator Metacritic, receiving 70/100, 78/100 and 85/100 for seasons 4, 5 and 6 respectively  The show has become a cult hit with viewers and is often compared in style to Seinfeld—particularly due to the self-centered nature of its main characters  The Philadelphia Inquirer reviewer Jonathan Storm wrote, "It's like Seinfeld on crack," a quote that became widely used to describe the series, to the point that FX attached the tagline, "It's Seinfeld on crack "In 2014, Entertainment Weekly listed the show at number 7 in the "26 Best Cult TV Shows Ever," with the comment that "it's a great underdog story     If it sounds too dark for you, consider that there's an episode about making mittens for kittens, and it's adorable " In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook likes found that Sunny was "more popular in college towns (and most popular in Philadelphia) "In 2015, Rolling Stone rated the top 20 greatest and funniest It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes, stating "for 10 seasons, the series had mined comic gold from the execrable behavior of the owners of Paddy's Pub " They claimed the two-part season 4 episode, "Mac and Charlie Die" is the sitcom's greatest episode yet  In 2019, the BBC called the show "the best US sitcom " They praised the show's unique outlook and ability to range from nihilistic humor to genuine heartfelt moments According to Matt Fowler of IGN, the series "broke new ground" due to its sociopathic depiction of "The Gang"  It was also ranked 63rd in IGN's list of the top 100 TV shows of all time 

Awards
Other media
The Nightman Cometh live
In September 2009, the cast took their show live  The "Gang" performed the musical The Nightman Cometh in New York City, Boston, Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia  Mary Elizabeth Ellis and Artemis Pebdani also appeared in the performance as The Waitress and Artemis  Actress Rhea Perlman (wife of Danny DeVito) assumed the role of Gladys Creator Rob McElhenney said that Live Nation originally approached the cast about doing the show at 30 cities, but in the end the cast settled on six  Co-developer Glenn Howerton described the show as "essentially an expanded version of the actual episode of "The Nightman Cometh," which was the final episode for season four  There are some added moments, added scenes, added songs, and extended versions of songs that already existed " The performance featured two new songs, and the actors were given more opportunity to improvise thanks to the longer running time  An episode from season five was also previewed before the show 
The Los Angeles performance, filmed at The Troubadour, was included as a bonus feature on the season four DVD box set 

Russian adaptation
A Russian adaptation of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia premiered in Russia on the television channel TNT on May 12, 2014  This version is titled В Москве всегда солнечно (V Moskve vsegda solnechno, It's Always Sunny in Moscow) and like the original, centers around four friends, who own a bar called "Philadelphia" in Moscow 

Book
A book based upon It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was released on January 6, 2015, titled The Gang Writes a Self-Help Book: The 7 Secrets of Awakening the Highly Effective Four-Hour Giant, Today 

Podcast
On November 9, 2021, Howerton, Day, and McElhenney started The Always Sunny Podcast, an episode-by-episode-recap of the show, with Megan Ganz as producer  Occasional guest stars include Kaitlin Olson, David Hornsby, Mary Elizabeth Ellis, Michael Naughton, Lin-Manuel Miranda, Cormac Bluestone and Danny DeVito 

Notes
Context 3:  The video was shown simultaneously on the screens of both Wembley and JFK Stadiums  The song reached No  1 in the UK the same year 
Richards ended his heroin use and became more present in decision making, but Jagger was not accustomed to Richards' presence and did not like his authority over the band diminished  This led to a feud between Jagger and Richards that has been referred to as "World War III" with concern at the time that Jagger touring without the Stones could prove a "death sentence" for the band  When the Stones released Dirty Work in March 1986, Jagger's relations with Richards had reached an all-time low, leading Jagger to refuse to tour with the band to support the new album  Jagger responded, saying: I think that one ought to be allowed to have one's artistic side apart from just being in the Rolling Stones  I love the Rolling Stones—I think it's wonderful, I think it's done a lot of wonderful things for music  But, you know, it cannot be, at my age and after spending all these years, the only thing in my life 
Jagger released his second solo album, Primitive Cool, in 1987  Though it failed to match the commercial success of his debut solo album, it was critically well received  Richards released his first solo album, Talk is Cheap, shortly afterwards  Many felt the respective solo efforts marked the end of the Rolling Stones as a band  In 1988, Jagger produced the songs "Glamour Boys" and "Which Way to America" on Living Colour's album Vivid  Between 15 and 28 March, he also performed a solo concert tour in Japan, playing in Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka 
Jagger and Richards reunited in the Barbados in 1988 and produced dozens of new songs  Richards recalls:We just started in  And within two days, we realized we had five or six songs happening  I did have to take Mick to a few discos—which are not my favourite places in the world—because Mick likes to go out and dance at night  So I did that  That was my sacrifice  I humoured him  And that's when I knew we could work together 
Ron Wood believes the modest sales of Jagger's Primitive Cool "surprised" Jagger and made him "realize the strength of the band"  Richards recalled, "We've been stuffed together for years and one of the consequences of the break was making us realize we were stuck together whether we liked it or not  Jagger said, "Because we've been doing it for so long, we don't really have to discuss it  When we come up with a lick or a riff or a chorus, we already know if it's right or if it's wrong " On 29 August 1989, the band's released its 19th UK and 21st U S  album, Steel Wheels 

1990s
The 1989–1990 Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour was the band's first world tour in seven years and their biggest stage production to date  Opening acts included Living Colour and Guns N' Roses  Recordings from the tour were released in a 1991 concert album, Flashpoint, which reached No  6 in the UK and No  16 in the U S , and the concert film Live at the Max, released in 1991  The tour was Bill Wyman's last  After years of deliberation, Wyman chose to leave the band, although his departure was not made official until January 1993 Following the success of Steel Wheels, and the end of Jagger and Richards' well-publicised feud, Jagger attempted to reestablish himself as a solo artist  He acquired Rick Rubin as co-producer in January 1992 for his third solo album, Wandering Spirit  Sessions for the album began that month in Los Angeles and ended nine months later, in September 1992  Richards recorded his second solo studio album, Main Offender, at the same time On Wandering Spirit, Jagger used Lenny Kravitz as a vocalist on his cover of Bill Withers' "Use Me" and bassist Flea from Red Hot Chili Peppers on three separate tracks  Jagger signed with Atlantic Records, which had signed the Stones in the 1970s, to distribute the solo album  Wandering Spirit, released in February 1993, and The Very Best of Mick Jagger, a compilation album containing no new material, were both released by Atlantic Records  Wandering Spirit was commercially successful, reaching No  12 in the UK and No  11 in the U S In 1993, the Stones were ready to start recording their next studio album, and Charlie Watts recruited bassist Darryl Jones, a former sideman of Miles Davis and Sting, as Wyman's replacement for the recording of Voodoo Lounge, released in 1994  Jones continued to perform with the band as the band's touring and session bassist  The album was well received critically and proved commercially successful, going double platinum in the U S  Reviews of the Voodoo Lounge noted and credited the album's "traditionalist" sounds to the Rolling Stones' new producer Don Was  Voodoo Lounge won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album at the 1995 Grammy Awards  It reached No  1 in the UK and No  2 in the US The Voodoo Lounge Tour to support Voodoo Lounge lasted into 1996, grossing $320 million and becoming the world's highest-grossing tour ever at the time  On 8 September 1994, the Stones performed "Love Is Strong", a new song, and "Start Me Up" at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards at Radio City Music Hall in New York City  The band was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 1994 MTV ceremony The Rolling Stones ended the 1990s with the album Bridges to Babylon, released in 1997 to mixed reviews  It reached No  6 in the UK and No  3 in the U S  The music video for the single "Anybody Seen My Baby?" featuring Angelina Jolie was played in steady rotation on both MTV and VH1  Sales were roughly equal to those of previous records (about 1 2 million copies sold in the U S )  The subsequent Bridges to Babylon Tour, which  crossed Europe, North America, and other destinations, proved the band remained a strong live music attraction  Another live album, No Security, was released from the tour  No Security included all new songs, except "Live With Me" and "The Last Time", which had been previously unreleased on live albums  The album reached No  67 in the UK and No  34 in the U S  In 1999, the Rolling Stones staged the No Security Tour in the U S  and continued the Bridges to Babylon tour in Europe 

