prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When was the American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer and actress born who's second studio album is Chapter II?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Like a Virgin (album)
Like a Virgin is the second studio album by American singer and songwriter Madonna, released on November 12, 1984, by Sire Records  Following the success of her self-titled debut album, Madonna wanted to become the record producer of her next album  However, her label was not ready to give her the artistic freedom and she chose Nile Rodgers instead to produce the album due to his work with David Bowie  Madonna wrote six songs on the record, five of which feature Steve Bray as a co-writer  The album was recorded at Power Station Studio in New York at a quick pace  Rodgers enlisted the help of his former Chic bandmates Bernard Edwards, who was the bassist, and Tony Thompson, who played drums  Jason Corsaro, the record's audio engineer, persuaded Rodgers to use digital recording, a new technique introduced at that time 
The album's photographs were shot by Steven Meisel  Madonna wanted the album title and the cover image to make a provocative link between her own religious name Madonna, as the Catholic title for Jesus' mother Mary, and the Christian concept of the virgin birth  While not a substantial musical departure from Madonna's first album, she felt that the material from Like a Virgin was stronger  After its release, Like a Virgin received mixed reviews from music critics; however, retrospective reviews of the album have been much more positive  Like a Virgin was a commercial success and became Madonna's first number one album on the Billboard 200 and set the record as the first female album in history  to sell over five million copies in the United States  The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) later certified it diamond for shipment of ten million units  It also reached number one in Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Italy and the United Kingdom, and remains one of the best-selling albums of all time with sales of over 21 million copies worldwide Five singles were released from the album, including Madonna's first US number-one "Like a Virgin" and her first UK number-one "Into the Groove", the latter of which was introduced on the 1985 international reissue of the album  To promote the album, she embarked on The Virgin Tour, touring North America only  Like a Virgin has attained significance as a cultural artifact of the 1980s  Madonna proved that she was not a one-hit wonder and was able to provide herself with a permanent footing in the music world  Her songs became a lightning rod for both criticism by conservatives and imitation by the younger female population, especially "Material Girl" and "Like a Virgin"  According to author J  Randy Taraborrelli, "Every important artist has at least one album in his or her career whose critical and commercial success becomes the artist's magic moment; for Madonna, Like a Virgin was just such a defining moment " In 2023, the Library of Congress added the album to the National Recording Registry for preservation in the United States, for being a "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" recording 

Background
A former dancer and fixture on the New York club scene, Madonna Ciccone became known to the world simply as Madonna, with the release of her 1983 self-titled debut album Madonna  Fueled by hit songs like "Holiday", "Borderline" and "Lucky Star", the album was one of the best selling of the year and helped Madonna become one of the most exciting new artists of the 1980s  When she started work on her second album, Madonna felt that her first album had succeeded in introducing her "street-smart dance queen" persona, and she wanted to solidify and build upon that concept  According to her, "My work, my dedication—the stubbornness for getting Madonna released—had paid off  Now it was time to solidify my future "For Like a Virgin, Madonna attempted to become one of the primary record producers, feeling the need to control the various aspects of her music  She believed that depending on a particular producer for her album was not something that suited her  Madonna said "I learnt my lesson while creating my debut album, and the way [Reggie, the producer of her debut project] Lucas left me in the water with the project, you can't trust men"—referring to the incident, when due to a certain difference of opinion between producer Reggie Lucas and Madonna, Lucas had left the project half-way  However, Warner Bros  Records was not ready to give her the artistic freedom that she wanted  In J  Randy Taraborrelli's biography of Madonna, she commented,

Warner Bros  Records is a hierarchy of old men and it's a chauvinist environment to be working in because I'm treated like this sexy little girl  I had to prove them wrong, which meant not only proving myself to my fans but to my record company as well  That is something that happens when you're a girl  It wouldn't happen to Prince or Michael Jackson  I had to do everything on my own and it was hard trying to convince people that I was worth a record deal  After that, I had the same problem trying to convince the record company that I had more to offer than a one-shot singer  I had to win this fight 
Ultimately, Nile Rodgers was chosen by Madonna as the producer of the album, with the approval of the Warner Brothers executives  Madonna chose Rodgers mostly because of his work as a member of the 1970s band Chic, and his most recent production work with David Bowie on his 1983 album Let's Dance  She commented, "When I was making the record, I was just so thrilled and happy to be working with Nile Rodgers  I idolized Nile because of the whole Chic thing  I couldn't believe that the record company gave me the money so that I could work with him "For his part, Rodgers recalled that he had first seen Madonna perform at a small club in New York in 1983  In an interview with Time magazine, Rodgers explained: "I went to the club to see another woman sing, but when I got there Madonna was onstage  I loved her stage presence and then we met right after that  I kept thinking to myself, 'Damn, is she a star', but she wasn't at that time  I always wanted to work with her and Like a Virgin seemed like a perfect opportunity "

Recording
The album was recorded at Power Station Studio in New York at a quick pace  Rodgers enlisted the help of his former Chic bandmates Bernard Edwards, who was the bassist, and Tony Thompson, who played the drums; they appeared on several tracks of the album  Rodgers decided to be the guitarist, when Edwards requested him to do so, in exchange for their help  The recording sessions did not start until the afternoon as Rodgers, who attended late-night parties, was not accustomed to work in early mornings  The schedule was also difficult for Madonna, who recalled that she used to "go to the swim club on the Upper West Side and go swimming and walk from there to the recording studio  It was impossible for me to reach there at morning " Rodgers recalled that Madonna was a hard worker and incredibly tenacious  He commented: "I am always amazed by Madonna's incredible judgement when it comes to making pop records  I've never seen anyone do it better, and that's the truth  When we did that album, it was the perfect union, and I knew it from the first day in the studio  The thing between us, man, it was sexual, it was passionate, it was creativity     it was pop "Jason Corsaro, the record's audio engineer, persuaded Rodgers to use digital recording, a new technique at the time which Corsaro believed was going to be the future of recording  To ensure this, Corsaro used a Sony 3324 24-track digital tape recorder and a Sony F1 two-track during the mixing of the tracks  Madonna recorded the lead parts of the songs in a small, wooden, high-ceilinged piano room at the back of Studio C, also known as Power Station's "R&B room"  Corsaro then placed gobos around her while using the top capsule of a stereo AKG C24 tube microphone, with a Schoeps microphone preamplifier and a Pultec equalizer  Once the tracks met with everybody's approval, Robert Sabino added the keyboard parts, playing mostly a Sequential Circuits Prophet-5, as well as some Rhodes piano and acoustic piano, while Rodgers also played a Synclavier  Madonna, although not required, was present every minute of the recording sessions and the mixing process, Corsaro commented: "Nile was there most of the time, but she was there all of the time  She never left" 

Packaging and title
The cover sleeve and images were shot by Steven Meisel, who would become a regular collaborator with Madonna, in a suite at the St  Regis New York  Madonna wanted the album title to make provocative link between her own religious name—Madonna as the Catholic title for Jesus' mother Mary—and the Christian concept of the virgin birth  With the title song alluding to this concept, Madonna wanted the album cover to have mixed messages as well  Author Graham Thompson described that "reclining on a satin sheet, with a bouquet on her lap and wearing a wedding dress, a closer inspection reveals Madonna's image as highly fetishized and sexualized " He added that the heavy make-up, pouting lips, and despoiled hair, along with the tight-fitting bustier and full-length gloves, turned Madonna's image into a figure not of virtue, but of desire  This point, according to Thompson, is further emphasized by the belt she is wearing, the wording on which is just visible as "Boy Toy"  He added: "The image was ambiguous and was based upon the fact that Madonna's appeal at that point of her career was not presenting herself just as an object of desire, but also as a desiring female subject" Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic commented that the "Steven Meisel-shot cover     was as key to her reinvention as the music of the album itself " William McKeen, author of Rock and roll is here to stay: an anthology, felt that the image was another trigger and testament to the fact that Madonna was the last word on fashion for women and young girls of that era, the epitome of cool  Costume designer Arianne Phillips commented of the Like a Virgin look: "This was one of the most shocking, liberating and influential moments in pop culture/fashion history     Fashion has never been the same " Madonna herself declared: "I have always loved to play cat and mouse with the conventional stereotypes  My Like a Virgin album cover is a classic example  People were thinking who was I pretending to be—the Virgin Mary or the whore? These were the two extreme images of women I had known vividly, and remembered from childhood, and I wanted to play with them  I wanted to see if I can merge them together, Virgin Mary and the whore as one and all  The photo was a statement of independence, if you wanna be a virgin, you are welcome  But if you wanna be a whore, it's your fucking right to be so "

Composition
According to Taraborrelli, "Madonna and Rodgers' collective energy—she wanting to score with a smash second album and he wanting to be the producer to give it to her—drove the production of Like a Virgin with great precision " Madonna also collaborated with her former boyfriend Steve Bray, who co-wrote many of the album's songs  Reflecting on the music composition for the album, Bray noted: "I've always kind of made the rib cage and the skeleton of the songs already—she's there for the last things like the eyebrows and the haircut " The opening track "Material Girl" was written by Peter Brown and Robert Rans  Madonna explained that the concept of the song was similar to her life's situation at that time  According to her, the song was provocative, hence she was attracted to it  "Material Girl" incorporated new wave music and consists of synth arrangements with a robotic voice repeating the hook  The lyrics identify with materialism, with Madonna asking for a rich and affluent life, rather than romance and relationships  Written by Madonna and Steve Bray, "Angel" is the second track on the album  It was one of the first songs developed for the project and, according to Madonna, was inspired by a girl who is saved by, and subsequently falls in love with an angel  "Angel" consists of a three-chord ascending hook, which serves as the verse and chorus  It has vocal harmonies beneath the main chorus and the lyrics repeat the angel-like image of Madonna's savior  The title track "Like a Virgin" was written by Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly  Steinberg said that the song was inspired by his personal experiences of romance  It was chosen for Madonna by Michael Ostin of Warner Bros  Records, after listening to a demo sung by Kelly  However, Rodgers initially felt that the song did not have a good enough hook and was not suitable for Madonna, but subsequently changed his opinion after the hook was stuck in his mind  He credits Madonna with recognizing the song's potential: "I handed my apology to Madonna and said, 'you know     if it's so catchy that it stayed in my head for four days, it must be something  So let's do it '" "Like a Virgin" is a dance-oriented song, composed of two hooks  Madonna's voice is heard in a high register while a continuous arrangement of drums are heard along the bassline  According to author Rikky Rooksby, the lyrics of the song are ambiguous and consist of hidden innuendo  In sexual terms, the lyrics can be interpreted in different ways for different people In "Over and Over", Madonna sings about determination despite disappointments  The song consists of instrumentation from drums, synths and has a three-chord progression  An emotional moment occurred in the recording studio when Madonna covered the 1978 Rose Royce song "Love Don't Live Here Anymore"  Rodgers recalled: "Madonna had never performed with a live orchestra before  I was very much into doing everything live, so I just said, 'Madonna, you go out there and sing and we will follow you ' At first Madonna was hesitant, but the live setting ended up producing memorable results  She sang and she was overcome with emotions and she started crying, but I left it on the record " The song features Madonna's vocals supported by acoustic guitars and synth strings, with Thompson playing the drum in the second verse  Towards the end, Madonna emotes in the voice of a soul singer "Dress You Up" was the last track to be added to the album as it was submitted late by songwriters Andrea LaRusso and Peggy Stanziale  Although Rodgers rejected it as he felt there was no time to compose a melody and record it for the album, Madonna pushed for the song's inclusion on Like a Virgin, as she particularly liked its lyrics  The song is a drum beat-driven dance track featuring instrumentation of guitars and vocals from a choir  The lyrics are an extended metaphor for fashion and sex, comparing dressing up with passion  "Shoo-Bee-Doo" contains homage to Motown music  Beginning with a slow introduction, the song is in the doo-wop genre and resembles the songs of early Sixties girl groups like The Shirelles or The Crystals  The saxophone breakdown is played by Lenny Pickett  The lyrics discuss relationship problems, and are phrased as clichés in the coda  "Pretender" starts with the chorus and then moves to the verse  It talks about seduction and the insecurity felt by a woman who feels that things are moving too quickly for her with her man  "Stay" is the final track on the album  Using triple-rhythms and double-tracked vocals, the song includes a noise resembling someone slapping a microphone and a spoken sequence which fades away in the end 
"Into the Groove" was added as a bonus track in the 1985 international reissue of Like a Virgin  Madonna's inspiration behind the song was the dance floor, and she wrote it while watching a handsome Puerto Rican man across her balcony  Initially written for her friend Mark Kamins, Madonna later decided to use it in the soundtrack of her 1985 film Desperately Seeking Susan  Unlike the other songs on Like a Virgin, "Into the Groove" was recorded at Sigma Sound Studios, and produced by Madonna and Stephen Bray  Madonna's friend Erika Belle was present during the recording and watched the whole process  In Andrew Morton's Madonna biography, she noted that at one point of the recording, Bray was facing difficulties with the bridge of the song, as the melody thought by him was not syncing with the rest of the composition  Undeterred by his obvious difficulties, Madonna stepped up to the microphone and sang the words "Live out your fantasy here with me"  Bray's problem was solved; Belle remembered the experience as: "[The song] seemed to come out of her, I was awestruck " The song consists of instrumentation from drums, percussion, congas and whistles  Madonna's voice is double-tracked in the chorus  The lyrics are simple, and written as an invitation to dance with the singer, with sexual innuendos and undertones in the meaning 

Promotion
Live performances
Madonna debuted the first single "Like a Virgin" at the first MTV Video Music Awards on September 14, 1984, where she appeared on stage atop a giant wedding cake dressed in a wedding dress, adorned with the infamous "Boy Toy" belt buckle, and veil  The climax of her risqué performance found her masturbating and rolling around on the stage  The performance is noted as one of the iconic performance in MTV's history  On December 13, 1984, Madonna performed "Like a Virgin" on BBC One's program Top of the Pops, wearing punky torn tights, a vivid pink wig, religious accessories and layered mesh tops  It was later voted as the second best Top of the Pops performance of all time  She also appeared at the 1985 Live Aid charity concert, where she performed "Into the Groove" The album was further promoted on her first headlining tour, The Virgin Tour, which only visited cities in the United States and Canada  Early on there were plans to schedule dates in England and Japan due to Madonna's large fan base in both countries  However, the final schedule did not reflect the idea  In the end several more US dates were added and moved to larger concert venues due to overwhelmingly strong ticket sales  Madonna's performance on the tour was described by Taraborrelli as "full of excitement", singing songs from her debut album as well as Like a Virgin, and asking the audience "Will you marry me?" The costumes included colorful new wave jackets for "Holiday" and white wedding gowns similar to the one worn in her "Like a Virgin" music video  Referring to her Detroit roots and contemporary artist Michael Jackson, Madonna sang a verse of "Billie Jean" during "Like a Virgin" The Virgin Tour was a success and collected a total of more than US$5 million  During a 2009 interview with Rolling Stone, interviewer Austin Scaggs asked Madonna regarding her feelings and emotions during the tour, since it was the first time she was playing in arenas  Madonna replied saying,

That whole tour was crazy, because I went from playing CBGB and the Mudd Club to playing sporting arenas  I played a small theater in Seattle, and the girls had flap skirts on and the tights cut off below their knees and lace gloves and rosaries and bows in their hair and big hoop earrings  I was like, 'This is insane!' After Seattle, all of the shows were moved to arenas  I've never done a bus tour  Everyone says they are really fun 

Singles
"Like a Virgin" was released as the lead single from the album in late 1984  It received positive reviews from contemporary critics, who frequently called it one of Madonna's defining songs  It became her first number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100, while reaching the top of the charts in Australia, Canada and Japan and the top-ten of other countries  The song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on January 10, 1985, for shipping a million copies across United States – the requirement for a gold single prior to 1989  The music video portrayed Madonna sailing down the riverways of Venice in a gondola, as well as roaming around a palace wearing a white wedding dress  With the video, scholars noted Madonna's portrayal of a sexually independent woman, the symbolism of the appearance of a man with lion's mask to that of Saint Mark, and compared the eroticism of the video to the vitality of the city of Venice "Material Girl" was the second single from the album, released in November 1984  Critics have frequently noted "Material Girl" and "Like a Virgin" as the songs that made Madonna an icon  The song was a commercial success, reaching the top-five in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Ireland, Japan and United Kingdom  It reached position two on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States  The music video was a mimicry of Marilyn Monroe's performance of the song "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes  The mimicked scenes are interspersed with scenes of a Hollywood producer trying to win the heart of an actress, played by Madonna herself  Discovering that, contrary to her song, the young woman was not impressed by money and expensive gifts, he pretended to be penniless and succeeded in taking her out on a date "Angel" was the third released single from the album, in April 1985  Critics gave mixed review of the song, with one group denoting it as a classic while the others felt it was sub-par compared to the other Madonna singles  "Angel" became Madonna's fifth consecutive top-five single on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top of its dance chart "Into the Groove"  was released as a single in Europe, Asia and South America in July 1985  The song was appreciated by contemporary critics as well as authors, who have frequently called it "Madonna's first great single"  "Into the Groove" reached the top of the charts in Australia, Belgium, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, where it was Madonna's first number-one single  In the United States, the song was only available as the B-side of the 12-inch single of "Angel", therefore it was ineligible to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 at the time  It reached number one on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart where it was listed as a double-sided single with "Angel"  In Australia and Canada, the song also was released as a double-sided single with, "Angel" 
"Dress You Up" was the last single from the album  Critics reacted positively to the dance-pop nature of the track  "Dress You Up" became Madonna's sixth consecutive top-five single in the United States  It also reached the top-ten in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom  The music video for the single is taken from the live performance from The Virgin Tour, filmed in Detroit Two further singles were released internationally from the album  "Over and Over" was released in late 1985 exclusively in Italy 
"Love Don't Live Here Anymore" was released in early 1986 exclusively in Japan 

Critical reception
According to Q magazine, Like a Virgin was the album that "propelled [Madonna] into the stratosphere – and rightly so  The songs are smart, funny, sexy and irresistible " Taraborrelli said, "It was Like a Virgin which reflected Madonna as a more versatile and artistic performer and vocals on this album being reflectively sharper in contrast to her early works in the music industry " Michael Paoletta from Billboard commented that the songs on the album sustain a "fevered dance-rock momentum"  In his review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine commented, "Overall, the album adds up to less than the sum of its parts—partially because the singles are so good, but also because on the first album, she stunned with style and a certain joy  Here, the calculation is apparent, and while that's part of Madonna's essence—even something that makes her fun—it throws the record's balance off a little too much for it to be consistent, even if it justifiably made her a star " Debby Miller from Rolling Stone preferred Madonna's debut album over Like a Virgin  In The Village Voice, Robert Christgau was also lukewarm towards the record, writing "[Madonna's] so sure of herself she's asking men and women both to get the hots for the calculating bitch who sells the fantasy even while she bids for the sincerity market where long-term superstars ply their trade  And to make the music less mechanical, she's hired Nile Rodgers, who I won't blame for making it less catchy "Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly said that "In addition to raising the Madonna/whore ante with songs like the title cut, Virgin cradled the kind of '80s hits ("Dress You Up") built to transcend the Dynasty era " Alfred Soto from Stylus Magazine remembered the first time that he heard the songs from the album and commented, "Lots of critics think something similar occurred when Madonna followed her eponymous debut with Like a Virgin, helmed by Nile Rodgers with all the fixin's—too calculated next to the 'raw passion' of the debut  This is nonsense; it misses how Madonna conflated notions of spontaneity and calculation  Rodgers is the ideal collaborator " Stephen Holden from The New York Times said: "With a tough-cookie voice that's both coy and streetwise, Madonna's singing harks back to the rock-and-roll girl-group tradition that preceded the Beatles  But where girl groups, from the Shirelles to the Ronettes, worshipfully extolled their boyfriends' cars, haircuts and rebel poses, Madonna's point of view is decidedly more self-interested  In matters of love, she is a comparison shopper with a shrewd sense of her own market value  The words 'shiny and new' describe not only the way the love-smitten singer feels in the title song but the sound of the album "Matt Damsker from the Los Angeles Times commented: "Madonna's beating vibrato sometimes makes her sound so robotic in the album " Lou Papineau, while writing for The Providence Journal, said that "In Like a Virgin, Madonna proves she's shallow, but spunky " Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine gave a positive review, saying "Though not as innovative as her debut, Like a Virgin stands as one of the most definitive pop artifacts from the indulgent Reagan Era  The mid-tempo ballad 'Shoo-Bee-Doo' and a soulful cover of Rose Royce's 'Love Don't Live Here Anymore' proved Madonna could churn out more than just novelty hits, while the sugary 'Angel' and the irresistible 'Dress You Up' contributed to the singer's record-breaking list of consecutive Top 5 hits (16 in all)  The retro-infused 'Stay' and the percussive 'Over and Over' are the album's hidden gems " Ed Stevenson from People felt that "Madonna does have a sense of humor, though she is buried under so many layers of self-parody it's hard to tell sometimes     She is backed on this by the reliable rhythmic touch of veteran Nile Rodgers, whose contributions have helped her create a tolerable bit of fluff  Hugo Mistry from the Chicago Tribune felt that "Like a Virgin was Madonna's breakthrough, playing off her self-conscious campiness with a series of hot dance tracks, attention-grabbing lyrics and steamy videos "

Commercial performance
Like a Virgin was recorded and finished by September 1984, but the release of the album was held up, much to Madonna's frustration, by the continuing sales of her debut album, which was approaching two million sales in the United States  Like a Virgin debuted at number 70 on the Billboard 200 issued for December 1, 1984  The album reached the top ten of the Billboard 200 on December 8, 1984, and after one month reached the top of the chart on February 9, 1985, where it stayed for three weeks  It also reached a peak of ten on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart  After 14 weeks, the album sold 3 5 million copies  By July 1985, Like a Virgin became the first album by a female artist to be certified for sales of five million units in the United States  It was eventually certified ten times platinum (diamond) by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for shipment of ten million copies of the album  It placed at three on the year-end chart for 1985, with Madonna becoming the top pop artist for the year  After the advent of the Nielsen SoundScan era in 1991, the album sold a further 574,000 copies  It sold additional 882,000 units at the BMG Music Club, which are not counted by the Nielsen SoundScan  In Canada, the album debuted at number 78 on the RPM Albums Chart, on November 10, 1984  It reached a peak of number three, on February 16, 1985  The album was present for a total of 74 weeks on the chart, and was certified diamond by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA), for shipment of one million copies of the album  Like a Virgin ranked sixth on the RPM Top 100 Albums for 1985  As of June 1986, the album sold more than 750,000 units in Latin America In the United Kingdom, Like a Virgin debuted at number 74 on the UK Albums Chart, on January 12, 1985  However, the album fluctuated on the chart for the next eight months and it was only in September that it finally reached the top of the chart  It spent two alternative weeks at the top (21st Sept and 12th Oct 1985), and a total of 152 weeks on the chart  The album was certified three times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and has sold over a million copies there  In France, the album debuted at number five on the French Albums Chart on October 6, 1985, staying there for eight weeks, then descending down the chart  It was certified two times platinum by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) for shipment of 600,000 copies  In Australia, the album debuted and peaked at two on the Kent Music Report albums chart, and was certified seven times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipment of 490,000 copies of the album  It reached the top of the New Zealand Albums Chart for three consecutive weeks and was certified five times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) for shipment of 75,000 copies  Elsewhere, Like a Virgin reached number one in Germany, the Netherlands and Spain, while peaking within the top five in many other countries, including Austria, Japan, Sweden and Switzerland  It also became Madonna's first number-one album on the European Top 100 Albums, reaching the summit on November 23, 1985, for two weeks, and sold over 2 million copies across Europe at the end of the 1985 year  Like a Virgin has sold more than 21 million copies worldwide and became one of the best-selling albums of all time 

