prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the nationality of the author of Fifty Shades Freed?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Fifty Shades Freed (film)
Fifty Shades Freed is a 2018 American erotic romantic drama film directed by James Foley and written by Niall Leonard, and based on E  L  James's 2012 novel of the same name  It is the third and final installment in the Fifty Shades film series, following Fifty Shades of Grey (2015) and Fifty Shades Darker (2017)  The film stars Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan as Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey, respectively, and follows the couple as they marry, and must deal with Ana's former boss (Eric Johnson), who begins to stalk them 
Following the first film premiered in February 2015, development on the sequels promptly began  By November 2015, Foley was hired to direct both sequels, which would be shot back-to-back in 2016 Principal photography on Fifty Shades Freed began simultaneously with Darker in February 2016, in Paris and Vancouver, and ended in July 2016 
Fifty Shades Freed was released in the United States on February 9, 2018, including a limited IMAX release  It was a box office success, grossing over $370 million worldwide against a production budget of $55 million, but the lowest-grossing film of the trilogy  Like its two predecessors, Fifty Shades Freed received negative reviews, with criticism for its screenplay and acting 

Plot
Newlyweds Christian and Anastasia are forced to cut their honeymoon short and return home after receiving news of a break-in at his corporate headquarters  Some computer files were stolen and security camera tapes identify the perpetrator as Jack Hyde, Ana's former boss who was fired for sexual assault  Meanwhile, Ana is introduced to her new personal security team 
Christian surprises Ana with a new house and has hired an attractive architect, Gia Matteo, to rebuild it for her  She is annoyed when Gia openly flirts with him in her presence  Ana privately threatens to fire Gia if she keeps it up, forcing her to stop 
When Christian is away on a business trip, Ana disregards his wishes that she stay at home, and meets her friend, Kate Kavanagh, for a drink  Kate is dating Christian's older brother Elliot and fears Elliot may be having an affair with Gia, his business associate  Jack Hyde attempts to kidnap Ana when she gets home  Ana's security team subdues him and he is arrested 
After arguing with Christian about her night out with Kate, Ana berates him for being overly controlling and possessive and demands more freedom  Soon after, he surprises her with a trip to Aspen, bringing along Kate, Elliot, Mia, and José  Elliot proposes to Kate, who accepts  It is revealed that Gia was only helping Elliot choose the ring 
The newlyweds continue with their erotic sexual experimentation, but it becomes complicated when Ana announces she is pregnant  Christian is deeply disturbed, saying he had other plans for their early years together  He leaves, going on a night-long drunken bender  After he returns, Ana discovers that Christian had texted and met his ex-lover and former BDSM dominant, Elena Lincoln  She becomes angry with him and locks herself in the playroom for the night  He searches for Ana in the morning and they continue arguing, with Ana telling Christian how important the baby is to her 
Shortly after, Hyde is released on a $500,000 bond and phones demanding a ransom for Mia, Christian's abducted sister  Hyde demands $5 million in cash in two hours and threatens to kill her if his demands are not met  He warns Ana to tell no one and to bring the money alone  Ana takes a chequebook and revolver from Christian's desk and goes to the bank to withdraw the full amount 
The suspicious bank manager calls Christian  He thinks Ana is leaving him but then notices it coincides with Hyde's recent release, Mia's unknown whereabouts, and Ana's sudden large cash withdrawal  Hyde instructs Ana to get into a car parked in the alley and to hand over her phone to the driver to discard  She tricks Hyde by taking the bank manager's phone and slipping hers into the bag of money  She exits the back entrance to discover that the driver and Jack's accomplice is her co-worker, Liz 
Ana arrives at the drop-off site with the money  Hyde, psychotic and vengeful, attacks her, kicking her abdomen  Liz tries to stop him as Ana pulls out the revolver and shoots him in the leg  Christian and his security team, who electronically tracked Ana's cell phone, arrive and apprehend Hyde and Liz  Ana blacks out as she hears Christian's voice 
Ana awakens three days later in the hospital with Christian at her side  Though angry at her recklessness and still anxious about fatherhood, he realizes how important their baby is to her, and they reconcile  Christian's adoptive mother, Grace, assures him that Ana will not leave him  She returns home the next day 
Christian's private investigator, Welch, has left a report showing that Christian and Hyde had shared the same foster family, though he has no memory of this  Hyde was envious of Christian being adopted by the wealthy Grey family instead of him  Hyde also blackmailed Liz into being his accomplice  Christian and Ana also find out where his birth mother is buried  They visit her grave and he lays flowers on it 
While Christian is playing his piano, Ana walks through the hallway to the living room to watch Christian  As she's watching him, flashbacks of Christian and Ana's time together are shown with "Love Me like You Do" playing  Ana then decides she wants to play  She sends him a text message to get his attention  As Christian joins Ana in the playroom, the music continues to play as Christian shuts the door, right after seeing Ana smile 
Seven months later, Christian and Ana have a son named Teddy and Two years later Ana is pregnant with their second child 

Cast
Dakota Johnson as Anastasia "Ana" Grey, Christian's wife and Teddy's mother 
Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey, Ana's husband and Teddy's father
Eric Johnson as Jack Hyde, Ana's former boss and stalker 
Eloise Mumford as Katherine Kavanagh, Ana's best friend and Elliot Grey's fiancée 
Rita Ora as Mia Grey, the adoptive daughter of Carrick Grey and Dr  Grace Trevelyan Grey, and younger sister of Christian and Elliot Grey 
Luke Grimes as Elliot Grey, older brother of Christian and Mia Grey, and Katherine's fiancé 
Victor Rasuk as José Rodriguez, one of Anastasia's friends 
Max Martini as Jason Taylor, Christian's bodyguard 
Jennifer Ehle as Carla May Wilks, Anastasia's mother 
Kim Basinger as Elena Lincoln, Christian's former dominant  (Unrated Version only)
Marcia Gay Harden as Grace Trevelyan Grey, Christian's adoptive mother 
Bruce Altman as Jerry Roach 
Arielle Kebbel as Gia Matteo, the architect recommended by Elliot Grey to design Anastasia and Christian's future home 
Callum Keith Rennie as Ray, Anastasia's former stepfather 
Robinne Lee as Ros Bailey, Christian's second in command 
Brant Daugherty as Luke Sawyer, Ana's bodyguard 
Amy Price-Francis as Liz Morgan, Jack's accomplice 
Tyler Hoechlin as Boyce Fox, a popular author whose books are published by SIP 
Ashleigh LaThrop as Hannah, Ana's co-worker and friend 
Fay Masterson as Gail Jones, Christian's housekeeper 
Hiro Kanagawa as Detective Clark 

Production
Universal Pictures and Focus Features secured the rights to the trilogy in March 2012  The films were produced by Michael De Luca Productions  At a fan screening of the first film in New York City on February 6, 2015, director Sam Taylor-Johnson confirmed that the book sequels Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed would also be adapted, with the first sequel then set to be released in 2016  After the announcement, Taylor-Johnson told Digital Spy that "It's not my decision [to return], and I haven't been privy to any of the discussions " On November 12, 2015, TheWrap reported that James Foley would direct both sequels, which would be shot back-to-back in 2016, with Niall Leonard writing the script and Michael De Luca and Dana Brunetti returning to produce, along with E  L  James and Marcus Viscidi  Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan were also set to return in the lead roles  On February 8, 2016, Arielle Kebbel was cast in the film to play Gia Matteo, a beautiful architect who is hired by Christian to build his home, and on February 12, 2016, Eric Johnson was cast as Jack Hyde, Ana's boss at SIP and stalker  On February 20, 2016, Brant Daugherty signed on to play Sawyer, the personal bodyguard for Anastasia 

Filming
In November 2015, Universal Studios announced that Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed would be shot back-to-back, with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016  Filming took place in Paris and Vancouver from February 9, 2016, to July 12, 2016, under the working title "Further Adventures of Max and Banks 2 & 3" 

Music
The lead single from the film's soundtrack, "For You", performed by Rita Ora and Liam Payne, was released on January 5, 2018  The soundtrack's track list was released on January 8, 2018, including artists Julia Michaels, Sia, Jessie J, Black Atlass, Ellie Goulding, Hailee Steinfeld, Dua Lipa, and Miike Snow on the 22-song album 

Release
Fifty Shades Freed was released to theatres on February 9, 2018  The film released had a digital on April 24, 2018, with a Blu-ray Disc, DVD and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray release following on May 8, 2018 

Reception
Box office
Fifty Shades Freed grossed $100 4 million in the United States and Canada, and $270 2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $371 2 million, against a production budget of $55 million In the United States and Canada, Fifty Shades Freed was released alongside Peter Rabbit and The 15:17 to Paris, and was projected to gross $37–40 million from 3,768 theaters in its opening weekend  It made $5 6 million from Thursday night previews, down 2% from the $5 7 million taken in by Fifty Shades Darker the previous year  It ended up making $38 6 million over the weekend, the lowest of the trilogy, but enough to take first place at the box office  The film grossed $10 8 million on Valentine's Day, the third-highest total for when the holiday fell on a weekday, behind The Vow ($11 6 million in 2012) and Darker ($11 million), and bringing its five-day gross to $56 1 million  In its second weekend the film only made $17 3 million, a 55 1% drop Worldwide, the film was expected to make $80–90 million from 57 countries, including France, Germany, the UK, Australia, Brazil, Mexico and Japan, for a worldwide debut of $113–130 million in its first three days  It ended up grossing $98 1 million from overseas for a global debut of $136 9 million 

Critical response
The film garnered overwhelmingly negative reviews by critics and audiences alike  On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 11%, based on 196 reviews, and an average rating of 3 3/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "Fifty Shades Freed brings its titillating trilogy to a clumsy conclusion, making for a film franchise that adds up to a distinctly dissatisfying ménage à trois " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 31 out of 100, based on 43 critics, meaning "generally unfavorable reviews " Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by Darker, while PostTrak reported that 56% of women (who made up 81% of the opening weekend audience) gave the film a "definite recommend" Writing for Variety, Guy Lodge was critical of the film, saying "Indeed, a sex-free, PG-13 version of Freed could be cut without shedding a second of narrative coherence, such as it is; one could ask what the point of that would be, though similar queries might be leveled at the film as it stands " Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film zero out of four, stating "With this last entry, we have officially hit the bottom of the barrel  Whips, chains, butt plugs and nipple clips are nothing compared to the sheer torture of watching this movie " Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film one out of five stars, and wrote "This is a film in which one of the more emotionally detailed performances is given by a product-placement Audi "Jeannette Catsoulis, writing for The New York Times, found the film to be significantly inferior to Kim Basinger's 9½ Weeks, stating: "Layering a damp-squib thriller subplot beneath what appears to be an ad campaign for the one-percent lifestyle, the returning director and screenwriter test the newly married couple with an inconvenient pregnancy and an unconvincing car chase  There's an out-of-left-field abduction and a marital tiff over email addresses; but these narrative fragments, lazily tossed together alongside a neglected supporting cast, are no more than a flimsy causeway connecting bonking sessions "Conversely, IndieWire reviewer Manuela Lazic gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Finally, the Fifty Shades phenomenon has yielded a disarming comedy that makes this ridiculous material fun to watch "

Accolades
Passage 2:
Fifty Shades of Grey
Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E  L  James  It became the first instalment in the Fifty Shades novel series that follows the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey  It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving BDSM (bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism/masochism)  Originally self-published as an ebook and print-on-demand in June 2011, the publishing rights to the novel were acquired by Vintage Books in March 2012 
Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world  It has been translated into 52 languages and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest-selling paperback of all time  Critical reception of the book, however, has tended towards the negative, with the quality of its prose generally seen as poor, while its portrayal of BDSM has been targeted for criticism from a variety of perspectives  Universal Pictures and Focus Features produced an American film adaptation, which was released on 13 February 2015, and was also panned upon release, though it was a box office success 
The second and third volumes of the original trilogy, Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed, were published in 2012  The trilogy had sold over 150 million copies worldwide by October 2017  A version of the novel from Christian's point of view, Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, was published in June 2015 as the fourth book, followed by Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian in November 2017 and Freed: Fifty Shades Freed as Told by Christian in June 2021 

Plot
Twenty-one-year-old Anastasia "Ana" Steele is an English literature major at the Washington State University's branch campus in Vancouver, Washington  Her best friend, Katherine "Kate" Kavanagh, writes for the college newspaper  Due to an illness, Kate is unable to interview Christian Grey, a successful and wealthy Seattle entrepreneur  She asks Ana to take her place  Ana finds the 27-year-old Christian both attractive and intimidating  She stumbles through the interview and believes it went poorly  Ana, not expecting to meet Christian again, is surprised when he appears at the hardware store where she works and purchases various items  When Ana mentions that Kate would like a photo for her article, Christian offers to arrange a photo session 
The next day Ana, along with Kate and their photographer friend, José Rodriguez, arrive at Christian's hotel for the photo shoot  After, Christian asks Ana out for coffee  When he asks if she is dating someone, Ana replies that she is not seeing anyone  During the conversation, Christian claims he is not romantic, then abruptly ends the date, leaving Ana to believe she is not attractive enough for him  Later, Christian sends Ana a first edition copy of Tess of the d'Urbervilles  Later that night, Ana goes out with her friends and ends up drunk dialing Christian, who says he is coming to pick her up  When Ana goes outside for some fresh air, José attempts to kiss her, but he is abruptly stopped by Christian's arrival  Ana leaves with Christian, but not before she discovers that Kate has been flirting with Christian's brother, Elliot  Ana awakens to find herself in Christian's hotel room  He assures her nothing happened, but scolds her for her careless behavior  Christian says he would like to have a sexual relationship with her but Ana must first fill out some paperwork  He later goes back on this statement to make out with her in the elevator 
Christian flies Ana to Seattle in his helicopter  At his penthouse, Christian insists that she sign a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) regarding their time together, which Ana agrees to sign  He also mentions other paperwork, but first takes her to his playroom filled with BDSM objects and gear  Christian informs her that the second contract will be about dominance and submission, and there will be no romantic relationship, only a sexual one  The contract even forbids Ana from touching Christian or making eye contact with him  At this point, Christian realises that Ana is a virgin  Not wanting her first sexual experience to be a BDSM experience, he has conventional sex with her and sleeps in her bed  The following morning, Christian's adoptive mother, Grace, unexpectedly arrives; she is surprised to meet Ana, having never seen her son with a woman  Christian later reveals to Ana that he lost his virginity at age 15 to one of his mother's friends, Elena Lincoln, and that his previous dominant/submissive relationships failed due to incompatibility  Christian also reveals that in his first dominant/submissive relationship, he was the submissive  Christian and Ana plan to meet again, and he takes Ana home, where she discovers several job offers 
Over the next few days, Ana receives several packages from Christian  This includes a laptop to replace her broken one and research the BDSM lifestyle in consideration of the contract  Ana and Christian discuss the contract  Ana becomes overwhelmed by the potential BDSM arrangement and having a non-romantic sexual relationship  Ana leaves and does not see Christian again until her college graduation, where he is the keynote speaker  During this time, Ana agrees to sign the dominant/submissive contract  She and Christian meet to formally discuss the contract and go over Ana's hard and soft limits  Christian spanks Ana for the first time, and the experience leaves her both enticed and slightly confused  This confusion is exacerbated by Christian's lavish gifts and the fact that he brings her to meet his family  The two continue with the arrangement without Ana having yet signed the contract  After landing a job with Seattle Independent Publishing (SIP), Ana further bristles under the NDA's restrictions and her complex relationship with Christian  The tension between Ana and Christian eventually comes to a head after Ana asks Christian to punish her in order to show her how extreme a BDSM relationship with him could be  Christian fulfills Ana's request, beating her with a belt  Ana realizes they are incompatible  Devastated, she breaks up with Christian and returns to the apartment she shares with Kate 