2000s
In 2001, Jagger released his fourth solo album, Goddess in the Doorway, spawning the single "Visions of Paradise", which reached No  44 in the UK  Following the 11 September attacks, Jagger joined Richards in the Concert for New York City, a benefit concert in response to the terrorist attack, to sing "Salt of the Earth" and "Miss You" From 1989 to 2001, according to Fortune, the Stones generated more than US$1 5 billion in total gross revenue, surpassing the revenue of U2, Bruce Springsteen, and Michael Jackson  Jagger celebrated the Rolling Stones' 40th anniversary by touring with the band on the year-long Licks Tour, supporting the band's commercially successful career retrospective, Forty Licks, a double album  In 2007, the band grossed US$437 million on A Bigger Bang Tour, earning the band an entry in the 2007 edition of Guinness World Records for the most lucrative music tour ever  Asked if the band would retire after the tour, Jagger said, "I'm sure the Rolling Stones will do more things and more records and more tours  We've got no plans to stop any of that really "Two years later, in October 2009, Jagger joined U2 to perform "Gimme Shelter" with Fergie and will i am, and "Stuck in a Moment You Can't Get Out Of" with U2 at the 25th Anniversary Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Concert 

2010s
On 20 May 2011, Jagger announced the formation of a new supergroup, SuperHeavy, including Dave Stewart, Joss Stone, Damian Marley, and A R  Rahman  The group started with a phone call Jagger received from Stewart  Stewart had heard three sound systems playing different music at the same time in his home in St Ann's Bay, Jamaica  This gave him the idea of creating a group with Jagger, fusing the musical styles of several artists  After multiple phone calls and deliberation, the other members of the group were decided upon  SuperHeavy released one album and two singles in 2011, reportedly recording 29 songs in ten days  Jagger is featured on will i am's 2011 single "T H E  (The Hardest Ever)" along with Jennifer Lopez, officially released to iTunes on 4 February 2012 
On 21 February 2012, Jagger, B B  King, Buddy Guy and Jeff Beck, and a blues ensemble, performed at the White House concert series before President Barack Obama  When Jagger held out a mic to him, Obama twice sang the line "Come on, baby don't you want to go" of the blues cover "Sweet Home Chicago", the blues anthem of Obama's hometown  Jagger hosted the season finale of Saturday Night Live on 19 and 20 May 2012, doing several comic skits and playing some Rolling Stones' hits with Arcade Fire, Foo Fighters and Jeff Beck Jagger performed in 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief with the Rolling Stones on 12 December 2012  The Stones played the Glastonbury festival in 2013, headlining on Saturday, 29 June  This was followed by two concerts in London's Hyde Park as part of their 50th anniversary celebrations, their first there since their famous 1969 performance  In 2013, Jagger teamed up with his brother Chris Jagger for two new duets on his album Concertina Jack, released to mark the 40th anniversary of his debut album  On 7 October 2016, the Stones headlined the first night of the three day music festival Desert Trip and covered the Beatles' 1969 single "Come Together"; Paul McCartney performed the next night  In July 2017, Jagger released the double A-sided single "Gotta Get a Grip" / "England Lost"  They were released as a response to the "anxiety, unknowability of the changing political situation" in a post-Brexit UK, according to Jagger  Accompanying music videos were released for both songs In March 2019, a Rolling Stones tour of the US and Canada from April to June had to be postponed as Jagger needed a transcatheter aortic valve replacement  On 4 April 2019, it was announced that Jagger had successfully undergone the procedure at NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital, and was in great health  After a six-week delay while Jagger recovered, the No Filter Tour resumed with two performances at Chicago's Soldier Field 

2020s
The band's 1973 album Goats Head Soup was reissued on 4 September 2020 and featured previously unreleased outtakes, such as "Criss Cross", which was released as a single and music video on 9 July 2020, "Scarlet", featuring Jimmy Page, and "All the Rage"  On 11 September 2020, the album topped the UK Albums Chart as the Rolling Stones became the first band to top the chart across six different decades The Rolling Stones—featuring Jagger, Richards, Watts and Wood at their homes—were one of the headline acts on Global Citizen's One World: Together at Home on-line and on-screen concert on 18 April 2020, a global event featuring dozens of artists and comedians to support frontline healthcare workers and the World Health Organization during the COVID-19 pandemic  On 23 April, Jagger announced through his Facebook page the release (the same day at 5pm BST) of the single "Living in a Ghost Town", a new Rolling Stones single recorded in London and Los Angeles in 2019 and finished in isolation (part of the new material that the band were recording in the studio before the COVID-19 lockdown), a song that the band "thought would resonate through the times we're living in" and their first release of original material since 2012  The song reached No  1 on the German Singles Chart, the first time the Stones had reached the top spot in 52 years, and making them the oldest artists ever to do so 
In August 2021, it was announced that Charlie Watts would undergo an unspecified medical procedure and would not perform on the remainder of the No Filter tour; the longtime Stones associate Steve Jordan filled in as drummer  Watts died unexpectedly at a London hospital on 24 August 2021, at the age of 80, with his family around him  Jagger, Richards and Wood paid tribute to him, along with former bandmate Wyman  It was discussed whether the band would continue, and they opted to carry on as it was what "Charlie wanted us to do"  During their first show after Watts' death, Jagger told the crowd:It's a bit of a poignant night for us  Because this is our first tour in 59 years that we’ve done without our lovely Charlie Watts  We all miss Charlie so much  We miss him as a band  We miss him as friends, on and off the stage  We've got so many memories of Charlie  I'm sure some of you that have seen us before have got memories of Charlie as well  And I hope you'll remember him like we do  So we'd like to dedicate this show to Charlie In a May 2022 interview, Jagger stated "I don't really expect him to be there any more if I turn round during a show  But I do think about him  Not only during rehearsals or on stage, but in other ways too "  On the one year anniversary of Watts' death, Jagger shared what Rolling Stone described as a "moving tribute" on social media, which included a voiceover by Jagger backed with "Till the Next Goodbye"  That same year, Jagger cowrote "Strange Game" for the television series Slow Horses after being emailed "out of the blue" by composer Daniel Pemberton, whom he didn't know; the song was released on 1 April and subsequently nominated for an Emmy award  That June, two shows scheduled in the Stones' Sixty tour were postponed after Jagger contracted COVID-19  The tour resumed following Jagger's recovery in late June  Jagger launched his own line of harmonicas the following January in collaboration with whynow Music and Lee Oskar, expressing a desire to encourage younger musicians to take up the instrument 

Relationship with Keith Richards
His songwriting partnership with Richards is one of the most successful in history  His relationship with Richards is frequently described as "love/hate" by the media  Richards said in a 1998 interview: "I think of our differences as a family squabble  If I shout and scream at him, it's because no one else has the guts to do it or else they're paid not to do it  At the same time I'd hope Mick realises that I'm a friend who is just trying to bring him into line and do what needs to be done "Dirty Work (a UK & US No  4) was released in March 1986 to mixed reviews, despite the US top five hit "Harlem Shuffle"  With relations between Richards and Jagger at a low, Jagger refused to tour to promote the album, and instead undertook his own solo tour, which included Rolling Stones' songs  Richards has referred to this period in his relations with Jagger as "World War III"  As a result of the animosity within the band at this time, they almost broke up Jagger's solo records, She's the Boss (UK No  6; US No  13) (1985) and Primitive Cool (UK No  26; US No  41) (1987), met with moderate success and, in 1988, with the Rolling Stones mostly inactive, Richards released his first solo album, Talk Is Cheap (UK No  37; US No  24)  It was well received by fans and critics, going gold in the US  The following year 25×5: the Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones, a documentary spanning the career of the band, was released for their 25th anniversary Richards' autobiography, Life, was published on 26 October 2010  According to a 15 October 2010 article, Richards described Jagger as "unbearable", noting that their relationship had been strained "for decades"  By 2015, Richards' opinion had softened  While saying Jagger could come off as a "snob", he added "I still love him dearly     your friends don't have to be perfect "