Legacy
After the release of Like a Virgin, Stephen Holden commented in The New York Times: "No phenomenon illustrates more pointedly how pop music history seems to run in cycles than the overnight success of the 24-year-old pop siren known as Madonna  The month before Christmas, Madonna's second album, Like a Virgin sold more than two million copies  Teen-agers were lining up in stores to purchase the album the way their parents had lined up to buy Beatles records in the late 60's " Madonna proved she was not a one-hit wonder with the release of the album which sold 12 million copies worldwide at the time of its release  In 2016, Billboard ranked at number nine in the list of Certified Diamond Albums From Worst to Best  Like a Virgin was ranked fifth in a Billboard poll of albums of the decade—the highest peak by a female performer  In 2023, the Library of Congress added the album to the National Recording Registry for preservation in the United States, for being an "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" recording 
Taraborrelli felt that "Like a Virgin is really a portrait of Madonna's uncanny pop instincts empowered by her impatient zeal for creative growth and her innate knack for crafting a good record " He added that the success of the album made it clear what was Madonna's real persona  "She was a street-smart dance queen with the sexy allure of Marilyn Monroe, the coy iciness of Marlene Dietrich and the cutting and protective glibness of a modern Mae West"  Although the album received mixed reviews, Taraborrelli believed that the "mere fact that at the time of its release so many couldn't resist commenting on the record was a testament to the continuous, growing fascination with Madonna     Every important artist has at least one album in his or her career whose critical and commercial success becomes the artist's magic moment; for Madonna, Like a Virgin was just such a defining moment "Chris Smith, author of 101 Albums That Changed Popular Music, believed that it was with Like a Virgin that Madonna was able to steal the spotlight towards herself  She asserted her sexuality as only male rock stars had done before, moving well beyond the limited confines of being a pop artist, to becoming a focal point for nationwide discussions of power relationships in the areas of sex, race, gender, religion, and other divisive social topics  Her songs became a lightning rod for both criticism by conservatives and imitation by the younger female population  Consequence of Sound ranked the album at number two on "The 10 Greatest Sophomore Albums of All Time," calling it the album that "carved out the throne   that would be Madonna's forever: the Queen of Pop "

Track listing
All tracks produced by Nile Rodgers, except "Into the Groove" produced by Madonna and Stephen Bray 

Personnel
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes 

Charts
Certifications and sales
See also
Notes
Passage 2:
Chapter II (Ashanti album)
Chapter II is the second studio album by American singer and songwriter Ashanti  It was released by Murder Inc  and Island Def Jam on July 1, 2003 in the United States  Ashanti reteamed with Murder Inc  head Irv Gotti and producer Chink Santana to work on the album  Chapter II features a guest appearance by rapper Ja Rule, Chink Santana, and Gunnz  Critical reception towards the album was generally mixed, with critics commending the album's autobiographical lyrics, and its fun yet light nature, while other critics felt Chapter II lacked creativity and personality and relied too heavily on the formula of her debut album (2002) 
Upon its release, the album debut at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart with first-week sales of 326,000 units  It also reached the top ten in Canada, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom  Chapter II was eventually certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in August 2003 and gained gold status in Japan and the United Kingdom  At the 46th Annual Grammy Awards, it earned Ashanti three nominations for Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, and Best R&B Song  Chapter II spawned three singles, including the Billboard Hot 100 number two song "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)", the R&B ballad "Rain on Me" and "Breakup 2 Makeup (Remix)" 

Promotion
Murder Inc  selected "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)," which they considered a continuation from her debut single "Foolish" (2002), to be released as the album's first single from Chapter 2  Issued on May 19, 2003, the song became a commercial success stateside and Ashanti's third solo top ten hit  It peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100, while reaching number four on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart  Internationally, it was a moderate success, reaching the top five in Canada and Japan, the top ten in the United Kingdom, top twenty in Australia, and the top forty in Ireland, New Zealand, and Switzerland The album's second single "Rain on Me", was released on August 11, 2003  It peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart  Elsewhere, it reached the top twenty in Belgium and the United Kingdom  In 2004, "Rain on Me" earned Ashanti a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance  In 2004, a remix version of "Breakup 2 Makeup" featuring labelmate Black Child was released as a single  It served as the lead single from Ashanti's remix compilation album Collectables by Ashanti, released in 2005, reaching number 76 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 

Critical reception
Chapter II received mixed reviews from music critics  At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 51, based on 11 reviews, indicating "mixed or average" reviews  The New York Times writer Kelefa Sanneh remarked that Chapter II "isn't perfect, but once you edit out the skits (which are, without exception, excruciating), you're left with an album that's graceful, beguiling and above all, light, in the best sense of the word " People magazine noted that "the singer's sophomore CD, though, proves wrong those who thought she would be a one-hit-album wonder  Chapter II, which continues the same hip-hop soul theme as her self-titled debut, is the equivalent of a good beach read: It's easy, breezy listening that doesn't require much brainpower "Billboard wrote that Chapter II "doesn't stray too far from its predecessor" and complimented the autobiographical songs on the album  Ernest Hardy from Rolling Stone found that the "album is filled with the same beat-driven, slickly produced midtempo tracks and ballads that made up her debut [and] the disc's best moments have a decidedly old-school feel to them [   ] Still, dullard schoolgirl insights into love and heartache dominate the album; add some boring between-song skits about 'haters,' and Chapter II wears thin long before its halfway mark " While he complimented Ashanti for her writing credits on the album, Entertainment Weekly journalist Tom Sinclair felt that "Chapter II is too mired in tired R&B conventions to achieve true magnificence "Allmusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine found that "the songs have about as much personality as Ashanti's voice, but that actually is a point in its favor, since it keeps everything on an even keel and makes Gotti and Santana's stylish production the star  They are the secret ingredients that make Chapter II good romantic mood music for the summer " Alexa Camp from Slant Magazine wrote that "the album's got some great tunes, but they'd be better suited for someone like Mary J  Blige, whom Shany & Co  bite off " Robert Christgau gave Chapter II a "C" rating in his review for The Village Voice, calling it a "pathologically modest follow-up " PopMatters from Maurice Bottomley assured that "Chapter 2 is not going to feature as any scribe's R&B album of the year "

Commercial performance
In the United States, Chapter II debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 326,000 units sold  While it became Ashanti's second chart topper, it was a considerable decline from her previous effort Ashanti, which had opened to sales of 502,500 units in April 2002  In total, it remained on the Billboard 200 chart for 30 consecutive weeks  In addition, it reached the top position on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart, where it stayed at the top spot for two consecutive weeks  On August 14, 2003, The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)  Towards the end of 2003, Billboard ranked the album at number 54 and 27 respectively on its Billboard 200 and Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums year end chart lists  By January 2005, Chapter II had sold 1 5 million copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan Elsewhere, Chapter II reached the top five on the Canadian and UK Singles Chart  It was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), indicating sales in excess of 100,000 copies, and also went gold in Japan  In Switzerland, it reached the top ten, debuting and peaking at number nine on the Swiss Albums Chart, making it Ashanti's highest-charting album to date  Chapter II also entered the top 20 in Australia and Germany  To date, the album has sold 3 million copies worldwide 

Track listing
Samples
"Intro (Medley)" contains samples of Ashanti tracks "Foolish", "Happy", "Down 4 U" (with Ja Rule, Charli Baltimore & Vita), "Baby" and "Mesmerize" (with Ja Rule) 
"Breakup 2 Makeup" contains a sample of "I'm Gonna Love You Just a Little More Baby" by Barry White 
"Rain on Me" contains a sample of "Look of Love" by Isaac Hayes 
"Then Ya Gone" contains samples of "Ain't I Been Good to You" by The Isley Brothers, and "One Day" by UGK 
"Feel So Good" contains a sample of "Playing Your Game, Baby" by Barry White 
"The Story of 2" contains a sample of "Dream Maker" by Rick James 
"Sweet Baby" contains a sample of "I'm Glad You're Mine" by Al Green 
"U Say I Say" contains a sample of "Never Enough" by Groove Theory 
"I Found Lovin'" is a cover of the same-titled song by Fatback Band 

Personnel
Charts
Certifications
See also
List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 2003
List of Billboard number-one R&B albums of 2003
Passage 3:
Chapter II (Benga album)
Chapter II is the third studio album by British record producer Benga  The album was released on 6 May 2013 through Sony Music  It entered the UK Albums Chart at number 93 

Background and development
The album was produced from late 2011 to 2013  On 30 November 2011, Benga and Youngman performed at 1Xtra Live  They premiered "Running" live from Bristol  The first official single from the album was "I Will Never Change", released in March 2012  In June 2012, Benga and P Money performed a live version of "High Speed" on BBC Radio 1Xtra in Maida Vale Studios  Benga himself provided vocoded vocals  Several singles released throughout 2012 were omitted from the album: "Icon", "Pour Your Love", "We're Coming Out" and "Open Your Eyes"  However, "Pour Your Love" (released on 24 August 2012) is the only song so far to chart in the United Kingdom, charting at number 189 in the UK Singles Chart 
A series of three heavier songs advertised as "club singles" were released throughout December 2012: "We're Coming Out", "Open Your Eyes" and "To Hell and Back"  The latter is the only one to feature on the album  The album's initial release date was set to be 22 April 2013, but it was delayed by two weeks  Benga supported Example on his 2013 arena tour around the United Kingdom, with Youngman providing vocals for his "Benga Live" sets  Several songs from the album were performed on tour, including "Choose 1"; "Smile"; "Getting 42"; "To Hell and Back"; "I Will Never Change"; and "Forefather", which got its live debut at the Manchester Arena on March 1 with a live PA from Kano  "Smile" features uncredited vocals from Charli XCX 

Singles
"I Will Never Change" is the album's lead single  It was released on 16 March 2012  The track was the first to be written on the album, and its upload on UKF has over one and a half million YouTube views  The official video premiered on Benga's Vevo on 5 April 2013 at a total length of two minutes and one second  The video features the song's waveform being created in stop motion out of 960 differently sized vinyls 
"To Hell and Back" is the second single from the album  It was released on 17 December 2012  On Example's 2013 arena tour, P Money performed a live PA which doesn't feature on the studio version of the track 
"Forefather" with Kano is the third single from the album  It was released on 7 March 2013 and entered the UK Singles Chart at number 123  The official video premiered on Benga's Vevo on 10 March 2013 at a total length of three minutes and thirty-eight seconds  The video compares Benga and Kano's lifestyles in 2003, 2008 and 2013: showing that although their success has changed their surroundings, their music is still "sounding like some old-school KA"  It is the only explicit track on the album 

Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from Chapter II album liner notes 
Adegbenga "Benga" Adejumo – mixing, engineering, producer (all tracks), vocals (11)
Autumn Rowe - vocals (8)
Ayo Simpson - engineering (14)
Charlotte Emma "Charli XCX" Aitchison - vocals (2)
Daniel "Danny C" Caim - vocal recording (11)
Daniel Ledinsky - backing vocals (14)
Jack Tarrant - mixing, engineering (8, 14)
Kane "Kano" Robinson - vocals (4)
Michael "Mikey J" Asante - vocal recording, vocal mixing (4)
Paris "P Money" Moore-Williams - vocals (11)
Rowan "Route 94" Jones - co-producer (2)
Rudie Edwards - vocals (14)
Sam Frank - vocals, saxophone (10)
Simon "Youngman" Smith - vocals (6, 13)
Stuart Hawkes - mastering (all tracks)

Chart performance
Weekly charts
Release history
Passage 4:
Rock wit U (Awww Baby)
"Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" is a song by American R&B singer Ashanti  Written by her along with Irv Gotti and Chink Santana for her second studio album, Chapter II (2003), and produced by Gotti and Santana, the song was released by Murder Inc  on May 19, 2003, as the lead single from Chapter II, peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 for one week and became her first international hit from her second album, reaching number 7 in the UK and number 19 in Australia 

Music video
Directed by Paul Hunter and filmed in Miami in early May 2003, the music video for "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" features Ashanti at a beach with her boyfriend while they flirt in bed together and driving down the road in a Jeep  In some scenes, the boyfriend watches Ashanti dance for him in the house and behind some trees at night  There is also a scene where she rides on an elephant in the water  The video was nominated at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards for Best R&B Video 

Samples
The song was sampled for British rapper Aitch's single "Baby"  The single was released on 10 March 2022  It debuted on the UK Official Singles Top 100 on 18 March 2022, placing at number 2 

Track listings
Notes

^[a]  denotes additional producer

Credits and personnel
Credits lifted from the liner notes of Chapter II 

Charts
Certifications
Release history
Passage 5:
Guillotine IV (The Final Chapter)
"Guillotine IV (The Final Chapter)" is the second single from Falling in Reverse's third album Just Like You  It is the fourth and final installment of the Guillotine series that was started by Ronnie Radke when he was the frontman of Escape the Fate  Ronnie Radke sang the first song, "The Guillotine", from Escape the Fate's Dying Is Your Latest Fashion; and Craig Mabbit sang "This War Is Ours (The Guillotine II)" and "The Aftermath (The Guillotine III)" from Escape the Fate's This War Is Ours and their self-titled album, respectively 

Personnel
Falling in ReverseRonnie Radke – lead vocals
Jacky Vincent – lead guitar, backing vocals
Derek Jones – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Ryan Seaman – drums, percussion, backing vocalsAdditionalCharles Kallaghan Massabo – bass
Passage 6:
Capítulo II: Brinca
Capítulo II: Brinca (English: Chapter II: Jump) is the second studio album by Mexican-American recording artist DJ Kane  It was released on September 13, 2005 by EMI Latin 

Track listing
Passage 7:
Ashanti (singer)
Ashanti Shequoiya Douglas (born October 13, 1980) is an American singer, songwriter and actress  She was first discovered as a teenager and later signed to Murder Inc  Records in 2002  That year, she was featured on Fat Joe's "What's Luv?" and Ja Rule's "Always on Time", both of which became two of the biggest hit songs of 2002  She became the first female artist to occupy the top two positions on the U S  Billboard Hot 100 chart simultaneously with "Foolish" and "What's Luv?" at numbers one and two, respectively 
In 2002, Ashanti released her eponymous debut album, which sold over 505,000 copies throughout the U S  in its first week of release  The album earned her many awards, including eight Billboard Music Awards, two American Music Awards, and a Grammy Award in 2003 for Best Contemporary R&B Album  The album has since been certified triple platinum in the United States and sold six million copies worldwide by the end of 2003  The lead single for the album, "Foolish", was a critical and commercial success; it reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100  With "Foolish", she became the second artist (after The Beatles) to have their first three chart entries in the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 simultaneously  Ashanti wrote and provided background vocals for Jennifer Lopez's "Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)", which also reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 In 2003, Ashanti released her second album, Chapter II, which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 326,000 copies in the U S  The album went platinum, selling over 1 5 million copies in the U S  since its release  The album's singles, "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" and "Rain on Me", were both commercial successes, peaking at number two and number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, respectively  Chapter II was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album, and "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" and "Rain on Me" were each nominated in the categories of Best R&B Song and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance  In November 2003, Ashanti released a Christmas album titled Ashanti's Christmas, which was a modest commercial success 
In 2004, Ashanti released her third studio album, Concrete Rose, the title of which took on Tupac Shakur's pseudonym "The Rose That Grew from Concrete"  The album debuted at number seven in the U S , with first-week sales of 254,000 copies, and became her third platinum-certified album  The first single, "Only U", reached number thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and became her biggest hit in the United Kingdom, peaking at number two  A second single, the ballad "Don't Let Them", garnered little chart success after Def Jam refused to fund a music video due to Irv Gotti's legal troubles during his money laundering trial  Her subsequent albums include The Declaration (2008) and Braveheart (2014), the latter of which was released independently, on Ashanti's record label, Written Entertainment 
Aside from music, Ashanti has also acted in various productions  In 2005, she made her feature film debut in Coach Carter alongside Samuel L  Jackson  She also starred as Dorothy Gale in the made-for-television film The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, which attracted nearly 8 million viewers when it premiered  She has since appeared in the films John Tucker Must Die (2006) and Resident Evil: Extinction (2007)  Throughout her career, Ashanti has sold nearly 15 million records worldwide 

Early life
Ashanti Douglas was born on October 13, 1980 in Glen Cove, New York  Her mother, Tina Douglas, is African-American and a former dance teacher, her father, Ken-Kaide Thomas Douglas, is also African-American and a former singer  She is the oldest of her parents' children, with a younger sister named Kenashia "Shia" Douglas  Ashanti's mother named her after the Ashanti Empire in Ghana; in this nation, women had power and influence, and Tina wanted Ashanti to follow that model  Her grandfather, James, was a civil rights activist who was associated with Martin Luther King Jr  in the 1960s Ashanti's mother discovered her full singing potential when she overheard Ashanti singing Mary J  Blige's "Reminisce" at age 12 (after the song was released on Ashanti's birthday)  While attending high school, she began to write songs  As a teenager, she performed in a local talent show and at several small festivals  She got her first taste of acting as a child extra in Spike Lee's Malcolm X (1992) and in Ted Demme's Who's the Man?  She also had a couple of minor appearances in music videos, such as KRS-One's "MC's Act Like They Don't Know" as well as 8-Off's "Ghetto Girl" Ashanti struggled to find success as a singer after being courted by several record labels, including Bad Boy and Jive  Despite this, she continued to perform in and around New York and began hanging out at the Murder Inc  recording studio, hoping for a big break 

Career
2001–2003: Ashanti, Chapter II and Ashanti's Christmas
Ashanti was first noticed by Irv Gotti because of her vocal skills  He asked her to pen hooks for his rap artists and to perform with them in duets  Ashanti provided the melodic response to their call  Ashanti was first featured as a background vocalist on rapper Big Pun's song "How We Roll"  In the same year, Ashanti was featured on fellow labelmate Cadillac Tah's singles "Pov City Anthem" and "Just Like a Thug"  She also appeared on the 2001 The Fast and the Furious soundtrack as a featured artist on Vita's 2001 hip hop remake of Madonna's "Justify My Love" and on the solo track "When a Man Does Wrong"  She was then featured on Fat Joe's "What's Luv?" and Ja Rule's "Always on Time"  "What's Luv?" and "Always on Time" were released simultaneously and became two of the biggest hit songs of 2002  Ashanti became the first female to occupy the top two positions on the U S  Billboard Hot 100 chart simultaneously when "Always on Time" and "What's Luv?" were at numbers one and two, respectively 
Following the success of her collaborations with Ja Rule and Fat Joe, Ashanti released her debut single, "Foolish", which contains a sample of the 1983 song "Stay with Me" by DeBarge (also used by The Notorious B I G  in his 1995 single "One More Chance", and by Big L in "MVP")  This is her biggest success to date, spending ten weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100  She became the second artist (after The Beatles) to have their first three chart entries in the top ten of the Hot 100 simultaneously  Ashanti's self-titled debut album, Ashanti, was released on Irv Gotti's Murder Inc  record label in April 2002  It debuted at number one on the U S  Billboard 200 albums chart  The album has been certified triple platinum in the United States and sold six million copies worldwide  Ashanti wrote the album's twelve tracks, most of which were written on the spot in the studio  Ashanti's follow-up singles, "Happy" and "Baby", were not as successful as her debut single but peaked inside the top ten and top twenty in the U S , respectively  Ashanti's debut album earned her many awards, including eight Billboard Music Awards, two American Music Awards, and a Grammy Award in 2003 for Best Contemporary R&B Album  Ashanti was the first artist to win Best Contemporary R&B Album before the category was last awarded in 2011  She was nominated as Best New Artist and "Foolish" was nominated in the Best Female R&B Vocal Performance category  She also received a Comet Award and two Soul Train Music Awards that same year 
Ashanti became the subject of controversy when it was announced that she would receive the Soul Train Aretha Franklin Award for "Entertainer of the Year", a high school student took offense and started an online petition against her, explaining to The Seattle Times that she was too new to deserve the award  Nearly 30,000 people agreed with him, signing the petition  Many said that established artists such as Mary J  Blige and Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott or critically acclaimed singers like Alicia Keys and India Arie were more deserving of an award that carries the name of a musical legend  Despite the petition, the Soul Train committee and Don Cornelius stuck by their decision  Ashanti was applauded by her musical peers as she entered the Pasadena Civic Auditorium to accept her award and she was supported onstage by Patti LaBelle, who stated "she's a baby and we have to support our babies "Just before the release of her second album, Ashanti headlined VH1 Divas Duets alongside Whitney Houston, Chaka Khan, Beyoncé and Lisa Marie Presley  During the concert, she performed duets with the Isley Brothers and Stevie Wonder, and participated in the all-star finale performance of Wonder's "Higher Ground "In July 2003, Ashanti released her second album, Chapter II, which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 326,000 copies in the U S  The album went platinum, selling over 1 5  a million copies in the U S  Chapter II's first single, "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)", became a hit, peaking at number two on the Billboard Hot 100  Its video, which showed Ashanti in a bikini frolicking on a beach and riding an elephant, was nominated for two 2003 MTV Video Music Awards  A remix of the song contains interpolations of Michael Jackson's "Rock with You"  The second single, "Rain on Me", reached the number seven spot on the Hot 100 and number two on the Hot 100 R&B Songs chart  Chapter II was nominated for a 2004 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album, and "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" and "Rain on Me" were nominated in the categories of Best R&B Song and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, respectively  In the "Rain on Me," mini-movie music video—directed by Hype Williams and co-starring Larenz Tate—Ashanti portrays a troubled young woman in an abusive relationship  She received a Lifetime Channel Achievement Award for her message speaking out against domestic violence  That same year, she began dating rapper Nelly In November 2003, Ashanti released a Christmas album titled Ashanti's Christmas  It contained 10 Christmas songs and was a modest commercial success and sold just around 100,000 units in the U S  The album peaked at No  160 in the Billboard charts 

2004–2007: Concrete Rose, Collectibles by Ashanti and acting
Before Concrete Rose was released, Ashanti did some major promotion for her single "Only U", when she premiered it at the 2004 Vibe Music Awards  She featured on "Wonderful"—with Ja Rule and R  Kelly—that year, which peaked at number five in the U S  and at number one in the UK  In December 2004, Ashanti released her third studio album, Concrete Rose, the title of which took on Tupac Shakur's pseudonym "The Rose That Grew from Concrete"  The album debuted at number seven in the U S , with first-week sales of 254,000 copies, and eventually became her third platinum-certified album  The first single, "Only U", reached number thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and became her biggest hit in the United Kingdom, peaking at number two  A second single, the ballad "Don't Let Them", garnered little chart success after Def Jam refused to fund a music video due to Irv Gotti's legal troubles during his money laundering trial  The single was released only in the U S , where it failed to chart, and the UK, where it reached the lower end of the top forty  After the release of Concrete Rose, Ashanti released the DVD Ashanti: The Making of a Star, which was available only for a limited time  The deluxe DVD includes an exclusive photo and video shoot footage, music from the albums Ashanti, Chapter II and Concrete Rose, special concert footage, unreleased childhood school performances, and behind-the-scenes interviews with family, friends, and fans 
In 2005, Ashanti focused more on her acting career, making her feature film acting debut in the film Coach Carter alongside Samuel L  Jackson, as well as starring as Dorothy Gale in the made-for-television film The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, which pulled in nearly 8 million viewers when it premiered  She sang "When I'm with You" for the film which was nominated for a Primetime Emmy in the Outstanding Music and Lyrics category  In Coach Carter, she played a pregnant teenager named Kyra who has to decide whether or not to abort her unborn child  The movie opened at number-one at the U S  box office, eventually grossing $67  million domestically  Later in 2005, Ashanti was invited to Oprah Winfrey's Legends Ball, which honored some of the most influential and legendary African American women of the twentieth century in the fields of art, entertainment, and civil rights  In December 2005, Ashanti released a remix album of Concrete Rose titled Collectables by Ashanti  The album was an opportunity for her to fulfill her contract with Def Jam (and have the option of working with another label)  It did not fare well on the charts 
In 2006, she starred in the teen comedy John Tucker Must Die, which opened and peaked at number three at the U S  box office (competing with Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest and Miami Vice) and grossed $68,818,076 worldwide  In 2007, she played a supporting role in the action film Resident Evil: Extinction (2007) 

