prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is the University Joe Odom played football for located?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Joe Fincham
Joe Fincham (born October 6, 1964) is a former American football coach  He served as the head football coach at Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio from 1996 to 2021, compiling a record of 224–51  Fincham played football at Ohio University from 1983 to 1986  On September 25, 2010, Fincham won his 130th game, passing Dave Maurer for the most wins in Wittenberg Tigers football history 

Head coaching record
See also
List of college football coaches with 200 wins
Passage 2:
James C  Donnelly
James Corcoran Donnelly (December 9, 1881 – March 24, 1952) was an American college football player and coach in the early 1900s  He played football at Worcester's Classical High School then went on to Dartmouth where he played football  After graduation in 1905 he went to Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1908  He practiced law and served as head football coach at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (1909, 1911, 1915), Howard College in Birmingham, Alabama (1910), and Miami University in Oxford, Ohio (1912–1914), compiling a career college football record of 22–32–4  In 1931, he was appointed a Superior Court judge  His younger brother, Charley Donnelly also coached football at the high school and college level  His youngest brother, Ralph E  Donnelly, was also a standout football player and war hero 

Early life
Donnelly was born on December 9, 1881 in Clinton, Massachusetts  Donnelly was the oldest of seven children born to John E  Donnelly and Mary Ellen Corcoran Donnelly  His father immigrated from England and was a machinist in Clinton  James graduated from Classical High School in Worcester, where he had starred in football 

College career
He attended Dartmouth College where he graduated with an A B  in 1905  He excelled in football where he played end on the first Dartmouth football team to beat Harvard  In 1904, his final year, he lettered under coach Fred Folsom  That year, he helped the Dartmouth eleven to an undefeated record of 9–0–1 with a scoreless tie to national power Harvard  Donnelly played alongside three Walter Camp All-Americans, Joseph Gilman at guard (2nd team), Ralph Glaze at end (3rd team) and James Vaughn at halfback (3rd team)  The team out scored its opponents by a combined score of 143 to 13  After graduating from Dartmouth, Donnelly attended Harvard Law School and graduated in 1907 

Legal career
After graduating from Harvard, he was admitted to the bar in 1908 and became a lawyer in Worcester, Massachusetts  Early in his career, he clerked in the law office of Thayer & Cobb, where he worked with Webster Thayer, later the judge in the Sacco and Vanzetti Trial  In 1908, he became law partners with Charles F  Campbell  In 1931, he was appointed as a judge in the Superior Court in Worcester by Governor Joseph B  Ely  His appointment was aided partly by the political connections of his family and his law partner but was hailed by the legal community because he was known for his consistency and fairness 

Coaching career
In the fall of 1905 he began coaching local high schools and colleges in the area  During the period from 1905 to 1909 he was the football coach of one or two teams per season including at Worcester High School, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and Highland Military Academy of Worcester  In 1910 he took the head football job at Howard College (now known as Samford University) in Birmingham, Alabama  His team finished the season with a 1–8 record and was outscored 304 to 10  In 1911 he returned to coach at Worcester Polytechnic Institute until he was hired for the 1912 football season as an acting professor of physical education and football coach at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio  In the three years as head coach at Miami he had a combined record 14–8–2  Donnelly was replaced as head football coach for the 1915 season by Chester J  Roberts  At the time Miami was changing their philosophy of athletics by moving to an all-year athletic coach  Donnelly was unable to be in Oxford for the entire school year since he could only take a limited amount of time off from his law practice in Massachusetts 

Personal life
Donnelly married Mary O'Reilly of Worcester on October 21, 1920  They had three children: James, Jr , Rosemary, and Elizabeth Ann  Donnelly was killed in a traffic accident in Ashland, Virginia on the way back from Florida, on March 24, 1952  His car was hit head on by a truck  His wife and his daughter, Rosemary were also in the car at the time of the accident, with Rosemary also being killed 

Head coaching record
College football
Passage 3:
Joe Simmons (coach)
Joseph F  Simmons (June 5, 1895 – March 4, 1973) was an American football, basketball, and baseball coach   He served as the head football coach at Central Michigan University for one season in 1920, compiling a record of 4–3–1   He was also the head basketball and head baseball coach at Central Michigan during the same academic year   Simmons graduated from Carthage College, where played football, basketball, and baseball, and ran track   He coached high school football at South Milwaukee High School in the late 1920s and at Milwaukee Country Day School from 1928 to 1936   He was an assistant football coach at Yale University from 1937 to 1939 

Head coaching record
College football
Passage 4:
Joe Odom
Joseph Edward Odom (born December 14, 1979) is a former National Football League (NFL) linebacker   He was selected in the sixth round of the 2003 NFL Draft with the 191st overall pick by the Chicago Bears out of Purdue University  On August 23, 2006, Odom was claimed off of waivers by the Buffalo Bills  After suffering a career ending knee injury, he was forced to medically retire after the 2006 season  Joe currently works for the Stephen Gould Corporation out of Tampa, FL  He is married to Aline Odom from Brazil and has three daughters: Stella Odom, Luna Odom, and Beatriz Odom  They currently live on a small farm in Myakka City, FL 
Passage 5:
Sammy Joe Odom
Sammy Joe Odom (November 13, 1941 - January 18, 2001) was a professional football player, who played for the Houston Oilers in 1964 Odom was born November 13, 1941, in Shreveport, Louisiana, and attended Minden High School in Minden, Louisiana, and then Northwestern State University, playing for the Northwestern State Demons football as a linebacker/defensive tackle in the Gulf States Conference  He was drafted in the seventh round of the 1964 NFL Draft with pick 95 by the Cleveland Browns and pick 78 in the tenth round of the  1964 AFL Draft by the Houston Oilers He opted to go to the Oilers and played fourteen games as a defensive tackle with the Oilers in 1964, making two interceptions for 22 yards  The following year he moved to the Richmond Rebels, as part of their inaugural team playing in the newly established Continental Football League  He did not play a game for the team and was delisted 
Odom died on January 18, 2001, in Mansfield, Louisiana 
Passage 6:
Purdue University
Purdue University (or simply Purdue) is a public land-grant research university in West Lafayette, Indiana, and the flagship campus of the Purdue University system  The university was founded in 1869 after Lafayette businessman John Purdue donated land and money to establish a college of science, technology, and agriculture in his name  The first classes were held on September 16, 1874, with six instructors and 39 students  It has been ranked as among the best public universities in the United States by major institutional rankings, and is known for its engineering program The main campus in West Lafayette offers more than 200 majors for undergraduates, over 70 masters and doctoral programs, and professional degrees in pharmacy, veterinary medicine, and doctor of nursing practice  In addition, Purdue has 18 intercollegiate sports teams and more than 1000 student organizations  Purdue is the founding member of the Big Ten Conference and enrolls the largest student body of any individual university campus in Indiana, as well as the ninth-largest foreign student population of any university in the United States Purdue University is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity"  Purdue faculty, students, alumni and other affiliates have reached many notable and influential positions in business, media, politics, and science  Purdue has been affiliated with 13 Nobel laureates, 1 Turing Award laureate, 2 World Food Prize laureates, 3 Pulitzer Prize winners, 18 Olympic medalists, 3 National Medal of Technology and Innovation recipients, 2 National Medal of Science recipients, 3 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients, 7 members of Congress, 3 U S  governors, and 2 heads of state  Purdue has over 400,000 living alumni  Its alumni have included 26 astronauts, 6 current Fortune 500 CEOs, 2 Rhodes Scholars, 4 Truman Scholars and 3 Gates Scholars 

History
In 1865, the Indiana General Assembly voted to take advantage of the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act of 1862 and began plans to establish an institution with a focus on agriculture and engineering  Communities throughout the state offered facilities and funding in bids for the location of the new college  Popular proposals included the addition of an agriculture department at Indiana State University, at what is now Butler University  By 1869, Tippecanoe County's offer included $150,000 (equivalent to $3 3 million in 2022) from Lafayette business leader and philanthropist John Purdue; $50,000 from the county; and 100 acres (0 4 km2) of land from local residents On May 6, 1869, the General Assembly established the institution in Tippecanoe County as Purdue University, in the name of the principal benefactor  Classes began at Purdue on September 16, 1874, with six instructors and 39 students  Professor John S  Hougham was Purdue's first faculty member and served as acting president between the administrations of presidents Shortridge and White  A campus of five buildings was completed by the end of 1874  In 1875, Sarah A  Oren, the State Librarian of Indiana, was appointed professor of botany Purdue issued its first degree, a Bachelor of Science in chemistry, in 1875  The first female student was admitted that autumn Emerson E  White, the university's president from 1876 to 1883, followed a strict interpretation of the Morrill Act  Rather than emulate the classical universities, White believed Purdue should be an "industrial college" and devote its resources toward providing a broad, liberal education with an emphasis on science, technology, and agriculture  He intended not only to prepare students for industrial work, but also to prepare them to be good citizens and family members Part of White's plan to distinguish Purdue from classical universities included a controversial attempt to ban fraternities, which was ultimately overturned by the Indiana Supreme Court, leading to White's resignation  The next president, James H  Smart, is remembered for his call in 1894 to rebuild the original Heavilon Hall "one brick higher" after it had been destroyed by a fire By the end of the nineteenth century, the university was organized into schools of agriculture, engineering (mechanical, civil, and electrical), and pharmacy; former U S  President Benjamin Harrison served on the board of trustees  Purdue's engineering laboratories included testing facilities for a locomotive, and for a Corliss steam engine—one of the most efficient engines of the time  The School of Agriculture shared its research with farmers throughout the state, with its cooperative extension services, and would undergo a period of growth over the following two decades  Programs in education and home economics were soon established, as well as a short-lived school of medicine  By 1925, Purdue had the largest undergraduate engineering enrollment in the country, a status it would keep for half a century 

President Edward C  Elliott oversaw a campus building program between the world wars  Inventor, alumnus, and trustee David E  Ross coordinated several fundraisers, donated lands to the university, and was instrumental in establishing the Purdue Research Foundation  Ross's gifts and fundraisers supported such projects as Ross–Ade Stadium, the Memorial Union, a civil engineering surveying camp, and Purdue University Airport  Purdue Airport was the country's first university-owned airport and the site of the country's first college-credit flight training courses Amelia Earhart joined the Purdue faculty in 1935 as a consultant for these flight courses and as a counselor on women's careers  In 1936, the Purdue Research Foundation provided the funds for the Lockheed Electra 10-E Earhart flew on her attempted round-the-world flight  
Every school and department at the university was involved in some type of military research or training during World War II  During a project on radar receivers, Purdue physicists discovered properties of germanium that led to the making of the first transistor  The Army and the Navy conducted training programs at Purdue and more than 17,500 students, staff, and alumni served in the armed forces  Purdue set up about a hundred centers throughout Indiana to train skilled workers for defense industries  As veterans returned to the university under the G I  Bill, first-year classes were taught at some of these sites to alleviate the demand for campus space  Four of these sites are now degree-granting regional campuses of the Purdue University system  On-campus housing became racially desegregated in 1947, following pressure from Purdue President Frederick L  Hovde and Indiana Governor Ralph F  Gates After the war, Hovde worked to expand the academic opportunities at the university  A decade-long construction program emphasized science and research  In the late 1950s and early 1960s the university established programs in veterinary medicine, industrial management, and nursing, as well as the first computer science department in the United States  Undergraduate humanities courses were strengthened, although Hovde only reluctantly approved of graduate-level study in these areas  Purdue awarded its first Bachelor of Arts degrees in 1960  The programs in liberal arts and education, formerly administered by the School of Science, were soon split into an independent school 
The official seal of Purdue was officially inaugurated during the university's centennial in 1969  Consisting of elements from emblems that had been used unofficially since the 1890s, the current seal depicts a griffin, symbolizing strength, and a three-part shield, representing education, research, and service In 1975, Purdue University joined ARPANET, an early packet-switching network that would ultimately become the foundation for the modern internet In recent years, Purdue's leaders have continued to support high-tech research and international programs  In 1987, U S  President Ronald Reagan visited the West Lafayette campus to give a speech about the influence of technological progress on job creation In the 1990s, the university added more opportunities to study abroad and expanded its course offerings in world languages and cultures  The first buildings of the Discovery Park interdisciplinary research center were dedicated in 2004 Purdue launched a Global Policy Research Institute in 2010 to explore the potential impact of technical knowledge on public policy decisions On April 27, 2017, Purdue University announced plans to acquire for-profit college Kaplan University and convert it to a public university in the state of Indiana, subject to multiple levels of approval  That school now operates as Purdue University Global, and aims to serve adult learners 

Integration
Purdue had black graduates by the 1890s, and in 1905 a Black man ran for its track team  But some time in the 1910s the teams became segregated, and remained so until a student protest in 1947  Black students were not allowed to live in the residence halls until the 1940s  Black males were able to live in cooperatives, but Black females were not allowed to live anywhere in West Lafayette  In 1946 the women's dormitories were integrated by an order of the governor of Indiana Helen Williams became the first Black faculty member in 1968 

Campuses
Purdue's campus is situated in the small city of West Lafayette, near the western bank of the Wabash River, across which sits the larger city of Lafayette  State Street, which is concurrent with State Road 26, divides the northern and southern portions of campus  Academic buildings are mostly concentrated on the eastern and southern parts of campus, with residence halls and intramural fields to the west, and athletic facilities to the north  The Greater Lafayette Public Transportation Corporation (CityBus) operates eight campus loop bus routes on which students, faculty, and staff can ride free of charge with Purdue Identification 

Purdue Mall
The Purdue Mall is the central quad of Purdue University and was created to connect the academic campus with Ross-Ade Stadium  It is also known as the Engineering Mall due to its proximity to several engineering buildings  The most prominent feature of the Purdue Mall is the 38-foot (12 m)-tall concrete Engineering Fountain, and also features the Frederick L  Hovde Hall of Administration, which houses the office of the university president, Mitchell E  Daniels The Purdue Bell Tower is between the Stadium and Centennial Malls  The Bell Tower is considered an icon of the university and can be found on many Purdue logos and those of the cities of Lafayette and West Lafayette Southwest of the Stadium Mall is the Edward C  Elliott Hall of Music, one of the largest proscenium theaters in the world  Elliott Hall of Music serves as the home of the Purdue "All-American" Marching Band, Purdue Bands and Orchestras, the WBAA studio  Purdue's Student Concert Committee often invites famous entertainers to perform there for an audience of students, faculty, and the public West of the Elliott Hall of Music is the Armory Building  The Armory Building was rebuilt in 1918 after a fire and houses the university's ROTC programs and other clubs  In March 2019, university president Mitch Daniels described a proposal to repurpose the Armory Building, suggesting the space may be used for residential dining, retail, or classrooms but later said no changes would be made 

Memorial Mall
The Purdue Memorial Mall, south of the Purdue Mall, is the original section of campus  A popular meeting place for students, the grassy, open Memorial Mall is surrounded by the Stewart Center, Wetherill Laboratory of Chemistry, Stanley Coulter Hall, the Class of 1950 Lecture Hall, the Recitation Building, University Hall, and Stone Hall  The Memorial Mall also features the Hello Walk Near this section of campus is Felix Haas Hall, which was constructed in 1909 as Memorial Gymnasium in memory of the 17 Purdue University football players, coaches, alumni, and fans who perished in the Purdue Wreck railroad accident on October 31, 1903  The structure was renovated in 1985 to house the computer science department  In 2006, it was renamed in honor of retired Provost Felix Haas and began to also house the Statistics department  East of the Memorial Mall is the Purdue Memorial Union, Purdue's student union building, and the adjacent Union Club Hotel University Hall is the only building remaining from the original six-building campus  Construction began in 1871, when the building was known as "The Main Building"  The building was dedicated in 1877 and the project cost $35,000 to complete  University Hall originally housed the office of the president, a chapel, and classrooms, but was remodeled in 1961 to house only the department of history and classrooms used by the School of Liberal Arts  At the request of John Purdue, he was buried in the Memorial Mall, directly across from the main entrance of University Hall 

South Campus
The area south of State Street is home to Purdue's agricultural, fine arts, life sciences, and veterinary buildings  This area also includes the Krannert School of Management, Horticulture Gardens, Discovery Park, Lyles Porter Hall and the Purdue Airport  The Krannert School of Management has been nationally and globally ranked for both undergraduate and graduate degree programs  Krannert and Rawls Hall provide state of the art learning facilities to the majority of business classes on campus  Rawls Hall was built in 2006 with the help of a $10 million gift from Jerry S  Rawls, the largest in the management school's history Lyles Porter Hall houses interdisciplinary healthcare facilities and classroom space within the College of Health and Human Sciences as well as the West Lafayette branch of the Indiana University School of Medicine  Collectively, students and clinical faculty within Nursing, Health and Kinesiology, Nutrition Science, Psychological Sciences, and Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences see approximately 3,000 patients a year within this state-of-the-art interdisciplinary healthcare facility  The building features a nursing clinic, specialized preschool, exercise center, consultation space and demonstration kitchen for dietitians in training, clinical psychology facility, audiology and speech-language pathology clinics, cadaver laboratory for physicians in training, and research laboratories Purdue University Airport, which opened in 1930 was the first of its kind and remains one of only a few university-owned airports in the nation  Including the Niswonger Aviation Technology Building, which was dedicated in 2009, the facility symbolizes Purdue's storied relationship with aviation 