Acting and film production
Jagger has had an intermittent acting career  His most significant role was in Donald Cammell and Nicolas Roeg's Performance (1968), and as Australian bushranger Ned Kelly in the film of the same name (1970)  He composed an improvised soundtrack for Kenneth Anger's film Invocation of My Demon Brother on the Moog synthesiser in 1969 Jagger auditioned for the role of Dr  Frank N  Furter in the 1975 film adaptation of The Rocky Horror Show, a role that was eventually played by Tim Curry, the original performer from its theatrical run in London's West End  Director Alejandro Jodorowsky approached him in the same year to play the role of Feyd-Rautha in his proposed adaptation of Frank Herbert's Dune, but the movie never made it to the screen  Jagger appeared as himself in the Rutles' film All You Need Is Cash (1978) and was cast as Wilbur, a main character in Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo, in the late 1970s  The illness of principal actor Jason Robards (later replaced by Klaus Kinski), and a delay in the film's notoriously difficult production, resulted in him being unable to continue because of schedule conflicts with a Stones' tour; some footage of Jagger's work is shown in the documentaries Burden of Dreams and My Best Fiend  Jagger developed a reputation for playing the heavy later in his acting career in films including Freejack (1992), Bent (1997), and The Man From Elysian Fields (2002) In 1991, Jagger founded Jagged Films with Victoria Pearman and, in 1995, founded the film production company Lip Service with Steve Tisch  Jagged Films' first release was the World War II drama Enigma (2001), starring Kate Winslet as one of Bletchley Park's Enigma codebreakers  That same year, Jagged Films produced a documentary about Jagger entitled Being Mick  The programme, which first aired in the US on ABC on 22 November, coincided with the release of his fourth solo album, Goddess in the Doorway  In 2008 the company began work on The Women, an adaptation of the George Cukor's film of the same name, directed by Diane English 
As a member of the Rolling Stones Jagger appears in several documentaries, including Gimme Shelter, filmed during the band's 1969 tour of the US, and Sympathy for the Devil (1968) directed by French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godard  Martin Scorsese worked with Jagger on Shine a Light, a documentary film featuring the band with footage from the A Bigger Bang Tour during two nights of performances at New York's Beacon Theatre  It screened in Berlin in February 2008  McCarthy predicted the film would fare better once released to video than in its limited theatrical runs Jagger was a co-producer of, and guest-starred in the first episode of the short-lived American comedy television series The Knights of Prosperity  He also co-produced the James Brown biopic Get On Up (2014)  Alongside Martin Scorsese, Rich Cohen and Terence Winter, Jagger co-created and executive produced the period drama series Vinyl (2016), which starred Bobby Cannavale and aired for one season on HBO before its cancellation  Jagger portrays an English art dealer-collector and patron in Giuseppe Capotondi's thriller The Burnt Orange Heresy (2020) 

Personal life
Family and relationships
Jagger has been married and divorced once, and has had other relationships, resulting in eight children with five women  As of 2021, he also has five grandchildren and three great-grandchildren Jagger dated Chrissie Shrimpton between 1963 and 1966  From 1966 to 1970, he had a relationship with Marianne Faithfull, the English singer-songwriter/actress with whom he wrote "Sister Morphine", a song on Sticky Fingers  Jagger met the American singer Marsha Hunt in 1969 and, though she was married, the pair had a relationship  When it ended in June 1970, Hunt was pregnant with Jagger's first child, Karis Hunt Jagger, who was born on 4 November 1970  Hunt is the inspiration for the song "Brown Sugar", also from Sticky Fingers In 1970, he met Nicaraguan-born Bianca Pérez-Mora Macias  They married on 12 May 1971 in a Catholic ceremony in Saint-Tropez, France  Their daughter, Jade Sheena Jezebel Jagger, was born on 21 October 1971   They separated in 1977, and in May 1978 she filed for divorce on the grounds of his adultery  During his marriage to Pérez-Mora Macias, Jagger had an affair with then-Playboy model Bebe Buell from 1974 to 1976 In late 1977, Jagger began dating American model Jerry Hall  They had an unofficial private marriage ceremony in Bali, Indonesia, on 21 November 1990, and lived at Downe House in Richmond, London  The couple had four children: Elizabeth 'Lizzie' Scarlett Jagger (born 2 March 1984), James Leroy Augustin Jagger (born in 1985), Georgia May Ayeesha Jagger (born 12 January 1992), and Gabriel Luke Beauregard Jagger (born in 1997) During his relationship with Hall, Jagger had an affair from 1991 to 1994 with Italian singer/model Carla Bruni, who later became the First Lady of France when she married then-President of France Nicolas Sarkozy in 2008  Jagger's relationship with Hall ended after she discovered that he had had an affair with Brazilian model Luciana Gimenez, who gave birth to Jagger's seventh child, Lucas Maurice Morad Jagger, in May 1999  Jagger's unofficial marriage to Hall was declared invalid, unlawful, and null and void by the High Court of England and Wales in London in 1999  From 2000 to 2001 Jagger was in a relationship with the English model Sophie Dahl Jagger was in a relationship with fashion designer L'Wren Scott from 2001 until her suicide in 2014  She left her entire estate, estimated at US$9 million, to him  Jagger set up the L'Wren Scott scholarship at London's Central Saint Martins College Since Scott died in 2014, Jagger has been in a relationship with American ballet dancer Melanie Hamrick  Jagger was 73 when Hamrick gave birth to their son Deveraux Octavian Basil Jagger in 2016 Jagger's father, Basil "Joe" Jagger, died of pneumonia on 11 November 2006 at age 93  Although the Rolling Stones were on the A Bigger Bang tour, Jagger flew to Britain to see his father before returning the same day to Las Vegas, where he was to perform that night, after being informed his father's condition was improving  The show went ahead as scheduled, despite Jagger learning of his father's death that afternoon  Jagger's friends said that the show going on was "what Joe would have wanted"  Jagger called his father the "greatest influence" in his life 

Interests and philanthropy
Jagger is a supporter of music in schools, a patron of The Mick Jagger Centre in Dartford, and sponsors music through his Red Rooster Programme in its local schools  The Red Rooster name is taken from the title of one of the Rolling Stones' earliest singles An avid cricket fan, Jagger founded Jagged Internetworks to cover the sport  He keenly follows the England national football team, and has regularly attended FIFA World Cup games  In 2021, Fox Business quoted an estimate that his net worth was US$500 million and called him "one of music's more identifiable figures"  Earlier that same year, The Times had quoted it at approximately £310 million 

Honours
Jagger was honoured with a knighthood for services to popular music in the Queen's 2002 Birthday Honours, and on 12 December 2003 he received the accolade from The Prince of Wales  Jagger's father and daughters Karis and Elizabeth were present  Jagger stated that although the award did not have significant meaning for him, he was "touched" by the significance that it held for his father, saying that his father "was very proud"  In 1989, Jagger was inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame alongside the other Stones, including Mick Taylor and Ronnie Wood as well as Brian Jones and Ian Stewart (posthumously)  In November 2004, the Rolling Stones were among the inaugural inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame In 2014, the Jaggermeryx naida ("Jagger's water nymph"), a 19-million-year-old species of 'long-legged pig', was named after Jagger  Jaw fragments of the long-extinct anthracotheres were discovered in Egypt  The trilobite species Aegrotocatellus jaggeri was also named after Jagger  On Jagger's 75th birthday, scientists named seven fossil stoneflies after present and former members of the band  Two species, Petroperla mickjaggeri and Lapisperla keithrichardsi, were placed within a new family Petroperlidae  The new family was named in honour of the Rolling Stones, derived from the Greek "petra" that stands for "stone"  The scientists referred to the fossils as "Rolling Stoneflies" 