2008–2010: The Declaration, departure from The Inc  and The Wiz
Her fourth studio album, The Declaration, was released on June 3, 2008,  and sold 86,000 units its first week of release, which were the lowest first-week sales for any of Ashanti's studio albums  In mid-2007, MTV News reported that the first single from The Declaration was "Switch", which was produced by Shy Carter and released digitally in the United States on July 24, 2007  It was later reported that "Switch" may not be included on the album's track listing, and that the first single would be "Hey Baby (After the Club)" it was released to radio and digital outlets on October 16  The song, which does not appear on the U S  editions of the album, peaked at number eighty-seven on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart  "The Way That I Love You", was released to radio and digital outlets in January 2008, and was referred to as the "first single" in press material and media reports  It reached number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number thirty-seven on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Ashanti's first song to reach the top forty since "Only U" in 2004  "Body On Me" was recorded not only for Ashanti's The Declaration, but also for Nelly's fifth studio album Brass Knuckles  The track is produced by Akon and Giorgio Tuinfort  It went to number one on Billboard's Hot Videoclip Tracks chart in its first week, becoming the first number-one single from Nelly's album "Good Good" was released to urban radio stations on July 16, 2008  The song contains elements of Elton John's 1974 single "Bennie and the Jets", and has the same melody arrangement as Michael Jackson's "The Girl Is Mine"  In July 2008, Ashanti was named an ambassador of tourism for Nassau County, Long Island 
In May 2009, Irv Gotti announced that he was officially releasing Ashanti from The Inc  Records, stating that "The relationship has run its course  The chemistry of what's needed — we're in two totally different places  You're talking to somebody that took her and shaped and molded her and put her out there for the world, and it blew up  We [hold the record] for the [fastest] selling debut by a female R&B artist — 503 [thousand]  We did it! My views and philosophies and her views and philosophies are not meeting up " Gotti also admitted that he and Ashanti have not spoken to each other in a long time  A representative for Ashanti did not respond  On September 24, 2009, Ashanti announced her fifth studio album would be released from her new label, Written Entertainment 
Ashanti headlined the cast of The Wiz in the New York City Center Encores! Summer Stars staging from June 12 to July 5, 2009  Ashanti's role as Dorothy has since received mixed reviews from critics as most praised her vocals but was less pleased with her acting ability  BET and Entertainment Weekly both praised the singer's performance as The New York Post and New York Times gave lukewarm reviews  Though the first night was sold out, some of the other shows were unable to follow its success  On October 27, 2008, Ashanti took part in The Yellow Brick Road Not Taken, a one night only concert to celebrate the fifth anniversary of Wicked, featuring songs written by Stephen Schwartz, that were cut from the show 

2011–2014: Hiatus and Braveheart
After a four-year hiatus, Ashanti released the song "Never Too Far Away", which was featured in Morgan Creek's film Dream House starring Daniel Craig, Rachel Weisz with Naomi Watts  The lead single from her fifth studio album, "The Woman You Love" featuring American rapper Busta Rhymes, was released online on December 15, 2011  Ashanti teamed up with Meek Mill and French Montana for the second single "No One Greater", which was produced by 7 Aurelius, Irv Gotti and Chink Santana  In April 2013, she released another single called "Never Should Have", which later won "Best Independent R&B/Soul Performance" at the 2013 Soul Train Awards  A music video for the track was also released In November 2012, it was reported that she had landed her first series regular role in the seventh season of Army Wives, playing Latasha Montclair  The series was canceled on September 24, 2013  In the fall of 2013, she appeared in a guest spot on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit alongside Clay Aiken and Taylor Hicks  She also starred in the Lifetime film Christmas in the City which premiered on December 7, 2013 In August 2013, Ashanti announced her plans to once again work with Ja Rule, who'd been released from prison in July of that year following a six-year sentence stemming from a gun charge  On January 8, 2014, she revealed the official cover art and release date for Braveheart, her fifth album, which was released on March 4, 2014  In January 2014, Ashanti shot the video for the official first single from Braveheart titled "I Got It" featuring Rick Ross  The video was shot in Miami, Florida, and was directed by Eif Rivera  In July, Ashanti announced that the second official single from BraveHeart would be "Early in the Morning" featuring French Montana  Upon release, the album garnered favorable reviews, with music critics describing Braveheart's sound as an "evolution of R&B" and praising the themes of empowerment but criticizing the romantic clichés and lack of interesting moments on the album  On the charts, Braveheart opened at number ten in the U S  Billboard 200, becoming Ashanti's fifth consecutive top-ten album, as well as her first Independent Albums chart-topper  It also debuted in the top thirty of the UK R&B Albums Chart and top-forty of the UK Indie Albums Chart 

2015–present: Current activities and upcoming seventh studio album
In 2015, she announced that she had worked on new music for her seventh album, with an unknown release date  Ashanti collaborated with Michelle Obama for her #Let'sMove campaign to spread awareness of drinking water with her new video and song "Let's Go" released in 2015  In 2016, she collaborated on the song "Seven Day Love" included in the album "Inzombia" by Canadian singer Belly  She has also worked with numerous artists, including Sia, Alicia Keys, John Legend, Queen Latifah, Usher and Kelly Clarkson to interpret the songs of the Broadway musical "Hamilton" for the compilation "The Hamilton Mixtape" In 2017, Ashanti announced her seventh studio album, revealing it would be released in 2018  She denied this in June 2018, confirming the future release of an album in collaboration with rapper Ja Rule  Between 2017 and 2018 she returned to the music scene with several collaborations including the single "Say Less" with Ty Dolla Sign, the track "The Road" by Machel Montano, and the song "Start This Shit Off Right" with Mack Maine, from the album "Tha Carter V" by Lil Wayne Ashanti released the collaboration "Pretty Little Thing" with Afro B in August 2019  She also featured on the soundtrack of the film Stuck, which she produced  In November, Ashanti guest-starred as herself in two episodes of the third season of The CW's Dynasty reboot: "Mother, I'm At La Mirage" and "Something Desperate" In January 2021, Ashanti released her single "2:35 (I Want You)" On March 10, 2022, Ashanti's single "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" was heavily sampled for British rapper Aitch's single "Baby" In October 2022, Ashanti was featured on Diddy’s “Gotta Move On” remix which also features Bryson Tiller and Yung Miami 

Artistry
Ashanti has a lyric soprano voice type  Critics have referred to her voice as "pretty" and her soprano as "sultry" and "sweet but slight"  Jason Birchmeier of AllMusic noted her reputation for using her "swooning voice" in duets with Big Pun, Fat Joe, and Ja Rule  As a young girl, Ashanti was influenced by Ella Fitzgerald, Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, Prince, and Tupac Shakur, but she cites Mary J  Blige as the main reason she wanted to pursue a singing career  Further musical influences include Janet Jackson, Mariah Carey, Madonna, Smokey Robinson, Donna Summer, and Blue Magic 

Philanthropy
In 2003, Ashanti partnered with LidRock and the San Francisco-based Family Violence Prevention Fund (FVPF) to raise awareness about the issue of domestic violence during National Domestic Violence Awareness Month and to distribute the "Rain on Me" mini-movie using LidRock's unique platform  Proceeds from the $5 mini-disc went towards helping to stop domestic violence  Ashanti also recorded a public service announcement that appeared in more than 4,000 film screens and reached millions of people  Ashanti also gives back by raising money for sickle cell research and she is active in helping the Make-A-Wish Foundation stating, "I'll go and do just about anything for them " In 2005, Ashanti helped by recording public service announcement and raising money for the Southeast Asia tsunami disaster  Later that year, she helped raise money for the Hurricane Katrina victims and storm evacuees In 2008, Ashanti, along with others celebrities, taped a PSA to help stop violence and discrimination towards the LGBT community in response to the death of Lawrence King, an eighth-grader at E O  Green Junior High School, who was shot because of his sexual orientation and gender expression  That same year, she launched a special on-line campaign called "I Declare Me   " with Wal-Mart  The campaign's core is a very personal focus on the self-definition and empowerment of women across the United States, with its home base at Ashanti's official website  The campaign creates a safe and inclusive on-line space to for women to share testimonies on the site  Participants are able to openly declare their own breakthroughs, revelations, struggles and victories in every life area they choose: career, birth, death, relationships, and personal situations  "I Declare Me   " also invites women to a virtual discussion with Ashanti on such issues as voter registration, teen obesity, and other concerns facing women today 
In September 2009, Ashanti, along with other artists such as Mariah Carey, Beyoncé, Mary J  Blige, Rihanna, Fergie, Sheryl Crow, Miley Cyrus, Melissa Etheridge, Natasha Bedingfield, Keyshia Cole, Ciara, Leona Lewis, LeAnn Rimes and Carrie Underwood, teamed up for the song "Just Stand Up!"  The charity tune for cancer was conceived by Antonio "L A " Reid, who produced it with longtime creative colleague Babyface  All 15 singers (along with Nicole Scherzinger) shared the stage to perform the song live on September 5, 2008, during the "Stand Up to Cancer" television special, which aired simultaneously on ABC, NBC and CBS, and helped raise $100 million for cancer research  As a result of SU2C fund raising endeavors, the SU2C scientific advisory committee, overseen by the American Association for Cancer Research, was able to award 73 6 million dollars towards novel, groundbreaking cancer research in 2009 In November 2009, Ashanti joined the crew of ABC's Extreme Makeover: Home Edition  In the episode, which aired on January 24, 2010, the singer assisted in the rebuilding of the Powell Family home in Buffalo, New York   The efforts from the show expanded significantly to include not just the family home but the entire neighborhood surrounding it  In 2013, Ashanti featured on the 19-track compilation album Songs for a Healthier America, a collaborative project by the Partnership for a Healthier America, whose honorary chair is Michelle Obama, and Hip Hop Public Health  Her song "Just Believe" also featured Artie Green, Gerry Gunn, Robbie Nova and Chauncey Hawkins  Additionally, she is affiliated with the Jumpstart reading program, the Tupperware Brand and the Boys and Girls Club of America 

Personal life
On January 1, 2003, Ashanti met rapper Nelly at a press conference for the 2003 Grammy Awards, and the two later began dating  They ended their relationship after a decade together  In 2023, they reunited and got back together 

Discography
Studio albumsAshanti (2002)
Chapter II (2003)
Ashanti's Christmas (2003)
Concrete Rose (2004)
The Declaration (2008)
Braveheart (2014)

Filmography
Film
Television
Theater
See also
List of awards and nominations received by Ashanti
Context 2: Passage 1:
François Englert
François, Baron Englert (French: [ɑ̃ɡlɛʁ]; born 6 November 1932) is a Belgian theoretical physicist and 2013 Nobel Prize laureate 
Englert is professor emeritus at the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), where he is a member of the Service de Physique Théorique  He is also a Sackler Professor by Special Appointment in the School of Physics and Astronomy at Tel Aviv University and a member of the Institute for Quantum Studies at Chapman University in California  He was awarded the 2010 J  J  Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics (with Gerry Guralnik, C  R  Hagen, Tom Kibble, Peter Higgs, and Robert Brout), the Wolf Prize in Physics in 2004 (with Brout and Higgs) and the High Energy and Particle Prize of the European Physical Society (with Brout and Higgs) in 1997 for the mechanism which unifies short and long range interactions by generating massive gauge vector bosons 
Englert has made contributions in statistical physics, quantum field theory, cosmology, string theory and supergravity  He is the recipient of the 2013 Prince of Asturias Award in technical and scientific research, together with Peter Higgs and the CERN 
Englert was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics, together with Peter Higgs for the discovery of the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism 

Early life
François Englert is a Holocaust survivor  He was born in a Belgian Jewish family  During the German occupation of Belgium in World War II, he had to conceal his Jewish identity and live in orphanages and children's homes in the towns of Dinant, Lustin, Stoumont and, finally, Annevoie-Rouillon   These towns were eventually liberated by the US Army 

Academic career
He graduated as an electromechanical engineer in 1955 from the Free University of Brussels (ULB) where he received his PhD in physical sciences in 1959  From 1959 until 1961, he worked at Cornell University, first as a research associate of Robert Brout and then as assistant professor  He then returned to the ULB, where he became a university professor and was joined there by Robert Brout who, in 1980, with Englert coheaded the theoretical physics group  In 1998 Englert became professor emeritus  In 1984 Englert was first appointed as a Sackler Professor by Special Appointment in the School of Physics and Astronomy at Tel-Aviv University  Englert joined Chapman University's Institute for Quantum Studies in 2011, where he serves as a distinguished visiting professor 

The Brout–Englert–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble mechanism
Brout and Englert showed in 1964 that gauge vector fields, abelian and non-abelian, could acquire mass if empty space were endowed with a particular type of structure that one encounters in material systems  Focusing on the failure of the Goldstone theorem for gauge fields, Higgs reached essentially the same result  A third paper on the subject was written later in the same year by Gerald Guralnik, C  R  Hagen, and Tom Kibble  The three papers written on this boson discovery by Higgs, Englert and Brout, and Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble were each recognized as milestone papers for this discovery by Physical Review Letters 50th anniversary celebration  While each of these famous papers took similar approaches, the contributions and differences between the 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers is noteworthy 
To illustrate the structure, consider a ferromagnet which is composed of atoms each equipped with a tiny magnet  When these magnets are lined up, the inside of the ferromagnet bears a strong analogy to the way empty space can be structured  Gauge vector fields that are sensitive to this structure of empty space can only propagate over a finite distance  Thus, they mediate short range interactions and acquire mass  Those fields that are not sensitive to the structure propagate unhindered  They remain massless and are responsible for the long range interactions  In this way, the mechanism accommodates within a single unified theory both short and long-range interactions 
Brout and Englert, Higgs, and Gerald Guralnik, C  R  Hagen, and Tom Kibble introduced as agent of the vacuum structure a scalar field (most often called the Higgs field) which many physicists view as the agent responsible for the masses of fundamental particles  Brout and Englert also showed that the mechanism may remain valid if the scalar field is replaced by a more structured agent such as a fermion condensate  Their approach led them to conjecture that the theory is renormalizable  The eventual proof of renormalizability, a major achievement of twentieth century physics, is due to Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus Veltman who were awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize for this work  The Brout–Englert–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble mechanism is the building stone of the electroweak theory of elementary particles and laid the foundation of a unified view of the basic laws of nature 

Major awards
1978 First Prize in the International Gravity Contest (with R  Brout and E  Gunzig), awarded by the Gravity Research Foundation for the essay "The Causal Universe" 
1982 Francqui Prize, awarded by the Francqui Foundation once every four years in exact sciences "For his contribution to the theoretical understanding of spontaneous symmetry breaking in the physics of fundamental interactions, where, with Robert Brout, he was the first to show that spontaneous symmetry breaking in gauge theories gives mass to the gauge particles, for his extensive contributions in other domains, such as solid state physics, statistical mechanics, quantum field theory, general relativity and cosmology, for the originality and the fundamental importance of these achievements" 
1997 High Energy and Particle Physics Prize (with R  Brout and P W  Higgs), awarded by the European Physical Society "For formulating for the first time a self-consistent theory of charged massive vector bosons which became the foundation of the electroweak theory of elementary particles" 
2004 Wolf Prize in Physics (with R  Brout and P W  Higgs), awarded by the Wolf Foundation "For pioneering work that has led to the insight of mass generation, whenever a local gauge symmetry is realized asymmetrically in the world of sub-atomic particles" 
2010 J  J  Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics (with Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble, Higgs, and Brout) awarded by The American Physical Society "For elucidation of the properties of spontaneous symmetry breaking in four-dimensional relativistic gauge theory and of the mechanism for the consistent generation of vector boson masses" 
By Royal Decree of 8 July 2013 François Englert was ennobled a baron by King Albert II of Belgium 
2013 Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with Peter Higgs  "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider" 
2013 Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research (with Peter Higgs and CERN) "for the theoretical prediction and experimental detection of the Higgs boson" 

See also
List of Jewish Nobel laureates
Passage 2:
Paul D  Boyer
Paul Delos Boyer (July 31, 1918 – June 2, 2018) was an American biochemist, analytical chemist, and a professor of chemistry at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)  He shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for research on the "enzymatic mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" (ATP synthase) with John E  Walker, making Boyer the first Utah-born Nobel laureate; the remainder of the Prize in that year was awarded to Danish chemist Jens Christian Skou for his discovery of the Na+/K+-ATPase 

Birth and education
Boyer was born in Provo, Utah  He grew up in a nonpracticing Mormon family  He attended Provo High School, where he was active in student government and the debating team  He was also his high schools valedictorian and played intramural basketball in high school and college  He received a B S  in chemistry from Brigham Young University in 1939 and obtained a Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Scholarship for graduate studies  Five days before leaving for Wisconsin, Paul married Lyda Whicker in 1939, and they remained married for nearly eighty years until his death in 2018, making him the longest-married Nobel laureate  The Boyers had three children 
Though the Boyers connected with the Mormon community in Wisconsin, they considered themselves "on the wayward fringe" and doubted the doctrinal claims of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)   After experimenting with Unitarianism, Boyer eventually became an atheist  In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto 

Academic career
After Boyer received his Ph D  degree in biochemistry from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1943, he spent years at Stanford University on a war-related research project dedicated to stabilization of serum albumin for transfusions  He began his independent research career at the University of Minnesota and introduced kinetic, isotopic, and chemical methods for investigating enzyme mechanisms  In 1955, he received a Guggenheim Fellowship and worked with Professor Hugo Theorell on the mechanism of alcohol dehydrogenase  In 1956, he accepted a Hill Foundation Professorship and moved to the medical campus of the University of Minnesota  In 1959–1960, he served as Chairman of the Biochemistry Section of the American Chemical Society (ACS) and in 1969-1970 as President of the American Society of Biological Chemists 
Since 1963, he had been a professor in the department of chemistry and biochemistry at University of California, Los Angeles  In 1965, he became the founding director of the Molecular Biology Institute and spearheaded the construction of the building and the organization of an interdepartmental Ph D  program  This institutional service did not diminish the creativity and originality of his research program, which led to three postulates for the binding mechanism for ATP synthesis—that energy input was not used primarily to form ATP but to promote the binding of phosphate and mostly the release of tightly bound ATP; that three identical catalytic sites went through compulsory, sequential binding changes; and that the binding changes of the catalytic subunits, circularly arranged on the periphery of the enzyme, were driven by the rotation of a smaller internal subunit 
Paul Boyer was editor or associate editor of the Annual Review of Biochemistry from 1963 to 1989  He was editor of the classic series, "The Enzymes"  When he worked on the series "The Enzymes", he was helped by his wife Lyda as she was a professional editor at UCLA  In 1981, he was faculty research lecturer at UCLA  In that same year, he was awarded the prestigious Tolman Medal by the Southern California Section of the American Chemical Society 

Death
Boyer died of respiratory failure on June 2, 2018, at the age of 99, less than two months shy of his 100th birthday at his Los Angeles home 

Publications
Dahms, A  S  & P  D  Boyer  "Occurrence and Characteristics of 18O-exchange Reactions Catalyzed By Sodium- and Potassium-dependent Adenosine Triphosphatases", University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (1972) 
Kanazawa, T  & P  D  Boyer  "Occurrence and Characteristics of a Rapid Exchange of Phosphate Oxygens Catalyzed by Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Vesicles", University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (1972) 
Boyer, P  D  "Isotopic Studies on Structure-function Relationships of Nucleic Acids and Enzymes  Three Year Progress Report, May 1972 — October 1975", University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Energy Research and Development Administration), (1975) 
Boyer, P  D  "Energy Capture and Use in Plants and Bacteria  Final Technical Report", University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), United States Department of Energy, (December 31, 1993) 

Awards and honors
Passage 3:
Vernon L  Smith
Vernon Lomax Smith (born January 1, 1927) is an American economist and professor of business economics and law at Chapman University  He was formerly a professor of economics at the University of Arizona, professor of economics and law at George Mason University, and a board member of the Mercatus Center  Along with Daniel Kahneman, Smith shared the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to behavioral economics and his work in the field of experimental economics  He worked to establish 'laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms' Smith is the founder and president of the International Foundation for Research in Experimental Economics, a Member of the Board of Advisors for The Independent Institute, a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute in Washington D C  In 2004 Smith was honored with an honorary doctoral degree at Universidad Francisco Marroquín, the institution that named the Vernon Smith Center for Experimental Economics Research after him  He was also a founding board member of the Center for Growth and Opportunity at Utah State University  As of 2023, Smith also sits on the Advisory Board for Florida Atlantic University's Madden Center for Value Creation 

Early life and education
Smith was born in Wichita, Kansas, where he attended Wichita North High School and Friends University  Grover Bougher, Vernon's mother's first husband, who worked as a fireman on the Santa Fe railroad, died in a tragic accident which proved to be pivotal  The life insurance money provided by the Santa Fe railroad was invested in a farm which became the sole means of survival for Vernon's family during the tough years of the Great Depression  While the farm brought hard work and hard times for Vernon's parents, Vernon liked the adventurous experiences  His life-long interest in learning how things work was kindled by his childhood at the farm Smith received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Caltech in 1949, an M A  in economics from the University of Kansas in 1952, and his Ph D  in economics from Harvard University in 1955 

Academic career
Smith's first teaching post was at the Krannert School of Management, Purdue University, which he held from 1955 until 1967, attaining the rank of full professor Smith also taught as a visiting associate professor at Stanford University (1961–1962) and there made contact with Sidney Siegel, who was also doing work in experimental economics  Smith moved with his family to Massachusetts and got a position first at Brown University (1967–1968) and then at the University of Massachusetts (1968–1972)  Smith also received appointments at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (1972–1973) and Caltech (1973–1975) Much of the research that earned Smith the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was conducted at the University of Arizona between 1976 and 2001  In 2001, Smith left Arizona for George Mason University  From 2003 to 2006, he held the Rasmuson Chair of Economics at the University of Alaska Anchorage  In 2008, Smith founded the Economic Science Institute at Chapman University in Orange, California Smith has served on the board of editors of the American Economic Review, the Cato Journal, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Science, Economic Theory, Economic Design, and the Journal of Economic Methodology  He also served as an expert for the Copenhagen Consensus 

Academic work
It was at Purdue that Smith's work in experimental economics began  As Smith describes it:

In the Autumn semester, 1955, I taught Principles of Economics, and found it a challenge to convey basic microeconomic theory to students  Why/how could any market approximate a competitive equilibrium? I resolved that on the first day of class the following semester, I would try running a market experiment that would give the students an opportunity to experience an actual market, and me the opportunity to observe one in which I knew, but they did not know what were the alleged driving conditions of supply and demand in that market 
In framing the experiment, Smith varied certain institutional parameters seen in the first classroom economics experiments as conducted by Edward Chamberlin: in particular, he ran the experiments for several trading periods, to give the student subjects time to train At Caltech, Charles Plott encouraged Smith to formalize the methodology of experimental economics, which he did in two articles  In 1976, "Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory" was published in the American Economic Review (AER)  It was the first articulation of the principle behind economic experiments  Six years later, these principles were expanded in "Microeconomic Systems as an Experimental Science," also in the AER  This paper adapts the principles of mechanism design, a microeconomic system developed by Leonid Hurwicz, to the development of economic experiments  In Hurwicz's formulation, a microeconomic system consists of an economic environment, an economic institution (or economic mechanism), and an economic outcome  The economic environment is simply the preferences of the people in the economy and the production capabilities of the firms in the economy  The key insight in this formulation is that the economic outcome can be affected by the economic institution  The mechanism design provides a formal means for tests of the performance of an economic institution, and experimental economics, as developed by Smith, provided a means for formal empirical assessment of the performance of economic institutions  The second main contribution of the paper is to the technique of induced values, the method used in controlled laboratory experiments in economics, political science, and psychology, which allows experimental economists to create a replica of a market in a laboratory  Subjects in an experiment are told that they can produce a "commodity" at a cost and then sell it to buyers  The seller earns the difference between the price received and its cost  Buyers are told that the commodity has a value to them when they consume it, and they earn the difference between the value of the commodity to them and its price  Using the technique, Smith and his coauthors have examined the performance of alternative trading mechanisms in resource allocation In February 2011, Smith participated in the "Visiting Scholars Series" at the Nicholas Academic Centers in Santa Ana, California, conducted in collaboration with Chapman University  Smith and his colleague Bart Wilson conducted experiments designed to expose high school students from underserved neighborhoods to market dynamics and how concepts such as altruism influence economic behavior Smith has authored or coauthored articles and books on capital theory, finance, natural resource economics and experimental economics  He was also one of the first to propose the combinatorial auction design, with Stephen J  Rassenti and Robert L  Bulfin in 1982 In January 2009, Smith signed a public petition opposing the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act  In a 2010 Econ Journal Watch study, Smith was found to be one of the most active petition-signers among US economists The Vernon Smith Prize for the Advancement of Austrian Economics is named after him and is sponsored by the European Center of Austrian Economics 