Background and publication
The Fifty Shades trilogy was developed from a Twilight fan fiction series originally titled Master of the Universe and published by James episodically on fan fiction websites under the pen name "Snowqueen Icedragon"  The piece featured characters named after Twilight author Stephenie Meyer's characters in Twilight, Edward Cullen and Bella Swan   After comments concerning the sexual nature of the material, James removed the story and published it on her own website, FiftyShades com  Later she rewrote Master of the Universe as an original piece, with the principal characters renamed Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele, and removed it from her website before publication  Meyer commented on the series, saying "that's really not my genre, not my thing    Good on her—she's doing well  That's great!"This reworked and extended version of Master of the Universe was split into three parts  The first, titled Fifty Shades of Grey, was released as an e-book and a print on demand paperback in May 2011 by The Writers' Coffee Shop, a virtual publisher based in Australia  The second volume, Fifty Shades Darker, was released in September 2011; and the third, Fifty Shades Freed, followed in January 2012  The Writers' Coffee Shop had a restricted marketing budget and relied largely on book blogs for early publicity, but sales of the novel were boosted by word-of-mouth recommendation  The book's erotic nature and perceived demographic of its fan base as being composed largely of married women over thirty led to the book being dubbed "Mommy Porn" by some news agencies  The book has also reportedly been popular among teenage girls and college women  By the release of the final volume in January 2012, news networks in the United States had begun to report on the Fifty Shades trilogy as an example of viral marketing and of the rise in popularity of female erotica, attributing its success to the discreet nature of e-reading devices  Due to the heightened interest in the series, the license to the Fifty Shades trilogy was picked up by Vintage Books for re-release in a new and revised edition in April 2012  The attention that the series has garnered has also helped to spark a renewed interest in erotic literature  Many other erotic works quickly became best-sellers following Fifty Shades' success, while other popular works, such as Anne Rice's The Sleeping Beauty trilogy, have been reissued (this time without pseudonyms) to meet the higher demand On 1 August 2012, Amazon UK announced that it had sold more copies of Fifty Shades of Grey than it had any individual book in the Harry Potter series, although worldwide, at that time, the Harry Potter series had sold more than 450 million copies, compared with Fifty Shades of Grey's sales of 60 million copies 

Reception
Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world, including those of the United Kingdom and the United States  The series had sold over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015, while by October 2017 it had sold more than 150 million copies worldwide  The series has been translated into 52 languages, and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest-selling paperback of all time 

Critical response
It has received mixed to negative reviews, as most critics noted the poor literary qualities of the work  Salman Rushdie said about the book: "I've never read anything so badly written that got published  It made Twilight look like War and Peace " Maureen Dowd described the book in The New York Times as being written "like a Brontë devoid of talent," and said it was "dull and poorly written " Jesse Kornbluth of The Huffington Post said: "As a reading experience, Fifty Shades     is a sad joke, puny of plot" Princeton professor April Alliston wrote, "Though no literary masterpiece, Fifty Shades is more than parasitic fan fiction based on the recent Twilight vampire series " Entertainment Weekly writer Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the book a "B+" rating and praised it for being "in a class by itself " British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote "It is jolly, eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM (bondage, discipline, sadism and masochism) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act" and also praised the book for being "more enjoyable" than other "literary erotic books"  The Daily Telegraph noted that the book was "the definition of a page-turner", noting that the book was both "troubling and intriguing"  A reviewer for the Ledger-Enquirer described the book as guilty fun and escapism, and that it "also touches on one aspect of female existence [female submission]  And acknowledging that fact – maybe even appreciating it – shouldn't be a cause for guilt " The New Zealand Herald stated that the book "will win no prizes for its prose" and that "there are some exceedingly awful descriptions," although it was also an easy read; "(If you only) can suspend your disbelief and your desire to – if you'll pardon the expression – slap the heroine for having so little self respect, you might enjoy it " The Columbus Dispatch stated that, "Despite the clunky prose, James does cause one to turn the page " Metro News Canada wrote that "suffering through 500 pages of this heroine's inner dialogue was torturous, and not in the intended, sexy kind of way"  Jessica Reaves, of the Chicago Tribune, wrote that the "book's source material isn't great literature", noting that the novel is "sprinkled liberally and repeatedly with asinine phrases", and described it as "depressing" The book garnered some accolades  In December 2012, it won both "Popular Fiction" and "Book of the Year" categories in the UK National Book Awards  In that same month, Publishers Weekly named E  L  James the 'Publishing Person of the Year', a decision whose criticism in the LA Times and the New York Daily News was referred to by and summarised in The Christian Science Monitor   Earlier, in April 2012, when E  L  James was listed as one of Time magazine's "100 Most Influential People in the World", Richard Lawson of The Atlantic Wire criticised her inclusion due to the trilogy's fan fiction beginnings 

Controversy
Fifty Shades of Grey has attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM, with some BDSM participants stating that the book confuses the practice with abuse, and presents it as a pathology to be overcome, as well as showing incorrect and possibly dangerous BDSM techniques Coinciding with the release of the book and its surprising popularity, injuries related to BDSM and sex toy use spiked dramatically  In the year after the novel's publishing in 2012, injuries requiring Emergency Room visits increased by over 50% from 2010 (the year before the book was published)  This is speculated to be due to people unfamiliar with both the proper use of these toys and the safe practice of bondage and other "kinky" sexual fetishes in attempting to recreate what they had read There has also been criticism against the fact that BDSM is a part of the book  Archbishop Dennis Schnurr of Cincinnati said in an early February 2015 letter, "The story line is presented as a romance; however, the underlying theme is that bondage, dominance, and sadomasochism are normal and pleasurable " The feminist anti-pornography organization Stop Porn Culture called for a boycott of the movie based on the book because of its sex scenes involving bondage and violence  By contrast, Timothy Laurie and Jessica Kean argue that "film fleshes out an otherwise legalistic concept like 'consent' into a living, breathing, and at times, uncomfortable interpersonal experience," and "dramatises the dangers of unequal negotiation and the practical complexity of identifying one's limits and having them respected "Several critics and scientists have expressed concern that the nature of the main couple's relationship is not BDSM at all, but rather is characteristic of an abusive relationship  In 2013, social scientist Professor Amy E  Bonomi published a study wherein multiple professionals read and assessed the books for characteristics of intimate partner violence, or IPV, using the CDC's standards for emotional abuse and sexual violence  The study found that nearly every interaction between Ana and Christian was emotionally abusive in nature, including stalking, intimidation, and isolation  The study group also observed pervasive sexual violence within the CDC's definition, including Christian's use of alcohol to circumvent Ana's ability to consent, and that Ana exhibits classic signs of an abused woman, including constant perceived threat, stressful managing, and altered identity A second study in 2014 was conducted to examine the health of women who had read the series, compared with a control group that had never read any part of the novels  The results showed a correlation between having read at least the first book and exhibiting signs of an eating disorder, having romantic partners that were emotionally abusive and/or engaged in stalking behavior, engaging in binge drinking in the last month, and having 5 or more sexual partners before age 24  The authors could not conclude whether women already experiencing these "problems" were drawn to the series, or if the series influenced these behaviors to occur after reading by creating underlying context  The study's lead researcher contends that the books romanticize dangerous behavior and "perpetuate dangerous abuse standards " The study was limited in that only women up to age 24 were studied, and no distinction was made among the reader sample between women who enjoyed the series and those that had a strong negative opinion of it, having only read it out of curiosity due to the media hype or other obligation At the beginning of the media hype, Dr  Drew and sexologist Logan Levkoff discussed on The Today Show whether the book perpetuated violence against women; Levkoff said that while that is an important subject, this trilogy had nothing to do with it – this was a book about a consensual relationship  Dr  Drew commented that the book was "horribly written" in addition to being "disturbing" but stated that "if the book enhances women's real-life sex lives and intimacy, so be it "

Censorship
Fifty Shades of Grey has often been challenged, banned, and removed in the United States  The book landed on the American Library Association's Top 10 List of Banned and Challenged Books in 2012 (4), 2013 (4), and 2015 (2) because it is sexually explicit and unsuited for the age group; has nudity and offensive language; and for religious viewpoints  Challengers also stated the book was "poorly written," and they were concerned "a group of teenagers will want to try [BDSM] " Ultimately, the book became the eighth-most banned book between 2010 and 2019 In March 2012, branches of the public library in Brevard County, Florida, removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves, with an official statement that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor  A representative for the library stated that it was due to the book's sexual content and that other libraries had declined to purchase copies for their branches  Deborah Caldwell-Stone of the American Library Association commented that "If the only reason you don't select a book is that you disapprove of its content, but there is demand for it, there's a question of whether you're being fair  In a public library there is usually very little that would prevent a book from being on the shelf if there is a demand for the information " Brevard County public libraries later made their copies available to their patrons due to public demand In Macaé, Brazil, Judge Raphael Queiroz Campos ruled in January 2013 that bookstores throughout the city must either remove the series entirely from their shelves or ensure that the books are wrapped and placed out of the reach of minors  The judge stated that he was prompted to make such an order after seeing children reading them, basing his decision on a law stating that "magazines and publications whose content is improper or inadequate for children and adolescents can only be sold if sealed and with warnings regarding their content" In February 2015, the Malaysian Home Ministry banned the Fifty Shades of Grey books shortly after banning its film adaptation after permitting them for three years in local bookstores, citing morality-related reasons 

Media
Film adaptation
A film adaptation of the book was produced by Focus Features, Michael De Luca Productions, and Trigger Street Productions, with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012  Universal is also the film's distributor  Charlie Hunnam was originally cast in the role of Christian Grey alongside Dakota Johnson in the role of Anastasia Steele, but Hunnam gave up the part in October 2013, with Jamie Dornan announced for the role on 23 October The film was released on 13 February 2015, and although popular at the box office, critical reactions were mixed to negative 

Film soundtrack
E  L  James announced the film's soundtrack would be released on 10 February 2015  Prior to the soundtrack's release, the first single, "Earned It", by The Weeknd, was released on 24 December 2014  On 7 January 2015, the second single, "Love Me like You Do" by Ellie Goulding was released  Australian singer Sia released the soundtrack's third single, "Salted Wound", on 27 January 2015 

Classical album
An album of songs selected by E  L  James was released on 11 September 2012 by EMI Classics under the title Fifty Shades of Grey: The Classical Album, and reached number four on the US Billboard classical music albums chart in October 2012  A Seattle P-I reviewer favourably wrote that the album would appeal both to fans of the series and to "those who have no intention of reading any of the Grey Shades" 

Parodies
The Fifty Shades of Grey trilogy has inspired many parodies in print, in film, online, and on stage  In November 2012, Universal Studios attempted to prevent the release of Fifty Shades of Grey: A XXX Adaptation, a pornographic film based on the novel, citing copyright and trademark infringement  Smash Pictures, the porn producer, later responded to the lawsuit with a counterclaim that "much or all" of the Fifty Shades material was placed in the public domain in its original Twilight-based form, but later capitulated and stopped distribution of their film 

In print
Fifty Shames of Earl Grey by Andrew Shaffer
Fifty Thousand Shades of Grey by British YouTuber and author Stuart Ashen  The title is literal, as the book simply consists of the phrase "Shades of Grey" repeated 50,000 times 

In film
Scary Movie 5 (2013)
Fifty Shades of Black (2016)

Online
Parodying the fan fiction origins of Fifty Shades of Grey, Ivy League MBA students have created Erotic FinFiction, a blog containing steamy entries written in business jargon 

On stage
Stage productions include:

50 Shades! The Musical Parody
Spank! The Fifty Shades Parody

On television
In the television series Birds of a Feather, Dorien Green's (played by Lesley Joseph) book 50 Shades of Green was sued by the publisher of Fifty Shades of Grey 

See also
BDSM in culture and media
Maestra, a 2016 novel sometimes compared to Fifty Shades of Grey
Nine and a Half Weeks, a 1978 memoir
Sadism and masochism in fiction
Secretary (2002 film)
365 Dni
Passage 3:
Robinne Lee
Robinne Lee (born July 16, 1974) is an American actress and author  She made her screen debut in the 1997 independent film Hav Plenty, and later has appeared in films National Security (2003), Deliver Us from Eva (2003), Hitch (2005), Seven Pounds (2008), Fifty Shades Darker (2017), and Fifty Shades Freed (2018) 

Life and career
Lee was born in Mount Vernon, New York on July 16  A graduate of Yale University and Columbia Law School, Lee began her acting career as part of the ensemble cast of the romantic comedy Hav Plenty in 1997, which was shown at Toronto Film Festival  She spent the following years working in smaller films, and well as co-starred in television movies include The Runaway opposite Debbi Morgan  On television, Lee also guest-starred on Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and Numbers  She also appeared in R&B singer Usher's music video for his 2004 single "Confessions Part II" 
In 2003, Lee appeared in two films, action comedy National Security, with Martin Lawrence and Steve Zahn, and opposite LL Cool J and Gabrielle Union in the romantic comedy Deliver Us from Eva  In 2005, Lee had a role in box-office hit Hitch, starring Will Smith  In 2008, she co-starred again with Smith in the drama film Seven Pounds playing his character's fiancee  As lead actress, she starred in the 2008 comedy-drama This Is Not a Test  In 2009, Lee co-starred alongside Don Cheadle in the comedy film Hotel for Dogs 
In 2007, Lee had the recurring role on the TBS sitcom Tyler Perry's House of Payne and shot an independent film called This Is Not a Test  From 2013 to 2014, she played Avery Daniels in the first season of the critically acclaimed BET drama series, Being Mary Jane  From 2017 to 2018, she starred in the Syfy horror drama series, Superstition 
Lee played Ros Bailey in Fifty Shades Darker (2017) and Fifty Shades Freed (2018), the sequels to Fifty Shades of Grey Lee's debut novel The Idea Of You was published on 13 June 2017 by St  Martin's Press  The story follows Solène Marchand, a 40-year-old mother and owner of a prestigious art gallery in Los Angeles, who falls for a considerably younger British popstar, idolized  by her 12-year-old daughter  The audiobook, read by Lee herself, was released on 3 April 2018 by Tantor Media  A film adaptation by Jennifer Westfeldt was announced in June 2021 and entered production in 2022 starring Anne Hathaway 

Filmography
Film/Movie
Television
Passage 4:
E  L  James
Erika Mitchell (born 7 March 1963), known by her pen name E  L  James, is a British author  She wrote the best-selling erotic romance trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades Darker, and Fifty Shades Freed, along with the companion novels Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian, and Freed: Fifty Shades Freed as Told by Christian  Prior to this, she wrote the Twilight fan fiction "Master of the Universe" that served as the basis for the Fifty Shades trilogy under the web name Snowqueens Icedragon  In 2019 she published her first book unconnected with the fictional world of Fifty Shades, The Mister, to negative critical reaction The Fifty Shades novels have sold over 150 million copies worldwide, over 35 million copies in the United States and set the record in the United Kingdom as the fastest selling paperback of all time  In 2012, Time magazine named her one of "The World's 100 Most Influential People"  The novels were subsequently adapted into the films Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades Darker, and Fifty Shades Freed 

Early life
Erika Mitchell was born on 7 March 1963 in Willesden, Middlesex to a Chilean mother and a Scottish father who was a BBC cameraman  She was brought up in Buckinghamshire James was educated at the independent Pipers Corner School and at Wycombe High School, a state grammar school for girls in the town of High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire, followed by the University of Kent in South East England where she studied History After leaving university, James became a studio manager's assistant at the National Film and Television School in Beaconsfield  She married Niall Leonard, a novelist and screenwriter from Northern Ireland, in 1987  They have two sons  As of 2012, they reside in Brentford, West London 