In popular culture
From the time that the Rolling Stones developed their anti-establishment image in the mid-1960s, Jagger, with Richards, has been an enduring icon of the counterculture  This was enhanced by his drug-related arrests, sexually charged on-stage antics, provocative song lyrics, and his role in Performance  One of his biographers, Christopher Andersen, describes him as "one of the dominant cultural figures of our time," adding that Jagger was "the story of a generation"  Jagger, who at the time described himself as an anarchist and espoused the leftist slogans of the era, took part in a demonstration against the Vietnam War outside the US Embassy in London in 1968  This inspired him to write "Street Fighting Man" that same year In 1967, Cecil Beaton photographed Jagger's naked buttocks, a photo that sold at Sotheby's auction house in 1986 for $4,000 
Jagger was reported to be a contender for the anonymous subject of Carly Simon's 1972 hit song "You're So Vain", on which he sings backing vocals  Pop artist Andy Warhol painted a series of silkscreen portraits of Jagger in 1975, one of which was owned by Farah Diba, wife of the Shah of Iran  It hung on a wall inside the royal palace in Tehran 
In 2010, a retrospective exhibition of portraits of Jagger was presented at the festival Rencontres d'Arles, in France  The catalogue of the exhibition is the first photo album of Jagger and shows his evolution over 50 years Jagger's relationships served as the inspiration for the theatrical show parody "Jumpin' Jack", written by Lyle Victor Albert  In the show, the protagonist, Jack, is "a member of that ever-expanding, worldwide club made up of Mick Jagger's illegitimate children "Maroon 5's song "Moves like Jagger" is about Jagger, who acknowledged the song in an interview, calling the concept "very flattering"  Kesha's song "Tik Tok", the Black Eyed Peas' hit "The Time (Dirty Bit)" reference Jagger, and his vocal delivery is referenced by rapper Ghostface Killah in his song "The Champ", from his 2006 album Fishscale, which was later referenced by Kanye West in the 2008 T I  and Jay-Z single "Swagga Like Us" On television, the ITV satirical puppet show Spitting Image caricatured Jagger as perpetually high throughout its run in the 1980s and 1990s  In 1998, the MTV animated show Celebrity Deathmatch had a clay-animated fight to the death between Jagger and Aerosmith lead singer Steven Tyler; Jagger wins the fight by using his tongue to stab Tyler through the chest  The 2000 film Almost Famous, set in 1973, refers to Jagger: "Because if you think Mick Jagger'll still be out there, trying to be a rock star at age 50     you're sadly, sadly mistaken " This was a view that Jagger similarly shared in 1975, once quipping to People magazine "I’d rather be dead than sing ‘Satisfaction’ when I'm 45" In 2012, Jagger was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork—the Beatles' Sgt  Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover—to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires In more recent decades, Jagger has been seen as a "poster boy" for healthy living and, as of 2006, was "said to run 12 km a day, to kick-box, lift weights, cycle, and practise ballet and yoga"; he has his own personal trainer  It has been estimated that during the average show, he covers between 5 and 12 miles on stage "while strutting and shimmying through shows at dizzying speeds" 

Legacy
In the words of British dramatist and novelist Philip Norman, "the only point concerning Mick Jagger's influence over 'young people' that doctors and psychologists agreed on was that it wasn't, under any circumstances, fundamentally harmless"  According to Norman, even Elvis Presley at his most scandalous had not exerted a "power so wholly and disturbingly physical"  "[W]hile [Presley] made girls scream, [he] did not have Jagger's ability to make men feel uncomfortable " Norman likens Jagger in his early performances with the Rolling Stones in the 1960s to a male ballet dancer, with "his conflicting and colliding sexuality: the swan's neck and smeared harlot eyes allied to an overstuffed and straining codpiece" His performance style has been studied by academics who analysed gender, image and sexuality  Musicologist Sheila Whiteley noted that Jagger's performance style "opened up definitions of gendered masculinity and so laid the foundations for self-invention and sexual plasticity which are now an integral part of contemporary youth culture"  His stage personas also contributed significantly to the British tradition of popular music that always featured the character song and where the art of singing becomes a matter of acting—which creates a question about the singer's relationship to his own words His voice has been described as a powerful expressive tool for communicating feelings to his audience, and expressing an alternative vision of society  To express "virility and unrestrained passion" he developed techniques previously used by African American preachers and gospel singers such as "the roar, the guttural belt style of singing, and the buzz, a more nasal and raspy sound"  Steven Van Zandt wrote: "The acceptance of Jagger's voice on pop radio was a turning point in rock & roll  He broke open the door for everyone else  Suddenly, Eric Burdon and Van Morrison weren't so weird—even Bob Dylan "Over time, Jagger has developed into the template for rock frontmen and, with the help of the Stones, has, in the words of the Telegraph, "changed music" through his contributions to it as a pioneer of the modern music industry  Jagger is often described as one of the most popular and influential frontmen in the history of rock & roll; in 1994 the New York Times noted that his "influence hangs heavily over contemporary British rock" as many singers "incorporated elements" of his onstage presence into their personas  In 2015, Billboard ranked him among the best rock frontmen of all time, referring to him as "the rock and roll frontman" whose "swagger brought a style and sexiness to rock music that he built on for decades" and openly wondering "would we even have rock stars without Mick?"Musician David Bowie joined many rock bands with blues, folk, and soul orientations in his first attempts as a musician in the mid-1960s, and he was to recall: "I used to dream of being their Mick Jagger " Bowie  suggested, "I think Mick Jagger would be astounded and amazed if he realized that to many people he is not a sex symbol, but a mother image " Jagger appeared on Rolling Stone's List of 100 Greatest Singers at No  16; in the article, Lenny Kravitz wrote: "I sometimes talk to people who sing perfectly in a technical sense who don't understand Mick Jagger  [   ] His sense of pitch and melody is really sophisticated  His vocals are stunning, flawless in their own kind of perfection " This edition also cites Jagger as a key influence on Jack White, Steven Tyler and Iggy Pop  Jagger also has been known to seek out newcomer artists to the music industry and advise them The Telegraph has called Mick Jagger "the Rolling Stone who changed music"  CNN has called Jagger's "greatest talent, besides strutting and singing" his "ability to surround himself and the rest of the band with a group of very able executives "As Jagger has aged, his continued vitality has provoked comment  Bon Jovi frontman Jon Bon Jovi said: "I can't get over it   I'm   dying already and I'm gonna go out there and play four songs  How do they do it?" Since his early career Jagger has embodied what some authors describe as a "Dionysian archetype" of "eternal youth" personified by many rock stars and the rock culture Jagger has repeatedly said that he will not write an autobiography, but according to John Blake, after a slew of unauthorised biographies, Jagger was persuaded by Lord Weidenfeld in the early 1980s to prepare his own for a £1 million advance  The resulting 75,000-word manuscript is held by Blake, who briefly planned to publish it until Jagger withdrew support "Mick Jagger is the least egotistical person," observed Watts in 2008  "He'll do what's right for the band  He's not a big head—and, if he was, he went through it thirty years ago "

Discography
Solo studio albums
Filmography
As actor
Jagger was slated to appear in the 1982 film Fitzcarraldo and some scenes were shot with him, but he had to leave for a Rolling Stones tour and his character was eliminated 

As producer
Running Out of Luck (1987)
Enigma (2001)
Being Mick (2001)
The Women (2008)
Get on Up (2014)
Mr  Dynamite: The Rise of James Brown (2014)
Vinyl (2016)

Notes
Passage 5:
Disease (song)
"Disease" is the first single released from American rock band Matchbox Twenty's third album, More Than You Think You Are  The track was co-written by Matchbox Twenty lead singer Rob Thomas and Rolling Stones frontman Mick Jagger  Released on September 30, 2002, the song peaked at number 29 on the US Billboard Hot 100  "Disease" was one of two songs written by Thomas and presented to Jagger while he was producing his solo album Goddess in the Doorway, alongside "Visions of Paradise"  Jagger returned "Disease" to Thomas, saying "It sounds like you  It's your song "