West Campus
The western portion of campus consists of student housing, dining, and recreation facilities  Students can play club and intramural sports at the Córdova Recreational Sports Center, the Morgan J  Burke Aquatic Center (named for former Purdue Men's Swimming & Diving Captain and longtime Vice President & Athletics Director), and the intramural playing fields in this area  The Córdova Recreational Sports Center, built in 1957, is the first building in the nation created solely to serve university student recreational needs  As a replacement for the previously separate women's and men's gymnasiums, it was originally called the "Co-recreational Gymnasium"  Despite several expansions and official name changes, it has been nicknamed "the Co-rec" ever since 

Stadium Avenue
Much of the northern part of campus sits on land purchased for the university by industrialist David E  Ross and author and humorist George Ade in the 1920s  Many of Purdue's athletic facilities are there, including Ross–Ade Stadium (American football), Mackey Arena (basketball), and Lambert Fieldhouse (indoor track and field)  This area also includes the Slayter Center of Performing Arts and Cary Quadrangle, one of the largest all-male housing units in the country Ross is one of three people buried on Purdue's campus, the others being John Purdue and former First Lady of Purdue, Jane Beering  Ross's and Beering's grave sites are in a garden atop Slayter Hill just to the west of the Slayter bandshell  Beering's husband, former Purdue President Steven Beering, will eventually join her atop the hill  Baseball's Alexander Field and other athletic facilities are a mile west of the stadium, at the newer Northwest Athletic Complex 

Organization and administration
The university president, appointed by the board of trustees, is the chief administrative officer of the university  The office of the president oversees admission and registration, student conduct and counseling, the administration and scheduling of classes and space, the administration of student athletics and organized extracurricular activities, the libraries, the appointment of the faculty and conditions of their employment, the appointment of all non-faculty employees and the conditions of employment, the general organization of the university, and the planning and administration of the university budget The Board of Trustees directly appoints other major officers of the university including a provost who serves as the chief academic officer for the university, several vice presidents with oversight over specific university operations, and the regional campus chancellors 

Academics
Admissions
Undergraduate
The 2022 annual ranking of U S  News & World Report categorizes Purdue University-West Lafayette as "more selective"  For the Class of 2025 (enrolled fall 2021), Purdue received 59,173 applications and accepted 40,759 (68 9%)  Of those accepted, 10,157 enrolled, a yield rate (the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 24 9%  Purdue's freshman retention rate is 92%, with 81 5% going on to graduate within six years The university started test-optional admissions with the Fall 2021 incoming class in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and has extended this through Fall 2023  Of the 62% of the incoming freshman class who submitted SAT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1190-1430  Of the 31% of enrolled freshmen in 2021 who submitted ACT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 26 and 33 Purdue University is a college-sponsor of the National Merit Scholarship Program and sponsored 88 Merit Scholarship awards in 2020  In the 2020–2021 academic year, 127 freshman students were National Merit Scholars 

Academic divisions
Purdue offers both undergraduate and graduate programs in over 211 major areas of study, and is well known for its competitive engineering curricula  The university has also been integral in America's history of aviation, having established the first college credit offered in flight training; the first four-year bachelor's degree in aviation; and the first university airport: Purdue University Airport  Purdue's aviation technology and aeronautical engineering programs remain among the most competitive aviation-specific programs in the world  In the mid-20th century, Purdue's aviation program expanded to encompass advanced spaceflight technology, giving rise to Purdue's nicknames Cradle of Astronauts and Mother of Astronauts  26 Purdue graduates have become astronauts, including Gus Grissom, one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts; Neil Armstrong, who was the first person to walk on the Moon; and Eugene Cernan, who was the last person to walk on the Moon The English department at Purdue launched the first Online Writing Lab (OWL), in 1994  Many colleges and universities use the Purdue OWL website as an academic writing reference source for proper word usage, punctuation, grammar, and style Purdue is organized into 10 colleges and schools  On July 1, 2010, the College of Health and Human Sciences was formed, through combining existing academic units, including the School of Nursing, the School of Health Sciences, the College of Consumer and Family Sciences, and non-humanities majors psychology and hearing and speech pathology from the College of Liberal Arts 

College of Agriculture
The university's College of Agriculture supports the university's agricultural, food, life, and natural resource science programs  The college also supports the university's charge as a land-grant university to support agriculture throughout the state; its agricultural extension program plays a key role in this 

College of Education
The College of Education offers undergraduate degrees in elementary education, social studies education, science education and special education, and graduate degrees in these and many other specialty areas of education  It has two departments: (a) Curriculum and Instruction and (b) Educational Studies 

College of Engineering
The Purdue University College of Engineering was established in 1874 with programs in Civil and Mechanical Engineering  The college now offers BS, MS, and PhD degrees in more than a dozen disciplines  Purdue's engineering program has also educated 24 of America's astronauts, including Neil Armstrong and Eugene Cernan who were the first and last astronauts to have walked on the Moon, respectively, and Gus Grissom, a member of the Mercury Seven  Many of Purdue's engineering disciplines are recognized as top-ten programs in the U S  The college as a whole is currently ranked 4th in the U S  of all doctorate-granting engineering schools by U S  News & World Report 

Exploratory Studies
The university's Exploratory Studies program supports undergraduate students who enter the university without having a declared major  It was founded as a pilot program in 1995 and made a permanent program in 1999 

College of Health and Human Sciences
The College of Health and Human Sciences was established in 2010 and is the newest college  It offers BS, MS and PhD degrees in all 10 of its academic units 

College of Liberal Arts
Purdue's College of Liberal Arts contains the arts, social sciences and humanities programs at the university  Liberal arts courses have been taught at Purdue since its founding in 1874  The School of Science, Education, and Humanities was formed in 1953  In 1963, the School of Humanities, Social Sciences, and Education was established, although Bachelor of Arts degrees had begun to be conferred as early as 1959  In 1989, the School of Liberal Arts was created to encompass Purdue's arts, humanities, and social sciences programs, while education programs were split off into the newly formed School of Education  The School of Liberal Arts was renamed the College of Liberal Arts in 2005 

Daniels School of Business
The Daniels School of Business offers management courses and programs at the undergraduate, master's, and doctoral levels 

College of Pharmacy
The university's College of Pharmacy was established in 1884 and is the 3rd oldest state-funded school of pharmacy in the United States  The school offers two undergraduate programs leading to the BS in Pharmaceutical Sciences (BSPS) and the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm D ) professional degree  Graduate programs leading to MS and PhD degrees are offered in three departments (Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, and Pharmacy Practice)  Additionally, the school offers several non-degree certificate programs and post-graduate continuing education activities 

Purdue Polytechnic Institute
The Purdue Polytechnic Institute, formerly known as the College of Technology, offers bachelor's, master's and PhD degrees in a wide range of technology-related disciplines  With over 30,000 living alumni, it is one of the largest technology schools in the United States  In addition to the main school in West Lafayette, Purdue Polytechnic operates nine satellite campuses in Anderson, Columbus, Indianapolis, Kokomo, Lafayette, New Albany, Richmond, Vincennes, and South Bend  These locations offer certificate, associate, and/or bachelor's degrees, some of which are ABET-accredited technical degrees 
The Polytechnic Institute also maintains three high school campuses (two in Indianapolis and one in South Bend) that focus on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics and feature hands-on project-based learning 

College of Science
The university's College of Science houses the university's science departments: Biological Sciences; Chemistry; Computer Science; Earth, Atmospheric, & Planetary Sciences; Mathematics; Physics & Astronomy; and Statistics  The science courses offered by the college account for about one-fourth of Purdue's one million student credit hours 

College of Veterinary Medicine
The College of Veterinary Medicine is accredited by the AVMA to offer the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree, associate's and bachelor's degrees in veterinary technology, master's and PhD degrees, and residency programs leading to specialty board certification  Within the state of Indiana, the Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine is the only veterinary school, while the Indiana University School of Medicine is one of only two medical schools (the other being Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine)  The two schools frequently collaborate on medical research projects 

Honors College
Purdue's Honors College supports an honors program for undergraduate students at the university 

The Graduate School
The university's Graduate School supports graduate students at the university 

Purdue Online
Through Purdue Online, the administrative unit charged with planning and enabling the effort, Purdue has a growing online presence, in addition to Purdue Global, offering more than 200 programs through the university's four accredited institutions (Purdue West Lafayette, Purdue Northwest and Purdue Fort Wayne in Indiana and Purdue Global) including master's degree programs  Purdue Online, the unified online education initiative approved by Purdue President Mitch Daniels and the Purdue Board of Trustees in December 2018, is intended to radically expand these offerings by developing a "coordinated, unified system-wide portfolio of online course and degree offerings for students of all types " Students manage their Purdue University admin account using the BrightSpace Purdue Student Portal 

Research
The university expended $622 814 million in support of research system-wide in 2017, using funds received from the state and federal governments, industry, foundations, and individual donors  The faculty and more than 400 research laboratories put Purdue University among the leading research institutions  Purdue University is considered by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education to have "very high research activity"  Purdue also was rated the nation's fourth best place to work in academia, according to rankings released in November 2007 by The Scientist magazine  Purdue's researchers provide insight, knowledge, assistance, and solutions in many crucial areas  These include, but are not limited to Agriculture; Business and Economy; Education; Engineering; Environment; Healthcare; Individuals, Society, Culture; Manufacturing; Science; Technology; Veterinary Medicine The Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), a global research consortium focused on global economic governance challenges (trade, climate, resource use) is also coordinated by the university  Purdue University generated a record $438 million in sponsored research funding during the 2009–10 fiscal year with participation from National Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the U S  departments of Agriculture, Defense, Energy, and Health and Human Services  Purdue University was ranked fourth in Engineering research expenditures amongst all the colleges in the United States in 2017, with a research expenditure budget of 244 8 million Purdue University established the Discovery Park to bring innovation through multidisciplinary action  In all of the eleven centers of Discovery Park, ranging from entrepreneurship to energy and advanced manufacturing, research projects reflect a large economic impact and address global challenges  Purdue University's nanotechnology research program, built around the new Birck Nanotechnology Center in Discovery Park, ranks among the best in the nation The Purdue Research Park which opened in 1961 was developed by Purdue Research Foundation which is a private, nonprofit foundation created to assist Purdue  The park is focused on companies operating in the arenas of life sciences, homeland security, engineering, advanced manufacturing and information technology  It provides an interactive environment for experienced Purdue researchers and for private business and high-tech industry  It currently employs more than 3,000 people in 155 companies, including 90 technology-based firms  The Purdue Research Park was ranked first by the Association of University Research Parks in 2004 Purdue's library system consists of fifteen locations throughout the campus, including an archives and special collections research center, an undergraduate library, and several subject-specific libraries  More than three million volumes, including one million electronic books, are held at these locations  The Library houses the Amelia Earhart Collection, a collection of notes and letters belonging to Earhart and her husband George Putnam along with records related to her disappearance and subsequent search efforts  An administrative unit of Purdue University Libraries, Purdue University Press has its roots in the 1960 founding of Purdue University Studies by President Frederick Hovde on a $12,000 grant from the Purdue Research Foundation  This was the result of a committee appointed by President Hovde after the Department of English lamented the lack of publishing venues in the humanities  Since the 1990s, the range of books published by the Press has grown to reflect the work from other colleges at Purdue University especially in the areas of agriculture, health, and engineering  Purdue University Press publishes print and ebook monograph series in a range of subject areas from literary and cultural studies to the study of the human-animal bond  In 1993 Purdue University Press was admitted to membership of the Association of American University Presses  Purdue University Press publishes around 25 books a year and 20 learned journals in print, in print & online, and online-only formats in collaboration with Purdue University Libraries 

Sustainability
Purdue's Sustainability Council, composed of university administrators and professors, meets monthly to discuss environmental issues and sustainability initiatives at Purdue  The university's first LEED Certified building was an addition to the Mechanical Engineering Building, which was completed in Fall 2011  The school is also in the process of developing an arboretum on campus  In addition, a system has been set up to display live data detailing current energy production at the campus utility plant  The school holds an annual "Green Week" each fall, an effort to engage the Purdue community with issues relating to environmental sustainability 

Rankings
In its 2022 edition, U S  News & World Report ranked Purdue University the 7th most innovative national university, tied for the 18th best public university in the United States, tied for 51st overall, and 127th best global university  U S  News & World Report also rated Purdue tied for 36th in "Best Undergraduate Teaching, 81st in "Best Value Schools", tied for 326th in "Top Performers on Social Mobility", and the undergraduate engineering program tied for 9th at schools whose highest degree is a doctorate 

Campus life
Student body
8,562 students from 126 countries around the world attended Purdue University in 2012  In 2012–13, 19,689 out of a total of 39,256 students enrolled were Indiana residents  As of 2013, the racial diversity of the US-resident undergraduate student body was 5 7% Asian, 4 4% Hispanic or Latino, and 4 0% black or African American  Of the undergraduate students, 42 6% were female  Domestic minorities constitute a total of 10 8% in the graduate student body population of which 37 3% are female  Twenty-two percent of the student body is international, representing 126 countries  In graduate and professional student population, non-Indiana residents occupy an overwhelming majority, about 75%  Almost all undergraduates and about 70% of the graduate student population attend full-time  The school's selectivity for admissions is "more selective" by USNWR: approximately 49% of applicants are admitted 

Housing
About one-third of the single undergraduate students on the West Lafayette campus live in university-owned buildings  The rest live in fraternities, sororities, cooperatives, or private off-campus housing  There are 11,844 spaces available for undergraduate students, graduate students, and student families who choose to live on campus  Sixteen percent of the undergraduate student body are members of the 40 fraternities and 20 sororities on campus 
Purdue University operates seventeen separate residence halls for its undergraduate and graduate students, including Cary Quadrangle, Earhart Hall, First Street Towers, Frieda Parker Hall, Harrison Hall, Hawkins Hall, Hillenbrand Hall, Hilltop Apartments, Honors College and Residences, McCutcheon Hall, Meredith Hall, Meredith South Hall, Owen Hall, Shreve Hall, Tarkington Hall, Wiley Hall, Winifred Parker Hall, and the 5 Windsor Halls: Duhme, Shealy, Warren, Wood, and Vawter  Of the residence halls, Cary, McCutcheon, Wiley, and Tarkington are male-only while Windsor, Meredith South Hall, and Meredith Hall are female-only; the rest of them are co-ed There are 12 cooperative houses at Purdue (five men's houses and seven women's houses)  The men's houses include Circle Pines, Fairway, Marwood, Chauncey, and Gemini  The women's houses include Ann Tweedale, Glenwood, Twin Pines, Maclure, Stewart, Devonshire, and Shoemaker  All cooperative houses are governed under the Purdue Cooperative Council which is led by Purdue University students who live in these houses  The cooperative system allows for a much lower cost of living than other types of housing, averaging $2900 annually with all-inclusive monthly rent ranging from $250–$625 varying by house  The members take an active role in sharing chores and cooking all meals themselves, as opposed to hiring out cleaning and cooking staff Purdue University hosts one of the nation's largest Greek community, with approximately 6,000 students participating in one of the roughly 40 men's fraternities or 30 women's sororities  Several of Purdue's most distinguished graduates are members of fraternities and sororities  Purdue's Greek system is very strong and works together in various aspects, including the Inter-Fraternity Council, Panhellenic, and many very successful philanthropies  Every chapter has national philanthropy dedicated to a certain cause that many chapters also participate in  Besides philanthropy, Purdue Greeks are involved all over campus, including College Mentors for Kids, Purdue University Dance Marathon, Boiler Gold Rush, Purdue Student Government, and other activities 