Career
James says the idea for the Fifty Shades trilogy began as a response to the vampire novel series Twilight  In late 2008, James saw the movie Twilight, and then became intensely absorbed with the novels that the movie was based on  She read the novels several times over in a period of a few days, and then, for the first time in her life, sat down to write a book: basically a sequel to the Twilight novels  Between January and August 2009, she wrote two such books in quick succession  She says she then discovered the phenomenon of fan fiction, and this inspired her to publish her novels as Kindle books under the pen name "Snowqueens Icedragon"  Beginning in August 2009, she then began to write the Fifty Shades books James has spoken of her shock at the success of the books  "The explosion of interest has taken me completely by surprise" she said  James has described the Fifty Shades trilogy as "my midlife crisis, writ large  All my fantasies in there, and that's it " She did not start to write until January 2009, as she revealed while still active on FanFiction Net: "I started writing in January 2009 after I finished the Twilight saga, and I haven't stopped since  I discovered Fan Fiction in August 2009  Since then I have written my two fics and plan on doing at least one more  After that     who knows?" In August 2013, James topped the Forbes' list of the highest-earning authors due to her book sales with earnings of $95m which included $5m for the film rights to Fifty Shades of Grey  On 1 June 2015 James announced the upcoming release of Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, which was released into stores on 18 June 2015  Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian was released 28 November 2017 

Awards and honours
2012 Time 100 by Time magazine, "The 100 Most Influential People in the World"
2012 Publishers Weekly "Publishing Person of the Year" 
2012 National Book Award (UK), "Popular Fiction Book of the Year", Fifty Shades of Grey
2012 National Book Award (UK), "Book of the Year", Fifty Shades of Grey

Bibliography
Fifty Shades of Grey (2011)
Fifty Shades Darker (2012)
Fifty Shades Freed (2012)
Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian (2015)
Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian (2017)
The Mister (2019)
Freed: Fifty Shades Freed as Told by Christian (2021)

Filmography
Passage 5:
Fifty Shades of Oy Vey: A Parody
Fifty Shades of Oy Vey: A Parody by E  L  Jamesbergstein is a parody of E L  James' Fifty Shades of Grey  It was published in print and e-book editions by Alfred A  Knish in 2013  Described on its book jacket as "So erotic, you'll plotz", the comic novel, which follows the outline of the original Fifty Shades of Grey, tells the story of the relationship between a beautiful young woman, Anatevka Stein, and a portly bagel tycoon, Chaim Silver 

Synopsis
When Baruch college senior Anatevka Stein goes to interview Chaim Silver for the Hillel Newsletter, she encounters a brilliant, lecherous owner of a bagel making plant  Successful, overweight and reeking of herring, he still lives with his mother  Anatevka finds herself irresistibly drawn to all of these qualities  In a series of encounters, Chaim introduces Anatevka to increasingly unusual sexual techniques, often involving Jewish food and Jewish holidays  He also asks her to sign a Kinky Ketubah spelling out their respective sexual obligations  At times, he serenades her with melancholy music on his accordion  As the love story progresses, it gradually reveals the reasons for Chaim Silver's inner sadness and neurotic behavior 

Reception
Journalists and reviewers in the U S , Canada and overseas have mentioned the spoof of the Fifty Shades books in a generally positive way  Fifty Shades of Oy Vey: A Parody was also cited and its cover used on the WCBS website's coverage of Fifty Shades of Grey and its parodies  An excerpt appeared on the Jewish erotica website Jewrotica org on March 9, 2015 
Passage 6:
Fifty Shades Darker
Fifty Shades Darker is a 2012 erotic romance novel by British author E  L  James  It is the second installment in the Fifty Shades trilogy that traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey  The first and third volumes, Fifty Shades of Grey and Fifty Shades Freed, were published in 2011 and 2012, respectively  The novel is published by Vintage Books and reached No  1 on the USA Today best seller list 

Plot
Three days after leaving Christian, Anastasia "Ana" Steele begins her job as personal assistant to Jack Hyde, an editor at Seattle Independent Publishing (SIP)  He asks Ana out often which, though it makes her uneasy, she writes off   Later, Christian emails her about a gallery exhibit José Rodriguez started in Portland, which she'd forgotten  Ana and Christian attend the show together and kiss in an alley  The same night, they have dinner in a restaurant and Christian reveals he wants her any way possible  He later asks that they resume their relationship but under Ana's conditions: no rules and no punishments  She agrees 
Christian reveals to Ana that he bought SIP but that the deal must stay secret for another month  Feeling he is interfering in her career, especially after he freezes the company's accounts preventing her from going on an overnight business trip to New York with Jack, Ana finds it annoying  Christian insists his actions were for her own protection because Jack is a "known philanderer" who has apparently harassed his last five assistants  Christian's concerns prove correct when Jack corners Ana after hours and blackmails her, demanding sexual favors  Ana escapes using her self-defense training, and Christian has Jack fired and confiscates his work computer 
Meanwhile, when attending a masquerade ball at the home of Christian's parents, Ana meets Christian's ex-lover Elena Lincoln (whom Ana nicknames Mrs  Robinson) and discovers that Elena and Christian own a salon business together  Later, Ana is auctioned off and Christian bids $100,000 for the first dance with her  Ana is disgusted to learn that Christian continues to be friends with Elena, the woman who seduced him when he was only 15 years old and introduced him to the BDSM lifestyle  When Elena realizes that Christian sees Ana as a girlfriend and not a submissive, she becomes antagonistic towards Ana, trying to sow discord in the budding relationship 
Meanwhile, Ana is stalked at work by a disturbed Leila Williams, one of Christian's former submissives, a situation made more intense when Ana learns Leila has a gun  Leila's obsession with Christian and Ana began after she left her husband four months before, leading to a mental breakdown  Leila breaks into Ana's apartment and threatens her at gunpoint  Christian defuses the situation by using their dominant/submissive dynamic, leaving Ana worried that Christian cannot be satisfied with a vanilla relationship  Ana confronts Christian about Leila  Fearing Ana is leaving him again, Christian impulsively puts out his marriage proposal  Ana does not answer, claiming she needs time to consider it 
José, whom Christian still views as a romantic rival, drives to Seattle to visit Ana, which Christian only permits if they both stay at Escala  Ana becomes worried on the night before Christian's 28th birthday when he goes missing flying from Portland to Seattle in his helicopter with Ros Bailey  However, he eventually makes it back to Escala safely, explaining that both the helicopter's engines failed; sabotage is suspected  Ana realizes she never wants to be without him and accepts his marriage proposal 
The next day, the Grey family throws Christian a large birthday party at their mansion  Ana's friend Kate worries after finding an email between Ana and Christian, discussing the BDSM contract, but Ana assures her that her relationship with Christian is a vanilla one  After Christian and Ana announce their engagement, Elena, who is still in love with Christian, angrily confronts Ana, accusing her of being a gold-digger and claiming that a vanilla relationship will never satisfy Christian  Enraged, Ana throws her drink at Elena and tells her to mind her own business  As they fight, Christian comes in and confronts Elena  He reminds her that while Elena taught him how to take control of his own life, she never once taught him to love like Ana did  Christian's adoptive mother, Grace, overhears the argument and is furious that Elena preyed on her teenage son  After slapping her across the face, Grace rails at Elena for her actions and orders her out of her family's life for good  She leaves in disgrace and Grace confronts Christian about it  After telling Grace the whole story, he decides to end his business relationship with Elena and give back the salon to her 
Christian takes Ana to the boathouse, which has been decorated with flowers and soft lights  He proposes properly with a ring and Ana accepts  Outside the Greys' mansion, Jack Hyde secretly watches the party; he is the one who sabotaged Christian's helicopter and he has sworn revenge 

Characters
Reception
The novel reached No  2 on the USA Today best seller list and is considered by The Guardian to be No  11 on the Top 100 Bestselling Books of All Time in the United Kingdom 

Film adaptation
In March 2014, the producer for the eponymous film adaptation of Fifty Shades of Grey, Dana Brunetti, had said there were, as of then, no solid plans to make a sequel  That film was released on 13 February 2015  Before the first film premiered, there was still high anticipation from fans for the sequel to the film  After the first film premiered at a special fan screening in New York City on 6 February 2015, director Sam Taylor-Johnson confirmed two sequels to be succeeded after the first film, with Fifty Shades Darker to be released in 2016  Principal photography commenced in June 2015 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada  In April 2015, at the Universal CinemaCon in Las Vegas, Universal announced the release dates of the film along with its sequel  The film is scheduled to be released on 10 February 2017  The first still from the film was released on Friday, 24 April 2015, showing Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey in a black mask looking into a mirror  In April 2015, Universal Pictures chairman Donna Langley told The Hollywood Reporter that the second instalment will be "more of a thriller"  In November 2015, Universal Studios announced that both films will be shot back-to-back with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016  Filming began in Canada on 9 February 2016 and continued through 12 July 2016  On 28 January 2016, producer Charolette McKinney broke ground on the new project, and it was announced that Kim Basinger would play Elena Lincoln 

See also
BDSM in culture and media
Sadism and masochism in fiction
Passage 7:
Fifty Shades Freed
Fifty Shades Freed is the third and final installment of the erotic romance Fifty Shades Trilogy by British author E  L  James  After accepting entrepreneur CEO Christian Grey's proposal in Fifty Shades Darker, Anastasia Steele must adjust not only to married life but to her new husband's wealthy lifestyle and controlling nature  The paperback edition was first published in April 2012 

Plot
Anastasia 'Ana' Steele and Christian Grey return to Seattle after a long honeymoon  Christian is upset to find that Ana has kept her maiden name at work  After some resistance, Ana relents and changes her name at work to Grey after realizing how important it is to Christian  As a belated wedding gift, Christian gives Seattle Independent Publishing to Ana, and plans to rename it Grey Publishing 
While Christian is on a business trip in New York, Anastasia goes out for a drink with longtime friend Kate Kavanagh, doing so against Christian's wishes  Returning home, she finds that her former boss, Jack Hyde, who was fired for attempting to sexually assault her, has been apprehended by the security staff  Duct tape is found in his pocket and in his van there are tranquilizers and a ransom note—all indications that he had intended to kidnap her  Jack is arrested  Angry with Ana for defying him, Christian cuts short his New York business trip and returns to Seattle  Furious that Ana reneged on her promise to have Kate over rather than go out, an upset Christian sulks while Ana sleeps  Eventually, the two argue and Ana berates him for being overly controlling and possessive  She demands more freedom and access to her friends  Christian finally relents after realizing how much Ana's friends mean to her and that Ana did the right thing by staying with Kate rather than at home  Soon after, Christian surprises her with a trip to Aspen, with Kate, Elliot, Mia, and Kate's brother, Ethan  While there, Elliot proposes to Kate, and she accepts 
Ana's step-father, Ray, is in a medically-induced coma after a car accident  When he awakens a few days later, Ana and Christian arrange to move him to Seattle to recover  It is also Ana's birthday weekend, and Christian surprises her with all her family and friends at a dinner  He gives her a charm bracelet with the charms representing all their "firsts" including an ice cream cone to represent their "vanilla" relationship  Christian also gives her an  Audi R8  Soon after, Ana learns that she is pregnant  Christian angrily accuses her of getting pregnant on purpose and leaves  He returns early the next morning drunk, claiming Ana will choose the baby - whom he believes to be a boy - over him  Ana says it could be a girl, though Christian refuses to accept that due to his sexist and chauvinistic nature  Ana becomes furious when she discovers a text message on Christian's phone from his ex-lover Elena Lincoln, the woman who seduced him when he was fifteen and introduced him to the BDSM lifestyle  The message indicates they met for a drink 
The next two mornings, Anastasia and Christian barely speak to each other: Christian is angry over the unplanned pregnancy; Anastasia is upset about his late-night encounter with Elena, though Christian insists their relationship is long-since over  When Christian is away on a business for a few days, Ana receives a call from Jack Hyde  He has kidnapped Mia Grey and demands $5 million in two hours  He warns Ana not to tell anyone or he will kill Mia 
Anastasia feigns illness and returns home to escape her bodyguard, Sawyer  She takes a gun and goes to the bank  While collecting the money, the suspicious bank manager calls Christian, who believes Ana is leaving him  To protect Mia's life, Ana lies to Christian, saying she is leaving him to raise the baby alone  Hyde instructs Ana to leave her phone but she tricks him by taking the bank manager's phone instead and dropping it in the trash  She leaves via the back entrance to a waiting car, shocked that Hyde's accomplice is Elizabeth Morgan, her co-worker  When handing over the money, Hyde tries to kill Ana out of vengeance for losing his job, causing Elizabeth to feel guilty for being involved  Angered by his behavior and his hurting Ana, Elizabeth argues with Hyde  On the ground and bruised, Ana shoots Hyde in the leg  As Ana starts to black out she hears Christian calling her name 
Ana wakes three days later in the hospital with Christian at her side  Though he is angry at Ana's recklessness and still anxious about fatherhood, he realizes how important their baby is to her, and they reconcile  Ana returns home the next day  Christian learns from his private investigator, Welch, that he and Hyde had the same foster family  He tells Ana about how he met and was seduced by Elena  By introducing him to the world of BDSM, Elena helped Christian learn to take control of his life  If she had not intervened, he would still be plagued with horrible memories of his mother and would never have been able to control his life  Ana feels guilty for her behavior when he explains how he ended up seeing Elena  He had been looking for his psychiatrist, Dr  Flynn, because he needed help and when he could not contact Flynn, Christian wound up at Elena's salon to talk to someone about his problems  Elena happened to be at the salon while she was closing  She knew Christian and Ana had a fight about the pregnancy  Elena took him to her favorite bar for a drink and to help him relax  Although she made a pass at him, Elena realized that Christian loved Ana and finally agreed to leave on good terms  He reassures her that she did the right thing to call him out for his behavior because Dr  Flynn had been right that he still has a lot of growing up to do 
The next day, a furious Christian discovers from Welsh that Elena's ex-husband, Eric Lincoln, had bailed Jack from jail out of spite for her affair with Christian  Christian tells Ana that after learning about the affair, Eric severely beat Elena and divorced her  Despite Christian's urging, Elena refused to press charges against Eric out of guilt for the affair  Christian retaliated by buying out Eric Lincoln's logging company to sell it off  It is also learned Elizabeth confessed to police that she was blackmailed by Hyde to be his accomplice  (However, her ultimate fate remains a mystery )
Seven months later Ana and Christian have a son named Theodore Raymond Grey, nicknamed Teddy  Two years later Ana is six months pregnant with their second child, a daughter whom they decide to name Phoebe Grey  
Elliot and Kate have married and have a two-month-old daughter named Ava  At the end, after having BDSM sex, Ana and Christian are getting ready to celebrate Teddy's second birthday with their family and friends 

Characters
Reception
Fifty Shades Freed entered The New York Times Best Seller list at number three  In the UK the novel sold over two million copies 

Film adaptation
Sam Taylor-Johnson, the director of the film adaptation of the first installment of the book series, Fifty Shades of Grey, confirmed on 6 February 2015 that both Fifty Shades Freed and the second book in the trilogy, Fifty Shades Darker, would also be adapted for film  In November 2015, Universal Studios announced that both films would be shot back-to-back with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016  The film was scheduled to be released on 9 February 2018 
Passage 8:
Fifty Shades (film series)
Fifty Shades is a British-American film trilogy series based on the Fifty Shades trilogy by English author E  L  James  It is distributed by Universal Studios and stars Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan as the lead roles Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey, respectively  Sam Taylor-Johnson directed the first film, and James Foley directed the second and third films The first film, Fifty Shades of Grey, was released on February 13, 2015, while the second, Fifty Shades Darker, was released on February 10, 2017  Fifty Shades Freed, the third film, was released on February 9, 2018  Although the films were poorly received critically, the series grossed over $1 32 billion worldwide, making it the seventh highest-grossing R-rated franchise of all-time 

Development
Two years after the trilogy's first novel was released, several distribution companies had bid for the rights of the trilogy  Warner Bros , Sony, Paramount and Universal, as well as Mark Wahlberg's production company, put in bids for the film rights  The winning bid went to Universal Studios and Focus Features, at $5 million  With James gaining control over the process of the making of the film, she hand-picked Dana Brunetti and Michael De Luca as the producers 