Music video
The video, directed by Phil Harder, starts with a man turning on his colorful boomboxing, then roller skating over a wide section of New York City, amid images of the band illuminated on moving billboards  During the second chorus, we see the band performing in a large outdoor roller-rink, complete with a disco ball  They are surrounded by a crowd dancing along, and to begin the 3rd chorus, Rob slides off the stage on all fours onto the dance floor past the crowd  At the end of the song, the roller skater shuts off his beat box and then proceeds up some stairs, presumably to his home 

Track listings
Charts
Release history



ground_truth: It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Mick Jagger and Brett Scallions both musicians?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 

Heraclitus
The hallmark of Heraclitus' philosophy is flux  In fragment DK B30, Heraclitus writes: This world-order [Kosmos], the same of all, no god nor man did create, but it ever was and is and will be: everliving fire, kindling in measures and being quenched in measures  Heraclitus posited that all things in nature are in a state of perpetual flux  Like previous monist philosophers, Heraclitus claimed that the arche of the world was fire, which was subject to change – that makes him a materialist monist  From fire all things originate and all things return to it again in a process of eternal cycles  Fire becomes water and earth and vice versa  These everlasting modifications explain his view that the cosmos was and is and will be  The idea of continual flux is also met in the "river fragments"  There, Heraclitus claims we can not step into the same river twice, a position summarized with the slogan ta panta rhei (everything flows)  One fragment reads: "Into the same rivers we both step and do not step; we both are and are not" (DK 22 B49a)  Heraclitus is seemingly suggesting that not only the river is constantly changing, but we do as well, even hinting at existential questions about humankind Another key concept of Heraclitus is that opposites somehow mirror each other, a doctrine called unity of opposites  Two fragments relating to this concept state, "As the same thing in us is living and dead, waking and sleeping, young and old  For these things having changed around are those, and those in turn having changed around are these" (B88) and "Cold things warm up, the hot cools off, wet becomes dry, dry becomes wet" (B126)   Heraclitus' doctrine on the unity of opposites suggests that unity of the world and its various parts is kept through the tension produced by the opposites  Furthermore, each polar substance contains its opposite, in a continual circular exchange and motion that results in the stability of the cosmos  Another of Heraclitus' famous axioms highlights this doctrine (B53): "War is father of all and king of all; and some he manifested as gods, some as men; some he made slaves, some free", where war means the creative tension that brings things into existence A fundamental idea in Heraclitus is logos, an ancient Greek word with a variety of meanings; Heraclitus might have used a different meaning of the word with each usage in his book  Logos seems like a universal law that unites the cosmos, according to a fragment: "Listening not to me but to the logos, it is wise to agree (homologein) that all things are one" (DK 22 B50)  While logos is everywhere, very few people are familiar with it  B 19 reads: [hoi polloi] "   do not know how to listen [to Logos] or how to speak [the truth]"  Heraclitus' thought on logos influenced the Stoics, who referred to him to support their belief that rational law governs the universe 

Pythagoreanism
Pythagoras (582–496 BCE) was born on Samos, a small island near Miletus  He moved to Croton at about age 30, where he established his school and acquired political influence  Some decades later he had to flee Croton and relocate to Metapontum Pythagoras was famous for studying numbers and the geometrical relations of numbers  A large following of Pythagoreans adopted and extended his doctrine  They advanced his ideas, reaching the claim that everything consists of numbers, the universe is made by numbers and everything is a reflection of analogies and geometrical relations  Numbers, music and philosophy, all interlinked, could comfort the beauty-seeking human soul and hence Pythagoreans espoused the study of mathematics Pythagorianism perceived the world as perfect harmony, dependent on number, and aimed at inducing humankind likewise to lead a harmonious life, including ritual and dietary recommendations  Their way of life was ascetic, restraining themselves from various pleasures and food  They were vegetarians and placed enormous value on friendship   Pythagoras politically was an advocate of a form of aristocracy, a position which later Pythagoreans rejected, but generally, they were reactionary and notably repressed women  Other pre-Socratic philosophers mocked Pythagoras for his belief in reincarnation Notable Pythagorians included Philolaus (470-380 BCE), Alcmaeon of Croton, Archytas (428-347 BCE) and Echphantus  The most notable was Alcmaeon, a medical and philosophical writer  Alcmaeon noticed that most organs in the body come in pairs and suggested that human health depends on harmony between opposites (hot/cold, dry/wet), and illness is due to an imbalance of them  He was the first to think of the brain as the center of senses and thinking  Philolaus advanced cosmology through his discovery of heliocentricism – the idea that the Sun lies in the middle of the earth's orbit and other planets Pythagoreanism influenced later Christian currents as Neoplatonism, and its pedagogical methods were adapted by Plato  Furthermore, there seems to be a continuity in some aspects of Plato's philosophy  As Prof  Carl Huffman notes, Plato had a tendency to invoke mathematics in explaining natural phenomena, and he also believed in the immortality, even divinity of the human soul 

The Eleatics: Parmenides, Zeno and Melissus
The Eleatic school is named after Elea, an ancient Greek town on the southern Italian Peninsula  Parmenides is considered the founder of the school  Other eminent Eleatics include Zeno of Elea and Melissus of Samos  According to Aristotle and Diogenes Laertius, Xenophanes was Parmenides' teacher, and it is debated whether Xenophanes should also be considered an Eleatic   Parmenides was born in Elea to a wealthy family around 515 BCE  Parmenides of Elea was interested in many fields, such as biology and astronomy  He was the first to deduce that the earth is spherical  He was also involved in his town's political life 

Parmenides' contributions were paramount not only to ancient philosophy but to all of western metaphysics and ontology  Parmenides wrote a hard to interpret poem, named On Nature or On What-is, that substantially influenced later Greek philosophy  Only 150 fragments of this poem survive  It tells a story of a young man (kouros in ancient Greek) dedicated to finding the truth carried by a goddess on a long journey to the heavens  The poem consists of three parts, the proem (i e , preface), the Way of Truth and the Way of Opinion   Very few pieces from the Way of Opinion survive  In that part, Parmenides must have been dealing with cosmology, judging from other authors' references  The Way of Truth was then, and is still today, considered of much more importance  In the Way of Truth, the goddess criticizes the logic of people who do not distinguish the real from the non-existent ("What-is" and "What-is-Not")  In this poem Parmenides unfolds his philosophy: that all things are One, and therefore nothing can be changed or altered  Hence, all the things that we think to be true, even ourselves, are false representations  What-is, according to Parmenides, is a physical sphere that is unborn, unchanged, and infinite  This is a monist vision of the world, far more radical than that of Heraclitus  The goddess teaches Kouros to use his reasoning to understand whether various claims are true or false, discarding senses as fallacious  Other fundamental issues raised by Parmenides' poem are the doctrine that nothing comes from nothing and the unity of being and thinking  As quoted by DK fragment 3: To gar auto noein estin te kai einai (For to think and to be is one and the same) Zeno and Melissus continued Parmenides' thought on cosmology  Zeno is mostly known for his paradoxes, i e , self-contradictory statements which served as proofs that Parmenides' monism was valid, and that pluralism was invalid  The most common theme of those paradoxes involved traveling a distance, but since that distance comprises infinite points, the traveler could never accomplish it  His most famous is the Achilles paradox, which is mentioned by Aristotelis: "The second is called the 'Achilles' and says that the slowest runner will never be caught by the fastest, because it is necessary for the pursuer first to arrive at the point from which the pursued set off, so it is necessary that the slower will always be a little ahead " (Aristotle Phys  239b14–18 [DK 29 A26]) Melissus defended and advanced Parmenides' theory using prose, without invoking divinity or mythical figures  He tried to explain why we think various non-existent objects exist The Eleatics' focus on Being through means of logic initiated the philosophical discipline of ontology  Other philosophers influenced by the Eleatics (such as the Sophists, Plato, and Aristotle) further advanced logic, argumentation, mathematics and especially elenchos (proof)  The Sophists even placed Being under the scrutiny of elenchos  Because of the Eleatics reasoning was acquiring a formal method 