Activities and events
Students at Purdue participate in more than 900 student organizations that cover a variety of interests  Some of the notable clubs founded by Purdue students include the Purdue Reamer Club (a school spirit organization that cares for the Boilermaker Special mascot and raises funds for scholarships) and two clubs that eventually became nationwide organizations: the National Society of Black Engineers and the Rube Goldberg Machine Contest Several campus-wide programs are planned by the Purdue Alumni Student Experience (part of the Alumni Association), Purdue Student Union Board, Purdue Student Government (PSG), or the Purdue Graduate Student Government (PGSG)  PSG and PGSG are made up of representatives from each of the university's academic colleges and give recommendations to the faculty, administration, and sometimes to the state legislature Annual campus events include Boiler Gold Rush, Purdue University Dance Marathon, Spring Fest, and Grand Prix  Boiler Gold Rush (BGR) is Purdue's new-student orientation program  BGR, which takes place before each fall semester, was formed to ease the transition to college for incoming students and to help them get acquainted with successful college life  Boiler Gold Rush activities include speaker presentations from various academic, cultural, safety, and professional organizations on campus, campus tours led by Team Leaders, academic 'meet the schools' picnic and interest sessions, late-night events at the Purdue Memorial Union, Recreational Sports Center and local stores, and a sports pep rally  Purdue University Dance Marathon (PUDM) is an 18-hour no-sitting, no-sleeping, dance marathon that takes place each fall in the Cordova Recreation center  Each year over 2,000 students participate and the event raises over $1 million annually for Riley Hospital for Children in Indianapolis  PUDM is also one of the largest collegiate Dance Marathons in the country  Spring Fest is an annual carnival with entertaining exhibits from many academic departments  A highlight of the weekend is the Entomology Department's Bug Bowl, where the sport of cricket spitting was invented in 1997  The Purdue Grand Prix, a 50-mile, 160-lap go-kart race is "The Greatest Spectacle in College Racing" and wraps up Gala Week each year  All 33 participating karts are made from scratch by student teams  The event has been raising money for student scholarships since it began in 1958 

Religious life
Purdue has a number of religious organizations on and near the campus  St  Thomas Aquinas Catholic Church serves the Catholic community at Purdue and the surrounding community  There is also a non-denominational Christian church, Campus House, which is affiliated with the popular coffee-shop Greyhouse Coffee  The Purdue Hillel Foundation and Chabad at Purdue are the university's Jewish campus organizations  The Islamic Society of Greater Lafayette has an Islamic center serving the needs of the Muslim community on campus 

Media
The Purdue Exponent, an independent student newspaper, has the largest circulation of any Indiana college newspaper, with a daily circulation of 17,500 copies during the spring and fall semesters  From 1889 to 2008 Purdue published a yearbook called the Debris WBAA is a professional radio station operation owned by and licensed to Purdue University  The station operates three noncommercial stations: WBAA News, WBAA Classical, and WBAA Jazz  The stations can be heard on AM920, 101 3 FM, and 105 9 FM  WBAA also broadcasts on HD Radio and digital platforms including wbaa org and the WBAA app  Its studios are in the Edward C  Elliott Hall of Music on the Purdue campus, and the transmitters are in Lafayette, Indiana  WBAA is the longest continuously-operating radio station in Indiana, having been licensed on April 4, 1922  WBAA is a NPR member station  Despite some public disapproval, in 2022, Purdue sold WBAA to WFYI-FM  Purdue received $700,000 in underwriting credit while agreeing to provide an investment of $250,000 annually for two years to WFYI to offset initial operating costs There are also a few campus radio stations on campus  Currently, three radio stations operate from residence halls, broadcasting via internet only; WCCR from Cary Quadrangle (not to be confused with the current WCCR FM or WCCR-LP stations in other states), WILY from Wiley Hall, and WHHR from Harrison Hall W9YB is the callsign of the Amateur Radio Club at Purdue University  W9YB is the longest standing club on campus and also holds the self-declared title of having one of the largest and most active collegiate amateur radio stations in the country  W9YB actively participates in emergency management for the Tippecanoe County area and maintains ready status with its members in skills to assist  W9YB is among the longest standing amateur radio clubs in the United States, with the current callsign dating back to 1932 and the previous callsign 9YB dating back to 1920 The "Movie Tribute Show" was created in a small television studio (now known as the Erik Mygrant Studio) on campus in 1999 

Athletics
On October 26, 1891, a newspaper in Crawfordsville, Indiana, called Purdue's football team the "Boiler Makers" when writing about their trouncing of Wabash College  Lafayette newspapers soon picked up the name, and in October 1892, The Purdue Exponent, Purdue's student newspaper, gave it the stamp of approval  In the early days of Purdue football, the team was called other names as well, including "haymakers," "railsplitters," "sluggers," and "cornfield sailors " This heritage is reflected in Purdue's official mascot: the Boilermaker Special (a truck-like vehicle that resembles a locomotive) and the athletic mascot Purdue Pete (a muscular hammer-wielding boilermaker)  The school colors of old gold and black were selected by Purdue's first football team in 1887 to resemble the orange and black of Princeton's then-successful team  The best known fight song is "Hail Purdue!" 
Purdue has one of the few college athletic programs not funded by student fees or subsidized by the university  It is home to 18 Division I/I-A NCAA teams including football, basketball, cross country, tennis, wrestling, golf, volleyball, ice hockey (ACHA), and others  Purdue is a founding member of the Big Ten Conference, and played a central role in its creation  Traditional rivals include Big Ten colleagues the Indiana Hoosiers (see Indiana–Purdue rivalry), the Illinois Fighting Illini, and the Notre Dame Fighting Irish from the Atlantic Coast Conference (football program independent, however) Purdue's baseball facility was named in honor of two alumni, Anna Margaret Ross Alexander and her husband, John Arthur Alexander, when the new stadium was dedicated in 2013 

Football
The Boilermaker football team represents Purdue University in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS)  Ryan Walters is Purdue's current head coach, the 37th in the program's history  Purdue plays its home games at Ross-Ade Stadium on the campus of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana  The Boilermakers compete in the Big Ten Conference as a member of the West Division  With a 592–515–48 record, Purdue has the 49th most victories among NCAA FBS programs  Purdue was originally classified as a Major College school in the 1937 season until 1972  Purdue received Division I classification in 1973, becoming a Division I-A program from 1978 to 2006 and an FBS program from 2006 to the present  The Boilermakers have registered 64 winning seasons in their history, with 19 of those seasons resulting in eight victories or more, 10 seasons resulting in at least nine wins, and just one season with ten victories or more  Of those successful campaigns, Purdue has produced five unbeaten seasons in its history, going 4–0 in 1891, 8–0 in 1892, 8–0 in 1929, 7–0–1 in 1932 and 9–0 in 1943  The Boilermakers have won a total of 12 conference championships in their history, including four Indiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association titles and eight Big Ten Conference titles  The program is also notable for being one of only two universities – the other being the University of Alabama – to produce three Super Bowl-winning quarterbacks Found on a farm in southern Indiana, the Old Oaken Bucket is one of the oldest American football trophies  The winner of Purdue's annual game against the Indiana University Hoosiers gets to keep the trophy until the next face-off and add a bronze "P" or "I" link to its chain  The first competition in 1925 led to a 0–0 tie, resulting in the first link on the chain being an "IP " As of 1 September 2021, Purdue leads the series 74–42–6 During "Breakfast Club", best described as a cross between a pep rally and a Halloween party, students and even some alumni dress up in costumes, from traditional Halloween garb to creative hand-made costumes, as they bar-hop before Boilermaker home football games  The Breakfast Club plays a significant role during the football season and is informally a part of Purdue tradition  Many Boilermaker fans are dedicated; getting up at 5:00 a m  on Saturdays and lining up at the bars on Chauncey Hill and the levee by 6:00 a m  on game days  The Breakfast Club tradition also takes place the day of the annual Purdue Grand Prix race in April  Another tradition is Saturday morning wake-ups, where the Boilermaker Special uses its many loud horns and whistles to wake dorm students up in preparation for the day's game 

Basketball
The Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team competes in NCAA Division I and is a member of the Big Ten Conference  In 2005, Matt Painter became the head coach in West Lafayette  Painter took over the head coaching job from the winningest coach in school history, Gene Keady, becoming the second former Boilermaker basketball player to take the lead role  Purdue won its 25th Big Ten Conference Championship and 2nd Big Ten Tournament Championship in 2023  This mark leads the conference, as Indiana University Bloomington is second with 22 conference championshps  The Boilermakers were retroactively designated the 1932 national champions by the Helms Athletic Foundation and the Premo-Porretta Power Poll, but have not won an NCAA Championship  They were the 1969 runner-up, falling to legendary coach and former Purdue player John Wooden-led UCLA  They last went to the Final Four in 1980, again falling to UCLA  The Purdue men's team has sent more than 30 players to the NBA including two overall No  1 picks in the NBA draft  The Purdue women's basketball team were the 1999 NCAA Champions and 2001 runner-ups  The Boilermakers men's and women's basketball teams have won more Big Ten Championships than any other conference school, with 32 regular-season conference titles and 11 Big Ten Tournament titles  Purdue men's basketball achieved an all-time winning record against all Big Ten Schools when it gained a winning record over Ohio State with three wins in 2023, improving that record from 91-92 to 94-92  Purdue shares an all-sport rivalry with in-state foe Indiana University and holds a 125–92 series lead in men's basketball 

People
Faculty
The original faculty of six in 1874 has grown to 2,563 tenured and tenure-track faculty in the Purdue Statewide System by Fall 2007 totals  The number of faculty and staff members system-wide is 18,872  The current faculty includes scholars such as Arden L  Bement Jr  (director of the National Science Foundation), R  Graham Cooks, Douglas Comer, Louis de Branges de Bourcia (who proved the Bieberbach conjecture), Victor Raskin, David Sanders, Leah Jamieson, James L  Mohler (who has written several manuals of computer graphics), and Samuel S  Wagstaff Jr  (inventor of the Wagstaff prime) Purdue's tenured faculty comprises sixty Academic Deans, Associate Deans, and Assistant Deans; 63 Academic Department Heads; 753 Professors; 547 Associate Professors; and 447 Assistant Professors  Purdue employs 892 non-tenure-track faculty, Lecturers, and Postdoctoral Researchers at its West Lafayette campus  Purdue employs another 691 tenured and 1,021 Non-Tenure Track Faculty, Lecturers, and Postdoctoral Researchers at its Regional Campuses and Statewide Technology unit Two faculty members (chemists Herbert C  Brown and Ei-ichi Negishi) have been awarded Nobel Prizes while at Purdue  In all, 13 Nobel Prizes in five fields have been associated with Purdue including students, researchers, and current and previous faculty  Other notable faculty of the past have included Golden Gate Bridge designer Charles Alton Ellis, efficiency expert Lillian Gilbreth, food safety advocate Harvey Wiley, aviator Amelia Earhart, president of the National Association of Mathematicians Edray Goins, radio pioneer Reginald Fessenden, and Yeram S  Touloukian, founder of the Thermophysical Properties Research Center 

Alumni
Purdue alumni have achieved recognition in a range of areas, particularly in the science, engineering, and aviation industries  The university's alumni pool collectively holds over 15,000 United States patents Purdue alumni include 25 astronauts, including Gus Grissom, America's second man in space and first to fly in NASA's Gemini program, Neil Armstrong, the first to walk on the Moon, and Eugene Cernan, the last astronaut to do so  Over one-third of all of NASA's crewed space missions have had at least one Purdue graduate as a crew member In science, Purdue has also produced Nobel Prize–winning physicists in Edward Mills Purcell and Ben Roy Mottelson, as well as Nobel Prize–winning chemist Akira Suzuki  Other noted Purdue alumni in science include pioneer of robotics and remote control technology Thomas B  Sheridan; Debian founder Ian Murdock; Chinese physicist Deng Jiaxian, a founding father and key contributor to the Chinese nuclear weapon programs; mathematician Yitang Zhang; chemist Lawrence Rocks; biochemist Edwin T  Mertz, credited with the discovery of high-protein corn and beans; Indian chemist CNR Rao, who has been awarded the Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award in India; engineer Mohamed Atalla who invented the MOS transistor; physical organic chemist and advocate for women and minorities in science Nina Roscher, who received the ACS Award for Encouraging Women into Careers in the Chemical Sciences (1996) and the Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring (1998); and professor Reuben J  Olembo, a geneticist and environmentalist who went on to become the deputy executive director of UNEP and a UN Assistant Secretary-General, and who was recognised by Purdue in 1994 with a Distinguished Alumni Award for Agriculture In business and economics, Purdue alumni include Stephen Bechtel, Jr , owner of Bechtel Corporation; Federal Reserve Bank president Jeffrey Lacker; and popcorn specialist Orville Redenbacher  In 2010, Bloomberg also revealed Purdue was one of the universities in America with the most undergraduate alumni serving as chief executive officers of S&P 500 firms  They are Gregory Wasson, president/CEO of Walgreens; Mark Miller, chairman/president/CEO of Stericycle; Charles Davidson, former chairman/CEO of Noble Energy; Samuel Allen, chairman /president/CEO of Deere & Company; Don Thompson, president/COO of McDonald's; and John C  Martin (businessman), chairman/CEO of Gilead Sciences, Inc In government and culture, Purdue alumni include Pulitzer Prize–winners Booth Tarkington and John T  McCutcheon, as well as Ginger Thompson, former New York Times reporter currently with ProPublica; Akinwumi Adesina, former Nigerian minister of Agriculture and Rural development and current President of the African Development Bank; Essam Sharaf, former Egyptian Prime Minister; Tom Moore, theater and television director; James Thomson, CEO of Rand Corporation; Brian Lamb, founder and CEO of C-SPAN; Harry G  Leslie, former Governor of Indiana; Kirk Fordice, former Governor of Mississippi; Earl Butz, former United States Secretary of Agriculture; Birch Bayh, former United States Senator; Herman Cain, 2012 Presidential candidate; David McKinley, current West Virginia Congressman; Sun Li-jen, former Kuomintang general; Rammohan Naidu Kinjarapu, Indian Parliament member; Dulquer Salmaan, Indian film actor; Blake Ragsdale Van Leer, former Georgia Tech president; Anthony W  Miller, former United States Deputy Secretary of Education; and Hugo F  Sonnenschein, former University of Chicago president  Richard O  Klemm, former CEO of Food Warming Equipment and Illinois state legislator, also graduated from Purdue University In sports, Purdue has produced basketball coach John Wooden; basketball Hall of Famers Stretch Murphy, Piggy Lambert, and Rick Mount; NBA Champions Paul Hoffman, Herm Gilliam, Frank Kendrick, Jerry Sichting, Glenn Robinson, and Brian Cardinal; and NBA All-Stars Glenn Robinson, Brad Miller, Terry Dischinger, and Joe Barry Carroll  Purdue has three NFL Super Bowl–winning quarterbacks in Drew Brees, Bob Griese, and Len Dawson  Additionally, a total of 19 Purdue alumni have been on a Super Bowl–winning team as of 2011  Purdue also produced Super Bowl IV winning coach Hank Stram  2008 Daytona 500 winner Ryan Newman graduated from Purdue with a bachelor's degree in vehicle structure engineering Three Purdue alumni have received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award of the United States: Neil Armstrong, Brian Lamb, and John Wooden The Dauch Alumni Center acts as a showcase for the university's alumni  The 67,000-square-foot (6,200 m2) center houses the offices of the Purdue Alumni Association and University Development  It is a destination and gathering area for the Purdue Alumni Association's 69,000 members and more than 410,000 living alumni 

Notes
Passage 7:
Joe West (umpire)
Joseph Henry West (born October 31, 1952), nicknamed "Cowboy Joe" or "Country Joe", is an American former baseball umpire  He worked in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1976 to 2021, umpiring an MLB-record 43 seasons and 5,460 games 
Born in Asheville, North Carolina, he grew up in Greenville and played football at East Carolina University (ECU) and Elon College  West entered the National League (NL) as an umpire in 1976; he joined the NL staff full-time in 1978  As a young umpire, he worked Nolan Ryan's fifth career no-hitter, was on the field for Willie McCovey's 500th home run, and was involved in a 1983 pushing incident with manager Joe Torre  West resigned during the 1999 Major League Umpires Association mass resignation but was rehired in 2002  He served as crew chief for the 2005 World Series and officiated in the 2009 World Baseball Classic  On May 25, 2021, West broke Bill Klem's all-time record by umpiring his 5,376th game 
West worked several no-hitters, including a 2012 perfect game by Félix Hernández  He officiated six World Series, three All-Star Games, ten League Championship Series (LCS), eight League Division Series (LDS) and four Wild Card Games  West was president of the Major League Baseball Umpires Association through 2018  As the organization's president, he helped negotiate the largest umpiring contract in baseball history  He works with a sporting goods company to design and patent umpiring equipment endorsed by MLB 

Early life
West was born in Asheville, North Carolina, in 1952  He grew up in Greenville, North Carolina, where he played youth baseball and football  He graduated from JH Rose High School in Greenville  West played safety on the first-year football team at East Carolina University (ECU) in 1970 and he was a quarterback for Elon College (now Elon University) from 1971 to 1973   He intended to play his college football career at ECU, but head coach Mike McGee resigned after his first year, prompting West's transfer While in college, West hoped to play both baseball and football  However, spring practice for football interfered with West's ability to be on the baseball team  He concentrated on football and umpired high school baseball games on the side  In his three seasons at Elon, West was the starting quarterback and the team won three conference championships  He was named Most Valuable Player (MVP) on the 1973 team that lost the NAIA Division I title game to Abilene Christian; the Abilene Christian team was led by future professional football players Clint Longley and Wilbert Montgomery  West left Elon holding three passing records that were not broken for 20 years and was inducted into the Elon Sports Hall of Fame in 1986 