Personal life
In February 2005, Smith publicly attributed features of his personality to Asperger's syndrome after a process of self-diagnosis 

Works
Gjerstad, Steven D ; Smith, Vernon L  (2014)  Rethinking Housing Bubbles  New York: Cambridge University Press  ISBN 978-0521198097 
Gjerstad, Steven; Smith, Vernon L  (2012)  "At Home in the Great Recession"   In Miniter, Brendan (ed )  The 4% Solution: Unleashing the Economic Growth America Needs  New York: Crown Business  pp  345–377  ISBN 9780307986146 
Gjerstad, Steven D ; Smith, Vernon L  (2013)  "Balance Sheet Crises: Causes, Consequences, and Responses" (PDF)  Cato Journal  33 (3): 437–470  Retrieved 2017-10-21 
Plott, Charles R , and Vernon L  Smith, ed  (2008)  Handbook of Experimental Economics Results, v  1, Elsevier  Description and preview 
Rassenti, Stephen J ; Smith, Vernon L ; Bulfin, Robert L  (1982)  "A Combinatorial Auction Mechanism for Airport Time Slot Allocation" (PDF)  The Bell Journal of Economics  13 (2): 402–417  doi:10 2307/3003463  JSTOR 3003463 
Smith, Vernon L  (1962)  "An Experimental Study of Competitive Market Behavior"  Journal of Political Economy  70 (2): 111–137  doi:10 1086/258609  JSTOR 1861810  S2CID 54718519 
_____ (1976)  "Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory" (PDF)  American Economic Review  66 (2): 274–279 
Smith, Vernon L  (1980)  "Relevance of Laboratory Experiments to Testing Resource Allocation Theory" (PDF)   In Kmenta, Jan; Ramsey, James B  (eds )  Evaluation of Econometric Models  Academic Press  pp  345–377  ISBN 978-0-12-416550-2 
_____ (1982)  "Microeconomic Systems as an Experimental Science" (PDF)  American Economic Review  72 (5): 923–955 
_____ (1991)  Papers in Experimental Economics [1962–88],  Cambridge  Description and chapter-preview links 
_____ (2000)  Bargaining and Market Behavior: Essays in Experimental Economics [1990–98], Cambridge  Description and chapter-preview links 
_____ (2003)  Smith, Vernon L  (2003)  "Constructivist and Ecological Rationality in Economics"  American Economic Review  93 (3): 465–508  CiteSeerX 10 1 1 501 5291  doi:10 1257/000282803322156954  S2CID 16505135 
_____ ([1987] 2008a)  "experimental methods in economics " The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, Abstract 
_____ (2008b)  "experimental economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, Abstract 
Williams, Arlington W ; Ledyard, John O ; Gjerstad, Steven; Smith, Vernon L  (2000)  "Concurrent Trading in Two Experimental Markets with Demand Interdependence"  Economic Theory  16 (3): 511–528  CiteSeerX 10 1 1 22 1763  doi:10 1007/s001990050002  JSTOR 25055346  S2CID 195227181  Reprinted in Timothy N  Cason and Charles Noussair, ed  (2001), Advances in Experimental Markets, pp  15– 32 

See also
List of economists

Notes
External links
Dr  Vernon L Smith at Chapman University School of Law
Member of the Board of Advisors at The Independent Institute
Senior Fellow at Cato Institute
"Vernon L  Smith (1927– )"  The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics  Library of Economics and Liberty (2nd ed )  Liberty Fund  2008 
Roberts, Russ  "Vernon Smith Podcasts"  EconTalk  Library of Economics and Liberty 
"Vernon L  Smith Papers, 1938–2007 and undated"  Rubenstein Library, Duke University  Retrieved 2017-10-21 
Vernon L  Smith publications indexed by Google Scholar
Vernon L  Smith on Nobelprize org

Articles
"Default is not the end of the world" Interview with Vernon Smith by Luis Martin (Winter 2011)
Reflections On Human Action After 50 Years by Vernon L  Smith, Cato Journal, Fall 1999
"Using Experiments to Inform the Privatization/Deregulation Movement in Electricity," by Stephen J Rassenti, Vernon L  Smith, and Bart J Wilson, Cato Journal, Winter 2002
The Clinton Housing Bubble, Vernon L  Smith, The Wall Street Journal, December 18, 2007
From Bubble to Depression?, Steven Gjerstad and Vernon L  Smith, The Wall Street Journal, April 6, 2009
Passage 4:
Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge
The Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry is the University of Cambridge's chemistry department  It was formed from a merger in the early 1980s of two separate departments that had moved into the Lensfield Road building decades earlier: the Department of Physical Chemistry (originally led by Professor Ronald Norrish FRS, Nobel Laureate; the department was previously located near the Old Cavendish in Free School Lane - see photo) and the Department of Chemistry (that included theoretical chemistry and which was led by Lord (Alexander) Todd FRS, Nobel Laureate) respectively  Research interests in the department cover a broad of chemistry ranging from molecular biology to geophysics  The department is located on the Lensfield Road, next to the Panton Arms on the South side of Cambridge  In December 2020, it was renamed for 30 years in recognition of a donation from Dr Yusuf Hamied, an alumnus of the department 

Research
The Department's research is organised around five Research Interest Groups (RIGs):
Biological Chemistry
Materials Chemistry
Physical and Atmospheric Chemistry
Synthetic Chemistry
TheoryIn addition, the Chemistry of Health Building houses the Centre for Misfolding Diseases, the Chemistry of Health Incubator and the Molecular Production and Characterisation Centre (MPACC) 
Passage 5:
Chapman University
Chapman University is a private research university in Orange, California  It encompasses eleven schools and colleges and is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity" 

History
Founded in Woodland, California, as Hesperian College, the school began classes on March 4, 1861  Its opening was timed to coincide with the hour of Abraham Lincoln's first inauguration  Hesperian admitted students regardless of sex or race During its first decades of existence, the school relocated and changed names several times  The school initially relocated to Berkeley, California in 1896, merging with the Pierce Christian College (a school previously established in College City, California in 1874) to form the Berkeley Bible Seminary  Soon after, the school relocated to San Francisco and took on the name California Bible College  
In 1920, the school moved again, this time to southern California, after its assets were acquired by the California Christian College,, a school that had been established by the  Southern California Convention in Long Beach, California in 1918  The two schools had been merged into a new institution called the California School of Christianity, located in Los Angeles  Three years later, in 1923, the school changed names yet again, back to the California Christian College In 1934, the school was renamed to Chapman College after the chairman of its board of trustees (and primary benefactor), C  C  Chapman  In 1954, it moved to its present campus in the city of Orange on the site formerly occupied by Orange High School, which had relocated Chapman established a Residence Education Center Program to serve military personnel in 1958  This evolved into Brandman University 
Chapman College became Chapman University in 1991  In that year, Dr  James L  Doti became president of Chapman University  Also in 1991, the Department of Education became the School of Education, now known as the Donna Ford Attallah College of Educational Studies, and the establishment of what is now known as Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences The School of Film and Television, now Dodge College of Film and Media Arts opened in 1996  Between 2000 and 2010, Chapman University expanded to include the Rodgers Center for Holocaust Education, Leatherby Libraries, Fish Interfaith Center, Marion Knott Studios (The home of Dodge College of Film and Media Arts), the creation of the Argyros School's Economic Science Institute – led by Dr  Vernon L  Smith (2002 Nobel Prize winner in Economic Sciences, the Erin J  Anderson Athletics Complex and the Schmid College of Science and Technology  The Rinker Health Science Campus opened in Irvine, CA  in 2013, becoming the home for the School of Pharmacy  Mathematician Daniele C  Struppa became President in 2016, taking over for Dr  James L  Doti  In the same year, Musco Center for the Arts opened  The 1,110 seat concert hall draws more than 30,000 visitors per year and hosts both professional and student performances Chapman opened the Keck Center for Science and engineering in 2018 with the Dale E  and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering opening shortly after  Between 2018 and 2022, Chapman University earned a Carnegie Classification of R2: Doctoral University – High Research Activity, had its first Rhodes Scholar, Vidal Arroyo '19, and became nationally ranked by U S  News & World Report 

Colleges and programs
Argyros School of Business and Economics
The George L  Argyros School of Business and Economics is located in the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Business and Technology Hall  Founded in 1977, the school is named after George L  Argyros, a Chapman alumnus and former U S  Ambassador to Spain



ground_truth: October 13, 1980

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What Nobel Laureate teaches at  Chapman University?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Argyros has chaired the board of trustees of Chapman University since 1976, and has donated significant resources towards establishing Chapman as a leading national business school  The business school was renamed in Argyros' honor in 1999  In 2019 the Argyros School celebrated the 20th Anniversary of the naming of the school, capped off with a special fundraiser dinner on October 9, featuring special guest President George W  Bush  The event raised approximately $15 million for the school's endowment, $10 million of which was a surprise announcement by the Argyros family  The $15 million raised is believed to be the largest 1-day fundraising event in Orange County's history The Argyros School offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in business, including the Master of Business Administration and Master of Science  In 2023 Argyros was ranked the #60 business school in the country by U S  News & World Report The Argyros School of Business and Economics was officially nationally ranked as the 60th Best Undergraduate Bloomberg BusinessWeek Business School in 2014  In 2016, the Argyros School of Business and Economics rose to 34th in the same Bloomberg rankings 
The Argyros School is home to several research centers and institutes, including the A  Gary Anderson Center for Economic Research, the C  Larry Hoag Center for Real Estate and Finance, the Ralph W  Leatherby Center for Entrepreneurship and Ethics, the Walter Schmid Center for International Business, the Economic Science Institute (founded by Nobel Prize winner Vernon L  Smith and others in 2008), the Institute for the Study of Religion, Economics and Society (founded by Dr  Laurence Iannaccone in September 2009), and the Smith Institute for Political Economy and Philosophy The Leatherby Center for Entrepreneurship and Business Ethics is a program whose scope includes original research, scholarship, and the publication of several scholarly journals 

Donna Ford Attallah College of Educational Studies
Chapman University's Donna Ford Attallah College of Educational Studies offers an undergraduate Integrated Educational Studies (IES) degree; teaching, school counseling, and school psychology credentials; and graduate degrees in teaching, special education, school counseling, school psychology, and leadership, including a Ph D  in education  The college is also home to various centers and programs for community engagement and research, including the Centro Comunitario de Educación, Paulo Freire Democratic Project (PFDP), and Thompson Policy Institute on Disability and Autism The School of Education at Chapman University became the College of Educational Studies in August 2008  In 2017, the college was named in honor of Donna Ford Attallah  The current home of the Attallah College is Chapman's Reeves Hall, which was one of the first buildings constructed for Orange Union High School on the site in 1913, added to the National Register for Historic Places in 1975, and renovated and reopened to the public in February 2018 The Attallah College or its programs are accredited by the Council Accreditation of Educator Preparation, Commission on Teacher Credentialing, National Association of School Psychologists, and International School Psychology Association 

Dodge College of Film and Media Arts
The college has been recognized as one of the top ten film schools in the world and ranked #4 by The Hollywood Reporter among American film schools 

Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences
Formerly part of Chapman University's Schmid College of Science and Technology, the Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences officially became its own independent college at Chapman University on June 1, 2014 Undergraduate programs in Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences include B S  Applied Human Physiology, B S  Health Sciences, and B A  Psychology  Graduate and post-baccalaureate programs include M A  Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT), M S  Communication Sciences & Disorders, a MMS Physician Assistant (set to open in 2015), a Doctor of Physical Therapy (PT) (accredited since 1928, making it one of the oldest such programs in the United States), and a Transitional Doctor of Physical Therapy 
The physical therapy, communication sciences & disorders, and physician assistant programs are housed on Chapman University's Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus in Irvine, California 

Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences
Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences is the largest college at Chapman University and is composed of the departments of art, English, history, world languages and cultures, peace studies, philosophy, political science, religious studies, and sociology 

Dale E  Fowler School of Law
The Chapman University School of Law is located in Kennedy Hall  Law degrees offered include the Juris Doctor (J D ) and Master of Laws (LL M ) degrees in various specialties   In 2022, John Eastman retired as Dean after more than 160 faculty members signed a letter calling for the university to take action against him for concocted a baseless theory and made false claims of fraud in an attempt to overturn the 2020 election   Eastman is currently (June 2023) undergoing a hearing of disbarment in the State of California 

Dale E  and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering
Since opening in fall 2019, the Chapman University school has grown to include undergraduate programs in computer science, data analytics, software engineering and game development programming  A minor in computer engineering is also available  The university launched a bachelor's degree program in computer engineering in fall 2020, electrical engineering in fall 2021, and a master's degree program in computer science in fall 2022  Further expansion targets programs in biomedical and environmental engineering 

College of Performing Arts
Chapman University's College of Performing Arts, founded in 2007, operates in divisions: the Hall-Musco Conservatory of Music, the Department of Dance, and the Department of Theatre  The Conservatory of Music offers a Bachelor of Music (B M ), the Dance Department offers a Bachelor of Fine Arts (B F A) and a Bachelor of Arts (B A ), and the Theatre Department offers the Bachelor of Arts (B A )  The Theatre Department also offer two Bachelor of Fine Arts (B F A ) programs—Theatre Performance and Screen Acting—taught in conjunction with the Dodge Film School 

Schmid College of Science and Technology
Chapman University's Schmid College of Science and Technology was founded in 2008 when science-related degree programs (then housed in the Wilkinson School of Humanities and Social Sciences) were migrated to the new college  In 2014, the Schmid College underwent a reorganization to create the Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences  In 2019, the undergraduate programs computer science, data analytics, software engineering, and game development programming transferred out of Schmid College to start the new Fowler School of Engineering 
In addition to its undergraduate and graduate programs, Schmid College is home to various centers for research  Among them are the Center of Excellence in Computation, Algebra and Topology (CECAT), the Center of Excellence in Complex and Hyper-complex Analysis (CECHA) and the Center of Excellence in Earth Systems Modeling and Observations (CEESMO)  Schmid College is also affiliated with the Institute for Quantum Studies, whose list of physicists, includes a 2013 Nobel Prize recipient and a 2010 Presidential Medal of Honor winner Schmid College of Science and Technology recently expanded and moved into the new 140,000 sq  ft  Keck Center for Science and engineering on Chapman's main campus in Orange, California  The research facility contains 45 research and teaching labs, 50 faculty offices, seven student-collaboration spaces, and an outdoor amphitheater  The aesthetic of the building was inspired by the work of American architect, Frank Lloyd Wright 

School of Pharmacy
The Chapman University School of Pharmacy (CUSP) is located at the Rinker Campus in Irvine  Pharmacy degrees include the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm D ), a Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Science (MSPS), and a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph D ) in Pharmaceutical Sciences  The Chapman School of Pharmacy also offers an accelerated five-year Doctor of Pharmacy program to qualified high school seniors 

School of Communication
The School of Communication is located on the university's main campus and housed within Doti Hall  The school currently consists of three undergraduate majors for students to choose from, including: BA in Communication Studies, BA in Strategic & Corporate Communication, and BA in Global Communication and World Languages (which allows students to study communication while also emphasizing in a particular language)  The school also offers some graduate programs, including an MS in Health and Strategic Communication as well as a PhD program 

Fowler School of Engineering
The Fowler School of Engineering is the newest school within Chapman University  Majors within the school include a BS in Computer Engineering, BS in Computer Science, BS in Data Science, BS in Electrical Engineering, and BS in Software Engineering  Several other minors, such as Game Development Programming, are also housed within the school as well as several graduate programs  The school is housed in Chapman's new Swenson Hall of Engineering, which comprises various lab and maker spaces 

Rankings and admissions
In U S  News & World Report's 2020 rankings of the best colleges in America, the university was moved from the master's-level universities in the Western region to the National Universities group, with a debut ranking of tied at 125th  The reclassification was due to Chapman's elevation to R2 status by Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education in recognition of its high research activity  U S  News uses the Carnegie Classifications for its categorization of universities 
For U S  News & World Report's 2021 rankings, Chapman University was ranked tied for 124th overall among national universities, tied for 39th among 73 national universities evaluated for "Best Undergraduate Teaching", tied for 68th out of 83 for "Most Innovative Schools", tied for 86th of 142 for "Best Colleges for Veterans", and tied at 224th of 389 schools for "Top Performers on Social Mobility"  The business school was ranked tied for 74th, and the law school tied for 111th, in the U S  for 2021For the Class of 2022 (enrolling fall 2018), Chapman received 14,198 applications, accepted 7,605 (53 6%), and enrolled 1,660  For the freshmen who enrolled, the average SAT score was 640 for reading and writing and 638 for math, while the average ACT composite score was 27 9  The average high school GPA was 3 75 (unweighted) on a 4 0 scale 

Holocaust education
The Barry and Phyllis Rodgers Center for Holocaust Education was founded by Marilyn Harran, Ph D , in February 2000  It sponsors an annual Holocaust remembrance writing competition and hosts a regular Distinguished lecture series The Sala and Aron Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library, funded by Henry Samueli, is located on the fourth floor of the university's Leatherby Libraries  On April 11, 2005, sixty years after he was liberated from the Buchenwald concentration camp, Elie Wiesel dedicated the Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library, and a large bust of Wiesel stands at the entrance to the facility 
The collection includes a first edition of The Diary of Anne Frank in Dutch 

Athletics
Chapman athletic teams are the Panthers  The university is a member of the Division III (non-scholarship) level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SCIAC) since the 2011–12 academic year; which they were a member on a previous stint from 1950–51 to 1951–52  The Panthers previously competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) of the NCAA Division II ranks from to 1978–79 to 1992–93, and as an NCAA D-III Independent from 1993–94 to 2010–11 
Chapman competes in 21 intercollegiate varsity sports (10 men's and 11 women's): Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and water polo; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, volleyball and water polo 
Chapman University has won seven NCAA national titles  As a member of the NCAA Division II, the Panthers won one baseball title (1968) and three men's tennis titles (1985, 1987, 1988)  After moving to NCAA Division III, the Panthers won the 1995 Division III softball championship and later the 2003 and 2019 Division III baseball championships 

Accomplishments
The Chapman softball team appeared in one Women's College World Series in 1979 In 2011, the women's lacrosse team won the WCLL National Championships in Arizona  In 2016, the men's lacrosse team won the MCLA National Championship 
In the 2014, 2017, and 2019 seasons, the Chapman University Panther football team ended their season undefeated in their conference and won the SCIAC championship The 2019 men's baseball team defeated Birmingham-Southern College to become the DIII NCAA National Champions In 2022, the men's soccer team won their first SCIAC championship  
The football and basketball teams are broadcast by the Chapman Sports Broadcast Network (CSBN) to local Channel 6 in Orange and on Chapman's athletic website  CSBN is a student-run, student-produced independent sports network created by students at Chapman University's Dodge College of Film and Media arts 

Notable people
Current and former faculty
Yakir Aharonov – Professor, James J  Farley Professorship in Natural Philosophy; Wolf Prize and National Medal of Science recipient
Brian Alters – Professor and director, Evolution Education Research Center
Richard Bausch – Professor in Department of English
Andrew Carroll – Presidential Fellow in American War Letters; Founding Director of the Center for American War Letters
Martha Coolidge – Professor, Lawrence and Kristina Dodge College of Film and Media Arts; Emmy nominated film director; elected in 2001 as the first and only female president of the Directors Guild of America
George Csicsery – 2017–2019 Presidential Fellow
Grace Fong D M A  – director of Keyboard Studies at Conservatory of Music; winner of such honors as the 2006 Leeds International Piano Competition
Carolyn Forché – Presidential Fellow in Creative Writing; American poet
Kyle Harrison – Men's lacrosse assistant coach and professional lacrosse player
Hugh Hewitt – Professor, Dale E  Fowler School of Law; He served for six years in the Reagan Administration in a variety of posts including Assistant Counsel in the White House and Special Assistant to the Attorney General of the United States
Jack Horner – Presidential Fellow; technical adviser for all Jurassic Park movies and was Michael Crichton's basis for the Alan Grant character
Laurence Iannaccone – director, Institute for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Society; Professor of Economics
Cheryl Boone Isaacs – Lecturer, Lawrence and Kristina Dodge College of Film and Media Arts; serving third term as President of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences by the organization's Board of Governors; inducted into the NAACP Hall of Fame in 2014
Bill Kroyer – Professor, Director, Digital Arts Program; one of the first animators to make the leap to computer animation as computer image choreographer on Disney's ground-breaking 1982 feature, Tron 
Tibor Machan (1939–2016) – held the R  C  Hoiles Chair of Business Ethics and Free Enterprise, Argyros School of Business & Economics
Peter McLaren – Distinguished Professor in Critical Studies, Attallah College of Educational Studies
Prexy Nesbitt – Presidential Fellow in Peace Studies
Dimitar Ouzounov - Research professor of geophysics at Institute for Earth, Computing, Human and Observing (Institute for ECHO) 
Michael Shermer – Presidential Fellow in General Education, author of numerous books and founder of The Skeptics Society
Rebecca Skloot – Presidential Fellow in Creative Science Writing
Mark Skousen – Professor, Mark Skousen, Ph D , editor of Forecasts & Strategies, is a nationally known investment expert, economist, university professor and author of more than 25 books  In 2018, he was awarded the Triple Crown in Economics for his work in economic theory, history and education, and has been identified as one of the 20 most influential living economists
Vernon L  Smith – Nobel Laureate in Economic Science (2002); founder of Economic Science Institute and Smith Institute for Political Economy and Philosophy
Joel Stern – chairman and chief executive officer of Stern Value Management, formerly Stern Stewart & Co, and the creator and developer of Economic Value Added "EVA"
Bart Wilson – Donald P  Kennedy Endowed Chair of Economics and Law in the Argyros School of Business & Economics