Films
Fifty Shades of Grey (2015)
When Anastasia "Ana" Steele, a literature student, goes to interview the wealthy Christian Grey, as a favor to her roommate Kate Kavanagh, she encounters a handsome, brilliant and intimidating man  The innocent and naive Ana, startled to realize she wants him, despite his enigmatic reserve and advice, finds herself desperate to get close to him  Not able to resist Ana's beauty and independent spirit, Grey admits he wants her too, but on his own terms  Ana hesitates as she discovers the singular tastes of Grey; despite the embellishments of success – his multinational businesses, his vast wealth, his loving family – Grey is consumed by the need to control everything  As they get close, Steele starts to discover Grey's secrets and explores her own BDSM desires 

Fifty Shades Darker (2017)
Following the events of the first film, Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey resume their relationship under Ana's terms  However, their relationship is tested when Christian's past threatens the couple 

Fifty Shades Freed (2018)
Believing they've left behind the shadowy figures from the past, billionaire Christian Grey and his new wife, Anastasia, fully embrace their inextricable connection and shared life of luxury  Just as the Greys begin to step into their new roles, sinister events come to light and jeopardize their happy ending before it even begins 

Cast and crew
Cast
Crew
Production
Directors
On June 19, 2013, Sam Taylor-Johnson was chosen to direct the first film  On February 6, 2015, Taylor-Johnson announced the sequels, prompting she would return to direct the sequels  It was later revealed that Taylor-Johnson would not return  On August 20, 2015, it was revealed by Deadline Hollywood that James Foley was the front-runner to direct the sequel and third film Fifty Shades Freed 

Screenwriters
Kelly Marcel was chosen as the screenwriter for the first film On April 22, 2015, it was announced that author E L  James' husband, Niall Leonard, would write the script for the sequel  Leonard also went on to write the script for the third film 

Casting
The casting for the lead roles was considered controversial  Many contenders considered for the film included Ryan Gosling, Garrett Hedlund, Theo James, Alexander Skarsgård, François Arnaud, Charlie Hunnam, Scott Eastwood, Luke Bracey, Ian Somerhalder and Billy Magnussen as Christian Grey  Alicia Vikander, Imogen Poots, Elizabeth Olsen, Shailene Woodley, Alexis Bledel and Felicity Jones were all considered for the role of Anastasia Steele On September 2, 2013, Dakota Johnson and Charlie Hunnam were cast as Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey respectively  As a result, the displeasure of the casting from fans caused controversy  In response, Brunetti stated, "There is a lot that goes into casting that isn't just looks  Talent, availability, their desire to do it, chemistry with other actor, etc  So if your favorite wasn't cast, then it is most likely due to something on that list  Keep that in mind while hating and keep perspective " On October 12, it was announced Hunnam had quit the role of Grey and the studio was in the process of searching for a new actor  On October 23, Jamie Dornan was cast as the replacement for Christian Grey In October 2013, Jennifer Ehle was cast as Carla Wilks  On October 31, 2013, Victor Rasuk was cast as José Rodriguez, Jr  On November 22, 2013, Eloise Mumford was cast as Kate Kavanagh  On December 2, 2013, singer Rita Ora was cast as Christian's younger sister Mia  On December 3, 2013, Marcia Gay Harden was cast as Christian's mother, Grace On January 28, 2016, Kim Basinger joined the franchise to play the role of Elena Lincoln in the sequels, Grey's business partner and former lover, while Luke Grimes, Eloise Mumford and Max Martini would be returning for the sequels  On February 5, Bella Heathcote was cast as Leila, one of Grey's former submissives  In the same month, Eric Johnson was cast to play Jack Hyde, Ana's boss at SIP  On February 18, 2016, Robinne Lee and Fay Masterson joined the film's cast  On February 20, Brant Daugherty signed on to play Luke Sawyer, the personal bodyguard for Anastasia in the third film 

Filming
For Fifty Shades of Grey, principal photography was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, which began on December 1, 2013  Scenes were filmed in the Gastown district of Vancouver  Bentall 5 was used as the Grey Enterprises building  The University of British Columbia serves as Washington State University Vancouver, from which Ana graduates  The Fairmont Hotel Vancouver was used as the Heathman Hotel  The film was also shot at the North Shore Studios  The production officially ended on February 21, 2014  Reshoots involving scenes between Dornan and Johnson took place in Vancouver during the week of October 13, 2014 For Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed, principal photography was to commence in June in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada  This was later to be impossible, due to the script being unwritten at that moment  In November 2015, Universal Studios announced that both films would be shot back-to-back with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016  Filming began in Paris and Vancouver from February 9, 2016, to July 12, 2016, under the working title "Further Adventures of Max and Banks 2 & 3 " Filming on Fifty Shades Darker concluded on April 11, 2016 

Reception
With a combined worldwide gross over $1 3 billion, the franchise was one of the biggest R-rated franchises ever, behind only The Matrix ($1 6 billion over three films), The Hangover ($1 4 billion over three films) and Alien ($1 328 billion not counting the PG-13 Alien vs  Predator) 

Box office performance
Critical and public response
Accolades
Passage 9:
Fifty Shades (novel series)
Fifty Shades is a series of erotic novels by E  L  James, initially a trilogy consisting of Fifty Shades of Grey (2011), Fifty Shades Darker (2012) and Fifty Shades Freed (2012)  The series traces the deepening relationship between college graduate Anastasia Steele and young businessman Christian Grey, who introduces Ana to the world of BDSM 
The author has spoken of her shock at the success of the book: "The explosion of interest has taken me completely by surprise " James has described the Fifty Shades trilogy as "my midlife crisis, writ large  All my fantasies in there, and that's it " She did not start to write until January 2009, as she revealed while still active on FanFiction Net: "I started writing in January 2009 after I finished reading the Twilight saga, and I haven't stopped since  I discovered Fan Fiction in August 2009  Since then I have written two fics and plan on doing at least one more  After that     who knows?" In August 2013, sales of the trilogy saw James top the Forbes' list of the highest-earning authors with earnings of $95 million, which included $5 million for the film rights to Fifty Shades of Grey  In spite of the success, the books have also been largely panned by critics, with the first entry in particular "being ridiculed by virtually every critic who has read it "Since 2015 the series has been expanded with a parallel set of novels "as told by Christian": Grey follows the events of Fifty Shades of Grey but from the perspective of Christian Grey, Darker (2017) and Freed (2021) do the same for Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed, respectively 

Plot overview
Original trilogyFifty Shades of Grey (2011)
Fifty Shades Darker (2012)
Fifty Shades Freed (2012)Told by Christian trilogyGrey (2015)
Darker (2017)
Freed (2021)

Main characters
Critical reception
Salman Rushdie said about the book: "I've never read anything so badly written that got published  It made Twilight look like War and Peace " Maureen Dowd described the book in The New York Times as being written "like a Brontë devoid of talent", and said it was "dull and poorly written"  Jesse Kornbluth of The Huffington Post said: "As a reading experience, Fifty Shades     is a sad joke, puny of plot" Princeton professor April Alliston wrote, "Though no literary masterpiece, Fifty Shades is more than parasitic fan fiction based on the recent Twilight vampire series " Entertainment Weekly writer Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the book a "B+" rating and praised it for being "in a class by itself"  British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote "It is jolly, eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM (bondage, discipline, sadism and masochism) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act" and also praised the book for being "more enjoyable" than other "literary erotic books"  However, The Telegraph criticized the book as "treacly cliché" but also wrote that the sexual politics in Fifty Shades of Grey will have female readers "discussing it for years to come"  A reviewer for the Ledger-Enquirer described the book as guilty fun and escapism, but that it "also touches on one aspect of female existence [female submission]  And acknowledging that fact – maybe even appreciating it – shouldn't be a cause for guilt " The New Zealand Herald stated that the book "will win no prizes for its prose" and that "there are some exceedingly awful descriptions", but it was also an easy read; "(If you only) can suspend your disbelief and your desire to – if you'll pardon the expression – slap the heroine for having so little self respect, you might enjoy it "The Columbus Dispatch stated that, "Despite the clunky prose, James does cause one to turn the page " Metro News Canada wrote that "suffering through 500 pages of this heroine's inner dialogue was torturous, and not in the intended, sexy kind of way"  Jessica Reaves, of the Chicago Tribune, wrote that the "book's source material isn't great literature", noting that the novel is "sprinkled liberally and repeatedly with asinine phrases", and described it as "depressing"  The book garnered some accolades  In December 2012, it won both "Popular Fiction" and "Book of the Year" categories in the UK National Book Awards  In that same month, Publishers Weekly named E  L  James the 'Publishing Person of the Year', causing an "outcry from the literary world"  For example, "What was Publishers Weekly thinking?" asked Los Angeles Times writer Carolyn Kellogg, while a New York Daily News headline read, "Civilization ends: E L  James named Publishers Weekly's 'Person of the Year' "

Depiction of BDSM
The Fifty Shades trilogy has also attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM, with Katie Roiphe of Newsweek asking "But why, for women especially, would free will be a burden?     It may be that power is not always that comfortable, even for those of us who grew up in it; it may be that equality is something we want only sometimes and in some places and in some arenas; it may be that power and all of its imperatives can be boring " Zap2it's Andrea Reiher expressed frustration at Roiphe's depiction of the series, stating that "[b]eing submissive sexually is not tantamount to being the victim of abuse" or that they're "giving up their power or their equality with their partner"  Other sites such as Jezebel have responded to the article, with Jezebel listing reasons for Fifty Shades of Grey's popularity, stating that "the vast majority of fans fawn over the emotional relationship Anastasia and Christian have, not about the sex "In an interview with Salon, several dominatrices have responded that while submission can be an escape from daily stresses, they also frequently have male clients and that trust is a big factor in dominant/submissive relationships  One interviewed former dominatrix and author, Melissa Febos, stated that even if the book's popularity was a result of women's "current anxieties about equality" that it "doesn't mean that it's 'evidence of unhappiness, or an invalidation of feminism,'    it might actually be a sign of progress that millions of women are so hungrily pursuing sexual fantasies independent of men " Writing in The Huffington Post, critic Soraya Chemaly argued that interest in the series was not a trend, but squarely within the tradition and success of the romance category which is driven by tales of virgins, damaged men and submission/dominance themes  Instead, she wrote, the books are notable not for transgressive sex but for how women are using technology to subvert gendered shame by exploring explicit sexual content privately using e-readers  Instead of submission fantasies representing a post-feminist discomfort with power and free will, women's open consumption, sharing and discussion of sexual content is a feminist success  At the beginning of the media hype, Dr  Drew and sexologist Logan Levkoff discussed the book on The Today Show, about whether Fifty Shades perpetuated violence against women; Levkoff said that while that is an important subject, this trilogy had nothing to do with it – this was a book about a consensual relationship  Dr  Drew commented that the book was "horribly written" in addition to being "disturbing" but stated that "if the book enhances women's real-life sex lives and intimacy, so be it " Amy Bonomi, a Human Development and Family Studies professor argues that the relationship portrayed is non-consensual: "Unable to bear the thought of being alone, Christian employs strategies to "trap" Anastasia, including keeping his violent tendencies private, limiting Anastasia's availability of help and support from her friends and family through his nondisclosure agreement and through verbal and nonverbal intimidation, and attempts to convince Anastasia that she finds his punishments pleasurable"

Censorship or removal of books
In March 2012, branches of the public library in Brevard County, Florida, removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves, with an official stating that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor  A representative for the library stated that it was due to the book's sexual content and that other libraries had declined to purchase copies for their branches  Deborah Caldwell-Stone of the American Library Association commented that "If the only reason you don't select a book is that you disapprove of its content, but there is demand for it, there's a question of whether you're being fair  In a public library there is usually very little that would prevent a book from being on the shelf if there is a demand for the information " Brevard County public libraries later made their copies available to their patrons due to public demand In Macaé, Brazil, Judge Raphael Queiroz Campos ruled in January 2013 that bookstores throughout the city must either remove the series entirely from their shelves or ensure that the books are wrapped and placed out of the reach of minors  The judge stated that he was prompted to make such an order after seeing children reading them, basing his decision on a law stating that "magazines and publications whose content is improper or inadequate for children and adolescents can only be sold if sealed and with warnings regarding their content" 

Film adaptations
A film adaptation of the book was produced by Focus Features, Michael De Luca Productions, and Trigger Street Productions, with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012  Universal is also the film's distributor  Charlie Hunnam was originally cast in the role of Christian Grey alongside Dakota Johnson in the role of Anastasia Steele, but Hunnam gave up the part in October 2013, with Jamie Dornan announced for the role on 23 October  The film was released on 13 February 2015, and became an immediate success, making it to #1 at the box office with $558 5 million  However, critical reactions were generally negative  After the first film premiered at a special fan screening in New York City on 6 February 2015, director Sam Taylor-Johnson confirmed two sequels to be succeeded after the first film, with Fifty Shades Darker releasing on 10 February 2017 and Fifty Shades Freed releasing on 9 February 2018 

See also
BDSM in culture and media
Sadism and masochism in fiction
Secretary (2002)

Further reading
Upstone, Sara (2016)  "Beyond the bedroom: motherhood in E  L  James's Fifty Shades of Grey Trilogy"  Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies  37 (2): 138–164  doi:10 5250/fronjwomestud 37 2 0138  JSTOR 10 5250/fronjwomestud 37 2 0138  S2CID 146280020 
Context 3: Passage 1:
I Hate Everything About You
"I Hate Everything About You" is the debut single by Canadian rock band Three Days Grace, from their debut self-titled album  One of the band's signature songs, it peaked at number 55 on the US Billboard Hot 100, number four on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and number two on the Modern Rock Tracks chart  It was the 9th best performing song of the decade on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, and the 153rd best performing song of all time on the Alternative Songs chart  Despite not being one of their number one hits on either of the two charts, it is the band's longest running song on both the Modern Rock chart at 45 weeks, and the Mainstream Rock chart at 46 weeks 

Background
Adam Gontier said of the track:

The song is pretty blunt you know? It's to the point  It's about realizing there's something in your life you're wasting time on  I think everybody, even in this band and a lot of other people have felt that way before at one point or another in their life  Whether it's a person, a relationship whatever it is, you're just wasting time on it  The song is a realization of that 
Written by Gontier and produced by Gavin Brown, the theme of the song deals with love–hate relationships 

Critical reception
Heather Phares of AllMusic called the song "one of the better alt-metal/modern rock singles in recent memory " She remarked, "At first, the song seems almost stupidly simple, both lyrically and musically  However, the controlled fury of the choruses and the ambivalent verses make the song a surprisingly smart and concise anthem for anyone stuck in a baffling relationship " She also stated, "I Hate Everything About You's frustrated explosions and passive-aggressive recriminations eerily simulate the trajectory of an ill-fated couple "

Music video
The music video starts zoomed in towards several things, such as a TV producing static, a picture frame, and an ash tray, and then transitions towards Adam Gontier who starts singing  The video shows three teenagers going through a disastrous moment in their lives  One shows a young boy who finds his girlfriend cheating on him in the alleyway, kissing another guy  He is spying on them in his car  The second teenager is a young girl, who just broke up with her boyfriend, and the last is a boy who is being abused by his alcoholic father  Towards the end they are all seen smashing items into a hill  The young boy spying on his cheating girlfriend whips a portrait of a picture of them, smashing it to pieces  The second teenager is seen smashing her notebook of love notes and miscellaneous love items with her ex-boyfriend into the hill  The last boy, who is suffering child abuse, throws his drunken father's alcohol into the hill 
In the video, the word "hit" in "after every hit we take" is censored, due to "hit" being slang for drug use  The video was photographed by cinematographer Steve Gainer, and directed by Scott Winig 

Accolades
In 2004, the song was nominated for the "Best Rock Video" and "People's Choice: Favourite Canadian Group" at the MuchMusic Video Awards and won "Producer of the Year" at the Juno Awards  In August 2007, the single won a BDS Spin Award based on the 300,000 spins it received 