Umpiring career
Early career
While umpiring locally as a college student, West met Carolina League umpire supervisor Malcolm Sykes, who recommended that West attend an umpire training school  West went to umpire school and graduated at the top of his class  He worked in several minor-league circuits (the Western Carolinas League, Puerto Rican League, Florida Instructional League, Southern League and American Association) before he was promoted to the major leagues  West made his first National League (NL) appearance in 1976 and joined the full-time NL staff in 1978 In his first season as a full-time MLB umpire, West umpired the game in which Willie McCovey hit his 500th career home run  In the same year, he was at first base when Pete Rose tied the NL record for most consecutive games with a hit, and he was the home plate umpire when Rose broke it the following day  In 1981, West worked first base for Nolan Ryan's fifth career no-hitter  On October 13, 1981, West was 28 when he became the youngest NL umpire to call an LCS  In 1983, West was suspended for three days and fined US$500 for shoving Atlanta Braves manager Joe Torre  The manager was angry at the end of a game and had followed West into the walkway outside the umpires' dressing room to argue with him  On appeal, NL President Chub Feeney reduced West's fine to $300  Torre also received a fine stemming from the incident  This was believed to be the first incident of an umpire being suspended during a baseball season in decades 

1986–2001
West made his second NLCS appearance in 1986  He umpired his first All-Star Game in 1987  On September 28, 1988, West was on the field when Orel Hershiser set the MLB record for consecutive scoreless innings pitched  West returned to the NLCS in 1988 and was the plate umpire when Dodgers pitcher Jay Howell was ejected for having pine tar on his glove During a 1990 on-field brawl between the Philadelphia Phillies and New York Mets, West attempted to break up the fight by throwing Phillies pitcher Dennis Cook to the ground  The matter ultimately was handled among West, NL President Bill White, then-Commissioner Fay Vincent, and the umpires' union  West said White supported his actions in the brawl, but White quickly issued a statement saying he had prohibited West from making further physical contact with players  White was reported to have nearly resigned due to a lack of support from Vincent, but the NL president remained in his post after receiving approval from league owners  West met more controversy the following year when Chicago Cubs outfielder Andre Dawson bumped him after a called third strike during a game at Wrigley Field  After Dawson was ejected from the game, he walked back to the dugout and tossed 14 bats onto the field  Chicago fans threw debris onto the field, causing a delay in the game  Dawson received a one-game suspension and a $1,000 fine  On his check to the league, Dawson wrote "donation for the blind" In 1992, West made his first World Series appearance when the Atlanta Braves faced the Toronto Blue Jays  West was behind the plate in the first World Series game played in Canada and ejected Braves manager Bobby Cox for throwing a helmet onto the field  In 1993, he appeared in the NLCS  He worked another no-hitter on April 8, 1994, when Kent Mercker shut down the Los Angeles Dodgers  The 1995 NLDS was West's first League Division Series  The following year West worked in the NLCS  He returned to the World Series in 1997 when the Cleveland Indians faced the Florida Marlins In 1999, West was among 22 MLB umpires who engaged in mass resignations during a labor dispute  The strategy backfired when MLB accepted the resignations instead of entering into further negotiations with the umpiring union  The union filed charges against MLB with the National Labor Relations Board, saying the mass resignation was "a concerted action protected by law"  After arbitration and appeals, MLB settled with the union  A few umpires received severance pay and were allowed to retire under the settlement, but MLB rehired West and several other umpires in 2002 

2002–2021
In the same year he returned to the field, West worked in the ALDS  He also umpired in the 2003 and 2004 ALCS  In game six of the latter series, West's crew ruled Yankees batter Alex Rodriguez out for interference after Rodriguez appeared to swat the ball out of the glove of opposing pitcher Bronson Arroyo on his way to first base  Fans threw debris on the field, Red Sox manager Terry Francona pulled his team off the field, and NYPD officers in riot gear took to the field to calm the crowd  West said fans actually applauded the umpires for the correct call when they came onto the field the following day  West's first All-Star Game and World Series appearances after his rehire came in 2005; that year he umpired in his second ALDS and his third World Series, serving as World Series crew chief 
West was the home plate umpire when rookie pitcher Clay Buchholz threw a no-hitter against the Baltimore Orioles on September 1, 2007, at Fenway Park; West called a curveball strike three for the final out  He worked his 4,000th career game on July 30, 2009, at Miller Park in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; he ejected Washington Nationals manager Jim Riggleman from the contest  That same year he appeared in the American League Division Series and the World Series  He was also elected president of the World Umpires Association (WUA)  West and the union's governing board negotiated the largest umpiring contract in the history of MLB  The contract ran from 2010 through the 2014 season  West designed the chest protector sold commercially as the West Vest, now marketed by Wilson Sporting Goods  He held patents on the West Vest in the US, Australia, Canada, and Japan  He also designed Wilson's high-end umpiring gear, the only umpiring equipment endorsed by MLB In 2010, West sparked controversy by criticizing the slow pace of the recently completed series between the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox, which he called "pathetic and embarrassing"  Red Sox manager Terry Francona referred to the remarks as "troubling," while Yankees closer Mariano Rivera remarked, "If he has places to go, let him do something else " Columnist Wallace Matthews defended West, saying the umpire was simply expressing what people had been thinking for a long time  West was not fined by MLB for his comments but was "admonished firmly," according to press reports  On May 26, 2010, West made two controversial balk calls on Mark Buehrle and consequently ejected White Sox manager Ozzie Guillén for arguing and Buehrle for throwing his glove which led to the Chicago announcer asserting that West was becoming a "joke to the umpiring profession" and was "in need of a suspension " On August 26, 2010, West was the plate umpire for Albert Pujols' 400th career home run On September 14, 2014, West ejected Jonathan Papelbon for the lewd act of adjusting his groin, resulting in a confrontation where West grabbed Papelbon's jersey  MLB subsequently suspended Papelbon for seven games for his lewd act and West for one game for initiating contact with Papelbon  West later claimed Papelbon had initiated first contact, but Major League Baseball determined that the video replay showed West was not correct, and that the contact was initiated by West 
West umpired in his second NLDS (and fifth LDS) in 2011  The next year West was the first base umpire for Félix Hernández's August 15 perfect game against the Tampa Bay Rays  He umpired another NLDS that year, then appeared in his fifth World Series  His career has spanned the tenure of baseball commissioners Bowie Kuhn, Peter Ueberroth, Bart Giamatti, Fay Vincent, Bud Selig, and Rob Manfred  The 2015 season was West's 38th in MLB, making him MLB's most senior umpire  Umpire Bruce Froemming, who was previously the most senior umpire, spent 37 seasons in MLB, retiring at the end of the 2007 season On August 9, 2017, West was suspended for three games after making inappropriate comments about Adrián Beltré  Beltre defended West, stating that he thought the suspension was unnecessary and that West had made the comments in jest In the bottom of the first inning of Game 4 of the 2018 ALCS, a deep drive and potential two-run homer to right field by Houston's José Altuve, which Boston's Mookie Betts nearly caught with a leaping grab at the wall, was ruled by West to be an out due to fan interference  West, the crew chief for the series, made the call from his right field position; the call stood after review by video replay  The call was widely discussed in coverage of the game and on social media such as Twitter On August 14, 2019, West umpired his 5,164th Major League Baseball game to move past Bruce Froemming for the second-most number of major league games officiated  Only Bill Klem, who umpired from 1905 to 1941, had called more games than West On October 22, 2019, West filed a defamation lawsuit in New York against Paul Lo Duca and Action Network over comments that the former New York Mets catcher made on a podcast in April 2019  On the podcast, Lo Duca recalled his teammate Billy Wagner telling him in 2006–2007, "Joe loves antique cars so every time he comes into town I lend him my '57 Chevy so he can drive it around so then he opens up the strike zone for me " In the complaint, West denied this and said he suffered unspecified damages as a result of Lo Duca's comments  West was later awarded $500,000 in damages On July 30, 2020, while umpiring the Washington Nationals–Toronto Blue Jays game, West was hit on the side of the head when Bo Bichette lost his bat  He left the game in the bottom of the first inning but returned in the top of the third as the third base umpire On May 25, 2021, West surpassed Bill Klem's major league record by umpiring his 5,376th career game, in a contest between the White Sox and Cardinals at Guaranteed Rate Field  West announced he would retire after the 2021 postseason; his final assignment was the 2021 National League Wild Card Game, where he was the home plate umpire On February 4, 2022, West officially retired 

Reception
West has been mentioned in several polls of MLB players  In 2006, the spring after he was crew chief in the World Series, a Sports Illustrated survey asked 470 MLB players to identify the best and worst umpires  West was identified as the best MLB umpire by 2 percent of those players, ranking him ninth on that list  With respect to the worst umpire, 6 percent of players in the survey selected West, ranking him fourth  A 2007 review of umpire strike zones by The Hardball Times determined that West "had the fewest number of extra balls and strikes," which the outlet asserted "is a sign of consistency "In a 2010 poll of 100 players, West ranked as the second-worst umpire in the league  In a 2011 players poll, 41 percent of players polled (the "overwhelming" plurality) named West the worst umpire; only 5 percent of players polled named him as best In a 2019 study by Boston University's Mark T  Williams, West was identified as the umpire during the 2018 season with the second-highest percentage of bad ball-and-strike calls when working behind home plate  Over West's last eleven years, he has averaged 21 incorrect calls a game, or 2 3 per inning 

Outside baseball
West is known outside umpiring as a singer-songwriter  His involvement in country music and his demeanor on the field have earned him the nickname "Cowboy Joe"  West has described his music as "two chords and the truth      It's simple  It tells a story " In 2009, West said of his musical pursuits, "I was lucky  You know, the dues you have to pay to get here as an umpire are long and tedious, but the music business, because I was already in the major leagues, kind of opened a lot of doors I normally wouldn't have been able to open "West has appeared at the Grand Ole Opry  He has performed with Mickey Gilley, Johnny Lee, and Merle Haggard  West served as a pallbearer for Boxcar Willie West released his first album, Blue Cowboy, in 1987  Blue Cowboy is an album of three original songs and five covers  Chuck Yarborough of the Cleveland Plain Dealer said, "Listening to the first excerpt of his "Blue Cowboy" made me balk—you'll pardon the expression—at listening to the second  But I did  And the third  And so on  And now? Well, if I'm Nashville, I run West outta the game " In a September 2012 review, music blog Long After Dark said, "Blue Cowboy easily ranks with Ron Artest and Carl Lewis as one of the worst albums that a sports figure has cut     ever  I can say that I managed to make it through the record, although it was not easy "He released Diamond Dreams in 2008  The album was a collaboration with Kent Goodson, pianist for country star George Jones  It tells baseball stories inspired by West's umpiring career  Goodson later said, "As I look back on how this CD came together, I realize that I am a musician and Joe is an umpire  But his love for music and my love for baseball bonded us in this project " Sportswriter Doug Miller said that the album was "a fun, humorous and often touching collection of spoken-word gems in which the listener gets a perfect sampling of the true personality of Cowboy Joe West" West has made one film appearance, playing a third base umpire in the 1988 comedy film The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! He also made a cameo appearance on the television crime drama The Oldest Rookie  An avid golfer, West appears on the Celebrity Players Tour 

Personal life
West has been married twice  After the death of his first wife, West remarried In 2012, West was diagnosed with laryngeal cancer, which is now in remission 

See also
List of Major League Baseball umpires
Context 2: Passage 1:
Elvis' Christmas Album
Elvis' Christmas Album (also reissued as It's Christmas Time) is the third studio album and first Christmas album by  American singer and musician Elvis Presley on RCA Victor, LOC -1035, a deluxe limited edition, released October 15, 1957, and recorded at Radio Recorders in Hollywood  It has been reissued in numerous different formats since its first release  It spent four weeks at No  1 on the Billboard Top Pop Albums chart, and was the first of two Christmas-themed albums Presley would record, the other being Elvis Sings the Wonderful World of Christmas, released in 1971  The publication Music Vendor listed Elvis' Christmas Album on their singles charts for two weeks in December 1957 – January 1958, with a peak position of No  49 
According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), Elvis' Christmas Album along with its reissues has shipped at least 17 million copies in the United States  It is the first Presley title to attain Diamond certification by the RIAA, and is also the best-selling Christmas album of all time in the United States  With total sales of more 20 million copies worldwide, it remains the world's best-selling Christmas album and one of the best-selling albums of all time 

Content
The original 1957 LP consisted of six popular Christmas songs, two traditional Christmas carols and four gospel songs which had been previously released on the EP Peace in the Valley, catalogue EPA 4054, issued March 1957, peaking at No  3 on the Pop albums chart and at No  39 on the singles chart  The two album sides are divided into a program of secular Christmas songs on side one, with two traditional Christmas carols and the gospel numbers on side two  These included two spirituals by innovator Thomas A  Dorsey, "Peace in the Valley" and "Take My Hand, Precious Lord"  Coincidentally, A Jolly Christmas from Frank Sinatra, released the previous month, was also divided into secular and traditional sides 
While most of the songs selected were traditional Christmas fare, such as "White Christmas" and "Silent Night", two new songs by regular suppliers of material for Presley were commissioned  One was "Santa Bring My Baby Back (to Me)" and the other (selected by Presley to open the album), was a blues-based rock and roll number, "Santa Claus Is Back in Town", written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller  This writer/producer team was responsible for some of 1950s rhythm and blues and rock and roll's most finely-honed satire in their work with the Coasters, as well as penning "Hound Dog" for Willie Mae Thornton and providing Presley with some of his biggest hits, including "Jailhouse Rock" and "Don't" 
Presley asked the pair to come up with another Christmas song during sessions for the album; within a few minutes, they had the song written and ready for recording  Originally titled "Christmas Blues", this slyly risqué number is given a full-throated treatment by Presley who, aided by the gritty ensemble playing from his band, was determined to ensure that this Christmas album would not be easily ignored  Much of the remaining program was performed in a more traditional manner appropriate to the solemnity of Christmas, although Presley's innate sense of occasion shone through on his left-of-center reading of Ernest Tubb's 1949 hit, "Blue Christmas" 
"Silent Night" and "O Little Town of Bethlehem" were arranged by Presley himself 
The Bing Crosby holiday perennial "White Christmas", which appeared every year on the Billboard charts from 1942 to 1962, became the center of controversy upon the album's release, with calls by the song's composer Irving Berlin to have the song, and the entire album, banned from radio airplay  After hearing Presley's version of his song, which Berlin saw as a "profane parody of his cherished yuletide standard", he ordered his staff in New York to telephone radio stations across the United States, demanding the song be discontinued from radio play  While most US radio stations ignored Berlin's request, at least one disc jockey was fired for playing a song from the album, and most Canadian stations refused to play the album The controversy was, ironically, fueled by Presley's performance of the song in a style mirroring the version by Clyde McPhatter's group, The Drifters, which had been a Top 10 hit on the R&B singles chart in 1954 and 1955  Unlike Presley's recording, however, their version attracted virtually no adverse reaction, and certainly no reported opposition from Berlin  Part of the reason that The Drifters' version of "White Christmas" was less controversial was that this version was played only on black radio stations  Presley's version brought greater attention to The Drifters' version which gained prominence with its inclusion in the 1990 movie Home Alone 

Packaging
Original 1957 copies of Elvis' Christmas Album (LOC-1035) were issued with a red booklet-like album cover (as shown above) featuring promotional photos from Presley's third movie Jailhouse Rock  Even rarer than the cover and record itself is a gold foil price tag-shaped "gift giving" sticker attached to the shrink wrap, reading "TO __________, FROM _____________, ELVIS SINGS", followed by a list of the tracks  Original copies with the gold sticker intact on the shrink wrap have proven to be among the most valuable of Presley's albums  Adding to its already high value are limited red vinyl albums and album covers with gold print down the spine 
Record labels for all original 1957 pressings are black with all-silver print, the famous RCA Victor "His Master's Voice" dog logo at the top of the label, and "LONG 331⁄3 PLAY" at the bottom 

45 RPM releases
The other new composition on the album, "Santa, Bring My Baby Back to Me" was paired with "Santa Claus Is Back in Town", and issued as the UK single concurrently with the album's release  The single reached number seven on the UK Singles Chart in November 1957 No singles were issued in the US until 1964, when "Blue Christmas" was paired with "Wooden Heart", and reached No  1 on the Billboard Christmas Singles chart; however, a pairing of "Blue Christmas" b/w "White Christmas" became a Top 20 UK hit in late 1964  "Santa Claus Is Back In Town"/"Blue Christmas" was a 1965 single release for the US market, and reached No  4 on the Billboard Christmas Singles chart  "Blue Christmas" would re-enter the Christmas or Holiday Singles chart several times in the years that follow Two different EPs, Elvis Sings Christmas Songs, EPA 4108 in December 1957, and Christmas with Elvis, EPA 4340 in December 1958, divided the eight Christmas numbers between them  The former topped the newly established Billboard EP Chart, while the latter failed to chart 