Alumni
Paul Anderson – member, Nevada State Assembly
Anastasia Baranova – Russian-American actress
Gustavo Arellano ('01) – former publisher and editor of OC Weekly and author of the column ¡Ask a Mexican!
George Argyros ('59) – business executive, former U S  Ambassador to Spain, former owner of Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball
Emmett Ashford ('41) – first African American umpire in Major League Baseball
David E  Bonior (MA '72) – U S  Congressman from Michigan (1977–2003), House Minority Whip (1995–2002), House Majority Whip (1991–95)
Stephen "tWitch" Boss – DJ and dancer
Tiquette Bramlett - first black woman to lead a winery in the United States
Sabrina Bryan - dancer, choreographer, actress and singer  Member of The Cheetah Girls
Amy Sterling Casil - science fiction writer (and later writing instructor at Chapman)
Matt and Ross Duffer ('07) – co-creators of the television series Stranger Things
Hannah Einbinder – stand-up comedian and actor, known for Hacks
Bob Einstein – film and television actor
Tim Flannery ('79) – Major League Baseball player for 11 seasons, coach for San Francisco Giants
Colin Hanks (did not graduate, left in 1997) – film and television actor
Cooper Hefner ('15) – chief creative officer of Playboy Enterprises
Jelena Jensen ('03) – adult film actress, nude model, webcam model, radio personality
Ben York Jones ('06) – screenwriter and actor, co-creator of the television series Everything Sucks!
Leslie Jones (did not graduate, left in 1986) – comedian, former Saturday Night Live cast member
Randy Jones – former professional baseball player, San Diego Padres, New York Mets; 1976 Cy Young Award Winner
Tyler Patrick Jones - actor
Harshvardhan Kapoor – Bollywood actor
Wayne W  Lambert – Brig  Gen  (USAF) (Ret ) (MBA '76), commanded Strategic Air Command forces in Europe (7th Air Division) 1983–1986
Steve Lavin – former head coach of St  John's men's basketball team (2010–2015), former head coach of UCLA men's basketball team (1996–2002)
Chris Lee (MBA '97) – U S  Congressman (January 6, 2009 – February 9, 2011)
Paul Le Mat ('63) - Movie Actor
Jeff Levering ('03) – Milwaukee Brewers play-by-play announcer
Stephen Nelson ('11) - MLB/NHL Network television personality, co-host of Intentional Talk, and play-by-play announcer for the MLB Network-produced Friday Night Baseball on Apple TV+ 
Jeff Lewis ('93) – real estate speculator, interior designer, and television personality on Flipping Out
Kevin Kwan Loucks (EMBA '17) - CEO of Chamber Music America; co-founder of Chamber Music OC; member of classical music ensemble Trio Céleste
Kellan Lutz – fashion model and actor
Joanna Rosholm ('07) – press secretary to First Lady Michelle Obama
Jim Saia – college basketball head coach
Loretta Sanchez ('82) – Congresswoman, California's 46th Congressional District
Utkarsh Sharma – Indian actor
Jim Silva (MA) – member, California State Assembly
Justin Simien ('05) – filmmaker, actor, and author; director of Dear White People
Jodie Sweetin ('05) – actress, star of television series Full House and Fuller House
Jason Thornberry, writer
Carles Torrens (BFA 2008) – film director
Laura Yeager – U S  Army general, first woman to command an Army infantry division

Notes
Passage 6:
Tom Campbell (California politician)
Thomas John Campbell (born August 14, 1952) is an American academic, educator, and politician  He is a Professor of Law at the Dale E  Fowler School of Law, and a professor of economics at the George Argyros School of Business and Economics, at Chapman University, in Orange, California 
He was Dean of Chapman University School of Law from 2011–16, Director of Finance for the State of California from 2004 to 2005, a former five-term Republican United States Congressman from California's 12th and 15th districts, a former member of the California State Senate, a former professor at Stanford Law School, former dean of the Haas School of Business, and former professor of business administration at the University of California, Berkeley 
In 2000 he retired from his House seat to run for the U S  Senate but lost decisively to incumbent Dianne Feinstein  On June 8, 2010, he lost his third bid for the United States Senate, campaigning once again for the seat held by Democrat Barbara Boxer but losing the Republican nomination to Carly Fiorina 
Campbell is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One 

Early life
Born in Chicago, Campbell was the valedictorian of Chicago's St  Ignatius College Prep, Class of 1969  He went on to obtain his B A  and M A  degrees from the University of Chicago (1973), a J D  from Harvard Law School (1976) and then a subsequent Ph D  in economics from the University of Chicago (1980)  He served as a clerk to U S  Supreme Court Justice Byron White from 1977 to 1978 and, the year before that, for U S  Court of Appeals Judge George E  MacKinnon  His mentor was Milton Friedman  Tom Campbell's father was the late Hon  William Joseph Campbell, a former  Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois  While Tom Campbell was raised in a Democratic family, he joined the Republican Party in 1980 Campbell was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1976 and went into private practice in Chicago  He was a White House Fellow in the offices of the Chief of Staff and Counsel (1980–1981)  He then served in the Reagan Administration as Director of the Bureau of Competition in the Federal Trade Commission from 1981-1983, the youngest person ever to serve in that position 

Law professor
Campbell became a law professor at Stanford Law School in 1983, receiving tenure as a full professor in 1987 

Congressional and State Senate career
Campbell ran for the Republican nomination in California's 12th Congressional District, which included his home in Campbell and the campus of Stanford University   The 12th had traditionally been a moderate Republican bastion, but had grown increasingly friendly to Democrats over the years  Campbell soundly defeated first-term incumbent Ernie Konnyu in the Republican primary and narrowly defeated his Democratic opponent, San Mateo County Supervisor Anna Eshoo  He served two terms before making an unsuccessful bid for the Republican nomination for the Senate seat being vacated by Alan Cranston  He lost the Republican primary to a considerably more conservative Republican, Bruce Herschensohn, who in turn was defeated by Democratic Congresswoman Barbara Boxer  His political career might have been in jeopardy in any case; his district had been renumbered as the 14th District and had been made considerably more Democratic than its predecessor  Eshoo won the seat and still holds it today; no Republican running in this district (now numbered as the 18th District) has won more than 39 percent of the vote since Campbell left office 
In 1993, California State Senator Becky Morgan stepped down mid-term, and Campbell won a special election to succeed her; the state Senate district overlapped significantly with his old congressional district  In the California state Senate, Campbell was Chairman of the Housing Committee, Vice Chairman of the Education Committee, and served on the Budget Committee  California Journal rated him the Best Problem Solver in the State Senate, the Most Ethical State Senator, and the overall Best State Senator 
In 1995, 15th District Democratic Congressman Norman Mineta, later the Secretary of Commerce under President Bill Clinton and Secretary of Transportation under George W  Bush, unexpectedly resigned  Campbell's home had been re-drawn into this San Jose-based district, and he ran in the special election  Mineta had held the seat since 1975, and it was widely considered a safe Democratic district   Despite the considerable disadvantage in voter registration and Democratic attempts to tie him to Speaker Newt Gingrich, Campbell won the December special election easily  He won a full term almost as easily in 1996 and was handily re-elected in 1998 
During both of his stints in Congress, Campbell was regarded as one of the most moderate House Republicans  Though conservative on fiscal matters, he is socially liberal, being pro-choice on abortion and in favor of gay rights  This was not surprising, as Bay Area Republicans tend to be more moderate on social and environmental matters than their counterparts in the rest of California  He has a decided libertarian streak, and remains popular with libertarian-leaning Republicans  As a fiscal conservative, he was the only Republican in the House to vote against the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 Campbell led a group of 17 bipartisan members of Congress who filed a lawsuit against President Clinton in 1999 over his conduct of the war in Kosovo  In the filing, they accused Clinton of not reporting to Congress within 48 hours on the status of the action as required by the 1973 War Powers Resolution and not first obtaining a declaration of war from Congress as required in the Constitution  Congress had voted 427 to 2 against a declaration of war with Yugoslavia and had voted to deny support for the air campaign  A federal judge dismissed the lawsuit, ruling that since Congress had voted for funding after the U S  was actively engaged in the war with Kosovo, legislators had sent a confusing message about whether they approved of the war  Campbell said afterwards that this was a sidestepping of the law, and lawmakers who disagree with a war should not be forced to cut off funding for troops who are in the midst of it in order to get a judge to order an end to it In 2000, Campbell won the Republican nomination to take on Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein  Although he touted his service as a moderate Republican representing a strongly Democratic district, he was considered a decided underdog  Campbell was badly defeated, losing by over 19 points  He even lost his own district by almost 15 points  Democratic State Assemblyman Mike Honda, a Mineta protege, won Campbell's House seat by 12 points over Republican State Assemblyman Jim Cunneen, a former aide to Campbell  As of 2020, Campbell is the last elected Republican to have represented a significant portion of San Jose above the county level In 2008, Campbell wrote in Reason that he would be voting no on Proposition 8, the proposed ballot measure banning same-sex marriage in the state, per his Republican beliefs that "government should be limited  Government has no business making distinctions between people based on their personal lives " Proposition 8 eventually passed by a margin of 52-48% Campbell is a supporter of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 

Return to legal scholarship
In 2000, Campbell returned to Stanford   He remained there until his appointment at the Haas School of Business at UC Berkeley in 2002  In the intervening years, he began to assemble the material, out of his professional political experiences, for his book The Separation of Powers in Practice  with Stanford University Press As Dean of the Haas School, Campbell stressed the study of corporate social responsibility and business ethics amid an era of corporate scandals  A full-fledged Center for Responsible Business was established  In September 2004, Campbell was named by California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to his newly formed Council of Economic Advisors   From 2004 to 2005, Campbell took a leave of absence from his Berkeley post to serve as director of the California Department of Finance in the Schwarzenegger administration 
On August 27, 2007, Campbell announced that he would step down from his position at Haas in the summer of 2008 
In mid-2008, Campbell joined the Palo Alto office of Los Angeles-based Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP  Campbell joined the Chapman School of Law for a 2-year visiting appointment which began January 2009, serving as the Fletcher Jones Distinguished Visiting Professor at Chapman University School of Law   In February 2011, Chapman announced that Campbell would be its new Dean   Campbell replaced interim Dean Scott Howe, who replaced Dean John C  Eastman, who stepped down to seek the 2010 Republican nomination for Attorney General of California (Campbell had filed paperwork to seek the 2010 Republican nomination for Governor of California the day after stepping down as Dean of Haas before going on to seek the 2010 Republican nomination for U S  Senator from California; neither Eastman and Campbell won the Republican nomination in their respective races) 

Return to politics
In July 2008, Tom Campbell filed the necessary paperwork in order to establish a committee with the intent to raise funds for a prospective race for the Republican nomination to be Governor of California in 2010 On January 13, 2010, the Wall Street Journal reported that Campbell would run for the United States Senate, instead of for Governor of California 
Campbell's Web Site confirmed it  In the primary on June 8, Campbell finished a distant second to former Hewlett-Packard CEO Carly Fiorina, in a race that also included State Assemblyman Chuck DeVore   The primary election received national attention, in part due to a campaign ad released by Carly Fiorina, depicting Campbell as a "Demon Sheep "

2016 U S  presidential election
In August 2016, Campbell published an op-ed in The Mercury News calling on the Republican National Committee to replace Donald Trump as the nominee for President, and saying Campbell would withdraw from the Republican Party if that did not happen  Campbell wrote:

On Aug  9, Trump said, "If she gets to pick her judges, nothing you can do, folks      Although the Second Amendment people -- maybe there is, I don't know " Trump's campaign explained this meant Second Amendment supporters would defeat Clinton at the ballot box  That, however, is not a logical interpretation of the remark  The context was what can be done if Clinton becomes president; not what can be done to stop her from becoming president  As such, this is a statement of great recklessness, made all the more so by our present environment of violence used to advance extremism 
Trump's words were similar to other calls he has made to ignore the rule of law  He has proposed ordering members of the U S  military to violate American law regarding torture, assuring us that his orders, rather than the law, would be obeyed  He has encouraged physical violence by individuals against protesters at his rallies, assuring anyone doing so that he would cover their legal costs  He has threatened to use the antitrust laws against a company and an individual because the newspaper that individual owns has criticized him 
Campbell also said he could not support the Democratic nominee, Hillary Clinton, either, due to her involvement in the email controversy  Campbell officially changed his registration to independent shortly thereafter In 2016, Campbell wrote a column for the Orange County Register, which, while not endorsing Gary Johnson for president, suggested libertarian-leaning Republicans should consider him  Campbell was later one of 30 former Republican members of Congress who wrote an open letter denouncing Trump's candidacy  Campbell was also included on a list of potential Supreme Court nominees issued by Libertarian Party nominee Gary Johnson  Campbell was speculated to be a possible candidate for the Libertarian nomination in 2020, but instead he endorsed former Judge Jim Gray for the nomination  Campbell proceeded to co-found the centrist Common Sense Party due to what he perceived as a want for such a party among California residents 

Personal life
Campbell married Susanne Martin in 1978 

Awards
2016 Anti-Defamation League Orange County/Long Beach Marcus Kaufman Jurisprudence Award
1998 University of Chicago Alumni Professional Achievement Award

Books
Separation of Powers in Practice (2004) ISBN 0-8047-5027-0

See also
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 6)
Passage 7:
Journal of Behavioral Finance
The Journal of Behavioral Finance is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research related to the field of behavioral finance  It was established in 2000 as The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets  The founding Board of Editors were Brian Bruce, David Dreman, Paul Slovic, Nobel Laureate Vernon Smith and Arnold Wood  The editor-in-chief was Gunduz Caginalp (2000-2005), Brian Bruce (Hillcrest Asset Management) is the current editor  Taylor and Francis is the journal's publisher (2023) 

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal  has a 2022 impact factor of 1 8  In a 2010 ranking it was 71st out of 76 journals in the category "Business, Finance", and 256th out of 305 journals in the category "Economics"  The Journal is ranked number 30 out of 80 established finance program journals, as per the Author Affiliation Index methodology, which is an affiliation based network approach to journal rankings  The rankings are published in the Journal of Corporate Finance   It has a 7% acceptance rate  The Australian Business School Deans list it as a selective A ranked journal 

See also
Prospect theory
Technical analysis
Passage 8:
Chapman University School of Law
Chapman University's Dale E  Fowler School of Law, commonly referred to as Chapman University School of Law or Fowler School of Law, is a private, non-profit law school located in Orange, California  The school offers the Juris Doctor degree (JD), combined programs offering a JD/MBA and JD/MFA in Film & Television Producing  The school also offers emphasis options in Business Law, Criminal Law, Entertainment Law, Environmental Law, Entrepreneurial Law, International Law, Trial Advocacy, and Taxation  Currently, the school has 74 full- and part-time faculty members and a law library with holdings in excess of 290,000 volumes and volume equivalents 

Accreditation history
Established in 1995 as part of Chapman University, Chapman Law gained provisional accreditation from the American Bar Association (ABA) in 1998 and received full ABA accreditation in 2002  In addition to its ABA membership, the Association of American Law Schools admitted Chapman Law as one of its members in 2006  In 2019, the ABA again fully accredited the school until 2027, the standard seven-year accreditation term 

Rankings
Chapman University School of Law is currently ranked 118th by the U S  News & World Report's annual law school rankings, and 43rd in part-time law schools 

Bar passage rate
For July, 2021, the first-time bar passage rate for Chapman School of Law was 79%  The overall first-time pass rate for ABA-accredited California law schools was 81% 

Costs and average student indebtedness
The cost of tuition for full-time JD students at Chapman for the 2021–2022 academic year was $57,873, which does not include living expenses and fees; and for part-time students was: $46,183   Accordingly, of 2022 graduates, 74% incurred debt to attend Chapman, with an average indebtedness of $150,534 

Post-graduation employment
According to Chapman's official 2021 ABA-required disclosures, 89% of the Class of 2021 obtained bar passage required employment 10 months or less after graduation, 11% were employed in JD advantage jobs where bar passage was a desired qualification, but not required, and 12% reported they were unemployed 

Scholarships
Chapman, like some other law schools, uses merit based scholarships in order to entice competitive students who might otherwise pass over the school for higher ranked competitors and to enhance its own ranking 

Dean
Paul D  Paton was named dean of Chapman University's Dale E  Fowler School of Law and the Donald P  Kennedy Chair in Law in March, 2023  He assumes the role from interim Dean Marisa Cianciarulo who served as interim-dean from December 1, 2021 through June 30, 2023  Prior deans include Matthew J  Parlow who served as dean from July 1, 2016 to December 1, 2021 who, in turn, succeeded Tom Campbell, dean of Fowler School of Law from 2011-2016   From 2007-2010, John Eastman was the dean 

Notable faculty
Tom Campbell, Member of the United States Congress, 1989–1993 and 1995–2001, member of the California State Senate 1993–1995, and director of the California Department of Finance from 2004–2005 
John C  Eastman, who represented Donald Trump in disputes over the 2020 US presidential election   On January 13, 2021, Eastman retired from the Chapman University faculty after he had created controversy by speaking at a Trump rally that preceded the violent storming of the United States Capitol 
Hugh Hewitt, radio host and co-panelist in several of the 2016 presidential debates 
Celestine McConville, Constitutional law and death penalty scholar
Vernon L  Smith, co-winner of the Nobel Prize in economics

Law journals
Chapman's Fowler School of Law publishes the Chapman Law Review, a student-run scholarly journal  In addition to publishing the scholarly journal, the Chapman Law Review hosts a symposium at the start of the spring semester each year 
Passage 9:
Center for American War Letters
The Center for American War Letters is a center established in 2013 after historian Andrew Carroll donated more than 100,000 war letters to Chapman University 

Background
The Center for American War Letters (CAWL) is housed in the Leatherby Libraries building at Chapman University in Orange, California   Every American conflict is represented in the collections at CAWL, including more than 40 linear feet of correspondence from World War II  Scholars and the public can visit the Center and browse its holdings by visiting the Center during business hours  There are also regular exhibits at CAWL featuring the letters and other war ephemera 

Collection
Notable holdings include a letter by a soldier writing on stationery discovered in Adolf Hitler's office and a Civil War letter from General William T  Sherman  The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) recently awarded a Foundations-level grant for the digitization of the letters held in this archive, so they may be available to researchers online   This award was made through the Standing Together Initiative sponsored by the NEH  Some parts of the holdings are already available in the Online Archive of California and in Chapman University's Digital Commons repository 

Published works based on collection
War letters: extraordinary correspondence from American wars  New York: Scribner  2001  OCLC 46402061 
Behind the lines: powerful and revealing American and foreign war letters--and one man's search to find them  New York: Scribner  2005  ISBN 0-7432-5616-6  OCLC 58648073 
Operation homecoming: Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Home Front, in the words of U S  troops and their families  New York: Random House  2006  OCLC 70114649 
My Fellow Soldiers: General John Pershing and the Americans Who Helped Win the Great War  Penguin Press  2017  ISBN 978-1594206481 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Pop'n TwinBee
Pop'n Twinbee (ポップンツインビー) is a top-view shoot-'em-up game originally released in 1993 by Konami for the Super Famicom in Japan  The game was also released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in the PAL region  It is the sixth game in the TwinBee series and a direct follow-up to the arcade game Detana!! TwinBee (Bells & Whistles)  The European version was published by Konami's Palcom Software division and was the first of three TwinBee games localized for the European market, followed by a Game Boy version of Pop'n TwinBee (which was actually an earlier game titled TwinBee Da!! in Japan) and the side-scrolling platform game Pop'n TwinBee: Rainbow Bell Adventures  It was released in North America 27 years after its Super Famicom launch through a February 2020 update to the Nintendo Switch Online Super NES library 

Plot
The game's opening sequence shows TwinBee and WinBee patrolling the skies of Donburi Island when they suddenly receive a distress signal from a young girl named Madoka  Madoka reveals that she is the granddaughter of Dr  Mardock, who was once a benevolent scientist until a bump in the head turned him insane  Dr  Mardock now seeks to conquer the world with an army of Acorn Men and only TwinBee and WinBee can stop him 

Gameplay
The gameplay is similar to Detana!! TwinBee, the second coin-op game in the series, but with a few notable additions and changes  Like in previous TwinBee, up to two players can play simultaneously, Player 1 controls TwinBee (the blue aircraft), while Player 2 controls WinBee (the pink aircraft)  When the player begins the game, they'll be asked to enter their name and choose between three types of companion ships (whether their companions will follow their ship, engulf them, or surround them)  The player's objective is to maneuver their spacecraft through a series of seven stages and defeat every enemy who gets in the way, facing a boss at the end of each stage  Unlike previous games, instead of extra lives, the player has a life meter that determines how much damage the player's ship can take before losing  When the player loses, they will be given a chance to restart at the stage where they left off, but only limited chances are given to continue 
Like in previous TwinBee games, the player shoots at airborne enemies with their gun and drops bombs to the land  The player can also attack airborne enemies with their ship's punches as well at close range  The player can shoot tiny-sized replicas of their ship that will fly and attack all on-screen enemies  The player can only perform this attack based on the number of stocks they have  During a 2-player game, one player can give the other player a bit of their life energy to replenish it or even use the other player's ship as a projectile against the enemy  As usual, the main power-up items are bells that can change colors by shooting them in the air, giving the player a different upgrade when one is retrieved depending on the bell's color 
On the game's option settings, the player can adjust the game's difficulty, controls, and sound, as well as switch between "normal" and "couple" mode  During couple mode, the enemy attacks will aim primarily at Player 1 if two players are playing together  This feature is intended to allow less experienced players enjoy the game if they're playing with a more experience partner 

Soundtrack
The upbeat and light hearted soundtrack, composed by Kazuhiko Uehara among others, takes influence from Japanese Idol songs 

Reception
The game was reviewed by Weekly Famitsu, and was given a score of 30 out of 40 
Passage 2:
Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts
Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts, known in Japan as Super Demon World Village, is a platform video game developed and published by Capcom for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1991  As the third game in the Ghosts 'n Goblins series and the first not to be released for the arcade, it again depicts knight Arthur saving Princess Guinevere and the kingdom from Emperor Sardius, who has cast a spell that has revived the Ghoul Realm 
The game has been included in multiple compilations of Capcom classics  A remake was released for the Game Boy Advance which features an additional game mode with new stages 

Gameplay
Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts is a side-scrolling platform game with reduced emphasis on run and gun and more on platforming  As in the predecessor Ghosts 'n Goblins, the player takes the role of the knight Arthur, who must save Princess Guinevere and rid the kingdom of the Ghoul Realm which is revived under a spell of Emperor Sardius (known as Samael in the Japanese version), who has kidnapped Guinevere in the Phantom Zone  The game has four difficulty settings (easy, normal, difficult, and professional), and the player can set up to nine lives  However, there are also only six continues In each of the eight levels (named Quests), four of them consisting of two sections, Arthur, has a time limit to fight ghouls before defeating a Foul Guardian that protects the gate to the next stage  The first five Quests (The Dead Place, The Rotting Sea, Vermilion Horror, The Ghoul's Stomach, and The Deep Chill) take place in a variety of locations, such as graveyards, abandoned ships on sea, flame-filled caverns, and locales consisting of ice and snow  The final three Quests (The Castle of the Emperor, Hallway of Ghouls, and The Throne Room) are areas of Sardius's castle  Parts of the environment, such as earth ground lifting caused by earthquakes, blizzards, heavy sea waves, and avalanches, are also threats to Arthur  Ice Wall, the second section of the fifth level, depicts Arthur scaling a rotating palace as in Nebulus (1987) Arthur starts in the Steel Armor with a lance  If he gets hit by an enemy or projectile, he loses his armor and is reduced to his underpants; getting hit again results in the loss of a life  An ability not present in previous series entries is the double jump, which allows Arthur to leap, then jump again when in mid-air  Although there is no control of momentum during a single jump, Arthur can change direction through a double jump  Other weapons can be picked up along the way, such as a faster-speed knife, hatchets, cross bows, daggers, and torches with short arcs that explode on contact  However, only one can be held at a time  Like in Ghouls n' Ghosts, hidden treasure chests can be found for weapons, armor upgrades, and bonus points  Chests have unwanted deadly traps, and an magician, the Conjurer, transforms Arthur into one of four weaker forms temporarily: a baby, a girl, a seal or a wasp  Chests only appear when moving through specific areas of the screen Bronze and Gold armor is collectable  A bronze armor equips Arthur with a Weapon of Enchantment, a more powerful version of the weapon he's holding, such as flamed lances, lightning bolt daggers, and even more fiery torches  A gold armor, a new feature for the series, provides him the enchanted weapon plus a Moon Shield, which protects him from one hit and only works while standing still, and magic that can power up his weapon even more Sticking with tradition, Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts must be defeated twice; after beating the last Foul Guardian before Sardius in the first playthrough, Guinevere informs Arthur that he cannot kill Sardius without a mysterious weapon named the Goddess's Bracelet, for which Sardius captured the Princess because she once wore it  The Goddess's Bracelet must be found in the second playthrough and used to beat Sardius 