Track listings
Charts
Certifications
Release history
Use in video games
NASCAR Thunder 2004 by EA Sports 
Karaoke Revolution Volume 2 singalong game 
It is playable with either a real guitar or bass guitar in Rocksmith as DLC 
The song was made available to download on March 13, 2012, for play in Rock Band 3 Basic and PRO mode utilizing a real guitar / bass guitar, and MIDI compatible electronic drum kits / keyboards plus vocal harmonies 
Passage 2:
Working Day and Night
"Working Day and Night" is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson  It is the third track from his fifth studio album, Off the Wall (1979)  The song was written and produced by Jackson  Despite not being released as a single, Jackson performed the song live for his first two solo tours  It is also featured on the video game Michael Jackson: The Experience  The song has been sampled by several artists  It was remixed and released on the remix/soundtrack album, Immortal, in 2011  In 2014, producer Timbaland sampled percussion and breaths from the song in the duet version of "Love Never Felt So Good" (with Justin Timberlake); the duet was released as a single from Xscape 

Background
"Working Day and Night" was written by Michael Jackson and recorded for his studio album Off the Wall issued in August 1979  The song was not released as a single, but as the B-side for "Rock with You" in the US, and B-side for "Off the Wall" in the UK  The song has a tempo of 128 beats per minute, making it one of Jackson's fastest songs 

Live performances
"Working Day and Night" was performed by both of The Jacksons' tours, and two of Michael Jackson's first two world concert series tours as a solo artist 
The song was performed by The Jacksons' Triumph Tour in 1981 and Victory Tour in 1984  In Michael Jackson's solo tours, the song was performed live on the Bad World Tour from 1987-1989, and the first two legs of Dangerous World Tour in 1992  The song was rehearsed for third leg of Dangerous World Tour in 1993, but it was ultimately removed from the setlist 
A live version, recorded at one of The Jacksons' 1981 Madison Square Garden concerts, was included on live album, The Jacksons Live!, later edited and released as the album's second single in November 1981   Record World said that "An energetic bass riff transports the exciting vocal interaction, while horn spice gives added radio appeal " In 2001, the original demo recording of the song was released as a bonus track on the expanded, special edition of Off the Wall  The live performance video at Jackson's Dangerous World Tour in Bucharest, Romania on October 1, 1992, was featured on the DVD in his box set The Ultimate Collection in 2004, and a live concert DVD, Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour, in 2005  In 2012, a live audio and video version of the song performed during the Bad World Tour was released on the deluxe edition of Bad 25 and the concert DVD Live at Wembley July 16, 1988  The song was remixed and released on the soundtrack to Cirque du Soleil's Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour, Immortal, in 2011  This song has also been used for the Michael Jackson: One production 

Personnel
Official versions
"Album Version" - 5:12
"Original Demo from 1978" - 4:10
"Immortal Version" - 3:36
"Live at Triumph Tour" by The Jacksons - 6:53
"Live at Wembley July 16, 1988" from the Bad World Tour, available in the deluxe edition of Bad 25 - 5:55

Covers and samples
In 1983, George Duke sampled this song for the "Overture" of the album Guardian of the Light 
In 1999, Will Smith sampled this song on his track "Can You Feel Me" for his album Willennium 
In 1989, Richie Rich sampled this song for his single "Salsa House", from the album I Can Make You Dance 
In 2009, Michael's sister Janet Jackson sampled this song for her single "Make Me" from her greatest hits album Number Ones 
In 2014, Timbaland sampled percussion and breaths from the song for the duet version of Jackson's posthumous song "Love Never Felt So Good", which features American recording artist Justin Timberlake for the record Xscape 
Passage 3:
1000 Song Challenge
1000 Song Challenge (Korean: 도전 1000곡; RR: Dojeon Cheongok), also known as Challenge 1000 Songs, is a South Korean karaoke singing competition television series, which aired on SBS from 2000 to 2014  During the show, guests compete by singing popular songs accurately from memory  The songs are chosen randomly from a pool of 1000 songs  Unlike normal karaoke, the lyrics are not shown, so it is easier to make mistakes  The contestants with the highest scores proceed to the next round  In one segment of the show, "Run Karaoke", contestants race to the microphone and whoever gets there first gets to sing a song and gain points  In another segment, the contestants hear the beginning of a song, and the first one to correctly name the song gains points  The winner of the final round receives household items as prizes, such a humidifier or espresso machine  Many popular celebrities were invited to the show, including BoA, Shinhwa and Girls' Generation The show began airing on October 22, 2000, and was extremely popular in its early years  It aired on Sunday mornings and had mainly older viewers  SBS cancelled the show in 2014 because advertisement revenue was low, and they wanted to target young people  The last episode aired on June 22, 2014 

Hosts
Various television personalities co-hosted the show throughout its nearly 14-year run  Comedian Lee Hwi-jae began hosting the show (with Jeong Hyeong-don) in April 2008, and continued until the show's cancellation in 2014  Trot singer Jang Yun-jeong first hosted the show for a year and a half, beginning in April 2006, and returned in August 2009  Lee and Jang were praised for their "smooth and entertaining" hosting style, and they won the "Best Couple Award" at the 2013 SBS Entertainment Awards  Jang left the show in April 2014 due to her pregnancy, and was replaced by Hyolyn 
Passage 4:
List of number-one dance singles of 2011 (U S )
The Billboard Dance Club Songs chart is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles in that category in the United States  The first number-one song of the year was by Swedish House Mafia and English rapper Tinie Tempah, with their collaboration "Miami 2 Ibiza"  American singer-songwriter Katy Perry achieved three number-one songs on the chart, which included "Firework", "E T  and "Last Friday Night (T G I F )"  "E T



ground_truth: English

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both Duke Energy and Affiliated Managers Group based in Massachusetts?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Sabal Trail Transmission Pipeline
Sabal Trail Transmission Pipeline is a natural gas pipeline that runs from central Alabama through southwest Georgia to Orange County, Florida  A minority stake in the venture is owned by NextEra Energy and Duke Energy  The pipeline has been being planned since before 2011  In July 2013 it was announced that Florida Power & Light Company (FPL) jointly awarded its parent corporation, NextEra Energy and Spectra Energy the bid to build the pipeline  In May 2015, Duke Energy bought an interest in the venture  Construction began in September 2016  The pipeline is currently scheduled to be in service by June 2017 

Environmental concerns and federal agency permission
The construction of the pipeline has drawn concern from the communities through which it is planned to be built  Protests in Albany, Georgia and Valdosta, Georgia have occurred in response to the plans to build the pipelines  The threat of eminent domain and the environmental impact are among the concerns that have been voiced by citizens 
In late October 2015, the United States Environmental Protection Agency recommended to Federal Energy Regulatory Commission that the pipeline be rerouted away from the Floridan aquifer because of the karst geology that is prone to sinkholes and also contains wetlands Environmental concerns have also been raised regarding threats to endangered species habitat along the route including crocodile, manatee and sea turtle breeding and nesting grounds  Others including Sanford Bishop, Hank Johnson, David Scott and John Lewis have voiced concern over the construction of a proposed compressor station near an already disadvantaged African American community in Albany, Georgia Despite the recommendations of Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission approved the pipeline's route in February 2016  In August 2016, the Army Corps of Engineers approved the route through North Florida  Some citizens from the areas of the route continued to voice concerns about the environmental impact the pipeline would have the environment after it was approved by the various governmental agencies 
The federal permits require the companies constructing the pipeline to engage in mitigation banking 

Protests
The construction of the Sabal Trail resulted in extensive protests from environmentalists  On November 12, 2016, fourteen protesters were arrested at a pipeline construction site in Gilchrist County, Florida after one protester locked himself to truck on site and the others obstructed its path  They had been inspired by the Dakota Access Pipeline protests and used similar protest signage  In February of 2017, two protestors locked themselves inside a section of the pipeline, citing the danger to people and the environment which would result from a pipeline leak  On February 26, 2017 an apparent protester was seen firing a high powered rifle at the pipeline construction site  The man fled and was chased by police until he crashed and was killed by a deputy after he tried to engage police in a gunfight

Construction
In September 2016, construction began on the pipeline  
In late October 2016, drilling mud seepage began leaking into the Withlacoochee River at construction along the border of Brooks County, Georgia and Lowndes County, Georgia from a pilot hole that had been drilled underneath the river in preparation for the horizontal directional drilling hole  After the leakage was discovered, the Sabal Company installed containment booms at the site and posted a vacuum truck to capture the mud seepage  The spill prompted protests from concerned local citizens on November 16, 2016 As part of the company's biweekly report for the week ending on November 27 to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, it was reported that a sinkhole had developed 165 feet (50 m) southeast of the horizontal directional drilling (HDD) hole exit point at the work site near the Withlacoochee River  The sinkhole had been identified on November 5 by workers in the field 

Owners
Spectra Energy
NextEra Energy
Duke Energy (7 5%)

See also
Spectra Energy
Passage 2:
Duke Energy
Duke Energy Corporation is an American electric power and natural gas holding company headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina 

Overview
Based in Charlotte, North Carolina, Duke Energy owns 58,200 megawatts of base-load and peak generation in the United States, which it distributes to its 7 2 million customers  The company has approximately 29,000 employees  Duke Energy's service territory covers 104,000 square miles (270,000 km2) with 250,200 miles (402,700 km) of distribution lines  Almost all of Duke Energy's Midwest generation comes from coal, natural gas, or oil, while half of its Carolinas generation comes from its nuclear power plants  During 2006, Duke Energy generated 148,798,332 megawatt-hours of electrical energy 
Duke Energy Renewable Services (DERS), a subsidiary of Duke Energy, specializes in the development, ownership, and operation of various generation facilities throughout the United States  This segment of the company operates 1,700 megawatts of generation  240 megawatts of wind generation were under construction and 1,500 additional megawatts of wind generation were in planning stages  On September 9, 2008, DERS updated its projections for future wind power capacity  By the end of 2008, it would have over 500 MW of nameplate capacity of wind power online, and an additional 5,000 MW in development 

Subsidiaries
Duke Energy Carolinas (formerly Duke Power)
Duke Energy Ohio (formerly Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company, via Cinergy)
Duke Energy Kentucky (formerly Union Light, Heat & Power, via Cinergy)
Duke Energy Indiana (formerly Public Service Indiana, via Cinergy)
Duke Energy Florida (formerly Florida Power Corporation, via Progress Energy)
Duke Energy Progress (formerly Carolina Power and Light, via Progress Energy)
Duke Energy Renewables
Duke Energy Retail
Duke Energy International
Duke Energy Sustainable Solutions
Duke Energy One

History
The company began in 1900 as the Catawba Power Company when Walker Gill Wylie and his brother financed the building of a hydroelectric power station at India Hook Shoals along the Catawba River near India Hook, South Carolina  When he needed additional funding to further his ambitious plan for construction of a series of hydroelectric power plants, Wylie convinced James B  Duke and his partner James Blaney to invest in the Southern Power Company, founded in 1905 
In 1917 James Blaney was the founder of the Wateree Power Company that was formed as a holding company for several utilities that had been founded and/or owned by Duke, and Blaney his associates, and in 1924 the name was changed to Duke Power  In 1927, most of the subsidiary companies, including Southern Power Company, Catawba Power Company, Great Falls Power Company, and Western Carolina Power Company were merged into Duke Power, although Southern Public Utilities, 100% owned by Duke Power, maintained a legally separate existence for the retail marketing of Duke-generated power to residential and commercial customers  Southern Public Utilities also operated transit systems, which Duke eventually converted from streetcars to buses 
In 1988, Nantahala Power & Light Co , which served southwestern North Carolina, was purchased by Duke and is now operated under the Duke Power Nantahala Area brand  In 1990, Duke sold its remaining transit operations  Duke Power merged with PanEnergy, a natural gas company, in 1997 to form Duke Energy  The Duke Power name continued as the electric utility business of Duke Energy until the Cinergy merger 

With the purchase of Cinergy Corporation announced in 2005 and completed on April 3, 2006, Duke Energy Corporation's customer base grew to include the Midwestern United States as well  The company operates nuclear power plants, coal-fired plants, conventional hydroelectric plants, natural-gas turbines to handle peak demand, and pumped hydro storage  During 2006, Duke Energy also acquired Chatham, Ontario-based Union Gas, which is regulated under the Ontario Energy Board Act (1998) 
On January 3, 2007, Duke Energy spun off its gas business to form Spectra Energy  Duke Energy shareholders received 1 share of Spectra Energy for each 2 shares of Duke Energy  After the spin-off, Duke Energy now receives the majority of its revenue from its electric operations in portions of North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana  The spinoff to Spectra also included Union Gas, which Duke Energy acquired the previous year In 2011, Duke Energy worked with Charlotte's business leader community to help build Charlotte into a smart city  The group called the initiative "Envision Charlotte"  At the time, the group decided on a goal to reduce energy use in the "urban core of the city by 20 percent"  To do so, the group focused on making energy consumption changes to commercial buildings larger than 10,000 square feet On July 3, 2012, Duke Energy merged with Progress Energy Inc with the Duke Energy name being retained along with the Charlotte, North Carolina, headquarters Duke announced on June 18, 2013, that CEO Jim Rogers was retiring and Lynn Good would become the new CEO  Rogers has been CEO and Chairman since 2006, while Good was Chief Financial Officer of Duke since 2009, having joined Duke in the 2006 Cinergy merger  Rogers' retirement was part of an agreement to end an investigation into Duke's Progress Energy acquisition in 2012 In 2016, Duke Energy purchased Piedmont Natural Gas for $4 9 billion to become its wholly owned subsidiary   Duke Energy completed selling its remaining power operations in Central and South America for $1 2 billion months afterwards   At one point Duke Energy had more than 4,300 megawatts of electric generation in Latin America  It operated eight hydroelectric power plants in Brazil with an installed capacity of 2,307 megawatts The company expects to spend $13 billion upgrading the North Carolina grid from 2017 On December 3, 2022, an attack was carried out on two Duke Energy substations located in Moore County, North Carolina  Damage from the attack left up to 40,000 residents without electrical power for several days, with officials closing schools and declaring a state of emergency  The Federal Bureau of Investigation supported local investigators in case the incident met the definition of domestic terrorism under the Patriot Act 

New nuclear power plant
On March 16, 2006, Duke Power announced that a Cherokee County, South Carolina site had been selected for a potential new nuclear power plant  The site is jointly owned by Duke Power and Southern Company  Duke plans to develop the site for two Westinghouse Electric Company AP1000 (advanced passive) pressurized water reactors  Each reactor is capable of producing approximately 1,117 megawatts  (See Nuclear Power 2010 Program )
On December 14, 2007, Duke Power submitted a Combined Construction and Operating License to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, with an announcement that it will spend $160 million in 2008 on the plant with a total cost of $5 billion to $6 billion  The plant was approved in 2016 In August 2017, Duke decided to seek permission from the North Carolina Utility Commission to cancel the project due to the bankruptcy of Westinghouse and "other market activity", although they will retain the option of restarting the project at some point in the future if circumstances change This site would have been adjacent to the old site, which was never completed and abandoned in the early 1980s, and used by James Cameron as a film set for the 1989 movie The Abyss 
In 2018, Duke Energy decided not to include new nuclear power in its long-range plans 

Headquarters buildings
J A  Jones designed the first headquarters building, known as the Power Building, which was completed in 1927 at 440 South Church  It was five stories and 503,000 square feet (46,700 m2)  The Electric Center at 526 South Church Street opened in 1975 with an addition in 1988  State Farm Insurance sold the Power Building in 2004 for $8 million to The Dilweg Cos , who anticipated significant development  Novare Group bought 5 13 acres (20,800 m2) at 408 South Church Street for $17 million from The Dilweg Cos  in a deal announced March 27, 2006   The Power Building was demolished February 24, 2007 Duke Energy Center at 550 South Tryon Street was announced as the company's headquarters in 2009  The company announced May 17, 2021 that the headquarters will move in 2023 to Duke Energy Plaza, across the street from the current headquarters  Childress Klein is developing the new building, which will allow Duke to sell its Church Street and College Street buildings, and end its lease at 400 South Tryon  Previously named Charlotte Metro Tower, the 40-story building will be purchased when completed for up to $675 million by Childress Klein and CGA Capital, in the largest real estate deal in the city's history, announced in December 2019 