The Pluralists: Anaxagoras and Empedocles
The Pluralist school marked a return to Milesian natural philosophy, though much more refined because of Eleatic criticism Anaxagoras was born in Ionia, but was the first major philosopher to emigrate to Athens  He was soon associated with the Athenian statesman Pericles and, probably due to this association, was accused by a political opponent of Pericles for impiety as Anaxagoras held that the sun was not associated with divinity; it was merely a huge burning stone  Pericles helped Anaxagoras flee Athens and return to Ionia  Anaxagoras was also a major influence on Socrates Anaxagoras is known for his "theory of everything"  He claimed that "in everything there is a share of everything " Interpretations differ as to what he meant  Anaxagoras was trying to stay true to the Eleatic principle of the everlasting (What-is) while also explaining the diversity of the natural world  Anaxagoras accepted Parmenides' doctrine that everything that exists (What-is) has existed forever, but contrary to the Eleatics, he added the ideas of panspermia and nous  All objects were mixtures of various elements, such as air, water, and others  One special element was nous, i e , mind, which is present in living things and causes motion  According to Anaxagoras, Nous was one of the elements that make up the cosmos  Things that had nous were alive   According to Anaxagoras, all things are composites of some basic elements; although it is not clear what these elements are  All objects are a mixture of these building blocks and have a portion of each element,  except nous  Nous was also considered a building block of the cosmos, but it exists only in living objects  Anaxagoras writes: "In everything there is a portion (moira) of everything except mind (nous), but there are some things in which mind too is present " Nous was not just an element of things, somehow it was the cause of setting the universe into motion   Anaxagoras advanced Milesian thought on epistemology, striving to establish an explanation that could be valid for all natural phenomena  Influenced by the Eleatics, he also furthered the exploration of metatheoretical questions such as the nature of knowledge Empedocles was born in Akragas, a town in the southern Italian peninsula  According to Diogenes Laertius, Empedocles wrote two books in the form of poems: Peri Physeos (On nature) and the Katharmoi (Purifications)  Some contemporary scholars argue these books might be one; all agree that interpreting Empedocles is difficult On cosmological issues, Empedocles takes from the Eleatic school the idea that the universe is unborn, has always been and always will be  He also continues Anaxagoras' thought on the four "roots" (i e , classical elements), that by intermixing, they create all things around us  These roots are fire, air, earth, and water  Crucially, he adds two more components, the immaterial forces of love and strife  These two forces are opposite and by acting upon the material of the four roots unite in harmony or tear apart the four roots, with the resulting mixture being all things that exist  Empedocles uses an analogy of how this is possible: as a painter uses a few basic colors to create a painting, the same happens with the four roots  It is not quite clear if love and strife co-operate or have a greater plan, but love and strife are in a continual cycle that generates life and the earth we live in  Other beings, apart from the four roots and love and strife, according to Empedocles' Purifications are mortals, gods, and daemons  Like Pythagoras, Empedocles believed in the soul's transmigration and was vegetarian 

Atomists: Leucippus and Democritus
Leucippus and Democritus both lived in Abdera, in Thrace  They are most famous for their atomic cosmology even though their thought included many other fields of philosophy, such as ethics, mathematics, aesthetics, politics, and even embryology  The atomic theory of Leucippus and Democritus was a response to the Eleatic school, who held that motion is not possible because everything is occupied with What-is  Democritus and Leucippus reverted the Eleatic axiom, claiming that since motions exist, What-is-not must also exist; hence void exists  Democritus and Leucippus were skeptics regarding the reliability of our senses, but they were confident that motion exists  Atoms, according to Democritus and Leucippus, had some characteristics of the Eleatic What-is: they were homogeneous and indivisible  These characteristics allowed answers to Zeno's paradoxes  Atoms move within the void, interact with each other, and form the plurality of the world we live in, in a purely mechanical manner One conclusion of the Atomists was determinism - the philosophical view that all events are determined completely by previously existing causes  As Leucippus said, (DK 67 B2) "Nothing comes to be random but everything is by reason and out of necessity " Democritus concluded that since everything is atoms and void, several of our senses are not real but conventional  Color, for example, is not a property of atoms; hence our perception of color is a convention  As Democritus said, (DK 68 B9) "By convention sweet, by convention bitter, by convention hot, by convention cold, by convention colour; in reality atoms and void " This can be interpreted in two ways  According to James Warren there is an eliminativist interpretation, such that Democritus means that color is not real, and there is a relativist interpretation, such that Democritus means that color and taste are not real but are perceived as such by our senses through sensory interaction 

Sophists
The sophists were a philosophical and educational movement that flourished in ancient Greece before Socrates  They attacked traditional thinking, from gods to morality, paving the way for further advances of philosophy and other disciplines such as drama, social sciences, mathematics, and history Plato disparaged the sophists, causing long-lasting harm to their reputation  Plato thought philosophy should be reserved for those who had the appropriate intellect to understand it; whereas the sophists would teach anyone who would pay tuition  The sophists taught rhetoric and how to address issues from multiple viewpoints  Since the sophists and their pupils were persuasive speakers at court or in public, they were accused of moral and epistemological relativism, which indeed some sophists appeared to advocate  Prominent sophists include Protagoras, Gorgias, Hippias, Thrasymachus, Prodicus, Callicles, Antiphon, and Critias Protagoras is mostly known for two of his quotes  One is that  "[humans are  ] the measure of all things, of things that are that they are, of things that are not that they are not" which is commonly interpreted as affirming philosophical relativism, but it can also be interpreted as claiming that knowledge is only relevant to humankind, that moral rightness and other forms of knowledge are relevant to and limited to human mind and perception  The other quote is, "Concerning the gods, I cannot ascertain whether they exist or whether they do not, or what form they have; for there are many obstacles to knowing, including the obscurity of the question and the brevity of human life "Gorgias wrote a book named On Nature, in which he attacked the Eleatics' concepts of What-is and What-is-not  He claimed it is absurd to hold that nonexistence exists, and that What-is was impossible since it had to either be generated or be unlimited and neither is sufficient  There is an ongoing debate among modern scholars whether he was a serious thinker, a precursor of extreme relativism and skepticism, or merely a charlatan Antiphon placed natural law against the law of the city  One need not obey the city's laws as long as one will not get caught  One could argue that Antiphon was a careful hedonist—rejecting dangerous pleasures 

Philolaous of Croton and Diogenes of Apollonia
Philolaus of Croton and Diogenes of Apollonia from Thrace (born c  460 BCE) are considered the last generation of pre-Socratics  Rather than advancing a cosmological perspective on how our universe is constructed, they are mostly noted for advancing abstract thinking and argumentation 
Pythagorianism, Anaxagoras and Empedocles influenced Philolaus  He attempted to explain both the variety and unity of the cosmos  He addressed the need to explain how the various masses of the universe interact among them and coined the term Harmonia, a binding force that allows mass to take shape  The structure of the cosmos consisted of apeira (unlimiteds) and perainonta (limiters) 
Diogenes of Apollonia returned to Milesian monism, but with a rather more elegant thought  As he says in DK64 B2 "It seems to me, overall, that all things are alterations of the same things and are the same thing"  He explains that things, even when changing shapes, remain ontologically the same 

Topics
Knowledge
The mythologoi, Homer and Hesiod, along with other poets, centuries before the pre-Socratics, thought that true knowledge was exclusive to the divine  But starting with Xenophanes, the pre-Socratics moved towards a more secular approach to knowledge  The pre-Socratics sought a method to understand the cosmos, while being aware that there is a limit to human knowledge While Pythagoras and Empedocles linked their self-proclaimed wisdom to their divinely inspired status, they tried to teach or urge mortals to seek the truth about the natural realm—Pythagoras by means of mathematics and geometry and Empedocles by exposure to experiences  Xenophanes thought that human knowledge was merely an opinion that cannot be validated or proven to be true  According to Jonathan Warren, Xenophanes set the outline of the nature of knowledge  Later, Heraclitus and Parmenides stressed the capability of humans to understand how things stand in nature through direct observation, inquiry, and reflection 