Reissues
First reissue on RCA Victor
Elvis' Christmas Album was reissued two years after its first release in October 1959 while Presley was on duty in Germany  The deluxe fold-out cover was replaced with a regular cover with a close-up of Elvis as he posed against an outdoor, snowy backdrop  The album continued to reach the album charts each year until 1962, eventually selling more than three million copies in the U S 

Second reissue on RCA Camden
In 1971, Elvis recorded a new Christmas album, Elvis Sings the Wonderful World of Christmas; The original Elvis' Christmas Album went out of print, but continued interest in the album prompted RCA to reissue a revised and truncated version on its budget label RCA Camden in November 1970  This reissue replaced the four gospel tracks from the Peace in the Valley EP with the 1966 holiday single "If Every Day Was Like Christmas", along with the 1970 non-seasonal B-side "Mama Liked the Roses", issued as the flip to Elvis's top ten single "The Wonder of You" and originating from Presley's acclaimed 1969 Memphis sessions; neither track had been available on LP format previously  With ten tracks and a shorter running time, it fit the standard for RCA's budget Camden label issues at the time  The religious and secular Christmas songs were also mixed  The initial cover of this revised version echoed that of the 1958 reissue, except a more recent photograph with Elvis wearing a blue racing jacket with two white stripes on the left was used from the set of the 1967 movie Speedway  The album was also released in the UK with an album cover that featured Elvis's face from the 1970 Camden release in a circle in the middle surrounded in white with the title and the song selections in red  The four Peace in the Valley tracks were reissued the next year on the RCA Camden compilation You'll Never Walk Alone 

Third reissue on Pickwick
During the mid-1970s, RCA leased the rights to some of its Camden recordings to the budget reissue label Pickwick Records  Pickwick reissued the 10-track Camden Christmas album in 1975 with yet another cover design, Elvis's photo from the RCA Camden version surrounded by red ribbons with holly underneath and a dark blue background  Following Presley's unexpected death in August 1977, the Pickwick LP was advertised and sold on television by mail order to enormous sales, later certified by the RIAA as selling in excess of ten million copies  Demand for Presley's recordings skyrocketed after his death and RCA eventually reclaimed the reissue rights to its Camden titles from Pickwick  The Christmas Album was reissued in the 1980s on LP and compact disc as an RCA Special Products release on the RCA Camden label and on CD in Canada in the RCA Camden Classics series  This reissue, with its Pickwick cover art but carrying RCA logos, remained in print throughout the 1990s; the track listing was unchanged from the original 1970 RCA Camden LP release 

Other reissues
In 1976, the album was reissued on cassette with the title Blue Christmas; this reissue also had an alternate track listing  In 1985, the album was reissued again but with a new title, It's Christmas Time; shortly after, RCA reissued the original 1957 version of the album with a recreation of its original cover art and gatefold sleeve on LP an CD  In 1995, RCA/BMG Special Products again reissued the Camden/Pickwick compilation retitled Elvis Christmas with new cover art  By the second decade of the 21st Century, It's Christmas Time had become the second biggest selling album in the series, earning a 4× Platinum certification on March 8, 2018, prompting the original 1957 version to be available once again in the 2016 60 CD boxed set containing all of Presley's original RCA albums, Elvis Presley – The RCA Album Collection 
In the January 5, 2019 issue of Billboard, It's Christmas Time appeared for the first time inside the top 40 albums of the Billboard 200 charts, placing at number 25 
All of the above tracks are also available on several other RCA compilations of Presley's Christmas recordings, including Christmas Peace from 2003 and Elvis Christmas (a different, expanded version of the 1995 issue) from 2006  All of the tracks are also available on the 1992 RCA boxed set The King of Rock 'n' Roll: The Complete 50's Masters  In late 2007, Speaker's Corner Records from Germany reissued the album on a high-quality heavy vinyl pressing; this reissue also featured a reproduction of the original album cover and RCA Victor label from 1957  In addition, in 2010, a DVD was released in a series from Sony Music called The Yule Log DVD, in which the music from Elvis' Christmas Album (but without "I'll Be Home for Christmas") is featured with three different holiday visuals (one of them the yule log of the series' title)  The original LP cover is featured on the DVD menu 

Track listing
Camden / Pickwick edition
Notes

^a  signifies arranged by

Personnel
The Blue Moon BoysElvis Presley – lead vocals, acoustic rhythm guitar
Scotty Moore – electric lead guitar
Bill Black – bass
D  J  Fontana – drumsThe JordanairesNeal Matthews - backing vocals
Hugh Jarrett - backing vocals
Gordon Stoker – backing vocals, piano (tracks B3-B5)
Hoyt Hawkins – backing vocals, organ (track B6)Additional Personnel
Dudley Brooks – piano (tracks A1-B2, B6)
Millie Kirkham - backing vocals (tracks A1-B2)

Charts
Certifications
See also
List of best-selling albums
List of Billboard number-one albums of 1957
List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1958

Notes
Passage 2:
Today (Elvis Presley album)
Today is the twenty-second studio album by American singer Elvis Presley, released on May 7, 1975 by RCA Records  The album featured the country and pop music sound typical of Elvis during the 1970s, as well as a new rock and roll song, "T-R-O-U-B-L-E", which was released as its first single and went Top 40 in the US  "Bringing It Back" was its second single in the US  The album also features covers of songs by Perry Como, Tom Jones, The Pointer Sisters, Billy Swan, Faye Adams, The Statler Brothers and Charlie Rich 

Content
The Today sessions were held in RCA's Studio C, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, March 10–12, 1975, and marked the last time Presley would record in a studio  He last recorded at Studio C, Hollywood in 1972 where he recorded the gold records "Burning Love" and "Separate Ways"  At this time, Elvis was 40 years old  He was accompanied by his then-current girlfriend, Sheila Ryan  In the 2005 Follow That Dream reissue of the album, Presley can be heard saying "step up here Sheila, let me sing to ya baby" on Take 1 of Don McLean's "And I Love You So"  He continued to make "And I Love You So" and "Fairytale" a part of his live concerts until his death  On stage, he often referred to "Fairytale" as the story of his life 
"Green, Green Grass of Home" was released as a single in the UK, where it went Top 30, and also received US airplay  Presley was a big fan of Tom Jones' version of the song; while travelling, he would repeatedly have his friends call the local radio stations to request it 

Reissues
In 2005 Today was reissued on the Follow That Dream label in a special edition that contained the original album tracks along with a selection of alternate takes 

Track listing
Original release
Follow That Dream re-issue
2015 reissue
Disc 1
Same as Follow That Dream 2005 issue

Disc 2
All tracks previously unissued

Personnel
Passage 3:
A Date with Elvis (The Cramps album)
A Date with Elvis is the third full-length studio album by the American rock band the Cramps, released in the UK on Big Beat Records in 1986  The title was appropriated from A Date with Elvis (1959), the eighth album by Elvis Presley  The album was recorded in fall 1985 and engineered by Steve McMillan and Mark Ettel at Ocean Way Studios in Hollywood, California  The album was first released in the US in 1990 by Enigma Records, with the bonus tracks "Blue Moon Baby," "Georgia Lee Brown," "Give Me a Woman," and "Get Off the Road " The Cramps reissued the album (with bonus tracks) on their own Vengeance Records in 2001  The original album was reissued in the UK by Big Beat in 2013 on orange vinyl, and subsequently reissued again by Vengeance Records in the US, UK and Canada in 2014  It was The Cramps’ most commercially successful album release, reaching the US Billboard Top 100 and UK Top 40 
The album was dedicated to Ricky Nelson, whose version of the song "Lonesome Town" (covered by the Cramps on their first EP Gravest Hits and later included on compilation album    Off the Bone) was a US hit single in 1958  It is also significant in that it is the only Cramps album to feature vocals by guitarist Poison Ivy, on "Kizmiaz" (as well as on the B-side "Get Off the Road" included on the 1990 reissue) 

Critical reception
Robert Palmer, in The New York Times, praised the album and called it the band's best   He wrote: "After a decade together, the Cramps have learned to focus and intensify their inventive revisions of rock-and-roll tradition and their playfully anarchic spirit " The A to X of Alternative Music called it the band's "most effective distillation of psychedelia, punk and rock'n'roll "

Track listing
Charts
Personnel
The Cramps
Lux Interior – vocals
Poison Ivy Rorschach – guitars, bass, vocals on "Kizmiaz" and "Get Off the Road"
Nick Knox – drums, bongoswith:

McMartin Preschool Choir (includes Fur Dixon) – vocals on "People Ain't No Good"

Technical
Mark Ettel, Steve Macmillan – engineer
Joe Schiff, Tony Chiappa – assistant engineers
Eddy Schreyer – mastering
The Cramps – cover layout, photography
Phil Smee – cover illustration (lettering)
Passage 4:
Like a Baby
"Like a Baby" is a song written by Jesse Stone  It was recorded by Vikki Nelson for a Vik Records single in 1957  Priscilla Bowman recorded it for Abner Records in 1959  It was also recorded by Elvis Presley for his 1960 album Elvis Is Back!  James Brown and the Famous Flames recorded the song and released it as a single in 1963, which charted No  24 R&B  The single's B-side, an instrumental version of "Every Beat of My Heart", also charted, reaching No  99 on the  Billboard Hot 100  Brown and the Flames performed "Like a Baby" on their 1964 live album Pure Dynamite! Live at the Royal 
Wanda Jackson recorded "Like a Baby" for her 2011 album The Party Ain't Over 
Glenn Danzig recorded the song for his 2020 album Danzig Sings Elvis 
This is not the song "Like a Baby" recorded by Len Barry (1965) and written by John Madara, David White and Len Barry 

Personnel (Elvis Presley version)
Sourced from Keith Flynn 
Elvis Presley – lead vocals, acoustic rhythm/lead guitars
Scotty Moore — electric guitar
D  J  Fontana — drums
Hank Garland – six-string bass guitar
Bob Moore – double bass
Floyd Cramer – piano
Boots Randolph – saxophone
Buddy Harman – drums
The Jordanaires – backing vocals
Passage 5:
Santa Bring My Baby Back (To Me)
"Santa Bring My Baby Back (To Me)" is a 1957 Christmas song by Aaron Schroeder and Claude Demetrius, recorded by Elvis Presley  The song was released on the RCA Victor Elvis' Christmas Album in 1957 

Background
The song, written by Aaron Schroeder and Claude Demetrius, has been a popular Christmas song during the Holiday season on radio stations for decades  The song appeared originally as part of an RCA Victor 45 EP, EPA-4108, with "Santa Claus is Back in Town", "Blue Christmas", and "I'll Be Home for Christmas" in 1957  The EP reached #1 on the Billboard EP chart  The song was recorded on September 7, 1957, and features the vocal backing of the Jordanaires 
"Santa Bring My Baby Back (To Me)" was paired with "Santa Claus Is Back In Town" and was issued as a UK single concurrently with the album's release in 1957  The single reached #7 on the UK Singles Chart in November 1957 

Album appearances
The song appeared on the original RCA Victor LP, Elvis' Christmas Album, the 1958 reissue, the 1970 RCA Camden reissue, the UK release of the Camden version, CDS 1155, the 1975 Pickwick reissue, and the 1985 RCA Special Products rerelease 

Cover versions
"Baby Come Back," a song with the same melody and similar lyrics but without any references to Santa Claus or Christmas, was one of the earliest releases of Johnny Rivers in 1958 
In the 1965 Rolling Stones documentary film Charlie Is My Darling, the song is sung impromptu by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards in a hotel lounge 
Mae West recorded the song for her 1967 Christmas album Wild Christmas  The Reverend Horton Heat recorded the song for his 2005 Christmas album We Three Kings   Eleanor Friedberger released a cover version on the 2013 compilation album Holidays Rule 
The song has also been recorded or performed by The Smithereens, The Refreshments, Jeff Healey, 45 R P M , Arena Venus, Kim Stockwood, Terry Buchwald, Chris Isaak, Jimmy "Orion" Ellis, Janice Hagan, Rick Saucedo, and Tony Witt  John Candy performed the song in character as drag queen/actor Divine in a Christmas-themed episode of SCTV 
Train recorded the song for their 2015 album Christmas in Tahoe 
Passage 6:
List of songs recorded by Britney Spears
American pop singer Britney Spears made her chart debut in November 1998 with " 



ground_truth: West Lafayette, Indiana

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Santa Bring My Baby Back was released on which fourth Elvis studio album in 1957?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Baby One More Time", which attained global success  It was followed by the release of her debut studio album    Baby One More Time (1999), which opened at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200, and was later certified fourteen-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)  Spears's second studio album, Oops!    I Did It Again, was released on May 16, 2000, and became the fastest-selling album by a female act in the US, selling 1,319,193 units in its opening week  It spawned the singles "Oops!    I Did It Again", "Lucky", "Stronger", and "Don't Let Me Be the Last to Know"  In November 2001, Spears's released "I'm a Slave 4 U", the lead single from her self-titled third studio album (2001)  In November 2003, Spears's fourth studio album, In the Zone, was released  The album includes "Me Against the Music", a collaboration with Madonna that reached number one on the European Hot 100 Singles, and "Toxic", which earned Spears her first Grammy Award in the category Best Dance Recording  Her first compilation album, Greatest Hits: My Prerogative, was released the following year 
Following her personal struggles through 2007, Spears's fifth studio album, Blackout, was released in October of the same year  The album sold over three million units worldwide, spawning the hit singles "Gimme More" and "Piece of Me"  With the release of her sixth studio album Circus (2008), Spears became the only act in the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present) to have four albums debut with US sales of 500,000 or more copies  Including the singles "Womanizer" and "Circus", it sold four million copies worldwide Spears's third compilation album, The Singles Collection (2009), includes her third US number-one single "3"  In 2011, Spears released the single "Hold It Against Me", making her the second artist in the Billboard Hot 100 chart's 52-year history to debut at number one with two or more songs, after Mariah Carey  The track was included on her seventh studio album Femme Fatale (2011), which debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200  Spears's eighth studio album, Britney Jean, was released in 2013; it made little commercial impact and received mixed reviews from critics but spawned the hit single "Work Bitch", which was certified platinum in the United States  Glory, the ninth studio album from Spears, was released in August 2016 to critical praise and chart success but failed to reach the success of her other albums 
Spears has sold over 100 million records worldwide and more than 28 6 million digital singles in the US alone, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time  Billboard ranked her as the eighth-overall Artist of the Decade; it also recognized her as the best-selling female album artist of the first decade of the 21st century and the fifth overall  The RIAA also recognized Spears as the eighth top-selling female artist in the US, with 34 5 million certified albums  Spears is among the few artists in history to have had a number-one single and a number-one album in each of the three decades of their career (1990s, 2000s, and 2010s) 

Songs
Passage 7:
Heaven Only Knows (album)
Heaven Only Knows is the seventh album by R&B crooner Teddy Pendergrass  It was his final studio album for Philadelphia International, released just after he left the label to record for Asylum Records  It produced one single, "I Want My Baby Back," which reached #61 on the Billboard charts in 1984 

Critical reception
The Philadelphia Inquirer noted that, "except for the gentle, eloquent 'Crazy About Your Love', these Gamble- and Huff-produced tunes are mawkish and overblown "

Track listing
"Crazy About Your Love" (Bobby Womack, Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff)
"Judge for Yourself" (Dexter Wansel, Cynthia Biggs)
"I Want My Baby Back" (Womack, Gamble)
"Life Is for Living" (Frank Prescott, Michael Burton, Phil Terry)
"You and Me for Right Now" (Victor Carstarphen, Gene McFadden, John Whitehead)
"Just Because You're Mine" (Gene McFadden, John Whitehead)
"Heaven Only Knows" (LeRoy Bell, Casey James)
"Don't Ever Stop (Giving Your Love to Me)" (Gamble, Huff)
Passage 8:
Mark Chesnutt (album)
Mark Chesnutt is the tenth studio album by American country music artist Mark Chesnutt  His only album for the Columbia Records Nashville label, it features the singles "She Was", "I Want My Baby Back" and "I'm in Love with a Married Woman", which peaked at #11, #47, and #48, respectively, on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts  "I'm in Love with a Married Woman" was later recorded by Blaine Larsen on his 2006 album Rockin' You Tonight 