Development
Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts is the third entry of Capcom's Ghosts 'n Goblins series, following Ghosts 'n Goblins (1985) and Ghouls 'n Ghosts (1988), it is also the series' first entry to not be released to the arcade  Leading the 50-member staff, in his first time managing a team, was Tatsuya Minami, who by then already took on positions as artist and producer for console ports of Rush & Crash (1986), Final Fight (1989), and Street Fighter 2 (1991)  Capcom's boss assigned Minami to Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts following a two-week break that began after completing Final Fight  By then, the project was stagnant with only the first level completed  The following two years were very turbulent, and the master ROM was remade several times near the end of the deadline  The favorable reviews following a very difficult process inspired Minami to run future projects for Capcom 

Regional differences
The crosses in the game were modified from the original Chō Makaimura, where they resemble church crosses; in Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts, they appear as ankhs  The final boss was also renamed from Samael to Sardius 
The European version removed certain enemies and obstacles in the game to reduce the difficulty and potential slowdown 

Release
A port of the Super NES version of Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts is featured alongside the arcade versions of Ghosts 'n Goblins and Ghouls 'n Ghosts in the video game compilation Capcom Generation: Chronicles of Arthur for PlayStation, which was also released for the Sega Saturn in Japan as Capcom Generation 2  This version is also included in Capcom Classics Collection for PlayStation 2 and Xbox and in Capcom Classics Collection: Reloaded for PlayStation Portable 
The Game Boy Advance version, titled Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts in North America and Europe and Chō Makaimura R in Japan, features an "Arrange Mode" that enables the player to choose from redesigned levels and bosses based on Ghosts 'n Goblins and Ghouls 'n Ghosts, depending on success in keeping the bronze armor, or a higher difficulty tier of the standard levels set upon keeping the golden armor  Unlike the Normal Mode, in Arrange Mode, the Goddess's Bracelet is already accessible during the first playthrough 
The SNES version was released for the Virtual Console on the Wii on March 5, 2007, the Wii U on May 16, 2013, and New Nintendo 3DS on June 23, 2016  The GBA version was also released for the Wii U on October 22, 2015 
Nintendo re-released Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts in the United States and Europe in September 2017 for the Super NES Classic Edition Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts was also available as one of the classic games included as part of the Nintendo Switch Online service 

Reception
Critics from Electronic Gaming Monthly and the German Video Games magazine called it the best entry in the Ghosts 'n Goblin series As with prior Ghosts 'n Goblins games, Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts's very high difficulty was discussed, with Nintendo Life's Damien McFerran declaring it "16-bit gaming at its most unforgiving"  Most reviewers opined the challenge was never unfair  A minor criticism was directed at the lack of shooting flexibility, specifically that the player couldn't shoot up or down Eurogamer's Dan Whitehead was in the minority on finding the challenge proper  He opined it "relies far too heavily on cheap tricks and blatantly unfair game mechanics to turn an otherwise pleasant platformer into an exercise in cruel frustration", his rationales including inability to change directions during a jump, and superior enemy advantages in terms of movement and ability for foes to shoot through certain objects Arthur could not  Neal Ronaghan of Nintendo World Report and Nadia Oxford of USgamer wrote the player had to be perfect starting at level one  According to Oxford, "every pixel of every level" had to be memorized, such as enemy patterns, power-up locations, platform movement, and the best power-up weapons to kill each enemy  Oxford, as well as reviewers from Nintendo World Report and Super Play, stated the difficulty level was so high some players, even those of average skill, wouldn't enjoy it  Super Play claimed it was hard to beat even a single section without the power-up armors, made worse by how easy it is to lose it  The magazine and Nadia also condemned the absence of a save feature, such as a password or the console's save battery, meaning the game had to be beat in one sitting Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts was praised for its replay value  Wrote ACE magazine's David Upchurch, the game was "tough but rarely frustrating, and will keep you coming back again and again until it's been cracked"  Upchurch called the control "superb", writing the SNES joypad was so well-designed it made jumping and shooting possible  Super Pro felt it had more depth and replay-a-bility than other arcade ports due to its "exciting" graphics and sound and the "variety and imagination" in its level design  Wrote McFerran, "the fantastic level design, inventive enemies and gripping gameplay lock you in for hours, despite the fact that for a large portion of that time you'll feel like you're banging your head against a wall" The graphics, sound and level design was lauded, especially by retrospective reviews that called the game the best example of the 16-bit console's capabilities  In Video Games, Julian Eggebrecht found the graphics the best he'd seen on a home console  James Mielke of GameSpot considered the game's color palette ahead of its time  Claimed Super Gamer, "there's a multitude of power-ups, hideously imaginative monsters and fantastic settings, including a beautifully drawn sunken ship " Mean Machines writer Rich, calling the graphics "exceptional", stated the game superseded another one of Capcom's arcade ports to the SNES, U N  Squadron, in term of backdrops  He and Upchurch highlighted the ice level, particularly its parallax scrolling, layers of snow, and tower section  Nintendo Life staff, in addition to noting the "outstanding sprite work" and "lots of neat little touches in the background", also focused on Mode 7 effects such as the zooming of enemy sprites and rotating platforms Martin Gaksch of Video Games described the game as a mixture of "modern action entertainment and a hodgepodge of innovative ideas"  The diversity in gameplay was noted by Upchurch: "One minute Arthur's avoiding showers of skulls from giant stone monoliths, the next he's clambering on top of a stone pillar to avoid being washed away by a giant tidal wave, then he's dodging careening trolleys of flame - and this is all on the first level alone!" On the other hand, Tim Boone, although amazed by the look and sound, found the game just another side-scrolling platformer, which he was already tired of due to the amount of similar titles that existed since the original Ghost 'n Goblins A frequent criticism was the slowdown, occurring when several sprites appeared on the screen  Upchurch and McFerran argued it helped in defeating harder enemies  On the other hand, Super Play opined it negatively affected the experience in general, and Craig Harris of IGN found it harder to control Arthur when the game slowed down As of June 30, 2017, 1 09 million units of the SNES version were sold since its release in October 1991, making it Capcom's 75th best-selling game of all time  In later years, it was ranked the 76th best all-time Nintendo game by Official Nintendo Magazine, the 231st best by Nintendo Power, and the 22nd best console video game of all time by Electronic Gaming Monthly  The Game Boy Advance version was nominated for GameSpot's 2002 "Best Port of a 16-Bit Classic" award  GamesRadar ranked the game at number 25 in their "the Best SNES games of all time"  In 2018, Complex listed the game 22nd in its "The Best Super Nintendo Games of All Time" and opining that Super Ghouls'n Ghosts is "Probably the most difficult game in the SNES library " In 1995, Total! placed the game 26th on its Top 100 SNES Games  They praised the game's graphics as "Top notch" and gave praise for the game's classic arcade gameplay concluding: "It's constantly challenging but also has a wonderfully friendly learning curve " IGN listed the game 51st in their Top 100 SNES Games 

Notes
Passage 3:
Plok
Plok! is a side-scrolling platform game developed by British studio Software Creations and its concepts and characters created and owned by Ste and John Pickford  It was released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) in late 1993 by Tradewest in North America, Nintendo in Europe, and Activision in Japan  Players portray the hood-headed titular protagonist, the king of the island Akrillic who is protecting it from fleas spawned by the Flea Queen, who is under the island's ground, as well as other bosses trying to overthrow Plok's power  His versatility lies in his four separable limbs, which can be used to shoot at targets and enemies, and several power-ups scattered throughout its colorful stages as "presents "
Plok!'s history began in the late 1980s as a self-funded coin-op project by the two Pickford brothers named Fleapit; they worked on it while at Zippo Games and programmed it for Rare's 'Razz Board' hardware  It was cancelled in 1990 following the closure of Zippo Games, but was revived as a SNES game developed at Software Creations after the Pickfords were promoted to higher positions, with Ste becoming an art director and John a producer  Software Creations self-funded the game with the Pickfords owning intellectual property rights 
Plok! was positively received by critics, who praised its innovative ideas, variety, presentation, versatile playable character, and level design; however, some expressed skepticism of it being the same cutesy colorful platform title as many others, and the Pickfords attributed its underwhelming sales to market saturation of mascot platformers 

Gameplay
Plok! has two difficulty modes: "Normal" which features the entire game, and "Child's Play" which omits the harder stages and decreases the speed and hit points of enemies  "Plokontinues" are earned if four P-L-O-K tokens are collected, and a token is garnered if a level is finished without dying; if a Game Over occurs, the player will restart with a score of 0, three lives, and at the place the Plokontinue was received  Saving is limited to two "Permanent Continue Positions" after the completion of the Bobbins Brothers and Rockyfella boss fights which the player can return to even after the game is reset, and there is no password feature 
Plok can launch any of his four limbs (two arms and two legs) at will to damage enemies as projectiles from his arms and feet  While a limb instantly returns to Plok's body if it hits an enemy, it takes longer if it does not collide with anything  Limbs can also fire through certain barriers like rock pillars  The only limitation is that he cannot shoot limbs while somersaulting  In later levels, some puzzles involve having to "sacrifice" one of Plok's limbs to activate scenery-changing targets  Once a limb hits a switch, it is placed on a hanger that is usually next to the target  Some targets also require certain limbs  Once Plok is limbless, he moves by bouncing and becomes harder to control Plok's secondary attack takes the form of "Speed Blade," a buzzsaw-like jump that not only gives him increased speed as items but also dispatches enemies at the highest damage possible  Plok can pick up shells, which award extra lives and serve as ammunition for a special amulet received partway through the game  The amulet converts shells into power for Plok's secondary attack  There are also "Magic Fruits" that can heal Plok's health; the more he punches a fruit, the bigger it gets and more health he receives  Less frequent are bigger "Golden Fruits" that increase Plok's energy to its fullest  In some levels, some fruits can either send Plok to a timed bonus stage where he must reach a goal or a strange room where he must collect all the shells to progress  Completing these will have Plok warp to the next level with some of them being able to skip boss fights 
"Presents" temporarily upgrades Plok into a character from his favourite movies, such as "Plocky" which equips him with boxing gloves, "Vigilante Plok" which makes him a flamethrower-equipped character a la the "Ploxterminator," the Deerstalker-wearing "Squire Plok" equipped with a blunderbuss, a gun-slinging "Cowboy Plok" based on westerns, and "Rocket Plok" where is equipped with multiple rocket launchers  Presents in the Fleapit yield high-tech, futuristic vehicles with weapons, such as a unicycle with a water cannon, an "off-road truck" with a rocket launcher, a jetpack with lasers, a motorbike with grenades, a tank, a bomb-dropping helicopter, a flying saucer with plasma cannons, and a pair of spring pogo shoes The player encounters several different enemies, such as the aforementioned fleas  For fleas, for the player to complete the level, Plok must destroy every single one of them in every level (with the exceptions of Cotton Island, Legacy Island, and Fleapit), where the last one drops a flag which levitates to its flag pole and allows the player to progress 

Plot
As king, Plok dwells on Akrillic, a large island in the fictional archipelago of Polyesta  Plok wakes up one morning and notices his big square flag on the pole on his house's rooftop has been stolen, and goes out searching for it  He spots the flag on Cotton Island from far away and sails to it to find the flag  Plok mistakes some imposter flags for his own, becoming irritated in the process  Plok encounters the two giant creatures who are responsible for placing the fake flags, the Bobbins Brothers, whom Plok's grandpappy had warned him about, and fights them Although successfully defeating the Bobbins Brothers and getting his big square flag back, Plok sails back to Akrillic to find the island has been infested and overtaken by "fleas", two-legged blue insects that hatch from eggs and hop around; Plok learns that the theft of his large flag was simply a decoy to lure him away from Akrillic  Plok travels through Akrillic, defeating every single flea on the surface to reclaim his island  
Partway through the game, Plok places the big square flag back where it belongs outside his home, and then takes a break as he sits on a foot of the statue of his grandfather, Grandpappy Plok, wishing he had found an amulet to help him deal with the fleas  He takes a nap and has an odd dream of his grandfather's search for an amulet 50 years ago  In the dream, the player plays as Grandpappy Plok as he sails from Akrillic to Legacy Island, and shares the same experience as what his grandson is doing now, traveling through bizarre obstacles, discovering artifacts (including Rockyfella), and dealing with the same Bobbin Brothers as well as their third brother Irving  Having defeated them, Grandpappy finally dug up an amulet and sailed back to Akrillic victoriously  Back to the present day, Plok wakes up and discovers that the amulet is located at the bottom of the statue  Plok's mission on getting his island back continues, now with the ability to "charge" a buzzsaw jump ability by sacrificing the shells he has collected Plok then heads into various locations around the island while facing other creatures trying to overthrow Akrillic: Penkinos, a group of inflatable, floating magicians of mysterious origin living in the North of the island; Womack, a spider living in the island's center with its long legs being weak points; and Rockyfella, the spirit of the island's soil residing under in the mountains of the island's southeast who is vengeful against Plok for the flagpoles he dug in the ground  After clearing out all the enemies on the island, Plok journeys into the source of the fleas, the Fleapit, where he uses various weapon vehicles  He faces off with the leader of the fleas who hatched them, the Flea Queen, using a high-tech "secret Super-Vehicle" armed with bug spray to defeat her  After the showdown, he returns home to sleep on his green chair 

Development
1988: Rare hires Zippo Games
In the summer of 1988, Ste and John Pickford, workers at Zippo Games which was owned by John and their friend Steve Hughes, were struggling to complete games for 16-bit Atari ST and Amiga computers, many getting canceled  They learned Rare was looking for developers of Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) titles, which the console had yet to gain steam in the United Kingdom; despite finding the 8-bit system "horribly overpriced and terribly underpowered", the Pickfords took the offer due to financial necessity and their love of the works of Rare founders Tim and Chris Stamper's previous company Ultimate Play the Game  Zippo Games was the only company to have been consulted by Rare for NES work  Despite initial skepticism against the NES, the Pickfords' experience working on Ironsword, as well as playing Mario and Zelda games on the console as required by the Stamper brothers, gained them an appreciation for the console and changed their development focus from being on technical finesse to the player's experience, which is what they had for Plok! 

1988–1989: Fleapit
John, while Ste was drawing the shop screen for Ironsword, came up with an idea of a character with a hangman's hood; Ste doodled it in a small margin of the layout  The detachable limbs were also conceived in the sketch, as below the character was an arrow pointing to a pile of his parts  John then thought of a game where the player had to capture all jumping fleas in a land, which the two decided to have the hangman be the playable character  Plok's name was then spontaneously coined when John was placing letters from a cassette tape cover on his computer mouse; his full name was "Plok the Exploding Man" to describe his separable design  After more motivation from John, Ste moved to clear sheets of paper to do more sketches, where the character's colors, poses, size (32x40) and "extreme expressions" involving an opening mouth were conceived After the formation of these ideas, Chris Stamper went to Zippo Games to introduce a coin-op hardware he designed named the Razz Board  In addition to being impressed by the hardware's innovative graphics system, the Pickfords also saw an opportunity to make a "real arcade game" like the ones in their youth; they previously worked on an Amiga-based coin-op system for World Darts, but never a "real" arcade title  As a result, the Pickfords made a deal with Rare to use the hardware to produce their dream game as well as to own the game property and receive a big chunk of revenue from board sales; however, the deal also made all of the funding up to the brothers  The project was named Fleapit Ste vaguely recalled Fleapit in a 2014 interview, comparing its gameplay to Excitebots: Trick Racing (2009) in that the player had to catch one of several flying footballs to score a touchdown in the middle of a level; he reported the product being only a little more "primitive" than Plok!, featuring stages only scrolling horizontal and vertically, more "set pieces or one-off levels," backgrounds made of food like sausages and doughnuts, and a space level As development went on, Rare was profiting mostly from selling NES titles, making them less focused on Razz Board games such as Fleapit  In 1989, Rare, the first company outside of Japan to have a Game Boy, instructed Zippo Games to develop a game for the handheld console; however, this meant stopping the development of Fleapit  Rare and Zippo Games' relationship worsened; Zippo never completed a Game Boy product as instructed and was bought out by Rare in 1990 to be renamed Rare Manchester, which was shut down  Fleapit was cancelled half-completed in 1990 as a result of Zippo Games closing and funds running out; Ste admitted in 2014 a desire to produce a coin-op caused improper business decisions, such as rejecting more financially-rewarding console work Late in Fleapit's development, the brothers obtained comedian Chris Sievey to voice Plok, contacting him in 1990 via the number on the name of one of his songs, "969 1909 " He encountered Sievey in his Frank Sidebottom costume at The Ritz venue, and offered to work for free; however, a short time later, Fleapit was cancelled, and Sievey never voiced the character 

1990–1993: From Zippo to Software Creations
After leaving Zippo, John phoned Richard Hay, the head of Software Creations, the first company outside of Japan to have a development kit for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES)  Hay hired the Pickfords right away to use it to design and program Equinox (1993), a sequel to the NES title Solstice (1990)  The Pickfords were eventually promoted to higher positions, with Ste becoming an art director and John a producer On the side, the Pickfords continued working on Fleapit, coming up with new characters and locations as well as doing more pitch illustrations  Near the completion of Equinox, the Pickfords showcased Fleapit to Hay, pitching it under a new name: Plok! While the brothers and Hay considered many consoles, such as the NES, Super NES, and Game Boy, only a Super NES title came into fruition  Development once again involved self-funding, albeit on the part of Software Creations instead of just the Pickfords Plok!'s team consisted of the two brothers as producers, art directors, and designers; John Buckley as programmer; Lyndon Brooke as graphic artist; another set of brothers, Tim and Geoff Follin, developing the music and sound; Kevin Edwards and Stephen Ruddy as compressors; Dan Whitworth creating additional graphics; and an 18-year-old Chun Wah Kong joining in spring 1993 as a tester  Software Creations, for some of their games, hired animators recently laid-off from a Manchester studio, and Whitworth was no exception; he animated the title screen (where Plok plays a harmonica to the theme song) while Ste was on a two-week holiday, and Whitworth's work was enthusiastically-received by the staff Plok! was the Pickford brothers' first experience as project managers, as well as the first time they collaborated with other developers to turn their ideas into a finished product  Buckley later admitted to Plok! being his most "proud" work  and Kong admittined that his experience as the game's tester prepared him for being lead designer on Team Soho's PlayStation 2 title The Getaway (2002): "QA is great grounding for designers  It makes you think critically about how players approach your level; how to reward curiosity if the player wanders off the beaten track; how different approaches could break the game "Although Pickfords allowed Buckley and Brooke to offer many contributions, development was not without conflict, the biggest argument occurring late in development regarding difficulty; while Buckley and Brooks felt it was proper, the Pickfords found it overbearing  To settle the dispute, the first eight stages which were originally for Cotton Island were moved later as the Grandpappy Plok dream stages, with eight new easier Cotton Island stages created  According to Buckley, dream levels were conceived to vary the pacing, particularly with the Amulet  Kong also reported one of the publishers wanted the first level's difficulty decreased, so the staff decreased the bouncing sprouts' hit points from two to one; however, in the tutorial segment of the final game, the sprouts take two hits as Plok fires an extra arm  While Software Creations did have collectible continues (named "Plokontinues") for Plok!, it did not produce a save battery due to being too costly, and passwords were scrapped out of fear gaming magazines would spread them around Kong recalled most of the game was completed close to the end of Equinox's testing 

Graphics and art
Many of Plok!'s visuals were formulated during its Fleapit stage, where it was being programmed for the Razz Board  The hardware had an unusual system that executed higher-depth graphics and performed better with fewer data  Unlike other hardwares that used bitmap grids that encode colors and transparency through binary numbers, the Razz Board hardware stored pixels as bytes, with the first six bits determining color, the seventh bit setting its vertical position relative to its predecessor, and the eighth its horizontal  For instance, using a bitmap system to create a 32-pixel line requires a grid of 1,024 pixels (32x32) with 992 of them transparent, while making the same line took only 32 bytes in Razz Board  This meant sprites weren't restrained to perfectly square sizes, which Ste took advantage of when creating the text font although setting an arbitrary limit of 22x29  For the SNES game, Brooke designed two new fonts for 16x16 and 8x8 bitmap grids: one based on Ste's font for Fleapit, in turn based on his lettering in concept drawings, and another for the silent movie-esque screens in the Legacy Island levels  Software Creations' leader and Plok! executive producer Mike Webb reported compressing 50% on the game's 16-megabit graphics data (equivalent to Street Fighter II) to eight megabits Fleapit was the Pickfords' first game where Ste created concept art, to be more professional and adapt to an increase in presentation to buyers in the industry; according to Ste, this changed the process of green-lighting a game just by starting programming: "Everyone in the industry was self taught, and there were no standards or expectations of how a new game should progress  I remember it being a struggle to justify spending work time drawing pretty pictures which wouldn't actually contribute to the game " Ste added shades to the concept art using Letratone as an easy method to a businesslike aesthetic  Ste drew the illustrations in black and white, due to being focused more on shape than on color and photocopying technology only allowing monochrome prints  The color scheme was formulated originally for an 8-bit arcade title; to achieve a "natural" look, colors were scrunched into extreme areas of the RGB color wheel  When the project turned into a 16-bit SNES game, the color scheme (although generally the same) was more detailed with a wider palette, and Ste used magic markers to color concept art; it was used not only for the game but also for other titles and products of a potential franchise and as illustrations for the instruction manual John's first plan for taking the most advantage of the Razz Board was with how Plok was animated; since he had separable limbs, all of his six parts were independently-moving static sprites  
The separated limbs of Plok made him easy to animate and took less graphical data, as static parts could be coded to move and rotate instead of creating multiple frames  Ste also had Plok's boots and gloves be gigantic in order for his detachable-limb design to work to its full potential  The fleas, although animated traditionally with frames, were only two legs to make animating extreme poses simpler and for the sprite to not be too busy  Ste reported "5 or 6" frames for all of the fleas' movements  For the SNES console, Brooke altered the design of Plok and the fleas only slightly, but Plok's animation method was transformed; the SNES has the traditional bitmap method of executing pixels, thus he was animated frame-by-frame by Brooke 

Concepts and design
Fleapit characters not in Plok! include Armstrong, a "mini-version" of Rockyfella; and Suki, a manga-style character who ran an item shop  The Bobbins Brothers and Womack were transferred from Fleapit (although Womack went through a massive redesign by Brooke that Ste appreciated) while the Penkinos were originally-conceived for Plok! The "floating" limb movements were coded in John's first prototype of Fleapit, with the idea of removing limbs incorporated later on as the Pickfords experimented  The idea of costume and vehicle power-up had also been around since Fleapit, although the set of power-ups changed with only the helicopter carrying over; Fleapit-only power-ups included "Robo Plok," a robot form that improved maneuverability and was inspired by Ro-Jaws from the 2000 AD comics; "Ninja Plok" which armed him with an endless amount of throwing stars; and "Super Plok," a superhero with flying abilities  Plok also had the "smart bomb," an ability where he enraged himself to the point of exploding and wiping out all enemies on the screen (as well as his own limbs) By the start of the development of the SNES game, Buckley didn't have Fleapit's code; thus, he started programming out of what he saw in the VHS footage, including Plok attacking fleas with his limbs and skid-ing down slanted platforms  Brooke conceived triggering parts of the scenery with limbs, reasoning they "looked a bit rough" when constantly looping; however, carrying it out was difficult due to affecting the collision detection and causing Plok's movements to be jolty  He came up with the limb-holding coat hangers two weeks later  The vehicles were left for the final stages, as incorporating them into earlier levels would've taken too much work to "balance" them with those stages' other aspects 