Finances
For the fiscal year 2017, Duke Energy reported earnings of US$3 059 billion, with an annual revenue of US$23 565 billion, an increase of 3 6% over the previous fiscal cycle  Duke Energy's shares traded at over $79 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$58 8 billion in November 2018 

Environmental record
In 1999, the United States Environmental Protection Agency commenced an enforcement action against Duke Energy for making modifications to very old and deteriorating coal-burning power plants without getting permits under the Clean Air Act  Duke asserted that a "modification" under the Clean Air Act did not require a permit  Environmental groups asserted that Duke was using loopholes in the law to increase emissions  Initially, Duke prevailed at the trial court level, but in 2006 the case was argued before the Supreme Court (Environmental Defense v  Duke Energy Corp  (05-848))  The Court unanimously ruled on April 2, 2007 that the modifications allowed the power plants to operate for more hours, increasing emissions, so Clean Air Act permits were needed In 2002, researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst identified Duke Energy as the 46th-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with roughly 36 million
pounds of toxic chemicals released annually into the air  Major pollutants included sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, chromium compounds, and hydrogen fluoride  The Political Economy Research Institute ranks Duke Energy 13th among corporations emitting airborne pollutants in the United States  The ranking is based on the quantity (80 million pounds in 2005) and toxicity of the emissions  This change reflects the purchase of fossil fuel-heavy Cinergy, which occurred in 2005 

In early 2008, Duke Energy announced a plan to build the new, 800-megawatt Cliffside Unit 6 coal plant 55 miles (89 km) west of Charlotte, North Carolina  The plan has been strongly opposed by environmental groups such as Rising Tide North America, Rainforest Action Network, the community-based Canary Coalition as well as the Southern Environmental Law Center, which has threatened to sue Duke if it does not halt construction plans  On April 1, activists locked themselves to machinery at the Cliffside construction area as part of Fossil Fools Day 
Duke Energy has been "one of the most vocal advocates" for a "cap-and-trade" system to combat global CO2 emissions, "and the company's CEO, Jim Rogers, thinks the company will profit from cap-and-trade"  The company left the National Association of Manufacturers in part over differences on climate policy In a joint venture with the French-based global energy firm AREVA, under the nominal name of ADAGE, Duke Energy has planned a "Green" biomass burning facility in Mason County, Washington and is negotiating with forestland owners to secure the 600,000 tons of wood debris it needs yearly to fuel its $250 million biomass plant 
The joint venture between electric power company Duke Energy and global nuclear services giant AREVA was created to build wood waste-to-energy power plants around the country 
ADAGE president Reed Wills announced the first Northwest outpost will be in the struggling timber town of Shelton, Washington 
The following pollutants are provided by DUKE-AREVA-ADAGE in their application for permit to the Department of Environmental Protection for a similar type of plant in Florida 

248 tons per year – particulate matter
288 tons per year – particulate matter 10
233 tons per year – particulate matter 2 5
249 tons per year – NOx (nitrogen oxides)
246 tons per year – SO2 (sulfur dioxide)
248 tons per year – CO (carbon monoxide)
40 tons per year – H2SO4 – (sulfuric acid mist)
63 tons per year – VOC (volatile organic compounds)
29 tons per year – F (fluorides)

Generating facilities
This list is partially complete due to the July 3, 2012, merger with Progress Energy 

Biomass fired
Shelton Biomass Facility (proposed)

Nuclear
Catawba Nuclear Station
McGuire Nuclear Station
Oconee Nuclear Station
Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant
H  B  Robinson Nuclear Generating Station
Brunswick Nuclear Generating Station
Crystal River Nuclear Power Plant (retired February 2013)
William States Lee III Nuclear Generating Station - Future

Coal-fired
Allen Steam Station
Belews Creek Steam Station
Beckjord Power Station
Cayuga Generating Station
Crystal River Energy Complex
East Bend Station
Edwardsport Station
Gallagher Station
Gibson Station
Marshall Steam Station
Mayo Plant
Miami Fort Power Station (purchased by Dynegy, 2014)
Riverbend Steam Station (retired)
Roxboro Steam Plant
Wabash River Station
William H  Zimmer Power Station (purchased by Dynegy, 2014)

Hydroelectric
Conventional hydro
Following is a list of Duke Energy's thirty conventional hydroelectric facilities, in order of average electric production   All properties are 100% owned by Duke, and all but Markland are located in North Carolina and South Carolina (Markland is located in southern Indiana) 
Blewett Falls Hydroelectric Plant
Cowans Ford Hydro Station, 350 MW average capacity
Keowee Hydro Station, 158 MW
Walters Hydroelectric Plant, 112 MW
Tillery Hydroelectric Plant, 87 MW
Rocky Creek & Cedar Creek Hydro Stations, combined 73 MW
Great Falls & Dearborn Hydro Stations, combined 70 MW
Markland Hydro Station, 65 MW
Mountain Island Hydro Station, 60 MW
Lake Wylie Hydro Station, 60 MW
Wateree Hydro Station, 56 MW
Fishing Creek Hydro Station, 37 MW
Oxford Hydro Station, 36 MW
Bridgewater Hydro Station at Lake James, 31 5 MW
Rhodhiss Hydro Station, 26 MW
Lookout Shoals Hydro Station, 26 MW
Blewett Hydroelectric Plant, 22 MW
Ninety-Nine Islands Plant, 18 MW
Gaston Shoals Plant, 9 MW
Tuxedo Plant, 5 MW
Marshall Plant, 4 MW
and ten clustered locations at Nantahala, in mountainous southwestern North Carolina, producing a cumulative 99 MW

Pumped-storage hydro
Bad Creek Hydroelectric Station
Jocassee Pumped-Storage Generating Station

Oil and gas-fired
Anclote Station
Asheville Combustion Turbines
Bartow Combined Cycle Station
Buck Steam Station
Buzzard Roost Station
Cayuga Combustion Turbine Station
Cliffside Steam Station
Connersville Peaking Station
Dan River Steam Station
Darlington County Electric Plant
Henry County Peaking Station
Hines Energy Complex
H F  Lee Energy Complex
Lee Steam Station
W S  Lee Steam Station
Lincoln Combustion Turbine Station
Madison Peaking Station
Miami-Wabash Peaking Station
Mill Creek Combustion Turbine Station
Noblesville Station
Rockingham Station
Smith Energy Complex
Sutton Combined Cycle Plant
Wabash River Repowering Station
Wheatland Peaking Station
Woodsdale Station

Solar farms
Citing the falling cost of building solar farms, Duke Energy announced plans in 2017 to launch three new such projects in Kentucky  Two will be in Kenton County and one will be in Grant County  Together the three plants will create more than 6 7 MW of power  These join several other solar farms including:

Davidson County Solar Farm
Martins Creek Solar Farm 1 MW (Murphy, NC)
Culberson Solar Farm 1 MW (Murphy, NC)
Osceola Solar Facility 4 MW (St Petersburg, Fla)Additionally, Duke Energy added 451 MW of solar capacity to North Carolina’s grid in 2017 
Hamilton Solar Power Plant 74 9 MW (Jasper, FL)
Columbia Solar Power Plant 74 9 MW (Fort White, FL) (opening in 2020)
Live Oak Solar Power Plant ? MW (Live Oak, FL)In 2020 Duke Energy began commercial operations of several farms in Texas, operating alongside its Farm from 2010 
Blue Wing Solar Project (San Antonio, TX)
Lapetus Solar Project 100 MW (Andrews County, TX)
Holstein Solar Project 200 MW (Nolan County, TX)
Rambler Solar Project 200 MW (Tom Green County, TX)

Wind farms
Los Vientos Wind Farm
Shirley Wind

Electric vehicles
Duke Energy announced in October 2018 that it would install 530 electric car charging stations around Florida  Ten percent of the stations will go into low income communities 

Awards
Duke Energy has been chosen as one of The 50 Best Employers In America by Business InsiderIn 2002, Duke Energy was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize in Economics for "adapting the mathematical concept of imaginary numbers for use in the business world" 

Criticism
In December 2000, Cinergy Corp agreed to pay $1 4B to settle allegations that its coal plants illegally polluted the air  Duke Energy completed its acquisition of Cinergy Corp in 2006 In July 2004, Duke Energy agreed to pay $208M to settle allegations that it had engaged in price gouging in California during the energy crisis of 2000 and 2001 In December 2009, Duke Energy agreed to spend approximately $93M to resolve violations of the Clean Air Act  Duke became obligated to make investments that were expected to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions by 86% On February 14, 2011, Greenpeace launched a campaign in which Phil Radford called on Duke Energy to abandon mountaintop removal coal, produce a third of its energy from renewable sources by 2020, and abandon coal altogether by 2030 "In May 2011, Duke agreed to pay $30M to resolve allegations that changes made to the company pension plan disproportionately harmed employees over 40, costing many of them up to half of their accrued benefits In December 2011, the non-partisan organization Public Campaign criticized Duke Energy for spending $17 47 million on lobbying  It also criticized Duke for not paying any taxes from 2008 to 2010 and receiving $216 million in tax rebates, in spite of turning a $5 4 billion profit and extensively raising executive compensations In 2012, Greenpeace protested Duke's lobbying of the Democratic Party, including its funding of the 2012 Democratic National Convention In July 2012, Duke Energy was criticized for paying former Progress Energy CEO Bill Johnson $44 7 million in compensation, including a $10 million severance, for something close to 20 minutes on the job as Duke's CEO In 2012, Duke Energy sued Citrus County, Florida claiming its tax bill was too high  The county hired an outside appraiser who found that there were a lot of unreported and underreported items and the tax claim was actually too low In May 2013, university students launched a campaign for Brown University to divest fossil fuels, specifically referring to Duke Energy and other coal plant operators On February 2 2014, the massive Dan River coal-ash spill led to a grand jury investigation into Duke Energy  The initial investigation was overseen by Governor Pat McCrory, who was accused of intervening on Duke's behalf as he had been a Duke Energy employee for 28 years  Prosecutors went looking for any cash or items of value that might have been given to Governor McCrory and members of his administration in exchange for cheap settlements  Duke Energy was prosecuted, pled guilty to nine charges of criminal negligence, and agreed to pay $102 million in fines and restitutions  Duke Energy was also ordered to close all of its 32 ash ponds in the state of North Carolina by 2029 In September 2016, the Government Pension Fund of Norway, then worth $900 billion, excluded Duke Energy and its subsidiaries from the fund, citing "risk of severe environmental damage" In August 2020, environmental watchdog EWG released a report accusing Duke Energy of charging Indiana ratepayers for $12 billion worth of failed projects  This was the direct consequence of a controversial bill passed in Indiana earlier that year  Projects included two natural gas pipelines and two retired nuclear power plants 
In 2021, investigative reporting by the Orlando Sun Sentinel revealed that Duke Energy, FPL (Nextera Energy), and TECO Energy put forth more than $3 million to promote "ghost" spoiler candidates in key Florida legislature races  The scheme involved former senator Frank Artiles and was effective in costing the Democrats at least one election In January 2021, Duke Energy agreed to a settlement, which the company proposed, to absorb $1 1 billion worth of coal-ash pond closure and cleanup costs, in North Carolina, between 2015 and 2030  The parties involved also waived all rights to challenge the “reasonableness and prudence” of Duke Energy’s coal ash management practices and costs before March 2020  Duke estimates the costs to be between $8 and $9 billion, the settlement reduces the cost on the ratepayer by 60% In August 2021, Indiana city officials from Bloomington, Carmel, and West Lafayette, and other lawmakers sent a letter to Duke Energy deploring its progress towards renewables and asking it to stop overcharging low-income homes for electricity 

December 2022 rolling blackouts
In December 2022, a major winter storm impacted much of the United States  On December 24, 2022, Christmas Eve, Duke Energy implemented rolling blackouts for the first time in their history, due to unprecedented energy demand  The rolling blackouts came without warning and lasted hours  In addition to facility failures, Duke reported failures related to the software that regulated the controlled blackouts  The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission initiated an investigation in response to the blackouts 

See also
2005 Atlantic Power Outage
Harlan County USA—1976 Academy Award-winning documentary film covering the efforts of 180 coal miners on strike against the Duke Power Company in Harlan County, Kentucky, in 1973 
Fixed bill
Holiday Junction
Passage 3:
Duke Energy Florida
Duke Energy Florida, formerly Florida Power, was the generation, transmission, and distribution sector of Florida Progress Corporation   The company distributed power over much of central and north Florida  Their service area covers approximately 13,000 square miles  Along with that, the company supplies electric service to approximately 1 8 million residential, commercial and industrial customers in the state  Florida Progress merged with Carolina Power & Light in 2000 to form Progress Energy  Progress Energy merged with Duke Energy in 2012  Today the Florida operations operate as Duke Energy Florida 

History
In 1899, Frank A  Davis founded the St  Petersburg Electric Light and Power Company in the newly founded town of St  Petersburg, Florida 
In 1911 it started offering 24 hour service to their customers 
After a series of expansions, in 1927 St  Petersburg Electric Light and Power Company became Florida Power Corporation 
Reddy Kilowatt became the company's mascot in In 1939 
The Honner family received free television from Florida Power Corporation in 1952 in celebration of the company installing its 200,000th meter 
In 1963, the company installed a specially designed underwater cable in the Gulf of Mexico  It was believed to be the longest one-piece installation in Florida back then  Land was also purchased to build their first nuclear power plant in Citrus County 
Andrew H  Hines became the company's president in 1972 
In 1977, the nuclear power plant was finally built in Citrus County 
In 1982, in hopes of diversifying beyond utility operations, Florida Power reorganized as a holding company, Florida Progress Corporation 
Louie the Lighting Bug became the mascot for their television ads in 1983 
The company reached 1 million customers in 1986 
In 2000, Florida Progress merged with Raleigh, North Carolina-based Carolina Power & Light to form Progress Energy Inc 
Progress Energy merged with Duke Energy in 2012 

Future Projects
On March 25, 2019, Duke Energy Florida announced the new locations of where they will be putting their newest universal solar power plants  The three locations are Lake Placid in Highlands County, Trenton in Gilchrist County, and DeBary in Volusia County   Duke Energy Florida is predicting that these three solar plants will eliminate nearly 800 million pounds of carbon dioxide emissions in Florida each year upon commercial operation 

External links
https://www duke-energy com/our-company/about-us/our-history


== Regerences ==
Passage 4:
Sean Healey
Sean Michael Healey (1961 – May 26, 2020) was an American businessman who was chairman and chief executive officer of Affiliated Managers Group, Inc  (NYSE: AMG), a global asset management firm whose affiliates in aggregate managed approximately $736 billion as of December 31, 2018 

Early life and education
Healey was born in San Rafael, California   Healey attended high school in Oceanside, California, followed by Harvard College, where he was a member of the varsity wrestling squad  In 1983, he received an A B  in history and literature, magna cum laude, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa 
After graduating from Harvard, Healey was awarded a Rotary Scholarship to study philosophy at University College in Dublin, Ireland, and was awarded a master's degree in philosophy with first-class honors in 1984   In 1987, he earned a J D  from Harvard Law School, and he was an editor of the Harvard Law Review 

Early career
Upon graduation from law school, Healey joined Goldman Sachs as an associate in the Mergers and Acquisitions Department, then transferred to a group that provided investment-banking services to financial institutions, where he worked under J  Christopher Flowers 