Track listing
Personnel
Chart performance
Passage 9:
Oh Santa!
"Oh Santa!" is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey from her second Christmas album and thirteenth studio album, Merry Christmas II You (2010)  Carey wrote and produced the song in collaboration with Jermaine Dupri and Bryan-Michael Cox  It was released as the lead single from the album on October 1, 2010 by Island Def Jam Records  It is an up-tempo R&B song about Carey making a plea for Santa Claus to bring back her partner in time for the Christmas holidays  It received a positive response from music critics, with many praising its composition and style 
The track set a record on the United States Billboard Adult Contemporary songs chart, debuting at number twelve and peaking at number one the following week for four weeks  It became the first song to reach the summit in two weeks  It further became Carey's seventh number-one song on the chart  Carey filmed a 1960s-style music video to accompany the song's release as a single, and performed it on various programs in the lead up to Christmas, including her own TV special called Mariah Carey: Merry Christmas to You 
It was later adapted to be the finale of A Christmas Melody, a 2015 Hallmark Channel Christmas movie, with its lyrics tweaked to be relevant for Broadway child performer Fina Strazza's character singing about her single mother finding love  On December 4, 2020, a new version was released featuring singers Ariana Grande and Jennifer Hudson, as a single from the soundtrack to Mariah Carey's Magical Christmas Special for Apple TV+ 

Background and composition
"Oh Santa!" was written and produced by Mariah Carey, Jermaine Dupri and Bryan-Michael Cox for Carey's second Christmas/thirteenth studio album, Merry Christmas II You (2010); Rye Songs administered by Songs of Universal (BMI)/Shaniah Cymone Music|EMI April Music Inc  (ASCAP)/WBM Music Corp Inc /Pamela & Lorrence's Publishing LLC (SESAC)  Her vocals were recorded by Brian Garten, Marcus Johnson and Thomas Kanarek, Martin Cooke, Nicholas Essif and Peter Mack, and the music by John Horesco at Guardian Angel Studios, Westlake Recording Studios, Henson Studios and Capitol Recording Studios  It was mixed by Phil Tan and Damien Lewis at The Ninja Beat Club  Dupri played the drums and Randy Jackson performed bass  Cox plated the keyboard and percussion  The background vocals were sung by Angie Fisher, Melonie Daniels, Maryann Tatum, Sharlotte Gibson and Toni Scruggs "Oh Santa!" was one of four original compositions by Carey to be included on the album  It premiered on October 1, 2010, in the United States  An EP consisting of six remixes by Jump Smokers and Low Sunday were released on December 7, while a mix of "Oh Santa! and one of Carey's previous Christmas songs "All I Want for Christmas Is You", titled "Oh Santa! All I Want for Christmas Is You (Holiday Mashup)", was released on December 17  "Oh Santa!" is an up-tempo and festive R&B song, which lasts for a duration of three minutes, thirty-one seconds  It has a 1960s girl-group swing feel  The song, in the key of C♯ major, has a tempo of 80 beats per minute  Carey's voice spans more than three octaves, from  B♭2 to the high note of F♯6  Instrumentation consists of sleigh bells, jingle bells, hand claps and a piano melody, backed by a "school-yard chant beat"  Lyrically, Carey makes a plea to Santa Claus asking him to bring back her "baby" in time for Christmas, singing "Santa's gon' come and make him mine this Christmas "

Critical reception
Mike Diver of the BBC wrote that "Oh Santa!" is a "boisterous" song which "makes perfect sense" as a lead single  He continued to write that although it fell substandard to "All I Want for Christmas Is You", it would still "warrant revisiting 12 months down the line"  Rolling Stone writer Caryn Ganz commented on the composition, writing "Mariah bops to a schoolyard-chant beat"  Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle described the song as "irresistible" and predicted that it would "dominate ringtones" in the run up to Christmas  A reviewer for Idolator described the track as a "boppy" Christmas version of Avril Lavigne's "Girlfriend"  Rich Juzwiak of The Village Voice was critical of the song, writing "Of the four Mariah-penned new tracks, the Jermaine Dupri/Bryan-Michael Cox collaboration 'Oh Santa!' tries the hardest, an antique kitchen-sink replica that manages to invoke a cheerleading squad, the Pointer Sisters, Mariah's own 'Loverboy', and Hey Ya!'  Full of mumbling and cattiness, it's difficult to sing along to, so its prospects of becoming a perennial favorite are dim "

Chart performance
In the United States, "Oh Santa!" became a record-breaking entry on the Billboard Adult Contemporary songs chart  It debuted at number twelve for the issue dated December 11, 2010  The track soared to number one the following week, marking the quickest ascent to the peak position since Nielsen BDS began tracking airplay in 1993, in just two weeks  Previously, eight songs had reached number one within three weeks, four of which were Christmas entries due to adult contemporary radio stations playing an increased amount in the holiday season  "Oh Santa!" became Carey's seventh number-one hit on the chart, and her first in fifteen years since "One Sweet Day" (1995–96), a duet with Boyz II Men  The singer also topped the chart with her debut single "Vision of Love" (her first) and "Love Takes Time" in 1990, "I Don't Wanna Cry" in 1991, and "Can't Let Go" and "I'll Be There" in 1992  "Oh Santa!" remained atop the chart for four consecutive weeks altogether  It finished at number 42 on the 2011 Adult Contemporary year-end chart  For the week ending October 30, 2010, Carey occupied the top two positions on the Holiday Digital Songs chart: "Oh Santa!" debuted at number one while "All I Want For Christmas Is You" charted at number two  On January 1, 2011, the track debuted at number one-hundred on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and number forty on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Digital Songs chart Elsewhere, the track debuted at number thirty-six on the South Korean Gaon International Digital Singles Chart for the week ending November 20, 2010  It later peaked at number thirty-two for the week ending December 25, 2010  On the International Download Singles Chart, the track peaked at number thirty  "On Santa!" peaked at number sixty-eight on the Japan Hot 100  The song peaked at number seventy-three on January 1, 2011, for two consecutive weeks on the Canadian Hot 100 chart 

Music video
The music video for "Oh Santa!" was directed by Ethan Lader and was shot in Los Angeles on October 6, 2010  Reports surfaced online that Carey's then-husband Nick Cannon would be directing the video, however Cannon dispelled the rumors on Twitter, saying "I am NOT directing " The video for "Oh Santa!" premiered on entertainment news program Access Hollywood on November 2, 2010  Prior to its release, various media outlets speculated that the video was going incorporate the same on-set style as seen in Outkast's music video for their 2003 single "Hey Ya!", with the singer as the main feature in front of  a large audience  Carey's fan site MariahDaily posted a message on their website asking people within the Los Angeles area to appear for a casting call for a chance to be featured in the video 

Synopsis
The video draws influence from the 1950s and 1960s variety shows and features Carey wearing a short, red "sexy Santa" ensemble, whilst on stage with a band, which featured gospel backup singers as well as a group of dancers, consisting of cheerleaders  The plotline is centered on Carey hosting a "Mariah Carey Christmas" television show  The announcer introduces Carey saying "here she is, the greatest singer of all time, Ms  Mariah Carey!"  The video then shows Carey's backup singers belting out the chorus while the singer is seen performing in front of a cheering audience  Her collection of fragrances is also advertised in the opening  In the second half of the video, Santa Claus makes an appearance, waving to friends and sharing a hug with Carey  The video ends with the singer laughing while the audience cheers and claps for her performance 

Reception
Becky Bain of Idolator commented on the simple structure and themes of the video, writing "There’s not much to this simple vid, but it does feature Carey doing her usual hand-waving theatrics while hitting some absolutely killer high notes " Bain also observed that the vast majority of the shots of Carey are either long shots, showing the singer from a distance, or close-up shots, showing Carey from the shoulders and above so that the viewer was not able to easily recognize that she was pregnant  Nicole James of MTV Buzzworthy also praised the content of the video, writing "Of course, it wouldn't be a Mariah Carey video without some glitz and glam so the stage and backdrop are covered in (what else?) glitter  Mariah puts on a great show and sings her heart out with that famous eight-octave range     scrooges need not apply, 'Oh Santa!' is fun and festive and has you longing for a sip of eggnog "

Remixes
When the song was first released as a single in 2010, six dance remixes were commissioned and were later released as a digital EP  A mashup of the song with 1994's "All I Want for Christmas Is You" produced by Jump Smokers titled "Oh Santa! All I Want for Christmas Is You (Holiday Mashup)" was also released on December 13, 2010 

Track listings and formats
Charts
Tenth anniversary version featuring Ariana Grande & Jennifer Hudson
For the tenth anniversary of the song, Carey re-recorded and re-released the song commercially as a new remix  Carey recorded the new version of the song with Ariana Grande and Jennifer Hudson  The new version served as the lead single from Carey's second soundtrack album, Mariah Carey's Magical Christmas Special  The song was released across all streaming platforms on December 4, 2020, accompanied by its official music video, premiered the same day on Carey's YouTube account 

Background
Talking to Billboard, Carey stated in regards to the song that "originally, I was blending with myself [   ] but it was cool to be able to work with the different vocal textures and play around with it and reimagine it " She went on to describe the song as a "girl group moment" 

Reception
The remix received positive reviews on release  Billboard writer Rania Aniftos wrote that the three singers "trading verses and harmonies" amounts for a "truly angelic result"  Chris Murphy, writer for Vulture went on to say that "the trio, the remix, and the accompanying music video absolutely makes the nice list in every possible way "In its first week of release, the song sold 10,000 downloads in the United States and 9,250 equivalent units in the United Kingdom 

Charts
Release history
See also
List of Billboard Adult Contemporary number ones of 2010
List of Billboard Adult Contemporary number ones of 2011
List of artists who reached number one on the U S  Adult Contemporary chart
Passage 10:
Black Elvis/Lost in Space
Black Elvis/Lost in Space is the fourth solo studio album by American rapper and producer Kool Keith, and his first release under the alias of 'Black Elvis'  It was intended to be released the same day as First Come, First Served, but was pushed back by Columbia Records and ended up being released four months later on August 10, 1999 through Relativity Entertainment Distribution rather than Sony Music Distribution, denoted by the WK prefix instead of the customary CK prefix and the legal copy on the release   Black Elvis 2 followed in 2023 

Background
Kool Keith uses very complex rhymes on various subject matters from Black Elvis' viewpoint on half of the album and on the other half elaborates on space travel and being lost in space  This is the first album for which Keith handled all of the production, although drum programming was done by Kutmasta Kurt and Marc Live  Sadat X, Black Silver, Roger Troutman, Motion Man, Kid Capri and Pimpin' Rex made guest appearances on the record 
A promotional video was made for the track "Livin' Astro" which aired on a few episodes of the MTV show Amp in early 2000  The video features Kool Keith acting as several different personas amidst a sci-fi backdrop that resembles the Black Elvis/Lost in Space album cover  The personas include the Original Black Elvis, Orange Man, the Kid in the Commercial, Lonnie Hendrex, and Light-Blue Cop 
Kool Keith was displeased with the lack of promotion for the Black Elvis project, and vented his frustrations about his label on the songs "Release Date" and "Test Press " He also published the e-mail addresses of several Ruffhouse executives, asking his fans to demand better promotion 

Reception
The album peaked at number 180 on the US Billboard 200, #74 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, #10 on the Heatseekers Albums 

Track listing
Sample credits
Track 5 contains elements from "Come Go With Me" by Teddy Pendergrass (1979)
Track 8 contains elements from "Our House" by Madness (1982)
Track 11 contains elements from "Snake" by Charles Earland (1973)
Track 16 contains elements from "You Used to Love Me" by Faith Evans (1995)

Personnel
Charts
Context 3: Passage 1:
John Fulton (instrument maker)
John Fulton (1803–1853) was a Scottish instrument maker who originally trained as a cobbler  He built three orrerys in a workshop attached to at his home, now demolished, in the Kirton Brae area of Fenwick and was eventually appointed instrument maker to King William IV, moving to London, but retiring to Fenwick  He is buried in the Fenwick Kirk graveyard 

Life
It is recorded that John's father, also a cobbler, was a subscribing member to the library set up in the village by the Fenwick Weavers  With access to this library, John pursued his interest in astronomy, mathematics, physics, and other disciplines that led to his career as an instrument maker of outstanding ability and achievement  Largely self-taught, he studied botany, learned several foreign languages, constructed a ‘velocipede’ or early bicycle, and experimented with the production of coal gas  He had left school at the age of 13 

Orrerys
Astronomy held a particular fascination for him, so much so that he was prompted to construct, in his spare time in the years between 1823 and 1833, three working models of the solar system, known as orrerys  The third of these is now on display in Glasgow's Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum: it was the most intricate and took him four years to finish  It measured 1000mm x 3000mm x 3000mm  Entirely his own work, it has 175 wheels and more than 200 moving parts and is acknowledged to be one of the best in the world  The Society of Arts, who awarded him a silver medal, calculated that his third orrery was the most perfect built up to that time Fulton took the orrery on a tour of the United Kingdom  Such was the public interest that in 1869 a group of Glasgow businessmen led by William Walker bought the orrery for the city  It was brought up from London and then toured around Glasgow schools and museums until the 1930s when it found a more permanent home in the Old Glasgow Museum A local story relates that Fulton 'borrowed' his grandmother’s candlesticks and melted them down to provide the brass for his first orrery model 

John Fulton Memorial Hall
This is the public meeting hall for Fenwick, maintained by East Ayrshire Council  It was previously the Guthrie Memorial Free Church of 1844, and following a worldwide fund raising campaign sufficient funds had been raised by 1919 and the hall was opened in 1920  The hall is a Category C listed building 
Passage 2:
Davie Fulton
Edmund Davie Fulton,  (March 10, 1916 – May 22, 2000) was a Canadian Rhodes Scholar, politician and judge  He was born in Kamloops, British Columbia, the son of politician/lawyer Frederick John Fulton and Winnifred M  Davie, daughter of A  E  B  Davie  He was the youngest of 4 children 

Military career
Davie Fulton served in the Second World War with the Canadian Army overseas as Platoon and Company Commander with Seaforth Highlanders of Canada, and as Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General with the 1st Canadian Infantry Division in the Italian and Northwestern Europe campaigns  His brother John "Moose" Fulton distinguished himself in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II  He went missing in action in late 1942, and in 1943  Kamloops adopted the Moose Squadron in honour of its commander  In 1944 the Kamloops airport was dedicated as Fulton Field 

Political career
He was brought home from the war by the Conservative Party and won a seat by 100 votes in the House of Commons of Canada in the 1945 general election 
In 1949 he introduced legislation to criminalize the publication, distribution, and sale of crime comics, as the result of a murder by two Yukon teens that was blamed on the influence of the crime comics which the perpetrators had read He ran for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada at the 1956 leadership convention, placing third behind John Diefenbaker 
When Diefenbaker led the party to victory in the 1957 election, he appointed Fulton to Cabinet as Minister of Justice  As Minister, Fulton was involved in negotiations to patriate the Canadian Constitution, and developed the "Fulton–Favreau formula"  In 1962, he became Minister of Public Works  His cousin, Albert McPhillips, was Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Fisheries around this time 
He resigned from Cabinet in 1963, when he decided to leave federal politics and take the leadership of the British Columbia Progressive Conservative Party  His efforts to revive the provincial Tories in BC were a failure, and he returned to the House of Commons in the 1965 election 
Fulton stood as a candidate at the 1967 federal PC leadership convention, and placed third behind Robert Stanfield and Dufferin Roblin 
After losing his seat in the 1968 election, he retired from politics and returned to the law  In 1973, he became a justice on the British Columbia Supreme Court, and served until 1981  From 1986 to 1992, he served as a commissioner on the International Joint Commission 
In 1992, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada  He died in Vancouver on May 22, 2000 

Election results
Archives
There is a Davie Fulton fonds at Library and Archives Canada 
Passage 3:
Harry the Kid
Harry Head (died 1881) (known as Harry the Kid), was a cattle rustler and stagecoach robber  One of his better known robberies occurred outside Contention City, a boomtown in the Arizona Territory 

Drew Station Stagecoach Robbery
On March 15, 1881, Head and three of his known Cowboy companions, Bill Leonard, Jim Crane, and Luther King, were set to rob a Wells Fargo stagecoach  The monetary gain, however, wasn't the only motive for robbing the stagecoach  Killing Bob Paul was reportedly a secondary objective  Paul had been sent out with the stagecoach to prevent robberies from occurring, riding shotgun  Two well-known local families during the time, the Clantons and the Earps, are rumored to have had an interest in trying to kill Paul The coach was carrying 26,000 dollars and eight passengers  Twelve miles from the stagecoach's final destination, Paul changed seats with the driver of the stagecoach, which temporarily brought the stagecoach to a halt  Shortly after the change of seats the stagecoach came to a part of the road that had a very steep grade  This was where Head and the others laid in ambush  In order to conceal their identities, the stagecoach robbers wore wigs and false beards  Crane fired at the guard’s seat, which was where Paul should have been sitting, but the driver, Budd Philpot, was killed instead  Philpot fell forward into the horses pulling the stagecoach, causing them to charge forward  By this time Paul had drawn his weapon and had started to return fire, and he wounded Leonard  During the gunfight, a passenger named Pete Roerig was killed  Paul gained control of the stagecoach and brought the rest of the passengers to safety 