Audio
When it came to NES and SNES titles, Software Creations was notable for pushing the limits of a hardware's sound, including with Plok! Work on Plok!'s soundtrack, composed by Tim and Geoff Follin, began halfway into development  It was categorized by Nintendo World Report as typical of other kid-friendly platform games, although "a bit manic, deceptively bombastic, and diverse in tone"  Ste reported Geoff doing around 75% of the work and being far more open for discussion with the team, and Tim being more "elusive" Plok! continues the Follin brothers' incorporation of old rock music influences; "Beach," for instance, was inspired by the works of Stevie Wonder, and its guitar solo being influenced by Queen guitarist Brian May  Tim Follin composed the title song out of a guitar-played two-chord progression of "Tequila" by rock and roll group The Champs, as two guitar chord samples could fit within memory  "Lead" instruments such as an electric guitar and harmonicas were made out of simple waveforms, with the guitar's wave identical to a square  A breathing sample in the boss theme was also used in Equinox and Spider-Man and the X-Men in Arcade's Revenge (1992) The soundtrack has been released to physical formats twice, on July 27, 2019, to cassette by CANVAS Ltd  and as a limited-edition 500-copy double vinyl on Record Store Day (18 April) 2020 by Respawn Records; Respawned's release had notes and artwork by the Pickfords and both 180gram vinyls colored red and yellow  Rare composer David Wise has expressed admiration for Plok!, claiming his work on Donkey Kong Country to be inspired by the Follin brothers' soundtrack 

Release
Publishing
Software Creations was so confident in Plok! the developer tried to persuade Nintendo to publish it; reception from the corporation's Japan and American branches was positive  Shigeru Miyamoto expressed a strong interest in working on the game; when Plok! was only half-finished, he wrote a letter to Hay claiming it was the third-best platform game below Sonic and Mario and that he would make it the second-greatest in the genre above Sonic but below Mario  Tony Harman, product acquisitions and development manager at Nintendo of America, also attended the studio to play Plok! four weeks within its development, and told Kay Miyamoto was amazed by the game's audio to the point of analyzing it  For unknown reasons, however, Nintendo only published Plok! in Europe, while Tradewest published it in North America and Activision in Japan  Although reasons for Nintendo's rejection haven't been disclosed, Ste inductively reasoned Miyamoto found it too similar to a Super Mario World sequel in development, particularly with its mini-race levels 

Promotion
The Pickfords, despite owning the IP and developing Plok!, were never consulted on promotion  Tradewest set Plok!'s primary demographic at gamers six-to-fourteen years old  Although published by Tradewest in the United States, Plok! still received promotion from Nintendo of America; a complete guide and review was published in the October 1993 issue of its magazine Nintendo Power, and a two-page section in a Nintendo Player's Guide book for Mario Paint (1993) included templates of body part stamps to animate Plok and the flea enemies, and a background painting based on one of the Cotton Island levels  In the United Kingdom, Nintendo released a VHS tape, Super Mario All-Stars Video (1993); hosted by Craig Charles, the video features a segment of testers at Nintendo UK promoting upcoming games, including Plok! Club Nintendo, Germany's official Nintendo magazine, ran a comic strip where Plok races with Mario at an Olympic match in space Some print advertising was criticized in later years by Ste for not showing enough of the game itself  Tradewest's US print advertisement depicted the top half taken up by Double Dragon and Battletoads, the bottom half a picture of the Plok character; the only info revealed was that Plok! was published by the two other franchises  Nintendo's UK print ad depicted a faux desktop screenshot with an image of an angry old lady in the house as the wallpaper; the only Plok! visual depicted was its box art, placed in the bottom right and very small-sized However, other print advertisements were much more true to the game, such as Tradewest's series of comic book panel ads named The Adventures of Plok with Plok's origins at the storyline Plok! was first announced in June 1993; upon its announcement, an N-Force journalist called it one of the most "surreal" games in the September 1993 line-up  Tradewest presented Plok! at the summer 1993 Consumer Electronics Show; a GameFan writer called Tradewest "one of the [show's] most impressive third party line-up," highlighting Plok! as a "a colorful new action title with a lead character that hurls his arms and legs at attackers "

Reception
Contemporaneous reviews
Upon release, some critics declared Plok! the best Nintendo release of 1993 as well as another classic by the company, the best platform game of the year, and one of the all-time best in the genre  However, Plok! was compared to many other games of its kind, and even the most favorable reviewers expressed skepticism about playing another average colorful cutesy platform game  Some critics ultimately thought it was and criticized its lack of depth  A frequent comparison was with Sonic the Hedgehog (1991), particularly in its "sugary" tone and Plok's speed ball attack; GameStar's FI derogatorily labeled the titular character as "a puny version" of the Sega franchise's blue hedgehog, criticizing his weird design and calling it names such as "hot pink reddy coloured duck penguin thing" and "freaky pork chop "However, other reviewers opined Plok as distinguished in the genre, noting innovative aspects such as the costume and weapon power-ups and limb mechanics  Reviews also enjoyed its humor, such as with Plok's limbless movements, his power-ups, and nonsensical story; Humphreys felt it would help the game be enjoyed by even the biggest detractors of kid-friendly platformers  The hero was applauded for being charming, more lovable than other mascots of its kind, and versatile, particularly with his limbs and his costume and weapon power-ups  Trenton Webb found the limb mechanic "quite fun to mess around with uselessly," and an Electronic Gaming Monthly critic called it "catchy" with "plenty of situations to test it " Superjuegos writer The Elf called his vehicle power-ups "fantastic and fun," and Hyper magazine Jason Humphreys claimed the cowboy power-up his favourite Some critics were addicted to Plok!'s gameplay and eulogized its playability, perfect control, and variety  Super Play's Jonathan Davies felt it kept adding new concepts as the game went on, and praised some of them, such as patterns of item placements directing the player to off-camera platforms and bouncing off water instead of drowning to death  Plok!'s difficulty was also highlighted, mostly attributed to lack of a password system, save feature, and requirement for continues to be earned  Other contributors to the challenge included long stage lengths and sudden obstacles such as rolling logs  One Total! journalist reported being confused what action to do next in some stages, and another from HobbyConsolas disclosed getting lost in levels and unable to look for targets and fleas required to complete levels  While some reviewers approved how hard Plok was, others disliked not being able to save or use passwords, reasoning it was annoying to replay earlier stages over and over again The cartoony graphics were praised as colorful, surreal, adorable, and featuring "vivid backgrounds"; one reviewer called them some of the best on the Super Nintendo, while another compared it to Equinox  FI appreciated the detail, such as Plok's breathing animation when standing still and the many "little coloured flowers everywhere, looking like real flower power stuff " The music was highlighted (by one critic as the game's best aspect) and noted for pushing the hardware limitations, and sound effects were praised 

Commercial performance and plans for a franchise
John Pickford and Kay had faith in Plok! being commercially successful  The Pickford brothers garnered IP ownership for the Plok character, common in other media economies but rare in the video games industry; and planned a franchise out of it, such as sequels, ports, and merchandise  A Mega Drive version was planned using a Software Creations worker's software for automatically converting SNES titles into Mega Drive games; 80% of the code was automatically converted, according to Ste, with the other 20% requiring hands-on work  Ultimately, however, despite Webb announcing the port's completion in an April 1994 interview, it was never released for unknown reasons Ste, using magic markers, created artwork for future sequels and merchandise, such as style guides of the characters and illustrations of scenes  The Pickfords planned sequels to involve Plok searching for the fleas' home, introduce a setting named Tower Island, and make Plok's comfy chair (which he sleeps on in the end credits of Plok!) a more crucial part of the gameplay  The Pickfords also drew concepts for toys used for pitches of the SNES game, such as a doll where limbs were joined and detached with velcro  During marketing, a Plok model was created in 3D Studio 4 for a promotional photo of Software Creations However, 1992, late in Plok!'s development, saw the beginning of a saturation of colorful platform games starring cute mascots, like Bubsy and Zool  Ste, in 2004, publicly stated developers and producers with more finances knew about previews of the Fleapit coin-op, which may have influenced them to produce games like it; there are no other reports verifying this  Although selling decently over a long period, none of the revenue went to the Pickfords, and Ste suggested the saturation hindered its commercial performance significantly; this plus Software Creations constantly changing publishers between projects rendered a Plok! franchise impossible for several years 

Legacy
In 2009, North American company Super Fighter Team released Zaku, a horizontal shooter for the Atari Lynx which features a special guest appearance by Plok The Pickfords later launched a Plok webcomic  From there, the webcomic takes place 20 years after the game as it features new characters and some returning ones like Rockyfella  The comic sometimes used pop-culture references from other games and other media, in-jokes reference and commentaries on the game's development and its future 
In later years, Plok was ranked the 26th all-time best SNES title (which also named it the best platformer produced in the United Kingdom) in 1996, the 19th best platform game by Gamereactor in 2014, and was listed in Edge editor Tony Mott's 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die in its 2013 edition  Video game elements introduced in Plok! were noted by retrospective journalists to be in more popular platformers released in later years  Games starring characters with floating body parts used as weapons, such as Dynamite Headdy (1994) and Rayman (1995), were released shortly afterwards and garnered much wider exposure  When listing Plok! on a list of "The Most Unappreciated Platformers Of The '90s" for Kotaku, Ben Bertoli wrote it was "influential for portraying a world, named Akrill[ic], based on craft supplies and cloth, a concept that Nintendo itself has come to rely on for many games  The game also provided players with power-ups and vehicles, such as flamethrowers and jetpacks, the likes of which had not been seen in a single game " Sepia-toned flashback stages also made up a chunk of Mickey Mania (1994) 

Notes
Passage 4:
Sonic Mania
Sonic Mania is a 2017 platform game published by Sega for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Windows  Produced in commemoration of the Sonic the Hedgehog series' 25th anniversary and serving as a prelude to Sonic Forces, Sonic Mania pays homage to the original Sega Genesis Sonic games, featuring speedy side-scrolling gameplay  It takes place over 13 levels, including several redesigned from past games  The story follows Sonic, Tails and Knuckles as they venture to defeat their nemesis Doctor Eggman and his robotic henchmen, the Hard-Boiled Heavies 
The development team was composed of members known for their work in the Sonic fangame and ROM hacking community  Development began after lead developer, director and programmer Christian "Taxman" Whitehead, who was previously contracted by Sega to develop enhanced mobile ports of Genesis Sonic games, presented a playable prototype to Sonic Team producer Takashi Iizuka  Art, level design, audio, and additional programming were provided by independent studios PagodaWest Games and Headcannon  The team used Whitehead's Retro Engine and aimed for a graphical quality between Genesis and Sega Saturn games 
Sonic Mania was released in August 2017 and became the highest-rated Sonic game in fifteen years  Many reviewers saw it as a return to form for the Sonic series following a number of poorly received games released after the 1990s  Its presentation, level design, music, and faithfulness to the early Sonic games were praised, but its lack of originality was criticized  Several described it as one of the best Sonic games and one of the best games of 2017  Within a year, it had sold over one million copies worldwide  Sonic Mania Plus, an enhanced version with additional content, was released in July 2018 

Gameplay
Sonic Mania is a side-scrolling platformer similar to the early Sonic the Hedgehog games released for the Sega Genesis  Players select one of 3 playable characters, each with their own unique abilities: Sonic can perform a "drop dash" which sends him rolling in a dash after a jump, Tails can fly and swim, and Knuckles can glide and climb walls  As with Sonic 2 (1992), players can play as Sonic and Tails simultaneously, or a second player can control Tails independently  Unlockable options include Sonic's abilities from Sonic CD (1993) and Sonic 3 & Knuckles (1994) in place of the drop dash and "& Knuckles" mode, which allows simultaneous control of any character and Knuckles, including himself Sonic Mania takes place over 13 levels, called zones; the game features eight "remixed" zones, such as Green Hill Zone from the first Sonic game (1991), alongside five original ones  Remixed stages consist of both new elements and recycled gimmicks and ideas from other past Sonic games  Each zone is divided into 2 acts, in which the player must guide their character past various enemies and obstacles to reach the end  At the end of each act, the player takes part in a boss battle against Doctor Eggman, also known as Dr  Robotnik, or one of his robots, including the Hard-Boiled Heavies, elite henchmen based on the EggRobo enemies from Sonic 3 & Knuckles  The player collects golden rings, which serve as a form of health; players survive hits as long as they have at least one ring, but, if hit, their rings scatter and disappear after a short time  Television monitors containing rings, elemental shields, or power-ups such as invincibility and faster running speed are scattered throughout each level  Like Sonic 3 & Knuckles, the story is told via short in-game cutscenes between levels Giant rings hidden in each act, a feature of the original games, lead to pseudo-3D special stages similar to those in Sonic CD, where players can attempt to collect a Chaos Emerald  In special stages, players dodge obstacles and collect colored spheres to increase their speed, allowing them to pursue a UFO carrying a Chaos Emerald; collecting all seven Chaos Emeralds allows players to use their character's super transformation and unlocks the game's true ending  Players' ring counters slowly decrease during special stages and must be continually replenished; if the player runs out of rings before they catch the UFO, the special stage ends  The "Blue Sphere" special stages from Sonic the Hedgehog 3 also return, repurposed as bonus stages that are accessed by entering a portal that appears when the player passes a checkpoint while carrying 25 or more rings  Completing bonus stages earns the player a silver or gold medal depending on their performance; collecting medals unlocks features such as a debug mode and sound test In a time attack mode, players must complete levels as quickly as possible, with the best times included on an online leaderboard; players can instantly reload a level to try again at any time  A split-screen competitive multiplayer mode allows two players to race to the end of a level, similar to those of Sonic 2  Players can also unlock "Mean Bean", a 2-player minigame based on Dr  Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine 

Plot
After the events of Sonic 3 & Knuckles, Sonic and Tails detect a powerful energy reading on Angel Island and board their biplane, the Tornado, to investigate  However, Dr  Eggman sends an elite group of EggRobos to reach the signal before Sonic and Tails  The EggRobos excavate the source of the signal, a magical gemstone called the Phantom Ruby, just as Sonic and Tails arrive  The EggRobos gain new powers from the ruby, becoming the Hard-Boiled Heavies, and send Sonic, Tails, and the island's guardian, Knuckles, through zones the trio have previously visited where they pursue Eggman to prevent him from using the ruby's power for evil, clashing with him and the Heavies along the way 
Sonic and his allies discover that Eggman has used the Phantom Ruby's power to retake control of Little Planet from Sonic CD  They board Eggman's robotic fortress, defeat him and the Heavies, and escape just as it explodes  If all seven Chaos Emeralds are collected while playing as Sonic, the Phantom Ruby transports him and Eggman to another dimension  There, the Heavies' leader, Heavy King, betrays Eggman and takes the ruby, imbuing himself with power; Eggman attacks the Heavy to try to reclaim it  Sonic uses the Chaos Emeralds to become Super Sonic and fights Eggman and the Heavy King separately to keep the ruby out of their possession  After the battle, the Phantom Ruby reacts with the Emeralds, negating Sonic's super state and creating a wormhole that engulfs itself and Sonic as Little Planet vanishes 

Development
Development of Sonic Mania began in 2015, led by Australian programmer Christian "Taxman" Whitehead  Whitehead was a prominent member of the Sonic fangame community, and had previously been contracted by Sega to develop remastered ports of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic 2, and Sonic CD for mobile phones  After developing the game for a few months, Whitehead presented a prototype, which he called Sonic Discovery, to series producer Takashi Iizuka  Iizuka was receptive, and suggested that it should include old levels from the early Sonic games it was inspired by, "remixed" in a way that felt new  He also gave it the working title of Sonic Mania, which stuck after no one suggested a better one  The title referenced the development team's "maniacal" fandom for the series; Iizuka described the project as being made "by the mania, for the mania", and as a "passion product" driven by the fans' love for the early Sonic games Sonic Mania was produced in commemoration of the series' 25th anniversary  It was developed using Whitehead's Retro Engine, a game engine tailored for creating two-dimensional games, which he also used for the enhanced ports of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic 2, and Sonic CD  The team also included programmer Simon "Stealth" Thomley of the independent studio Headcannon, who assisted Whitehead with those projects and on various Sonic fangames and ROM hacks, as well as level designer Jared Kasl and art director Tom Fry of PagodaWest Games, who had previously independently collaborated on an unofficial high-definition remaster of Sonic 2  Tantalus Media helped develop the Nintendo Switch port  Iizuka and the rest of Sonic Team provided guidance and made sure the team didn't "go off the rails into something that doesn't feel like Sonic"  Iizuka described the visuals as a cross between the graphical capabilities of the Genesis and Sega Saturn, comprising mostly pixel art with some polygonal graphics The developers modeled the gameplay on Sonic 3, with boss fights at the end of each zone  For returning stages, the designers made the first act feel familiar, and introduced new elements in the second act  The team cited Sonic CD and Sonic 3 as major influences on the level design for their "big, wide open" and "streamlined" designs, respectively  According to Thomley, the team typically decided what elements to include in the returning stages prior to designing them, but sometimes came up with new ideas or changed them based on how the development progressed  The first original level designed was the Hollywood-themed Studiopolis Zone  The desert-themed Mirage Saloon Zone was inspired by an unfinished level from Sonic 2 and the Monument Valley region of the United States  The special stages were inspired by more recent games such as Sonic Rush (2005) and Sonic Colors (2010)  The team felt proud of their recreation of classic Sonic gameplay The game features animated opening and ending sequences led by Tyson Hesse, one of the artists of the Sonic comics by Archie Comics  It also features an optional CRT graphical filter, and supports the enhanced features of both the  PlayStation 4 Pro and Xbox One X, outputting at a native 4K resolution  The soundtrack was composed by Tee Lopes of PagodaWest Games, consisting of rearranged pieces from previous Sonic games alongside new material  Lopes was chosen due to his popularity on YouTube for producing arrangements of various Sonic tracks, and for his work on the Sonic 2 HD project  Lopes initially wanted his score to resemble the Sonic CD soundtrack, trying to imagine what a sequel to it might have sounded like  As development progressed, he took inspiration from other older Sonic and Sega games, such as The Revenge of Shinobi (1989) and the Sega Rally games, and from 1990s popular music, such as the work of Michael Jackson  The reveal trailer theme, "Checkpoint", was composed by the electronic music groups Hyper Potions and Nitro Fun and the opening theme, "Friends", was composed by Hyper Potions 

Release
Sonic Mania was announced alongside Sonic Forces at the 25th anniversary Sonic event at the San Diego Comic-Con (SDCC) convention in July 2016  The game was also featured at South by Southwest (SXSW), the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3), and SDCC in 2017; at SDCC 2017, attendees received a promotional instruction manual for the game  The game was announced for the second quarter of 2017, but Sega announced at SXSW that it had been delayed to allow for more development Sonic Mania was released digitally for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on August 15, 2017  Four days before release, Sega delayed the Windows version for another two weeks for further optimization, releasing it on August 29 as a download on Steam  As compensation, those who had pre-ordered the game received a copy of the original Sonic the Hedgehog on Steam In addition to the standard release, a Sega Genesis-themed collector's edition was also released, containing a 12-inch (30 cm) Sonic statue atop a model Genesis, a game cartridge cast with a golden ring, and a metallic collector's card with a download code for the game  To promote the collector's edition, Sega released a retro-styled infomercial featuring former series art director Kazuyuki Hoshino and social media manager Aaron Webber, based on an American television commercial for Sonic The Hedgehog 2  The music label Data Discs published a vinyl LP featuring the game's original music in late 2017  An expanded soundtrack was released on digital music distribution platforms on January 17, 2018  A five-part animated short mini-series, Sonic Mania Adventures, was released on the Sonic the Hedgehog YouTube channel between March and July 2018, promoting the release of Sonic Mania Plus  The series depicts Sonic's return to his world following the events of Sonic Forces, teaming up with his friends to prevent Eggman and Metal Sonic from collecting the Chaos Emeralds and Master Emerald  A holiday-themed bonus episode was released in December 2018  The shorts were written and directed by Hesse, with animation production by Neko Productions, and music written by Lopes  All six shorts were later included as part of the Sonic Origins compilation in 2022 

Sonic Mania Plus
An expanded version of the game, Sonic Mania Plus, was released in North America and Europe at retail and as downloadable content for the original version on July 17, 2018, and in Japan on July 19, 2018  A version for Amazon Luna was released on October 20, 2020  It adds playable characters Mighty the Armadillo and Ray the Flying Squirrel from the 1993 arcade game SegaSonic the Hedgehog, each with unique abilities: Mighty can slam the ground and is immune to spikes when in ball form, while Ray can glide without losing altitude  Plus also adds an "Encore Mode" with remixed levels and a reworked lives mechanic, a pinball bonus stage, and a four-player competition mode  Additionally, an update released alongside Sonic Mania Plus adds more cutscenes and a reworked Metal Sonic battle based on his appearance in Knuckles' Chaotix (1995)  The physical version was released with a 32-page art book and a reversible cover in the style of Genesis or Mega Drive boxart covers, depending on the region  A soundtrack CD was included with the Japanese physical release In an interview with Famitsu, Iizuka explained that Sonic Mania was not intended to have a physical release; Sega staff requested one, but a retail version would have presented a challenge for the production schedule  After the game launched, fans also expressed interest in a physical version  As a retail release would cost more than the downloadable version, the team added value with new content  Mighty and Ray were included because they were rarely featured in games; to accommodate them, level designs had to be altered  Additionally, the multiplayer mode was updated because of the increased number of selectable characters 

Reception
Sonic Mania was announced following years of mixed reviews for the Sonic franchise  According to the International Business Times, the series had been "tarnished by years of sub-par games with only the occasional gem"  The Business Times predicted that Sega's approach of releasing Sonic Forces and Sonic Mania in the same year, catering to new and old fans, could repair the series' reputation and lead to a "Sonic renaissance"  Several critics expressed excitement for a return to the style of the early Sonic games, and wrote that Sega's previous efforts to develop games in the "classic" style, such as Sonic the Hedgehog 4 in 2010, had been disappointing According to the review aggregator site Metacritic, Sonic Mania received "generally favorable" reviews  It became the best-reviewed Sonic game in fifteen years, and several critics described it as one of the best 2D platform games  At launch, Sonic Mania was the bestselling Switch game, outselling Minecraft and Overcooked: Special Edition  It greatly increased Sega's third-quarter profits, and helped Sega almost double sales of packaged games compared to the same period in 2016  By April 2018, it had sold over one million copies worldwide across all platforms The presentation attracted acclaim  USGamer described it as the "pinnacle" of the series' pixel graphics  GameSpot called the animations and detail superior to the original games, writing that they added an extra layer of personality  Cubed3 described the levels as stylish and vibrant  Critics also praised the attention to detail in recreating the early games  Game Informer wrote that its gameplay was "nearly indistinguishable" from its Genesis predecessors, but with "extra polish"  Easy Allies wrote that Mania emulated the original games "exceptionally", and that "running, jumping, and spin dashing all work exactly as well as you would hope"  Nintendo World Report wrote that it avoided the physics problems from Sonic the Hedgehog 4 and recaptured the spirit of the 16-bit games The level design and music also received praise  Hardcore Gamer wrote that the remixed versions of older stages felt fresh while staying true to the originals  Game Informer wrote that the new stages matched the quality and captured the spirit of early Sonic games  The A V  Club praised the detail and content in each level; Metro praised the fan service, and likened it to a school project "gone wild, something enthusiastic kids have made while the teacher was away and which far surpasses anything they were actually supposed to be doing"  Like IGN, Venture Beat appreciated the replay value, with branching paths that made multiple playthroughs "fresh"  EGM wrote that the soundtrack was "completely fantastic" and felt nostalgic and new at the same time  Nintendo Life called the soundtrack "one of the best of recent times" The game received some criticism  Polygon commented that frustrations with controls and enemy placement in the original Sonic games were present in Sonic Mania  VideoGamer com wrote that the game relied too much on nostalgia, with minimal innovation and too few original stages, but was a good proof of concept that the development team could expand upon  Nintendo World Report complained about the boss fights, which they felt were poorly executed and too easy  The Windows version was subject to review bombing due to its implementation of the digital rights management (DRM) software Denuvo, which some thought to be the real reason behind the two-week delay  The game could not be played offline on launch day; Sega stated this was a bug unrelated to Denuvo, and released a patch the following day Multiple reviewers saw it as a return to form for the Sonic series after a number of poorly reviewed games after the 1990s  EGMNow commended Sonic Mania as one of the "purest and most enjoyable" Sonic games, expressing excitement for the future of the series  IGN wrote that it was the "classic" throwback that fans had clamored for since the 1990s, but also recommended it for people new to the franchise  Nintendo World Report called it a "must-buy" for fans of the older Sonic games  Waypoint compared it favorably to Donkey Kong Country Returns, describing it as a game that knew "what was fun" about its predecessors  Nintendo Life felt that Mania represented "a true return to form" and was a contender for the best game in the series Sonic Mania Plus received stronger reviews, with the Nintendo Switch version receiving "universal acclaim", according to the review aggregator Metacritic  Multiple reviewers called it the definitive version thanks to its extra game mode and characters  DualShockers' Tomas Franzese praised the "Encore" mode for feeling fresh, as well as the movement options introduced with Mighty and Ray  Michael Leri of Game Revolution, however, found the new partner system more frustrating than the traditional lives system found in classic Sonic games  IGN Spain did not recommend the update for those that own the original game, but commended the physical release and the added value for new players and hardcore fans 