Affiliated Managers Group
In April 1995, Healey was recruited to join Affiliated Managers Group (AMG), then a three-person start-up firm seeking to invest in boutique money managers  AMG was founded in 1993 with private equity backing from TA Associates and made its first investment in 1994  When Healey joined AMG as Executive Vice President, the firm had a single investment in a manager with under $1 billion of assets under management With Healey on board, AMG received its second round of capital and subsequently invested in several U S -based investment firms  By October 1996, AMG had approximately $18 billion under management  In October 1997, AMG closed its investment for a 70% stake in Tweedy, Browne Company LLC, a well-known value-oriented investment management firm In November 1997, Healey led AMG’s initial public offering in which the company raised $176 million, priced at $23 50 per share  With proceeds from the offering, AMG continued to expand, and named Healey president and chief operating officer in October 1999  In 2001, AMG was named in Fortune magazine’s list of 100 Fastest-Growing Companies and had approximately $81 billion in assets under management  Healey became president and chief executive officer in 2005, and chairman and chief executive officer in 2011 AMG’s business model of leaving a portion of equity with each firm’s management as motivation for continuing to produce good performance and growth has been highly successful under Healey's leadership   AMG also uses employment contracts to ensure that asset management firms retain talented managers, and establishes long-term succession plans with managers   Healey has also been noted for being extraordinarily selective of his affiliate partners, stating in a recent interview that the company ultimately backs away from many more potential investments than it pursues Healey also helped AMG to expand globally   AMG opened the firm’s first distribution office in Australia in 2007, and thereafter expanded into Europe, Asia and the Middle East, to help its affiliates develop relationships in overseas markets  AMG furthered its expansion with the formation of AMG Wealth Partners in 2011 After AMG posted three-year average earnings growth of 40%, Fortune magazine again named AMG to its list of 100 Fastest-Growing Companies in 2012 In May 2018, Healey was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (a motor neuron disease otherwise known as ALS, or Lou Gehrig's disease) and AMG announced that Healey was stepping back to become Executive Chairman while Nate Dalton, AMG's long-time President and Chief Operating Officer, was named CEO 

The Healey Center for ALS
In November 2018, Healey, with support from AMG and a group of friends and colleagues, established the Sean M  Healey and AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital with an initial donation of $40 million  The Healey Center is led by Dr  Merit Cudkowicz, a world-renowned ALS researcher and Chair of the Neurology Department at MGH  The Healey Center is the largest hospital-based ALS research program in the world and supports a broad range of early stage trials of promising ALS treatments 

Personal life
Healey held a number of nonprofit board positions, including serving as co-chairman of the board of trustees of the Peabody Essex Museum; as a member of the Council on Foreign Relations; the Visiting Committee of the Harvard Law School; and the board of trustees of the International Game Fish Association In 2006, Healey was appointed by President George W  Bush to serve on the President’s Export Council, the U S ’s principal advisory committee on international trade Healey was an avid big-game hunter and sport fisherman, having boated a 93 5 pound white marlin, which was the winning fish in the 2010 White Marlin Open, the world’s largest billfish tournament He was previously married to Kerry M  Healey, the former lieutenant governor of Massachusetts  They had two children  Healey remarried in 2018 to Amy Broch  The couple had one daughter  
Healey died from amytrophic lateral sclerosis on May 26, 2020, at the age of 59 
Passage 5:
Darrell Crate
Darrell W  Crate (born 1967) is an American investor, private equity manager, and philanthropist  He is currently the managing principal of Easterly, a private investment firm he founded in 2009 in Beverly, Massachusetts A native of New York City, Crate attended Bates College in Lewiston, Maine before attending Columbia Business School in New York City  He began his career with Chase Manhattan Bank and Chase Manhattan Securities  His last assignment as the managing director of Financial Institutions Group based in London  Soon after he was asked to join Affiliated Managers Group where he helped to scale the business from 1998 to 2011, as Chief Financial Officer 
After departing AMG, Crate founded Easterly, where he has focused on a number of ventures, including founding a publicly-traded REIT, sponsoring a SPAC and building an asset management platform which owns stakes in third-party investment management businesses and assists them with their strategic growth 

Early life and education
Crate was born in New York City in 1967  Crate received his Bachelor of Arts in economics from Bates College in 1989 and his M B A  from Columbia Business School in 1995 

Investment career
Chase bank
Crate began his career with Chase Manhattan and Chase Manhattan Securities in New York  His last assignment as the managing director of the Financial Institutions Group based in London, focusing exclusively on investment management firms in England, Spain, France, Italy, Germany and the Benelux region 

Affiliated Managers Group
As chief financial officer
From 1998 to 2011, he served as the chief financial officer of Affiliated Managers Group a publicly traded asset management holding company  During his tenure at AMG, assets under management grew from $50 billion to over $340 billion through mutual fund, pension, and high-net-worth accounts globally, with over half of its clients domiciled outside the United States  During his tenure as CFO, the firm acquired interests in over 30 firms including Third Avenue Management, ValueAct Capital, AQR Capital Management, BlueMountain Capital Management and Tweedy, Browne Company  Over this same period, the company’s valuation increased materially, from $450 million to $6 billion

Easterly
As founder
In 2009, Crate founded Easterly Capital, LLC, a firm based in Beverly, Massachusetts, that builds operating businesses to gain exposure to the growth in both asset management and non-bank finance sectors   He joined the firm full-time in 2011 

As chairman
In February 2015, Crate became the chairman of Easterly Government Properties, Inc , a publicly traded REIT on the New York Stock Exchange that is focused primarily on the acquisition, development and management of Class A commercial properties that are leased to U S  Government agencies that serve essential functions  According to Business Wire, Crate became the chairman of Easterly Acquisition Corp , a publicly traded blank check company in July 2015 In March 2019, Easterly purchased the institutional investment business of Levin Capital Strategies, establishing Levin Easterly Partners, a long-only asset manager  Levin Easterly had approximately $6 1 billion in assets under management upon closure of the transaction   Levin Easterly is a fundamental, contrarian value investment management firm focusing on US Large and All Cap Value strategies based in New York and New Canaan, CT  One area of focus for the firm has been special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs)  They are one of the most experienced investors in these vehicles, with a track record of investing in SPACs that spans over a decade In May 2020, Easterly acquired an equity interest in James Alpha Advisors, LLC, a boutique asset management firm specializing in Global REITs, Structured Credit and Hedged Equity  In addition, the firm provides a platform of liquid alternative portfolios for institutional and individual investors  James Alpha Advisors had over $1 1 billion in assets under management at the time of the transaction Easterly Alternatives is the alternatives-focused arm of Easterly and has raised more than $500 million in private and platform vehicles in sectors including real estate, healthcare and transportation  Easterly Alternatives recently has launched a SPAC Fund, in which it will invest in the best new-issue SPAC IPOs that come to market 

Personal life
Crate currently lives in Florida, Maine and Hamilton, Massachusetts He is involved with a number of non-profit, political, and charitable organizations  He has been a trustee of Bates College since 2003 and served on the college's advancement and investment committees  On February 8, 2016, the college announced that Crate was among seven families to donate $19 million to endow professorships and launch the college’s new digital and computational studies program  Crate also serves as a trustee of Think of Us, a not-for-profit technology platform with the ultimate goal of helping foster youth successfully transition into a prosperous adulthood 
Crate currently serves as Vice Chairman of the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA)  A licensed private pilot since 1993, Crate has more than 6,000 flight hours and has flown his single-engine TBM plane to all of the 48 continental states  He also serves on the advisory counsel to the National Park Foundation  He has a particular focus and interest in the National Parks located in Maine, North Carolina and Montana Crate is a member of the Advisory Council of the Robert F  Kennedy Children's Action Corps (2006), a national leader in child welfare and juvenile justice programs and services  In 2019, the RFK Children’s Action Corps honored Crate with its prestigious "Robert F  Kennedy Embracing the Legacy Award” for his work on behalf of at-risk youth  Crate also served as a Trustee of Think of Us, a not-for-profit technology platform with the ultimate goal of helping foster youth successfully transition into a prosperous adulthood Other interests include serving as a trustee of Islesboro Island Trust (2002), Adams Memorial Foundation (2011),  Ethel Walker School (2015) IRYS School of Technology and Trades (2020)and an advisor to The Trustees of Reservations (2002) 

Political involvement
According to Boston com, Crate served as treasurer and a member of the executive committee of the Romney for President campaign in 2012, a role that he also held during the 2008 cycle  From 2003 to 2007, Crate served as the chairman of the Massachusetts Republican Party, and a senior advisor to Governor Mitt Rommney 

See also
List of Bates College people
List of Columbia University people
Massachusetts Republican Party
Passage 6:
Affiliated Managers Group
Affiliated Managers Group, Inc  (NYSE: AMG) is a strategic partner to independent investment management firms globally, with equity stakes in a number of partner-owned traditional investment managers, hedge funds, and specialized private equity firms which it calls “Affiliates ” The company has principal offices in West Palm Beach, Florida; Prides Crossing, Massachusetts; Stamford, Connecticut; and London, United Kingdom  The company was founded in December 1993 by William J  Nutt in Boston, Massachusetts, as a privately owned company with initial backing from TA Associates; Its initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange occurred in November 1997   Today, AMG’s Affiliates manage $651 billion in assets in aggregate  
AMG’s strategy is to generate value by investing in an array of independent firms and supporting their long-term growth, through an approach in which significant equity ownership is retained by the management partners of each Affiliate, and each Affiliate operates and invests autonomously from AMG and from other Affiliates   The Affiliate principals’ ‘skin in the game’ incents them to maximize long-term value creation, and their retained investment independence preserves the entrepreneurial cultures of each Affiliate firm   AMG’s approach aligns incentives between AMG shareholders, Affiliate principals, and Affiliate clients, and is unique in the investment industry   AMG also offers its Affiliates growth capital, distribution and marketing capabilities, and other strategic support, and its intention is to “magnify” its Affiliates’ growth opportunities without interfering in their operations 

History
In 1993, AMG was founded by William Nutt In 1997, AMG invested in Tweedy, Browne and completed its initial public offering, listing on the New York Stock Exchange  
In 2004, AMG established a U S  retail platform which would enable its Affiliates to manufacture, market, and distribute products to the U S  wealth marketplace   AMG also made a minority investment in AQR, a quantitative investment manager and hedge fund firm, its first investment in an alternative investment firm, and its first minority investment In 2005, Sean M  Healey was named chief executive officer In 2007, AMG opened its first non-U S  institutional distribution office in Sydney, Australia, to provide sales and marketing services to institutional clients in Australia and New Zealand   Today, AMG operates distribution capabilities serving the Asia, Australia, Europe / U K , and Middle East marketplaces In 2009, AMG announced investments in Harding Loevner and Gannett Welsh & Kotler In 2010, AMG acquired a majority stake in Pantheon Ventures   The private equity company was AMG’s largest investment to date   AMG also invested in Artemis Investment Management  In 2016, AMG made an investment in leading technology-driven liquid alternative firm Systematica Investments In 2018, after being diagnosed with ALS, Sean Healey stepped down from his position as chief executive officer  He died in May 2020   Nathaniel Dalton, previously president and chief operating officer, succeeded him In 2019, Jay Horgen succeeded Dalton as president and chief executive officer   Horgen joined AMG in 2007 and previously served as chief financial officer, as well as executive vice president, focusing on investments in new AMG Affiliates In 2021, AMG invested in four companies, including Parnassus Investments, the largest ESG-dedicated fund manager in the U S In 2022, AMG increased its investment in Systematica Investments, a quantitative and systematic investment firm Other Information
AMG is known for its research  ,, on independent firms’ advantages in consistently generating excess returns The company is also known for its commitment to corporate citizenship and community engagement   AMG was a founding donor to the Sean M  Healey and AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital, and continues to support the Center with fundraising and charitable events 
Passage 7:
Progress Energy Inc
Progress Energy, headquartered in Raleigh, North Carolina, is a subsidiary of Duke Energy and prior to its merger with Duke Energy was a Fortune 500 energy company with more than 21,000 megawatts of generation capacity and $9 billion in annual revenues  Progress Energy includes two major electric utilities that serve approximately 3 1 million customers in the Carolinas and Florida  As an independent company, the last chairman and CEO of Progress Energy was William D  Johnson; his predecessor was Robert McGehee, who died on October 9, 2007 at the age of 64 of a stroke while on a business trip to London 
Progress Energy is the majority owner and operator of the Brunswick, Crystal River 3, Robinson, and Shearon Harris nuclear power plants 
On October 16, 1999, third quarter earnings of Florida Progress Corp  fell 20 5 percent as damage from Hurricane Floyd On August 24, 1999, Carolina Power & Light Co  said that it would acquire Florida Progress Corp  for $5 3 billion, creating the nation's ninth-largest electric utility The company's current slogan is, "People, performance, excellence "

History
In 2000, Carolina Power & Light bought Florida Power Corporation and changed its name to Progress Energy  Progress Energy represents a family of companies, including CP&L, Florida Power, Progress Telecom, NCNG and SRS, and an important new organization, Energy Ventures  The company built a new headquarters in downtown Raleigh in 2004 On January 10, 2011, Duke Energy announced plans to take over Progress Energy in a $26 billion deal resulting in the country's largest electric utility with 7 1 million customers  Duke Energy plans to "maintain substantial operations in Raleigh " When the merger was completed on July 3, 2012, Duke Chairman James E  (Jim) Rogers became Chairman and CEO of the new combined company, while Progress CEO Bill Johnson resigned 

Environmental record
In 2008, the Corporate Responsibility Officer named Progress Energy to its list of 100 Best Corporate Citizens  Progress Energy was named to the Dow Jones Sustainability Index in 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006 and 2005 The company is investing $300,000 in a UNC Chapel Hill study to map the offshore wind power potential of North Carolina  Progress Energy launched its SunSense-branded solar incentive programs in 2009 Progress Energy has installed flue-gas desulfurization technology, or scrubbers, to remove sulfur dioxide emissions from its nine largest coal-fired power plant units Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst have identified Progress Energy as the 29th-largest corporate producer of Air pollution in the United States in 2002, when it released roughly 39 million pounds of toxic chemicals into the air  Major pollutants included nickel compounds, chromium compounds, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid  Progress has also been named a potentially responsible party at the Carolina Transformer Co  Superfund toxic waste site, according to the Center for Public Integrity 

Naming rights
Progress Energy owns the naming rights to the University of Central Florida's Progress Energy Welcome Center, St  Petersburg's Progress Energy Park, home of Al Lang Field, Progress Energy Center for the Arts-Mahaffey Theater, and the "Progress Energy Center for the Performing Arts" in downtown Raleigh, NC 

See also
List of power stations in Florida
Passage 8:
Gulfstream Natural Gas Pipeline
Gulfstream Natural Gas Pipeline is a natural gas pipeline that brings gas from Mississippi and Alabama, underwater across the Gulf of Mexico, to Florida   It was owned by Duke Energy, but is now owned by Enbridge   Its FERC code is 183 

See also
Florida Gas Transmission Pipeline
Passage 9:
Crystal River Energy Complex
The Crystal River Energy Complex consists of seven power-generating plants on a 4,700-acre (1,900 ha) site near the mouth of the Crystal River in Citrus County, Florida   Crystal River 1, 2, 4, and 5 are fossil fuel power plants  Crystal River 3 was previously the sole nuclear power plant on the site (1977-2013)  The Crystal River Combined Cycle site consists of two Mitsubishi gas turbines, which came on-line in 2018   The complex was developed in the early 1960s by the Florida Power Corporation and sold to Progress Energy Inc in 2000  Following Progress Energy's merger with Duke Energy in 2012, the facility is owned and operated by Duke Energy In February 2013, Duke Energy announced that Crystal River 3 would be permanently shut down 

Power plants
See also
Levy County Nuclear Power Plant
Progress Energy Inc
List of power stations in Florida
Passage 10:
Crescent Communities
Crescent Communities is a real estate investor, developer, and operator of mixed-use communities with headquarters in Charlotte, North Carolina  It has approximately 115 employees  The company has offices in Charlotte, Washington, D C , Atlanta, Orlando, Nashville, Dallas, Denver, Phoenix, and Salt Lake City 