Theology
Pre-Socratic thought contributed to the demythologization of the Greek popular religion  The narrative of their thought contributed to shifting the course of ancient Greek philosophy and religion away from the realm of divinity and even paved the way for teleological explanations  They attacked the traditional representations of gods that Homer and Hesiod had established and put Greek popular religion under scrutiny, initiating the schism between natural philosophy and theology   Pre-Socratic philosophers did not have atheistic beliefs, but it should be kept in mind that being an atheist those days was not without social or legal dangers  Despite that, arguments rejecting deities were not barred from the public sphere which can be seen in Protagoras's quotation on the gods: "About the gods I am able to know neither that they exist nor that they do not exist "The theological thought starts with the Milesian philosophers  It is evident in Anaximander's idea of the apeiron steering everything, which had other abilities usually attributed to Zeus  Later, Xenophanes developed a critique of the anthropomorphism of the gods  Xenophanes set three preconditions for God: he had to be all good, immortal and not resembling humans in appearance, which had a major impact on western religious thought The theological thought of Heraclitus and Parmenides is not entirely certain, but it is generally accepted that they believed in some kind of divinity  The Pythagoreans and Empedocles believed in the transmigration of souls  Anaxagoras asserted that cosmic intelligence (nous) gives life to things  Diogenes of Appollonia expanded this line of thinking and might have constructed the first teleological argument "it would not be possible without Intellection for it so to be divided up that it has the measures of all things — of winter and summer and night and day and rains and winds and fair weather  The other things, too, if one wishes to consider them, one would find disposed of in the best possible way " While some pre-Socratics were trying to find alternatives to divinity, others were setting the foundation of explaining the universe in terms of teleology and intelligent design by a divine force 

Medicine
Prior to the pre-Socratics, health and illness were thought to be governed by gods  Pre-Socratic philosophy and medicine advanced in parallel, with medicine as a part of philosophy and vice versa  It was Hippocrates (often hailed as the father of medicine) who separated – but not completely – the two domains  Physicians incorporated pre-Socratic philosophical ideas about the nature of the world in their theoretical framework, blurring the border between the two domains  An example is the study of epilepsy, which in popular religion was thought to be a divine intervention to human life, but Hippocrates' school attributed it to nature, just as Milesian rationalism demythologized other natural phenomena such as earthquakes  The systematic study of anatomy, physiology, and illnesses led to the discovery of cause-effect relations and a more sophisticated terminology and understanding of the diseases that ultimately yielded rational science 

Cosmology
The pre-Socratics were the first to attempt to provide reductive explanations for a plethora of natural phenomena Firstly, they were preoccupied with the mystery of the cosmic matter—what was the basic substance of the universe? Anaximander suggested apeiron (limitless), which hints, as Aristotle analyzed, there is no beginning and no end to it, both chronologically and within the space  Anaximenes placed aêr (air) as the primary principle, probably after realizing the importance of air to life and/or the need to explain various observable changes  Heraclitus, also seeking to address the issue of the ever changing world, placed fire as the primary principle of the universe, that transforms to water and earth to produce the universe  Ever-transforming nature is summarized by Heraclitus' axiom panta rhei (everything is in a state of flux)  Parmenides suggested two ever-lasting primary building blocs, night and day, which together form the universe  Empedocles increased the building blocks to four and named them roots, while also adding Love and Strife, to serve as the driving force for the roots to mingle  Anaxagoras extended even more the plurality of Empedocles, claiming everything is in everything, myriads of substances were mixing among each other except one, Nous (mind) that orchestrates everything—but did not attribute divine characteristics to Nous  Leucippus and Democritus asserted the universe consists of atoms and void, while the motion of atoms is responsible for the changes we observe 

Rationalism, observation and the beginning of scientific thought
The pre-Socratic intellectual revolution is widely considered to have been the first step towards liberation of the human mind from the mythical world and initiated a march towards reason and scientific thought that yielded modern western philosophy and science  The pre-Socratics sought to understand the various aspects of nature by means of rationalism, observations, and offering explanations that could be deemed as scientific, giving birth to what became Western rationalism   Thales was the first to seek for a unitary arche of the world  Whether arche meant the beginning, the origin, the main principle or the basic element is unclear, but was the first attempt to reduce the explanations of the universe to a single cause, based on reason and not guided by any sort of divinity   Anaximander offered the principle of sufficient reason, a revolutionary argument that would also yield the principle that nothing comes out of nothing  Most of pre-Socratics seemed indifferent to the concept of teleology, especially the Atomists who fiercely rejected the idea  According to them, the various phenomena were the consequence of the motion of atoms without any purpose  Xenophanes also advanced a critique of anthropomorphic religion by highlighting in a rational way the inconsistency of depictions of the gods in Greek popular religion Undoubtedly, pre-Socratics paved the way towards science, but whether what they did could constitute science is a matter of debate  Thales had offered the first account of a reduction and a generalization, a significant milestone towards scientific thought  Other pre-Socratics also sought to answer the question of arche, offering various answers, but the first step towards scientific thought was already taken  Philosopher Karl Popper, in his seminal work Back to Presocratics (1958) traces the roots of modern science (and the West) to the early Greek philosophers  He writes: "There can be little doubt that the Greek tradition of philosophical criticism had its main source in Ionia     It thus leads the tradition which created the rational or scientific attitude, and with it our Western civilization, the only civilization, which is based upon science (though, of course, not upon science alone) " Elsewhere in the same study Popper diminishes the significance of the label they should carry as purely semantics  "There is the most perfect possible continuity of thought between [the Presocratics'] theories and the later developments in physics  Whether they are called philosophers, or pre-scientists, or scientists, matters very little " Other scholars did not share the same view  F  M  Cornford considered the Ionanians as dogmatic speculators, due to their lack of empiricism 

Reception and legacy
Antiquity
The pre-Socratics had a direct influence on classical antiquity in many ways  The philosophic thought produced by the pre-Socratics heavily influenced later philosophers, historians and playwrights  One line of influence was the Socrato-Ciceronian tradition, while the other was the Platonic-Aristotelian Socrates, Xenophon and Cicero were highly influenced by the physiologoi (naturalists) as they were named in ancient times  The naturalists impressed young Socrates and he was interested in the quest for the substance of the cosmos, but his interest waned as he became steadily more focused on epistemology, virtue, and ethics rather than the natural world  According to Xenophon, the reason was that Socrates believed humans incapable of comprehending the cosmos  Plato, in the Phaedo, claims that Socrates was uneasy with the materialistic approach of the pre-Socratics, particularly Anaxagoras  Cicero analyzed his views on the pre-Socratics in his Tusculanae Disputationes, as he distinguished the theoretical nature of pre-Socratic thought from previous "sages" who were interested in more practical issues  Xenophon, like Cicero, saw the difference between pre-Socratics and Socrates being his interest in human affairs (ta anthropina) The pre-Socratics deeply influenced both Plato and Aristotle  Aristotle discussed the pre-Socratics in the first book of Metaphysics, as an introduction to his own philosophy and the quest for arche  He was the first to state that philosophy starts with Thales  It is not clear whether Thales talked of water as arche, or that was a retrospective interpretation by Aristotle, who was examining his predecessors under the scope of his views  More crucially, Aristotle  criticized the pre-Socratics for not identifying a purpose as a final cause, a fundamental idea in Aristotelian metaphysics  Plato also attacked pre-Socratic materialism Later, during the Hellenistic era, philosophers of various currents focused on the study of nature and advanced pre-Socratic ideas  The Stoics incorporated features from Anaxagoras and Heraclitus, such as nous and fire respectively  The Epicureans saw Democritus' atomism as their predecessor while the Sceptics were linked to Xenophanes 