Legacy
Sonic Mania was nominated for the "Best Family Game" at The Game Awards 2017 and the "Best Kids Game" at the 2018 New York Game Awards  The theme song "Friends" was reused for the prologue of the 2020 Sonic the Hedgehog film 

Notes
Passage 5:
Captain Comic
The Adventures of Captain Comic is a platform game written by Michael Denio for MS-DOS compatible operating systems and released as shareware in 1988  It was one of the first side-scrolling games for IBM PC compatibles reminiscent of games for the Nintendo Entertainment System, and it presaged a trend of shareware platform games in the early 1990s  A version for the NES was later published by Color Dreams as an unlicensed title 
A sequel, Captain Comic II: Fractured Reality, was released in 1990 

Plot
Captain Comic is on a mission to the planet Tambi, where the quest begins  Comic must find three artifacts: the Mystical Gems of Lascorbanos, the Thousand Coins of Tenure, and the Crown of the Ages  To find them, he must travel through many varied environments  The game is completed when Comic is in possession of all three treasures 

Gameplay
The game is divided into eight major areas, and each contains three smaller zones  Transitioning between zones plays a short tune, all enemies are removed from the screen, and Comic's position is saved 
Comic has twelve "shield" points which act as health  Each time an enemy hits him, two points are removed  When at zero, Comic dies on the next hit  Occasionally, shields can be found which instantly replenish the health to full, or if it is already full, give an extra life  Comic starts with four lives, and an extra life is given for each 50,000 points earned if Comic isn't already at the maximum of five extras 
If Comic is killed by either falling off the bottom of the screen, or  hit with no shield points remaining, a life is lost and he is returned to the point where he last entered this zone 
Enemies have different behaviors, from simply bouncing off walls and following preset paths to seeking Comic as he passes by  After picking up a Blastola Cola, Comic can shoot at and destroy enemies for points 

Development
Michael Denio previously wrote an interactive demo of a  platform game called The Adventures of Captain Pixel of the Galactic Security Patrol in 34010 AD for a TMS34010 coprocessor board  The credits screen has a 1987 copyright notice for the graphics  The TMS34010 is a CPU with graphics-oriented instructions which was later used in arcade video games such as Narc and Mortal Kombat  
Denio wrote in the introduction to the Captain Comic manual:

The Adventures of Captain Comic started out as an experiment to test the viability of two theories, the first as to whether a real arcade type game can be done on a standard IBM PC with an EGA card, and secondly, given the first can be done, if it is possible to make any money doing it  Well, I've come to a conclusion on the second point, but I'll let you judge the first point for yourself 

Music
The original theme song for Captain Comic was a rendition of the United States Marine Corps Hymn  The song was replaced in the final revision of the game, released in 1991, by George Frideric Handel's Harpsichord Suite in D Minor, HWV 428, Air  The NES version of the soundtrack is composed entirely of classical music 

Reception
Legacy
A sequel from the same author was published in 1990 as Captain Comic II: Fractured Reality 
In 2012, PC World called Captain Comic the twelfth greatest shareware game of all time, writing that "it inspired many other shareware authors, including the folks who would later create Commander Keen "The original game was cloned for the SAM Coupé  It was also cloned as The Adventures of Pioneer Kseniauk in 1990 by a team of Ukrainian programmers 
Passage 6:
Christian Whitehead
Christian Whitehead, also known by his alias The Taxman, is an Australian video game programmer and designer  He is most recognized for his work creating updated ports of early games in Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog series, as well as being the lead developer of an original game in the series, Sonic Mania  He has also developed multiple remakes of classic Sonic games and most recently, the remasters in Sonic Origins 

Career
In 2006, Whitehead worked as a freelance 3D animator with the company Kine Graffiti  Since 2009, he has focused on game development, developing various fangames based on the Sonic the Hedgehog series  In 2009, Whitehead produced a "proof-of-concept" video of Sonic CD running on an iPhone using his own custom engine, the "Retro Engine"  In an interview with Steven O'Donnell of Good Game: Spawn Point, Whitehead proclaims that he spent "about a year or so" convincing Sega to let him work on the Sonic CD port  In 2009, a video regarding Sonic CD from Whitehead was taken down, leading Eurogamer to report that Whitehead possibly faced a cease and desist letter from Sega, which Whitehead claimed was false  The port was released for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, iPhone and Android in 2011  His remake was so successful that he, along with developer Simon "Stealth" Thomley of the studio Headcannon, would later be commissioned to remaster Sonic the Hedgehog and Sonic the Hedgehog 2 for mobile devices Although he, along with Headcannon, released a proof-of-concept video for a Sonic the Hedgehog 3 remaster in 2014, Sega did not greenlight the port  In 2015, it was announced that Whitehead would be involved in his first non-Sonic game, Freedom Planet 2  In 2017, Whitehead, in collaboration with Headcannon and PagodaWest Games, developed and released their own original title in the Sonic series, titled Sonic Mania  In 2018, Sonic Mania became Sonic Mania Plus, with the release of the Encore DLC  Sonic Mania Plus was developed by Whitehead, Headcannon, PagodaWest Games, and the now included HyperKinetic  Whitehead also contributed to the development of Sonic Origins, providing a new version of the engine used in the remasters  Whitehead is currently working on Freedom Planet 2, built with the Unity engine, for PC, Mac, and Linux In late 2018, Whitehead and other development members behind Sonic Mania founded their own studio Evening Star Studio, where he serves as creative director and lead engine architect 

Works



ground_truth: Vernon Smith

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What side-scrolling platform game had Christian Whitehead as project lead?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  1  
2010: Santa Stole My Lady  
2010: Pickin' Up the Pieces 
2013: More Than Just a Dream 
2016: Fitz and the Tantrums

Other work
2000–2010: Domingosiete  ("saxofonista")
2001–2010: Breakestra
2002–2010: Connie Price and the Keystones
2004–2005: Orgone
2008–2009: Composer, Nic and Tristan Go Mega-Dega 
2008–2010: The Lions 
2010: Performed in Burlesque starring Cher and Christina Aguilera
2013: Fanfare Jonathan Wilson album, saxophone and flute
2014: "Weird Al" Yankovic Mandatory Fun, saxophone
Passage 5:
Spencer Ludwig
Spencer Ludwig (born 24 June 1990) is an American trumpeter, singer, songwriter, producer and musical director from Los Angeles, California  Ludwig is the trumpet player of the band Capital Cities  He recorded on their platinum debut album In a Tidal Wave of Mystery and toured with them from 2011 to 2015  He has also performed with Harry Styles, Dua Lipa, Gallant, Mike Posner, Foster the People, Portugal  The Man, Fitz and the Tantrums, RAC, Joywave, St  Lucia, Cherub, and The Wailers  In 2018 he began his career as an independent artist and formed Trumpet Records 

Early life and education
Ludwig is the son of a Filipino mother and a Russian-Jewish father  He grew up in Los Angeles, California  He attended Oakwood School and began playing saxophone in the fourth grade due to his school's support for performing arts  Ludwig grew fond of jazz music and performed in the school's jazz band during his middle school years Ludwig learned to play the French horn in high school but decided to apply to college as a trumpet player  He started off by teaching himself how to play the trumpet going into his senior year of high school  He was accepted to California Institute of the Arts where he studied jazz  He supported his way through school by playing with local bands from Los Angeles and teaching trumpet part-time at his former high school 

Career
Ludwig was part of the local Los Angeles music scene, performing with numerous bands [1] He began performing while in college, forming a cover band with friends that graduated from Oakwood School a few years before him [2] It was in 2011 that Ludwig got his break with Capital Cities [2]
While playing at a local music festival with a band called Sister Rogers in 2011, Capital Cities band members Ryan Merchant and Sebu Simonian watched him perform, later asking him to join the group as its trumpet player [1][2] Ludwig shifted his focus to solely playing with the band and recorded and toured with them for the next four years [1] He recorded trumpet on the group's platinum debut album In a Tidal Wave of Mystery [3]
In 2015 Ludwig signed a record deal with Warner Bros  Records as a solo artist [4] In July 2016 he released his first two singles Diggy and Right Into U [7] The song "Diggy" was featured in Target's fall style TV campaign, which premiered on September 14, 2016 [8] "Diggy" also appeared in the feature film "Happy Death Day" and the video game Just Dance 2018  In 2018 Ludwig left Warner Bros  Records to pursue a career as an independent artist and to form his own record label Trumpet Records  In March 2018 he released his first single as an independent artist "Just Wanna Dance" and he collaborated with five-time Latin Grammy winner Fonseca on his song "Por Pura Curiosidad", which was featured on his album Agustín and earned a Latin Grammy in 2019 for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album In 2017 in front of 46,556 fans, he performed the national anthem on trumpet at the 2017 NHL Winter Classic at Busch Stadium in St  Louis, Missouri featuring the Chicago Blackhawks and St  Louis Blues (a first for the Winter Classic)  That same year he became the official band leader and musical director for the annual NFL Honors Awards and in 2021 he became the musical director for the ESPY Awards 

Discography
Solo Releases
Songwriting, recording and production credits
Passage 6:
Michael Fitzpatrick (musician)
Michael Sean "Fitz" Fitzpatrick (born 21 July 1970) is a French-born American musician and singer-songwriter, who is the lead vocalist of the indie pop/neo-soul band Fitz and the Tantrums 
Fitz and the Tantrums were heralded as a "band to watch" in an April 2011 profile in Rolling Stone  Their 2010 debut full-length album Pickin' Up the Pieces received critical acclaim and reached #1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart In May 2021, Fitzpatrick released his debut solo album, Head Up High 

Biography
Born in Montluçon, France, Fitzpatrick grew up in Los Angeles  His father, Robert Fitzpatrick, is Irish American and his mother, Sylvie, is French  He attended the L A  County High School for the Arts, studying vocal music and then studied experimental film at the California Institute of the Arts, where he met fellow band member James King  Although he now composes primarily on the piano and organ, he only had formal piano training later in life  He has said, "I'd always been a decent singer, but I got frustrated by my inability to play piano by anything more than by ear  I took piano lessons when I was 32, and it opened up a whole new vocabulary for me " Fitzpatrick grew up mostly listening to classical music, as he was discouraged from listening to other music styles in the household  One concession, however, was being allowed to listen to a local oldie radio station in the car driving to and from school After college, he worked for many years behind the scenes as a sound engineer for producer Mickey Petralia, who produced Beck, Ladytron, Flight of the Conchords, and The Dandy Warhols In late 2008, Fitzpatrick received a call from an ex-girlfriend to tell him about a neighbor who needed to unload or sell a church organ for $50  Fitzpatrick told her to pay the neighbor the $50 and arranged to have the organ moved to his apartment that same day  That evening, inspired by the organ, he wrote the song "Breakin' the Chains of Love"  He has stated, "I immediately knew it was the best song I'd written  I could astral plane out and hear myself, like, 'wow!' Not bad!"  Fitzpatrick decided to form a band, and contacted friend and saxophonist James King  Through phone calls they assembled the band, with King recommending singer Noelle Scaggs and drummer John Wicks, and Wicks in turn bringing in bassist Ethan Phillips and keyboardist Jeremy Ruzumna  The band met for its first rehearsal a week later and instantly clicked 
In interviews, he has emphasized his eclectic musical tastes  He has said, "We [the band] all have a love affair with soul and funk music  For me, it's obviously Otis Redding, Marvin Gaye, the Supremes, all that stuff  My musical taste runs the gamut from Radiohead to Zeppelin to Major Lazer  My older brother was really into '80s new wave, so a lot of the first records I got to borrow and steal were his "

Personal life
In May 2013, it was announced that Fitzpatrick was expecting a child with then-girlfriend actress Kaylee DeFer  DeFer gave birth to their son in September 2013  Fitzpatrick and DeFer married on 25 July 2015  Their second son was born in April 2017 and a third son was born in May 2019 

Discography
Albums
Solo
Head Up High

With Band of Merrymakers
Welcome to Our Christmas Party

With Fitz and the Tantrums
Pickin' Up the Pieces
More Than Just a Dream
Fitz and the Tantrums
All the Feels

Singles
As solo artist
As featured artist
Guest appearances
Passage 7:
HandClap
"HandClap" is a song recorded by American indie pop band Fitz and the Tantrums  The song was released as the lead single from their self-titled album Fitz and the Tantrums on March 25, 2016, through Elektra Records  It is their highest-charting song on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 53  The song was also included in Playground Games' Forza Horizon 3 soundtrack and Just Dance Unlimited for Just Dance 2017  A rendition of the song was also performed on the South Korean-Japanese survival show Produce 48 in 2018  Since its release, the song has gained popularity from its usage during sporting events 

Track listing
Charts
Certifications
Passage 8:
Elina Siirala
Elina Siirala (born 27 October 1983) is a Finnish soprano  She is the founder and frontwoman for the English melodic metal band Angel Nation (formerly EnkElination) and the current female vocalist for the German symphonic metal/viking metal band Leaves' Eyes  Elina is the second cousin of Tuomas Holopainen, founder and keyboardist of Nightwish 

Career
After completing a bachelor's degree in classical singing in Helsinki, Elina moved to London in 2008 to study contemporary vocals 
In 2011, she formed the melodic metal band EnkElination, the band name being a play on words featuring "enkeli", the Finnish word for "angel", and also her name "Elina" in the middle  In 2016 the band announced they would translate their name to "Angel Nation" 
The new band name of Angel Nation was shortly followed on 12 April 2016 by the announcement of a new drummer Lucas Robert Williamson joining existing members Shadow on guitar and Julia on bass 

The band played several live shows both headlining venues such as the Camden Underworld and supporting larger bands, as well as festival appearances including Bloodstock Open Air in 2014 and Dames of Darkness in 2015  She came to the attention of Leaves' Eyes during one of those support slots, and in 2016 she was invited to join Leaves' Eyes to replace departing singer Liv Kristine In 2016 Elina toured the United States with Leaves Eyes   In October 2016 she released the single "Do It Anyway" with her band Angel Nation via Nuclear Blast   The single was accompanied by a video produced by Caz Reason and featured fellow band members Shadow, Julia and Lucas 
In 2017 Leaves Eyes announced another tour of the United States alongside Sabaton whilst Elina also returned to work on recordings for Angel Nation's second album "Aeon"   "Aeon" was released on 27 October 2017 with a small European tour announced alongside Elyose 

Discography
Passage 9:
Songs for a Breakup, Vol  1
Songs for a Breakup: Vol  1 is the debut studio EP by the American indie rock band Fitz and the Tantrums, released on August 11, 2009 through Canyon Productions  It was re-released in 2010 when the band signed to Dangerbird Records 

Track listing
Personnel
Michael Fitzpatrick
Noelle Scaggs
Joseph Karnes
James King
Jeremy Ruzumna
John Wicks

Additional personnel
Chris Seefried – producer, guitar, bass, vocals, keyboards
Maya Azucena – vocals
Sebastian Steinberg – bass
Matt Cooker – cello
Stewart Cole – trumpet
Scott Ellis – drums
Tay Strathairn – piano
Chris Constable – mixing
Josh Brochhausen  – mixing
Gavin Lurssen – mastering
Edon – photography
Alex Tenta – design, layout
Lisa Nupoff – management
Brian Klein – management
Passage 10:
Noelle Scaggs
Noelle Scaggs (born October 8, 1979) is an American musician and singer-songwriter from Los Angeles, known as the co-lead singer of the pop group Fitz and the Tantrums  Scaggs has also had numerous collaborations with the Black Eyed Peas, Dilated Peoples, Quantic, Mayer Hawthorne, and Damian Marley 
In 2008 she became a co-lead singer of the indie pop and neo-soul band Fitz and the Tantrums, and is featured on their 2010 album Pickin' Up the Pieces, which hit No  1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart  She has toured extensively with the band and performed on shows such as Jimmy Kimmel Live!, Conan, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Ellen, GMA, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, and The Late Late Show with James Corden 
She has been critically acclaimed for her "powerhouse vocals" and charismatic on-stage presence 

Early life
Scaggs was born on October 8, 1979, in Denver, Colorado  Her father was a DJ and Scaggs was exposed to his vinyl collection at a young age, including Parliament, Teena Marie, and The Pointer Sisters  She also listened to her parents play artists such as Marvin Gaye and The Temptations during house parties, and was influenced as a young singer by the music of Tina Turner Early on, Scaggs would perform for friends and family, and at around 9 years of age, became more seriously interested in singing  In elementary school she began practicing daily and signed herself up for all available talent shows  According to Scaggs, "I was one of those kids who had friends but got picked on a lot   I felt like I needed an outlet  For me, that outlet was music " Except for a year of vocal training in high school, she was self-taught and only considered becoming a professional musician as she approached graduation from South Pasadena High School 

Music career
Collaborations
After high school Scaggs began working as both a professional songwriter and vocalist  Early on she faced financial hurdles, as well as finding the right producers  As a songwriter, Scaggs has referenced creative influences as diverse as Radiohead and The Bird and the Bee Her first major label appearance was in 2000, as lead vocalist on the track "If There Be Pain" on the Interscope compilation project The Rose That Grew from Concrete  In 2001 she contributed vocals to Expansion Team by Dilated Peoples, and in 2003 contributed background vocals to the Elephunk LP by The Black Eyed Peas and Must B 21 by will i am 
In 2003 she released her first 12" LP, The Craft, featuring hip-hop trio Dilated Peoples She was a primary artist in 2006 on An Announcement to Answer by Quantic, and has since worked as a composer, songwriter, or vocalist with artists such as Orgone, Mayer Hawthorne, The Quantic Soul Orchestra, Guilty Simpson, Koushik, and Evidence  She also worked on Damian Marley's 2010 release with rapper Nas In July 2008 she performed in four shows on Scion A/V's "Live Metro" tour featuring hardcore rap duo M O P  Funk band Connie Price and the Keystones and saxophonist James King (later of Fitz and the Tantrums), provided backing She has also sung backup for Miley Cyrus and modeled in an art piece for Kanye West   In 2008 she hosted the VMA's Nappy Boy TV with T-Pain  She has contributed to a number of film soundtracks as a singer and songwriter, including Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story (in which she was also an uncredited actress) and The Nanny Diaries with Scarlett Johansson  She acted as a backup singer in Be Cool with John Travolta 

The Rebirth
Scaggs soon joined as front-woman and songwriter for The Rebirth, a Los Angeles soul band  In 2005 The Rebirth released their first album This Journey In on independent label Kajmere Sound  She wrote the track "Stray Away" and a number of other songs on their LP, co-writing with band leader Carlos Guiaco The first single, "This Journey In", hit the top 5 of playlists throughout Europe and Japan, and attracted the attention of DJs such as BBC Radio 1's Gilles Peterson, King Britt of the group Digable Planets, and Norman Jay MBE  Scaggs toured with the band for ten years before taking two years off from music 

Fitz and the Tantrums
In December 2008 she joined the Los Angeles soul/pop band Fitz and the Tantrums for a rehearsal after being recommended to band leader Michael Fitzpatrick by saxophone player James King  According to Scaggs, "When I first heard the project I was really attracted to the sound  It was something that wasn't really familiar in the spectrum of not being exactly Motown or something from the '80s "They performed for the first time a week later at Hollywood's Hotel Café, and she decided to remain with the band as a vocalist, songwriter, and lyricist  They released their debut EP Songs for a Breakup, Vol  1 in August 2009, and the tracks soon received airplay on public radio station KCRW in Los Angeles 
Six months after their first performance they had slots at Lollapalooza and Telluride Blues & Brews  In late 2009 they toured with Hepcat, Flogging Molly, and opened eight concerts for Maroon 5  The band signed to Dangerbird Records in April 2010, and Scaggs has since appeared with the band on Jimmy Kimmel Live!,  Conan and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno 
Their first full-length album, Pickin' Up the Pieces was released on August 24, 2010  It received critical acclaim and reached No  1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart, 140 on the Billboard 200, and 18 on the Independent Albums chart 
They were called by Vogue Magazine the "Hardest Working Band of 2011," and "Artist to Watch" in Rolling Stone  Also according to Rolling Stone, the band "throws a sparkling pop gloss on a familiar Motown sound thanks in large part to the powerhouse vocals of sultry singer Noelle Scaggs "

Discography
Singles
2003: The Craft (featuring Dilated Peoples)
2018: Great For You (featuring BRÅVES)

The Rebirth
Studio albums2006: This Journey In (Vocals, composer)

Fitz and the Tantrums
Studio albums2009: Songs for a Breakup, Vol  1 EP (Composer, vocals)
2010: Santa Stole My Lady EP (Composer, vocals)
2010: Pickin' Up the Pieces (Composer, vocals)
2013: More Than Just A Dream (Composer, vocals, keyboards)
2016: Fitz and the Tantrums ((Composer, vocals)
2019: All the Feels (Composer, vocals)

Collaborations
Studio albums2000: The Rose That Grew from Concrete (Vocals)
2000: Bridging the Gap by The Black Eyed Peas (Background vocals)
2001: Expansion Team by Dilated Peoples (Vocals)
2003: Elephunk by The Black Eyed Peas (Background vocals)
2003: Must B 21: Soundtrack to Get Things Started by will i am (Background vocals)
2004: Crescent Moon by Lunar Heights (Primary artist, vocals)
2004: The Arrival by Cutthroat Dymond Cutz Family (Primary artist, vocals)
2005: 100% Black Novenoe Volument DVD (Background vocals)
2005: Grammy Nominees 2005 (Background vocals)
2005: Push Comes to Shove by MED (Composer)
2005: Monkey Business by The Black Eyed Peas (Background Vocals)
2005: Soul Divas (Wagram) (Featured artist)
2006: An Announcement to Answer by Quantic (Composer, primary artist, vocals)
2006: Authentic Vintage by Jern Eye (Vocals)
2007: Rough Guide to Latin Funk (Composer)
2007: Shapes 07:01 (Composer)
2007: Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story (Musician, vocals)
2007: The Killion Floor by Orgone (Lyricist, primary artist, vocals)
2007: The Weatherman LP by Evidence (Choir, vocals)
2007: Tropidelico by The Quantic Soul Orchestra (Primary artist, vocals)
2008: Jungle Struttin' by The Lions (Vocals)
2008: Ode to the Ghetto by Guilty Simpson (Vocals)
2008: Out My Window by Koushik (Vocals)
2008: The Layover EP by Evidence (Vocals)
2009: The Connection, Vol  1 by Evidence (Featured artist, vocals)
2010: Distant Relatives by Damian "Junior Gong" Marley (Background vocals)
2010: Fairfax Avenue by Roy Jay (Background vocals)
2010: For What You've Lost by Raashan Ahmad (Featured artist)
2011: Cats and Dogs by Evidence (Vocals)
2011: How Do You Do by Mayer Hawthorne (Vocals)
2011: Extra Playful by John Cale (Background vocals)

Singles
"Let's Do It Again"/"Cherry Pie" (Featured artist, composer)

Filmography
2005: Be Cool (Backup singer)
2006: Where is Love Waiting (Singer)



ground_truth: Sonic Mania