History
In 1939, Duke Power (now Duke Energy) established a forestry department to manage company land not used for power generation  In 1963, this department became the company South Carolina Land and Timber  As the holdings expanded to include land in North Carolina, the organization was renamed Crescent Land and Timber in 1969  Some of the original land was sold to Crescent Land and Timber by the Singer Corporation In the mid-1980s, the company was renamed Crescent Resources as it began to actively develop residential communities  Crescent Resources began work on its first commercial development, Coliseum Centre, in 1990  As of 1991, Crescent Resources managed 270,000 acres of land  Holdings included part of what became Lake James State Park, which it later sold to the state of North Carolina  Crescent Resources became a separate entity from Duke Energy in 2006,  with Duke Energy selling its 49% stake to Morgan Stanley Crescent Resources filed for bankruptcy in 2009, and has emerged from it separated from the utility company  The company aimed to rebrand itself, renaming itself "Crescent Communities" in 2013 

External links
Crescent Communities
Context 3: " ranked at number one on the 2011 Hot Dance Club Songs year end chart  Australian singer-songwriter Kylie Minogue also topped the chart three times, with the songs "Better than Today", "Higher", a collaboration with Taio Cruz and Travie McCoy, and "Put Your Hands Up (If You Feel Love)"  American singer Britney Spears topped the chart three times with "Hold It Against Me", "Till the World Ends" and "I Wanna Go", from her seventh album Femme Fatale  Beyoncé and Jennifer Lopez also achieved three number one songs on the chart each, the former with "Run the World (Girls)", "Best Thing I Never Had", and "Countdown", and the latter with "On the Floor", "I'm Into You", and "Papi"  off of her seventh studio album "Love?" marking a comeback for the singer  The American band Selena Gomez & the Scene also achieved three number one songs on the chart each with "A Year Without Rain", "Who Says" and "Love You like a Love Song" 

Barbadian recording artist Rihanna topped the chart with four songs from three different albums; the first was French DJ David Guetta's song Who's That Chick?, from his album One More Love where Rihanna appeared as a guest vocalist, "S&M" and "California King Bed" from Rihanna's fifth album Loud, and "We Found Love"' from her sixth album Talk That Talk  "We Found Love", a collaboration with Scottish DJ Calvin Harris, was the only song to spend more than one week at number one, and topped the chart for two consecutive weeks  American singer-songwriter Lady Gaga also achieved four number one songs on the chart with "Born This Way", "Judas", "The Edge of Glory", and "You and I"  British singer-songwriter Leona Lewis achieved her first number one on the chart with "Collide", a collaboration with Avicii 
These are the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play and Singles Sales number-one hits of 2011 

See also
List of number-one dance airplay hits of 2011 (U S )
2011 in music
List of artists who reached number one on the U S  Dance Club Songs chart
Passage 5:
Daasebre Gyamenah
Daasebre Gyamenah (Akan: Daasebrε Gyamena), was a Ghanaian highlife musician who became very popular for his hit album Kokooko (1999) which featured Lord Kenya  Kokooko was the first major fusion of hiplife and highlife in Ghana  Many successful albums followed thus earning him one of his many nicknames "Hitman" "Wo da enda","Ahoofe", and "Still I love you" are a few of his popular songs 
Among youths and old, he is popular and beloved  Daasebre's songs are mostly mid tempo and include many hip hop elements  He featured many hip life artists like none of his genre colleagues  A major element of his songs is the Akan way of storytelling by use of proverbs  His proverbs stood out from others due to his upbringing through his grandmother  These proverbs mostly summed up the message of his songs  In an interview he claimed to have experienced some of the stories in his songs with the exception of the love songs 
In 2006, Daasebre took a flight from Ghana to London to work on his music  At Heathrow airport he was arrested by police  His luggage contained cocaine of which he claimed to have no clue of  Eleven months in prison had a big impact on him  He was never convicted of the crime due to facts suggesting he did not know of the existence of the drugs  His following lead single for his next album "Saa Na Etee" was mainly about his arrest  He talked about it in songs like "Twaso" and "Gye Me" 
His death in 2016 came at a time many Ghanaians musicians had died but his death was the most felt among all  As one part of his family were Muslim he should have received a Muslim burial but his other family refused  Their main reason was the fact he was of royal blood and should be buried as such  A long feud led to him been buried in December of that year, almost six months after his death  Many tributes to him followed after his death  "Kokooko" by Sarkodie and "Daasebre Gyamenah" by Daddy Lumba are two which have gained popularity 

Life and career
Daasebre was born a Muslim and from a royal home  His full name at birth was Daasebre Gyamenah Abubakar Siddiq  His late mother was a Muslim who died when Daasebre was only three months old  He was nicknamed Ahoofe, a name his fans gave him after the release of his hit song, "Ahoofe", which literally means beautiful or the handsome one  He released an Album in the late 80s with no success  After spending time in various African states he returned to Ghana in 1992 only to make music 7 years later  His first hit, Kokooko, made him and Lord Kenya, who was featured on a song, gain huge success in Ghana and also among Ghanaians abroad In January 2016, Gyamenah released what turned out to be his final album, Yenfii Ta, and in May released a song from the album and his final single, "Ntamago" 

Death
He died in the early hours of 29 July 2016 at the 37 Military Hospital in Accra 

Honours and awards
He won two and four awards during the 2000 and 2002 editions of the Ghana Music Awards respectively 

Discography
Kokooko
Ahoofe
You Can't Touch Me
Calling
How Far?
I Beg
A Friend In Need
Yeegye Apem
Odo Yede
Yenfii Ta
Passage 6:
Selena singles discography
American singer Selena released twenty-four official singles, seven promotional singles  Her career began as the lead vocalist of Los Dinos in 1980  Her albums with Los Dinos on indie labels failed to achieve any chart success  In 1987, her remake of Ritchie Valens' "La Bamba" peaked at number 19 on the United States Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart, her first entry  She signed with EMI Latin nine years later as a solo artist though her band continued to tour with her  Selena appeared on "Buenos Amigos" with Salvadoran singer Álvaro Torres  The track peaked at number one on the U S  Hot Latin Songs chart in 1991, the singer's first number one song  Subsequent singles, "Baila Esta Cumbia" and "Como la Flor", became popular songs on Mexican radio, with "Como la Flor" launching the singer's career in that country  "Como la Flor" peaked at number six on the Hot Latin Songs chart, despite popular culture claims that it was the singer's first number one single  The track has charted on the U S  Regional Mexican Digital Songs list since its inception in 2010 and remains the singer's signature number and most popular recording Selena's first live album, Live (1993), contained three studio tracks and produced two top-five U S  singles, "No Debes Jugar" and "La Llamada"  After her collaboration with the Barrio Boyzz on the single "Donde Quiera Que Estés" peaked at number one on the Hot Latin Songs chart, Selena released her fourth studio album, Amor Prohibido (1994)  The album continued the singer's streak of US number one singles with "Amor Prohibido", "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", "No Me Queda Más", and The Pretenders' cover "Fotos y Recuerdos"  The latter peaked at number one posthumously following the shooting death of Selena on March 31, 1995  "Amor Prohibido" and "No Me Queda Más" became the most successful U S  Latin singles of 1994 and 1995, respectively  At the time of her death, Selena was in the process of crossing over into the American pop market  Recording labels EMI Latin and EMI Records jointly released Dreaming of You several months after her death  Fearful that the song might cannibalize sales of the album in the U S , EMI Records released "I Could Fall in Love" as a promotional single  It became the highest charting English-language song on the Hot Latin Songs chart for two years and became her first number one single in Canada  The title track, "Dreaming of You" became the highest charting Billboard Hot 100 song of the singer's career, peaking at number 22  Her cover of Pedro Infante's "Tú Sólo Tú" peaked at number one on the Hot Latin Songs for ten consecutive weeks; the longest number-one single of her career  "I'm Getting Used to You" peaked at number one on the U S  Dance/Electronic Singles Sales; her first number one on that chart Selena's last recorded song, "A Boy Like That" (a song from the 1967 musical West Side Story) was part of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences honoring the musical  The song was also a benefit recording for AIDS Project Los Angeles  It peaked at number four on the U S  Dance Club Songs chart after its release in 1996  In 2002, Selena's brother and music producer A



ground_truth: no

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What Lithuanian producer is best known for a song that was one of the most popular songs in Ibiza in 2014?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: B  Quintanilla mashed "Como la Flor", "Amor Prohibido", and "Si Una Vez" into a medley entitled "Con Tanto Amor Medley" to promote the album Ones  Since Billboard magazine began monitoring music downloads in 2010, Selena's songs re-entered the U S  charts including first time entries "La Carcacha" (1990), "Ya Ves" (1990), "Enamorada de Ti" (1990), "Baila Esta Cumbia" (1992), and "El Chico del Apartamento 512" (1994) 

Singles
Solo career
Selena y Los Dinos singles
Promotional singles and other charted songs
Other appearances
See also
Billboard Top Latin Songs Year-End Chart
List of songs recorded by Selena
Selena albums discography
Selena videography

Notes
Passage 7:
Ten Walls
Marijus Adomaitis (born 19 January 1983), better known by his stage names Ten Walls or Mario Basanov, is a Lithuanian producer who is best known for his 2014 single "Walking with Elephants", which peaked at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart 
In June 2015, Ten Walls was dropped from several festivals and by his booking agency after making controversial comments comparing gay people to pedophiles in a Facebook post, and referring to the LGBT community as a "different breed" 

Career
2009–12: Mario Basanov
In 2012 under the name Mario Basanov Adomaitis won Best Electronic Act at Lithuanian M A M A  music awards 

2013–15: Breakthrough
On 10 May 2013 Ten Walls released his debut EP Gotham  On 9 December 2013 he released his debut single "Requiem"  On 7 September 2014 he released the single "Walking with Elephants"  On 10 September 2014 the song was at number 3 on The Official Chart Update in the UK  On 14 September 2014 the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 6  The song also peaked at number 3 on the UK Dance Chart and number 8 on the Scottish Singles Chart 

Homophobia controversy
In June 2015, Ten Walls posted a rant on his Facebook pages condemning homosexuality and comparing it to pedophilia  According to the Gay Star News, the post stated: "I remember producing music for one Lithuanian musician, who tried to wash my brain that I don't need to be so conservative and intolerant about [gay people]  When I asked him 'what would you do if you realized that your 16-year-old son's browny (anus) is ripped by his boyfriend?' Well he was silent  In the good 90s     these people of different breed were fixed  One of my first gigs in Ireland, on my way to my hotel I saw a church with a fence decorated with hundreds of baby shoes   Unfortunately a priest's lie for many years was uncovered when children were massively raped  Unfortunately the people of other breed continue to do it and everyone knows it but does nothing " As a result of his comments, he was dropped from several festival line-ups  His booking agency, Coda Music Agency, announced that they no longer represented him  Fort Romeau pulled his support for him at London club venue Koko 
Ten Walls' posts were later deleted after a backlash, and he put out an apology claiming that he cancelled the festival dates himself  Organizers of Dutch festival Pitch, Belgian festival Pukkelpop, the German festival Dockville, British festival Creamfields, and Spanish festival Sónar publicly confirmed that they cancelled Ten Walls performances due to his homophobic statements  Ten Walls also received criticism from Lithuanian LGBT activists Three months after his post, in September 2015, Ten Walls issued a formal apology for the incident, calling it "completely out of character" 

Discography
Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
Awards
On 30 January 2015 at M A M A  awards Ten Walls won awards for best electronic act and best music video ("Walking with Elephants") 
Passage 8:
Walking with Elephants
"Walking with Elephants" is a song by Lithuanian producer Ten Walls  It was released as a digital download on 13 April 2014 by German record label BOSO and on 28 April 2014 in the United Kingdom  The song peaked to number 6 on the UK Singles Chart and also charted in Belgium  It was one of the most popular songs in Ibiza in 2014 

Music video
A music video to accompany the release of "Walking with Elephants" was first released onto YouTube on 3 September 2014 at a total length of three minutes and two seconds 

Track listing
Chart performance
Release history
Passage 9:
Do You Realize??
"Do You Realize??" is a song by the Flaming Lips, released as the first single from their 2002 album Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots  It is widely considered to be one of the group's most accessible and popular songs  It reached No  32 in the UK Singles Chart and was adopted as the Official Rock Song of Oklahoma from 2009 to April 2013  The song was ranked No  31 on Rolling Stone's 100 Best Songs of the 2000s  It is also the band's most popular live song, and has rarely been excluded from setlists since its inception into their live shows in 2002  Wayne Coyne also considers it to be the best song they've ever written 

Structure and recording
In an interview with Mojo, Coyne revealed that during the recording of Yoshimi   , band member Steven Drozd was trying to kick a heroin addiction  When they took breaks from playing, Drozd would have a really tough time with his withdrawal   Listening to him cry, and with the death of his father in mind, Coyne wrote: "Do You Realize??" 
Wayne Coyne, commenting on "Do You Realize??" said, "Whenever I analyze the scientific realities of what it means to be living here on Earth – in this galaxy – spinning around the sun – flying through space – a terror shock seizes me!!! I'm reminded once again of how precarious our whole existence is   "

UK track listing
7""Do You Realize??"
"Up Above the Daily Hum"CD1"Do You Realize??"
"If I Go Mad/Funeral in My Head"
"Syrtis Major"CD2"Do You Realize??"
"Up Above the Daily Hum"
"Xanthe Terra"DVD single"Do You Realize??" (video)
"Do You Realize??" (audio)
"The Southern Oklahoma Trigger Contest"
"Noodling Theme (Epic Sunset Mix #5)""Syrtis Major" and "Xanthe Terra" are instrumental pieces intended to be taken from the forthcoming Christmas on Mars soundtrack 

Video
The music video was recorded on Fremont Street in Las Vegas and features Wayne Coyne, people dressed as bunnies and pigs, four female dancers in negligee and a live elephant   No other members of the band are seen 

Oklahoma state song
In March 2009, "Do You Realize??" was announced as the official state rock song of Oklahoma, after winning an online vote among ten finalists as authorized by the Oklahoma state legislature: out of 21,000 votes cast, nearly 51% were for "Do You Realize??" The Oklahoma Senate approved this choice unanimously   However, on 23 April 2009, a vote in the Oklahoma House of Representatives fell three votes short of the 51 votes necessary to ratify the resolution: one Republican state legislator attacked the band for its use of offensive language, while another said he opposed the song because band member Michael Ivins had worn a red T-shirt with a yellow sickle and hammer during a previous appearance by the band  Democratic Governor Brad Henry subsequently announced that he would issue an executive order in lieu of the resolution rejected by the Oklahoma House  However, it was revealed in 2013 that Republican Governor Mary Fallin removed the song's designation as the Official Rock Song of Oklahoma by not renewing Brad Henry's executive order upon taking office in 2011 

Commercial appearances
Hewlett-Packard featured the band alongside Penn and Teller in its 2002 commercial for its HP Media Center PC, which included a clip of the music video  In a review of the ad, music journalist Jim DeRogatis said, "It was a commercial for the Flaming Lips," as much as it was for HP's computer In 2003, VH1 featured the song in a spot that promoted its network  In 2004, Mitsubishi used the song in a television ad for one of its cars, as did Land Rover in 2007 with voice-over by Charles Shaughnessy 
A cover version was used in the teaser trailer of Transformers: The Last Knight in late 2016 
The song was used in the trailer for Guardians of the Galaxy Vol  3 shown at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2022 and would later be included in the film as a part of Awesome Mix Vol  3 

Covers
The song was covered by The Reign of Kindo on their eponymous debut album  It was also covered in 2012 by Ball Park Music for Australian radio station Triple J's Like a Version 
Father John Misty, American folk singer-songwriter and former member of indie rock bands Saxon Shore and Fleet Foxes, performed a version of the song in July 2012 for The A V  Club's A V  Undercover series  Father John Misty's version is featured in the 2022 film Press Play American Jewish rock band Blue Fringe covered the song on their 2007 album The Whole World Lit Up 
In 2015, the song was covered by British singer/composer Ursine Vulpine (aka Frederick Lloyd)  This version was used for the first theatrical trailer of Transformers: The Last Knight as well as the trailer for the third season of the television series Penny Dreadful)  In 2016, Sharon Van Etten covered the song for Amazon's Gortimer Gibbon's Life on Normal Street soundtrack 

Chart positions
Certifications



ground_truth: Ten Walls