Modern era
The pre-Socratics, along with the rest of ancient Greece,  invented the central concepts of Western civilization: freedom, democracy, individual autonomy and rationalism  Francis Bacon, a 16th-century philosopher known for advancing the scientific method, was probably the first philosopher of the modern era to use pre-Socratic axioms extensively in his texts  He criticized the pre-Socratic theory of knowledge by Xenophanes and others, claiming that their deductive reasoning could not yield meaningful results—an opinion contemporary philosophy of science rejects  Bacon's fondness for the pre-Socratics, especially Democritus' atomist theory, might have been because of his anti-Aristotelianism Friedrich Nietzsche admired the pre-Socratics deeply, calling them "tyrants of the spirit" to mark their antithesis and his preference against Socrates and his successors  Nietzsche also weaponized pre-Socratic antiteleology, coupled with the materialism exemplified by Democritus, for his attack on Christianity and its morals  Nietzsche saw the pre-Socratics as the first ancestors of contemporary science—linking Empedocles to Darwinism and Heraclitus to physicist Helmholtz  According to his narrative, limned in many of his books, the pre-Socratic era was the glorious era of Greece, while the so-called Golden Age that followed was an age of decay, according to Nietzsche  Nietzsche incorporated the pre-Socratics in his Apollonian and Dionysian dialectics, with them representing the creative Dionysian aspect of the duo Martin Heidegger found the roots of his phenomenology and later thinking of Things and the Fourfold in the pre-Socratics, considering Anaximander, Parmenides, and Heraclitus as the original thinkers on being, which he identified in their work as physis [φύσις] (emergence, contrasted against κρύπτεσθαι, kryptesthai, in Heraclitus’ Fragment 123) or aletheia [αλήθεια] (truth as unconcealment) 
Passage 5:
Pluralist theories of truth
A pluralist theory of truth is a theory of truth which posits that there may be more than one property that makes a proposition true 

Overview
Most traditional theories of truth are monist: that is, they hold that there is one and only property the having of which makes a belief or proposition true  Pluralist theories of truth deny this assumption  According to pluralism, ethical propositions might be true by more than one property, for example by virtue of coherence; propositions about the physical world might also be true by corresponding to the objects and properties they are about  Pluralism, in short, holds out the prospect that propositions might be "true in more than one way" 
Crispin Wright is the most well-known advocate of pluralism about truth  In his 1992 book Truth and Objectivity, Wright argued that any predicate which satisfied certain platitudes about truth qualified as a truth predicate  In some discourses, Wright argued, the role of the truth predicate might be played by the notion of superassertibility Michael Lynch (philosopher) has recently advocated a different type of pluralism about truth  In a series of articles and in his 2009 book Truth as One and Many Lynch argues that we should see truth as a functional property capable of being multiply manifested in distinct properties like correspondence or coherence 

See also
Criteria of truth
Degrees of truth
Passage 6:
Ann Pettifor
Ann Pettifor (born February 1947) is a British economist who advises governments and organisations  She has published several books  Her work focuses on the global financial system, sovereign debt restructuring, international finance and sustainable development  Pettifor is best known for correctly predicting the financial crisis of 2007–08  She was one of the leaders of the Jubilee 2000 debt cancellation campaign 
She is the director of Policy Research In Macroeconomics (PRIME) a network of economists researching Keynesian monetary theory and policies, an honorary research fellow at the Political Economy Research Centre at City, University of London (CITYPERC), Chair of the  Political Economy Research Centre's Advisory Board at Goldsmiths, a fellow of the New Economics Foundation, a director of  Advocacy International and a trustee of the PREP Foundation for pluralist economics  Pettifor is a member of the Green New  Deal Group of economists, environmentalists and entrepreneurs 

Biography
Lynda Ann Pettifor was born in South Africa in February 1947, and graduated with a degree in politics and economics from the University of the Witwatersrand  In the 1980s she held several posts as adviser to Frances Morrell, the leader of the Inner London Education Authority and later advised  Greater London Council, Ken Livingstone  She also advised the Right Hon  Margaret Beckett MP who went on to serve in the 1997 Labour government  She also worked as a lobbyist for Ian Greer Associates 
Pettifor co-founded the Jubilee 2000 worldwide campaign for the cancellation of the debts of the poorest countries  In 1998 Jubilee 2000 organised a human chain of approximately 70,000 people, which surrounded the 1998 G8 summit in Birmingham, United Kingdom  In 1999 at the Cologne G8 Summit the G8 agreed to write off approximately $100 billion of third world debt owed by 37 countries, in large part due to the campaign  Jubilee 2000 had supporters including Pope John Paul II, Muhammad Ali, Bono, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown and Bill Clinton  The Independent would later describe her work on the campaign as 'genius' At the conclusion of the Jubilee 2000 campaign Pettifor joined the New Economics Foundation in London where she headed their research unit on global macro-economics Pettifor became a member of the Green New  Deal Group of economists, environmentalists and entrepreneurs that published The Green New Deal in July 2008  The group argued that "The triple crunch of financial meltdown, climate change and ‘peak oil’ has its origins firmly rooted in the current model of globalisation  Financial deregulation has facilitated the creation of almost limitless credit  With this credit boom have come irresponsible and often fraudulent patterns of lending, creating inflated bubbles in assets such as property, and powering environmentally unsustainable consumption "
In the 2010 general election Pettifor attempted to stand for Parliament as a Labour candidate and was shortlisted in the North West Durham selection process but lost to Pat Glass  She has also unsuccessfully stood as a local election candidate for the West End ward on Westminster City Council 
As a director of Advocacy International she worked on designing and promoting the MamaYe campaign together with Options Consultancy Services  Working in five African countries the campaign makes life-saving changes for mothers and babies during pregnancy and childbirth In September 2015, she was appointed to the British Labour Party's Economic Advisory Committee, convened by Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell and reporting to Labour Party Leader Jeremy Corbyn, regarding which she stated that she was honoured to be asked to serve with such distinguished colleagues and that she hoped to play her part in overturning the Chancellor's deficit fetishism, and his employment of it as a smokescreen for an attack on the state  She currently resides in London, England 
Pettifor contributed an article to the Labour in the City Anthology in October 2018, which was launched at the City Corporation by Alistair Darling  Pettifor argues that far more radical reforms are needed to prevent a recurrence of the 2008 crisis 

Awards
Pettifor was granted the freedom of the city of Callao in Peru in 1999 (for her work on debt cancellation for Peru); and the Pax Christi International Peace Award in 2000  In 2001 she was awarded an honorary doctorate by Lord Patten, Vice-Chancellor of Newcastle University, and in the same year was honoured with a Masters of Letters Degree (a Lambeth Degree) by the Archbishop of Canterbury  The President of Nigeria, President Obasanjo made her a Member of the Order of the Niger (MON) for her work in leading the campaign to write off billions of dollars of debt owed by Africa's poorest countries  In 2018, she was awarded with the Hannah Arendt Prize 

Works
Pettifor is known for correctly predicting the global financial crises in several publications including in the book The Real World Economic Outlook, and summarised in the New Statesman in an article published on 1 September 2003 entitled "Coming soon: The new poor”  This was followed by her September 2006 book The Coming First World Debt Crisis 
1996: Debt, the Most Potent Form of Slavery: : a discussion of the role of Western lending policies in subordinating the economies of poor countries  Debt Crisis Network 
2000: Kicking the Habit: Finding a Lasting Solution to Addictive Lending and Borrowing and Its Corrupting Side-Effects (Joseph Hanlon & Angela Travis)  Jubilee 2000 Coalition 
2001: It Takes Two to Tango: Creditor Co-Responsibility for Argentina's Crisis – and the Need for Independent Resolution (with Liana Cisneros & Alejandro Olmos)  New Economics Foundation 
2002: Chapter 9/11?: Resolving International Debtcrises – The Jubilee Framework for International Insolvency  New Economics Foundation  ISBN 978-1-899407-44-6
2003: The Real World Economic Outlook Palgrave Macmillan  ISBN 978-1-4039-1794-2
2006: The Coming First World Debt Crisis  Palgrave Macmillan  ISBN 978-0-230-00784-0
2008: The Green New Deal – Joined up policies to solve the triple crunch of credit crises, climate change and high oil prices  New Economics Foundation  ISBN 978-1-904882-35-0
2013: National Plan for the UK: From Austerity to the Age of the Green New Deal New Economics Foundation
2014: Just Money: How Society Can Break the Despotic Power of Finance  Commonwealth Publishing 
2017: The Production of Money – How to Break the Power of Bankers, Verso ISBN 9781786631374
2019: The Case for the Green New Deal  Verso ISBN 9781788738156



ground_truth: yes