Possible Doc Holliday involvement
There was talk that Doc Holliday was involved in the stagecoach robbery  He was at the time living in the nearby city of Tombstone and was known to visit the local hacienda were the suspects reportedly had camped a week before the attack  Holliday claimed that he had a sufficient alibi and that he was in no way involved in the robbery  But in July a warrant was sworn out for his arrest  Holliday was taken into custody and questioned but was later released on bond  Four days later his case was dismissed for insufficient evidence 

Aftermath
After the ambush on the Wells Fargo stagecoach, Paul and Wyatt Earp, started an investigation  They put a price on the heads of those that were involved in the ambush and set it at 2,000 dollars dead or alive  Paul should have notified the local sheriff immediately after the incident occurred, however; the sheriff at the time, Johnny Behan, was known to be a "   friend of the [Cowboy] element " As the manhunt for the perpetrators of the Drew Station Stagecoach robbery continued, it was soon discovered that Head and several of his companions had managed to flee across the Mexican border The investigation initially resulted in the arrest of Luther King, who was held under suspicion of being one of the robbers  King went peaceably even though he had "   a Winchester, two six-shooters, and twenty boxes of cartridges   " with him  He did, however, quickly escape from jail  Before escaping, King stated he had only been there to hold the horses, but had also revealed that his accomplices were Harry "the Kid" Head, Billy Leonard, and Jim Crane 

Death
Head and Leonard were able to elude capture for several months  After three months, however, they attempted a robbery at a store in Eureka, New Mexico  The owners of the store, Bill and Ike Haslett, fought back and killed the two outlaws  Afterward, Crane, along with Curly Bill Brocius, Frank Stilwell, Pony Diehl, Pete Spence, and at least five other men, hunted down the Haslett brothers 
Passage 4:
List of The Dillinger Escape Plan band members
The Dillinger Escape Plan (DEP) was an American metalcore band from Morris Plains, New Jersey  Formed in early 1997, the group originally featured vocalist Dimitri Minakakis, lead guitarist Ben Weinman, rhythm guitarist Derek Brantley, bassist and keyboardist Adam Doll, and drummer and keyboardist Chris Pennie  The group remained active until December 2017, at which point the lineup featured Weinman (the band's only constant member), bassist Liam Wilson (who replaced Doll in 2000), vocalist Greg Puciato (who replaced Minakakis in 2001), drummer Billy Rymer (who joined in 2009) and rhythm guitarist Kevin Antreassian (who joined in 2015) 
DEP evolved from an earlier hardcore punk group called Arcane in March 1997, and originally featured Minakakis, Weinman, Brantley, Doll and Pennie  Brantley left after just two shows, failing to turn up for the group's first recording sessions  The remaining members were forced to record the band's self-titled debut extended play (EP) for Now or Never Records as a four-piece  Shortly after the EP's release, Brantley's position was taken over by John Fulton, who performed on tour with the group later in the year  In 1998, the band released its second EP Under the Running Board, shortly after which Fulton left due to "creative differences"  He was replaced by Jesuit guitarist Brian Benoit in time for the recording of the group's full-length debut album Calculating Infinity Just before the recording of Calculating Infinity started, Doll was involved in a road traffic accident in which he suffered a spinal fracture which paralyzed him from the chest down; he was forced to step back from the band, and Weinman performed bass on the album  After the album was finished, Doll was replaced by former M O D  bassist Jeff Wood, who was credited in the liner notes as "live bass machine"  Wood toured with the group until autumn 2000, when he was replaced by Liam Wilson  In April 2001, it was announced that Minakakis had decided to leave DEP to pursue "non-music related endeavors"  Before hiring a replacement, the group worked with former Faith No More and Mr  Bungle frontman Mike Patton on the EP Irony Is a Dead Scene, released the following year 

In October 2001, DEP announced that Greg Puciato was the band's new frontman, chosen from "over one hundred" singers who auditioned by submitting a recording of "43% Burnt"  The new lineup's first release was Miss Machine, issued in 2004 as the follow-up to Calculating Infinity  Benoit underwent "major surgery" in December that year, and the next April suffered nerve damage in his left hand which rendered him unable to play guitar  He briefly tried to remain in the band on keyboards, but by May had left the band completely  James Love, formerly of Fenix TX, took his place on rhythm guitar at Benoit's own blessing  In 2006, the band released the digital-only EP Plagiarism, which featured "Unretrofied" in addition to four cover versions and a live recording of "The Perfect Design" During a tour in August 2006, the band performed four shows without lead guitarist Ben Weinman for the first time, who it was announced had flown home to "deal with some personal issues"  However, in subsequent interviews Weinman claimed that he had in fact briefly left the group due to various issues, including frustration with an arm injury he had suffered, as well as tensions with bandmates  During the four shows without Weinman, DEP drummer Chris Pennie was offered the role of drummer in Coheed and Cambria, however he was contractually obliged to remain with the group  After the shows, Jeff Tuttle replaced Love By June 2007, Pennie had officially left the band to join Coheed and Cambria, with drums on the upcoming album Ire Works recorded by Gil Sharone  The following month, Tuttle was officially unveiled as the band's new guitarist, although Weinman recorded all guitars on the album  The following year, rumors began to circulate that Sharone had left the band, although Weinman initially denied them  Early the next year, however, his departure was confirmed and Billy Rymer had taken his place  In 2010, the band released its fourth album Option Paralysis, which was the first to feature contributions from guitarist Tuttle In August 2012, at the end of the touring cycle for Option Paralysis, Tuttle announced that he was leaving the band to attend film school  By November, he had been replaced by returning member James Love, although he did not feature on 2013's One of Us Is the Killer as Weinman described him as "a live guy"  Love remained until May 2015, when he was replaced by Kevin Antreassian  In 2016, the group released its sixth studio album Dissociation, shortly after which they announced that they would be disbanding after the album's touring cycle  The tour came to an end with three final shows in December 2017, at which former members Dimitri Minakakis, Brian Benoit and Adam Doll, plus Irony Is a Dead Scene vocalist Mike Patton, made special guest appearances 

Members
Latest
Former
Touring
Timeline
Lineups
Passage 5:
Buck English
Buck English (1855 – January 15, 1915) was an American Old West outlaw, and one of Lake County, California's most notorious thieves and stagecoach robbers toward the end of the 19th century 

Early life
Born Lawrence Buchanen English in Oregon, he soon received the nickname "Buck"  The English family feuded with the Durbin family for years, which led to three of Buck's brothers dying  When Buck was thirteen, he became obligated to take revenge on the Durbin family  Unlike Black Bart, Lake County's other notorious thief, Buck was rash and openly flaunted his overconfident capacity 
He was only 22 years old when he and a companion held up the Lower Lake stage coach and took the Wells Fargo strongbox from the driver  Instead of the usual gold or silver for the miners, the box yielded only two brass castings  The local newspaper later said, "Shortly before this robbery, he and his companion met four Chinese miners coming down from the Great Western Mine (near Middletown), and robbed them of their watches and money "

Territory
Wells Fargo strongboxes were often the target of stagecoach robbers in Middletown  After the mid-19th century, the payroll money was brought in on the stagecoach with an armed guard beside the driver  Not all of the holdups in the area were the doing of Buck and his gang, although he was a scourge to the local vicinity for a number of years  Buck worked the road near Mountain Hill House, south of Middletown, or near the double bridge north of Middletown near Lower Lake  For 20 years, Buck roamed the countryside, making little effort to hide his identity or his disreputable enterprise 

Duel
Buck walked the streets of Middletown with a six-shooter strapped to his side, daring any who insulted his authority to a contest  One day, he ran into Captain Good on the main street, and harsh words were exchanged  Later in the day, they met again, and this time it was a shooting affair, with Buck emerging unscathed  The captain was seriously wounded in the arm and legs  In another unrelated incident, Buck shot and killed a man in the Middletown skating rink, turning the arena into a scene of pandemonium 

After jail time
After his release from San Quentin in 1882, Buck returned to Middletown  Soon after his arrival, the Lebree store in town was robbed of some watches and jewelry 
Buck left Middletown for a few years, but upon his return, he showed he had not changed  It was not long before he held up the stage at the foot of Mount Saint Helena, near the summer home of the mayor of San Francisco  The six passengers were ordered out of the stage, and stripped of their possessions  Buck made no effort to hide his identity  He greeted the driver of a passing wagon, who quickly drove on when he realized a robbery was in progress 

Capture
This occurred on May 7, 1895  A posse was formed and they set off to capture Buck  They discovered him on a stagecoach going from Monticello to Napa, and a wild chase ensued  The San Francisco Examiner reported the next day:

One of the robbers jumped to the horses ahead and leveled his guns  He waved weapons and spouted profanity, all the while threatening to "blow" the driver off of the seat  The two robbers were armed with old style Colt revolvers, and he cursed at everyone, especially the Chinamen
The capture of Buck by Sheriff Bell reads like a Wild West novel  He was so badly wounded and had lost so much blood that many thought he would not survive  He did recover, however, and returned to San Quentin to serve yet another sentence Buck was not as well known as Black Bart and other Western gunmen of the time, but he created fear wherever he went  Although he was arrested for his robberies and attacks on the general population, Buck had his hands in many other criminal activities, including cattle rustling, which he served less than a year in jail for 

Later life
Buck ended up living long enough to enjoy freedom again after his release from prison  He died in San Francisco on January 15, 1915 of natural causes, unlike his brothers, all of whom all died violent deaths 
Passage 6:
Bill Miner
Ezra Allen Miner (December 27, 1846 – September 2, 1913), more popularly known as Bill Miner, was an American bandit, originally from Bowling Green, Kentucky, who served several prison terms for stagecoach robbery  Known for his unusual politeness while committing robberies, he was widely nicknamed the Grey Fox, Gentleman Robber or the Gentleman Bandit  He is reputed to have been the originator of the phrase "Hands up!" Legend has it that Bill Miner admonished his cohorts to fire their guns when in danger of capture but "do not kill a man" 

Life
Miner was born Ezra Allen Miner in Vevay Township, near Onondaga, Ingham County, Michigan on December 27, 1846  He never legally changed his first name (which he evidently didn't like), but regarded William Allen Miner as his true name throughout most of his life  He was arrested for the first time in 1866 in San Joaquin County, California and served time there  He was shortly released but served more time at Placer County, California and later at Calaveras County, California  He was discharged in 1880  He then formed a partnership with Bill Leroy (as W  A  Morgan) to rob a stagecoach  Leroy was caught and lynched, but Miner escaped  He was later caught for another robbery in Tuolumne County, California and was released from San Quentin in 1901 After his third prison term, Miner moved to the province of British Columbia in Canada, where he adopted the pseudonym George Edwards and is believed to have staged British Columbia's first-ever train robbery on September 10, 1904 at Silverdale about 35 kilometres (22 mi) east of Vancouver, just west of Mission City  It is often claimed that Miner was the robber, but neither he nor his accomplices were ever tied conclusively to the Silverdale heist  It is also widely reported that Silverdale's train robbery was the first in Canada, but Peter Grauer's definitive study ("Interred With Their Bones", 2005) cites a train robbery in Port Credit, Ontario 30 years prior as the first Miner was eventually caught after a botched payroll train robbery near Kamloops at Monte Creek (then known as "Ducks")  Choosing the wrong car, they managed only to rob $15 plus a bottle of kidney pills that Miner picked up off of a shelf  Miner and his two accomplices, Tom "Shorty" Dunn and Louis Colquhoun, were located near Douglas Lake, British Columbia after an extensive manhunt  A posse surrounded them while they were lunching in the woods  Miner presented himself as George Edwards and claimed that he and his cohorts were prospectors  The officer in charge of the posse suspected he had encountered the nefarious train-robbing gang and challenged the claim, putting them under arrest Dunn attempted to fire at the police and was shot in the leg  He gave up quickly after being wounded  Colquhoun was disarmed by an officer standing nearby and Miner never drew his weapon  Miner's arrest and subsequent trial in Kamloops caused a media spectacle  Apparently the most damning evidence against him was the bottle of kidney pills that Miner had picked up during the Ducks robbery  Upon his conviction, he, Dunn and Colquhoun were transported by train to the provincial penitentiary in New Westminster  By that time, Miner's celebrity status had risen to the point that the tracks were reputedly lined with throngs of supporters, many of whom expressed satisfaction with the fact that someone had taken the very unpopular Canadian Pacific Railway to task While serving time in the B C  Penitentiary, Miner escaped in 1907 and was never recaptured in Canada  He moved back to the United States, becoming once again involved in robberies in the South at Gainesville in 1909  There, he served more prison time, and escaped twice He died in the prison farm at Milledgeville, Georgia, of gastritis, contracted from drinking brackish water during his previous escape attempt 

Legacy
Miner's time in British Columbia propelled his celebrity there in many ways since  British Columbia restaurant chain, the Keg Steakhouse & Bar, have named drinks and their Billy Miner Pie after the train robber  Their early decor also showed many photos of Miner A mural depicting Miner's robbery near Monte Creek has been painted on the exterior south wall of Cactus Jacks Saloon & Dance Hall located in the building at the corner of 5th Avenue & Lansdowne Street in Kamloops, British Columbia Maple Ridge, British Columbia features the Billy Miner Pub which is located in historic Port Haney on the bank of the Fraser River  The pub is located in the original Bank Of Montreal building built in the early 1900s It has been speculated that Miner left a hidden cache of loot in the forests south of Silverdale after the first robbery and local historians believe he used these monies to fund his escape, while others surmise that today there is still hidden loot to be found there An original song titled "The Ballad of Bill Miner" was written by singer/songwriter Phillip Mills (Eugene Quinn) and recorded by the San Francisco bay area band "The Blackout Cowboys" 
Miner was the subject of the 1982 Canadian film The Grey Fox, in which he was played by Richard Farnsworth 
Miner is buried in Memory Hill Cemetery in Milledgeville, Georgia  It was discovered that his headstone was in the wrong location, name spelled wrong, and with the wrong year of his death  A new headstone was put in the correct spot and spelled correctly  The old one was kept where it was Mount Miner near Princeton, formerly Bald Mountain or Baldy, was renamed in Bill Miner's honor in response to a motion by the Princeton Board of Trade in 1952  Miner had lived on the ranch owned by Jack Budd, which was on the other side of this mountain from Princeton, while planning the robbery at Ducks  Billy's Restaurant in Princeton, British Columbia is also named after him 
Tin Whistle Brewing Co  a microbrewery from Penticton B C  launched a Red Ale titled "Hands Up!" as a commemoration to Miner 
His principal biography is The Grey Fox: The True Story of Bill Miner, Last of the Old Time Bandits, by Mark Dugan and John Boessenecker (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992) 
In 2014, thieves stole Miner's watch from the Royal BC Museum in Victoria  The watch, along with the several others were recovered by the Victoria Police and the thieves arrested by the Port Alberni RCMP 
Passage 7:
The Grey Fox
The Grey Fox is a 1982 Canadian biographical Western film directed by Phillip Borsos and written by John Hunter  It is based on the true story of Bill Miner, an American stagecoach robber who staged his first Canadian train robbery on 10 September 1904  The film stars Richard Farnsworth as Miner  The cast also features Jackie Burroughs, Ken Pogue, Wayne Robson, Gary Reineke and Timothy Webber 

Plot
Stagecoach robber Bill Miner is caught and sent to prison for 33 years   He is finally released in 1901   He wanders around, a man out of place in the new century, until he sees one of the first films, The Great Train Robbery, and is inspired to copy it in real life



ground_truth: Elvis' Christmas Album

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What stagecoach robber did Frederick John Fulton prosecute?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:   After a couple of unsuccessful attempts, he successfully robs a train and hides from the law in a mining town in British Columbia, becoming a respectable resident  There, he meets and falls in love with early feminist and photographer Katherine Flynn   He considers settling down with her, but one last robbery proves to be his downfall   True to his nickname, the Grey Fox escapes from prison as the ending credits start 

Cast
Production
According to Farnsworth, the "picture company" was the only one ever allowed to film at Fort Steele, British Columbia, a heritage site  The Grey Fox was also filmed on the British Columbia Railway / Pacific Great Eastern Railway, now run by Canadian National Railway, between Pemberton and Lillooet, British Columbia, and the  Lake Whatcom Railway between Wickersham and Park, Washington  The capture sequence was shot a quarter of a mile from where Miner was actually caught  Miner's gun, "a  41 Bisley Colt", was obtained from a collector and used by Farnsworth in close-ups The film was funded by selling 696 units for $5,000 each to investors, and it was edited in 1981 before a distributor was found  Phillip Borsos was paid $45,000 to direct the film  The film was shot from 7 October to 28 November 1980, and had a budget of $3,480,000 (equivalent to $11,199,273 in 2021), but cost $4,500,000 (equivalent to $14,481,818 in 2021) to make 

Release
The film was shown at the Taormina Film Fest in June 1982, and was released in Toronto on 16 December 1982  It grossed over $6 million at the box office in its first year 

Awards
The Grey Fox has been designated and preserved as a "masterwork" by the Audio-Visual Preservation Trust of Canada, a charitable non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the preservation of Canada’s audio-visual heritage At the 4th Genie Awards in 1983, The Grey Fox was nominated for thirteen awards and won seven:

Best Picture
Best Director (Borsos)
Best Foreign Actor (Farnsworth)
Best Supporting Actress (Burroughs)
Best Original Screenplay (Hunter)
Best Art Direction (Bill Brodie)
Best Musical Score (Michael Conway Baker)Further recognition for Farnsworth included a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama 
It has also been listed in the Toronto International Film Festival's TIFF List of Canada's Top Ten Films of All Time in 1984 and 1993 

Critical reaction
Roger Ebert praised the film as "a lovely adventure" and gave it 31⁄2 stars  Rotten Tomatoes gave it a rare 100% fresh rating 

Restoration and re-release
The film underwent a 4K restoration and was re-released to theatres In April 2020  It also saw its first official release to DVD and Blu-Ray, which included a commentary by filmmaker Alex Cox, interview with producer Peter O'Brian, and a featurette about the restoration 
Passage 8:
Douglas Burrows
Douglas Squire Irving Burrows CBE (Civil) MBE (Military) (7 August 1915 –  10 December 1982) was an Australian stock broker, businessman and philanthropist who from 1970 until his death was President of the Board Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children  With Lorimer Dods and John Fulton he co-founded the Children's Medical Research Foundation of which from 1970 he became the Chairman of the Management Committee 

Early life
Burrows was born in Sydney, the son of Rita (née Squire) and Harry Irving Burrows  He was educated at Newington College (1932–1934) and rowed in the 1st IV at the GPS Head of the River in 1933 and 1934  In 1934 he was stroke of the crew   Burrows was Captain of 1st Rifle Shooting Team in 1934  Under his captaincy, the team were GPS Premiers that year and won the Earl Roberts Trophy 

Working life
Upon finishing school, Burrows gained employment with the chartered accounting firm Priestley & Morris  He stayed with the firm until the beginning of World War II and at war's end rejoined them briefly before joining A J Dawson as an Accountant  In 1951, Burrows became a Member of the Sydney Stock Exchange as a partner of Ernest L Davis & Co  He later served as a director of A J Dawson Ltd, and as Deputy Chairman of Edward Lumley Ltd, Security Life Assurance Ltd and Security & General Insurance Company Ltd 

War service
In 1939, Burrows enlisted in the Australian Army and travelled with the first group of enlisted men on the first boat to leave after the beginning of the war  He served in North Africa, Greece and eventually in New Guinea on the Kokoda Track  As Major Douglas Burrows, he became Deputy Assistant Adjutant General of the Australian 6th Division  In that role he was responsible for co-ordinating the ceremony for the signing of surrender documents by Lieutenant General Hatazō Adachi, Commander of the Japanese 18th Army in New Guinea  After signing the unconditional surrender, Adachi presented his sword to the General Officer Commanding, 6th Division, Major General Horace Robertson  Adachi's aide then surrendered his sword to Burrows and this weapon remains with the Burrows family to this day  On 14 February 1946 he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the Military Division for his war service 

Marriage and family
On 15 August 1942, whilst on a few days army leave, Burrows married Valma Ashcroft who had modelled for advertisements, the Australian Wool Board and women's magazines including covers for The Australian Women's Weekly  They had three children; Mark Douglas Burrows AO; Peter Irving Burrows AO; and Tina Burrows  During their married life, the Burrows were residents of St Ives, New South Wales 

Children's Hospital
In 1952, Burrows joined the board of the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children  He served as Treasurer (1959–66) and Vice-President (1966–70) before becoming President and serving in that role for eleven years  His wife, Valma, was also appointed to the board in 1973  Valma Burrows’ brother-in-law was Dr Sandy Robertson AM a paediatric surgeon at the Children’s Hospital 

Honours
Burrows was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) on 16 June 1979 in recognition of his services to children's health  The University of Sydney Medical School Foundation's Douglas Burrows Chair of Paediatrics and Child Health was established in 1983 in his honour 
Passage 9:
John Fulton Folinsbee
John Fulton "Jack" Folinsbee (March 14, 1892 – May 10, 1972) was an American landscape, marine and portrait painter, and a member of the art colony at New Hope, Pennsylvania  He is best known today for his impressionist scenes of New Hope and Lambertville, New Jersey, particularly the factories, quarries, and canals along the Delaware River 

Biography
He was born in Buffalo, New York, the middle son of Harrison and Louise Mauger Folinsbee : 24  Beginning at age nine, he attended children's classes at the Art Students' League of Buffalo, but received his first formal training with the landscape painter Jonas Lie in 1907 : 27  Folinsbee contracted polio at age 14, which rendered his legs useless, weakened his right arm, and left him permanently reliant on a wheelchair  He attended The Gunnery, a boarding school in Washington, Connecticut, from 1907 to 1911, where he studied with Elizabeth Kempton and Herbert Faulkner : 28  He later studied with Birge Harrison and John Carlson at the Woodstock art colony (Summers, 1912–1914),: 29–30  and with Frank Vincent DuMond at the Art Students League of New York : 31 At Woodstock, he met Harry (Tony) Leith-Ross, who became a lifelong friend and later followed him to New Hope  In 1914, Folinsbee married Ruth Baldwin (August 8, 1890 – February 13, 1991) – daughter of William H  Baldwin, Jr  and Ruth Standish Baldwin – whom he had met in Washington, Connecticut  The couple moved to New Hope in 1916, and had two daughters, Elizabeth (1917–2016, married Elmer W  Wiggins, 1940); and Joan (1919–2016, married Peter G  Cook, 1938) Early in his career, Folinsbee painted in a tonalist style, with an interest in light and atmosphere that grew directly from his time with Harrison and Carlson in Woodstock  By the late nineteen-teens, he had moved away from tonalism into a more structured, impressionist style  In the mid-1920s, Folinsbee began studying the work of Cézanne, which led to a trip to France in the summer of 1926  The paintings that resulted from this trip, and those that followed later in the decade, reflect a deep understanding of Cézanne's compositional strategies and a desire to reveal the underlying structure of forms  Folinsbee's exploration of structure led eventually to an analytical, highly individual expressionist style in which he painted for the remainder of his career  His palette darkened, his brushstrokes loosened further, and his sense of light and atmosphere became more dramatic  These later works are concerned with conveying a sense of mood and an intense emotional response to the world around him 
His basic aim was the communication of feeling; the subject had to be felt to be worth painting  The communication of that feeling was what a painting was all about; without that excitement in the subject, a painting was merely a dead reproduction of nature or of natural phenomena : 11  — Peter G  Cook

New Hope
Folinsbee painted en plein air, directly from nature  He always had a sketchbook or a box of 8 x 10 inch canvasboards with him, ready to capture any scene that caught his eye : 45  He and Leith-Ross were famous for spending afternoons sketching on the bridge at New Hope (and for tossing anything that displeased them into the Delaware River) : 45, n 24  From his wheelchair, Folinsbee could manage "paintings as large as 24 X 30 ": 86  Larger works were painted in his studio from drawings and oil sketches  He frequently repeated the same scene on different sized canvases, or as an etching or lithograph : 72  To paint a large work, he would lean a canvas against the studio wall and sit on the floor before it, his withered legs tucked under him : 18  Relying on notes made on the spot about color and light, he would edit the scene as he painted, emphasizing or eliminating elements to enhance the overall mood : 67  "The larger studio paintings were never simply blown-up versions of a successful small painting: rather they were developments of a theme along expressive lines, with memory and emotional reaction playing an important role ": 86 The Folinsbees purchased an acre of riverfront land about a quarter-mile upstream from the bridge, across the street from the house they were renting  In 1924, they hired architect (and landscape painter) Morgan Colt to design them an Arts & Crafts-style house and studio  Folinsbee painted dozens of views of the river from the property: 146  – most notably Winter Nocturne (1926), River Ice (c 1936), and his last major work, Zero Morning (1970) – and some views of the house itself  They lived at 160 North Main Street until their deaths In 1929, the Folinsbees were among the founders of Phillips' Mill, an arts center housed in a former grist mill, and Ruth Folinsbee served as the first vice-president of its community association : 79  He participated in art exhibitions there from 1929 into the 1960s  His Shag Ledge (c 1959) was awarded the 1963 First Patron's Prize by Phillips' Mill  The Folinsbees were also founding members of the Bucks County Playhouse : 16 The Great Depression dealt a heavy blow to artists, with little market for luxury goods such as landscape paintings  Folinsbee resorted to bartering his works for services, including dentistry for his daughters : 95  Portraits – for which he typically charged $400 to $500 for a head-and-bust and $1,000 for a three-quarter-length: 103, n 3  – became a larger part of his output : 95  Edward Beatty Rowan, assistant chief of the Public Buildings Administration's Section of Painting and Sculpture, offered him a commission for a post office mural in Freeland, Pennsylvania : 97  Completed in 1938, Folinsbee's mural is both pastoral and industrial: depicting the town's church spires peeking out from among the autumnal-colored hills, but also featuring the town's massive coal breaker and its long culm dump : 98 Folinsbee was also a teacher  One of his better-known students, Peter G  Cook (who married his daughter Joan in 1938), became a colleague and friend  The pair collaborated on murals for two other federal projects: the Federal Building and U S  Courthouse in Paducah, Kentucky (1939),: 98–100  and the post office in Burgettstown, Pennsylvania (1942) : 100–02

Maine
In the mid-1930s, Folinsbee and his family began spending their summers in Maine : 106  He bought a farmhouse at Murphy's Corner, between Bath and Wiscasset, in 1949 : 109  Despite his intense wariness of the ocean,: 27  he embarked on a new aspect of his career—as a marine painter  His Off Seguin (Ellingwood Rock) was awarded the 1952 Palmer Marine Prize by the National Academy of Design : 109  With the prize money, Folinsbee bought a 25-foot motorized Hampton dory (flat-bottomed open boat) that he named "Sketch" and equipped as a floating studio : 25 
One day I suddenly realized that the waves of a heavy sea duplicate what El Greco did in painting the heavy folds of his drapery  The quick turn of the waves is like that of his folds, in that the darkest dark is against the lightest light  The greatest contrast comes at the sharpest point where the wave turns up—where there is a dark, there is a light—it is that way in the folds of El Greco's garments  I've always been fascinated with the way he twists those big folds—exaggeration perhaps, but true in expressing the play of light on form  — John Folinsbee
Folinsbee was diagnosed with cancer in the late 1960s, which further weakened his right arm : 146  He stopped painting in 1971, and died a year later in New Hope : 146

Critical reception and honors
Folinsbee's work has been described as the "rural counterpart" to the Ashcan School : 22  Critic Robert E  Baum (son of artist Walter Emerson Baum) saw in him "the power, frankness, and story-telling quality of a George Bellows or a Winslow Homer  This man sees the rhythm of beauty coupled with a color harmony in many workaday nooks that may seem ugly to the average passerby " In Modern American Painting (1940), Peyton Boswell, Jr  placed him among the "Lyricists"—"the moody ones, dreamers and mystics," who "work sometimes in pattern, but more often in terms of light, shadow and chiaroscuro  They use color and form for emotional rather than aesthetic reasons "Folinsbee was elected an associate member of the National Academy of Design in 1919, and a full academician in 1928  He was elected a member of the Salmagundi Club in 1913,: 280  a life member of the National Arts Club in 1922,: 99  and a member of the Century Association in 1937 : 283  He was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1953 : 285 Folinsbee was represented by Ferargil Gallery in New York City for most of his career, and his paintings were exhibited across the country and in several international exhibitions  He won nearly every award given by the National Academy of Design, receiving some of them multiple times  He exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts most years from 1915 to 1952, and was awarded the 1931 Jessie Sesnan Medal (for Canal and River)  He also won awards from the Connecticut Academy of Fine Arts, the Rhode Island School of Design, the Corcoran Gallery of Art, the Salmagundi Club, and other arts organizations, including a bronze medal at the 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition in Philadelphia (for Outskirts of Trenton) 

Legacy
Folinsbee's work is in the permanent collections of major museums, including the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the National Gallery of Art, the National Academy of Design, and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts  A bronze bust of him by his friend Harry Rosin is in the collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Folinsbee's students included artists Peter G  Cook and Evelyn Allen Faherty  Cook became his son-in-law, and wrote a personal memoir, John Folinsbee (1994) 
Kirsten M  Jensen, senior curator at the James A  Michener Art Museum in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, is the author of Folinsbee Considered (2014), a scholarly biography and catalogue raisonné  The Michener Museum maintains an online version of the catalogue raisonné, which is updated as additional Folinsbee works are identified 

Selected works
Landscapes
Poughkeepsie Bridge (1914), private collection  Awarded the 1914 Isidore Prize by the Art Students League of New York 
Gloucester Hillside (1916), Princeton University Art Museum, Princeton, New Jersey 
February (Village in Winter) (1916), Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 
Canal in Winter (c 1916-17), National Arts Club, New York City  Awarded the 1917 Second Hallgarten Prize by the National Academy of Design 
Along the Canal (c 1916-21), The Phillips Collection, Washington, D C 
Oncoming Clouds (c 1918), North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, North Carolina 
Grey Thaw (1920), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D C  (ex coll  Corcoran Gallery of Art) 
By the Upper Lock (1922), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D C  Awarded the 1923 First Hallgarten Prize by the National Academy of Design 
Canal at Trenton (1923), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 197 
Mending the Canal Bank (1923), private collection 
Grey Coryell (1923), Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, Texas 
Mill by the River, Fall (c 1923-25), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 
Outskirts of Trenton (1924), Huntington Museum of Art, Huntington, West Virginia  Awarded a bronze medal at the 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition 
Lehigh Canal (c 1924-25), Palmer Museum of Art, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 
Canal at Goat Hill (1925), Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Providence, Rhode Island  Awarded the 1925 Gedney Bunce Prize by the Connecticut Academy of Fine Arts 
Winter Nocturne (1926), Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania 
Shad Boat (1927), Huntington Museum of Art, Huntington, West Virginia 
Slate Quarry, Bangor (1929), Woodmere Art Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Canal Bridge, New Hope (c 1929-32), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 
Canal and River (1930), private collection  Awarded the 1931 Jessie Sesnan Medal by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts : 83 
Storm Light (1936), Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania 
Bowman's Hill (1936), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 
River Ice (c 1936), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 
Freeland (Study for Freeland, Pennsylvania Post Office Mural) (1938), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D C 
Evening at Swan's Island (1938), Ogunquit Museum of American Art, Ogunquit Maine 
Hunterdon County (1940), New Jersey State Museum, Trenton, New Jersey  Awarded the 1941 Altman Prize by the National Academy of Design : 99 
Skaters, Dark Hollow (1945), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Hazelton Brickyard (1950), Allentown Art Museum, Allentown, Pennsylvania 
Zero Morning (1970), private collection  Folinsbee's last major work : 146–47

Seascapes
Shag Rock (c 1950), Woodmere Art Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Off Seguin (Ellingwood Rock) (1952), Portland Museum of Art, Portland, Maine  Awarded the 1952 Palmer Marine Prize by the National Academy of Design : 109 
Lopaus Point (1957), Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, Maine 
Ellingwood Rock (1960), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 

Murals
Freeland (1938), Post Office, Freeland, Pennsylvania
View of Burgettstown (1942), Post Office, Burgettstown, Pennsylvania, with Peter G  Cook
Federal Building and U S  Courthouse, Paducah, Kentucky
Early Town (Lewis and Clark in Paducah) (1942), with Peter G  Cook
The River (Paducah, Kentucky) (1942), with Peter G  Cook

Portraits
Self-Portrait (1919), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 197 
Harry Leith-Ross (1928), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 198 
Ruth Standish Baldwin (1929), Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts  Folinsbee's mother-in-law 
James Kellum Smith (1942), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 198 
Self-Portrait at Fifty (1942), private collection 
William Thon (c 1950-51), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 199 
A  Dayton Oliphant (1958), New Jersey State Capitol, Trenton  Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court 
Peter Geoffrey Cook (1964), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 198  Folinsbee's son-in-law 

Notes
Passage 10:
Frederick John Fulton
Frederick John Fulton, KC (December 8, 1862 – July 25, 1936) was a  British-born and educated Canadian lawyer and politician   He practiced law in Kamloops, British Columbia   He was a member of the British Columbia Legislative Assembly from 1900 to 1909 serving a series of cabinet roles as President of the Executive Council, Minister of Education, Provincial Secretary, Attorney General and Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works   As Attorney General, he prosecuted and convicted the notorious Bill Miner 
He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada under the banner of Prime Minister Borden's Unionist party in the 1917 general election and served as a Member of Parliament until 1920 
In 1906, he married Winnifred M  Davie, daughter of Hon  A E B  Davie  Frederick and Winifred had four sons  Their youngest son Davie Fulton, was also a Kamloops lawyer, provincial and federal politician and judge 

External links

Frederick John Fulton – Parliament of Canada biography



ground_truth: Bill Miner